Iik^-v-i.. .-.i^- " OF TORONTO llilll 082790C - — ^° ^ — = UNIUE mil 761 =^ 00 TREES AND SHRUBS OF THE BRITISH ISLES All rig/ils reserved .BVl£j .a I .a§83 .A I .(2I>lAOJUV (ASVHIIDOHTOVl) A'IUSY^hD) ^{13 §niw-3DBJ .1 .bagifilna ano riliv/ ,u;vibJ .as .(ATATDHU'Ua AJJanDDoD) alJaaa biid-xbfiJ Joq?.-ov/T .£ .(ATATDHuaifanaa AJJ3VIIDDoD) abaaa biid-ybfiJ ioqa-navaS .f; .(AaaoMO (aiykohiudH) av^hoaT) yl'^ yniqc: .+. .EViJjJ .AJ .(ZO;i3'l (AI'JIMa/.^) AVIIH'JAT) \M xniqS .J .'JiVlfiJ .Ad .{lATdA'Ain (Aai/iOaATAO) 8UH1M7S) vjH 13VoH .6 .(iiaaaifl suihmyS) xII isvoH .^ .(OHaAM3 A^aaV) JamoH .8 .(8i;iA0JUV 8UIIDIT80>13Tl) 311333 nuc! .Q .v/onud rii ,Bvii;J ./.oi .(?.iHTeaii/:A3 J.dsanioiD) aBaafl isgiT fi33i0 .oi .(8H3JO aU^IYDO) slis^a 3aiorl-ri3i3o3 a'livsG .1 1 .alBtna^ .Aii .(a JUJITDOVI 8i;iy'I1/:aJ) (sIbM) shaaa rmovz-v/olO .ti .(euaoAJOiv auaAHAD) slJasS bnuoiO JsIoiV .f,i rrioiT bagianio xvirJ vd fiuqa .RfiooaoD .A^^i .aUTAaSMOJO M3TaAOO>tDlM) x'"' noDBiS .4.1 .bil gniv/orla .v/obd nooDoo bsj^ifilna rlJiv/ ,{Ri3j}ija siiriV/ 3gudd£D riommoD lo iBlIiqisJfi'J .(aoTAOiTaxTi Ajauil) {I"? nomusririDl .ji USEFUL INSECTS. 1. Lace-wing Ely (Chkvsopa (NoTiioCHRYSA) VULGARIS). I A. Eggs. Hi. Larva. 2. Two-spot Lady-bird Beetle (Coccinella ijipunctata). 2A. Larva;, with one enlarged. 3. Seven-spot Lady-bird Beetle (CocciNELLA .SEPTEMPUNCTATA). 4. Spiny Fly (TacMINA (EcHINOMVIA) GKOS.SA). 5- Spiny Fly (Taciiina (Faekicia) EEROX). 5A. Larva. 6. Hover Fly (SvKPUUS (Catabomba) PVKA.STKI). 6a. Larv.L-. 7. Hover Fly (SvKPHUS RIHESII). 8. Hornet (Vespa crabko). 9. Sun Beetle (Pterosticiius vulgarls). 10. Green Tiger Beetle (Cicindela CAMPESTRI.S). ioa. Larva, in burrow. 1 1. Devil's Coach-horse Beetle (OCYPUS OLENS). 12. Glow-worm Beetle (Male) (La.MPVRIS NOCTILUCA). 12A. Female. 13. Violet Ground Beetle (Carabus violaceu.s). 14- Bracon Fly (MicR(j(;aster GLomeratus. 14A. Cocoons, spun by larv:t emerged from Caterpillar of Common Cabbage White Butterfly, with enlarged cocoon below, showing lid. 15. Ichneumon Fly (PiMPLA instigator). ^ TREES SHRUBS OF THE BRITISH ISLES NATIVE £^ ACCLIMATISED BY C. S. COOPER, F.R.H.S. AND W. PERCIVAL WESTELL, F.L.S. SIXTEEN FULL- PAGE COLOURED PLA i AND 70 FULL-PAGE BLACK AND WHITE P .AlES DRAWN DIRECT FROM NATURE BY C. F. NEWALL VOL. n 'IS /;rrrX./sZ^ 65813 LONDON J. M. DENT Sf CO. NEW YORK: E. P. DUTTON MCMIX CO. CONTENTS NATURAL ORDERS— Rosacese (^continued) Saxifragacere Hamamelidese Myrtaceie Passiflorese Ai-aliacese Coi'naeere Caprifoliaceje Rabiacere Compositfe Ericaceae StyracejB Jasminese Oleacese . Apocynacese Loganiacese Solanacere Scrophularinea' Bignoniacese Verbeuaceaj Labiatas . Laurineaj Thymelseaceaa Eheagnacese Loranthacere Euphorbiaceie Urticacea; Platanaceje J uglaudeffi Myricaceae Cupuliferse Salicinese 1 34 42 45 40 47 49 53 69 70 73 97 99 101 112 114 116 117 120 123 124 126 127 130 133 134 130 142 140 148 149 109 CONTENTS NATURAL ORDERS {continued)— page Empetracere .............. 190 Liliacece ............... 191 Gramineaj .............. 195 Coniferse 196 INDICES INDEX OF NATURAL ORDERS AND SPECIES 241 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES 246 INDEX OF POPULAR NAMES 251 COLOUR INDEX 259 VI LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS COLOURED PI-ATES USEFUL INSECTS JAPANESE ROSE (Rosa rugosa) . DOUBLE-FLOWERED JAPANESE APPLE or japonica, v. flore pleno) LILAC (Syringa vulgaris) . . • • DWARF SALLOW (Salix repens) . ASPEN (Populus tremula) .... BUTCHER'S BROOM (Ruscus aculeatus) . YEW (Taxus baccata) .... QUINCE (Cydonia Frontispiece To face jw/e 6 „ „ 26 „ „ 102 „ „ 170 180 „ „ 192 200 BLACK AND WHITE PLATES PLATE XIX. DOG ROSE (Rosa canina) XX. SWEET BRIAR (Rosa rubigincsa) XXI. WHITE BEAM (Pyrus Aria) XXII. ROWAN TREE or MOUNTAIN ASH (Pyrus Aucuparia) XXIII. MEDLAR (Pyrus germanica) XXIV. HAWTHORN (Crataegus Oxyacautha) .... XXV. SMALL-LEAVED COTONEASTER (Cotoneaster microphylla) XXVI. MOCK ORANGE (SYRINGA) (Philadelphus coronarius) XXVII. FLOWERING CURRANT (Ribes sanguineum) XXVIII. IVY (Hedera Helix) XXIX. DOGWOOD (Cornus sanguinea) XXX. VARIEGATED LAUREL (Aucuba japonica) XXXI. ELDER (Sambucus nigra) .... XXXII. WAYFARING TREE (Viburnum Lantana) . XXXIII. GUELDER ROSE (Viburnum Opulus) . XXXIV. SNOWBALL TREE (Viburnum Opulus, var. sterile XXXV. LAURUSTINUS (Viburnum Tinus) vii 3 5 8 10 17 20 29 32 41 44 49 50 53 56 59 60 63 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE XXXVI. SNOWBEREY (Symphoricarpus racemosus) . XXXVII. HONEYSUCKLE (Lonicera Periclymenum) . XXXVIII. STRAWBERRY TREE (Aibutus Unedo) XXXIX. BILBERRY or WHORTLEBERRY (Vaccinium Myrtilhis) XL. LING OR HEATHER (Calluna vulgaris) XLI. PONTIC RHODODENDRON (Rhododendron pouticum) XLII. SNOWDROP TREE (Halesia tetraptera) XLIII. WHITE JASMINE (Jasminum officinale) XLIV. LILAC (Syringa vulgaris) ...... XLV. ASH (Fraxinus excelsior) ...... XLVI. PRIVET (Ligustrum vulgare) XLVII. TEA TREE (Lycium halimifolium) .... XLVIII. SWEET BAY (Laurus nobilis) XLIX. COMMON BOX (Buxus sempervirens) .... L. COMMON ELM (Ulmus campestris) .... LI. BLACK MULBERRY (Morns nisra) . LII. FIG (Ficus Carica) LIII. ORIENTAL PLANE (Platanus orientalis) LIV. WHITE BIRCH (Betula alba) .... LV. ALDER (Alnus glutinosa) LVI. HORNBEAM (Carpinus Betulus) LVII. HAZEL (Covylus Avellana) LVIII. HOLM OAK or EVERGREEN OAK (Quercus Ilex) . LIX. BRITISH OAK (Quercus robur, var. pedunculata) . LX. SWEET CHESTNUT (Castanea sativa) .... LXI. GREAT SALLOW (Salix Caprea) LXII. CRACK WILLOW (Salix fragilis) LXIII. BLACK POPLAR (Populus nigra) LXIV. ADAM'S NEEDLE (Yucca gloriosa) .... LXV. YELLOW CYPRESS (Cypressus nootkatensis) LXVI. NORWAY SPRUCE FIR (Picea excelsa) . LXVII. LARCH (Larix europa3a) LXVIII. SCOTCH PINE (Pinus sylvestris) LXIX. TWIGS AND WINTER BUDS (No. 1) . LXX. TWIGS AND WINTER BUDS (No. 2) . To face 2^age 64 67 74 77 80 8.5 96 101 104 107 112 123 130 135 138 141 142 14.5 148 151 154 159 160 165 168 175 182 187 194 211 218 223 230 235 238 vm TREES AND SHRUBS ROCKY MOUNTAIN BRAMBLE, Ridms delidosus. Gardens, lawns, walls. May, June. This very distinct and most beautiful Bramble has well been called the Queen of the genus. It delights in sunshine, making a handsome shrub in the open, but producing its handsome blossoms in greater profusion when on a wall. It is propagated by layers in late summer. Floweis white, resembling Dog Rose, 2\ ins. diam., solitary ; Sepals ovate- oblong, with dilated acumination ; tomentose, shorter than petals ; Petals ovate, margins wavy ; Stamens numerous ; Ovarij superior, carpels numerous ; Fruit an etaario of drupels, delicious flavour. Leaves alternate, reniform-orbicular, resembling Currant, 3-5-lobed, wrinkled, finely serrated, acute, tomentose when young. If in. long, 1^ in. broad ; stipules persistent. A deciduous shrub, 3-6 ft. erect, or 8 ft. against a wall ; Brandies without prickles, tomentose. Native of Rocky Mountains; discovered by Dr. James in 1822; introduced to Britain, 1870, by JNIr. Anderson-Henry of Edinburgh. BLACKBERRY, Rubus fruticosus. Woods, hedges. July — September. A well-known fruiting shrub of the country-side, of which many varieties and hybrids are in cultivation. Pro- pagated by suckers and layers in October or November ; seeds sown in shady border as soon as ripe, or in shallow pans filled with sandy peat and leaf- mould in a cold frame Flowers white or pink in terminal racemes ; lateral branches corymbose ; Calyx reflexed, 5-lobed, persistent ; Fruit an etserio of drupels, black or reddish-purple, without bloom, not readily separating from receptacle, sweet or acid-sweet. VOL. II. A TREES AND SHRUBS Leaves alternate, 3-5 foliate, pinnate, very variable, leaflets ovate or obo- vate, petiolate, coarsely irregularly serrated, acute, glabrous and dark green above, white and downy beneath, midribs and petioles with small hooked prickles ; stipules subulate or linear, inserted short way up stalk ; leaves sub- persistent. A deciduous shj'ub ; Stems prickly, bristly, glandularly hirsute, or downy, sometimes sub-erect, often rooting from a callus at extremity, straggling, or prostrate, furrowed, aculeate ; flowering stems biennial, or a few years old ; Buds long, pointed ; scales imbricated, hairy. Native of Britain. Irregular, spindle-shaped swellings on stems, 1-7 ins. long, produced by larva^ of a Gall-fly [Diastrophus rubi). RASPBERRY, Rubus Idteus. Woods, cultivated in gardens. Propagated by suckers and seeds. June — August. Floroers white, honeyed, in long pendidous panicled cymes, axillary and terminal, few-flowered ; Calyx somewhat campanulate, 5-lobed, inferior, per- sistent, lobes ovate-lanceolate, tips long ; Petals 5, short, linear-obovate ; Stamens indefinite ; Ovary superior, carpels several, distinct, styles many ; Fruit an etferio of succulent 1 -seeded drupels, on a dry conical receptacle, forming a kind of granulated berry, usually separating from the receptacle when ripe ; red. Leaves alternate, 3-5 foliate, often 3 in upper, 5 in lower, leaflets ovate or oblong, 3-5 ins. long, coarsely serrated, acute, light green above, downy beneath ; stipules small, subulate, often adnate half-way up stalk. A deciduous shrub, 3-5 ft. ; Stem shrubby, erect, terete, downy, sterile first year, bearing flowers and fruit in second, then dying ; prickles straight and slender ; flowering shoots with curved prickles ; Suckei's freely produced. Native of Britain. Injurioiis Lisects : — Blossoms, Bud'i, and Fi-uit — Raspberry Beetle {Byturus tomentosus) ; Leaves — Weevils {Otiorhynchus); Roots — Weevils {Otiorhynchus); Garden Swift Moth {Hcpiahis lupulinus). 2 DOG ROSE {Rosa canina) A. Flowering branch. B. Flower, with petals removed. C. Seed. I>. Section of flower. E. Section of fruit. P. Fruit. Plate XIX. ROSACEA NOOTKA SOUND RASPBERRY, Rubus nutkanm. Gardens. Prefers a moist soil and partial shade. May — August. Floivei's white, large, 1-2 ins. diam., in a terminal corymbose cluster, few- flowered, 1-2 ins. broad ; Sepals cuspidate, appendage long and slender ; Fruit an etaerio of drupels, red, hemispherical. Leaves alternate, 3-5-lobed, resembling Vine, 3 lobes nearly equal, broad, coarsely and unequally serrated, acute. A deciduous shrub, 1-10 ft. ; Stems flexuous, glandularly hirsute ; sends up annual shoots like Raspberry. Introduced from N.W. America, 1826 ; discovered by Douglas growing wild from North California to Nootka Sound. Known in America as Salmon Berry. PURPLE-FLOWERED RASPBERRY, Rubus odoratus. Gardens and shrubberies. June — ^August. Thrives best in partial shade. A handsome shrub of very robust growth. Old flowering stems should be cut away in December. Propagate by layers and seeds. Floivei's purple-red, showy, 2 ins. diam., in a corymbose cluster ; peduncles many-flowered, bracts membranous ; Calyx lobes with narrow appendage ; Petals 5, rounded, broad ; Fruit an etaerio of drupels, reddish-yellow or amber, flat, broad, velvety, seldom ripening in England. Leaves alternate, palmately 3-5-lobed, sometimes 6 ins. diam., lobes minutely serrated, acute, glabrous above, viscid beneath, sweet scented ; larger ones on long viscid petioles, those near ends of shoots nearly sessile and 3-lobed. A deciduous shrub, 3-8 ft. ; Stem glandularly hirsute, without prickles, erect ; suckers freely produced ; Buds ovoid, scales hirsute. Introduced from N. America, 1739. Called Flowering Raspberry in U.S.A. ; in England also known as Virginian Raspberry and Scented Bramble. A 2 TREES AND SHRUBS JAPANESE WINEBERRY, Bubus phcenicolasius. Gardens, rockeries. A handsome straggling Bramble of vigorous growth, well suited for low fences or bold rockwork. It has large handsome foliage, and its somewhat unique blossoms are followed by large scarlet fruits, which are very sweet and juicy. June, July. Flowers pale pink or whitish, inconspicuous in a terminal raceme; Calyx 1^-2 ins. diam., covered with reddish glandular hairs ; Petals minute, erect ; Fi'uit an etasrio of some forty ellipsoid drupels ; scarlet, ovoid-oblong, f in. long, edible. Leaves alternate, 5-7 ins. long, upper ones simple, others pinnately trifoliate, leaflets crenate, white tomentum beneath, glandularly hirsute. A deciduous sh?'ub, 10 ft. ; sub-scandent ; Stems covered with stiff, long, red- purple glandular hairs and prickles. Introduced from Japan, 1877. SALMON BERRY, Bubus spectabiUs. Gardens. April, May. Flowers purple, large, fragrant, peduncles solitary or in pairs, 1-2 flowered, drooping ; Sepals hairy at base, shorter than petals ; Fr^dt an et«rio of drupels, yellow or red, ovoid, acid, ripe in June or July. Leaves alternate, trifoliate, lateral leaflets distant from terminal, often deeply 2-lobed, ovate, serrate, acuminate, membranous, nearly glabrous, downy when young. A deciduous shrub, 3-10 ft. ; Stems erect, terete, unarmed or with deciduous prickles, flexuose, thin ; Suckers freely produced. Native of California; introduced from N. America by Douglas, 1827. SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL, Pot ent ilia fruticosa. Rocky banks, gardens. June — August. Thrives in fairly light, loamy soil, with plenty of moisture at roots. A charming small shrub, bearing a profusion of bright golden-yellow blossoms. Seeds are sown in shallow pans or boxes 4 Plate XX. SWEET BRIAR {liot>a rulnyuumi) ROSACEA of light sandy soil in gentle heat in March, transplanting seedlings outdoors in May or June, or in partially shaded border outdoors in April. Floioers golden-yeUow, 1-1^ in. diam., in a few flowered terminal sub- corymbose cyme ; Calyx inferior, 5-lobed, lobes ovate-lanceolate, valvate in bud, persistent ; Epkalyx of 5 lanceolate bracteoles, longer than sepals ; Petals 5, orbicular ; Stamens numerous, perigynous ; Ovary superior, carpels many ; Fruit an etterio of achenes, hairy, on hispid receptacle. Leaves alternate, petiolate, sub-digitately pinnate, leaflets 3-5, oblong or lanceolate, ^-f in. long, entire, revolute, glabrous above, silky when young; stipules narrow, thin, entire, adnate to petiole. A deciduous erect sJwub, 2-4 ft. ; or spreading undershrub, much branched ; Bark flaking. Native of N. England, and Clare and Galway in Ireland. Generic name from L. pot ens, entis, powerful, from the medicinal effects ascribed to some of the genus; specific name ./)//^/fo*a = shrubby ; 'L. jrutex, -ids, a shrub or bush. FIELD ROSE, Rosa arvensis. Hedges and thickets ; gardens. .Tune, July. The Ayrshire Roses of gardens are the offspring of this native species. They are extremely hardy, of rapid growth, useful for poor soils, and of great value for covering rough buildings, ugly fences, trunks of trees, banks and mounds. They require but little pruning or training, but should have all dead wood cut out in February or JMarch. Floivers white, scentless, in a 1-6 flowered corymb, or rarely solitary, peduncle setose ; Calyx-tube globoid, glabrous, sepah purple, short, broad, naked at back, shghtly pinnate, reflexed, deciduous; Styles glabrous, united into an exserted column; Fruit a cynarrhodium, sub-globose, small, naked, sessile, or stalked ; disk convex, much thickened. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, eglandular, glabrous, or slightly pubescent, glaucous beneath. A deciduous shrub, 2-6 ft. ; Stem arched or trailing ; Branches purple, glaucous ; prickles strong, often large, equal, hooked ; Buds ovoid, glabrous. TREES AND SHRUBS Native of England and Ireland, rare in Scotland. Known as Ayrshire Rose. Syn. B. repens. DOG ROSE, Rosa canina. Hedges, thickets, gardens. Useful for covering unsightly fences or vfdXh. It is a valuable stock for grafting purposes. June, July. Flozvers pink or white, usually fragrant, solitary or 3-4 in a corymb; Sepals 5, pinnate, reflexed, tube persistent, lobes imbricate in bud ; Petals 5; Stamens numerous, inserted on the disk; Carpels many, sunk in calyx- tube, styles distinct, hirsute, stigma thickened; Frtiit a cynarrhodium, ovoid or sub-globose, scarlet-crimson, polished, cavity hairy, containing 20-25 achenes ("stones"), each angular, yellowish, hairy, flesh-orange, sepals deciduous, bracts persistent. Leaves alternate, leaflets 5-7, ovate, acute, serrate or biserrate, eglandular, glabrous beneath. A deciduous sknob, 3-6 ft. ; Branches arching, prickles falcate or equal, hooked ; Rootstock woody, suckers often produced ; Buds flattened, scales green, tipped with red. Native of Britain. Hooker says, " In its common form this is the largest and freest growing of British roses, and may be distinguished from R. spinosis- sima by the hooked prickles and habit, from B. pilosa by being more glabrous, from R. rubiginosa by being eglandular, and from R. arvensis by the free styles." Insects injurious to Roses, wild and cultivated : — Floive^s — Rosechafer {Centonia atirata). Garden Chafer {Phyllopertha horticola). Brown Weevil {Otiorhynchus sulcatus); Leaves and Shoots — Green Fly {Siphonophora 7-osce), Leaf-cutter Bee {Megachile ceiituncularis), Banded Saw-fly {Empkytus cinctus). Leaf-rolling Saw-fly {Lyda inariita), many other Saw-fly larvae, including the Genera Eriocampa, Blcnmocampa, and Hylotoma ; among Moth larviK are the Lackey Moth {Bombyx neustria), Vapour Moth {Orgyia a?ttiqua), \^'^inter Moth {Cheimatobia brimiata), and several Tortricina and T'ineina. 6 ^f?^''!^ JAPAN i:SK KOSK. { Kosa nigosa ) ROSACEi^ The most common Gall is the Rose Bedeguar or Robin's pin-cushion, produced by the larvte of a Gall-gnat {R/iodites ?-osce) ; other species of the same genus produce Pea-like Galls on the foliage, especially of wild roses. MUSK ROSE, Rom moschata. Gardens. July, August. A fine climbing species with clusters of large single flowers having a very characteristic scent. Shoots should be shortened in April. Floicers yellowish-white, very fragrant, 1.^-2 ins. diam., in a compound terminal corymb, pubescent ; Calyx hoary pubescent, tube small, obovoid, lobes 2-3 times length of tube, glandularly serrate, often pinnatifid ; Petals orbicular-obovate ; Styles united into a hairy clavate column ; Fruit a cynarrhodium, globose or ovoid, \ in. diam., dark-brown, crowned by base of deciduous calyx-lobes. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, 2-6 ins. long, leaflets 3-9, ovate or ovate- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, acutely serrated, puberulous beneath. A deciduous climbing shrub, 18-20 ft. ; Prickles scattered, stout, recurved. Native of S. Europe, N. India, Afghanistan, and China; introduced 1.590. Specific name from Iv. moschus, musk. SWEET BRIAR, Rosa rubiginosa. Chalky hills, gardens. A native Rose, justly prized for the delightful fragrance exhaled from the glands of its leaves. It is a good hedge plant. June, July. Floxvers pink, small, solitary or corymbose, 1-3 flowers, peduncles setose; Calyx pinnate, sub-persistent, densely glandular ; Styles free, hairy ; Fruit a cynarrhodium, sub-globose or oblong, glabrescent, or with few small prickles, disk small. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, leaflets 5-7, small, oval or sub-orbicular, round at base, acute or obtuse, biserrate, shining and glabrous or slightly 7 TREES AND SHRUBS hairy above, glandular-pubescent beneath, fragrant, petiole glandular. Autumn tint purplish-brown. A deciduous sh-nb, 5-6 ft. ; Branches sub-erect, slender ; prickles stout at base, curved or hooked, slender, scattered, mixed with glandular hairs and bristles, giving rusty appearance ; Buds ovoid, glabrous. Native of Britain. Hooker says, " Best distinguished by its sub-erect habit and copious glandular pubescence, which gives out the strong sweet- briar odour." Specific name = rusty-leaved (Ij. rohigo or 7iibigo, -mis, rust). Known also as Eglantine. Syn. R. Eglanteria. Leaves and shoots attacked by Green Fly {Siphotiophora), Pea-like Galls produced by R/iodifes eglanterice. JAPANESE ROSE, Rosa rugosa. Gardens. June. A very robust shrub, noteworthy for its handsome foliage, large single flowers, and fine orange-red, apple-like fruits. It makes a good hedge plant. Thin out shoots in April. Flmvers rosy-red, large, solitary, ebracteate ; peduncles with straight, short, scattered prickles ; Sepals lanceolate, entire, reflexed, hairy ; Petals emarginate ; Fruit a cynarrhodium, large and showy, 1 in. or more in diam., resembling apples, orange-red to deep red, depressed-globose, glabrous, pendulous ; persistent sepals, erect, foliaceous, 1|^ in. long. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, leaflets 5-9, obtuse, ovate, serrate, wrinkled. A deciduous shrub, 4-6 ft. ; Branches slender, prickles very dense, straight, nearly equal. Introduced from Japan, 1845. SCOTCH ROSE, Rosa spinosissima. Open places, especially sandy seashores; gardens. May, June. A small- leaved, prickly little bush-rose, bearing a profusion of white blossoms. Thin out shoots in November. 8 WHITE BEAM (Fyrus Ai-ia) A. Flowering branch. B. Fruit. C. Flower, with petals removed. I). Flower. E. Transverse section o£ fruit. F. Longitudinal section of fruit. Plate XXI. ROSACEA Flowers white or pink, 1-1 1 in. diam., solitary or in cortjmbs of rarely more than 3 ; Calyx-tube usually glabrous, globoid, sepals simple, lanceolate, acuminate, persistent, eglandular ; Styles free ; Fruit a cynarrhodium, globose, glabrous, purple to black, disk very small. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, leaflets 7-9, small, rounded, serrate, glabrous above, eglandular. A deciduous shrub, 1-4 ft. ; Branches short, erect ; Tivigs rounded, setigerous ; prickles crowded, unequal, subulate, expanded at base. Native of Britain. Also called Burnet Rose. Red galls in leaves and other young parts formed by a mite {Rhodites spinosissimcc). DOWNY ROSE, Rosa villosa. Hedges and thickets. June, July. Flowers rose, solitary or in small terminal corymbs; Calyx-tube globose, sepals copiously pinnate, long, persistent, glandular hairs black ; Corolla often ciliate and glandular ; Styles free, sUghtly protruding from the mouth of calyx in a dense tuft ; Fruit a cynarrhodium, globoid, bright red, sepals erect, prickles small. Leaves alternate, leaflets 5 7, oblong or elliptical, biserrate, downy above, eglandular, or nearly so beneath. A deciduous shrub, 3-G ft. ; Branches erect, or elongate and arching, rigid, slender, prickles scattered, nearly straight. Native of Britain. Hooker says, " Chiefly distinguished from R. spinosissima by its larger size, equal prickles, fewer very downy leaflets, which are more constantly doubly serrate, and the more glandular fruit ; and from R. caiiina by the straight prickles, and globose, glandular fruit." WILLOW-LEAVED PEAR, Pyms amygdaliformis. Gardens, plantations. May. Flowers white, in a lax corymb ; Fruit a pome, oval, small, woody, yellowish- green, pedicel shoi-t. 9 ^ ' '• * TREES AND SHRUBS Leaves alternate, linear, acute, hoary on underside with silky, silvery hairs. A deciduous tree, 15-20 ft. ; inclined to be pendulous. Native of the Levant and Siberia. Syn. P. salicifolia. WILD PEAR, Pyrus communis. Woods, hedgerows. The parent of our cultivated Pears, of which there are nearly 700 varieties. April, May. Floxvers white, 1-1^ in. diam., in corijmhoid or racemose cymes of 6-10 on wood of previous year ; proterogynous, attracting flies ; Calyx-tube (receptacle) adhering to ovary, becoming fleshy in fruit, limb 5-lobed, persistent; Petals 5; Stamens numerous ; anthers purple, then black ; Ovary 5-celled, spuriously in- ferior by up-growth of receptacle, 3-5 styles, distinct ; F.ruit a pome, pyriform, 2 ins. long, 5-celled, gritty, walls cartilaginous ; green till November, then turning yellow. Leaves alternate, on shoots, fascicled on previous year's wood, ovate or obovate, petiolate, obtusely serrated, acute, glabrous, slightly downy in young stage, 1-1| in. long. Autumn tint yellow, dead leaves black. A deciduous tree, 20-60 ft. ; somewhat pyramidal ; Tivigs drooping, some- times ending in a spine ; Bark rough ; Dwa7-f shoots sometimes thorny ; Buds glabrous, brown ; Wood fine-grained, strong, reddish tinge ; used for instruments and small cabinet and turnery work. Native of Britain. Name Pear from A.S. j)erii, pere ; 1^. pirum, a pear. Insects injurious to Pears : — Bark — American Blight {Schhoncura lanigera). Fruit-tree Bark Beetle {Scolytus rugulosus). Mussel Scale {Mitilaspis pom- orum) ; Blossom and Fruit — Pear Gnat Midge {Diplosis pyrivora), Apple Blossom Weevil {Anthonomus pomorum) ; Leaves — Apple Aphis {Aphis mali), Pear Leaf-blister Mite {Phytoptus pyri). Leaf Weevils {Phyllobiiis), Cherry and Pear Saw-fly {Selandria at?'a), Lackey Moth {Bombyx neustria), Mottled Umber Moth {Hybernia defoliai'ia), Winter Moth [Cheimatobia brumata) ; 10 J^ ROWAN-TKKK, or MOUNTAIN ASH (fyc«s Aucuparia) A. riuwering branch. B. Fruit. C. Single (lower, enlarged. I). Flower, after removal of petals. £. Transverse section of fruit. I'LATE XXII. ROSACEA Wood — Goat Moth [Cossus Ugnipcrda, Trijpanus cossus). Wood Leopard Moth {Zeuzera cescuU, Z. pryiiia). Ftingoid Pests: — Pear-leaf Cluster-cups {Roestelia cancellatia). Pear-leaf Blister [Exoascus hullatus). Apricot Brown Rot {3Ioitilia jructigcna). SIBERIAN CRAB, Pyrus baccata. Gardens, lawns. April, ]May. A handsome tree when in flower, M'hich few can surpass for beauty, and conspicuous in autumn when laden with its cherry- like fruits. It does best when grafted on the apple or pear. Flowers white, in a sessile umbellate corymb ; pedicels long and slender ; Calyx lobes spreading, deciduous, lanceolate, equal to or longer than tube, cottony inside ; Petals with dark veins ; Styles 3-5, nearly free, woolly at base ; Fiuit a pome, globose, sometimes pyriform, bright red or yellow tinged with red, about size of cherry ; used for jelly. Leaves alternate, ovate, acute, serrated, glabrous, petioles of same length, A deciduous tree, 15-30 ft.; dense, round-headed. Native of Siberia, China, .Japan, and Himalayas ; introduced 1784. SWEET-SCENTED AMERICAN CRAB, Pyms coronaria. Gardens. May, June. A very beautiful and ornamental tree. The flowering species of Pyrus are propagated by cuttings 8-12 ins. long, inserted in ordinary soil outdoors in autumn ; layers in autumn ; budding on Pear or Quince in July ; grafting in March ; seeds sown in sandy soil in a sunny position outdoors in March. Floivers rosy, fragrant with the scent of Violets, 12 ins. diam., in lax corymbs, pedicels glabrous ; Calyx slightly pubescent, lobes acute ; Petals obovate, often serrate or dentate ; Styles woolly or tufted at base ; Fruit a pome, roimd, flat, 1-1^ in. diam. ; fragrant, grass-green, glossy, very acid. Leaves alternate, ovate, cordate at base, angularly-lobed or serrated, glabrous, appearing late in spring, more or less sub-evergreen in mild seasons, 13 ins. 11 TREES AND SHRUBS long, 1 2^ 2^ ins. wide ; petioles slender, sometimes glandular ; stipules acumi- nate. Autumn tint yellow. A deciduous tree, 15-30 ft. ; Twigs tomentose, pubescent or glabrous, spiny, red-brown ; Bark red-brown, fissured ; Btids minute, obtuse ; scales red, scarious, ciliate; Wood soft, reddisli. Introduced from N. America, 1724. Syns. Cratcegus coro?ia?ia, Blalus coroncu'ia. CORAL-BUD APPLE, Pyrus floribunda. Gardens, lawns. April, May. This is one of the most ornamental of hardy flowering shrubs, its slender, green, arching branches being almost hidden beneath a wealth of crimson buds or soft rosy-white blossoms. It makes a handsome specimen when planted singly on a lawn. It is usually grafted on Pijr%i,s communis. Flowers white, suffused with rose, in the bud stage a deep rich crimson, borne in cymosc clusters, completely covering the shoots ; Calyx 5-lobed ; Petals 5, tapering and widely separated at base ; Stamens numerous, perigynous ; Ovary inferior, carpels 5 ; Fruit a pome, yellow, nearly spherical, about size of a pea, pedicel long. Leaves alternate, elliptical-lanceolate, petiolate, stipulate, serrated, acumi- nate, 1-1|^ in. long. A deciduous shrub or small ti'ce, 10-15 ft. ; Shoots long and flexible. Native of Japan. Considered by some to be a variety of P. spectabilis. Syn. 3Ialus floribunda. CRAB APPLE, Pyrus Malus. Woods and hedges. May, June. Flowers white, streaked with pink, li in. diam., proterogynous, entomo- philous, few, in a sessile umbel, 5-6 flowered ; Calyx-lobes broad, downy ; Styles shortly united at base ; Fruit a pome, 1 in. diam., sub-globose, indented at base and apex, smooth, very acid, yellow or red, 5-celled. 12 ROSACEiE Leaves alternate, and tufted on dwarf shoots, ovate-oblong, shortly petiolate, serrated, acuminate or cuspidate, glabrous above, generally downy beneath when young, 12 ins. long ; stipules subulate, downy, deciduous. Autumn tint brown. A deciduous tree, 20-30 ft. ; Branches spreading when young, more drooping later, giving a rounded head ; trunk unsymmetrical ; Barh rugged : Twigs round, shining, red-brown; Buds small, somewhat triangular; Wood hard, heavy, fine-grained, slightly brown, taking high pohsh. Native of Britain. Syn. Malus comiminis. Name Apple from A.S. appcl, apl. Chief insects injurious to cultivated Apple : — Bark — American Blight {Schizoneura lanigera), Fruit-tree Bark Beetle {Scolytus riigidosus), Mussel Scale {3Iijtila,spis poniorum) ; Blossom and Fruit — Codlin Moth {Carpocapsa pomonella), Apple Weevil {Anthonomus pomorum), Apple Sawfly {Hoplocampa testudinea), Apple Chermes (Psijlla ma/i) ; Leaves— A^ple Aphis {Aphis mali). Garden Chafer {Phyl/opc/iha horticola). Lackey JNIoth {Bombyx neustria). Winter Moth {Cheimatobia brumata). Small Ermine INIoth {Hyponomeuta padcUa); JFood— Goat Moth {Cossus ligniperda, IVypanus cossus). Wood Leopard Moth {Zcuzera cvsculi, Z. pijrinu). Fungoid Pests: — Apple-leaf Spot {Scptoria pyricola), Apple-tree White Mould {Oidiu?n farinosum). Apple-tree Canker {Nectria ditissima). Apricot Brown Rot {Monilia fructigena). CHERRY CRAB, Pyms pruni/hlia. Gardens. April, IMay. ^V'^hen laden with its phikish flower buds in spring this makes an ornamental tree, but is chiefly grown for the sake of its hand- some fruits, which are yellowish flushed with red, and of an agreeable flavour. Flowers white, resembling Common Pear, in cyinQse clusters; peduncles pubescent ; Calyx-lobes persistent ; Styles woolly at base ; Fruit a pome, globose, yellowish and red, decaying like Medlar. Leaves alternate, ovate, acuminate, serrate, glabrous, petioles long. A deciduous tree, 20-30 ft. Native of Siberia ; introduced 1758. Syn. Malus pi-unifolia. VOL. II. 13 B TREES AND SHRUBS SHOWY CHINESE CRAB, Pyms spcctabllis. Gardens, lawns, shrubberies. April, May. Pruning should be done December to February, cutting back previous year's shoots to within 2 ins. of base, and leading shoots to 8-12 ins. Flowers pale rose, semi-double, 2 ins. or more in diam., in a many- flowered, terminal, sessile umbel, buds deep red ; Calyx-tube glabrous ; Petals ovate, unguiculate ; Stamens numerous, sometimes over 40 ; Styles woolly at base; Fniit a pome, irregularly globose, greenish-yellow, pedicels long. Leaves alternate, oval-oblong, acute, serrated, glabrous. A deciduous tree, 20-30 ft. ; Branches crowded, erect when young, after- wards spreading and slender. Native of China and Japan ; introduced 1780. Specific name from L. spectabilis, worth seeing — specfo, I look at. WHITE BEAM, P/jrus Aria. Woods, borders of forests, gardens. Common on chalky soils. ]\lay, June. The group Aria, which includes the present species and the Wild Service, is distinguished by broadly ovate or oval leaves, and flattened corymbs of white blossoms. Flowei's white, I in. diam., in a loose corymb at the ends of short leafy branches ; inflorescence covered with soft, white cotton ; Calyx-tube adhering to carpels, becoming fleshy in fruit, lobes 5 ; Petals 5 ; Stamens numerous, anthers white ; Ovary becoming spuriously syncarpous and inferior ; Styles usually 3, sometimes 4, hairy at base; Fr^iit a pome, sub-globose, \ in. diam., bright red dotted with brown points, ripe in September, orange flesh sharp and rough to taste, usually 3-celled, 2 seeds in each cell. Leaves ovate or obovate, very variable, sometimes pinnately lobed, petiolate, coarsely and irregularly serrated, glabrous and shining green above, white and flocculent beneath, 2-6 ins. long. Autumn tints yellow, brown, orange- scarlet. 14 ROSACEi^ A deciduous pyramidal tree, 20-40 ft. ; or a low bush ; Branches slender, having an upward tendency, young shoots cottony ; Bark smooth, reddish- brown ; Tidgs shining, red-olive-brown to grey ; Buds ovoid, scales green, margins brown, pubescent ; Wood fine-grained, hard, white, inclining to yellow ; used for small cabinet and turnery work. Indigenous throughout Britain ; several more or less cut-leaved forms are found in various parts of the British Isles, and are considered by some botanists to be species or sub-species. WILD SERVICE, Piims Torminalis. AVoods, hedges ; will grow in dry situations ; prefers strong clay soil. April, May. Flowers white, more numerous and smaller than P. Aria, J in. diam., in a corymbose cyme, at ends of short leafy branches ; young inflorescence clothed with loose down ; Calyx pubescent, tube hemispherical, teeth triangular ; Anthers white ; Styles usually 2, united to above middle ; Fruit a pome, pyriform or sub-globose, greenish-brown, \ in. diam., dotted with lenticels, juiceless, usually 2-celled, ripe in November, flesh becomes brown and ahnost friable after bletting by frost. Leaves oblong-ovate or cordate, G-10 lobed, lobes triangular, acuminate, lower ones spreading, serrated, glabrous on both surfaces, 2-4 ins. long, 3 ins. broad, young leaves downy, underside bluish or grey, petioles slender. Autumn tint yellowish-brown. A deciduous tree, 40-50 ft. ; growth slow ; Branches spreading, forming large head ; Tzcigs sub-angular, reddish-brown, polished ; Barh smooth, grey ; Buds globoid, obtuse ; scales broad, scalloped, bifid ; ]Fuod flne-grained, red- tinted, susceptible of high polish ; used for small cabinet and turnery work. A native of Southern and Central England. Some specimens said to be 1000 years old. Skeat says name Service is corruption of serves = M.E. plural of serf or serve, the name of the fruit; A.S. syrf=^innl of service-tree — syrf-trcovc, a service-tree — L. sorbus, the tree ; sorl)um, its fruit. 15 1! 2 TREES AND SHRUBS NEPAL WHITE BEAM, Pyms vestita. Gardens, A handsome Indian species with long, silvery leaves. May, June. Floxvers white, in a branched terminal corymb, woolly ; Cahjx tomentose ; Petals woolly inside; Styles 3-5, woolly at base; Fruit a pome, globose, tubercled, glossy, ?, in. diam., greenish-brown, ripe in October. Leaves alternate, ovate or elliptical, acutely crenated or coarsely serrated towards point, very woolly in young stage, glabrous when older, glossy green, sometimes 10-12 ins. long, petioles long. Autumn tint pale yellow. A deciduous tree, 20-30 ft. ; Branches tomentose when young, glabrous later. Native of Nepal ; introduced 1820, Syns. P. crenata, lanatu, nepalensis. AMERICAN MOUNTAIN ASH, Pyrus amerkana Gardens. June. The group, including the Mountain Ash and True Service, is characterised by pinnate foliage, flat corymbs of white blossoms, and showy fruits. Floivers white, in a large terminal corymbose cyme, 3-G ins. broad ; bracts and bracteoles minute ; Calyx 5-lobed ; Petals 5, spreading, short clawed, Stamens indefinite ; Ovary inferior, styles usually 3, distinct, stigma truncate ; Fruit a pome, globose, red, not larger than peas, very numerous, in large terminal corymbs. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, 6-8 ins. long, leaflets 13-15, lanceolate, tapering at apex, sharply serrated with acute teeth, glabrous, shining above, slightly paler beneath, 1^-4 ins. long; petioles grooved, green or red; stipules nearly triangular, caducous. Autumn tint yellow. A deciduous tree, 15-20 ft. ; erect, fastigiate ; Park smooth ; Buds acute, scales vinous red, acuminate ; Wood soft, light brown. Introduced from N. America, 1782; native of Canada, Newfoundland, and sub-Alpine prairies of northern United States 16 MEDLAR {Pyrus gennanica) A. Flowering branch. B. Two of the stamens. C. Fruit. D. Section of flower. Plate XXIII. ROSACEi^ MOUNTAIN ASH, Ptp-us Aucuparia. Woods, hillsides, gardens. May, June. This tree is especially handsome in early autumn when laden with its orange-scarlet berries. It is not parti- cular as to soil or aspect, and is therefore specially suitable for town gardens. Any necessary thinning of branches should be done December to February. Propagated by cuttings, layers, budding and grafting ; seeds sown in ordinary soil outdoors October or November. Flowei's cream-white, numerous, \ in. diameter, proterogynous, in a corymbose cyme, 4-6 in. diam., at ends of short leafy branches, peduncles downy, dense-flowered ; Calyx downy ; Styles short, usually 8, almost glabrous and free from base ; Fruit a pome, small, \ in. diameter, globose, orange- scarlet, flesh orange-yellow, ripe in September, usually 3-celled ; a favourite with Finches and Thrushes. Leaves imparipinnate, petiolate, 5-8 ins. long, leaflets 11-19, linear-oblong, serrate, sub-acute, glabrous or nearly so above, pale beneath, hairy along midrib and nerves, glabrous when old or nearly so, 1-11 in. long. Autumn tints yellow, red, brown. A deciduous tree, 30-50 ft. ; rapid in growth ; Branches with an upward tendency ; Barh smooth, grey, scarred horizontally ; Buds violet-black or grey, and downy ; Wood tough, elastic ; used for small cabinet and turnery work. A native of Britain. Also known as Rowan Tree. TRUE SERVICE TREE, Pyms Sorbus. Parks, Gardens. Requires deep, dry soil and shelter. May. Floivers cream- white, larger than P. Aucupaiia, in a corymb ; Calyx-lobes reflexed ; Ovary of 5 carpels, styles 5, often woolly ; Fruit a pome, apple- shaped or pyriform, 1 in. long ; greenish-brown, with rust-red spots ; very austere when unripe, somewhat resembling a medlar when mellowed by age. 17 TREES AND SHRUBS Leaves imparipinnate, petiolate, leaflets 13-17, oblong, acuminate, serrated towards point, downy when young, becoming glabrous, paler beneath. Autumn tints yellow to purple-brown. A deciduous tree, 30-60 ft ; Branches with an upward tendency ; Bark rugged ; Buds green and smooth, viscous, scales olive-green with brown border ; Tiv/gs stout, round, glabrous, olive-green to brown or grey ; Wood reddish, close-grained, takes high polish ; said to be hardest and heaviest of European woods ; used for wright-work. Not an indigenous species ; thought by some to be a product of cultivation ; Synonymous with P. domestica and Sorbus domestica. RED CHOKE-BERRY, Piims arbutifolia. Gardens. May, June. Floxvers white, or tinged with purple, in a few-flowered co?~y>/ibose cyme, woolly ; Calyx tomentose ; Fritit a pome, pyriforin or globular, small, dark red or purple, persistent through winter. Leaves alternate, ovate or obovate, 1-3 ins. long, acute, finely serrated, petiolate, downy beneath. Autumn tints deep red and purple. A deciduous shrub, 2-10 ft., twiggy. Introduced from N. America, 1700 : found throughout Canada and New- foundland. Also known as Arbutus-leaved Aronia. Syns. Aronia arbutifolia, Soi -b us a I -b iitifolia . MEDLAR, Pyrus germanica. Hedges, thickets, gardens. May, .June. Flowers white, H in. diam., solitary, sessile on short leafy branches, peduncle l in. ; Ccdyx 5-lobed, divisions foliaceous, woolly, persistent ; Petals 5 ; Stamens numerous ; Ovary spuriously syncarpous and inferior ; styles usually .'5, distinct, glabrous; Fruit a pome, J,-l in. diam.; nearly globular or pyriform, " 18 ROSACEi^ large depressed area at top, surrounded by a hairy disk formed of persistent calyx lobes ; 5 bony cells slightly protruding, and readily separable ; ripe in October and November. Leaves alternate, simple, lanceolate or oblong, nearly sessile, finely serrated, sub-acute and slightly downy, especially beneath. Autumn tints yellow, orange, russet, and red. A deciduous shrrtl), or small tree, 10-20 ft. ; Bravclicfi more or less thorny when wild, but losing thorns in cultivation. Apparently wild in several localities in southern England, but probably only escapes from cultivation. " Fruit called medles ; M.E. medler, the tree, also called mcdle-tree ; O.F. mesle, a medlar {whence mcslier, the tree); L. mcspilum; Gr. jnespiloti, a medlar'' (Skeat). Siyn. Mespilus germanica. JAPANESE QUINCE, Cijdonia japonica. Gardens, walls, fences. March, onwards through greater part of year. This handsome shrub is easy of culture, doing well in good garden soil, but thriving best in that of a rich, moist, loamy character. It does well on a south wall, and makes one of the loveliest hedges. The fruit should be gathered in October, and stored in a cool room till yellow. Propagated by cuttings of the year's shoots with portion of old wood attached ; inserted in ordinary soil outdoors in October ; layering of shoots in October or November ; seeds sown outdoors in November. It may be transplanted in early autumn, and the suckers used for propagation. Floivers deep scarlet, solitary, or ciji/iose clusters of 2-3 ; Ca/ij.v glabrous ; lobes short, obtuse, entire; Fruit a pome, .5-celled, 1^ in. long, 11 in. diam. ; yellow, spotted, about GO seeds ; an excellent preserve. Leaves alternate, simple, oval, somewhat cuneate, crenated, glabrous both surfaces ; stipules reniform, serrated. A deciduous shrub, 5-8 ft. ; Titigs brown. Introduced from Japan, 181.5. Syns. Mahis japonica, Pi/rus japonica. Specimen at Aldenham, Herts, 22 ft. through, 8 ft. high, 60-70 years old. 19 TREES AND SHRUBS MAULE'S QUINCE, Cydonia 3Iaulei. Gardens, walls. April. Flowers bright red, 1 in. diam., in dense cymose clusters; Fruit a pome, about size of small Apples, bright gold, suffused with red, very abundant, fragrant, very acid ; an excellent conserve. Leaves resembling P. japonica, but smaller ; crenate-dentate, petioles long. A deciduous shrjob, 3-4 ft. ; Branches slender, spreading ; Titigs brown. Introduced from .Japan, 1874. Syn. Pyrus Maulei. COMMON QUINCE, Cydonia vulgaris. Gardens, orchards. INIay, June. Flowers white or pale red, in a few- flowered umhellate cyme ; pedicels downy ; Calyx downy, lobes leafy, glandular-serrate, longer than tube ; Ovary 5-celled ; styles 5, connate at base, woolly ; Fruit a pome, varying in shape, oblong, ovate or obovate, 2 ins. long, li in. diam., fragrant, acid, astringent, 5-celled, cells cartilaginous, many seeded ; ripe in October ; used for preserves. Leaves alternate, ovate, blunt at base, entire, acute, tomentose beneath ; petioles short ; stipules oblong, obtuse, glandular-serrate. A deciduous tree, 20 ft. ; Branches spreading, contorted ; bravchlets tomentose. Native of Asia ; naturahsed in S. Europe. Specific name from Kydon, in Crete, where tree has long been plentiful. Syn. Pyrus Cydonia. Injurious Insects: — i?rtr/,— Fruit-tree l?ark Beetle {Scolytus rugulosus); Fruit — Codlin Moth {Carpocapsa pomonclla); Leaves — Large Tortoiseshell Butterfly ( Vanessa polychloi'os). SCARLET THORN, Crataegus coccinea. Parks, gardens. April, INIay. This fine oramental species does best in good loamy soil, and then forms a vigorous growing tree amply furnished with bright green foliage and large flattened corymbs of white blossoms. 20 B-« C HAWTHORN (Craicegus Oxyaeantha) A. Flowering branch. B. Flower, with petals removed. C. Fruit. D. Section of fruit. TK XXIV. ROSACEA The various species of Cratcegus, popularly known as Thorns, are pro- pagated by grafting on the Hawthorn in INIarch, or budding in July ; seeds (berries) are stored in sand for a year before sowing, being then put in the open garden in November, transplanting largest seedlings in the following October, and the remanider the next year. Flowers white, ^— | in. diam. ; in a many-flowered loose corymb; pedicels slender ; villose or tomentose ; Calyx-tube hairy, lobes acute, glandular serrate ; Petals orbicular ; Stamens 10, anthers pale yellow ; Ovary inserted at bottom of calyx-tube ; styles 3-4 ; Fruit a pome, sub-globose, 1 in. diam. ; scarlet, dark dots, calyx enlarged, lobes bright red ; flesh yellow, dry ; nutlets 3-4. Leaves alternate, elliptical or obovate, acute or acuminate, cuneate and entire at base, finely serrate and glandular above, several acute lateral lobes, coriaceous, dark green, smooth and lustrous upper surface, paler below, 11-2 ins. long, 1-l.V in. wide; petioles glandular. Autumn tints yellow and yellowish-scarlet . A deciduous bushy-headed tree, 20-30 ft. ; Branches stout, ascending ; branchlets slender, glabrous; spines stout, straight or curved, 1-1 i in. long; Bark red-brown, scaly; Wood hard, reddish-brown. Introduced from U.S.A., 1G83. Syn. Mespilus coccinea (iNIarsh). WASHINGTON THORN, Cratcvgus cordata. Parks, gardens. This, the latest flowering of the Thorns, makes a small tree, rather compact and regular in outline, well clothed with dark shining green leaves, and bearing dense clusters of white blossoms. May, .Tune. Flowers white, in a compact many-flowered terminal corymb, glabrous, pedicels slender; Calyx-tube glabrous, lobes short, nearly triangular, ciliate, pubescent inner surface; Stamens 20, anthers rose ; Styles 2-5, tufts of hairs at base ; Fruit a pome, small, depressed globose, scarlet ; calyx deciduous, nutlets 3-5 ; ripe in September or October, persisting through winter. Leaves alternate, broadly ovate or triangular, truncate, rounded or cordate and entire at base, acute or acuminate at apex, coarsely glandular serrate, 3-lobed 21 TREES AND SHRUBS or more, thin, dark shining green above, pale below, lJ-2 ins. long, 1-1^ in. wide ; petioles .] -li in. long, terete. Autumn tints bright scarlet and orange. A deciduous tree, 10-30 ft.; or hu^hy shnib ; Branches slender; branchlets glabrous, grey, or red-brown ; spines l|-2 ins. long ; Wood hard, reddish-brown. Introduced from U.S.A., 1738. COCKSPUR THORN, Cratxegns Crus-galU. Parks, gardens, lawns. May, June. Given sufficient space, as on a lawn, this forms a shapely tree with wide spreading branches, well armed with sharp spines, and clothed with shining foliage. The autunm tints are brilliant, and the large red fruits hang on the branches throughout the winter without diminution of brightness. Flowers white, tinged with red, in a many-flowered glabrous corymb ; pedicels slender ; Calyx-tube glabrous, lobes linear-lanceolate, entire or glan- dular serrate; Stamens 10, anthers rose; Styles usually 2, tufts of pale hairs at base. Fruit a pome, oblong to sub-globose, | in. long, deep red, flesh dry and mealy ; nutlets usually 2 ; ripe in October, persistent through winter. Leaves alternate, obovate, cuneate and entire at base, acute or rounded at apex, serrate, usually glandular teeth, thick, coriaceous, glabrous, dark shining green above, pale below, 1-4 ins. long, ^-1 in. wide, nearly sessile. Autumn tints bright orange, scarlet, red and bronze. A deciduous tree, 10-30 ft. ; Branches stout, spreading, rigid ; branchlets light grey or brown ; spines sharp, 3-4 ins. long, on trunks and large branches 0 8 ins., with lateral spines; JFood hard, satiny, reddish-brown. Introduced from N. America, 1691. Also called Newcastle Thorn. There are several varieties in cultivation. DOUGLAS'S THORN, Cratccgus Douglasii. Parks, gardens. May. Flowers white J-^ in. diam., in a broad many-flowered corymb, glabrous; Calyx-tube glabrous, lobes acute or acuminate, glandular serrate, hairy on inner 22 ROSACEA surface ; Stamens 20, anthers yellow ; Styles 2-5, tufts of hair at base ; Fruit a pome, oblong, truncate at apex, ^ in. long, black or dark purple ; calyx deciduous ; flesh thick, yellow ; nutlets 3-5 ; ripe in September. Leaves alternate, ovate to obovate, cuneate and entire at base, glandular serrate, acute, lobed, subcoriaceous, glabrous, dark green and lustrous above, paler beneath, 1-2 ins. long, l-l^ ins. wide ; petioles glandular. A deciduous tree, 20-30 ft. or shrub ; Branches ascending, spreading ; hranchlets slender, rigid, glabrous, bright red, shining ; spines bright red or brown to grey, f-1 in. long, rigid. Introduced from Western N. America, 1827. RED HAW, Cratwgus mollis. Parks, gardens. May. " The large flowers and brilliant scarlet fruits of this tree make it very ornamental in spring and early autunm, and when young the intricate branches, covered with lustrous chestnut-brown bark, render it interesting in winter." Floivcrs white, 1 in. diam., in a many-flowered compound corymb, tomentose, bracteate and bracteolate ; pedicels stout ; Calyx-tube hoary-tomentose, lobes narrow, acuminate, glandular-serrate ; Petals with small red mark at base ; Stamens 20, anthers large, yellow ; Styles 4-5, hoary-tonientose at base ; Fruit a pome, oblong to sub-globose, pubescent, 2-1 iu- diam. ; scarlet with black dots; flesh thick, yellow, mealy; nutlets 4-5; ripe August- September. Leaves alternate, ovate, cordate or rounded at base, acute, glandular- serrate, 4 5-lobed, thick, Arm, dark yellow-green, paler and pubescent on lower surface ; 3-4 ins. long and broad ; petioles terete, often glandular ; stipules lunate, serrate. Autumn tints yellow, orange and scarlet. A deciduous tree, 15 ft., spreading head; Branches smooth; Tidgs pubescent; Bark ashy grey; Spines straight, 1-2 ins. long ; Jf^ood hard, light reddish-brown. Native of U.S.A. Syn. jMcspilus coccinca (Schmidt). 23 TREES AND SHRUBS EASTERN THORN, Cratwgus orientalis. Parks, gardens. May, June. Floxvers white, fragrant, corymbose; Fruit a pome, globose, yellowish- red or purple, 5-cornered. Leaves alternate, 3-lobed, lobes ovate, deeply toothed at apex, middle lobe trifid, pubescent, stipules broad. A deciduous tree, 15 ft. ; flat-headed ; Bnutdws with hoary tomentum. Introduced from the Levant, 1810. Syn. Mcspilus Aronia (Willd). HAWTHORN, Crattcgus Oxyaccmtha. Woods, hedges, gardens. May, June. " Our hedges in May can boast no ornament at all comparable to the Hawthorn, whose blossoms, by their exquisite fragrance, their snowy beauty, and their early blooming, render it the universal favourite among our wild shrubs ; while poets have long sung the praises of the sweet May-blossom, identifying it even in name with the fair month of its birth." The Glastonbury Thorn, which blossoms at mid- winter, is the variety prcecox, of the sub-genus monogyna. Floivers white or pink, f in. diam., sweet-scented, attracting flies, protero- gynous, m a sessile corijmbose cyme, on short leafy branches, pedicels glabrous, many-flowered ; Calyx glabrous or slightly downy, tube urceolate, segments acute ; Petals broad ; Stamens numerous, anthers pinkish-brown ; Ovary 1-3 carpels, styles 1-3 ; Fruit a small pome, globular or ovoid, crowned by small divisions of persistent calyx, dark red or sometimes yellow, mealy, insipid, containing a hard, bony 1-2-celled nut, each cell with a single seed. Leaves obovate cuneiform, very variable, 3-5 segments, petiolate, obtuse, glabrous, shining, lobes serrated or entire, stipules leafy, ^ sagittate, toothed. Autumn tints brown, orange, yellow, crimson. A deciduous thorny shrub or small tree, 10-40 ft.; Tivigs red or brown, forming a dense network; Bark dull grey, smooth, tendency to flaking in old trees ; Buds short, ovoid-pohited or conic, scales red brown, smooth ; Wood 24 ROSACEiE hard and tough, used as a substitute for Box-wood in engraving, and for small turnery and cabinet-work. Indigenous throughout Jiritish Isles ; makes a good hedge plant ; said to live perhaps 200 years. English name from A.S. hcvgc, a hedge, and thorn; Generic name from Cir. kratos, strength; specific name from Gr. oxys, sharp, and acantha, a tliorn. Injurmis Insects: — Thorn Fly {Aphis Cratccgi), Lackey Moth {Bombijx neustria). Mottled Umber Moth {Hybernia defoUaria), March Moth {Anisop- teryx ccscidaria). Brown-tail Moth {Poiihesia chrysoJ'?'hcea), Ermine Moths ( Hyponomeutidce). Fungoid Pests: — Hawthorn Powdery Mildew {Podosphccra Oxyacanthce). Gall consisting of a tuft of leaves at the summit of a shoot is produced by a Gall-gnat {Cecidomyia crativgi) allied to the Hessian-fly (C destntcto?'). LARGE-FRUITED THORN, Cratcvgus punctata. Parks, gardens. JSIay. Floivers white, ^f in. diam., in a many-flowered compound corymb, tomentose or villose ; Calyx-tube villose or tomentose, lobes narrow, acute, entire or glandular serrate ; Stamens 20, anthers rose or j'ellow ; Styles 5, tufts of white hairs at base ; Fruit a pome, oblong or sub-globose, ^-1 in. long, red, or sometimes yellow dotted, flesh thin and dry ; nutlets 5. Leaves alternate, obovate, cuneate and entire at base, rounded or acute at apex, serrate, glabrous, thick, firm, grey-green, villose beneath, 2-3 ins. long, f- 1^ in. wide ; petioles stout, winged. Autumn tints orange and scarlet. A deciduous t?-ce, 15-30 ft. ; Branches stout, spreading, nearly at right angles ; Twigs light orange-brown or ashy-grey ; Spines slender, 2-3 ins. long. Introduced from U.S.A., 174G. VOL. II. 25 c TREES AND SHRUBS EVERGREEN THORN, CraUegiis Pyracantha. Walls, gardens. May. This is one of the most showy of all evergreens in winter, and when covered with its large clusters of brilliant orange-scarlet berries, so beloved of birds, is well deserving of its name "Fire Thorn," or the " Buisson-ardent " of our Gallic neighbours. Pruning should be done in February, cutting away those shoots that have borne berries. Flowers white, in a dense corymbose cyme; Fruit a pome, globose, size of pea, orange-scarlet, persistent through winter. Leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, acute, crenate, petiolate, stipulate, glabrous. An evergreen wall-shrub, 20 ft. ; or dense busk, 10 ft. Introduced from S. Europe, 1629. Syns. Mespilus Pyi'acantha, Cotoneaster Pyj-acantlui, Py7ricantlia coccinea. TANSY-LEAVED THORN, CraUvgus tanacetifblia. Gardens. May, June. The large, much-divided leaves and the densely hairy twigs and fruits give this tree a character of its own. Flowers white, fragrant, in a corymbose cyme; Calyx-lobes acute, reflexed, hairy, much divided, epicalyx glandular ; Stamens small, brown ; Fruit a pome, I in. diam., globose, often 5-ribbed, greenish-yellow, hairy, 5 bony seeds. Leaves alternate, deeply pinnatifid, lobes oblong, acute, glandular, serrate, downy on both surfaces, dark green above, lighter below, 2} ins. long, 1] in. broad, petioles downy. A deciduous tree, 12-30 ft. ; Tzvigs densely hairy ; Bark corky and flaking. Introduced from the Levant, 1789. SMALL-FRUITED COTONEASTER, Cotoneaster affinis. Gardens. April, May. The Cotoneasters vary from large shrubs or small trees to dwarf or prostrate bushes. All are useful for the shrubbery, and some 26 DOrHLK-FLOWI'.KKI) JAPANESE APPLE OR QUINCE. ( Cydoniajaponica, v, Jlore plena. ) ROSACEi^ are well adapted for covering walls or fences, or trailing over tree roots, rocks, or bare ground under trees. They are propagated by cuttings inserted in sandy soil outdoors in October ; layering of shoots in October ; grafting on the common species, or Quince or Hawthorn in March ; seeds sown outdoors in March. Flowers white, in lateral coi-ymbose cymes; Calyx woolly, 5-lobed, persistent ; Petals 5 ; Stamens indefinite ; Ovaries 2-5, adnate at back to calyx-tube; Fniit a drupe, small, spherical, bright red, 2 5 bony 1 -seeded stones ; ripe in September, persistent through winter. Leaves alternate, ovate or obovate, attenuated at base, mucronate, ciliate, bright green above, woolly beneath, 3^4 ins. long, 1-| in. broad, petioles woolly. A sub-evergreen tree, 10-15 ft. ; Bi-anches somewhat horizontal ; Jhvigs terete, red-brown ; lenticels well shown ; Buds acute. Native of Lower Nepaul ; introduced 1828. Specific name said to be given from close affinity to C.frigida, of which some regard it as a variety. ROD COTONEASTER, Cotoneaster bacillaris. Gardens. April, IVIay. Flowers white, \ in. diam. ; in a short, many flowei'ed, divaricate cyme, pilose ; Calyx segments 5, short, persistent ; Petals 5 ; Stamens numerous. Ovary inferior, carpels 2-5 ; Fruit a drupe, \ in. long, in axillary cymes, on long slender pedicels, smooth, purplish-red, black or brown; 2-5 bony 1 -seeded stones. Leaves alternate, ovate, obovate or oblong, lanceolate, tapering towards base, mucronate or obtuse, entire, ciliate, coriaceous, glabrous above, woolly or glabrescent beneath, 21 ins. long. If in. broad; petioles red, long, and slender ; stipules subulate, caducous. A deciduous slirub, or small tree, sub-evergreen in mild seasons, 8-10 ft., spreading head; Brunchlets slender, twig-like, glabrous, red; Wood white, strong, elastic. Native of Nepaul ; known as Twig-branched Cotoneaster. 27 c 2 Ci.liiltfi lb TREES AND SHRUBS BOX- LEAVED COTONE ASTER, Cotoneaste?- buxifoUa. Gardens, walls. April, May. This is a vigorous and free-growing species, doing well in any garden soil, useful for the rock garden or for covering walls. Seeds may be sown as soon as ripe in gentle heat, or outdoors in the following spring. Flowers white ; in a compact, short, terminal cyme, at ends of short lateral shoots, 2-G flowered, usually 5 ; tomentose ; Calyx tomentose ; F?-ui.t a drupe, usually in fives, globular, smooth, deep crimson, ripe in September. Leaves alternate, ovate or elliptical, entire, ciliated, acute, tapering towards base, downy on underside when young, glabrous when mature, 1^ in. long, f in. broad, petioles long. An evergreen shrtib, 4-12 ft. ; twiggy, straggling. Native of Neilgherry Mountains; introduced 1824. Also called Box-leaved Rose-box. ALPINE COTONE ASTER, Cotoneaster frigida. Gardens. April, May. A very ornamental hardy shrub of robust growth. Floxvcrs snow-white, in a small, terminal, corymbose cyme, woolly ; Calyx woolly; Friiit a drupe, small, spherical, bright red, borne in great profusion, ripe in September, persisting through great part of winter. Leaves alternate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, tapering towards base, slightly crenulated, mucronate, coriaceous, glabrous above when mature, silvery tomentose beneath, 4-5 ins. long, l.V in. broad, dark shining green above, lighter below. A sub-evergi-een sin-ub or tree 15-20 ft., or more ; Branchlcts woolly when young, smooth later. Native of Nepaul ; introduced 1824. 28 SMALL-LEAVEIJ COTONEASTEK (Coioneaster mirmphylla) A. Flowering branch. B. Transverse section of fruit. C. Flower (longitudinal section). D. Flower. E, Fruit. P. Longitudinal section of fruit. Plate XXV. ROSACEi^ Cotoneaste?' horizontaUs. Gardens, walls, rockeries. May, June. A very attractive and decorative species with dense branches growing in a horizontal position. It is almost sub-evergreen, the leaves being retained well on to winter. They are at first suffused with bronze, and then take on varying shades of red, those at the end of the shoots lasting; the longest. Flowers white or rose ; Fruit a drupe, ovoid, scarlet, \ in. diam., 2-seeded. Leaves alternate, or fascicled on dwarf shoots, ovate-oblong, acuminate, points recurved, entire, ciliate, glabrous and dark glossy green above, hoary beneath, \-4^ in. long ; petioles short. Autumn tint bright red. A deciduous shrub, 2 ft., or 12 ft. on wall ; Branches stout, very dense, horizontal, somewhat frond-like ; Ttdgs brown ; Ba7-k scaly. Native of Himalayas ; introduced 1879. COMMON COTONEASTER, Cotoneaster intcgerrima. Great Orme's Head. It is the only native species. May, June. Flowers pink, small, 1 in. diam., solitary, on short downy peduncles, or 4-5 in short lateral cymes, on very short leafy branches, bracts minute ; Calyx gamo- sepalous, turbinate, 5-lobed, persistent, lobes obtuse, margins woolly ; Petals 5, small, persistent ; Stamens numerous, inserted in mouth of calyx ; Ovary inferior, carpels 2-5, styles usually 3, stigma truncate; Fruit a false drupe, | in. diam., globose, shining red, pubescent, pendulous, 2-5 bony 1-seeded stones cohering only to sides of fleshy receptacle of calyx-tube {hypa/itliium). Leaves alternate, broadly elliptical-oblong, ovate or orbicular, 1-2 ins. long, shortly petiolate, entire, rounded or acute, coriaceous, glabrous upper side ; short, dense, white cottony down beneath ; stipules scarious, deciduous, minute. Autumn tint brown. A deciduous shrub, 1-2 ft. ; or 3-5 ft. under cultivation ; liraiichlets ruddy, pubescent, tortuous. 29 TREES AND SHRUBS Confined in wild state to Great Orme's Head. Usually known as C. vulgaris. Used as a stock for grafting the dwarf species. Dr. Lindley says, Generic name signifies quince-like ; in Latin Quince was Cotonea ; and aste?- is a corruption of ad insta?' or instar, " according to the likeness of." LOOSE-FLOWERED COTONEASTER, Cotoncaster laxiflora. Gardens. April — June. Mowers pink, in a loose forked many flowered panicJed-cyme, pilose ; Calyx glabrous ; Fruit a drupe, oblong, glabrous, black, with bluish tint ; ripe in September. Leaves alternate, oblong or ovate-elliptic, obtuse at both ends, or mucronate at apex, glabrous above, woolly beneath, 2 ins. long, \\ in. broad. A deciduous shrub, 3-5 ft. ; straggling. Native of N. Asia ; found among rocks in Soungarian desert ; introduced 182G. SMALL-LEAVED COTONEASTER, Cotoneaster micropkylla. Gardens, walls. May, June. This is probably the best known species, and is well suited for rockwork, or as a standard on a Thorn, and will even do well on a north-east wall. Rambling over rocks, fences, or hanging over walls, it is particularly attractive in early summer, when its small white flowers are put forth in abundance, and in autumn it is made equally interesting by its brilliant red berries. Floxvers white, resembling Hawthorn, I in. diam., solitary or 2-3 together, terminal on short lateral branches ; Fruit a drupe, globular, rather large, bright red, ripe in August, persistent through winter. Leaves alternate, very variable, ovate, obovate, or oblong, cuneated, acute, obtuse, or retuse, margins recurved, coriaceous, glossy green and smooth on upper surface, pubescent or tomentose beneath, persistent, rigid, i in. long, \ in. broad. 30 ROSACEA An evergreen tihrub, 3-4 ft., or 8-10 ft. on a wall, dense, spreading, some- what trailing; Stems wiry. Native of Nepaul ; introduced 1824. Specific name from Gr. micros, little, and phyllon, a leaf. MONEYWORT-LEAVED COTONEASTER, Cotoncaster Num- mtdaria. Gardens. April, May. Floicers white, in an axillary cyme, 2-5 flowered, very short, woolly ; Calijx Avhite, woolly ; Fricit a drupe, small, numerous, black, ripe in September. Leaves alternate, orbicular or obovate, entire, flat, mucronate, somewhat emarginate, tomentose in young state, glabrous on upper side when older, distantly placed. If in. diam., petioles hairy when young. A sub-evergreen shrub, or small tree, 10-15 ft. ; round-headed, spreading ; Brancklcts slender, twiggy, hairy when young; Buds hairy. Native of Kashmir, Nepaul, and Thibet; introduced 1824. ROUND-LEAVED COTONEASTER, Cotonecistcr rofumiifo/kt. Gardens. April, May. Floxcers white, solitary and terminal, on short lateral branches, subsessile ; backs of Petals often pinkish ; Fruit a drupe, oblong, glabrous, bright scarlet ; ripe in August, frequently persistent till March. Leaves alternate, orbicular or broadly ovate, obtuse or slightly mucronate, coriaceous, glabrous or sparsely hairy, and deep glossy green above, pilose beneath, somewhat sparse, I in. long, I in. diam. A sub-evergreen shrub, 3-4 ft., dense ; Shoots spreading, rigid, distichous. Introduced from Nepaul, 1825. 31 TREES AND SHRUBS SIMON'S COTONEASTER, Cotoneaster Simonsii. Gardens. April — June. This is one of the most effective and charming shrubs in the autumn when the long slender branches are wreathed with orange-scarlet berries and the foliage is a glowing crimson. The plants are inclined to become " leggy " and bare at the base, but if cut down to the ground vigorous shoots will quickly spring up, and will be laden with berries in the second year. Floxvers white, deeply tinted with pink when young and in bud ; solitary and terminal, or in cijmcH of 2-4, on short lateral branches, nearly sessile ; Fruit a drupe, turbinate, abundant, orange-scarlet, ripe in September, per- sistent all winter. Leaves alternate, ovate or rhombic-orbicular, acuminate, mucronate, ciliated, glabrous and dark green upper surface, silky beneath, f in. long. Autumn tint crimson. A sub-evergreen shrub, 5-8 ft. as a standard, or 12 ft. on a wall ; young shoots hairy. Native of Himalaya; introduced 1850. SERVICE BERRY, Amelanchier ahifoUa. Gardens. This deciduous shrub is distinguished from the next species by its denser racemes of white blossoms, its larger fruits, and its dark green, broader and shorter leaves, the blades of which are toothed on the terminal half only. April, IMay. /^/oitrr.y white, in an erect, rather dense raceme, \-l\ in. long, pedicels short, villose, bracteoles acute; Calyx 5-partite, cup-shaped, persistent, tomentose to glabrous, lobes linear, acute ; Petals 5, oblong to obovate, rounded or acute, glabrous, ^-1 in. long ; Stamens about 20, in 3 rows, filaments subulate, anthers oblong; Ovarij inferior, adnate to calyx-tube, 5-celled ; Fruit a pome, sub- globose, ^-1 in. diam. ; dark blue to nearly black, glaucous bloom, sweet, juicy ; seeds 5-10, red-brown. 32 M >» p- X ci ^ m s & ts a 50 n .^ >> < 02 o 1:^ 1— 1 Ch v !>^ > ^ o 3 o H I-. r/i C' :zi ■< a, Pi o ^ ■& M /-ac%^oc?a = short-stalked, from Gr. bj-achys, short, potts, podos, a foot. BLACK-BERRIED HONEYSUCKLE, Lonicera nigra. Gardens. March — May. Flowers reddish and pubescent outside, white within, in axillary pai?-s, peduncles shorter than leaves ; Fruit a berry, black, globose, pairs connate at base. Leaves opposite, oval-oblong or elliptic. An erect, dwarf, deciduous shrub, 3-4 ft. Native of Europe, in sub-alpine woods. WOODBINE OR COMMON HONEYSUCKLE, Lonicera Peri- clymcnnm. Hedges, copses, gardens. June — September. This is one of the most beautiful and most exquisitely fragrant of oiu- native climbers. It is a great favourite for covering arbours or trellises. 64 SNOWBERRY {Sijniphoricarjjus racemusus) A. Branch, in full flower. B. Flower. C. Flower, with corolla opened to show stamens. 1). Transverse section of fruit. £. Seed. F. Fruit-bearing branch. Plate XX.WI. CAPRIFOLIACE^ FJoicers fragrant, in a terminal stalked ovate head, flowers sessile, bracts persistent ; Calyx 5-toothed ; Corolla tubular, ringent, 1-1| in. long, glandular pubescent, red outside, yellow within, limb 2-lipped, 5-lobed ; Stamens 5, exserted ; Ovary 3-celled, style filiform, stigma capitate ; Fri/if a berry, globose, 1-celled, 1-seeded, fleshy, crimson, bitter and nauseous, mass of berries pedunculate. Leaves opposite, ovate to oblong, entire, obtuse, attenuated at base, glabrous above, glaucous beneath, 1-3 ins. long, upper leaves sessile, lower ones shortly petiolate, all distinct at base. A deciduous tzv'uiing shrub, 1 0-20 ft, ; glabrous or slightly pubescent. Native of Britain. Flowers sometimes stunted and distorted by an Aphis {Siphocoryne xylostei). EVERGREEN TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE, Lonicera semper- virens. Gardens, walls. Requires light rich soil and open sunny situations, dis- liking clay and the smoke of towns. It is one of the best for lawns. May — August. Flowers scarlet outside, yellow within, inodorous, in a series of ivhoi'ls on long axillary peduncles ; Corolla tube ventricose on upper side, 1 in, long, narrow, limb short, nearly regular ; Stamens and Style scarcely exserted ; Fi-uit a berry, reddish-yellow, \ in. diam., ripe in September. Leaves opposite, ovate or obovate, petiolate, entire, obtuse, glabi'ous, and deep green above, glaucous beneath, upper ones connately-perfoliate, 2 ins. long, 1 in. broad. A sub-evergreen shrub ; Branches slender, twining, brown, glabrous. Introduced from N. America, 1656. Specific name from L. semper, always, vii'ens, green ; but not strictly evergreen in this country. 65 TREES AND SHRUBS TARTARIAN HONEYSUCKLE, Lonivem tartarica. Gardens, shrubberies. April, May. Its freedom of growth, early leafing habit, abundant blossoms, showy fruit, and perfect hardiness, all tend to make this the most popular of the Bush Honeysuckles. Old and weak wood may be thinned out in winter. Flowers rose, in axillary pairs, pedimcles shorter than leaves ; [Corolla infundibuliform, short, slightly gibbous at base ; Anfliers yellow ; Fruit a berry, red, nearly globose when young, pairs connate at base when ripe. Leaves opposite, cordate-ovate, slightly acute. An erect deciduous shrub, 4-8 ft. ; glabrous. Native of Tartary and Siberia ; introduced 1752. FLY HONEYSUCKLE, Lomcera Xylosteum. Copses, gardens. May, June. Floxvers white to yellow, dashed with red, inodorous, pollinated by bees, sessile in aivillary pairs, 2 small linear bracts, bracteoles minute ; Caly.v-limb deciduous, 5-toothed ; Corolla infundibuliform, slightly 2-lipped, saccate at base, pubescent, | in. long; Stamens 5, exserted, curved, downy, anthers yellow; Ovaries connate, 3-celled, style downy; Fruit a berry, globoid, size of pea, purple-red, fused below in pairs, bitter, 2-celled, 2-6 seeds, ripe in September or October. Leaves opposite, elliptic or ovate to obovate, base rounded, apex acute or sub- mucronate, entire or serrate, dark green above, paler grey-green beneath, velvety pubescent, l.i in. long, shortly petiolate. Autumn leaves brown. An erect deciduous shrub, 3-5 ft. ; much branched ; Tivigs grey, slender, glabrous or slightly hairy ; Bud-scales numerous, triangular, downy. Naturalised in England. 66 o==^^^' CD E "P HONEYSUCKLE, OR WOODBINE {Lomcera Peridymenum) A . Flowering branch. B. Fruit. C. Transverse section of fruit. D. Flower with corolla opened to show stamens. E. Flower. P. Vertical section of fruit, Plate XXXVII. CAPRIFOLIACEi^ HIMALAYAN HONEYSUCKLE, Lcycesteria formo.m. Gardens, shrubberies. jMay — August. The pecuhar disposition of the blossoms and the leaf-hke purphsh bracts make this an attractive shrub in summer, whilst in winter attention is still drawn to it by the bright green bark. It makes a good co\'ert plant, increasing itself rapidly from self-sown seed. It is easily propagated from cuttings of side shoots in light soil in temperature of 45°-50° in April, or of half-ripe shoots in sandy soil under handliglit in autumn ; layers in autumn ; seed may be sown in light soil in temperature as above in March or April. Floicers white Avith tinge of purple, in a short, leafy, drooping raceme, flowers sessile, in fascicles, disposed in approximate whorls of 5-6, subtended by foliaceous purple bracts, pubescent, usually 6 under each whorl ; Calyx 5-toothed, superior, persistent ; Corolla infundibuliform, ^1 in. long, tube gibbous at base, limb campanulate, 5 ovate lobes ; Stameiis 5, epipetalous ; Ovary inferior, 5-celled, style slender, stigma capitate ; Fruit a berry, 5-celled, many-seeded, J in. long, glandular-hairy, purplish ; said to be sought after by pheasants. Leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, petiolate, acuminate, entire, smooth, flaccid, pale green underneath, 3-5 ins. long ; petioles connate at base. A deciduous shrub, with rambling habit, 4-10 ft. ; Stems woody, hollow, green ; Bra?iches slender, fistular, young shoots pubescent ; Grmdh rapid. Native of N. India; introduced by Dr. Rayle, 1824; named after AVilliam Leycester, Chief Judge of the principal native Court in Bengal. Also called Flowering Nutmeg. ROSY WEIGELA, DierviUa florkla. Gardens. April — June. This free-growing and profuse-flow^ering shrub forms a graceful and well-furnished bush in almost any soil. The Weigelas or Bush Honeysuckles may be pruned after flowering. They are propagated by cuttings of young shoots in pots of sandy soil under bell-glass in cool 67 TREES AND SHRUBS greenhouse in spring, or of firm shoots 6 ins. long inserted 3 ins. deep in north border under handlight in October or November ; suckers in autumn. Flowers rose, or white, pinkish in interior sliading into rose, in dense axillary and terminal cijmes ; buds deep rose ; Calij.v 5-toothed ; Corolla funnel- shaped, 5-lobed; Stamens 5; Ovary inferior; Fruit a 1 -celled, 1-seeded berry. Leaves opposite, sessile or shortly petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, serrulate, acute. A deciduous shrub, G-10 ft. Native of China; introduced by Robert Fortune, 1844. Synonymous with Weigela rosea (Lindl.), D. rosea (Walp.), Weigela amabilis of gardens. LARGE-FLOWERED WEIGELA, DierviUa grandiflora. Gardens. May, June. Flowers pink-rose, regular, in axillary and terminal cymes, extremely floriferous; Caly.v gamosepalous, 5-lobed, superior; Corolla gamopetalous, epigynous, 5-lobed ; Stamens 5, epipetalous, anthers versatile ; Ovary inferior, large nectary at side of style easily mistaken for a superior ovary ; Fj-uit a 1-celled, 1-seeded berry. Leaves opposite, serrated, strongly reticulated, veins very prominent on underside, under- surface white. A deciduous shrub, 8-10 ft., often assuming a climbing habit. Native of Japan. Synonymous with D. amabilis (Carr). Generic name in honour of M. Dierville, a French surgeon. MIDDENDORF'S WEIGELA, DierviUa middendorfiana. Gardens. Flowers yellowish- white, in a terminal panicled cyme; Lower petal dotted with pink, or darker yellow ; Stigma large, inverted cup-shaped ; Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded berry. 68 RUBIACE^ Leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, nearly sessile, finely reticulated, hairy on nerves. A deciduous shrub. Native of Siberia. Syn. Weigela middendorjiana. Class I Dicotyledons Division III. . . . Gamopetalce Natural Order . . . Rubiacece Trees, shrubs, or herbs; Leaves opposite, with interpetiolar stipules, or apparently whorled, usually entire, the stipules sometimes resembling the leaves ; Floxcers hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual, usually regular ; Calyx 3-6-lobed or toothed or obsolete, tube adnate to ovary ; Corolla 3-6-lobed ; Stamens usually as many as corolla lobes, inserted in the throat or tube ; Ovary inferior, 2 or more celled ; Fr^iit a capsule, berry, or drupe. BUTTON BUSH, Ceplialanthus occidentalis. Gardens, shrubbery borders, or woods. July. Best in peaty soil. Propa- gated by layers in early autumn. Floxcers yellowish-white, small, very fragrant, in dense terminal globose pujiicled heads, 1-1^ in. diam., bracts glandular ; Calyx 4-5-lobed, lobes rounded, villose at base ; Corolla tubular, infundibuliform, 4-5-lobed, glandular or eglandular ; Stamens 4-5, inserted on throat of corolla, anthers sub-sessile, included, dehiscing before flower opens ; Ovary inferior, 2-celled ; style filiform, stigma clavate, entire ; Fruit a capsule, coriaceous, dark red-brown ; seeds 2, Avith white spongy arillus. Leaves opposite, or verticillate in threes, ovate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, rounded or cvmeate at base, membranaceous, dark green above, paler below, 4-7 ins. long, 1-3 A ins. wide ; petioles stout, grooved ; stipules minute, nearly triangular. 69 TREES AND SHRUBS A deciduous shrub, 2-7 ft. ; Branches ascending, spreading ; Baik grey- brown, scaly ; Buds minute. Introduced from N. America, 1735. Generic name from Gr. kephale, a head, and anthos, a flower. Also called Globe-bush, Little Snow-balls, and Snowy Globe-flowers. Class I Dicotyledons Division III. . . . Gamopetalce Natural Order . . . Compositce Herbs or shrubs, with usually alternate, exstipulate leaves, and flowers mostly white or yellow, usually small, crowded in dense capitula surrounded by involucral bracts ; Calyx superior, completely united with the ovary, and undistinguishable from it, its limb wanting, or consisting of a border of minute teeth, scales, or pappus of hairs, simple or feathery ; Corolla gamo- petalous, epigynous, either all tabular and 5-toothed, or all ligulate, or with a central disk of tubular florets and a ray of ligulate ; Stamens 5, or rarely 4, epipetalous, anthers syngenesious and basifixed, sometimes tailed ; Ovary inferior, 2 carpels, 1-celled, stigmas 2; Fruit a cypsela, often crowned by a pappus. The most extensive Order in the vegetable kingdom, containing over 10,000 species. Distinguished from \\alerianeffi and Dipsacea; by the syn- genesious anthei's. NEW ZEALAND DAISY-BUSH, Okaria Haastii. Gardens, shrubberies, rockeries. July— September. This is the hardiest of the Olearias, and will do well as far north as the Midland counties. In smoky districts it does better than most evergreens, and is also an excellent seaside shrub. It makes a dense Box-like bush, well suited for forming a hedge, and may then be pruned in early spring or after flowering. In late summer it is almost completely covered with little Aster-like blossoms. 70 COMPOSITE The Olearias may be propagated by cuttings of firm shoots in sandy soil under handhght in a warm sheltered spot or cold frame, September — October ; layers in autumn. Flowers white, in a lax or dense, sub-terminal, corymbose, hoary cyme of capitula ; cymes 1^-3 ins. diam. ; pedicels short, hoary ; peduncles hoary, longer than leaves, involucre campanulate ; Ray florets 4-5 ; Fruit a cypsela. Leaves alternate, crowded, elliptic or ovate-oblong, obtuse or sub-acute, entire, wrinkled, coriaceous, dull green above, white beneath, |-1^ in. long. An evergreen shrub, 5 ft. ; Branches woody, thick ; branchlets hoary. Native of New Zealand ; introduced 1858. NEW ZEALAND DAISY-TREE, Olearia macrodonta. Gardens. July. August. This is one of the most handsome of all shrubs, happiest in the Southern counties, especially when against a south or west wall. It makes a good hedge plant. Floivers white, Daisy-like, 1^ in. diam. ; Capitula in large terminal hemi- spherical corymbs; Fruit a cypsela. Leaves alternate, very variable, elliptic-oblong, elliptic-ovate, or cordate- ovate, obtuse, crenate or coarsely toothed, undulate. Holly-like, 1+-2 ins. long, silvery-green above, almost white beneath, smelling faintly of Musk. An evergreen shrub, 3-5 ft. ; or small t7-ee, 20 ft. ; flat -topped ; Branches stout. Native of New Zealand ; introduced 1886. Syn. O. dentata. TASMANIAN DAISY-BUSH, Olearia stelhlata. Gardens. Best when sheltered by wall. .lune — September. Floivers white, J-1 in. diam. ; Ray floj'ets about 12, in a capituhim, borne in great profusion ; involucral bracts scabrous, persistent, forming a silvery star J in. diam. ; Fruit a cypsela, with pappus. Leaves alternate, oblanceolate, obtuse, coarsely toothed, upper side dark green 71 TREES AND SHRUBS and with stellate hairs, underside hoary with stellate hairs ; leaf |— 2 ins. long, ^^g in. wide, petiole short. An evergreen shrub, 3-5 ft. ; Branches hoary. Native of Tasmania and Australia. Syn. Enrjibia giinniaua. Also called ^^ictorian Snow Bush. SNOW IN SUMMER, Helichrysum rosmarinifoUum. Gardens. June, July. Requires shelter ; hardy in South and West of England. It does best in a light loamy soil and plenty of air. If the flowers are hung up and dried they will last for many months, forming a charming winter decoration. Any necessary pruning may be done in April. Propagate by cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sandy soil under handlight in shady position in summer. Flowers white, small, like Daisies ; flower heads (capituht) in dense corymbs, usually terminating small leafy branches, forming a large leafy panicle ; Fruit an achene (cypsela). Leaves alternate, Rosemary-like, lanceolate, obtuse, revolute, ^1^ in. long. A deciduous shrub, 3-10 ft. ; Branches long, arching. Native of S. Australia and Tasmania; introduced 1827. Also known as Rosemary Everlasting Flower. Syn. Ozothamnus 7-osmarinifolius. Generic name from Gr. ozein, to smell, and thamnos, a shrub. SOUTHERNWOOD, Artemisia Abrotanum. Gardens. August — October. This is one of our oldest garden favourites, doing well in any dry soil. Propagated by cuttings in shady border, July — September ; seeds in light soil in cold frame in INIarch. Flowers yellowish, small, in small capitula, racemose-paniculate, involucral bracts with slightly scarious margins, outer lanceolate, acute, inner obovate ; Florets all tubular, anemophilous, central flowers fertile, marginal ones pistillate ; Fruit an achene (cypsela), narrow at top. pappus 0. 72 ERICACE/E Leaves alternate, lower ones bipinnate or tripinnate, upper pinnate, seg- ments hair-like, fragrant, glabrous or soiiiewhat pubescent, deep green. A deciduous shrub, 2-4 ft. ; Stem straight, puberulent or glabrous, much branched ; Branelies short, erect or ascending. Native of S. Europe; introduced about 1548. Also called I^ad's-love and Old Man. Generic name Artemisia derived from Artemis, one of the names of Diana. SAGE BUSH, Artemisia tridentata. Gardens. A small erect bushy shrub covered with a dense silvery-grey tomentum, and exhaling a strong and agreeable odour. August. Fknvers yellowish, all perfect and fertile, in a dense pauiele of eapitula, 5-8-flowered ; sessile or nearly so ; involucre oblong, tomentose ; inner bracts oblong ; outer short, ovate, obtuse ; Anthers obtuse, entire at base ; Fruit a cypsela. Leaves alternate, 3-7-toothed, apex truncate, narrowly cuneate at base, ^1| in. long, |-i in. wide, silvery tomentose. An evergreen shrub, 4-5 ft. ; much branched, silvery canescent. Native of Western U.S.A. Class I Dicotyledons Division III. . . . Gamopetalce Natural Order . . . Ericaceae Mostly evergreen shrubs, occasionally growing into small trees, with simple, exstipulate leaves and hermaphrodite flowers, regular or nearly so, mostly white or red ; Ca/i/.r gamosepalous, 4-5-toothed or lobed, superior or inferior; ('o/o/la usually gamopetalous, 4-5-cleft or toothed, sometimes per- sistent ; Stanieiis usually twice as many as corolla lobes, hypogynous or epigynous, anthers dehiscing by pores or slits, often appendiculate ; Ovary superior or inferior, 4-5-celled, placentation axile ; Fruit a capsule or berry. VOL. II. 73 G TREES AND SHRUBS An Order of about 13,000 species, often favouring peaty soils, and having mycorhiza on their roots. Distinguished from Campanulacea? by the apical pores or shts of the anthers. The Ericacea3 and Campanulacea; are the only gamopetalous orders in which the stamens are not inserted on the corolla. BILBERRY or WHORTLEBERRY, racchmm iMyrfilhs. Heaths, moorlands, rockeries. April — .June. A pretty little shrub, admired in spring for its rosy waxen flowers and fresh green foliage, and in autumn for its refreshing fruit. No pruning is necessary. The species are propagated by cuttings of shoots in sandy moist peat under handliglit in shade in summer ; layers in autumn ; division in September or March ; seeds in shallow boxes or pans filled with moist sandy peat in temperature .5,5°-65^ in spring, transplanting outdoors in summer. Flowers rose tinged with green, solitary and axillary, pedicels i in. ; Calyx turbinate, 5-lobed ; Corolla urceolate-globoid, 2^-2J ins. long, epigy- nous, 5 small teeth ; Stamens 10, epigynous, anthers awned. dehiscing by pores ; Ovarij inferior, 4-5-celled, style filiform, stigma obtuse ; Fruit a berry, globoid, 4-5-celled, blue-black, pruinose, size of pea, many-seeded, edible ; used as preserve. Leaves alternate, ovate or eUiptical, acute, serrulate, thin, pale green, glabrous, |-1 in. long, petiole short. Autumn tints cherry-red, scarlet, crimson, brown. A sub-evergreen shrub, 6-18 ins.; Stem erect, rigid, angular; Branches ascending, angular, glabrous; Buds scaly; Rootstock creeping. Native of Britain. Also called Blueberry. BOG WHORTLEBERRY, Vaccinum uliginosum. Mountain heaths and bogs. A useful trailing shrub for the rock-garden. May, June. Floxvers pale pink, solitary, on axillary peduncles. 1-3 together; Cahj.v tube 74 K STRAWBERRY TREE {Arbutus Unedo) A. Branch, with cluster of fruit. B. SingUi flower. C. Flower, with front part of corolla and two front stamens removed. D. Flower showing calyx. E. One of the stamens. P. Section of flower (two stamens in position). G. Pistil. H. Longitudinal section of fruit. 1. Transverse section of fruit. ERICACEi^ hemispheric, 4-5-toothed, obtuse; CoroUa sub-globose, \ in. long; Stamens 8-10, epigynous, dorsal awns ; Ovary inferior ; Fruit a berry, dark blue, with glaucous bloom. Leaves alternate, obovate or orbicular, obtuse or acute, entire, thin, coriaceous, glaucous beneath, ^-1 in. long. A deciduous shrub, 6-10 ins.; Stem procumbent, woody, rigid, glabrous; Branches cylindrical or slightly angled, ascending ; Buds scaly. Native of Britain. Specific name = swamp-loving ( Iv. uligiuosus ; uUgo ; uvere, to be wet). Also known as Great Bilberry and Bleaberry. COWBERRY, raccinum Vitis-klKa. Woods, heaths, rocky moors, gardens. May — August. A native of the peaty moorland, good for the rock-garden. Flotcers red. in a short, dense, terminal, drooping raceme, pedicels 2, bracteolate ; Ca/i/.v ti//>e hemispheric, 4-lobed, lobes ovate, ciliate ; Coi'olla campanulate, 4-lobed, spreading; Stamens awnless ; Ovary inferior; Fruit a berry, globose, coral-red, i in. diam. ; acid ; ripe August — October. Leaves alternate, resembling Box, obovate or oblong, margin thickened, entire or serrulate, revolute, coriaceous, glossy green above, pale beneath, \-l\ in. long. An evergreen shrub, G 18 ins. ; Stem procumbent, much branched, wiry, tortuous ; Bratiches pubescent, trailing or ascending. Native of British Isles. Known also as Mount Ida ^^'hortleberry, Flowering Box, and Brawlins. Specific name = Vine of Mt. Ida (L. vitis, a vine). CRANBERRY, O.rycoccus palustris. Peaty bogs. June — August. Floxi-crs red, solitary and jixillary, drooping ; peduncles 1-3. slender, 1 in. long, puberulous, bracteate; Caly.v limb minute; CoroUa rotate, \ in. diam., 4-lobed, lobes linear-oblong, reflexed ; Stamens epigynous, exserted, filaments purple, pubescent, anthers yellow ; Ovary inferior ; Fruit a berry, globular, red, \ in. diam. ; very acid ; used for jam and tart making. 75 G 2 TREES AND SHRUBS Leaves alternate, ovate or lanceolate, cordate at base, entire, revolute, deep green above, glaucous beneatli, J-?, in. long, petiole short. An evergreen shrub, 3-4 ins. ; Stem creeping, filiform, wiry, puberulous ; Buds scaly. Native of Britain. Syns. O. vulgaris and raccinium O.vycoccus. Known also as Marsh AVhortleberry. STRAWBERRY TREE, Arbutus Unedo. Parks, gardens, lawns. September — November. Unlike most of the Heath family this will grow in a soil containing a little chalk or hme, but it does best in sandy peat. When laden with its waxy blossoms and the Strawberry-like fruits of the previous year, this forms one of our most striking shrubs. Propagated by seeds in well-drained pots of sandy peat in cold frame in March ; it is used as a stock. Floxvers cream-white, often flushed with pink, in a drooping terminal panicle, glabrous, lax ; pedicels short, bracts deciduous ; Ca/i/. Single fruit capsule £. Fruit capsule dehiscing. F. Transverse section of fruit. Plate XLIV. OLEACE^ Native of Persia ; introduced from S. Europe, 1597, under name of Pipe-tree Name Lilac is Spanish, — Arab. " lilak," a lilac; Persian, — " lilaj, lilanj, lilang " = indigo plant. The Arab, "lilak (nilak)" = bluish ; named from bluish tinge of flowers (Skeat). MANNA ASH, Fraxinus Ornus. Gardens, lawns. ISlay, June. The dense waving plumes of greenish-white blossoms make this one of the most ornamental and desirable of hardy deciduous trees. It is propagated by layering in autumn, and grafting on the common species in March. Floxvas greenish-white, very sweet-scented, in a dense pendulous paitide of axillary clusters, peduncles shorter than leaves ; Calyx gamosepalous, •1-partite, inferior ; Corolla i free petals, only slightly united at base, linear, hypogynous ; Stamens 2, hypogynous ; Ovarij superior, 2-celled, stigmas 2 ; Fruit a samara, brown. Leaves opposite, imparipinnate ; leaflets lanceolate or elliptic, attenuated, serrate, entire at base, petiolate, villous or downy beneath. Autumn tint bronze. A deciduous tree, 20-30 ft. ; round-headed ; Branelies when young purplish or livid, with yellow dots; growth slow. Introduced from S. Europe, 1730. Synonymous with Onnis europcea and F. paniculata. ASH, Fraxinus excelsior. \\^oods, hedges, parks, and gardens. March — INIay. " While the oak has been justly called the Hercules of the forest, the Ash has equally merited the title of the Sylvan \"enus, from the elegance of its form, the feathery lightness of its foliage, and the graceful waving of its branches — qualities especially to be appreciated when it is grouped with other trees of more massive character, or, as we have frequently seen and admired it, growing, as it loves to do, l)y brook or 105 TREES AND SHRUBS river side." It prefers cool and damp situations. Propagated by seed, which should be mixed with sand and laid in an open pit till February, being occasionally turned over to prevent heating ; sow in sandy soil, and transplant after two years ; after another two years permanently plant in mild weather of autumn or early spring. Floivers greenish-yellow, polygamous or dioecious, proterogynous, without perianth, appearing before leaves, in a short, dense, RxWXaxy panicle, arising from sides of leaf-buds near tips of young shoots ; Stamens 2, opposite, hypogynous, ! purple ; Ova7-y 2-celled, stigmas sub-sessile, bifid, purple ; Fruit a samara (key), in drooping bunches, compressed, linear-oblong, winged upwards, slightly notched at tip, 1-1| in. long, glossy green streaked with black ; produced after forty years ; ripe in October, often persisting through winter. Leaves opposite, imparipinnate, 12 ins. long or more, petiolate, exstipulate, leaflets 7-13 or more, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, acuminate, almost sessile, 3 ins. long, thin, glabrous ; petiole and midrib grooved. Autumn tints brown and yellow ; leaflets disarticulating as they fall. A deciduous tree, 60-80 ft. ; Branches often turning downwards and then upwards at extremities ; Tivigs somewhat dichotomous, compressed, usually only one shoot in each pair coming to maturity, often the lower one, giving rise to pendent boughs ; Buds large, quadrangular, protected by very dark oli\'e-green scales, which are modified petioles ; Bark, pale grey, grooved ; JFood hard, light, strong ; toughest and most elastic of 13ritish timber ; used for coach and wheel- wrights' work, agricultural implements, domestic arts, and turnery ; in young state (ground Ash) for walking-sticks, hoops, and hop poles. A native of Britain ; lives to about 200 years. Common name from A.S. (CSC, the Ash-tree. Timber bored by larvae of Goat IMoth {Cossus ligniperda) and Wood Leopard JNloth {Zeuzera ccsculi). Fungoid Pests: — Ash-leaf Spot {Septoria Frajcini), Heartwood-rot {Polij- porics hispidus). 106 ASH {Fraxinus excelsior) A. Branrli, wiLli fruit at, early sta<;p. B. Flowers at early stage. C. Hermaphrodite flower. D. Flower cluster. E. Staininate flower. F. Mature flowers. 6". Fruit (keys). Platu XLV. OLEACEi^ '^ARROW-LEAVED JASMINE BOX, Philhinva angustifoUa. Gardens, shrubberies. April — May. Requires shelter in north of England. The species of Phillyrgea are propagated by cuttings of firm shoots in sandy soil in cold frame in September ; by grafting on the Common Privet in March. Flowers white, inconspicuous, fragrant, in an axillary clmter ; Calyx inferior, !4-lobed ; Corolla 4-lobed, lobes obtuse, imbricate ; Stamens 2 ; Ovary superior, 2-ceIled ; Fruit a drupe, 1-2 seeds. Leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate, entire, glabrous, obsoletely veined, deep green, 1^-2 ins. long. An evergreen shrub, 8-12 ft. ; Branches with elevated dots (lenticels). Native of Italy and Spain ; introduced 1597. Sometimes known as Mock Privet. Generic name from Philyra, the old Greek name used by Theophrastus for the Privet. VILMORIN'S MOCK PRIVET, PhiUyrcea decora. Gardens, shrubberies. May, June. This is a beautiful free-growing shrub of somewhat spreading habit. The small white flowers usually commence at about 6 inches from the end of the shoot, and from that point extend for about a foot in dense axillary clusters, forming a perfect wreath of blossom. It is the best of the species, well withstanding frost, and does well in smoky districts, but will not thrive in cold, heavy soil. It is sometimes grafted on the Privet, but is better on its own roots. Floivers white, small, fragrant, numerous, in axillary clusters ; Fruit a drupe, oblong, reddish-purple to black, | in. long, ripe in September. Leaves opposite, resembling Portugal Laurel, ovate, acuminate, entire, slightly revolute, stiff, coriaceous, glabrous, dark green, 4-6 ins. long, If in. wide. An evergreen shrub, 3-10 ft. ; much-branched. Introduced 1885. Discovered by Ralansa in mountain valleys of liazistan. Known in gardens as P. vilnioriniana and P. laurifolia, 107 TREES AND SHRUBS BROAD-LEAVED JASMINE BOX, Phillnrmi latifoUa. Gardens, shrubberies. May. A species of somewhat bushy habit, well adapted for the seaside garden. Floivers white, inconspicuous, mcuvillarij clusters ; Fruit a drupe. Leaves opposite, ovate, rounded at base, acute or obtuse, obsoletely serrated, glabrous, dark green above, lighter below, veiny, 1 in. long; young leaves orbicular, sub-cordate at base ; petioles cano-pubescent. An evergreen shrub, 20-30 ft. ; Tivigs pubescent, beset with elevated dots (lenticels) ; Buds minute, scales violet. Introduced from S. Europe, 1.597. Subject to Phillyra^a I^eaf-spot {PhijUosticta Philhjrcca ). MOCK PRIVET, Philliiraa media. Gardens, shrubberies. May. Flowers white, inconspicuous, in axillary clusters; Fruit a drupe. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, acuminate, entire, or slightly serrated in middle, veiny. An evergreen shrub, forming a dense bush, 10-18 ft. high. Introduced from S. Europe about 1597. INIost common species in English gardens ; several varieties of all three species are grown, often grafted on the Privet. I>,eaves subject to Phillyrjea Leaf-spot {Phyllosticta Phillyram) and IMiillyra^a Rust {Urcdo Phillyrcea). HOLLY-LEAVED OLIVE, Osmanthus Aqioifolium. Gardens, shrubberies. August, September. A rich loamy soil and warm position is desirable. It is a beautiful, iree-growing shrub, rather like a Holly, and often mistaken for such. Propagated by cuttings of firm shoots in sandy soil luider handlight outdoors, or in frame in summer ; seeds in sandy peat in cold frame in spring or autumn. 108 OLEACEiE Flowers greenish-white, small, very fragrant, axillary ; Calyx 4-lobed ; Corolla 4-lobed, imbricate; Stamens 2 ; Ovary superior; Fruit a drupe. Leaves opposite, oval or oblong, prickly -toothed, resembling Holly, coriaceous, glabrous, shining deep green, 3-4 ins. long. An evergreen shrub, 6 ft. ; Bark of young shoots almost black. Native of Japan. Generic name from Gr. osme, perfume, and anthos, a flower. WHITE FRINGE TREE, Chlonanthus virginka. Gardens, shrubberies. May — July. ^Vill flourish in moist, sandy peat or loam, in somewhat shady position. Propagated by grafting on Ash in March ; budding on Ash in July ; seeds in sandy soil in cold frame in April. Flowers white, fragrant, perfect and andro-dioecious, in a drooping panicle of 3-flowered clusters, pubescent, 4-6 ins. long, bracteate and bracteolate ; Calyx minute, 4-partite, inferior; Petals 4, long and narrow, fringe-like, hypogynous ; Stamem 2-4, inserted on base of corolla, anthers yellow, connective green ; Ovary ovate, style short, stigma fleshy, 2-lobed ; Fruit a drupe, purple, glaucous, oval or oblong, 1 in. long, flesh thin and dry, stone thick-walled, crustaceous, foliaceous bracts 2 ins. long ; ripe in September. Leaves opposite, oval, oblong, or obovate-lanceolate, entire, ciliate, acute or obtuse, glabrous, petiolate, exstipulate, dark shinmg green above, pubescent on veins below, 4-8 ins. long, i-4 ins. wide. Autumn tint yellow. A deciduous shrub or small tree, 10-15 ft. ; Branchlets angled, compressed at top ; Bark smooth, light-coloured ; Buds ovate, acute ; scales brown, ciliate ; Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, light brown. Introduced from N. America, 1796 ; there reaches 30 ft. Generic name from Gr. chio7i, snow, and anthos, a flower, referring to snow-white flowers. IBOTA PRIVET, Ligustrum Ibota. Gardens. August. The Privets are most suitable for growing in town gardens, and make good hedges. The deciduous kinds may be pruned in autumn, and evergreens in April. Propagate by cuttings of young shoots VOL. II. 109 K TREES AND SHRUBS 2-4 ins. long in shady position outdoors or under handlight in summer ; cuttings of firm shoots 8-12 ins. long in shady position outdoors, September — November; layering of shoots, September or October; seeds (berries) in open ground in November, transplanting largest seedlings in following October, and remainder next year. Flowers white, in a large thyrHoid "panicle ; Calyx 4-toothed ; Corolla salver- shaped, 4-lobed ; Stamens 2 ; Ovary superior, 2-celled ; Fruit a berry, round, shining, black. Leaves ovate or elliptical, rarely lanceolate, obtuse, thick, fleshy, glabrous, principal vein hairy beneath. A deciduous shrub, 6-8 ft. ; Branches long, slender, arching ; Twigs terete. A native of Japan and China; introduced 1861. JAPANESE PRIVET, Ligustrum japonicuvi. Gardens, shrubberies. June, July. Prefers dry soil and shelter. It makes a good hedge. Flowers white, slightly fragrant, in a large, lax, thyrsoid panicle; Fruit a berry. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, dark glossy green, glabrous, coriaceous, 2-3 ins. long, young leaves tinged with purple. An evergreen shrub, 5-10 ft. ; or tree, 30 ft. Introduced from Japan by Siebold, 1845. SHINING PRIVET, Ligustrum luddum. Gardens, shrubberies. September — October. The large glossy evergreen leaves and Lilac-like panicles of sweet-smelling flowers make this perhaps the handsomest and most striking of the Privets. Best in rich soil, well drained, near sunny wall. Flowers white or cream, fragrant, in a much-spreading terminal thyrsoid panicle, 6-8 ins. long and broad ; Fruit a berry. 110 OLEACEiE Leaves oval, oval-lanceolate, elliptical or nearly rotundate, acute, dark glossy green above, paler below, veins prominent, coriaceous, 6 ins. long, 2 ins. wide. An evergreen shrub, 8-12 ft. ; or a tree, 20 ft. ; erect, twiggy ; Branches specked with lenticels. Introduced from China by Sir Joseph Banks, 1794. Known as the Woa Tree. Specific name, L. luddum = shining. OVAL-LEAVED PRIVET, Ligustrim ovalifoUum. Gardens, hedges. June, July. A vigorous town shrub of somewhat erect and stiff habit, very valuable as a hedge plant. JFlowe7's yellow-white, as in L. vidgai-e, in a terminal thyrsoid panicle, small, dense, odour heavy, somewhat unpleasant ; Fruit a berry. Leaves oval, oval-elliptical, or obovate, shortly petiolate, reticulately veined, dark green above, lighter beneath, almost persistent. A sub-evergreen shrub, 6-10 ft. A native of Japan ; introduced 1877. CHINESE PRIVET, Ligustrum sinense. Gardens. July, August. Needs a well-drained soil. Thrives best when sheltered by other trees. Flowers white or cream, small, very abundant, in a feathery panicle, com- pressed ; Fruit a berry, black-purple. Leaves decussate, ovate-lanceolate, shining above, hairy beneath, light green, petioles twisted so as to give the appearance of a distichous arrangement. A sub-evergreen shrub, 12 ft. ; or tree, 20 ft. ; Branches arching, smaller branchlets frond-like, pubescent. Introduced from China by Fortune, 1874'. Ill K 2 TREES AND SHRUBS COMMON PRIVET, Ugustrum vulgare. Thickets, hedgerows, gardens. June, July. Best in a moist and strong loamy- soil. Flowers white, changing to reddish-brown, fragrant, in a panicled, thyrsoid cyme, 1-3 ins. long ; Calyx slightly 4-toothed ; Corolla 4-lobed, short tube ; Stamens 2, short, within tube ; Ovary superior, 2-celled, ovoid, stigma bifid, obtuse; Fruit a berry, purple-black, globular, 2-celled, ^ in. diam., flesh oily; seeds ovoid ; ripe in November, persistent through winter. Leaves nearly evergreen, opposite, elliptical-lanceolate or oblong, acute, entire, glabrous, shortly stalked, 1-2J ins. Autumn tint purplish. A sub-evergreen shrub, 6-10 ft. ; Branches slender, wiry ; Tivigs smooth. Common in S. England ; especially favours chalk districts and coast cliffs ; also indigenous in S. Ireland. Class I. . . . . Dicotyledons Division III. . . . Gamopetalce Natural Ohdek . . Apocynacece Trees, shrubs, or rarely herbs, usually with milky juice ; Leaves opposite, rarely whorled or alternate, entire, exstipulate ; Calyx 4-5-fid, salver-shaped or campanulate ; Corolla hypogynous, 4-.5-lobed, twisted in bud ; Stamens 5, rarely 4, included within corolla tube, anthers sometimes adhering to the stigma; Ovary superior, 2-, or rarely 1 -celled, of 2 carpels, sometimes distinct below, but united in the style and stigma ; stigma often swollen above or below, constricted in middle ; Fruit of 1 or 2 follicles, or a capsule, berry, or drupe. Distinguished from Gentianacese chiefly by the ovary completely divided into 2 cells, or more frequently into 2 distinct carpels, with the style, or at least the stigma, entire. 112 PRIVET {Liijustrum vulrjare) A. FloworinfT branch. B. Fruit. C Flower. D. Stamen, opening along sides. K. Section of drupe. P, Flower opened to show stamens and pistil. Plate XLVI. APOCYNACEiE GREATER PERIWINKLE, rinca major. Woods, shady banks, gardens. April, May. This makes a useful trailer for rough banks or stumps. Propagate by division in March or April. Floivcrs blue-purple, solitary and axillary, pedicels shorter than leaves ; Calyx .5-partite, segments narrow, equalling corolla tube, eiliate on margins, glandular at base inside ; Corolla 5-lobed, tube almost campanulate, slightly contracted at mouth, hairy inside, limb flat, spreading, lobes broad, almost angular ; Stamens 5, epipetalous, enclosed in tube, filaments short, anthers inflexed, tipped with membrane, bearded ; Ovary of 2 carpels, distinct at base, connate at apex, style 1, stigma oblong; Disk of 2 glands alternating with the carpels ; Fruit of 2 follicles, oblong, terete, each of 1 cell, greenish ; seeds several, seldom ripened. Leaves opposite, broadly ovate, or cordate at base, entire, eiliate, shining green. An evergreen under-shrub ; Barren shoots long, trailing, not tough ; flowering stems nearly erect in flower, afterwards elongating, rooting at tip only ; Root-stock creeping. A native of Britain. Known also as Rand-plant and Cut-finger. LESSER PERIWINKLE, Finca minor. Woods, copses, hedge banks, gardens. April, May. Flowers blue-purple, solitary and axillary, peduncles short ; Calyx 5-partite, segments broad, .\ length of corolla tube, glabrous ; Corolla 5-lobed, tube more open than in V. major ; Fruit of 2 follicles, rare. Leaves opposite, elliptic-ovate or oblong, narrow, glabrous, 1-1^ in. long, petioles short. An evergreen nnder-shruh ; Barren shoots trailing, tough, 1-2 ft. long, rooting ; flowering stems short, erect, A native of Britain. 118 TREES AND SHRUBS Class I Dicotyledons Division III. . . . Gamopetalce Natural Order . . . Loganiacece Trees, shrubs, or herbs, mostly with a very bitter juice ; Leaves opposite, entire, and usually stipulate ; petioles sometimes dilated and connate at base, with the stipules reduced to an obsolete border ; Calyx 4— 5-partite, sepals sometimes distinct ; Corolla 4-5 or 10-cleft ; Stamens epipetalous, equal in number to lobes of corolla, alternate with lobes when 4-5, opposite when 10 ; Ova?'y superior, usually 2-celled, rarely 3-4-celled ; Fruit drupaceous, capsular, or baccate. COLVILLE'S BUDDLEIA, Buddleia CohiUei. Gardens. June — August. Hardy in West of England. Best against a south- west wall, or as a bush in a warm corner in well-drained soil. Sir J. Hooker calls this the handsomest of Himalayan shrubs. Prune away dead or straggling shoots. Propagated by cuttings of firm shoots with heel in sandy soil in cold frame in September ; seeds in light soil in temperature of 60° in March. Flowei's rosy-purple or crimson, resembling a small Pentstemon, in a thij7'siform panicle, 1-1^ ft. long, drooping pedicels } in. long, bracteoles small, setaceous ; Calyx broad-campanulate, \ in. long, lobes hairy ; Corolla in- fundibuliform, 4-lobed, 1 in. long, f in. diam., white ring round mouth ; Sta?nens 4, anthers on short filaments ; Fruit a capsule, 2-valved, lanceolate, tomentose, i— I in. long. Leaves opposite, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, glabrous and dark green, stellate-rusty tomentose or nearly glabrous beneath, 5-7 ins. long, petiole short. A deciduous shrub, or small tree, 10-12 ft. Native of Sikkim, there grows to 30 ft. Raised from seed by Messrs. \' eitch and Sons ; probably flowered for first time in Europe at Queenstown, Ireland, 1892; first flowered at Kew, 1900. 114 LOGANIACE^ ORANGE-BALL TREE, Buddkia globosa. Gardens. May, June. Warm soils in S. England, on south or south- west walls in colder districts. In the neighbourhood of London it is the handsomest and most useful of the Buddleias. It prefers a rich, moist soil. Flowers orange-yellow, in a terminal, globose, cymose cluste?; 1 in. diara., pedunculate ; Calyx equally 4-toothed ; Corolla tubular-campanulate, 4-cleft, limb spreading ; F?-uit a capsule. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, acuminate, crenate, 6 ins. long, upper side dark green and wrinkled, under side pale brown hoary tomentose, reticulately veined, petioles short. A deciduous sliruh, 10-20 ft.; Branches sub-tetragonal, hoary tomentose; growth rapid. Native of Chili and Peru ; iTitroduced by Messrs. Lee & Kennedy, 1774. Genus named in honour of Rev. Adam Buddie, at one time V^icar of Farnbridge, in Essex (died 1715). Buddleiu paniculatu. Gardens. INIay, June. Thrives in loamy soil. Flowers lilac, fragrant, in a dense terminal panicle, flowers nearly sessile, bracts lanceolate ; Calyx 4-partite, persistent, tomentose, lobes short, obtuse ; Corolla 4-cleft, tube \ in. long, tomentose, imbricate ; Stamens 4, inserted on corolla tube, anthers nearly sessile ; Ovary superior, 2-celled, style clavate ; Fruit a 2-valved capsule. Leaves opposite, very variable, oblong-lanceolate, entire, or hastate and deeply sinuate-dentate, greyish-tomentose, petiole sometimes winged. A deciduous shrub, G-8 ft. ; Branchlets tomentose ; Bark peeling. Native of Afghanistan, Baluchistan, N. India, and China. Discovered by Dr. \Vallich in Kumaon ; seeds sent to Great Britain by Major Maddon. 115 U-->tttfilU TREES AND SHRUBS Class I Dicotyledons Division III. . . . GamopetalcB Natural Ordek . . Solanacece Herbs, erect or climbing shrubs, or rarely trees, with alternate, exstipulate leaves, sometimes with a smaller leaf below ; Flotvers regular or slightly irregular, hermaphrodite, solitary or in cymes, either axillary or extra-axillary ; Calyx usually 5-partite, inferior, persistent ; Corolla usually 5-lobed, regular or slightly irregular, hypogynous ; Stamens 5, epipetalous, alternating with corolla lobes ; Ovary superior, 2-celled, placentation axile ; Frmt a berry or capsule. Distinguished by the regular flowers with epipetalous stamens equal in number to the corolla lobes, and the superior many-seeded ovary Avith axil placenta?. The epipetalous stamens mark them off from the Ericaceae, the axile placentation and leaves without ribs froin the Gentianacea;, the regular symmetrical flowers from the Scrophularinea;, and the axile placentation and stamens alternating with petals from the Primulaceee. TEA TREE, Lycium halimifolium. Walls, trellis-work. May — August. " Though not a very showy flowering shrub, it is not without value, as there are few others that are so rapid in growth, so graceful, and so indifferent to the nature of the soil ; it will, in fact, grow anywhere, and there is not a better shrub for clothing an ugly steep bank, where little else in the way of shrubs would thrive. It is also a capital shrub for covering porches, pergolas, arbours, verandahs, and such like, and in late summer and autumn, when every long, drooping branch is thickly hung with small orange-scarlet berries, it has an extremely pretty appearance." — JVie Garden. Flowers purple or lilac, changing to greenish-yellow at base inside, twin, extra-axillary, pedicels long, slender ; Calyx 5-lobed, 2-lipped ; Corolla infundi- buliform, tube as long as limb, \ in. diam., lobes ovate-oblong, hairy at margin, honey guides ; Stamens 5, exserted, spreading, filaments long and slender ; Ovary superior, '2-celled, style filiform, stigma dilated ; Fruit a berry, orange- scarlet, ovoid-oblong, persistent cup-like calyx below, seeds numerous. 116 SOLANACEi^ Leaves alternate, sub-sessile, lanceolate or elliptical lanceolate, acute, at- tenuated both ends, entire, flat, glabrous, 2-4^ ins. long, 1-1 i in. wide. Autumn tint yellow. A deciduous climbing shrub, 6-12 ft. ; Branches angular, long, slender, arched, sometimes axillary thorns ; 2\mgs grey ; Buds naked. Sometimes called Barbary Box Thorn. Generic name from Gr. Lukion, name given to the Rhamnus by Dioscorides, as coming from Lycia, in Asia Minor. Syns. L. barbarum (Alton), L. europceiim (Gouan). CHINESE BOX THORN, Lydum chinense. Gardens. May — July. A hardy, straggling climber, good for the wild parts of the garden or old walls. Pruning may be done, October — February, remov- ing weak shoots, and shortening vigorous ones. Propagated by cuttings of firm shoots 6-8 ins. long in shady position, September or October ; layering of shoots, September — November; suckers, October — February. Flowers purple, sohtary or twin ; Corolla tube short, constricted in middle ; Stamens with filaments fringed at base, closing tube ; Fruit a berry, orange- scarlet. Leaves alternate or in threes, 1 large and 2 much smaller, ovate, acute, attenuated at base, entire, glabrous, paler green beneath. A deciduous climbing shrub, 6-8 ft. ; Branches pendulous, prostrate, striated, grey. Native of China. Class I Dicotyledons Division III. . . . GamopetalcB Natural Order . . . Scrophularinece Herbs, shrubs, or small trees, with various exstipulate leaves, and usually irregular flowers ; Calyx 4-5-toothed or lobed, inferior, persistent ; Coi'olla usually 4-5-lobed, often bilabiate, sometimes personate, saccate and spurred ; Staviens often 4, didynamons, rarely 5, or 2 alternating with corolla lobes, 117 TREES AND SHRUBS inserted in the corolla tube ; Ova7-y superior, 2-celled, many-seeded ; Fruit a] 2-celled, usually many-seeded capsule. An Order of about 1900 species divided into 12 tribes; distinguished from Labiatse by the 2-celled ovary, and from Verbenacge by the ovules being more than one in each cell. VANILLA TREE, Pauloivnia iinperialis. Shrubberies, lawns. June. A fine deciduous tree with the habit of a Catalpa. The blossoms are borne only in the warmer counties, being formed in autumn, and usually injured by frost. Propagated by cuttings of firm young shoots in sandy soil in cold frame in summer ; seeds in sandy loam in cold frame in spring or autumn. Floiveis pale violet, with dark purple spots inside resembling Gloxinia, in a many-flowered terminal pcuiicle ; Calyx 5-lobed ; Corolla l|-2 ins. long, tube elongated, limb 5-lobed, irregular, spreading ; Stamens inserted in corolla tube ; Ovary superior, 2-celled ; Fruit a capsule, 2-valved, 2-celled, 1 in. long, ovoid, acuminate, rarely produced. Leaves opposite, ovate-cordate or 3-lobed, entire, wavy with a few acute points, villous or pubescent, 6-12 ins. long, petioles downy ; when kept to one stem and cut down annually leaves may be formed 2-3 ft. long, and broad in proportion. A deciduous t7'ee, 30-40 ft. ; round-headed ; Bra?iches few, horizontal, tortuous, velvety, lenticels conspicuous ; Bark on old stems rough. Introduced from Japan, 1840. Named in honour of Anna Paulowna, Princess of the Netherlands, daughter of Paul I., Emperor of Russia. BOX-LEAVED SPEEDWELL, Veronica huxifoUa. Gardens. June, July. Requires partial shade. The New Zealand Speed- wells form a large group of very attractive evergreen shrubs. The hardy species are suitable for sunny rockeries or borders and beds near the sea coast, and in somewhat sheltered positions inland. They are easily propagated by 118 ci SCROPHULARINE^ cuttings in sandy soil under bell-glass in spring, or under handlight or in cold frame in summer. Floivers white, slightly odorous, in short, dense ixicemes, sub-capitate at ends of branches, puberulous or glabrous, pedicels short, bracts nearly equal to sepals ; Calyx 4-5-cleft ; Corolla 4- 5-lobed, tube short, limb \-\ in. diam. ; Stamens 2, exserted ; Ovary superior, 2-celled ; Fruit a capsule. Leaves Box-like, oblong-obovate, obtuse at apex, cordate at base, entire, thick, coriaceous, concave, midrib prominent beneath, \-\ in. long, \-\ in. wide, vivid green ; petiole short, thick. An evergreen shrub, 2-3 ft. ; stout, glabrous, erect. Native of New Zealand. Veronica cupressoides. Gardens. July. Best in a shady, peaty spot, or on rockwork. It is fairly hardy, and easily propagated by cuttings. Flowers violet, 3-4 at extremities of branchlets, bracts larger than sepals ; Sepals oblong, obtuse ; Corolla ^V in- diam. ; Stamens 2 ; Ovary 2-celled ; Fruit a capsule. Leaves in opposite pairs, ovate-oblong, obtuse, scale-like, adpressed to branches, glabrous, fleshy, yellowish-green, ^^^ in. long. An evergreen shrub, 6 ins.-4 ft. ; much branched. Native of New Zealand ; introduced 1876. Specific name from resemblance to a dwarf prostrate Cypress. Known in gardens as V. salicornoides, from resemblance to Salicornia, the Glass-wort or Marsh Samphire. Veronica pinguifolia. Gardens, rockeries. June, July. This forms a compact little bush, so full of blossom as to give the appearance of a fall of snow. Floiveis wiiite, in a short, dense-flowered, erect spike at tips of branches, pilose and pu})escent, .50-100 blossoms ; Sepals obtuse, ciliated ; Capsule hairy. Leaves oval or obovate-oblong, obtuse, entire, very thick, coriaceous, glaucous, light green, sessile, imbricated, J-J in. long. 119 TREES AND SHRUBS An evergreen shrub, 6-18 ins. ; erect or decumbent, much branchetj Branches pubescent, scarred transversely. n. Introduced from New Zealand, 1870. Syn. V. carnosula. Specific narej from Latin pingtds, fat, referring to the thickness of the leaves. TRAVERS' SPEEDWELL, Feronica Traversa. Gardens, shrubberies. June — August. One of the best and hardiest o the shrubby Speedwells, and the one most frequently planted. It is of rapid growth in almost any soil, and will thrive even in barren sandy spots. It may be propagated by cuttings in spring, summer, and autumn, and by seed- in light soil outdoors in April. In favourable situations the ground round old bushes becomes carpeted by self-sown seedlings. Flowers white or pale lilac, in a many-flowered sub-terminal raceme, 1-2 ins. long, puberulous ; Calyx 4-5-partite ; Corolla 4-5-lobed, lobes \ in. across ; Stamens 2, exserted, anthers purplish ; Ovary superior, 2-celled ; Fruit a capsule. Leaves spreading, arranged cross-wise, sessile, obovate or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, entire, coriaceous, flat, deep green, glossy. An evergreen shrub, 2-6 ft. ; Branches terete. Introduced from New Zealand, 1873. Class 1. . . . . Dicotyledons Division III. . . Gamopetalce Natural Order . . . Bignoniacece Trees or shrubs, often twining or climbing. Leaves usually opposite, ex- stipulate ; Floxvers large, handsome, irregular, usually trumpet-shaped, mostly in terminal or axillary panicles ; Corolla 5-lobed ; Ovary superior, usually 2-celled, placentation axile or parietal ; Fruit a capsule. An exotic Order, mostly tropical, furnishing several greenhouse climbers. 120 m BIGNONIACEi^ INDIAN BEAN, Cntafpa bignonioides. Parks, gardens, lawns. July — August. This is perhaps the most beautiful flowering tree to be met with in British gardens, and one of the latest to blossom. Good loamy soil is most suitable, and it does best on a sheltered lawn. Being smoke-resisting, it is a good town tree. The species of Catalpa are propagated by cuttings of Arm shoots in sandy soil under bell-glass in temperature of 55°-G5° in summer ; seeds in spring ; layers in autumn. Flowers white speckled with purple and yellow, in a terminal compound, many-flowered, trichotomous panicle 8-10 ins. long and broad, bracts and bracteoles linear-lanceolate, deciduous ; Calyx 2-lobed, .V in. long, glabrous, green or light purple ; Corolla campanulate, tube broad, 2-lipped, 5-lobed, 2 ins. long, 1^ in. wide, edges of lobes recurved and slightly frilled ; Stamens 2, staminodes 3, inserted near base of corolla ; Ovary superior, 2-celled ; style filiform ; stigma 2-lobed, exserted above anthers ; Fruit a pod-like capsule, 2-valved, 6-20 ins. long, somewhat flattened, valves meeting at an angle, usually light brown ; seeds l-l^^ in. long, \ in. broad ; wings pointed, ending with tuft of hairs. Leaves opposite, or 3 in a whorl, ovate, cordate at base, entire, waved, acuminate, thin and firm, green and glabrous on upper surface, pale and pubescent beneath, glandular in axils of veins, disagreeable, almost foetid odour when touched, 5-10 ins. long, 4-7 ins. wide ; petioles terete, stout, 5-6 ins. long. Autumn tint yellow A deciduous tree, 20-40 ft. ; massive head, growth rapid ; Branches long, heavy, brittle ; Tivigs thickened at nodes, slightly puberulous, glaucous, purplish to orange and brown ; Bark light brown, peeling ; Bud-scales ovate, brown ; Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, durable, light brown. Discovered by Catesby in S. Carolina; introduced 1726. Syn. C. syringcEJolia. " Catalpa " is an Indian name for the tree. VOL. II. 121 L TREES AND SHRUBS WESTERN CATALPA, Catalpa cordijhlia. Parks, gardens. JNIay, June. Floivers white, in a few-flowered terminal panicle, 5-6 ins. long, pedicels ik| purple, glabrous, bracteoles 1-3 ; Cahj.v purple, pubescent ; Corolla 2 ins. long, ] 2J ins. wide, 2-lipped, throat marked yellow and purple ; Stamens and stami- nodes as long as tube of corolla, filaments with purple spots at base ; Ovary superior, 2-celled ; Fruit a pod-like, 2-valved capsule, 8-20 ins. long, J-f in. broad, usually dark brown, with parallel grooves ; seeds 1-lf in. long, \ in. wide, winged and fringed both ends, wings and seeds about equal in length. Leaves opposite, oval, cordate at base, slenderly acuminate, entire, thick, firm, dark green above, pubescent below, glandular in axils of principal veins, inodorous, 10-12 ins. long, 7-8 ins. wide; petioles terete, stout, 4-6 ins. long. | Black in autumn. A deciduous tree, 20-40 ft. ; erect, broad round head ; Branches slender ; | Ticigs purplish and pilose at first, afterwards orange to brown ; Bark brown tinged red, thick scales ; Bud-scales brown, keeled ; Wood like C. bignonioides. Introduced from U.S.A., 1879; in forests grows 120 ft. high; planted in streets. Syn. C. spcciosa. JAPAN CATALPA, Catalpa Kcvmpferi. Gardens. July. Flowers yellow, spotted with reddish-brown and purple, small, 1 in. diam., sweet-scented, in a much-branched terminal panicle ; Corolla lobes toothed ; Fruit a pod-like capsule, more slender and more numerous than in C. bignoni- oides and C cordifolia. Leaves ovate, cordate at base, acuminate, sometimes with one or more acute lobes, darker green, 6 ins. long and broad, petioles 2-5 ins. A deciduous tree, 10-12 ft. Discovered by Engelbert K;empfer in Japan, 1693 ; seed introduced to Belgium by Siebold, 1849. 122 f /2 VERBENACEi^ Class I Dicotyledons Division III. . . . Gamopetalce Natural Order . . . Verbenacece Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with generally opposite or whorled, exstipulate leaves, and irregular or nearly regular flowers ; Calyx inferior, tubular, and persistent ; Corolla 4-5-fid, usually more or less bilabiate ; Stamens usually 4, didynamous ; Ovary 2-4-celled, cells with 1 ovule, style teiminal ; Fruit usually a carcerulus I of 4 nutlets, but sometimes drupaceous. Distinguished from Labiatfe by the entire ovary and terminal style, and from Scrophularinea? by the single ovule in each cell. STINKING CLERODENDRON, Clerodeudronfcetidum. Gardens. August, September. Requires rich warm loam. This is easily recognised by its downy heart-shaped leaves, which emit a peculiarly foetid odour when bruised. It is sometimes cut down in severe winters, but will shoot forth again in the following spring. Flowers lilac-rose, fragrant at a distance, unpleasant when nearer, in a dense terminal corymb; Calyx tubular, 5-fid ; Corolla gamopetalous, 5-lobed ; Stamens 4 ; Ova7'y superior, style terminal ; Fruit a carcerulus of four 1 -seeded nutlets. Leaves opposite, cordate, acuminate, serrated, dark green, pubescent, exsti- pulate, petioles slender. A deciduous shrub, 5 ft. ; with short rigid prickles. Introduced from China, 1820. Generic name from Gr. klcros, cliance, dendron, a tree, said to be owing to uncertainty of medicinal qualities. Specific name from L. fcetidus, fetid, stinking. Syn. C. Buiigci. KUSAGI, Clerodendron trichotomiom. Gardens. August, September. Requires rich warm loam. The reddish- purple calyx and white petals make this one of the most beautiful and distinc- tive of hardy shrubs. 123 L 2 TREES AND SHRUBS Floivers white, in a loose, terminal, trichotomous cyme, peduncles long ; Cahjx inflated, 5-lobed, lobes reddish-purple; Corolla hypocrateriform, 5-Iobed, tube purple, 1 in. long; Stamens 4, inserted at throat of corolla tube, filaments white, 1 in. long ; Ovary superior ; Fruit a carcerulus of 4 nutlets, purple. Leaves opposite, ovate, tapering at both ends, acuminate, petioles purplish, exstipulate, serrated, downy beneath, foetid. A deciduous shrub, 6-12 ft. ; or small t7-ee, 20 ft. ; JB?-anches terete, hairy ; Suckers freely produced ; Bark rough, furrowed ; Buds black, small. Native of China and Japan ; introduced 1800. MOUSTACHE PLANT, Caryopteris Mast acanthus. Gardens. October. Best if sheltered by a wall; requires plenty of water during summer. Propagated by cuttings of young shoots or division of roots in INIarch or April ; seeds in light soil in temperature of 55" in spring. Flowers light blue, in axiUary clusters ; Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; Corolla bilabiate, tube short, middle lobe of lower lip larger, crisped or fimbriate ; Stamens 4; Ovary superior; Fj-uit a carcerulus of four 1 -seeded nutlets, winged. Leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, coarsely serrated, obtuse or acute, petiolate, exstipulate, downy, fragrant, minute glandularly dotted. A sub-evergreen shrub, 3-4 ft. ; young shoots with a Sage-like fragrance. Introduced from China, 1844. Generic name from Gr. karuon, a nut, 2}teron, a wing. Specific name from mastax, mastakos, the upper lip. Class I. . . . . . Dicotyledons Division III Gamopetalce Natural Order . . . Labiatce Trees, shrubs, or sub-shrubs, with usually square stems and opposite, decussate, exstipulate leaves ; Flowers in axils of leaves or bracts, solitary or geminate, or in cymose clusters forming verticillasters ; Calyx tubular, of 5 124 LABIATiE sepals, 2-lipped or 5-toothed, persistent ; Corolla hypogynous, imbricate, some- times bilabiate, ringent, upper lip entire or bifid, lower 3 -fid ; Stamens usually 4, didynamous, outer anterior stamens usually the longest, inserted on corolla tube ; Ovarij superior, of 2 carpels, becoming deeply 4-lobed and 4-celled, style gynobasic, stigma bifid ; Fruit a carcerulus of 4 nutlets. Distinguished from all other Orders by the square stems, opposite, decussate leaves, verticillaster inflorescence, and bilabiate ringent corolla. LAVENDER, Lavandula vera. Gardens. June — August. This is one of the oldest favourites of English gardens, and makes a charming hedge. Propagated by cuttings of old stems in sunny position outdoors in August or September. Floivers blue, rarely white, fragrant, in a verticillaster, 6-10-flowered, spike somewhat interrupted ; Calyx tubular ; Corolla bilabiate, tube exserted, dilated at throat, limb oblique ; Stamens 4 ; Ovary superior ; Fruit a carcerulus of 4 glabrous nutlets. Leaves opposite, oblong-lanceolate, attenuated at base, entire, somewhat revo- lute, hoary grey both surfaces. An evergreen shrub, 1-2 ft. Introduced from S. Europe, 1568. COMMON ROSEMARY, Rosmarinus ojicinulis. Gardens, shrubberies. February. Best in dry border near wall ; flourishes on the coast. Propagated by cuttings in shady border in spring or summer ; layering of strong shoots in summer ; seeds in sunny border outdoors in April. Flowers pale bluish-purple, in short, few-flowered racemes, approximating, opposite, sub-sessile ; Calyx ovoid-campanulate, bilabiate, 5-toothed, purplish ; Corolla bilabiate, tube shortly exserted ; Stamens 4 ; Ovary superior ; Fruit a carcerulus. 125 TREES AND SHRUBS Leaves opposite, linear, entire, revolute, caneseent beneath, sessile, fragrant, grey-green. An evergreen sltrub, 3-8 ft. ; dense growth. Introduced from S. Europe, 1548. Generic name from Gr. ros, dew, and marinus, the sea. JERUSALEM SAGE, Phhmis fruticosa. Gardens. June, July. This will grow in dry soil, and does well on wild banks. Propagated by cuttings in cold frame in August. Flowers yellow or dusky yellow, very showy, ivhorls twin, terminal, 20-30-flowered ; Cahjiv 5-toothed, as long as corolla tube, acuminate, thick, coriaceous, scabrous, densely hairy ; Corolla bilabiate, velvety, tube inclosed, upper lip compressed, notched, lower lip large, 8-cleft, spreading; Ovary superior, style gynobasic, curved, stigma bifid; Fruit a carcerulus of 4 nutlets, ovoid-triquetrous. Leaves opposite, ovate or oblong, acute, roundly cuneate at base, entire, wrinkled, green above, white tomentose beneath, 2| ins. long, j-1 in. wide. A deciduous shrub, 2-4 ft. ; Branches clothed with tomentum, usually yellow. Native of Mediterranean region ; introduced 1596. I Class I Dicotyledons Division IV. . . . Incompletce Natural Ordek . . . Laurinece Trees or shrubs, aromatic or sometimes foetid ; Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, exstipulate, usually coriaceous and evergreen, often with pellucid dots ; Flowers 2-sexual, or imperfectly 1 -sexual; Sepals 4-G, in 2 whorls, coloured, imbricate in bud ; Stamem definite, perigynous, some barren, filaments often glandular at base, anthers opening by valves ; Ovary superior, 1-celled ; Fruit a berry or drupe. 126 LAURINE^ SWEET BAY, Laurus nohilis. Shrubberies, gardens. April, May. Needs shelter. Any necessary pruning should be done in April. Propagated by cuttings in sandy soil under handlight in shady position outdoors, August — October ; layering of shoots in September or October. Flowers yellowish-white, inconspicuous, dioecious, in axillary clusters ; Calyx 4-partite, imbricate ; Stamens opposite segments of calyx ; Ovary single, superior, 1 -celled, style simple, stigma obtuse; Frjiit a berry, oval, dark purple, ripe in October. Leaves alternate, oblong-lanceolate, wavy, acute, pinnately veined, coriaceous, aromatic, shortly petiolate. An evergreen ti'ee or shrub, 30-60 ft. ; Branches arching ; Tivigs smooth ; Bark smooth. Native of S. Europe ; introduced about 1562. It is the Bay tree, or true Laurel, used in ancient times to form wreaths for poets and conquerors. Name Bay = a berry tree; M.E. bay, a berry ; F. baie ; L. baca, a berry. Class I Dicotyledons Division IV. , . Incompletce Natural Order . . . Thymelceacece Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, with acrid juice, and tough inner bark ; Leaves opposite, alternate or scattered, exstipulate, entire; Flowers usually hermaphrodite, sometimes polygamous or di(£cious ; Perianth inferior, green or petaloid, 4-5-lobed, imbricate in bud ; Starnens usually twice as many as calyx lobes, in two series, adnate to and included in perianth tube, often an annular disk of hypogynous scales or glands ; Ovary superior, usually 1-celled ; Fruit usually a berry or drupe. Chief characteristics acridity and toughness of bark. Distinguished from Elaeagnaceae chiefly by tlie one suspended ovule. 127 TREES AND SHRUBS BLAGAY'S DAPHNE, Daphne bhgayana. Rockeries. March, April. Loves shade and rocky places ; requires stones laid on branches. Propagated by cuttings of side shoots in well-drained pots or pans of sandy peat under bell-glass in temperature of 50°-55°, October or November ; layers in March or April. Flowers ivory-white, fragrant, in a dense terminal umbellate chiste?- ; Perianth 4-lobed, tubular ; Fruit a drupe. Leaves whorled, oblong-elliptical or lanceolate, entire, obtuse, glabrous. j A dwarf evergreen shrub, 1 ft. Discovered by Count Blagayana in Carniola, 1837; introduced 1872. GARLAND FLOWER, Daphne Cneorum. Gardens, rockeries. April, May ; again in September. Floxvers reddish-pink, sweet-scented, small, in a terminal, sessile, flattened head or umbelliferous cyme, closely surrounded by leaves ; Perianth of 4 ovate lobes, smooth on upper surface, tube thickly covered externally with short, silky, white hairs ; Fruit a drupe, white, globose. Leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate, sessile, entire, mucronate, glabrous, \ in. long, ^ in. broad, thickly set upon young shoots. An evergreen trailing shrub, 6-12 ins. Native of Europe ; introduced 1752. SPURGE LAUREL, Daphne Laureola. Copses and hedge banks in stiff soils. January — April. It is useful for growing under trees. Flowers yellow-green, faintly fragrant, honeyed, entomophilous, in sub-sessile axillary cluste?'s or very short drooping racemes of 3-5 flowers, both bisexual and staminate ; bracts conspicuous, oblong, deciduous ; Perianth lobes half the length of tube ; Fruit a drupe, oval, bluish-black, \ in. long. 128 THYMELi^ACE^ Leaves in tufts at ends of shoots, oblong or lanceolate, acute, very coriaceous, glossy, shining, dark green above, paler below, 1^-31 ins. long, f-1^ in. wide ; dying leaves brown. An evergreen shrub, 2-4 ft. ; Branches few, erect, glabrous, leafless below, r Of pliant, tough. Native of Britain. Berries poisonous to man, favourites with small birds. or Mk MEZEREON, Daphne lUezereum. Copses and woods in hilly districts, gardens. February — April. Flowers purplish-red, odorous, honeyed, appearing before leaves are fully out, in a few-flowered ci/me below leaves on shoot of preceding year, flowers usually in threes, sometimes pairs or fours, bracts small ; Perianth deciduous, tubular, i-^ in. long, 4-cleft, slightly hairy, lobes spreading, as long as tube ; Stamens 8, sub-sessile, at top of tube, in 2 series ; Ovary superior, 1 celled, style short, stigma capitate; Fruit a drupe, bright red, ovoid, h in. long, 1 -seeded, very acrid and poisonous, ripe in September. Leaves alternate, oblong-lanceolate or spathulate-lanceolate, exstipulate, shortly petiolate, entire, obtuse or acute, membranous, glabrous, 2-3 ins. long, glaucous or pale green above, bluish beneath. Autumn tint yellow. A deciduous shrub, 1-3 ft. ; Branches few, erect, glabrous ; Tivigs slender, flexible ; Bark acid, smooth, yellowish-grey. Native of Britain ; somewhat rare. Berries poisonous to man, but favourites with finches and robin. Bark and branches yield yellow dye. Daphne was Greek name of the Bay-tree, Laurus nobilis, and originally of the nymph who was changed into a laurel-tree when fleeing from Apollo. PONTIC SPURGE LAUREL, Daphne pontica. Gardens. April — May. This and the previous two species are used as stocks for grafting. Floivers yellowish-green, very fragrant in evening, bractless, glabrous, in 129 TREES AND SHRUBS a many-flowered upright cluster, flowers in pairs ; Pejiaiith lobes long, reflexed-i Fruit a drupe. Leaves alternate, obovate-lanceolate, petiolate, entire, glabrous, glossy, light green. An evergreen shrub, 4-5 ft. ; Branches spreading. Native of E. Europe; introduced 1759. First discovered by Tournefort on coast of Black Sea. Class I Dicotyledons Division IV. . . . Incompletce Natural Order . . . Elceagnacece Trees or shrubs with alternate or opposite exstipulate leaves, entire, with silvery or brown scurfy scales; Floivcrs 1-2-sexual, white or yellow, regular, axillary, fascicled or cymose ; Calyx 2-4-lobed, or 2-4 distinct sepals ; Stamens adnate to calyx tube, in males twice as many as lobes, in 2-sexual flowers as many as lobes and opposite to them ; Ovarjj superior, enclosed in thickened base of calyx tube, 1-celled ; Fruit indehiscent, enclosed in tube, 1 -seeded. In Europe, the only Order containing shrubby plants with scurfy leaves. They differ from Thymelaaacea? chiefly in having 1 erect ovule. OLEASTER, or WILD OLIVE, Elo'agnus angustifoUa. Parks, gardens, shrubberies. May. Prefers a rather dry soil. The species of Elajagnus are very ornamental shrubs or small trees, with conspicuous silvery foliage. Useless growth may be cut away in late summer. They are propa- gated by cuttings in sandy soil in cold frame in September ; layering in October ; seeds sown in boxes of light soil in temperature of 55° in March. Flmvers yellow within, silvery scales outside, fragrant, usually bisexual, in solitary or axillary clusters of 1-3 ; Perianth canipanulate, 4-lobed ; Stamens 4, alternating with perianth lobes ; Ovary superior, 1-celled, style linear, long ; Fruit a fleshy drupe, ovid-oblong, red, sweet, mealy. 130 3 ^^-^^-^^-^^x \'ft fr D SWEET BAY (Launch nohilis) A. Flownring brancli. B. Fruit. C. One of the stamens (anthers dehiscing). D. Flower, enlarged. Plate XLVIII. ELi^AGNACEi^ Leaves alternate, lanceolate, often ovate on young trees and vigorous shoots, icute, serrate, upper surface dull greyish-green, scattered stellate scales, under- side silvery -grey, densely covered with stellate scales, blade 2-3 ins, long. A deciduous tree, 15 20 ft. ; Branches glabrous, thorny, shining reddish- brown ; hranchlets silvery-grey. Native of Asia; naturalised in S. Europe; introduced 1633. Syn. E. hortensis. SILVER BERRY, Elccagnus argcntca. Gardens, shrubberies. July, August. Floivers yellow, small, fragrant, silvery, |-| in. long, in an a.villarij cluster, nodding ; Perianth lobes ovate, J^ in. long ; Fruit a drupe, roundish-ovate, J-^ in. long, ribbed, silvery scales, stone 8-striate. Leaves alternate, oval-oblong, acute or obtuse, waved, glabrous both surfaces, silvery scales, shortly petiolate, 3 in. long, li in. wide. A deciduous shrub, 8-12 ft.; Branches spreading, rusty-brown, becoming silvery. Introduced from N. America, 1813. LARGE-LEAVED OLEASTER, Ekmgnus vmcrophylla. Gardens, shrubberies. October. This is a distinctive species, with large roundi.sh silvery leaves having a tendency to curl at the edges, and silvery- white blossoms emitting a perfume like Gardenia. It makes a good specimen for a west wall, and does well in sandy peat. Floivers silvery- white, fragrant, ^ in. long, densely clothed with silvery scales, axillary, solitary or forming clusters, pedicels silvery-white ; Perianth campanu- late, 4-lobed, lobes ovate, as long as tube ; Stamens 4, alternate with lobes, filaments very short ; Ovary superior, style curved ; Fruit a drupe, scarlet. Leaves alternate, roundish-ovate, obtuse or acute, margin wavy, glabrous, dark glossy green above, bright silvery scales beneath, 2\ ins. long, 1^ in. wide, petioles silvery. 131 TREES AND SHRUBS An evergreen shrub, 6 8 ft. ; Branches erect, spreading, angled ; 2\vigs covered with silvery and ferruginous scales ; Buds small, scales ferruginous. Native of China and Japan. Known in Japan as "Fon Gumi." i LONG-STALKED OLEASTER, E/ceag,ms nmltiflora. Gardens, shrubberies. May. The silvery leaves are in striking contrast with the dark reddish-brown twigs, and make this a very desirable species ; indeed, it is one of the best. Fhxvers whitish, in axiUary clusters, pedicels long ; F^ruit a drupe, oblong, orange-red, transparent, small ferruginous scales, pedicels long ; used for jelly. Leaves alternate, ovate, acute or obtuse, entire, green above, silvery-white beneath, dotted with ferruginous scales, 2 ins. long, 1 in. wide. An evergreen shrub, 8-15 ft. ; Branches erect; Twigs reddish-brown, scurfy with ferruginous scales ; Buds ovoid, reddish-brown with similar scales. Native of China and Japan; introduced 1873. Syns. E. edulis and E. longipes. SEA BUCKTHORN, Hippopha; rhamnoides. Sandy shores and sea cliffs. May, June. A handsome berry-bearing shrub, which grows remarkably well in rich damp soil near ponds, lakes, or rivers. Propagated by cuttings of roots in ordinary soil outdoors in February or March ; layering of shoots in autumn ; suckers in autumn ; seeds sown outdoors when ripe, November or December. Floxvers yellow, dioecious, appearing with young leaves on erect dwarf shoots, small and inconspicuous. Male flowers in small catkin-like spikes in axils of lowest scale-like bracts, perianth of 2 ligulate lobes ; Stamens 4, filaments short, anthers yellow. Females, crowded, solitary in each axil, perianth tubular, minutely 2-lobed, beset with speltate scales ; Ovari/ superior, 1-celIed, style shortly protruding, stigma erect ; Fruit a drupe, berry-like, a membranous utricle enclosed in succulent calyx tube, globose or oblong, } in. diam., orange- yellow, spotted. 132 I LORANTHACE^ Leaves alternate, linear to oblong-lanceolate, entire, obtuse, sub-coriaceous, dull green above and nearly glabrous, or white scattered stellate hairs above, silvery -grey, with scaly scurf beneath, midrib with rusty scales, shortly petiolate, ^-2 ins. long, lengthening after floweruig to 3 ins., ^ in. wide. Autumn tint yellow. A deciduous shrub, 1-8 ft. ; or Willow-like tree, 10 ft. ; Branches slender, sub-pendulous, or short and spinescent ; Shoots with rusty bronze scales ; Buds rusty-brown. Native of East and South England ; naturalised in Scotland and Ireland. Hippophaes was old Greek name used by Hippocrates for a prickly spurge. Specific name from Rhammis, the Buckthorn, from resemblance of spinous branches. Known also as Sallow-thorn. Class I Dicotyledons Division IV. . . . Incompletce Natural Order . . Loranthacece Evergreen shrubs, with jointed stems, parasitic on the branches of trees ; Leaves usually opposite, exstipulate, thick and coriaceous ; Floxveis usually dioecious ; Calyx 4-8-lobed, valvate in bud ; Stamens 4-8, adnate to calyx lobes ; Ovary inferior, 1 -celled; Fruit a 1 -seeded berry. MISTLETOE, Viscum album. Parasitic on trees, especially apple. March — May. Flowers yellowish-green, dioecious or rarely monoecious, entomophilous, small, in a dense cymose cluster between the forks, or at the apex of, dichasial shoots; Males 3-5, in a cup-shaped fleshy bract; Females solitary, or 2-3 in bract; 3Iales, perianth of 4-6 triangular segments on margin of hollow receptacle ; Stamens 4-6, anthers sessile, cells adnate to the inner faces of sepals, dehiscing by pores ; Females, 4 segments, sunk in receptacle, crowning the ovary, stigma VOL. II. 133 M TREES AND SHRUBS sessile, thick ; Fruit a 1-seeded pseudo-berry, ovoid or globose, greenish-white, semi-transparent, pulp viscid. Leaves opposite, or 3 in a whorl, exstipulate, oblong to nearly ovate, entire, obtuse, narrowed at base, thick, fleshy or coriaceous, green or yellow -green, 1-3 ins. long, |-f in. wide ; dead leaves yellow. A deciduous parasitic shrub, 1-3 ft. ; Stem becoming woody when old ; Branches dichotomous, smooth, green, terete, knotted ; Buds small, green. Native of Britain. Generic name from L. viscum, bird-lime, mistletoe ; cog. with Gr. ivos or biskos, mistletoe; English name from A.S. mistel-tan ; viistcl, mistletoe ; tan, a twig ; mist el is dim. of mist, darkness = anything which darkens the sight or judgment. Class I Dicotyledons Division IV. . . . Incontpletce Natural Order . . Euphorbiacece Herbs, shrubs, or trees with entire leaves, usually alternate, often stipulate, stems often with lactiferous vessels ; Floivers usually 1 -sexual, monoecious or dioecious, bracteate, sometimes with a calyx-like involucre, occasionally without a perianth ; Calyx 3-5-lobed or wanting ; Corolla usually absent, sometimes represented by scales or petals ; Stamens 1 or more, distinct or united, sometimes branched ; Ovary superior, 2-3-celled, 2-3-lobed, styles 2-3, often branched ; Frnit a schizocarp, separating elastically into 3 cocci, or succulent. Distinguished from other Orders by the unisexual flowers and tri-coccous fruit. MINORCA BOX, Buxus bakarica. Gardens. July. Requires dry porous soil, and does best in well-sheltered situations. The species are propagated by cuttings of young shoots 3 ins. long in shady border, August or September ; division of old plants, October or March ; layers in September or October. 134 J50X (/!u.ni:^ sciiqierrireii.t!) /. Flmvt'i-ing branch, i?. Fruit. C Single male Hower. Z». Single female flower. ^. Section of female flower. F. Seed. O. Capsules partly and fully open, showing seeds. //. Section of male lluwer, showing nectaries. Plait. XI.IX, EUPHORBIACE.^ Floivers light yellow, small, inconspicuous, monoecious, in a glomerule ; Males, Sepals 4 ; Stamens 4 ; Females, Ovary 3-celled ; Fruit a 3-valved capsule. Leaves opposite, oblong-elliptical, emarginate, coriaceous, cartilaginous margin, yellowish-green, 1^-2 ins. long. An evergreen shinib or small tree, 15-20 ft. Native of Balearic Islands and other parts of S. Europe ; introduced 1780. COMMON BOX, Buxiis sempervirem. Parks, gardens, chalk hills. April — June. Flowers greenish-white, monoecious, usually entomophilous, small, incon- spicuous, in an axillary cluster {glomei-ule), several unibracteate male flowers, and 1-2 females with 3 bracteoles ; Males, Perianth small, 4 segments ; Stamens 4, opposite perianth lobes, hypogynous, around a rudimentary ovary, anthers didy- mous, introrse, filaments stout ; Females, Perianth 6-12 segments in whorls of 3 ; Ovary globose, superior, 3-ceUed, styles 3, stigmas 3, obtuse, proterogynous ; Fruit a 3-valved capsule, ovoid, sessile, hard, coriaceous, ^ in. long, ending in 3 stiff' short beaks, 1-2 black shiny seeds in each cell. Leaves sub-opposite, ovate or oblong, sub-sessile, obtuse or retuse, convex, coriaceous, shining, exstipulate, ^-1 in. long ; petioles slightly hairy at edges. An evergreen shrub, or small tree, 15-20 ft. ; slow of growth ; Branches slender, glabrous, downy when young, erect or drooping ; Tivigs more or less 4-angled ; Bark rough, grey ; Old Stems often twisted ; Buds very small ; Groivth very slow; JFood yellow, with very fine grain, hard, heavy, will not float, susceptible of high polish ; used for engraving, tools, and carving. Indigenous in chalky districts of Southern and Central England. Name is A.S. box = Box-tree ; L. buxi/s ; Gr. pyxas. Leaves sometimes sprinkled with Box Leaf-rust {Puccinia Buxi). 135 M 2 TREES AND SHRUBS SIOUMI, Daphmphyllum macTopodum. Gardens. September. The compact growth and large foliage give this shrub a striking resemblance to a Rhododendron. Propagated by layers or cuttings of ripe shoots. Flowers small, dioecious, apetalous, in a short axillary raceme ; Sepals small, 3-8, connate; Stamens 5-18, anthers large, basifixed ; Ovary superior, imperfectly 2-celled, stigmas short, thick, recurved ; Fruit a drupe, ellipsoid, J in. long, black. Leaves alternate, elliptic, or lanceolate, obtuse, base acute, entire, dark green above, pale and glaucous beneath, 3-8 ins. long, 2 ins. wide, petiole long, reddish- purple. An evergreen shrub, 6-8 ft. ; Bark reddish. Native of India, Ceylon, China, and .Japan. Known in gardens as D. glaucescens. Generic name from Gr. Daphne, the Bay-tree (Laurus nobilis), and phyllon, a leaf = resembling the Laurel. " Sioumi " is the Oriental name. Class I Dicotyledons Division IV. . . . IncompletcB Naturai, Order . . . Ufticacece Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with usually alternate and stipulate leaves, often with stinging hairs ; Floivers usually small, vmisexual or rarely polygamous, monoecious or dioecious ; Perianth in the males equally lobed or partite ; in the females often unequally lobed, or consisting of a scale-like sepal ; Stamens usually equal hi number to perianth segments, and opposite to them ; Ovary superior, or in a few genera more or less inferior, 1 or 2-celled ; Fruit in- dehiscent, 1-seeded. Distinguished from Euphorbiaceas by the 1-seeded fruit, and from Cupuli- ferfu by the regular perianth of the male flowers. Tiie Nettles (Urticeaj) are distinguished from Chenopodiacea' by their stipulate and rough leaves with stinging hairs ; the Elms (Ulmea;) often form a separate Order. 136 URTICACE.^ WINGED ELM, Uhms alata. Parks, gardens. March, April. The curious ridge-like corky excres- cence on the branches makes this one of the most distinct and conspicuous of hard-wooded trees. The species of Ulmus are propagated by suckers, October or November ; layering of shoots, September or October ; seeds gathered as soon as ripe and sown in light soil in shady position outdoors. Floweis reddish, in a few-flowered fascicle, pedicels drooping; Perianth 5-lobed, lobes obovate, glabrous ; Ovary hoary tomentose, raised on short slender stipe ; Fruit a samara, oblong, I in. long, hirsute, tipped with in- curved awns, wing narrow. Leaves alternate, ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, unequal at base, acute or acuminate, coarsely doubly serrate, firm or sub-coriaceous, glabrous and dark green above, pale and soft pubescent below, 12^-2^ ins. long ; petioles pubescent, stipules linear-obovate, thin, scarious. A deciduous tree, 30-40 ft. ; Branches erect ; branchlets glabrous or puberulous, often with 2 thin corky wings, reddish-brown to ashy-grey ; Baj-k with shallow fissures, light brown tinged with red ; Buds slender, acute, scales glabrous or slightly puberulous ; Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, not easily split, light brown. Introduced from N. America, 1820. Specific name from L. ala, a wing. Known in America as the ^^'^ahoo. AMERICAN OR WHITE ELM, Uhms americana. Parks, gardens. INIarch, April. Best in moist loamy soil. Flowers greenish-red, appearing before leaves, in a 3-4-flowered cyviose fascicle, pedicels slender, drooping; Perianth 7-9-lobed, ciliate ; Stamens 5-6, anthers bright red ; Ovary light green, ciliate with white hairs, styles light green ; Fi-uit a samara, ovate to obovate-oblong, ciliate, 1 in. long, wing broad. 137 TREES AND SHRUBS Leaves alternate, obovate-oblong to oval, unequal at base, acute, coarsely doubly serrate, dark green and glabrous or scabrate above, usually pale and pubescent below, 2-4 ins. long, petioles stout, stipules linear-lanceolate. Autumn tint yellow. A deciduous t7-ee, 80-100 ft. ; Branches spreading, not corky ; hranchlets glabrous, destitute of corky wings, reddish-brown to ashy-grey ; Bark fissured, ashy-grey ; Buds ovate, acute, flattened, scales glabrous, brown ; Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, difficult to split, coarse-grained, light brown ; used for coach-making, turnery, and boat-building. Introduced from N. America, 1752. Known as Canada Rock Elm. COMMON ELM, Ulmus campestris. Woods, fields, hedgerows, gardens. March, April. Flowers reddish-brown, in dense clusters, appearing before leaves, anemo- philous, proterogynous, often males only by abortion ; Perianth small, 4-8-lobed ; Sta?nens often 4, sometimes 5-8, opposite lobes, anthers rusty ; Ova7-y 1-celled, stigmas 2 ; Friiit a samara, winged all round, obovate, notched ; seeds above centre, rarely ripening. Leaves alternate, ovate, variable, unequal at base, narrow, 2J-4 ins. by 1-2 ins., serrated, acute, scabrous above, pubescent beneath, or nearly glabrous, hairs with irritating properties, petiole short, stipules caducous. Autumn tint yellow. A deciduous tree, 125 ft., shedding leaves very early; usually taller and straighter than U. montana ; Suckers abundant; Bai'k rough, corky, with vertical furrows ; Branches mostly projecting upwards ; Tivigs given off alternately at acute angles, smooth ; Buds smooth, reddish -brown, scales are stipules ; Wood brown, heavy, hard, tough, porous, twisted in grain ; used for piles, pipes, pumps, blocks, ships' keels and planks, carpentry, wright- woi'k, turnery, and cabinet-making. Not indigenous in Britain ; the most frequent in fields and hedgerows ; lives to about 500-600 years. Also called Small-leaved Elm. 138 KIjM (Ulmua campestns) A. Leaf. D. Flowerinj,' brancli. C. Flower (enlarged). 1). Fruit (samaras). Plate L. URTICACEiE Insects injurious to Elms : — B(vk — Elm Tree Destroyer {Scolytus dest?-ucto?-) ; Foliage — Comma Butterfly {J''a?tessa c-album), Large Tortoise-shell Butterfly {Vanessa jjolychlorus). Mottled Umber {Hybernia defoliaria), March Moth {Anisopteryx cescularia). Tree Lackey {Bomby.v neiistria) ; Wood — AVood Leopard Moth {Zeuzera cescidi). Fungoid Pests: — Elm-leaf Phloeospore {F/ileospora Ulmi), Elm-leaf Blotch {Pliyllaclto?-a Ulmi). WYCH ELM, Ulmus montana. Woods, parks, gardens. Best in good fertile soils and good light. March, April. Flowers reddish-brown, appearing before leaves, borne in dense clusters on sides of branches, surrounded by brownish bracts ; Perianth campanulate, 4-7-toothed, lobes obtuse; Stamens as many as lobes of perianth, and opposite, anthers purple; Ovary flat, 2-celled, styles 2, diverging; Fruit a thin, flat 1 -seeded samara, broadly ovate or orbicular, glabrous, small notch at top ; seed in centre or below, produced after thirty years. Leaves alternate, nearly sessile, broadly ovate, doubly and trebly serrated, unequal at base, rough on upper side, downy beneath, 3-G ins. long, 3 ins. diam. Autumn tint golden-yellow. A deciduous ti'ee, 80-120 ft. ; Branches long, diverging like letter Y, ascend- ing and pendulous ; Tiags pubescent ; Bark rough, often corky ; Trunk often having excrescences ; Buds brown, with rusty hairs ; Wood hard, straight- grained, flexible when steamed, stands alternate wetting and drying ; inferior to that of Common Elm, and more liable to split ; used in boat-building. The common wild Elm of North and West England, Scotland, and Ireland ; rare in South-east England. Known also as Scotch Elm, Mountain Elm, and Broad-leaved Elm. Several varieties in cultivation. Name from A.S. elm, the Elm-tree. Ijcaves often rolled, blistered, and thickened by an Aphis {Schizoneura Ulmi). 139 TREES AND SHRUBS PAPER MULBERRY, Bromsonetia papyrifera. Gardens. May. An ornamental tree which thrives best in well-drained, rather open ground. Propagated by cuttings of ripe wood in sandy soil in cold frame in October; suckers in October or November; seeds when ripe or in the following spring. Floivers greenish, dioecious; Males in pendulous, cylindrical catkins, each flower in the axil of a bract ; Females in peduncled, axillary, erect globular heads ; Fruit an eta^rio of spurious drupes (sorosis). Leaves alternate, ovate or deeply lobed, margin entire, acute, hairy. A deciduous tree, 10-20 ft. Native of India, China, and Japan; introduced 1751. Genus named after Broussonet, a French naturalist. Inner bark used for paper-making. BLACK OR COMMON MULBERRY, Moms nigra. Gardens. June, July. Prefers deep, light, somewhat moist soil in sunny position sheltered from north winds. In the young state it makes a fine speci- men shrub, and later grows into an imposing and ornamental tree. Straggling branches may be shortened, or crowded ones thinned in February. Pro- pagated by cuttings 6 8 ins. long, partly current growth and partly two years old, from upper part of tree, inserted half their depth in light soil in sheltered position outdoors, September, October, or March ; layering of shoots in September ; seeds in light sandy soil in temperature of 55°-65° in March, transplanting seedlings outdoors in June or July ; or seeds sown outdoors in May. Flowers greenish-white, monoecious, sometimes dicecious, anemophilous, inconspicuous, in short thick catkin-like spikes of cymes on receptacle, becoming succulent when fruit ripens ; 3lales, Calyx 4-partite, yellowish-green ; Stamens 4 ; Females, Sepah 3-4, greenish, persistent ; Ovary 2-celled, styles short, stigmas 2, spreading ; Fruit an oblong mass of spurious drupes (sorosis), com- 140 ) !3 W > . * • I- O aj . o t- qi] « a « ° a; -^ .5 o be a 3 >^' \^cE URTICACE.^ posed of the receptacle, calyces, and utriculi, all succulent and consolidated, very juicy, sub-acid, turning from green to crimson, then red, finally reddish- black ; ripe in August. Leaves alternate, ovate, cordate, or 3-5-lobed, petiolate, irregularly serrate, acute, dark green, upper surface hispid, 4 ins. by 4 ins., young leaves pilose beneath ; stipules lateral, small, linear, caducous. Autumn tint yellow^. A deciduous tree, 20-30 ft., with large round head ; JBra/iches horizontal ; Bark rough, reddish-brown ; Buds seldom open before May ; tree slow of growth, but long lived ; Wood used for cabinet-work. Native of Persia and Armenia ; introduced 1548. First planted at Syon House. FIG, Ficus Caiica. Gardens, walls. May. In mild districts of the south this will grow as a standard, but generally is best against a south or south-west wall. The best crops of fruit are usually secured from trees planted in a compost of fibry loam, brick rubbish, and old mortar by the side of a hard walk into which the roots cannot easily ramify. Deformed, dead, or weak branches should be removed in April or July, and the points of vigorous young shoots pinched in July. Any fruits sufficiently advanced in early autumn to show the shape of the Fig should be pinched off. Propagated by cuttings of previous year's growth, 6-9 ins. long, in sandy soil under bell-glass in temperature of 65°-75° in spring ; layering of shoots, October or November ; suckers in autumn ; seeds carefully cleaned from pulp and kept till early spring, then sown in light soil in temperature of 75^ Floxvers monoecious, entomophilous, proterogynous, minute, appearing with the leaves, enclosed, and hidden, in a pyriform hollow Heshy receptacle (hypanthodium) formed of the swollen floral axis, the sides of which have grown up around it, meeting at the top, forming an inverted flask-like spike with sessile flowers, in which the outside bearing the flowers has become introverted ; 3lalc flowers mostly in upper part ; Perianth 3-5-fid ; Stamens 3-5 ; Females in lower 141 TREES AND SHRUBS part ; Perianth 5-partite ; Ovary superior, 1-celled, style lateral, stigma bifid ; Fruit a syconus, consisting of achenes immersed in pulpy receptacle, greenish- yellow to violet-brown, 2-3 1 ins. long, one or two together in axils of leaves, orifice at tip closed by small scales ; seeds very numerous. Leaves alternate, very variable, 3-6 ins. by 2^-7^ ins., palmately 3-7-lobed, 5-partite, or entire, lobes variously cut, base cordate, thick, dark green and scabrous above, paler and pubescent beneath, petiole 1-2 ins. long, stout. Autumn tint yellow. A deciduous tree, 15-30 ft. ; Branches spreading ; Biids large ; Sucke?'s abundant. Native of Mediterranean regions, Syria, Persia, Afghanistan ; re-introduced to Britain by Cardinal Pole, 1525. In Italy fertilisation is brought about through the agency of a small wasp {JBlasfophaga grossorum), which lays its eggs in the ovules of the abortive female flowers, producing galls, and afterwards carries pollen to other female flowers. Ficus is the old Latin name for a fig-tree, and is akin to the Greek sickon, a fig. Class 1 Dicotyledons Division IV^. . . . Incompletce Natural Order . . Platanaceoe Trees, usually tall, with flaking bark, and without milky juice; Leaves alternate, palmately nerved and lobed, petiolate, with sheathing stipules ; Flowers small, monoecious, in globose, densely-crowded heads, the male and female heads on separate pendulous peduncles, usually 3 heads on each ; Pei'ianth 0, or replaced by scales or bristles; Ovary 1-celled, style persistent; Fruit a head of 1 -seeded nuts. Readily distinguished from the Sycamores or False Planes by the alternate leaves. 142 FIG {Ficus Carira) A. Leaf. B. Section of hypanthotlinm. C. Portion ot inner surface nf samp, slinwinp; pistillate Mowers (enlarged). D. Staminate, or uialu flower (enlarged). E. I'ruit (green fig). T>I ITB. T II PLATANACEiE LONDON PLANE, PManus acerifolia. Parks, gardens, avenues. April. This is one of the most suitable of trees for town planting, having the property of resisting fumes in a high degree. The species of Platanus thrive best when their roots have access to water. They may be pruned into shape, October — February. Propagated by cuttings of shoots 6-8 ins. long in moist soil in sheltered position in November ; layering of shoots in autumn or spring ; seeds merely pressed into surface of soil, and kept moist and shaded, in November. Floivers greenish, as P. orientaUs, in globular heads on axillary peduncles, generally in threes, sometimes two or four, regular distances wide apart ; Fruit a globular head, bristly. Leaves alternate, resembling those of Common JNIaple, broadly and acutely 3-5-lobed or angled, a few remote coarse serratures, nearly straight at base, petiole long and slender, leaves 6| ins. long, 8 ins. broad, stipules auricled, lobes acuminate, deciduous. A deciduous tree, 50-60 ft. ; Branches mostly straight, not very stout, uniform in size, lower ones horizontal or declining, upper ones more or less erect ; Tivigs slender ; Stems of young trees smooth, dark greenish-brown ; Ba7-k in old stems scaling in small, thin pieces. Native of Asia; introduced 1724. This is the Maple-leaved Plane; the P. orientaUs var. acerifolia of Loudon, and the P. vulgaris var. acerifolia of gardens. WEDGE-LEAVED PLANE, Platamis cuneata. Parks, gardens. April. Flowers greenish, resembling P. orieutalis; Fruit a globular head of small nuts. Leaves palmately wedge-shaped, very variable ; on old or stunted plants often 3-lobed, lobes angular, few small teeth ; on young and vigorous plants deeply 5-lobed, few small serratures, terminated by hard points, all tapering towards 143 TREES AND SHRUBS base, covered with down when young, ghibrous when old, 4^ ins. long, 3| ins. broad ; petiole very short. A deciduous bash or low tree ; Branches tortuous, somewhat ascending. Native of I^evant ; introduced 1739. Sometimes called P. u?idul.ata, and considered by some as a stunted variety of P. oiientalis. WESTERN PLANE, Platanus occidentalis. Parks, gardens, avenues. May. This is usually larger and more rapid in growth than its relative of the East. Its leaves are larger and less deeply lobed, and its seed-balls are larger, and usually hang singly on the slender peduncles. Floxveis as in P. orie?italis, in globular heads, 2-4, more commonly only 1, on long slender peduncles, larger than P. 07~ientulis ; 3Iales axillary, dark red; Females terminal, light green, tinged red; Fruit a globular head of 1 -seeded nuts ; balls large, smoother than P. orientalis, brownish, ripe in October or November, persistent through winter ; seed-fibres said to cause irritation of the mucous membrane of the eyes, nostrils, mouth, and probably the lungs. Leaves alternate, broadly 5-lobed or angled, a few large acute serratures, cordate or truncate at base, when young scurfy with rusty-coloured tomentum or silky down, glabrous when older, bright green above, paler beneath, slightly hairy in axils of veins and on principal ribs, petiole purplish-red, leaves up to 8 ins. by 8 ins., stipules brown, woolly, caducous. Autumn tints yellow to red- brown. A deciduous tree, 70-80 ft. ; Bark smooth, light ash-colour, flaking off in small pieces ; Br-anches tortuous, axillary buds concealed within hollowed base of petioles, conical, pubescent, pale brown or olive ; Twigs rounded, olive-green ; Wood used for cabinet-work. Introduced from N. America about 1636 ; there called Button-wood ; reaches height of 140-170 ft. Probably lives more than 600 years. 144 ORIENTAL PLAKE (I'latanus oneniali.-=) A. Female flower clusters. S. Fruit cluster. C. Male flower cluster. Plate LUI. PLATANACEiE ORIENTAL OR COMMON PLANE, Platanus orientalis. Parks, gardens, avenues. April. The Plane-tree has been employed for giving shade since the days of the Greeks, and few trees are better adapted for planting as specimens upon the lawn or elsewhere when the site is moderately sheltered. Floiters greenish-yellow, small, monoecious, anemophilous, appearing before leaves, in a globular head, males and females on separate peduncles, 2-5, usually 3, heads on each axillary peduncle ; Stamens in male flowers mixed, without definite order, with scales, which may be bracts, perianth segments, or stami- nodes ; Females, Ovary 1-celled, style persistent ; Periantlt replaced with scales, which may be bracts, segments, or abortive ovaries ; Fruit a globular head of small 1 -seeded nuts, ball covered with bristly points, ripe in October, brown, persistent through winter. Leaves alternate, palmately 5-lobed, wedge-shaped at base, divisions lanceo- late, sinuated, upper surface glabrous, shining green, Tv ins. long, 7| ins. broad ; petiole green ; stipules sheathing, nearly entire. Autumn tints yellow to orange-brown. A deciduous tree, 60-80 ft. ; Branches widely-spreading, lower ones horizontal ; Bark flaking in larger pieces, whitish-grey, on young branches more persistent, brown, sometimes tinted with purple ; Buds concealed by petioles ; Wood pale-brown, fine-grained, tough, hard ; soon perishes if exposed to sun and atmosphere. Introduced from the Levant some time previous to loiS ; possibly lives 2000 years. Generic name is from old Greek for the Plane {Platanos) — • platijs, broad, probably referring to foliage. Specific name is Latin for Eastern. vol.. u. 1-45 N TREES AND SHRUBS Ci-Ass I Dicotyledons Division IV. . . . Incompletce Natural Order . . . Juglandece Trees with alternate, pinnate, exstipulate leaves ; Flowers uni-sexual, inconspicuous ; 31ales in catkins ; Cahjx irregular, 2 6-partite, or a single scale ; Stamens 3 or many ; Females solitary or a terminal cluster ; Calyx regular, 8-5-lobed; Omry inferior, imperfectly 2-4-celled, w^ith a single ovule; Fruit a kind of drupe, 2-valved, 1 seed with large oily cotyledons, divided into 2 or 4 lobes. Distinguished from Cupulifera? chiefly by the solitary ovule, and in the absence of a cupule. SHELL-BARK HICKORY, Canja alba. Parks, gardens. May. Needs good loamy soil ; very impatient of removal. I'ropagated by nuts sown where trees are intended to remain. Flowers greenish ; Males in threes at base of shoots of same year, peduncled, glabrous ; Perianth adnate to bracts, 2-3-lobed, middle lobe linear, much longer than laterals ; Stamens 3-10, filaments short ; Females 2-6 on terminal peduncles ; Perianth 4-toothed, petals 0, styles 2-4 ; Fruit a nut, globose or depressed, li in. long, husk thick, freely splitting at base into four valves ; nut greyish-white, angled, barely nmcronate, 4-celled, sweet, shell somewhat thin. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, exstipulate, leaflets 5-9, lower ones oblong- lanceolate, upper obovate-lanceolate, sessile, acuminate, narrow or rounded at base, finely serrate, pubescent, fragrant. Autumn tint golden-yellow. A deciduous shrub or tree, 50-80 ft. ; Tivigs tomentose-pubescent, fragrant when cruslied ; Bark rough ; Bud-scales very large ; Wood hard, close-grained, elastic ; used in carriage-building. Native of U.S.A. and Canada; introduced 1G29. Syn. Hicoria uvata. Aboriginal name Hico7'i. 146 JUGLANDE^ WALNUT, Juglans regia. Parks, gardens. March. Propagated by nuts sown in light soil outdoors in November, transplanting seedlings following October. Flowers greenish, moncecious, anemophilous, appearing before leaves ; Blale catkins cylindrical, slender, 3 ins. long, drooping, on shoot of previous year; Cahjx of 2-5 greenish scales ; Stamens numerous, 5-20 ; 1 bract, 2 bracteoles ; Females solitary, or in clusters at end of shoot of the year ; Calyx 4-5-lobed ; Ovary inferior, 2-4 carpels, 1 -celled, stigmas 2-3, purplish, fleshy ; Fruit a drupe, sub-globose, epicarp fleshy, fibrous, bursting irregularly, endocarp woody, furrowed, 2-valved ; ripe in October. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, exstipulate, petiolate, 8-10 ins. long; leaflets, 5-9, oval, obscurely serrated, acute, glabrous, odorous, shining dark green above, paler beneath, fragrant. Autvunn tint brown. A deciduous tree, 40-60 ft. ; large spreading head ; Branches twisted, upward tendency ; Timgs glabrous, shining, lenticels long ; Bark grey, smooth when young, rugged when older, deep longitudinal furrows ; Wood white when young, brown when older, coarse grained, beautifully marked, light, tough, takes a high poUsh ; much used for cabinet-work and gun-stocks ; burrs or excrescences valuable. Native of Persia, the Himalayas, and Western Asia ; introduced about fifteenth century. Name a contraction of Walsh-nut = foreign-nut. Latin name Jugla/is is probably a contraction of Jovis Glans, the Nut of Jupiter. Timber bored by larva of Wood Leopard Moth [Zeuzera ccscuii) ; Leaves subject to attacks of ^Valnut Anthracnose {Marsonia Juglandis). CAUCASIAN WALNUT, Pterocarya caucasica. Gardens. May. Its grand symmetrical proportions, fine foliage, and unique fruit make this one of the most beautiful of exotic trees. Being one of the first of deciduous trees to burst into leaf, it is apt to be damaged by late frosts, and should, therefore, be in a sheltered position. It may be propagated by layers, suckers, or seed. 147 N 2 TREES AND SHRUBS Flowers greenish, unisexual, monoecious ; Males in a pendulous catkin 5-6 ins. long; Female catkins 10-12 ins. long, sometimes as much as 20 ins.; Fruit drupaceous, dry, angled, 2-winged, much tapered at tip, seldom ripening in this country. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, leaflets about 19, ovate-oblong, acuminate, acutely serrate, glabrous, sessile, bright green above, paler or glaucous beneath, 12-18 ins. long, sometimes more than 2 ft., width 18 ins. A deciduous tree, 20-50 ft. ; Branches widely spreading ; Trunk with large excrescences ; Roots extending to great distance ; Suckers abundant when near water ; Wood used for veneering and cabinet-making. Introduced from the Caucasus about 1800. Generic name from Gr. pteron, a wing, and caryon, a nut, referring to winged fruit. Syn. P. fraxinifoUa. Specific name from L. Fraxinus, the Ash, and j'olius, a leaf, from resemblance of foliage. Class I Dicotyledons Division IV Incompletce Natural Okdek . . . Myricacece Trees or shrubs, with alternate, usually exstipulate, resinous leaves ; Fhxcers in catkins or catkin-like spikes, monoecious or dioecious; Male Jloivers of 2-16 stamens, inserted on base of a bract, sometimes Avith 2 lateral bracteoles ; anthers basifixed, extrorse ; Females, Ova?-i/ 1-celled, sessile at base of the bract, usually 2-4 bracteoles ; Fruit drupaceous. BOG MYRTLE, Mijrica Gale. Bogs and wet moors, gardens. May — July. Thrives well in moist peaty soil in shaded parts of the rockery or border. Propagated by cuttings in sandy soil in sheltered position outdoors, vSeptember or October ; layers of shoots, September or October ; division of plants, October to INIarcli ; seeds sown as soon as ripe in ordinary soil in sheltered position outdoors, 148 WHITE JURCH (IlrJu/a n/ha) A. Twigs with male ami female catkins. Jj. Male flower. 0. Bract scale with three female flowers. C Seed. Plate LIV. MYRICACEi^ Flowers brownish-green, dioecious, anemophilous, appearing before the leaves ; 3Iale catkins, l-\ in. long, ovoid, dense, sessile, erect; Stamens 4, free, filaments adnate to base of bracts, anthers red, basifixed, extrorse, scales broad-ovate, concave, eitire, shining; Females J in. long; Ovary ovoid, sessile at base of bract, 1-celled, styles 2, red, filamentous, divaricating ; Fruit an indehiscent nutlet, drupaceous, jV in. long, adnate to persistent fleshy bracteoles, densely sprinkled with golden glands, stone 1 -seeded. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, variable, lanceolate or cuneate-oblong, entire or minutely toothed at apex, slightly revolute, obtuse or acute, coriaceous, shortly petiolate, matt green above, paler and often pubescent beneatli, dotted with golden, resinous, aromatic glands, 2-3 ins. long, J-lj in. broad. Autumn tints fawn or purplish-brown. A deciduous shrub, 2-4 ft. ; twiggy, sub-erect, resinous, fragrant. Native of Britain. Generic name from Gr. Myrike, used by Homer for the Tamarisk. Also called Sweet Gale. Class I Dicotyledons Division IV^. . . . Incompletce Natural Order . . . Cupuliferce Trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves and deciduous stipules ; Floxoers monoecious, bracteate and bracteolate, usually in catkins or small heads ; Males with or without a perianth of 1-5 or more segments or distinct sepals ; Stamens few or several, on a disk, or adnate to bases of sepals, anthers 2-celled ; Females with or without a minutely-toothed perianth adnate to the ovary, which is superior or inferior, and usually 2-3-celled, styles 2 or 3 ; Fruit a nut (glans), 1-celled, 1 -seeded, inclosed in a cupular involucre formed of the hardened accrescent bracts and bracteoles (Oak, Beech, Chestnut), or enclosed in large leafy bracts (Hazel and Hornbeam), or a winged samara (Birch), or a nut without wings (Alder). 149 TREES AND SHRUBS SILVER BIRCH, Betula alba. Woods, commons, parks, gardens. April, May. Prefers sandy and loamy soils in cold situations. The "Lady of the Woods" is perhaps the most picturesque of British trees. It makes a good hedge or screen. The species of Betula are propagated by layers in October ; seeds sown in pans or boxes of sandy soil in cold frame in autumn or spring, simply pressing seeds into soil, and not covering ; or in sheltered borders in March. Flowers whitish, monoecious, appearing before leaves are fully out ; Male catJihis at ends of shoots of previous year, no winter buds-scales, cylindrical, lax, with broad, short-stalked peltate bracts, catkins 1-2 ins. long ; Stamens 6 to each bract, in 3 pairs (flowers), with a scale-like sepal opposite each pair, filaments forked, each branch bearing a single anther lobe ; Female catkins terminating lateral dwarf shoots, enclosed by winter bud-scales, cylindrical and compact, \ in. long, shortly stalked, erect at first, bracts usually 3-lobed and 3-flowered, without perianth ; Ovary 2-celled, styles 2, stigmas 2, purple ; Fruit a small, flat, broad-winged samara, with spreading side lobes, 1-celled, 1-seeded, ripe in September — October. Bears usually after the twenty-fifth year. Leaves rhomboid-triangular, small, deeply serrated, glossy, coriaceous, petioles long and slender, causing leaves to droop ; young leaves emit balsamic odour ; stipules broad. A deciduous tree, 50-60 ft. ; Branches slender ; Tivigs numerous, small ; Le?iti.cels on trunk |-4 ins. ; Ba7-k smooth, silvery-white, peeling in horizontal bands, reddish-brown in young trees, corky on old trunks ; Wood light brown, hard, even-grained, easily worked ; used for turnery, chair-making, cabinet-work, hoops, barrels ; twigs for brooms ; bark for tanning. Native of Britain ; very hardy ; last to disappear in high latitudes or high mountains. Name Birch from A.S. hirce, here, beorc, the Birch-tree. " Witch Knots," confused clusters of short twigs resembling a rook's nest, are produced by the fungus Exoascus turgicbis ; a somewhat similar growth, starting in axillary buds, is the work of a Gall-mite {Phijtoptus rudis ) ; Foliage destroyed by \\'^inter Moth {Cheimatobia brnmata), Mottled Umber Moth 150 ALDER (Aluus (jhuinosa) A. Immature male catkins. B. Mature mrilo catkins. C. Female flowers. D. Female clusters of last year, after shedding seeds. E. Female clusters of present year. F. Scale with two female Dowers. 0. Male flowers. //. Section of cone, showing insertion of seeds. /. Seed. ri.ATt; LV. CUPULIFER^ {Hybei-nia defoliaria), and Oak Beauty {Amphidasiis stratmia) ; Timber by Goat-moth [Cossus Ugniperda) and Wood Leopard Moth {Zeuzera cesculi). Fungoid Pcsfs: — Birch-leaf Rust {Melamsp07-a betulina), Birch-leaf Blotch {DotJiideUa betulina), Birch Polypore {Pohjporus betulinus). CHERRY BIRCH, Betula knta. Parks, gardens. May, June. Best on a dry soil and in a moderately sheltered situation. Floiveis monoecious, aromatic ; 3Iah' catkins 3-4 ins, long, scales ovate, reddish-brown ; Females |^-| in. long, scales ovate, pale green, smooth, styles light pink, stigmas persistent ; Fruiting cone oblong-ovoid, sessile, erect, glabrous, 1-1^ in. long, samara obovate, pointed at base. Leaves alternate, ovate, cordate or rounded at base, 2^-0 ins. long, lJ-3 ins. wide, serrated, acute or acuminate, silky pubescence when young, thin, membranaceous, aromatic, dark dull green above, paler beneath, 9-11 pairs of prominent veins, petiolate ; stipules ovate, acute, scarious, ciliate. Autumn tint yellow. A deciduous tree, GO 80 ft. ; By'anches slender, spreading, pendulous at extremities ; Tivigs viscid, pilose, light green to orange-brown, afterwards brown tinged red ; Bark dark reddish-brown, furrowed, thick irregular plates ; young stems and branches smooth, aromatic, sweet ; Buds ovate, acute, scales brown, loosely imbricated ; Wood heavy, strong, hard, close-grained, dark brown tinged red ; sometimes called Mountain Mahogany and American Birchwood ; used for furniture and turnery. Introduced from N. America, 1759. Known as Black Birch. YELLOW BIRCH, Betula lutea. Parks, gardens. May. Best in cold latitudes and moist position ; thrives well near London. Flowers monoecious; ]\[ale catkins 8-3 ^ ins. long, scales ovate, brown, 151 " N 3 TREES AND SHRUBS ciliate ; Females f in. long, scales acute, pilose, green below, red above ; Fniiting cone erect, sessile, pubescent, 1-1 ^ in. long, nut slightly broader than wing. Leaves alternate, ovate, cuneate or cordate at base, usually oblique, acute or acuminate, doubly serrated, teeth glandular, pilose, dark green above, yellow- green below, aromatic, 3-4 J ins. long, 1 1-2 ins. wide ; petioles slender, hairy, yellow ; stipules ovate, acute, green tinged with pink. Autumn tint bright yellow. A deciduous tree, 70-80 ft. ; Branches spreading, pendulous ; Twigs pilose when young, becoming glabrous, green to orange-brown ; Bark reddish-brown, large thin plates ; on young stems and branches silvery-grey or orange, thin loose scales, aromatic, bitter ; Buds acute, brown, viscid, hairy ; Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, light brown tinged with red, taking fine polish. Introduced from N. America, 1767. DWARF BIRCH, Bctula nana. Mountainous districts, rockeries, and shrubberies. April, IMay. In a wild state it affects wet situations, and will grow well in fairly moist ground. Floivers whitish-green ; 3[alc catkins small, i in. long, sessile ; 31ales erect, lateral, axillary, oblong or shortly cylindrical ; Females terminal, very small, bracts 3-lobed, 3-flowered ; Fruit a samara, narrowly winged, bracts broadly obcuneate, 3-lobed. Leaves orbicular, very shortly petiolate, crenated, smooth, dark green, reticulate, J in. long ; stipules lanceolate, brown. A deciduous shrub, 2-5 ft. ; sometimes up to 20 ft. ; Stem creeping ; Branches numerous, slightly downy when young ; Bark reddish when young, silvery when old. Native of Britain ; confined to mountains of Northumberland and Scotland. Also called Marsh Eirch. 152 CUPULIFER^ RED BIRCH, Betula nigra. Parks, gardens. May. This is a water-loving tree of singular beauty, the thin broad flakes of red bark producing a wild and very picturesque effect during the winter months. Flowei'S monoecious ; 3Iak' catkins clustered, 2-3 ins. long, scales ovate, brown ; Females \ in. long, scales green, ovate, rounded or acute, pubescent, ciliate ; Fruiting cone cylindrical, 1-1^ in. long, pubescent, erect, peduncles tomentose, samara puberulous, nut ovate or oval, as broad as wing, ripe in May or June. Leaves alternate, rhombic-ovate, cuneate, acute, doubly serrated, on young branches often lobed, thin, tough, tomentose when young, 11-3 ins. long, 1-2 ins. wide, dark shining green ; petioles slender, flattened, tomentose ; stipules ovate, rounded or acute, pilose. Autumn tint dull yellow. A deciduous tree, 60-70 ft. ; Branches slender ; Twigs tomentose, red-brown ; Trunk often dividing not far from ground into several erect limbs ; Bark red- brown, deeply furrowed, scaly ; young stems and branches reddish-brown or silvery-grey, large thin papery scales, peeling, remaining on tree for several years ; Buds ovate, acute, brown, glabrous or slightly puberulous ; Wood light, hard, strong, close-grained, light brown. Introduced from N. America by Peter CoUinson, 1736. Also called River Birch. CANOE BIRCH, Betula impyrif era. Parks, gardens. April, May. Floiccrs monoecious ; Male catkins clustered, bright yellow, 3^-4 ins. long, scales ovate, acute, brown; Females 1-1 i in. long, scales lanceolate, light green, styles bright red ; Fruiting cone cylindrical, l.l in. long, glabrous, nut oval, narrower than wing. Leaves alternate, ovate, acute or acuminate, cuneate or cordate at base, serrated, entire at base, glandiilar and pubescent when young, later usually 153 TREES AND SHRUBS glandular on lower surface, dark green above, light yellow-green below, 2-3 ins. long, l|-2 ins. wide ; petioles yellow, glandular, glabrous or pubescent ; stipules ovate, acute, ciliate. Autumn tint light yellow. A deciduous tree, 60-70 ft. ; Branches short, pendulous ; Tivigs viscid and pubescent when young, orange-brown ; Bark brown or nearly black, separating into thin layers ; on young trunks and branches creamy-white to brown, orange on inner surface, thin papery layers ; Buds ovate, acute, resinous, pubescent to glabrous ; Wood light, strong, hard, tough, close-grained, light brown tinged red ; used in turnery ; Bark used for Indian canoes. Native of North America. Known also as Paper Birch. Said to have been introduced by the Duke of Argyll, 1750. NEAPOLITAN ALDER, Ahms cordi Parks. March, April. Thrives in dry soil, but also very suitable for plant- ing by water or in damp situations. The species are propagated by suckers in November ; seeds sown in damp soil in INIarch, transplanting the seedlings when one year old. Flowers greenish-brown, appearing before leaves ; Fruit a small woody cone. Leaves alternate, cordate, acuminate, serrated, glabrous, dark glossy green. A deciduous tree, 15-50 ft. ; round-headed, pyramidal, growth rapid ; Bark light-coloured. Introduced from S. Europe, 1820. ALDER, Alnus glutinosa. Wet woods, borders of streams, wet pastures. March, April. Best in good soil little above level of water ; useful for the sides of ponds or streams. Floivers greenish, moncccious, appearing before leaves fully out ; 3IaJe catkins autumnal, lasting through winter, opening in spring, cylindrical, drooping, 2-4 ins. long, peltate reddish bracts 3-flowered, perianth 4-cleft ; Stamens 4 to 6 each flower ; Female catkins in spring, short, ovoid, closely 154 ^^,^j,^. , ., ,1,^ ^ j,^ , _ y , .^^ ft; =s d d -1 C/J 1 ^ (^ !3 5 "y-i P5 O O CU hrt & hH o E p. O 05 CUPULIFERiE imbricated, resembling fir-cone in shape, red-brown Israels or scales, smaller inner scales or bracteoles with 2 ovaries (flowers) in each ; Ovarii 2-celled, styles 2 ; Fruit a small 1-celled, 1-seeded nut, without wings ; fruiting catkin erect, woody, resembling miniature fir-cone, black, h in. long, ripe in October or November ; seed not produced till twenty years old ; seed-vessels often persisting after escape of seed, and then black in colour. Leaves broadly ovate or orbicular, cuneate, sharply serrated, shortly petiolate, stipulate, 2-4 ins. long, glutinous in young stage, shining above, underside having tufts of whitish down in angles of veins ; stipules ovate to lanceolate, glandular hairs. Autumn tints deep brown to black. A deciduous tree, 30-60 ft. ; Bark rough, black, full of clefts ; Buds stalked, large, obtuse, triangular in section, brown, with tinge of violet ; Lenticels reddish ; Wood soft, light, very lasting under water, white when alive, red when freshly exposed, pinkish when dry ; sometimes called Scottish mahogany ; used for carpentry, poles, packing-cases, turnery. In Scotland dyes obtained from tree, — green from flowers, pale brown from twigs, dark red from bark. Native of Britain. Common name from A.S. alor, aler, air, the Alder-tree. Pimple-like galls on leaves produced by a Mite {Eriop/ti/es Icevis). OREGON ALDER, Ahms oregona. Parks. Moist soil. March. Flowers monoecious, opening before unfolding of leaves ; 3Iale catkins 2-3 ins. long, becoming 4-6 ins. long, perianth lobes ovate ; Stamens 4, scales dark red-brown ; Females ^-| in. long, styles bright red, scales dark red, acute ; Fruit a cone of small 1-seeded nuts, ovate or oblong, ^-1 in. long, peduncles stout, orange, nuts surrounded by membranaceous wing. Leaves alternate, ovate to elliptical, acute, narrowed towards base, crenately lobed, teeth glandular, tomentose when young, glabrous or pilose above, rusty pubescence beneath, 3-5 ins. long, \l~\i ins. broad, sometimes 8-10 ins. long, stipules ovate, acute, tomentose. A deciduous tree, 20 ft. ; Branches slender, somewhat pendulous ; Twigs 155 TREES AND SHRUBS green to bright red, ultimately ashy-grey ; Bark rough, pale grey or nearly white ; Bicds dark red, pale scurfy pubescence ; IVood light, soft, brittle, not strong, close-grained, brown tinged red. Native of Western North America (40-80 ft.). SEASIDE ALDER, Ahms maritima. Parks. Moist soil. September. Flowers monoecious, appearing in summer ; 3Iale catkins li-2| ins. long, in axils of upper leaves, scurfy pubescent, glandular pitted, peduncles slender, scales orange-brown, stamens bright orange ; Females solitary, in axils of lower leaves, bright red at apex, light green below before opening, scales ovate, acute, ciliate, peduncles stout, pubescent ; Fruit a cone of small 1-seeded nuts, ovate, f in. long, 2 in. diam., scales thin, dark reddish-brown to nearly black, persistent. Leaves alternate, very variable, oblong to obovate, acute, acuminate, or obtuse, narrowed at base, glandularly serrate, scurfy pubescence above, dark green, 3-4 ins. long, l|-2 ins. broad, midrib, veins and petiole hairy and glandular ; stipules oblong, acute, caducous. A deciduous tree, 20-30 ft.; or shrub, 15-20 ft. ; Branches spreading, slender ; Tidgs yellowish-green, becoming orange or reddish-brown in winter, afterwards ashy-grey; Buds acute, dark x*ed, scurfy pubescence; Bark smooth, brown; Wood light, soft, close-grained, light brown. Native of N. America. WHITE ALDER, Almis rhombijblia. Parks. Moist soil, INIarch. Floivers monoecious, opening before leaves ; 3Iale catkins 40 ins. long ; Perianth 4-lobed ; Stamens 2-3, scales orange-brown ; Females, scales ovate or rounded ; Fruit a cone, \-\ in. long, scales lobed, nuts ovate, margin thin. Leaves alternate, ovate to orbicular, rounded or acute, narrowed towards 156 CUPULIFER^ base, serrated, margins slightly thickened and reflexed, tomentose when young, dark green and glandular above, paler and puberulous beneath, 2-3 ins. long, 1^-2 ins. broad ; petioles slender, hairy, flattened and grooved ; stipules ovate, acute, scarious, puberulous. A deciduous tree, 20 ft. ; Branches slender, pendulous at extremities ; Tivigs pubescent when young, becoming dark orange-red and glabrous ; Buds dark red, pale scurfy pubescence ; Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, light brown. Native of N. America. HORNBEAM, Carpinus Betulus. Woods and hedges. May. Best on strong porous soil; grows well in partial light ; makes a good hedge. Propagated by seeds sown in ordinary soil outdoors in autumn, transplanting when one year old. Flozvers yellowish, monoecious, anemophilous, appearing as leaves come out ; Male catkins sessile, pendulous, 1| in. long, bracts ovate, acute, imbricate, ciliated, each containing 5-14 stamens, forked anthers with tufts of hairs ; Female catkins 2-4 ins. long, lax, terminal, cylindrical, flowers in pairs, each in a 3-lobed bracteole, entire or toothed; Ovary 2-celled, stigmas 2, styles long; Fruit a small ovoid, brown nut, 7-11 -nerved, within a large leafy 3-lobed, entire or serrated bracteole, 1-1| in. long, catkins several inches long, ripe in October — November. Leaves alternate, elliptical-ovate, acute or acuminate, doubly serrated, shortly petiolate, pubescent beneath, 2-3 ins. long, stipules large, linear-oblong, withered leaves persistent through winter. A deciduous tree, 30-70 ft.; Trunk usually flattened; Branches twiggy; Bark smooth, light grey ; Buds short, adpressed, scales brown, ciHate, pubescent at tips ; Wood yellowish-white, hard, tough, close-grained, strong, light, flexible ; used for cogs, agricultural tools and implements, parts of pianos, also for gun- powder charcoal. Native of England and Wales. 157 TREES AND SHRUBS " Witch Knots " produced by E.voascus Carpini ; Leaves subject to Hornbeam anthracnose [Gloeospojium Carpini) and Hornbeam-leaf Blotch ( Gnomoniella jimbriata). AMERICAN HORNBEAM, Carpinus caroliniana. Parks, gardens. May. Flowers monoecious; 3Iale catkins \\ in. long, scales ovate, acute, boat- shaped, lower half green, upper bright red ; Females \-^ in. long, scales green, ovate, acute, hairy, styles scarlet ; Fridt a nut, bracteole, 2-3-lobed, serrated, 1-lJ in. long, 1 in. wide, catkin 5-6 ins. long. Leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, doubly serrated, glandular, entire at base, thin, firm, dull blue-green above, light yellow-green below, tomentose in axils of veins, 2-4 ins. long, 1-lf in. wide; petioles slender, terete, hairy ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute, pubescent, ciliate. Autumn tints scarlet and orange. A deciduous t7-ee, 30-40 ft. ; Branches long, slender, spreading, pendulous at extremities ; Ttvigs silky when young, orange-brown to dark red, finally grey tinged red ; Bark grey-brown ; Buds ovate, acute ; scales brown, scarious margins ; Jf^ood light brown. Native of N. America. COMMON HAZEL, Cori/lus Avelkma. Woods, copses, hedges. February — April. Propagated by layering of strong shoots in November, removed and planted in following autumn ; suckers in October ; seeds (nuts) sown 2 ins. deep in open ground in October or Nov- ember, transplanting seedlings two years afterwards. Floivers grey-green, monoecious, anemophilous, appearing before leaves are out; Male catkins cylindrical, drooping, I2-2 ins. long, without perianth; Stamens 8, filaments short, anther-cells separate, tips hairy, bracts sessile, broad, cuneate, with 2 scale-hke bracteoles ; Female catkins small, bud-like, crimson ; 158 HAZEL {Coryhis dcellana) A. Male catkins. 7?, B. Female flowers. C. Female flowers enlarged. D. Enlarged apex of female flower clusters. E. Fruit. F. Enlarged male flower. Plate LVII. CUPULIFER.E sub-sessile, outer scale-bracts empty, inner upper 3-lobed bracteoles each con- taining 2 flowers ; Perianth with a minute filiform toothed border ; Ovary 2-celled, styles 2, stigmas red ; Fruit a hard brown nut enclosed in a leafy, canipanulate bract (cupule), which is unequally lobed and jagged, ripe in October. Leaves alternate, orbicular, obliquely cordate, acuminate, doubly serrated, 2-4 ins. long; petiole short, pubescent when young, coarse and glabrous after- wards ; stipules oblong, obtuse, petioles and stipules with reddish glandular haiis. Autumn tint yellow. A deciduous shruh or small tree, 20-30 ft. ; Shoots flexible and tougli, brown, hairy, glandular ; Bark spht, ash-grey on stem ; Buds compressed, scales ciliate, reddish glandular hairs ; IVood whitish-red, close-grained, soft, very elastic. Native of Britain ; seldom allowed to develop into tree of any size. Name from A.S. haesel. Injurious Insects : — Bud Galls — Hazel and P'ilbert Bud JNIite {Phytoptus avellana) ; Fruit — Nut Weevil {Balaninus nucum) ; Leaves — Garden Chafer {Phyllopertha horticola). Cockchafer [Melolontha vulga?-is), Mottled Umber jNIoth {Ilyberiiia defoliuria), Nut-tree Tussock JMoth {Demas coryli) ; Wood — Wood Leopard Moth [Zcuzcra cesculi). CONSIANTINOPLE HAZEL, Corylus Colurua. Gardens, plantations. March, April. This is one of the strongest-growing of all the Hazels, and seedlings are used as standards for grafting varieties in March. /^/orcrr.? green, longer and larger than Cor^/«,y ^t'c//««rt; Fruit a small nut, involucre double, exterior bract many-partite, interior 3-partite, divisions pal- mate ; seeds insipid. Leaves alternate, roimdish ovate, cordate, serrated, stipules lanceolate, acuminate. A deciduous tree, 40 60 ft. ; with broad spreading head ; Branches horizontal. Introduced from Asia Minor, 1605. Also called Turkish Hazel. 159 TREES AND SHRUBS TURKEY OAK, Querc7is Cerris. Parks, gardens, plantations. April, May. A tree with handsome foliage and peculiar mossy-cupped acorns. The species of Oak are propagated by seed (acorns) gathered in autumn, stored in sand till March, and then sown, trans- planting seedlings when one year old ; choice kinds are grafted on the common species in March. Floivers greenish-white ; 3Iale catkins pubescent, 1-3 ins. long, flowers distant ; Females sessile, at sides of short peduncle, single or groups 2-4 ; Perianth usually 4- partite ; Stamens 4, hairy ; Ovary grey-tomentose, stigma lobes often 4, sessile, reflexed, linear, pointed ; Fruit a glans (acorn), solitary or twin, sessile, cylindrical, brown, f-lj in. long, cup hemisplierical, with bristly or moss-like scales, rarely ripening till second year, acorn long ovoid, dark brown, tomentose at apex. Leaves oblong or obovate, variable, shortly petiolate, 2-3 ins. long, sinuate or pinnatifid, lobes lanceolate, unequal, acute, angular, sliglitly pilose both surfaces, stipules narrow-linear, pilose, persistent on leaf-bases. Autumn tints russet- brown to dull grey. A deciduous tree, 50-60 ft. ; pyramidal outline ; Branches erect, generally in long straiglit linei, spray small, young branches pubescent; Buds with few ciliate, pubescent scales ; Wood coarser and straighter in grain than English Oak ; used for all kinds of constructive work. Native of S. Europe and Levant ; introduced 1735. Also called Mossy- cupped Oak. SCARLET OAK, Quc/rus cocdnea. Parks. May. In the early days of autumn tliere is perhaps no more beautiful tree. Florvers monoecious; 31alc cafhins 3-4 ins. long, slender; Perianth 4-5-partite, lobes acute, shorter than stamens, red ; Females on pubescent peduncles, perianth lobes acute, scales red, ovate, acute, stigmatic arms 160 HOLM OAK, OH EVERGREEN OAK {Quercus ilex) A. Branch with male catkins (to right) and small female flowers (at apex). B. Shoot, with miniature acorns. C. Fruit. Plate LVIII. CUPULIFERi^ ' elongated, linear ; Fridt a glans (acorn), turbinate or hemispherical, \-^ in. long, projecting \-\ its length from cupule. Leaves alternate, 5-8 ins. long, 4—5 ins. broad, broad oval to obovate, deeply pinnatifid, sinuses deep, rounded, lobes divergent, sparingly toothed, teeth prolonged into subulate filament, thin, glabrous, briglit green, or somewhat yellowish-green beneath, young leaves tomentose in angles of veins, petiole \~2\ ins. Autumn tints brilliant scarlet and crimson. A deciduous tree, 50 ft. ; Tzvigs olive-green or brown ; Bud-scales glabrous, ciliate, red- brown; JFood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, reddish-brown used for window-sills, door frames, mallets, &;c. Introduced from N. America, 1691. EVERGREEN OAK, Quercus Ilex. Parks, gardens. April, May. Best in good deep sandy loam. This is the best known of the Evergreen Oaks, and a very handsome tree for landscape purposes, greatly resembling the Olive trees of the Italian coast and of the French Riviera. Floioers monoecious ; 3I(ile catkins l-2i ins. long, flowers distant, few on a peduncle ; Perianth 6-partite, tomentose ; Stamens 6, anthers tipped with a short point ; Females in racemose groups of 4-8, peduncles tomentose, as long as leaves ; Stigmas short, broad, reflexed ; Fruit a glans (acorn), twice as long as calyx, sessile, ripening in second year, cup liemispiierical, velvety, erect, scales slightly adpressed, tomentose. Leaves very variable, elliptical, oblong, ovate, or lanceolate, serrated or entire, acute, lower ones coriaceous, glabrous, sometimes spiny, deep glossy grey-green, hoary l)eneath. 1^-5 ins. long, persisting nearly three years, stipules linear, purplish, dying leaves dirty brown. An evergreen s/irnh or small tree, 20-40 ft. ; seldom single-stemmed in England, but when so may reach 70-85 ft. ; Tivigs ash-grey ; liai'k ash-grey to black, thin, not corky ; Tap-roots very long, lateral roots few ; Wood hard, close-grained, heavy, brown, taking high polish, hable to .split in drying. VOL. II. 1(!1 1' TREES AND SHRUBS Native of S. Europe and N. Africa; introduced about middle of sixteentli century. Also called Holm or Holly Oak, from its leaves sometimes resembling the Holly ; a corruption of M.E. holin, a holly ; A.S. holen, holegn. BLACK JACK, Querciif; marilandica. Parks, gardens. May. Flowers monoecious ; 3Iale catkins 2-4 ins. long, hoary ; Perianth 4-5-partite, thin, scarious, pale-pubescent, lobes ovate ; Females on short rusty-tomentose peduncles ; Stigmas dark red, scales rusty ; Fruit a glans, solitary or in pairs, usually pedunculate ; acorn oblong, f in. long, enclosed for nearly | its length in cup, scales reddish-brown, often ciliate and tomentose, upper rows forming a thick rim. Leaves alternate, broadly obovate, rounded or cordate at base, 3-5-lobed, pink and tomentose when young, afterwards firm, thick, or sub-coriaceous, dark lustrous yellow-green above, yellow, orange, or brown below, 6-7 ins. long and broad, petioles stout, yellow. Autumn tints brown and yellow. A deciduous tree, 30-50 ft. ; Branches short, spreading, often contorted ; Tivigs tomentose, with stellate hairs when young, becoming glabrous or puberulous, brown or grey ; Bark deeply divided into quadrangular plates ; Buds ovate or oval, angled, red-brown, hairy ; Wood heavy, hard, strong, dark brown. Native of U.S.A. SWAMP OAK, Quercus palustris. Parks, plantations. May. Though most at home in swamp and low ground, it will thrive in any good rich soil. Floivers monoecious ; Catkins pilose ; Fruit a glans (acorn), ovoid or globose, solitary or pairs, '^\ in. long, cups sub-sessile, fiat, shallow, saucer-shaped, scales closely packed, 5 in number. Leaves alternate, elliptical-oblong, deeply and widely sinuated, cuneate at 162 CUPULIFERi^ base, thin, deep green above, pale shining green beneath, glabrous both surfaces, small tufts of tomentum in axils of prominent veins underside, lobes ovate- acute, sinuses deep, round, few very acuminate bristly-pointed serratures, 6 ins. long, 4 ins. broad ; petioles long, slender. Autumn tints bright purplish-red, purplish underneath. A deciduous tree, 80 ft. ; dense-headed, pyramidal when young ; Branches when older spreading and drooping, secondary branches numerous, smooth, slender, densely intermingled, giving the appearance of many pins ; Bark smooth when young, scarcely corked when old ; IVood used for furniture. Native of N. America, in marshy places ; introduced 1800. Known as Pin Oak. BRITISH OAK, Quercus pedunctilata. Woods on clay soils. April, JNIay. Thrives best in deep fresh soil and abundance of light. The British Oak is the emblem of majesty, strength, and durability. Floivers monoecious, anemophilous, proterogynous, appearing as leaf-buds open ; 3Iale catkim pendant, 2-3 ins. long ; Floicers isolated, sessile ; Perianth 4-7-lobed, yellowish-green, ciliate ; Stamens 4-12, sulphur-yellow; Females inserted singly or in groups on long stalks, in axils of uppermost leaves ; Invohicre of small reddish bracts ; Pcriantli 3-8-toothed ; Ovary 3-celled, stigmas 3, short, spreading, red ; Fruit a glans (acorn), oblong, cupule imbri- cated, scales triangular-ovate, very numerous, small, peduncle 16 ins. long; acorns seldom produced till after sixty years. Leaves alternate, oblong-obovate, shortly petiolate or sub-sessile, auricled at base, sinuses rather acute, lobes obtuse, downy beneath when young, glabrous when old, coriaceous, 3-6 ins. long, 1-2| ins. broad ; withered leaves frequently retained till spring, especially yoiuig trees. Autumn tints golden, russet, bronze or red. A deciduous tree, 60-130 ft. ; Branches spreading, tortuous, running liori- zontally, breaking out at right angles ; Shoots glabrous ; Buds brown, crowded, 163 1' 2 TREES AND SHRUBS ovoid-conoid, slightly 5-angled, scales are stipules ; Bark thick, rough, dark, deeply furrowed, net-like ; Wood hard and durable. Native of Britain ; common over greater part of England, Ireland, and Scottish Ijowlands ; by many regarded as a distinct species. English name Oak from A.S. ac, the oak. Probable age of some specimens is 2000 years. Bark used for tanning, and " Oak-w^ood extract" obtained from sawdust and waste pieces. Insects injurious to Oak: — 1500 species of insects have been described as subsisting on the Oak. The following are some of the most common : — Sap — Plant Bugs ; Bark — Bark-mining Beetles {Scot ijt idee), Death-watch Beetles {Anobiidce) ; Fruit — Acorn Weevil {Balaninus glandium) ; Leaves — Cockchafer {3Ieloh»itha vulgaris), Leaf Roller Moth ( Tortrix viridana), Oak Eggar INIoth {Bombyx quercus). Mottled Umber {Hybernia defoliaria), Winter Moth {Cheimatobia brumata), Vapourer Moth {Orgyia antiqiui). Oak Beauty {Amphy- dasis strataria), Peppered Moth {A. bctularia); Wood — Stag Beetle {Luca/ms cervus), Lesser Stag Beetle {Dorcus paruUelopipedus), Goat Moth (Cossus ligniperda), Wood Leopard Moth {Zeuzera cBsculi). All parts of Oak attacked by Gall Flies, giving rise to Oak Galls of various forms, most common being : — Oak Apples produced by Teras terminalis. Marble Gall {Cynips kollari). Artichoke Gall {Apldlothrix fecundatrix), Currant Gall {Spathegaster baccarum). Oak Spangles {Neuroterus lenticularis), and Silky Button Gall {Neuroterus miinismatis). Fungoid Pests: — \'egetable Beef Steak {Fistulina hepatica) always found on dead parts of tree, Sulphury VV^ood-rot {Polyporus sidfureus), Sooty IMould (Fumago vagans). RED OAK, Qncrvus rubra. Parks. April, May. Flowers moncecious ; Females, lobes of stigma elongated, linear and style- like, at least as long as the rest of the Hower and its cupule ; Fruit a glans (acorn), long ovoid, cylindrical above, 1 in. long, sessile or very shortly 164 BRI'l'liSK OAK (Qiierrut: robur, rai: pedunculala) A. Flowering branch, with male and female flowers. B. Kruil. C. Single male flower. I). Suijjle female flower, longitudinal section. £. Cups or cupules of acorn. F. Half-grown acorns. G. Longitudinal section of mature acorn. //. Transverse section of young acorn. Tlate LIX. CUPULIFERi^ pedunculate, in axils of fallen leaves, cupule hemispherical, |— 1 in. diam., shallow, scales small, triangular-ovate, closely adpressed. Leaves alternate, elliptic or oblong, 3^-4^^ ins. long, 2-2J ins. broad, coarsely sinuate-dentate or pinnatifid, sinuses broad and shallow, lobes triangular- acuminate, coarsely toothed, acute or obtuse at base, glabrous, shining green, thin, petiole j-J length of midrib. Autumn tints orange, scarlet, brown, dull red. A deciduous iree, 60-80 ft. ; Tivigs olive-brown ; Bark dark grey, smooth ; Bud-scales pubescent ; JVood reddish, coarse-grained. Introduced from N. America, 1769. Known as Champion Oak. SESSILE-FLOWERED OAK, Quercus sessiUflora. Woods and parks. April, May. Prefers high ground with southern or western aspect. Floivers monoecious ; Females crowded on short stalks in uppermost leaf-axils ; F?-nit a glans (acorn), 1-celled, 1-seeded, peduncle very short. Leaves alternate, oblong-obovate, petiole -^-^ the length of midrib, tapering below without forming auricles, sinuses opposite, lobes more triangular and acute, somewhat pubescent beneath, coriaceous, 3-6 ins. long, pale green. A deciduous tree, 60-130 ft.; Branches and spray less tortuous; Twigs downy ; Buds large, crowded, scales cihate ; Bark light in colour ; Wood darker, heavier, more elastic than Q. peduncnlata. Native of Britain ; common in Forest of Dean ; plentiful in N. Wales and N. England. CORK OAK, (Quercus Suber. Parks. April, May. This makes a handsome tree, and does well on chalky soil. Flowers monoecious ; M(de catkins l\ in. long, lax ; Perianth 6-partite, reddish-tomentose, pedicels long; Slaniens short, anthers ovoid-acute; Females 165 TREES AND SHRUBS white-tomentose, single or grouped, sessile, stigmatic arms 3-4, broad, linear, sessile, reflexed ; Fruit a glans (acorn), cylindric-oblong, |-1| in. long, sub- sessile, ciipule hemispherical or turbinate, scales loose, grey-tomentose, nut 2-3 times as long as cupula, acute, polished pale brown. Leaves alternate, 1-2 ins. long, \-\^ in. broad, ovate, oval, or oblong, toothed or entire, acute, glabrous, grey-green above, stellate-velvety-hoary beneath, coriaceous, petiole |-j in. long. An evergreen tree, 25-70 ft.; Branches much contorted; b?rmc Mets hoavy ; Bnrix rough, thick and corky, cream-coloured. Native of S. Europe; introduced 1581. YELLOW-BARK OAK, Qucrcus velutina. Parks. April, May. Floivers monoecious ; Male catkins 4-G ins. long ; Perianth covered with pale hairs, lobes ovate, acute ; Females on short peduncles ; Perianth lobes acute ; Stigmas red, scales ovate ; Fruit a glans, sessile or short-stalked, solitary or in pairs, acorn ovate-oblong to hemispherical, light red-brown, ^-f in. long, enclosed for half its length in a thin red-brown cup. Leaves alternate, ovate or oblong, cuneate or truncate at base, usually 7-lobed, sinuses wide, rounded, thick, firm, or sub-coriaceous, tomentose when young, dark shining green above, yellow-green or brown below, usually 5-G ins. long, 3-4 ins. wide, sometimes much larger, petioles stout, yellow, 3-G ins. long. Autvunn tints dull red, orange, and brown. A deciduous tree, GO-80 ft. ; Branches slender, spreading ; Tivigs red or reddish-brown ; Bark on young stems and branches smootli, dark brown, on old trunks deeply divided into broad rounded ridges ; Buds ovate, angled, tomentose ; Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, brown tinged with red. Native of N. America. l(i(> CUPULIFERi^ GOLDEN-LEAVED CHESTNUT, Castmwpsis rkri/mp/>i///a. Parks, gardens. May. Prefers a rather deep, loamy, but well-drained soil. Flowers monoecious, densely bristly, maturing in the second year ; Catkins 2-2| ins. long ; 3Iales, Perianth campanulate, tomentose, 5-6-lobed, lobes ovate, shorter than stamens; Stamens 10-12, filaments filiform, exserted, anthers oblong ; Females, Calyx oblong-campanulate, 6-lobed, free from ovary, lobes short, rounded, hoary tomentose ; Ovarij sessile on disk, 3-celled, styles 3, stigmas 3, spreading ; Fruit a 4-valved cupula, globose, sessile, solitary or clustered, tomentose, spiny, 1-li in. diam,, nuts 1-2, ovate, acute, 3-angled, yellow-brown, lustrous. Leaves alternate, simple, lanceolate or oblong, acuminate, acute at base, entire, slightly revolute, thick, coriaceous, dark green and lustrous above, golden-yellow scales below, scattered white scales above, 2-6 ins. long, \-2 ins. broad, petiolate, stipules ovate, acute or obtuse, brown, scarious, puberulous, leaves persistent 2-3 years. An evergreen shrub, or small tree ; Branches stout, spreading ; Twigs with golden-yellow scurfy scales, brown and scurfy later ; Bark scaly, red- brown ; Buds ovate or sub-globose, scales brown, puberulous, ciliate ; JFood light, soft, close-grained, not strong, light brown tinged red. Native of Western N. America, sometimes growing to height of 150 ft.; introduced through William Lobb, 1848. Syn. Castanea chrysophijlht. SWEET CHESTNUT, Castanea sativa. Parks, plantations. May — July. Prefers deep, porous soils and good light ; best in sandy loam. Propagated by nuts sown in open ground in November or February; transplant when one year old. Fluivers greenish-yellow, with a powerful and disagreeable odour ; Catkins cylindrical, erect, 5-6 ins. long, males in upper part, females in lower ; Perianth of males 5-6 lobed, yellowish ; Stamens 5-20 ; Females green, 2 3 enclosed in a 167 TREES AND SHRUBS 4-lobed involucre ; Perianth investing a tapering 6-celled inferior Ovarij, stigmas 5-8, reddish ; Fruit 1-celled, greenish, containing 13 brown nuts enclosed in a spiny involucre or cupule, ripe in October ; bears after about twenty-five years. Leaves simple, alternate, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mucronate serratures, glabrous on botli surfaces, veins running straight from midrib to margin, 9-10 ins. long. Autumn tints yellow, orange, brown. A deciduous tree, 60-80 ft. ; Branches growing horizontally and downwards, thickened towards side spray ; Bark of young wood smooth and brown, becoming grey later, splitting into longitudinal fissures, which later on have a spiral twist ; Buds with 2 scales, yellowish-green ; Wood durable ; useful for beams, posts, fences, &c. ; more durable when young, sap-wood soon changing into heart -wood. Supposed to have come from Asia Minor ; probably introduced during Roman occupation ; average age about .500 years ; specimens on Mount Etna 2000-2500 years old. Name Chestnut is short for chesten-nut = nut of the cliesten= M.E. chestei/i, — O.F. chastaigne, — L. castanea, the Chestnut-tree. — Gr. kastanon, chestnut. Sometimes said to be derived from Kastanum, in Thessaly ; more probably from Armenian kaskeid, a chestnut-tree, — kask, a chestnut. BEECH, Fagns sylvatica. Woods, paiks, gardens. April, May. Prefers limy soils, or clays con- taining lime ; requires deep soil to do well. Propagated by seeds in March or April ; transplant when two years old. Floivers greenish-yellow, monoecious, anemophilous ; 3la/e.s on slender, drooping, globose catkins, 1-1+ in. long, usually 4 in a bud, each with about a dozen flowers; Perianth campanulate, 4 7-lobed ; Stamens 8-12, filaments long, anthers yellow, small ; Females in erect catkins with short peduncles, 2-4 in a cupule of imbricated bracts ; Perianth 4-5-tootlied ; Oi^arij 3-celled, styles 8 ; Fruit 2-3 triangular, 1 -seeded nuts (masts) enclosed in a 4-valved bristly, woody, tough, reddish-brown capsule, ripe in October. 168 SWEET CHESTNUT {Castanea mtiva) K A. Female flowers. B. Male catkins. C. Leaf. D. Male (lower. K. Fruit- (3 nuts rncln.se(l in prickly involucre or oupulo). F. Nuls removed from cupule. U. Section of cluster of female llowers. Jl. Female llowers. A-rn LX. SALICINE.^ Leaves ovate-oblong, l^-Sj ins. long, entire or slightly toothed, ciliate, shortly petiolate, acuminate, glossy, silky and yellowish-green when young, deep green when older. Autumn tints yellow, orange, gold, purple, finally a fiery brown. A deciduous tree, 60-130 ft.; Branches with an upward tendency, side spray at acute angles ; Ticigf; smooth, polished ; Bark smooth, leaden-grey ; Buds long, cone shaped, sharp pointed, 18 20 brown, slightly fringed scales whicli are modified stipules ; Wood light brown, hard, close-grained, rather brittle ; used for tools, cabinet- and chair-making, piles, wedges, turnery, carpentry, and fuel. Indigenous in England ; extensively planted throughout Britain ; lives 200-300 years. The English name is derived from the A.S. here, boece, the Beech-tree, so called from the fact that the nuts were eaten (formerly by men, now only by pigs). The Latin name Fagus has somewhat the same meaning, being derived from the Greek phcgos — phugo, to eat. Injurious Insects: — Foliage — Cockchafer {Melolontha vulgaris). Silvery Weevil {Phjjlloljius argentatus), Tree Lackey Moth [Bomhyx neustria). Mottled Umber Moth [Hyt>ernia defoliaria) ; Timber — Wood Leopard Moth {Zeuzera cesculi). Fungoid Pests: — Beech Agaric [Armillaria mucida), Apple Tree Canker ( Xectria ditissima ) . Galls on leaves produced by a Gall-gnat {Hormomyia piligera). Class I Dicotyledons Division IV. . . Incompletce Natural Oudek . . Salicinece Trees or shrubs with watery juice, and alternate, petiolate, and stipulate leaves, stipules scaly and deciduous or foliaceous ; Floxvers dictcious, appearing before leaves, borne in catkins in axils of leaves of previous year ; Perianth 0 : IGl) TREES AND SHRUBS Stamens 2 or many ; Stjilcs usually short or obsolete, stigmas 2-4, often 2-lobed ; Fruit a capsule, 1 -celled, 2-4-valved ; seeds furnished with an arillus of silky hairs. WHITE WILLOW, SalLv alba. Marshes, moist woods and meadows, and banks of streams. April, May. The Willows are propagated by cuttings, 9-15 ins. long, inserted for two-thirds their length in moist soil, October — March ; choice kinds may be budded on the Goat Willow in July, or grafted on the same in March. Flowers dioecious, appearing with leaves ; Catkins erect, sub-sessile, on short, leafy laterals of preceding year's shoots ; Males l|-2 ins. long, l-\ in. diam., cylindrical, lax, often curved ; Stamens 2, free, hairy, anthers yellow, scales greenish-yellow, white-silky above, glands 2 ; Females 2-2^ ins. long, {-^ in. diam. ; Ova?'ij almost sessile, smooth, style short, stigmas short, deeply bifid, recurved, glands 1 or 2 ; Fruit a capsule, ovoid-conic, sessile or sub-sessile, glabrous, pedicel shorter than gland. Leaves alternate, elliptical-lanceolate, finely serrated, lower serratures glandular, acuminate, tapering at base, densely silky when young, glabrous when old, ashy-grey or whitish, never bright green, 2-4 ins. long ; petioles short, glandular ; stipules minute, ovate-lanceolate, pubescent, caducous. Autumn tints yellow and brown. A deciduous tree, 60-80 ft. ; Trunk up to 20 ft. girth ; Bark thick, deeply fissured ; Young twigs slender, supple, not easily detached, silky pubescence at tips, polished, olive-brown, purplish, or yellow ; older twigs orange ; Buds silky, Hattened, small ; Wood light, tough, easily worked ; much used for cricket- bats ; well adapted for a variety of wright-work ; used especially for poles ; much attacked by larva of Goat Moth. Native of Britain ; one form called Huntingdon Willow ; specimen at Haverholme Priory pi-obably 1000 years old. Name Willow from A.S. icelig, wilig, pliancy, willingness. "Rosette" Galls (found on several species of AVillow), consisting of 30-60 aborted leaves, produced by larva of Cecidomi/ia rosaria. 170 -A i E DWARF SALLOW. {Sa/tx repens ) A. Brancli with youni; Catkins, Male. 15. Branch with adult Male Catkins. C. Branch with adult Female Catkins I). Branch with foliage. E. Male flowers. F. Female flower. '■■■ \'^.n^' "':■ SALICINEiE GOLDEN OSIER, Sa/Lv alba, V. vitellina. Osier grounds, lakes-sides. April, INIay. The yellow and red bark makes this a very effective shrub in winter, especially when planted in masses. To obtain the brightest colours the plants should be cut back in February, thus encouraging a growth of vigorous shoots. Floivers dioecious ; Scales linear-lanceolate, acute, fringed at base, longer than pistil ; Ovary sessile, ovate-lanceolate, smooth. Leaves lanceolate, acute, cartilaginous, serrate, smooth above, glaucous and somewhat silky beneath ; stipules minute, lanceolate, smooth, deciduous. A deciduous shrub, cultivated as an Osier ; or tree, 30-40 ft. ; Tivigs pliable, smooth, polished, bright golden-yellow or reddish ; older branches orange ; Bzids small, elongated, flat, silky. Considered by some to be a distinct species. Specific name from L. vitcllus, yolk of an egg, in reference to yellow bark. BUSHY WILLOW, Salix Arbuscula. Scotch mountains. .Tune, July. Flowers di(Ecious, not specially fragrant, appearing before or just after leaves open, lateral, sessile, or on leafy peduncles ; Male catkins ^—1 in. long, ),-?, in. diam. ; Stamens 2, free, glabrous, anthers orange, scales obtuse, spathulate, yellowish to rusty-red, ciliate ; Females, Ovary ovoid-conic, tomentose, pedicel shorter than gland, style long, stigmas often divided, filiform ; Fruit a capsule, sessile, conical, reddish, tomentose, style long, deeply cleft, stigmas thick, notched. Leaves alternate, very variable, ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, finely glandular-serrated, acute or aciuninate, glabrous, dark green and shining above, pale and glaucous beneath, silky wlien young, veins prominent, midrib yellow, J-1.', in. long, \-^ in. broad, petiole short. iVutuum tint yellow. 171 ^^ '^ '« TREES AND SHRUBS A deciduous shrub, 1-2 ft. ; Stem procumbent and rooting, sending up erect, rigid branches ; 2\vigs downy, yellow at first, reddish-brown later. Native of Scotland ; rare. ROUND-EARED SALLOW, Sallx cmrita. Damp copses, moist thickets, and moist places on heaths. April, JNIay. Floivers dioecious, appearing before leaves ; 3Iale catkius ^— f in. long, sessile, ovoid, dense, silky; Stamenfs 2, free, pubescent below, scales velvety both surfaces ; Females |— f in. long, cylindrical, shortly stalked, peduncle villous, stigmas sessile ; Fruit a capsule, ^-4- in. long, oval to oblong, conic, tomentose or pubescent, pedicel 3-5 times as long as gland, style short, stigmas short, emarginate, divaricate. Leaves alternate, variable, obovate, oblong-obovate to sub-rotund, crenate or nearly entire, wavy, slightly revolute, cuneiform below, acute, obliquely cuspidate or obtuse, v.^rinkled, grey-green and downy above, tomentose beneath, reticulate, 1-2 ins. long, ^Ij in. broad ; stipules large, half cordate, persistent. Autumn tint yellow. A deciduous shrub, 2-4 ft. ; Twigs slender, caducous, pubescent at tips, brown, passing to greenish-grey ; Buds red-brown. Common in Britain. Attacked by Goat Willow Rust {Mclampsorafarinosa). WEEPING WILLOW, Salix babuhnica. Kiver-side lawns. Maj^ This graceful tree shows to best advantage on the river-bank or beside some glassy pool, where its pendent boughs may be seen " stooping as if to drink." Flowers unisexual, appearing with leaves or just after, on lateral leafy peduncles ; Male catkins rarely seen, 1-li in. long, l-l in. diam. ; Stamens 2, scales ovate-lanceolate, glabrous ; Females greenish-yellow, slender, compact, shortly curved ; Ovary sessile, ovate, glabrous, style short, stigmas forked, gland broad, rounded ; catkins with males and females mixed occm- ; Fruit a capsule, 172 SALICINE/E .small, sessile, glabrous, oblong, pale green, style short, stigmas emarginate, seldom, if ever, produced in this country. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, finely and sharply serrated, rather obliquely acuminate, glabrous and dark green above, glaucous beneath, 3-0 ins. long, |-1 in. broad; petiole short, \ in., hairy above; stipules minute, semi-lunar, serratulate, caducous. A deciduous tree, 40-70 ft. ; Branches long and slender, hanging down almost perpendicularly, slightly twisted at nodes, pale green ; Ticigs brittle ; Buds very acute. Native of Japan and other parts of Asia ; introduced from Levant. COMMON SALLOW or GOAT WILLOW, Salix Caprea. Woods, thickets, hedges, dry pastures, banks of streams. April, May. Grows well by the sea. Flozvers dioecious, appearing before leaves ; the earliest to flower ; Male catkins sessile, oblong-cylindrical, very stout, 1-14 in. long, golden, very silky, few spathulate scale-like bracts ; Stamens 2, free, glabrous ; Female catkins nodding, lengthening to 3 ins., bracts more leaf-like, hairy, tips black, silvery ; Ovary stalked, stigmas bifid, nearly sessile ; often fertilised by insects ; pedicel 3 times as long as gland ; Fruit a capsule, ^-}^ in. long, downy-white, tapering to long beak ; pedicels slender, as long as scale. Leaves alternate, ovate-elliptical, very variable, entire or crenated, narrowly recurved, acute or acuminate, wrinkled, rough, greyish-green above, cottony beneath, 2-4 ins. long, stipules half-reniform or absent. A deciduous tree, 30 ft. ; or bushy shrub ; Stem erect ; Branches purplish- brown ; Tivigs and Buds downy; Wood tough and elastic, taking fine polish. Native of Britain. Commonly called Saugh. Name Sallow from M.E. sahve, — O. Mer. salh ( A.S. scat//), willow. IMoom called Palm — great favourite of bees and moths. Insects injurious tu IFil/ows: — The larvic of iimumerable Moths feed on VOL, n. 173 Q TREES AND SHRUBS foliage, but not often in such numbers as to be a pest ; larva of more than fifty species of Saw-flies (chiefly of genus N'ematus) also attack foliage, many being Gall-makers. Stems of Sallows bored by larvae of Osier Hornet Clearwing {T'rochiUum crabi-oniforme). Wood bored by Goat Moth (Cossus ligniperda). Grt//*.— I^arge swellings on twigs caused by larva of a Gall-gnat {Cecidomyia salicipei-da) ; I^eaves distorted by larvae of Hormomyia caprea {C. cap?'ea), also galled by a Mite {Eriophyes tetanothrix) ; Pea Galls formed by Ncmatus pedu7icuii and others. Fungoid Pests: — Sulphury Wood Rot {Polyporus siilfm-eus), Sooty Mould {Fumago vagans), Goat Willow Rust {Melampsoi'a farinosa). Willow Leaf Blotch {Rhytisma salicinum). GRAY SALLOW, Salix dnerea. Moist situations. April, May, and again in September. Floxvers dioecious, appearing before leaves ; Catkins less thick and silky than Common Sallow, opening later ; 3Iales, Stamens 2, pubescent at base, anthers pale yellow, scales velvety ; Females, peduncle densely velvety ; Ovary silky, style half as long as scales, stigma short ; Fruit a capsule, small, narrow. Leaves alternate, variable, elliptic-lanceolate to oblong-obovate, undulate, serratulate, acute or shortly acuminate, pubescent above, glaucous, with reddish- brown hairs beneath, venation prominent both surfaces ; petiole pubescent, dilated below, 2-5 ins. long, 1-2 ins. broad ; stipules large, half-reniform, serrated . A deciduous tree, 20-30 ft. ; Stem erect ; Twigs tomentose, passing to smooth, tawny ; Buds large, ovoid, pilose. Native of Britain. Foliage attacked by Willow Leaf -spot (Septoria salicieola) and Goat Willow Rust [Melampsora farinosa). Twigs distorted by larvae of Gall-gnats {Cecidomyia salicis and Agromyza schinei'i). 174 GREAT SALLOW {.Salix Capmi) A. Branch with female catkins. £. Branch with male catkins. C. Female Qower. D. Male flower. Plate LXI. SALICINE^ CRACK WILLOW, Sa/iv fragtlis. Marshes. April, May. Flowers yellow, dicecious, lateral, appearing with leaves ; Male catkins 1-2 ins. long, stout, spreading, stalked, scales glabrous, or hairy on upper side, linear-lanceolate, yellowish-green, entire, deciduous ; Stamens usually 2, distinct, hairy below ; Female catkim I-4— 2J ins. long, slender ; Ovary ovate, smooth, style short, stigma bifid, curved, longer than style, glands 2 ; mixed catkins sometimes occur; F?yiit a capsule, pedicelled, tapering at top, glabrous, or slightly hairy, scales caducous. Leaves alternate, elliptical-lanceolate, glandularly serrated, acuminate or acute, glossy, glabrous, pale or glaucous beneath, slightly silky when young, 3-6 ins. long ; petioles glandular at top ; stipules slightly cordate, very deciduous. Autunm tints yellow and brown. A deciduous t7-ee, 80-90 ft. ; Tiicnk sometimes 20 ft. in girth ; Branches spreading obliquely, liable to become " stag-headed," i.e. dead in top shoots ; Shoots yellow-brown, smooth, polished, frequently crossing, tough and pliant, but easily broken off at base ; Bark- rough, thick, deeply scored, on small twigs very bitter — containing salicine ; Buds pointed, smooth, reddish to deep brown or nearly black ; Wood light, tough, elastic, durable. Indigenous in England, doubtfully so in Ireland and Scotland. Called Red- wood Willow. Specific name from L. frugilis, brittle, referred to in common name of Crack Willow. " Horse-bean galls " found on this and other species, produced by larva; of a Gall-wasp [Nematus gallicola). DWARF WILLOW, AW/m hcrbacca. High mountains. .June. Flozocrs dioecious ; Ma/e catkins \-\ in. long, ovoid, few-fiowered, nearly sessile or on short sub-terminal leafless and pubescent peduncles, appearing after 175 U 2 TREES AND SHRUBS leaves, scales obovate, obtuse, glabrous ; Stamens 2, free, glabrous, anthers yellow-brown or purple; Females ^-\ in. long; Oi'a?-y ovoid-conic, sub-sessile, style short, stigma bifid ; Fi'uit a capsule, sub-sessile, nearly globose, ^ in. long, glabrous or rarely pubescent, style short. Leaves in terminal tufts, very variable, obovate or orbicular, obtuse, finely crenate, curled, reticulation prominent beneath, shining green both sides, glabrous, sometimes silky when young, J-f in. long, !|-* in. wide ; petiole very short ; stipules minute, ovate, or obsolete. Autumn tint yellow. A deciduous shrub, 2-6 ins. ; Stems seldom above 2 ins., creeping under ground, rooting ; Tivigs scantily-leaved ; Bud-scales brown, persistent. The smallest of British shrubs, common at high elevations (2000-4500 ft.) throughout British Isles. WOOLLY BROAD-LEAVED WILLOW, Saha: lauata. Rocky alpine glens in Scotland. May, June. Floivers dioecious, appearing before leaves, terminal, sessile, stout, dense ; Scales obtuse, discolour, with long silky golden-yellow hairs; Stamens 2, glabrous, free ; Ovary sessile, stigmas slender, bifid, divaricate, 1 gland ; Fruit a capsule, tapering, shortly pedicelled, cottony, style very slender, stigmas filiform, notched or bifid. Leaves broadly ovate or obovate, acute, entire, sub-coriaceous, silky wool on both surfaces, golden shimmer, 2-3 ins. long, shortly petiolate, veins prominent, reticulate beneath ; stipules large, half-cordate, entire or glandular serrate. Autumn tint yellow. A deciduous shrub ; Branches twisted, twigs silky ; Buds large, black, hirsute. A i-are species ; conspicuous in spring by its golden catkins. Specific name from L. lanatus — hina, wool. 176 SALICINEi^ DOWNY MOUNTAIN WILLOW, SalLv Lappomm. Scotch mountains. June, July. Flowers dioecious, fragrant, appearing before or with foHage ; 31ale catkins lateral, dense-flowered, sessile or sub-sessile, tomentose, 1-1|- in. long, \ in. diam. ; Stamens 2, free, glabrous, anthers yellow, becoming violet and brown ; scales spathulate. hairy, deciduous ; gland linear-oblong ; Females stalked, few basal leaves ; Ovarii sessile, woolly, style long, stigma divided ; Fruit a capsule, sub-sessile, conical, cottony, \ in. long, style long, stigma filiform, cleft, catkins 1|— 3 ins. long. Leaves alternate, 1-3 ins. long, \-\ in. broad, very variable, elliptical to lanceolate, margins recurved, entire or sinuate, rugose, silky when young, white cottony beneath when old, nearly glabrous and bright green above, reticulation prominent beneath, veins straight, stipules minute or obsolete. Autumn tint yellow. A deciduous shrub, 2-3 ft., or low and scrubby ; Branches stout, brown ; Buds woolly. Native of Scotland ; rare. WHORTLE-LEAVED WILLOW, Salix Miirsimtes. Scotch and Irisla mountains. .Tune, July. Flowers dioecious ; Catkins terminal, on stout leafy peduncles, appearing with the leaves or after ; Males loosely cylindrical, \-\ in. long, \ in. diam. ; Stamens 2, free, glabrous, anthers globose, purple, turning black, scales spathulate, pilose, blackish-purple, disk large ; Females, Ovaiy shortly pedicellate, elongated, reddish or claret-coloured, pubescent, style split, purple-red, stigmas divided ; Fruit a capsule, nearly sessile, hairy or pubescent, \ in. long, catkins 1^-2 ins., stigma thick. Leaves alternate, very variable, lanceolate to ovate, attenuate below, acute or obtuse, entire or finely serrated, glandular, firm, rigid, shining green, veins prominent, reticulate, long silky liairs when young, glabrous when old, ^~\ in. 177 TREES AND SHRUBS long, |-f in. broad ; petiole short ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, serrated, or obsolete. Autumn tint yellow. A deciduous shrub, much branched, closely procumbent, or sometimes rising, \\-'l ins., young shoots with silky pubescence. Native of Britain ; restricted to higher parts of mid-Scotland, and Sligo in Ireland. DARK-LEAVED SALLOW, SalLv nigrkam. River-banks. April — .Time. Floxvers dioecious, appearing before or after leaves ; Male catkins i-l in. long, ovate-cylindrical, erect, sub-sessile ; Stamens 2, free, 3 times as long as scales, scales linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, pilose, red below, brown tips ; Females lax, slender, style long ; Fruit a capsule, narrowly conical, glabrous or tomentose, pedicel and style slender, stigma bifid, spreading. Leaves alternate, very variable, ovate-elliptical to obovate, entire or crenate- serratulate, acute or shortly acuminate, attenuate, rounded or cordate below, pubescent when young, afterwards glabrous above, glabrous or glaucous beneath, reticulate, blackening when dried, thin, 1|— 4 ins. long, ^-2 ins. broad ; petiole velvety pubescent ; stipules half-cordate or obsolete. Autumn tint yellow. A deciduous s/irub, or small t?-ce, 10 ft. ; Tzvigs velvety, purple-black or olive when young, afterwards smooth, shining, purple-black ; Buds- convex, velvety. Native of Britain. Closely allied to jS. p//i//icif'o/ia, perhaps only a form of it. Also called Black Willow. BAY WILLOW, S'a/i.r pentandra. Banks of rivers and streams, damp open woods, especially in hilly districts. May, .lune. A valuable tree, with broad shining foliage resembling that of the Portugal I^aurel ; Avell suited for planting in masses by lake or pond. Floioers dioecious, appearing with foliage, fragrant ; Male catki/is 1 j-2 ins. long, ?, ;,' in. diam.. cylindrical, dense, erect, shortly pedunculate ; Stamens usually 178 SALICINE^ 5, may be 4-12, hairy below, anthers large, yellow, glands 2, scales oblong, yellowish-green, ciliate, caducous ; Females \-'2\ ins. long, \-\ in. diam. ; Ovary sub-sessile or shortly pedicellate, cylindroid-conic, glabrous, style short, divided, stigma bifid, yellow, glands 2 6 ; Fruit a capsule, ovoid-conic, pedicelled, glabrous, yellowish-green, J ] in. long, style short. Leaves alternate, very variable, 1-4 ins. long, 1-2 ins. broad, elliptic-ovate to obovate-lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, finely glandular-serrate, acuminate, thick, glabrous, dark shining green, paler and reticulate beneath, viscid wlien young, fragrant with I.aurel-like odour, midrib yellow ; petiole short, glandular at summit ; stipules ovate-oblong, glandular, caducous, or obsolete. Autumn tint yellow. A deciduous sliruh, G-8 ft. ; or small tree, 8-20 ft., erect ; 7\vigs glabrous, polished, greenish-brown ; Buds erect, ovoid, polished brown, base greenish. Native of North Wales, the Midlands, and North England ; planted in South Scotland ; rare in Ireland ; the latest flowering. Known as Five-stamened Willow {Gr. pente, five ; aner, andros, a male). TEA-LEAVED WILLOW, Salir pinjimfolia. Woods, thickets, waste places near mountain streams. April, May. Flowers dioecious, appearing with the leaves ; Male catkins sessile or sub- sessile, ovoid to cylindrical, '-1 in. long, i-f in. broad ; Stamens 2, free, glabrous, anthers yellow, changing to rosy, scales linear-oblong, acute, black, hairy ; Females %-l\ in. long, ^-^ in. broad ; Ovary ovoid-conic, tomentose, style long, stigmas thick, bifid, pedicel shorter than gland ; Fruit a capsule, shortly pedicellate, l~\ in. long, glabrous, silky or cottony, valves re volute, catkins 1-2 ins. long. Leax!cs alternate, very variable, elliptic-lanceolate to ovate or obovate, acute or acuminate, entire or crenate, often downy when young, glabrous when old. not wrinkled, shining green above, bluish-glaucous beneath, venation prominent on upper surface, not turning black when dried, 1-2;^ ins. long, j-lf in. broad; petiole short, villous ; stipules sinall, lanceolate, or absent. 17!> TREES AND SHRUBS A deciduous shrub, n-10 ft. ; Branches twiggy, glabrous, shining, olive-green, chestnut, or reddish ; Buds convex, obtuse, silky pubescent, greenish-orange or yellow. Native of Britain ; found in Scotland, North England, and North Ireland : many varieties are found, and are sometimes considered as distinct species. PURPLE OSIER, SalLv purpurea. Marshy places, river-banks, osier beds. March — Maj'. Flowers dioecious, lateral on branches of preceding year, appearing before leaves ; Male cntkivs sub-sessile, erect, then spreading or recurved, cylindrical, dense, seldom 1 in. long ; Stamens united into an entire filament, or filament forked, witli a purple-red anther on each bi-anch, scales short, obtuse, green at base, reddish in middle, tipped with purple, brown, or black, hairy or woolly both surfaces ; Females, Ovary sessile, or on pedicel shorter than gland, ovoid, blunt, tomentose, style short or absent, stigmas slender, ovate, purple-red, becoming black ; mixed catkins occur ; Fruit a capsule, ^-^ in. long, broadly ovoid, obtuse, sessile or on pedicel not longer than gland, valves spreading, style short, stigmas entire or cleft. Leaves sub-opposite, variable, oblong to linear-lanceolate, or oblong-ovate to obovate-lanceolate, entire at base, upper part eglandular serratulate, glabrous, shining green above, usually somewhat glaucous with bluish bloom beneath, few silky hairs, especially when young, 3-6 ins. long, petioles short, stipules half- ovate or absent. Autumn tints brown to black. A deciduous slirub, 5-10 ft. ; Txdgs erect, long, slender, tougii, glabrous, yellow, green, red, or purple ; Buds sub-opposite, long, narrow, fiat, red-violet or shining red to purple-black, one scale, easily detached. A doubtful native ; fairly common over England, Ireland, and South Scotland. " American " Weeping Willow is a form of this. 180 ASPEN. (Po/>iiliis tyeiini/a.) n SALICINE^ DWARF SILKY WILLOW, Salix repens. Heaths and commons. April, ]May. Flowers dicecious, appearing with leaves ; Male catkhis cylindrical-oblong or ovate, J— I in. long, j-J in. diam., erect, sessile or sub-sessile, with foliaceous bracts ; Stamens 2, free, filament long, glabrous, anther ovoid, yellow, turning to black after dehiscence, scales spathulate or obovate, yellowish-green or purple, with dark tips, dense long velvety hairs ; Females \-^ in. long, l-^, in. diam. ; Ovary pedicellate, conoid, silky or glabrous, style short, stigmas yellow, rosy or purple, entire or split, diverging or not ; Fruit a capsule, 3J times as large as gland, pedicelled, usually silky, catkins 1 in. long. Leaves alternate, very variable, oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, or elliptic to ovate, 1-li in. long, 1-J in. broad, margins entire or serratulate, recurved, obtuse or acute, glabrous and dark green above, silky beneath, or sometimes both sides : petiole short ; stipules minute, lanceolate, or obsolete. Autumn tints yellow and brown. A deciduous shrub; Stems ascending 1-3 ft., or procumbent, creeping under ground and rooting at base ; Young shoots and leaf-buds densely silky white. Common in all parts of British Isles. Some botanists make many varieties, each with minor characteristics. OSIER, Salix viminalis. Wet places, osier beds. April, June. Flowers dioecious, appearing before leaves ; Male catkins |-1 in. long, ^-f in. broad, sessile, cylindrical; Stamens 2, free, glabrous, anthers golden-yellow, scales obovate, silky, brown, gland slender ; Females ^— J in. broad, sub-sessile ; Ovary sub-sessile, ovoid-conic, silky, style hnear, stigma yellow, deeply bifid; Fruit a capsule, sessile or shortly pedicelled, tapering, base broad, downy, stigmas rarely bifid, valves widely divaricate. 181 TREES AND SHRUBS Leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate, tapering both ends, acuminate, entire or obscurely serrated, wavy, revolute, glabrous and grey-green above, silvery silky or grey tomentose beneath, venation prominent above, midrid often orange ; petiole very short, 4-10 ins. long, \-\^ in. broad ; stipules lanceolate, sometimes glandular serrated, caducous. Autumn tint yellow. A deciduous shrub, or small tree, 30 ft. ; Braiu^hes long, straight, twiggy, velvety when young, afterwards polished, greenish -yellow, olive, and brown ; Buds small, thin, narrow. Native of Britain ; the most commonly cultivated Osier. Specific name = twiggy (L. vimen, a twig, an osier, a pliant twig for plaiting or binding). Attacked by Willow Leaf-spot {Septoria salicicola) and Crack Willow Rust {Melampsora epitea). Margins of leaves rolled by larvte of a Gall-gnat {Cecidomyia marginem- torquens). RETICULATE WILLOW, Salix reticulata. Scotch mountains. Jime — August. Floivers dioecious, appearing after leaves ; 31ale catkins cylindrical, lax- flowered, on rather long, leafless peduncles at ends of short branches opposite to last leaf, downy, |— J in. long, \ in. diam. ; Stamens 2, free, glabrous, anthers red-violet or purplish ; glands disk-like and slit, or bifid ; scales small, obovate, purple or brown, villous inside, ciliate ; Feinales ^--| in. long, | in. diam. ; Ovary sessile, ovoid, obtuse, white tomentose, style very short, often split, stigmas short, thick, purple-red, often bifid ; Fruit a capsule, sessile, obtuse, purple, cottony, J in. long, stigma notched. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, |-1| in. long, ^-1 in. broad, very variable, obovate to orbicular, firm, entire or waved, obtuse or slightly retuse, glabrous, shining green, and rugose above, glaucous beneath, reticulation prominent both surfaces, young leaves silky ; petiole long and slender, channelled, pubescent at base, reddish. Autumn tint yellow. A deciduous shrub ; Stem woody, murli branched, prostrate, often spreading, 182 Plate LXH. CRACK WILLOW {^Salix fmjiUs) A. Branch, with female catkins. B. Single female flower. C. Single male flower, D. Male catkin. E. Capsule open, liberating one of seeds. I 1 SALICINEi^ rising only a few inches above ground ; Branches 2-8 ins. long, tortuous, sparingly leafy, glabrous or hairy when young ; Buds few, 2-4, terminal. Native of Britain ; confined to loftiest Scotch mountains. Attacked by Goat Willow Rust {3Iela7npsora far-inosa). Specific name refers to the prominent netted veins on the leaf (L. reticulum, diminutiv^e of 7-ete, a net). ALMOND-LEAVED WILLOW, Salia^ triandra. Banks of rivers and streams, and osier beds. April — June. Floicers yellow, dioecious, on lateral, short shoots appearing with leaves ; 3Iale catkins oblong-ovate, slender, 1-3 ins. long, shortly pedunculate, scales glabrous, ciliate, persistent, disk 2 glands ; Stamens 3, long, anthers golden, filaments hairy ; Females lj-2f ins. long, I in. diam. ; Ovary pedicellate, oblong, smooth, stigmas sessile, thick, diverging, 1 gland ; Fruit a 2-vaIved capsule, glabrous, pedicelled, style thick, short. Leaves alternate, linear or oblong-lanceolate, serrated, acuminate, glabrous, tough, sub-coriaceous, gi'een above, glaucous beneath, midrib prominent, 2-4 ins. long ; petiole short, glabrous, grooved ; stipules large, slightly cordate, pointed, toothed, persistent. Autumn tint yellow. A deciduous tree, 20-30 ft. ; Bark in flakes ; Tivigs glabrous, terete, easily snapped above articulation ; produces long stout shoots when stumps cut down, nmch used for wicker-work ; Buds elongated, flat at apex, smooth. Of frequent occurrence in England, Scotland, and Ireland. Known as French Willow and Three-stamened Osier (Gr. treis, tria, three ; a/icr, andros, a male). BEDFORD WILLOW, Salix viridis. Woods. JNIay, .Tune. Grows well in cold upland situations. Flozvers dicccious ; Qifki/ts on short, leafy, lateral branches, spreading or recurved, cyhndrical, dense in flower, lax in fruit ; Ovarij tapering, stalked, longer than scales, style as long as stigmas. Leaves lanceolate-elliptic, petioles sometimes glandular, attenuated at base. 183 TREES AND SHRUBS acuminate, or equally attenuated at each end, glandular-serrated, glabrous, glaucous beneath, young ones silky, 4 ins. long, | in. broad. A deciduous tree, 30-50 ft. ; Branches long, straight, slender, young branches downy ; Timgs green, flexible, glabrous ; growth very rapid ; salicine abundant ; Bark used for tanning ; Wood said to be more valuable than any other species, light, tough, elastic, unlikely to crack or split, uninflammable. Called Bedford Willow after Francis, Duke of Bedford, who first brought it into notice. Synonymous with S. Russelliana. By some considered a hybrid between S. fragilis and S. alba. GREAT WHITE POPLAR, Populm alba. Moist woods, borders of streams. INIarch. April. Prefers open soil, well exposed to air and sunlight. Does well in smoky towns, and in poor sandy soil. The Poplars are propagated by cuttings of firm shoots, 8 ins. long, in ordinary soil outdoors, October or November ; layering of shoots in October ; suckers. October— February ; seeds in ordinary soil in moist border in autumn. Flowers dicecious, anemophilous, terminal on dwarf shoots ; 3£alc catkins 2-4 ins. long, drooping, membranous, very deciduous, scales jagged, hairy ; Perianth (or inner united scales) a small, flat, oblique cup; Stamens about 8, anthers purple; Females shorter, dense ; Ovary 1 -celled, placentation parietal, styles 0, stigmas 2, bipartite, segments linear, yellow ; Fruit a small oval, glabrous, recurved capsule, opening in 2 reflexed valves ; seeds small, black, oval, with a tuft of long silky hairs, ripe in .June. Leaves alternate, very variable, roundish cordate, those of young shoots 5-lobed, acute, margin sinuate, upper surface smooth, underside white and cottony, 1-3 ins. long, 2J ins. broad, shed early ; petioles slender, flattened from sides. Autumn tints dark brown. A deciduous ti-ee, 60-100 ft. ; Branches spreading, slender, rod-like, with upward tendency ; growth rapid ; Bark smooth, light grey or ash-coloured, young shoots hairy ; Buds cottony, not viscid ; suckers freely produced, bearing lobcd and toothed leaves, 2-4 ins. broad ; Wood white, soft, light, not easily 184 SALICINEi^ splitting when nailed ; does not easily burn ; used for utensils and trays, paling rails, and general carpentry. Very generally planted, and probably indigenous. Name Poplar from O.F. poplicr, F. peuplie?- ; L. popuhim, ace. o? popidus, 'a poplar. Also known as Abele; said to be derived from Aheel, the Dutch name of the tree ; said by some to take its name from Arbela, in plains of -Nineveh. Injurions Insects : — Foliage — Red Spider {Acarus telcvrius) ; Wood — Goat Moth {Cossus ligniperdu); innumerable moth-larvae feed on leaves. Fungoid Pest : — Sulphury AVood Rot {Polyporus sidfvreus). BALSAM POPLAR, Popnlus bahamifera. River banks, moist places. March, April. Best not exposed, owing to brittle character of the branches. Flowers dioecious ; Male catkins, disk oblique ; Stamens 20-30, filaments short, anthers red; Females lengthening to 4-5 ins., disk cup-shaped; Ovary ovate, 2-lobed, stigmas 2, sub-sessile, lobes broad ; Fruit a capsule, 2-valved, ovate-oblong, acute, often curved, light brown, shortly pedicelled. Leaves alternate, oval, approaching lanceolate, acuminate or acute, finely crenately serrated, revolute, upper side yellow-green, smooth, underside whitish, 3-.5 ins. long, \\~Z ins. broad, very fragrant, expand very early; petioles terete. A deciduous tree, 40-70 ft. ; Branches round, stout, erect, contorted at extremities, very brittle ; Txvigs red-brown and orange to grey tinged yellow- green ; Buds large, ovate, covered with fragrant resin, scales brown, shining ; Wood comparatively worthless, light brown. Introduced from N. America, 1692. Leaves attacked by Black Poplar Rust {Mclampsora populina). vol,. 11. 18.5 TREES AND SHRUBS ONTARIO POPLAR, Populus bahamifera, v. candicans. Parks, gardens. March, April. Best in moist situations, as on margins of lakes. Floxvers dioecious ; Stamens 20-30, red ; Fruit a 2-valved capsule. Leaves alternate, more or less cordate, broader than P. baJsamifera, acute, coarsely glandularly serrate, ciliate, pubescent when young, and later along principal veins, underside pale, 7 ins. long, 5 ins. wide ; petioles usually hairy. A deciduous tree, 50-70 ft. ; broad and open head ; Branches spreading, some- what brittle ; Buds pointed, viscid, scales red-brown ; growth rapid ; Ba?-/x greyish ; JFood heavier than the type. Naturalised in some parts of Northern U.S.A. and Canada ; very commonly planted in Britain. Also called Balm of Gilead. Name candicans presumably refers to the hoary appearance of tlie under surface of the leaves. GREY POPLAR, Populus cancscens. Moist woods in S. England, parks, gardens. March, April. Propagated by suckers. Flowers dioecious ; 31ale catkins dense, scales obovate-cuneate, incised, ciliate, bright brown; Stamens 4-12; Females, Styles 2, stigmas purple or greenish, 2-8 lobed, wedge-shaped ; Fruit a capsule. Leaves alternate, roundish cordate, thin, toothed, waved, grey-cottony or glabrous beneath, leaves of young shoots entire, those of young suckers cut into angles and teeth. A deciduous tree, 80-90 ft. ; Shoots and buds cottony ; Wood not liable to split. Indigenous in S. England. A supposed hybrid between P. alba and P. tremida. Possible age one hundred years. Shoots distorted by silvery-white galls, the work of Hedya aceriana. 186 BLACK rOPLAR {r<>j>ii/.iis „i,/r,i) J. Foliage. VJ. Male catkin. C. Young fein.ile catkin. 7). Jlafnve female catkin. A. Male Uower. P. Female flower (longitudinal section). I'LATK LXIII. SALICINEi^ COTTONWOOD, Popnhs ddtoidea. March, April. Flovcers dioecious ; Male catkins dense, 3-4 ins. long, \ in. diam., disk oblique, revolute ; Stamens 60 or more, filaments short, anthers dark red ; Females lax, lengthening to 12 ins., disk cup-shaped; Ovary sub-globose, stigmas 3-4, sub-sessile, dilated or lobed ; scales scarious, light brown, glabrous, filiform lobes ; Fruit a capsule, 3-4-valved, oblong-ovate, pitted. Leaves alternate, broadly deltoid-ovate, acuminate, truncate, slightly cordate or cuneate at base, coarsely crenately serrate, teeth glandular, thick, firm, pubescent when young, fragrant, 3-5 ins. long and broad, bright shining green, paler beneath ; petioles slender, laterally compressed, 2\-S\ ins. long, stout. A deciduous tree, 150 ft. ; Branches large, pendulous at extremities, on young trees nearly erect above, spreading almost at right angles below ; branchlets terete or angled ; Bark on old trunks somewhat rough, ashy-grey or yellow tinged with green on young stems ; Buds ovate, acute, resinous, scales brown. Native of North America. CANADIAN POPLAR, Populus moniUfera. River banks, moist places. March, April. Resists smoke and chemical fumes. The wood is short grained, and the tree hable to be damaged in stormy weather. " The male displays a vigour and attains to a size which the female never equals, and is for this reason frequently looked upon as belonging to a different species, and has become known as the Virginian or the Swiss Poplar." — The Garden. Flowers dioecious, appearing before leaves ; Male catkins sessile, glabrous, 5 ins. long, ^ in. diam. ; Stamens 20-30, anthers red ; scales triangular, yellow, incised, ciliate ; Females 2-3 ins. long ; Ovary stalked, globose, stigmas usually 4, sessile, deeply lobed, reflexed ; scales very caducous; Fruit a capsule, globoid, naked, 3-4-valved, catkins up to 10 ins. long. 187 R 2 TREES AND SHRUBS Leaves alternate, on young plants and suckers cordate, 7-8 ins. long and wide ; those on older trees about \ the size, commonly without sinuses, crenate, with obtuse teeth. A deciduous tree, 120-150 ft. ; very erect, rapid in growth ; Brcmches acutely angled or winged. Native of N. America ; introduced to Europe 1769, and to England from the Continent 1772. Probably a variety of P. nigra ; given in Kew Hand-list as synonymous with P. canadensis and P. deltoidea. Called Necklace Poplar from the fact that the female catkins resemble a string of beads ; also sometimes called Black Italian Poplar. BLACK POPLAR, Popuhs nigra. River banks and moist places. March, April. Will grow in damp, boggy soil and on exposed sites. Flowers dioecious, appearing before leaves ; Male catkins lax, pendulous, dark red, 2-3 ins. long, drooping, scales hairy at tips; Stametis 12-30, usually 8, anthers purple ; Female catkins shorter, not drooping, greenish, cylindrical, 4 ins. long; Ovary ovoid-conic, stigmas 2, sessile, 2-8-lobed at apex, lobes short and broad, yellow ; Frnit a capsule, ovoid, J in. long, glabrous, pedicelled, 2 valves, recurved, widely divaricating ; seeds cottony, ripe in May. Leaves alternate, nearly triangular, crenated, teeth small, acuminate, thick, tough, green on both sides, glabrous beneath, rhombic, silky and ciliate in young state, 1-4 ins. long, 2 ins. broad ; petioles slender, compressed, 1^2 ins. long. A deciduous tree, erect, 50-80 ft. ; Branches large, massive, ascending, smaller ones ramifying, greenish-white, young shoots smooth, shining yellow or light bronze ; Bark dark ash-grey, with large swellings, yellowish on young trees; Buds very viscid, sharp-pointed, thick, yellowish ; Suckers rarely produced ; rapid in growth; Wood white, soft, tough, not easily split; used for carving and charcoal ; bark for tanning. Not indigenous, but long naturalised. 188 SALICINEiE Leaves attached by Black Poplar Rust {3Ielampsora populina) and Poplar- leaf Blister {2\iphrina aurea). Large green and pinkish galls on petioles produced by an Aphis {Pemphigus bursa7-ius). LOMBARDY POPLAR, Populus nigra, V. pijramidalis. Parks, gardens, hedges. March, April. It is characterised by rapid growth and early decay. Trees in England almost invariably bear male catkins only ; Stamens 12-20. Leaves resembling P. nigra ; young leaves glabrous. A deciduous tree, 100-150 ft. ; Branches growing straight upwards, giving a spire-like shape, young shoots smooth ; growth very rapid ; Barh rough, deeply furrowed ; Buds viscid ; Wood tough and light, of little value ; trees often unsound, though apparently healthy, and liable to fall without warning. Native of Asia ; thought to be a variety of P. nigra ; introduced to England from Italy by Lord Rochford in 1758, and planted near the priory of St. Osytli, not far from Clacton-on-Sea. Syn. P. fastigiata, from \j. fastigiatus, sloping up to a point, — -fastigo, to make pointed. ASPEN, Populus tremula. Moist woods, gardens. March, April. Flowers dioecious ; Catkins sub-sessile, curved, dense, cylindrical, 2-3 ins. long, scales ciliate, with jagged edges ; Stamens 6-12, anthers purple-red ; Stigmas 2, deeply bifid, purple-red, arms radiating crosswise ; Fruit a capsule, stalked, greenish-brown, valves recurved, catkin 5 ins. long. Leaves scarcely cordate, nearly orbicular or rhomboidal, small, often not 1 in. broad, 1— t ins. long, irregularly and rather coarsely sinuate, with incurved teeth, acute, thin in texture, underside glabrous and sometimes pale, but not cottony ; petiole slender, causing constant trembling ; leaves on suckers cordate, entire, acute. A deciduous tree, 40-80 ft. ; Branvhes slender, spreading, compressed ; shoots 189 TREES AND SHRUBS downy, generally reddish ; Bai-k grey, smooth ; Buds pubescent, not viscid ; Suckers numerous, pubescent ; JFood white, soft, not very useful ; employed for paper-pulp. Heartwood begins to decay after about 50 years, often hastened by larvje of Goat Moth and Wood Leopard Moth. Indigenous throughout British Isles ; somewhat slow of growth. Galls on petioles produced by larvae of Diplosis t?~e?tmlce, a Gall-gnat. Name Aspen from A.S. fesjJC, ceps, the Aspen-tree. AMERICAN ASPEN, Populus tremuloides. March, April. Floicers didecious ; Male catkins 1J-2J ins. long; Stamens 6-12, inserted on disk, disk oblique, entire, scales acute, 3-5-lobed, hairy ; Females lengthening to 4 ins. ; Ovai-y conical, nearly sessile in bottom of crenate disk, style short, thick, stigmas 2, erect, club-shaped, each 2 linear diverging lobes ; Fruit a 1 -celled, 2-valved capsule, oblong-conical, green. Leaves alternate, ovate or nearly orbicular, acute, glandular, serrate, thin, firm, glabrous, dark shining green above, pale yellow-green below, l-J-2 ins. long and broad ; petioles slender, laterally compressed. A deciduous tree, 20-50 ft. ; Branches slender, often contorted, pendulous at extremities, glabrous ; Tivigs red-brown to grey ; Bark thin, pale, roughened ; Buds conical, acute, resinous, scales red-brown, glabrous ; Wood light brown. Native of North America. Class I Dicotyledons Division W. . . . Incompletce Natural Ordeh . . . Empetracece Heath-like evergreen shrubs, with alternate, exstipulate leaves, and small, regular, unisexual axillary flowers ; Perianth of 4-G persistent scales, in 2 whorls, often considered as sepals and petals ; Stamens 2-3, alternate with petals, hypogynous ; Ovarij 2-9-celled ; Fruit a drupe, with 2-9 bony, 1 -seeded stones. 100 EMPETRACEi^ CROWBERRY, Empetrum mgrum. Mountain heaths, bogs, gardens. May, June. Thrives in damp peaty soil. Propagated by cuttings in sandy peat under bell-glass, June — August. Floivers purple, dioecious, minute, sessile, in the axils of the upper leaves ; Perianth of G segments, in 2 whorls, scale-like ; Sepals (the outer whorl) rounded, concave, entire ; Petals sub-spathulate, scarious, reHexed, hypogynous ; Stamens 3, alternate with petals, hypogynous, exserted, filaments long, anthers red ; Ovary superior, on fleshy hypogynous disk, 6-9-celled, globose, style short, stigma with 6-9 radiating arms ; Fruit a fleshy drupe, globose, J- J in. long, brownish-black or purple, edible, 2-9 bony, 1-seeded stones. Leaves in whorls of 3-4, or crowded and alternate at the tips of shoots, linear, linear-oblong or acicular, \~\ in. long, sub-sessile, semi-terete, revolute, margins recurved to midrib, glabrous or slightly ciliate and coriaceous, shining green above, paler beneath, with whitish midrib. An evergreen shrub, 6-18 ins. ; Stem procumbent, much branched, glabrous ; Branches slender, wiry, spreading, trailing, red-brown. Native of British Isles. Generic name from Gr. eii pet7'on ; en, upon, petros, a rock, from growing in stony places. Also called Crakeberry. It is the badge of the clan M'l^ean in Scotland. Class II Monocotyledons Division I Petaloidce Natural Order . . . LiliacecB Usually herbs, sometimes frutescent and arborescent ; Leaves usually narrow, flowers showy ; Perianth usually 6-partite in two series, rarely 4, 8, or 10 segments; Stamens 6, hypogynous or epiphyllous. anthers usually introrse ; Ovarij superior, 3-celled, placentation axile ; Fruit a capsule or berry, usually 3-celled. 191 R 3 TREES AND SHRUBS An Order of nearly 200 genera and about 2500 species. Distinguislied by the 3-celled, superior ovary and the 6 stamens with introrse anthers. COMMON BUTCHER'S BROOM, Rusms acukatus. Copses, woods, gardens. February — April. The bright red berries make this an ornamental shrub in autumn. It will thrive under the shade of trees where little else will flourish. Pruning should l)e done in April. Propagated by suckers, September or October ; division of roots in October. Floxvers greenish, dioecious, 1-2, borne on a pedicel arising from axils of minute scales — the true leaves, but apparently sessile on the middle or margin of broad, flat, leaf-like branches {cladodes). The true upper surface on which the flowers rest is usually turned downwards by a twist at base. Perianth \ in. diam., of 6 segments, spreading, inner ones smaller ; Males on narrower cladodes ; Stamens 3, filaments connate in a short column, anthers sessile ; Females, stamens sterile ; Ovary 3-celled, superior, style short, stigma capitate ; Fruit a globose, succulent berry, bright red or rarely yellow, ^ in. diam., usually 1-ceIled, sometimes 3-celled, 2 seeds in each cell. Leaves (cladodes) alternate, ovate, acuminate, mucronate (spinescent), rigid, parallel-veined, ^-1^ in. long, coriaceous, pungent. An evergreen shrub, 1-2 ft. ; Stem much branched, tufted, erect, stout, rigid, angled, green, young shoots scaly. Native of England and S. Wales ; naturalised in Scotland and Ireland ; the only woody Monocotyledon indigenous in Britain. Specific name L. actdeatus = prickly, pointed, sharp, — acidens, a prickle, — acus, a needle, — acies, a sharp point. DOUBLE TONGUE, Ruscus Hypophyllum. Gardens. May, June. A valuable shrub for shady spots. Floxvers 5-G, in an umbel, in middle of under surface of lower cladodes ; Fruit a berry. 192 BUTCHER'S BROOM. {Ruse IIS actilea/iis.) LILIACE^ Leaves [cladodes) oblong or oblong-lanceolate, upper ones alternate, lower ones opposite, ternate or verticillate, distinctly ribbed, 3-5 ins. long, rigidly coriaceous. An evergreen shrub, 1-1^ ft. Native of JNIediterranean region; introduced 1G40. li. Hijpoglossum is thought to be a form of this species, having the flowers on the upper side of the cladode. ALEXANDRIAN LAUREL, Damva Laurus. H Gardens. May. 'J'his does well in sheltered gardens near the sea. The graceful leafy stems will last several weeks if cut and placed in water indoors. Floxoers greenish-yellow, hermaphrodite, in a terminal raceme ; Fruit a berry, red. Leaves {cladodes) alternate, oblong-lanceolate, acute, rounded at base, glabrous, lucid green, .sessile, rigidly coriaceous, 2 ins. long. An evergreen shrub, 4 ft. Native of Portugal ; introduced 1739. Syn. Ruscits raccmosus. NARROW-LEAVED YUCCA, Yucca angustifoUa. Gardens. July, August. This is well suited for sunny nooks and rock- work. The Yuccas are all hardy, but do best in sunshine and loamy soil. They are propagated by cuttings of roots in sand in bottom heat in spring ; offsets or suckers in March or April ; division in March. Flowers white, greenish outside, campanulate, in a terminal panicle or simple j-aceme, 3-5 ft. long, branches ascending, pedicels ^—1 in. long, stout, erect ; Pcriauth segments oblong, acute, 2-2.^ ins. long, |— 1^ in. broad ; Stjilc short, stigmas shorter than ovary ; Fruit a capsule, 2-3 ins. long, 1 in. diam., 6-sided ; seeds very flat, | in. broad. Leaves 100 or more, in a dense rosette, linear, pungent, pointed, channelled 193 TREES AND SHRUBS above, rigid, thick, smooth, pale green, 1^-3 ft., long, J-J in. wide, margins pale reddish-brown, copiously filamentose, threads 4 ins. long. An evergreen shrub, nearly stemless, 3 ft. Introduced from Western N. America, 1811. SILK GRASS, Vucca filanientosa. Gardens. June — August. A very distinctive and attractive species, with a rosette habit. Floivei's white tinged with green ; Panicle rhomboid, much branched, 4 8 ft. long, branches flexuous, ascending, 6 ins. long, pedicels drooping, ^-\ in. long ; Perianth segments oblong or oblong-lanceolate, li-2^ ins. long ; Stigmas slender, shorter than ovary ; Fruit a capsule, oblong, 1^-2 ins. long, f in. diam. Leaves 30-50, in a dense rosette, outer ones spreading, central ones erect or sliglitly curved, ensiform, acuminate, firm, apple-green, slightly glaucous, lJ-2^ ft. long, l|-2 ins. broad, margins whitish with grey filaments 2-3 ins. long. An evergreen shrub, stemless or nearly so, 2 ft. ; Suckers freely prod uced. Introduced from N. America, 1675. ADAM'S NEEDLE, Yucca gloriosa. Gardens, lawns. July, August. The hardiest and most popular of the Yuccas ; it sometimes bears blossoms in mild winters. Flowers white, tinged with red, green, or purple, campanulate, lj-2^ins. long, 8|-4 ins. diam., eiitomophilous, in a panicle, 4-9 ft. long, of perhaps 250 blossoms, branches 1-1 i ft. long, glabrous or pubescent, pedicels 4-12 ins. long, bracts small ; Perianth of 6 segments, in two series, slightly united at base, thin, ovate, acute ; Stamens 6, in two series, as long as ovary, filaments fleshy, Iiispid or papillose, slightly 3-lobed, anthers deeply emarginate, attached at back ; Ovarij superior, 3-celled, 6-sided, nectar-glands between partitions, narrowed towards apex, stigma 3-lobed ; Fruit baccate, seldom produced. 194 ADAM'S NEEDLE {Ywr.a ,j/orw.sa) /I. Tree, with flower spikes in bud. Ji. Flower, open. f. Flower in usual half-closed state. IK Fruit dehiscing Plate LXIV. GRAMINEt^ Leaves 100 or more, in a dense rosette, 1^-3 ft. long, 2-3 ins. broad, gradually narrowed above the broad clasping base, widest near middle, thin, flat, or concave towards apex, rigid, erect, pungent pointed, serrulate towards base, teeth deciduous, scabrous at back, dull green, often glaucous, margins red-brown. An evergreen shrub, or small tree, 4-6 ft. ; few branches ; Bark smooth, light grey. First plants said to have been received by Gerarde from the AVest Indies, 1593. Also called JMound Lily. Class II Monocotyledons Division II Nudiflorce Natural Ordeu . . . Graminece Usually herbaceous plants, rarely suffrutescent or arborescent ; Stems fistular, septated at nodes ; Leaves alternate, narrow, with a ligule at base of blade, and a sheath forming a tube enclosing the stem ; Flozveis usually hermaphrodite, seldom moncecious (as in Maize), mostly arranged in a panicle or spike, bearing spikelets enclosed by bracts or glumes ; Perianth absent or represented by scales ; Stamens 1-6 or more, usually 3, anthers versatile; Ovary superior, 1 -celled stigmas 1-3 ; Fruit a caryopsis. GREAT REED, Arundo Dona.v. Gardens. September, October. Requires protection during winter in colder counties. Flowers reddish, ultimately whitish, in a compact payiicle, 12-16 ins. long, of numerous spikelets enveloped in silky hairs and containing 2 or more perfect florets, florets awned, lower palea entire ; Fruit a caryopsis, free from palea. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, acute, entire, glaucous green, arching. A hardy ornamental grass, 10-12 ft. Native of S. Europe, Egypt, and Asia; introduced 1648. 10.5 TREES AND SHRUBS Group Gymnospermce Natural Order . . . Coniferce Trees or slirubs, usually resinous, with rigid, linear, subulate or scale-like leaves; Flowers monoecious or dioecious, without perianth; 31ales (in catkins) of numerous closely-packed scales, bearing two or more anther-cells ; Females (cones) of ovuliferous scales and bract-scales ; ovules and seeds naked, either concealed by scales or solitary and exposed. MAIDEN-HAIR TREE, Ginkgo biloba. Parks, gardens. April, May. The glossy green fan-shaped leaves, cut up like some of the species of Adiantum Ferns, make this a very distinctive tree. It does well in smoky towns. Propagated by seeds sown in pans of light sandy soil in cold frame, October or March. Flowers dioecious; Male catkins axillary, slender, sessile, yellow, H in. long; Females solitary or terminal clusters, foot-stalks long ; Fruit drupaceous, globular or ovate, 1 in. diam., light green or yellowish fleshy pulp, edible, sweet ; seed globular, hard bony shell. Leaves clustered on branchlets, distinct and alternate on young shoots, broadly fan-shaped, cuneate at base, 2-4-lobed, lobes toothed or irregularly notched, resembling Maiden-hair Fern, flat, coriaceous, glabrous, margins thickened, numerous parallel nerves ; foot-stalk as long as blade, yellowish-green, glabrous, glossy. A deciduous tree, 60-80 ft. ; Branches alternate, mostly ascending or hori- zontal ; branclilets terete, very short, spur-like ; Bark rough, furrowed, scaly, greyish. Native of China and .lapan ; introduced 1754. Chinese name Ginkgo = ivi\\ of leafless buds in winter. Also named Salisburia adiantifolia, in honour of R. A. Salisbury, F.R.S., an eminent English botanist ; acliantifolia = leaf like Maiden- hair Fern, the specific name of which is Adiautum. 196 CONIFER/E PLUM-FRUITED CEPHALOTAXUS, Cephalotaxus drupacea. Shrubberies, gardens, sheltered borders or lawns. April. The curious purplish, plum-like fruits render this both distinctive and interesting. It is best in equal parts of loam and peat. Propagated by cuttings of shoots 3 ins. long in sandy soil in shady cold frame or under bell-glass or handlight outdoors in autumn ; seeds in light soil in cold frame, September or March, transplanting outdoors a year after. Flowers dioecious; Males 6-11, in axillary globose heads (compound catkins), with involucre of small bract scales, flowers in axils of membranous bracts ; Stamens 7-12, each with 2-3 anther cells ; Females, small pedunculate cones in axils of bracts at base of terminal shoots, scales 6-20, on fleshy axis of cone ; Fruit drupaceous, fleshy, purplish, elliptical, 2-3 in a head, IJ in. long, I in. diam. ; seeds solitary, nut-like, shell hard, bony. Leaves linear, crowded, in 2 rows, opposite, stiff", falcate, twisted, coria- ceous, yellowish glossy green above, nerved along middle, glaucous green below, with 2 silvery bands, 1-2 ins. long, much resemble the Yew. An evergreen tree, 6-8 ft. ; Branches horizontal, whorled, spreading, flat, stiff"; Buds small, scales acute, imbricate. Native of China and Japan ; introduced 1844'. In Japan called Kaja. Generic name from Gr. kephale, a head ; taxis, arrangement. FORTUNE'S CLUSTER-FLOWERED YEW, Cephahtaxus Fortuni. Shrubberies, gardens. April. Best in light, peaty soil, and sheltered. Flourrs dioecious ; Males in axillary globular heads, shortly pedunculate ; Fruit a drupe, fleshy, purplish, elliptical, tapering both ends, 1;^ in. long, f in. diam. ; seeds solitary, shell thin, brittle. Leaves linear-lanceolate, on principal branches mostly alternate, scattered, on laterals and branchlets in tAvo rows, mostly opposite, acute, straight, flat, deep glossy green above, ribbed, glaucous Avhite below, margins bright green, 3 ins. long. 197 TREES AND SHRUBS An evergreen tree, 6-8 ft, ; Branches horizontal, wliorled, slender, spreading, pendent, laterals and branchlets in 2 rows, frequently in opposite pairs, filiform. Introduced from N. China by Fortune, 1848. LORD HARRINGTON'S YEW, Cephalotaxm pedunculata. Shrubberies, gardens. April. Flowers dioecious ; Males pedunculate, oval, in globular heads shorter than bracts ; Females in axillary heads, peduncles 4-angled ; F?-uit drupaceous 2-3 in a head, peduncles long ; seeds solitary, erect, shell smooth, hard, thin. Leaves linear, in 2 rows, mostly opposite on branchlets, spiral and alter- nate on principal branches, slightly falcate, thick, coriaceous, revolute, bright glossy green above, raised straight nerve, 2 broad glaucous white bands below, li-2| ins. long. An evergreen t7-ee, 6-8 ft. ; Branches numerous, spreading, mostly in whorls, branchlets in 2 rows, horizontal, mostly opposite ; Buds with persistent imbri- cated scales. Cultivated in Japan under name of Inukaja ; introduced to Britain, 1837. Syn. Taxus Harringtoniana. YEW, Taxus baccata. Mountainous woods, parks, gardens. February, March. Prefers limy soils. Valuable for forming hedges or planting under the shade and drip of larger trees. Very attractive when laden with its bright red fruits. Hedges may be trimmed in April or September. Propagated by cuttings in sandy soil in cold frame or under handlight, September ; layering in September ; seeds in light soil outdoors in March, or in pans or boxes of light soil in cold frame or greenhouse in March, transplanting to nursery bed when large enough to handle. Flowers dioecious, very occasionally monoecious ; Male Jloivers almost spherical, \ in. diam., clustered in axils of leaves, bending backwards so as to appear on under side of branch, scales dry, imbricated, about 6 stamens, each 198 CONIFERi^ with 3-8 anther-cells, yellow ; Females solitary, on sides of branches, 1 ovule, surrounded by fleshy disk enclosed by small scales ; Fruit a hard seed, olive- green, ovoid, with bony testa imbedded in a red wax-like cup, mucilaginous and sweet. Leaves in 2 rows, lying in 1 plane, linear, flat, thin, h-\h in. long, coriaceous, acute, convex and shining above, pale and unpolished below ; petiole very short, with half twist. An evergreen tree, 15-50 ft. ; T'runk massive by coalescence of numerous shoots ; Branches spreading, nearly horizontal ; Txcigs numerous ; Bark red, thin, flaking ; growth very slow ; JFood liard, close-grained, elastic, heartwood red. Native of Britain. Latin name baccata from bacca, a berry ; English name from A.S. eozc, the Yew. Reputed to be the longest-lived tree. Leaves poisonous. PLUM FIR, Frumnopitijs elegaus. Parks, gardens. j\Liy. Will thrive satisfactorily in smoky and dusty localities. Its Yew-like appearance has earned for it the name of the Plum- fruited Yew. Propagated by cuttings in pots of sandy loam under bell-glass in 60°-70" in summer. Flowers in an axillary spike, peduncle 2-3 flowered, 1 -fruited by abortion, antheriferous scales numerous, imbricate, 2 cells on the under side, bract scales small, sessile, receptacle oval, on end of long neck, slightly 3-lobed, smooth, purple, persistent ; Fruit drupaceous, globular, smooth, fleshy, succulent, dark purple, without foot-stalk, size of Cherry ; seed with hard bony shell. Leaves scattered or in 2 rows, linear, tapering both ends, appressed, coriaceous, rigid, glabrous, deep glossy green above, edges rusty, glaucous beneath, |-li^ in. long. An evergreen tree, 40-50 ft. ; pyramidal ; Brauehes numerous, erect, spreading, lower ones drooping and often sweeping tlie ground ; branehlets short, stout, spreading ; Bark brown ; JVood hard, yellow, beautifully veined. 199 TREES AND SHRUBS Native of Southern Chile ; introduced by Messrs. A^eitch, 1860. Generic name from Gr. pons, podos, a foot ; karpos, a fruit, the fruits in most species having a foot-stalk. Syn. Podocarpus andijia. CHINESE JUNIPER, Juniperm chinenm. Parks, gardens. April. The most beautiful of the Junipers, the male plants growing erect, and the female specimens being more spreading in habit. The Junipers are propagated by cuttings of young branches in sandy soil in cold frame or under handlight in September or October ; seeds in light soil in cold frame in April, transplanting into pots when 2 inches high, planting out a year afterwards. Floivers usually dioecious ; 31ale catkins very numerous, bright orange- yellow ; Females axillary, bracteate ; Fruit baccate, very small, variable in shape, glaucous, violet-brown, 1-2-seeded. Leaves in male form in whorls of 3, lanceolate, acute, stiff, channelled upper side, convex below, glaucous or bright green, without foot-stalks ; on female plants in twos, opposite, four-rowed, scale-like, ovate, acute, oblong sunken gland on back, closely imbricated ; the leaves are often much alike on both sexes when young, and when mature exhibit transition from one form to another. An evergreen tree, 20 ft. ; Branches in males numerous, irregularly alternate, spreading, higher ones nearly erect ; in females scattered, spreading, smaller ones quadrangular, seldom forked, often pointing downwards. Introduced from China and Japan in 1804. SAVIN, Juniperus Sabina. Gardens, rockwork. April. Thrives best in hght soil and dry situations. F/oxvers dioecious; Fruit a berry (galbule), oval, smooth, generally 1-seeded, blackish-purple, somewhat glaucous, about size of small currant, in. diam. borne on recurved peduncle-like branchlets. 200 YEW. ( Taaiis haccala. ) CONIFERS Leaves in opposite pairs, scale-like, imbricated, oval, acute, keeled, or subulate and minute, disagreeable odour, bitter to taste. An evergreen shrub, 6-8 ft. ; Branches trailing. Native of S. Europe; introduced 1548. RED CEDAR, Junipertis virginiana. Parks, gardens. April. The largest of the .Junipers grown in this country. Flowers dioecious, or rarely monoecious, in minute axillary cones ; 31ales solitary, oblong-ovate, stamens 10-12, each with 4-6 anther cells; Females ovoid, seminiferous scales violet, acute, spreading, 1-2 ovules, bract scales 2-6 ; Fruit a cone, baccate, sub-globose, \-}^ in. diam., greyish-brown, glaucous bloom, sweet, resinous, usually 1-2 seeds. Leaves in opposite pairs, united at bases, usually subulate and spreading in young plants, minute, scale-like, closely imbricated, glandular or eglandular at back, usually acute or acuminate, ^jr in. long, dark blue-green or glaucous, persistent for several years, on young plants and branches J-f in. long, linear- lanceolate. An evergreen shrub or tree, 30-50 ft. ; usually somewhat pyramidal outline ; Branches at first erect, ultimately decumbent ; braiichlets numerous, crowded, 4-angled ; Trunk erect, varying shades of brown and red, scaly ; Wood bright red, close, firm, easily splitting, aromatic ; much used for cedar pencils. Native of N. America, West Indies, and Japan, reaching 60-90 ft. in U.S.A. ; introduced 1664. Known as V^irginian .Juniper. COMMON JUNIPER, Juniperus communis. Downs, and rather dry, barren hills. May. ^'ery variable as regards height, shape, and foliage. Floivers dioecious ; Male flowers axillary, solitary or crowded ; Stamens numerous, about 15, anthers 3-6-celled, pollen pale yellow ; Females in axils, 3-6 scales, fleshy, 1-2 ovules under each, several empty scaler at base; Fruit a cone VOL. II. 201 . ,,r ^^ s TREES AND SHRUBS of false drupes (each a galbulus), baccate, globose, sub-sessile, very fleshy, 4-6 rudhnentary, scarious, emptj^ scales at base, blue-black, glaucous bloom, pun- gent, ripe in second year, 3 angular, hard seeds, each with several resin blisters. Leaves opposite or whorls of 3, subulate, rigid, concave, margins thickened, sharply pointed, glaucous above, green below, \-\ in., fragrant when bruised. An evergreen shrub, much branched, 2-5 ft. ; or small tree, 10-25 ft. ; Hark fibrous, red-brown, flaking ; IVood finely-veined, yellowish-brown, aromatic. Native of Britain. Name .Tuniper a corruption of Fr. gcnevrier ; L. juni'perus, — -juvenis, young, and par ere, to bring forth, because it brings forth younger berries while those of previous year are ripening. MONTEREY CYPRESS, Cupressus macrocarpa. Parks, gardens. February, March. Grows exceptionally well near sea ; suitable for damp or marshy ground. The species are propagated by cuttings of young branchlets 2 ins. long in sandy soil in cold frame or under handlight, September or October ; seeds in pans of light soil in cold frame in April, trans- planting into small pots in following spring, planting out a year afterwards. Flowers monoecious, minute, terminal, yellow, on separate branchlets ; Males with 6-8 stamens, connectives bearing 4-5 anther cells ; Females oblong, scales 6-10, tliick, decussate, seminiferous scales bearing numerous ovules in several rows ; Fruit a cone, \\-2 ins. long, 1 in. diam., light brown, clusters of 3-4, bosses of scales prominent, scales 8-12, ovate; seeds about 20 under each scale, angled, chestnut-brown. Leaves closely imbricated, very dark grass-gi-een, | in. long, on young plants 5^-2 in. long, ovate, thickened, rounded, glandular on back. An evergreen tree, 50-60 ft. ; Branches reddisli, close set, numerous, hori- zontal, extremities ascending ; branchlets generally lateral, opposite, long ; growth very rapid ; Barh- dark red-brown on young stems and branches, white on old trunks ; Wood heavy, hard, strong, durable, close-grained, yellow, takes fine polish. 202 CONIFERS Native of California; seeds first sent to Europe, 1838; said to grow better here than in its native home on Pacific Coast. Syn. C. LambertiaTia. Specific name from Gr. makros, long, karpos, fruit. EVERGREEN CYPRESS, Cupressus sempervirens. Parks, gardens. May. Thrives best in warm, sandy, or gravelly soil. F/oive?-s monoecious; Males numerous, yellow, ^ in. long, stamens 10-12. decussate, bearing 3 pollen-sacs; Females fewer, 2-5 polyhedral, about 12 poly- gonal scales in decussate pairs, ovules several ; Fruit a cone, globular, 1-lJ in. diam., light brown, scales angular, peltate, corky outside, woody within, arranged in whorls separating at maturity ; seeds several under each scale, yellowish- brown, angular, \ in. long, covered with thin membranous skin. Leaves small, closely imbricated, in opposite pairs, smooth, shining, yellowish-green, persistent 5-6 years, acicular on main stem. An evergreen tree, 50-60 ft. ; usually flame-shaped, tapering, stem below branches very short ; Branches erect, close to trunk, much divided, in one plane, forming frond-like sprays; br-anchlets quadrangular; Bark scaly, reddish- brown ; Wood hard, close-grained, resinously fragrant, reddish-brown, practically indestructible. Native of S. Europe, Asia Minor, and Persia. Believed to have been brought from Italy by Turner and planted at Syon House sometime before 1548 ; in Italy reaches 120 ft. ; two specimens still living planted by Michael Angelo (1475-1563). LAWSON CYPRESS, Cupressus Imisomana. Parks, gardens, plantations. April, May. Floivers minute, monoecious, terminal, on separate branchlets ; Male flowers numerous, at tips of short branchlets of previous year, cylindrical, bright crimson, stamens with 2-6 antlier cells, usually produced when tree is young ; Females of few alternating whorls of small dark, ovate, acute bract scales, ovules several 203 s 2 TREES AND SHRUBS (2-4) ; Fruit a cone, about size of large pea, clustered on upper lateral branchlets, 8 peltate, angular scales, very numerous, persistent ; seeds slightly winged, 3 or more to each scale. Leaves very minute, closely imbricated, in alternate opposite pairs, obtuse or acute, usually an obscure tubercle towards apex, dark glossy green tinged with glaucous hue, persistent for 3-4 years. An evergreen tree, 75-100 ft. ; Branches short, spreading, horizontal, much divided at extremities, curved, feathery, drooping; Bark brown, thick, round scaly ridges ; Trunk comparatively slender. Wood yellow, light, close-grained ; much used in N. America. Native of N. America, where it reaches height of 120-200 ft. Believed to have been first discovered by Jeffrey, 1852-53. Named after Charles Lawson of Edinburgh, who first raised trees from seed. Synonymous with Chamwcyparis hvwsoniana (Gr. chamai, the ground, i.e. dwarf, and kuparissos, the Cypress). YELLOW CYPRESS, Cupressus nootkateusis. Parks, gardens. April. Mowers monoecious, minute ; Males on lateral branchlets of previous year, 8-10 stamens, sulphur-yellow ; Females clustered near ends of upper branchlets, dark reddish-brown, scales bearing 2-4 ovules ; Fruit a cone, sub-globose, | in. diam., nearly sessile, red-brown, scales 4-G, peltate, angular bosses erect, prominent ; seeds 2-4 under each scale, \ in. long, red-brown, wings broad. Leaves opposite in pairs, rounded, closely appressed, dark blue-green, some- times glandular-pitted on back, ] in. long, on leading branchlets elongated, acute, begin to die end of second year, fall in third, pungent when crushed. An evergreen tree, 50-100 ft. ; with narrow pyramidal head ; Branches horizontal, spreading, ramifying, distichous, terete or flattened ; branchlets drooping, light yellow tinged red at first, afterwards red-brown, very aromatic resinous exudation ; Bark light grey tinged brown, fissured, scaly ; Wood 204 CONIFER.^ hard, brittle, close-grained, durable, yellow, fragrant with resinous odour, takes good polish. Native of N. America, 120 ft. high. Named from Nootka Sound. Introduced in 1851 from Botanical Gardens, St. Petersburg. OBTUSE-LEAVED JAPAN CYPRESS, Cnpressns obtnsa. Parks, gardens. April. Flowers monoecious ; 3fa/es terminal, cylindrical ; Females solitary at ends of same branclilets ; Fruit a cone, globular, about size of a grape, scales 8-10, cuneate at base, brown ; seeds short winged, 2 at base of each scale, in sunken grooves. Leaves mostly in whorls of 4, decussate, ovate-rhomboid, blunt, seldom pointed, closely adpressed, adhering nearly to points, only lower part visible, light green, persistent on young plants for several years. An evergreen tree, 30 ft. ; Branches spreading, laterals fan-like, shining green ; Wood heavy, fine-grained, white, taking high polish. Introduced from .Tapan, 1850 ; there 70-100 ft. Called by Japanese " Fu- si-no-ki," tree of the Sun, and dedicated to God of the Sun. Syn. ChanKrcijparis obtusa. Generic name from Gr. chamai, on the ground, and kuparissos, the Cypress. Known in gardens as Betinospora obtusa. PEA-FRUITED RETINOSPORA, Cupresms pisifera. Parks, gardens. April. FloxveTS monoecious ; Males terminal on upper branclilets, cylindrical, obtuse ; Females terminal ; Fruit a cone, ovate-globose, about size of large pea. scales 10-12, in opposite cross pairs, imbricated, ovate-rhomboid, acute, crenulatcd, cuneate, resinous, woody, smooth, yellowish- brown ; seeds, 2 at base of each scale, wings membranous, brown. Leaves in 4 rows, decussate, upper and lower ones ovate-lanceolate, tapering to hard point, keeled on back, smooth, lateral ones falcate, acute, 2 white glaucous bands beneatli, all scalc-Hke. imbricated. 205 TREES AND SHRUBS An evergreen tree, somewhat pyramidal ; Branches numerous, thickly covered vpith slender, feathery, light-green branchlets. Introduced from Japan, 1850. Name Retinospora from Gr. rJietine, resin, and sporos, seed, speiro, to sow, the seeds being coated with resin. Generic name from L. pisum, a pea, and /fro, to bear. Syn. Chamcecyparis p'lsifcra. AMERICAN ARBOR-VITtE, Thuya occidentalis. Parks, gardens. April, May. Will thrive in damp soils. Pruning may be done in April or September. The species are propagated by cuttings in sandy soil under bell-glass or in cold frame in September ; seeds in sandy soil in temperature of 55° in spring, transplanting to open ground when large enough to handle. Flowers monoecious, minute, terminal, solitary, on different branchlets ; 3Iales ovoid, stamens 4-6, sub-orbicular, peltate, anther cells 2-4 ; Feinales oblong, scales 8-12, oblong, acute, in opposite pairs, seminiferous scales bearing 2 ovules ; Fruit a cone, ovoid-oblong, ,\-J in. long, pale cinnamon- brown, scales oblong, acute, thin, coriaceous ; seeds ^ in. long, wings thin. Leaves scale-like, decussate, acute, yellowish-green, j^^ in. long, on leading shoots appressed or spreading, rounded or keeled on back, acuminate, usually glandular, on laterals compressed, prominently keeled, brownish-green in growing season, brownish-purple in winter. An evergreen sh?-ub or tree, 40-60 ft. ; Branches stout, distant, horizontal ; branchlets spreading, lateral short and pendulous, yellow-green to cinnamon- red, then dark orange-brown, smooth, lustrous ; Bark red-brown tinged orange, fissured, scaly ; Wood light, soft, brittle, coarse-grained, durable, flagrant, pale yellow-brown ; sometimes called AAHiite Cedar. Native of N. America; introduced 1596. Thuia is old Greek name used by Theophrastus. 206 CONIFERiE GIGANTIC ARBOR-VITiE, Thuya plkata. Parks, gardens. April. A fine graceful tree, which does well on exposed ground. Flowe7's monoecious ; 31ale catkins oval ; Females solitary and terminal Fruit a cone, solitary at extremities of small branchlets, \ in. long, oval, tapering both ends, scales tapering, rounded or obtuse at apex ; seeds in twos at base of scales, little shorter than wings. Leaves in alternate opposite pairs, scale-like, closely imbricated, without gland on back, those on branches distant, decurrent, acute, on branchlets very flat, in 4 rows, short, rounded, spiny pointed, glossy green above, silvery beneath. An evergreen tree, 50-150 ft. ; Branches spreading, flat, horizontal, scattered, slender, deep brown ; branchlets crowded, flattened, 2 rowed, slender, flexible, straight, undivided ; Wood fine-grained, yellow, soft, easily worked, moderately durable. Introduced from N.W. America, 1851. Syns. T. gigantca (Nutt.), T. Lobbi, and T. 3Ienziesii of gardens. HATCHET-LEAVED ARBOR-VIT.E, Thuyn dolabrata. Parks, gardens. April, May. Prefers cool, moist soil and shade ; hardy in south of England ; must be sheltered from cold winds. Flowers moncecious, solitary and terminal ; Fruit a cone, sessile and terminal, ovate, squarrose, small, J in. diam., scales 8-10, woody. Leaves in 4 rows, decussate, scale-like, broad, thick, ovate, rounded at point, hatchet-shaped, adpressed, imbricated, flat, furrowed along middle, margins concave, deep shining green above, silvery-white beneath. An evergreen tree, 40-50 ft.; pyramidal; Branches vertical, pendulous at ends ; Inaiichlcts 2-rowed, 2-edged, alternate, flattened. Introduced from .[a])an, ISOl. Syn. Thiiijopsis dohdirata. 207 TREES AND SHRUBS CHINESE ARBOR- VIT.E, Thuya orientalis. Parks, gardens. April. Flowers monoecious, terminal and solitary ; Fruit, a cone, solitary at ends of branchlets, ovate-elliptic, 6-valved, ^ in. long, light brown, scales 6, 2 central and 4 around sides. Leaves in 4 rows, ovate-rhomboid, scale-like, imbricated, adpressed, decurrent, acute, shining green and glaucous when young, afterwards dull green, glandless. An evergreen tree, 18-20 ft. ; or pyramidal bush ; BrancJies at first horizontal, afterwards fastigiate ; branchlets in 2 rows, flat. Native of China and Japan. Many varieties in cultivation. Known in nurseries and gardens as Biota orientalis. INCENSE CEDAR, Libocedms decurrens. Parks. January. Best on deep moist loam. Propagated by cuttings of firm shoots or branchlets in sandy soil in cold frame or under handlight, August or September ; seeds in pans of sandy soil in cold frame or greenhouse, October — April. Flowers monoecious, solitary, terminal, on different branchlets ; Males ovate, nearly \ in. long, stamens 12-16, connectives with 4 anther cells; Females oblong, 0 seminiferous scales, bearing 2 ovules, bract scales 2-6 pairs, ovate, acute, yellow-green ; Fruit a cone, oblong, 1 in. long, erect, light red-brown, scales 2-3 pairs, sub-coriaceous ; seeds oblong-lanceolate, \—\ in. long, ripening in 1 year. Leaves in 4 ranks, oblong-obovate, scale like, small, decurrent, adnate to branches except at apex, deep glossy green, }, in. long on leading shoots, those of lateral ranks keeled and glandular on back. An evergreen tree, 35-40 ft. ; columnar ; Branches slender, erect, lower ones curved ; branchlets flattened, laterals 4-0 ins. long ; Bark cinnamon-red, scaly ; 208 CONIFER.^ Wood light, soft, close-grained, durable in contact with soil, light reddish- brown. Native of N. America, reaching 150 ft. in height. Discovered by Colonel Fremont; seeds sent home by Jeffrey, 1853. Generic name from Gr. libanos, incense, and cedrus, a Cedar, in reference to the resinous character of the wood. Specific name from L. decurro, I run down, referring to leaves. Known in nurseries as Thuja gigantea. UMBRELLA PINE, Sdadopitys verticiUata. Parks, gardens. May. Requires leaf-soil or peat and moisture. Propagated by imported seeds sown in pots of moist sandy loam in cold frame or greenhouse, transplanting outdoors in following spring ; or sown outdoors in moist sandy loam in April, transplanting one year afterwards. Floivers monojcious ; Male catkins terminal, somewhat globular, anther lobes 2 ; Females solitary, bract scales arranged spirally, seminiferous scales growing out from them and exceeding them in length, ovules 6-9 ; Fmit a cone, elhptical or cylindrical, obtuse, '2^-'6 ins. long, l^ in. diam., scales regularly imbricated, thin, bracts shorter tlian scales, cones produced after about 20 years ; seeds seldom ripening in England. Leaves alternate, 30 40 at extremities of shoots, forming a sort of whorl like an open parasol, linear, 2-4 his. long, J in. broad, sessile, slightly falcate, blunt or slightly notched, glabrous, coriaceous, double ribbed channel underside, yellow- green when young, afterwards deep green, persistent about 3 years. An evergreen tree, 70-80 ft. ; conical ; Stem straight ; Branches horizontal, spreading, mostly in whorls, stiff, twiggy, young shoots cylindrical, leaves only at top, growth very slow. Native of Japan; seeds first sent to England by Mr. J. G. Veitch, 1861 ; attains height of 120-150 ft. in native country. Name from Gr. scias, sciados, a shade, an umbrella ; pitijs, pifijos, a Pine-tree ; Low Latin verticlllatus — vcrticiUns, dim. of vertex, a whirl. 209 TREES AND SHRUBS WELLINGTONIA, Sequoia gigantea. Parks. April, May. A very ornamental tree in the early stages of growth. Propagated by cuttings of shoots in sandy loam under bell-glass, handlight, or cold frame, September or October ; seeds in well-drained pans of sandy loam in cold frame in spring, transplanting to nursery bed when large enough to handle. Flowers monoecious ; Males terminal, in great profusion all over tree ; Females with 25-40 pale yellow scales, keeled, slender points; Fruit a cone, ovate-oblong, 2-3| ins. long, 1^2 J ins. diam., dark reddish-brown, 25-30 scales with long reflexed tip ; seeds linear-lanceolate, J -| in. long, light brown, wings broad, solitary at ends of branchlets, maturing in second year. Leaves spirally arranged, lanceolate or ovate and acuminate, rounded and thickened on lower surface, concave on upper surface, midrib obscure, rigid, acute, decurrent below, \-\ in. long, light bluish-green on young plants, on leading shoots becoming dull grass-green, \ in. long. An evergreen tree, 100 ft. or more ; conical ; Branches short, thick, horizontal ; branchlets slender, slightly drooping, reddish-brown tinged purple ; BarJx red, scaly ; Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained ; some from trees grown in England has proved to be firm and tough, not easily cut with a chisel. Native of California, 270-320 ft. ; introduced by WiUiam Lobb, 1 853. Known as Big Tree or Mammoth Tree. Synonyms S. WcUingtonia, Well- iiigtoiiia gigantea. RED WOOD, Sequoia sempervirens. Parks. April. Best in deep, rich soil, and sheltered. Floxmrs monct'cious, minute ; Males terminal, in axils of upper leaves, ovate, obtuse, numerous filaments bearing 2-5 globose 2-valved anther cells, bracts imbricated, ovate, acute ; Females terminal, ovoid or oblong, seminiferous scales bearing in 2 rows 5-7 pendulous ovules, bract scales about 20, ovate-acute with incurved points; Fruit a cone, oblong, solitary, terminal, 1 in. long, 15-20 scales, cuneiform ; seeds xV in. long, light brown. 210 YELLOW CYPRESS {Ciijir/'s:gus noofkatensis) A. Frond, showing cones. B. Longitudinal section of cone. C. Transverse section of cone. Plate LXV. CONIFER.^ Leaves linear, falcate, resembling Yew, spirally alternate, spreading in 2 ranks by half-turn at base, acute or acuminate, slightly thickened on revolute margins, obscurely keeled, midrib conspicuous, decurrent at base, ^—J in. long, on leading shoots in many ranks, ovate or ovate-oblong, rounded and thickened on lower surface, concave, dying and turning brown at least two years before falling. An evergreen tree, 80-100 ft. ; Branches slender, horizontal, much divided, frequently pendulous ; Bai'k thick, spongy, scaly, inner bark cinnamon-red ; Bud-scales ovate-acute, imbricated ; Suckei's produced ; Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, easily split, durable in contact with soil, light red. Native of California, there reaching height of 200-340 ft. ; free of branches for 75-100 ft., 90-100 ft. circumference, bark 18 ins. thick; some probably 1300 years old. Specimens brought home by Menzies, 1795 ; seeds first sent to Europe by William I^obb in 1853. Generic name in honour of Seequayah, a Cherokee Indian chief (1770-1843). JAPAN CEDAR, Cryptoueria japonica. Parks, gardens. May. Best in deep, rich soil with abundant moisture, and sheltered from cold winds. Propagated by cuttings of side shoots 2-3 ins. long in sandy soil under handlight or cold frame, September or October; seeds in sandy loam in temperature of 55° in March, or outdoors in April. Flowers monoecious ; 3Ia/cs in axillary spikes at ends of branchlets, mixed with young cones, oval or oblong, anther cells 3-5 at base of scales ; Females mostly solitary, some in clusters at extremities of branchlets, sessile, erect, globular, about size of a cherry; Fruit a cone, globular, f in. diam., erect, singly or in clusters, scales cuneate, loose, brownish-red, margins rough and fringed ; seedi 3-5 under each scale, crustaceous, ripe in September, October. Leaves spirally arranged in 5 rows, linear, 4-angled, falcate, rigid, sessile, decurrent at base, glabrous, l)right bluish-green in summer and spring, bronzy- green in winter, | in. long. An evergreen tree, 50-100 ft. ; Branches erect or horizontal, spreading, 211 TREES AND SHRUBS frondose, brittle ; b7-anchlets usually alternate, bright green ; Bark brownish- red ; Wood heavy, soft, yellowish-white, easily worked, fragrant. Introduced from Japan, 1844; there called " Suga " = evergreen, or " Suga- mats " = evergreen fir. DECIDUOUS CYPRESS, Taxodiuvi distklmm. Parks and gardens by banks of sti'eams or marshy ground. May. A tree of great beauty, distinct among Conifers by reason of its red autumn foliage and peculiar root protuberances. Propagated by cuttings of shoots in sandy soil imder handlight or in cold frame in September ; layering in September ; seeds in light soil outdoors in March, or pans or boxes of light soil in cold frame or greenhouse in March, transplanting to nursery bed when large enough to handle. Floxvers monoecious ; Males in long, flexible, pendulous panicles, 4-5 ins. long, pyramidal ; Stamens 6-8 ; Females 2-3 together near males, semini- ferous scales formed by an outgrowth from the upper side of the bract scale, each bearing 2 erect ovules ; Fruit a cone, ovate, about as large as pigeon's egg, pendent at ends of branches, scales thick, dull brown ; seeds ^ in. long, 2 at base of each scale. Leaves deciduous, in 2 opposite rows (distichous), linear-lanceolate, flat, rather distant, pectinate, horizontally spreading, twisting at base, linear, sharply pointed, somewhat arching, convex outwards, bright yellow-green, ^ in. long, jig i»- broad. Autumn tint dull red. A deciduous tree, 80-90 ft. ; Brandies stout, stiff", horizontal, ascending at ends, laterals rather pendulous ; hranchlets short, very slender, feathery ; Stem usually liollow at base, deep longitudinal furrows ; Roots with conical excrescences l|-2 ft. high, 4-.'5 ft. thickness, always hollow (cypress knees), smooth, soft, reddish bark, produced in greatest abundance in situations subject to inundations ; Heartxvood of reddish colour, light, not strong, soft, durable, little resin. Native of N. America, in swampy regions, hence name of Swamp Cypress ; 212 CONIFERi^ introduced 1G40. Name from Tuxus, the Yew; eidos, appearance or re- semblance, from similarity of leaves ; disticlios, arranged in 2 rows ; dis, twice ; sfic/ios. a line. CHILI PINE, Araucaiia imhricatu. Parks, lawns, shrubberies. June. Requires sun, moisture, and drainage. Propagated by seeds sown in light soil in temperature of 65°, February — April. Flowers usually dioecious; Male Jlotvers cylindrical, 4-5 ins., pedunculate, singly or clusters of G-7, yellow, scales numerous, long, imbricate, recurved, sometimes persistent for several years ; Females at ends of branches, 4 ins., almost spherical, broader at base, scales wedge-shaped, narrow, imbricate, brittle points; Fruit a cone, 6 ins. diam., globular, dark brown, scales easily detached, falling to pieces when ripe, 1 -seeded, 200-300 seeds, 1^ in. long, thin, hard shell, winged, inverted, partly attached to scales. Leaves verticillate, 7-8 in a whorl, ovate-lanceolate, sessile, I5 in. long, imbricate, closely encircling branches, thickened at base, coriaceous, stiff, keel- shaped below, sharp-pointed ends turned towards bi-anches, concave, glabrous, shining, marked with longitudinal lines, dotted on both surfaces, persisting 15 years. An evergreen tree, 80-100 ft. ; Branches in whorls, curved, with upward ten- dency, entirely covered by leaves, lower branches often dying off, general outline pyramidal ; Bark thick, corky ; Wood white, hard, heartwood bright yellow. Native of S. Chili ; discovered by Don F. Dendariarena, 1780 ; introduced by Arch. Menzies, 1790. Generic name from Arauco, in Chili. INDIAN HEMLOCK FIR, Tsu^^u hrunoniana. Parks, gardens. April. Requii'es a sheltered position. Propagated by seeds in sandy loam in temperature of 55" in March, or outdoors in April. Flowers monftcious ; Males lateral ; Females terminal ; Fruit a cone, solitary and terminal, sessile, pendent, ovoid, pale brown, J 2 "'• long, scales VOL. II. 213 T TREES AND SHRUBS broadly elliptic, obtuse, loosely imbricated, persistent ; seeds small, angular, wing obovate. Leaves solitary, somewhat distichous or scattered, linear, flat, spreading, obtuse or slightly acute, minutely toothed towards apex, margins reflexed, glossy green above, silvery white-mealy beneath, \-\ in. long, easily detached by winter winds. An evergreen tree, 70 80 ft. ; pyramidal, with round head ; Branches numerous, slender, pendent. Native of Bhotan ; introduced 1838. Syns. Abies {Pinus) hrunoniana, A. {Pi mis) diimosa. HEMLOCK SPRUCE, Tsuga canadensis. Parks, gardens. April. Best in rather strong, damp loam ; good by a lake side. " Few evergreen trees can surpass the Hemlock Spruce for beauty and richness of foliage, or distinct and pleasing outline ; and during spring and early summer the young drooping shoots, of a lively yellowish-green, contrast nicely with the dark and sombre hue of the older foliage, and form a com- bination that for beauty of effect is certainly hard to match." — Webster. Mozvers monoecious ; Males sub-sessile, solitary, in axils of upper leaves, globose, light yellow ; Stamens numerous, anther cells sub-globose with short gland-like tips ; l^emales solitary, terminal, erect, globose, pale green, scales nearly circular, stipitate, bracts shorter than scales, lacinate ; Fruit a cone, ovate-oblong, acute, T^-f in. long, pendulous, stalks puberulous, scales about 2.5, orbicular-oblong, obtuse, minutely lacerate or entire ; seeds very small. Leaves spirally disposed, irregularly distichous, oblong, rounded at apex, rough at margins, obscurely grooved on upper surface, dark green above, silvery stripes beneath, downy when young, ^-J in. long, deciduous in third year, woody bases persistent. An evergreen tree, 60 70 ft. ; pyramidal, with rounded or flattened head ; liranches slender, horizontal or pendulous, rather flat, downy when young ; branchlets light yellow-brown, becoming glabrous and dark red-brown tinged 214 CONIFERi^ purple ; Bark cinnamon-red to grey, tinged purple, narrow rounded ridges, scaly ; Buds obtuse, puberulous, chestnut-brown ; Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, liable to wind-shake and splinter, not durable when exposed to air, light brown tinged red ; astringent inner bark much used in U.S.A. and Canada for tanning. Introduced from N. America, 173G. Tsuga is the Japanese name. MOUNTAIN HEMLOCK, Tmga merteimana. Parks, gardens. April. Flowers monoecious ; Males on slender, pubescent, drooping stems, violet- purple ; Females erect, bracts larger than scales, dark purple or yellow-green, tips slender, reflexed ; Fruit a cone, sessile, oblong-cylindrical, }^-3 ins. long, scales thin, cuneate, puberulous, margins erose, 4-5 times as long as bracts ; seeds light brown, wings ^ in. long. Ijcaves spiral, 2-ranked, remote on leading shoots, crowded on laterals, sometimes grooved on upper surface, slightly ribbed on lower, bluntly pointed, bluish-green, \ in. long, persistent 3-4 years. An evergreen tree, 70-150 ft. ; Branches slender, pendant ; brancldets thin and flexible, or stout and rigid, light reddish-brown, pubescent, becoming greyish-brown and scaly ; Bark with rounded ridges, scaly, dark cinnamon-red tinged blue or purple ; Buds acute, slender, deciduous subulate tips ; growth rapid ; Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, pale brown or red. Introduced from N. America, 1851. JAPAN HEMLOCK SPRUCE, Tsuga sicholdl Parks, gardens. April. A species of neat and elegant habit, suitable for planting in confined spaces. Flowers montt'cious ; Fruit a cone, terminal and solitary, elliptic, blunt, 1 in. long, J in. diani., scales 20-30, imbricated, coriaceous, slender at base, 215 T 2 TREES AND SHRUBS obtuse at apex, thin, shining pale brown, bract scales narrow, truncate, irregularly bifid ; seeds small, wings thin, membranous. Leaves solitary, somewhat distichous, frequently alternate, slightly linear, flat, obtuse, rarely acute, entire, smooth, dark shining green above, 2 white glaucous bands beneath, short round foot-stalks. An evergreen tree, 80-100 ft. ; Branches numerous, irregularly spreading, drooping at extremities ; branchlets slender, recurved ; Buds minute ; growth slow. Native of Japan; introduced 1853. Syn. Abies Tsuga. Japanese name Tsuga = Yew-leaved. ALCOCK SPRUCE, Picea akocMana. Parks, gardens. May. The species of Picea are propagated by cuttings in sandy soil in cold frame, or in pots under bell-glass or handlight outdoors, August or September ; layering of shoots or branches in autumn ; grafting on Norway Spruce in INlarch ; seeds sown in sandy loam in temperature of 55° in March, or outdoors in April. Flowers monoecious ; I^?-uit a cone, solitary or sub-aggregate, oblong-cylindri- cal, obtuse both ends, 2 ins. long, scales oblong-ovate, loosely imbricated, cartilaginous, margins denticulate, shining ; seeds small, cinnamon- coloured, wing obovate, }j in. long. Leaves spirally arranged, linear-oblong, 4-sided, falcate, rigid, mucronate, concave and deep green above, glaucous bands below, twisted at base, ^ in. long. An evergreen tree, 90-120 ft. ; pyramidal. Native of Japan ; introduced by Messrs. \^eitch, 1861. Named in compliment to Sir Rutherford Alcock, British Minister at the Court of Yeddo, Japan. NORWAY SPRUCE FIR, Picea exceka. W^oods, parks, plantations. May. Prefers moist soil and cold situation. Floxvers moncjecious ; Males on long stalks, isolated in leaf axils, J in. long, divoo or sub-globose wlieti young ; Stamens red, pollen-sacs yellow, scales thin, 21G CONIFERS notched, striate, loosely imbricated ; Females sessile at tips of preceding yeai-'s shoots, IJ-^ ins. long, cylindrical, erect at first, scales thin, emarginate or toothed, purplish-red ; Fruit a cone, terminal, cylindrical, pendent, 5-7 ins. long, lJ-2 ins. broad, brown, scales 160-180, persistent, thin, flat, naked, truncate at summit, 1-1^ in. long, \ in. broad ; seeds small, 2 at base of eacli scale, wing five times as long, brown. Leaves acicular, spirally scattered, quadrangular, persistent, needles |-1 in. long, very sharp, persisting 6-7 years ; petiole short. An evergreen tree, 80-100 ft. ; Branches in regular tiers, ascending towards extremities when young, drooping when older, spray drooping, giving feathery appearance, leading slioot in young trees very prominent ; Bark thin, smooth, brown in young stage, warty and shed in irregular scales later : BiuU conical, not resinous : Roots given off horizontally very near surface ; fVood light, even- grained, elastic, durable ; used for masts, ladders, scaffolding, telegraph poles, deals, wood-pulp, &:c. k.c. ; also furnislies Burgundy pitch ; young plants often used for Christmas trees. Native of mountainous parts of Europe and Asia ; introduced about 1.548. Name Spruce Fir possibly of German (Prussian) origin, meaning the Fir- tree whose shoots were most used for making spruce-beer (Ger. sprossen-bier — sprossen, young shoots of trees — spriessen, to sprout). Pine-apple Galls resembling imperfect cones, bearing shoot at summit, produced by Spruce Cone Aphis Adclges {Chermcs) abietis ; shoots often dis- torted, sometimes killed; most frequent on young trees; galls said to be eaten by Laplanders. HIMALAYAN SPRUCE, Picea iMorinda. Parks, gardens. April. Best on cold soils. Flowers montccious ; ]\[ale catkins usually solitary, cylindrical, sessile, 1 in. long; Fruit a cone, ovate-oblong to nearly cylindric, 4-6 ins. long, 1| in. diam., pendulous, scales obovate, rounded, coriaceous, margin thin, dark brown, 217 TREES AND SHRUBS glaucous when young ; sccch small, nearly black, wing obliquely spathulate. ripening in February of second year. Leaves spirally arranged round branches, 4-sided, stiff, acutely pointed, scattered, 1-1^ in. long, dark green. An evergreen tree, 80-120 ft. ; pyramidal ; Brcmchcs horizontal ; h'anclilets pendulous, tassel-like ; Bark greyish-brown, divided into small rounded or quadrangular scales. Native of tlie Himalayas from Bhutan to Kafiristan ; introduced 1818. Syns. Abies Smitldana and Pinus Smithiana. BLACK SPRUCE, Pkea nigra. Parks, gardens. May. Succeeds best in cool, moist loam. Floxoers monoecious, axillary ; Males sub-globose ; Stamens numerous, anthers dark red ; Females oblong-cylindrical, scales obovate, purple, bracts oblong, purple, glaucous, rounded at apex ; Fruit a cone, 1-1| in. long, ovate, scales puberulous, rounded, toothed, purple when young, sometimes persistent 20-30 years ; seeds oblong, J in. long, dark brown, wings \ in. by i in. Leaves spirally disposed round branches, linear, slightly incurved above middle, quadrangular, pale blue-green, glaucous, J-f in. long, hoary on upper surface. An evergreen tree, 50-80 ft. ; Branches short, drooping, lower tier often resting on ground ; hranchlets light green, pale pubescence, scaly ; Bark grey- brown, scaly ; Buds ovate, acute, reddish-brown ; Wood light, soft, not strong, pale yellow-white. Introduced from N. America, 1700. EASTERN SPRUCE, Pivea orientalis. Parks, gardens. May. Thrives on sandy soil ; well suited for exposed situations. Floivers monoecious; Fruit a cone, sub-cylindrical, tapering towards apex, 3 ins. long, f in. diam., scales loosely imbricated, broad at base, rounded at 218 1 I I CONIFERt^ apex, sub-entire, bracts shorter than scales; seeds very small, nearly black, wing short and broad. Leaves solitary, covering branches on all sides, sub-quadrangular, acute, deep green both sides, h, in. long. An evergreen tree, 70-80 ft. ; Branches straight, slender, stiff. Native of the Caucasus; introduced 1825. TIGER'S-TAIL SPRUCE, Pkca poUta. Parks, gardens. May. This is one of the handsomest and hardiest of the Japanese Conifers, admirably suited for the lawn or park. Florvers monoecious ; Frnit a cone, solitary and terminal at ends of branchlets, ovate or ovate-oblong, rounded at both ends, glabrous, 3-4 ins. long, 2 ins. diam., erect at first, pendent later, scales numerous, persistent, closely imbricated, coriaceous, obovate, cuneate at base, entire, chestnut- brown ; seeds small, nearly black, wings thin. Leaves arranged round branchlets, straight or slightly falcate, stiff, somewhat quadrangular, acute or acuminate, entire, glabrous, glossy dark green, f-1 in. long. An evergreen tree, 40 ft. ; Branches horizontal, stiff; branchlets pendulous; Bark yellowish ; Buds large, globose, reddish-brown ; Wood almost white. Native of Japan ; there 80-100 ft. ; introduced 1861. Japanese call it " Toi'ano-wo-momi " (the Tiger's-tail Fir), because long pendulous branches on old trees bear resemblance to a tiger's tail. BLUE SPRUCE, Plcea pnngens. Parks, gardens. May. Flowers mon(x.'cious ; Males yellow tinged red ; Females, scales oblong or obovate, pale green, apex denticulate, truncate or emarginate, bracts acute ; Fruit a cone, oblong-cylindrical, ',\ ins. long, sessile or short-stalked ; seeds I in. long, wings | in. long, rounded at apex. 211) TREES AND SHRUBS Leaves stout, rigid, strongly incurved, acuminate, \-\^ ins. long on sterile branches, on fertile branches about half as long, bluish-green or steel-blue, changing to blue-green after 3 4 years. An evergreen tree, 50-80 ft. ; Branches horizontal ; branchlets short, stout, glabrous, bright orange-brown to light greyish-brown ; Bark grey tinged cinnamon-red ; Buds stout, obtuse or acute, \-\ in. long, scales chestnut- brown ; Wood light, soft, close-grained, weak, pale brown or nearly white. Native of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. Syn. P. paiyyana. It is the Abies (Picea) Engelmanni of gardens. MOUNT ATLAS CEDAR, Cedms atJantica. Parks, gardens. September, October. Suitable for limestone soils, doing well on bleak and exposed ground, and thriving in seaside towns. In its early stage it is much like the Cedar of Lebanon, but later is to be recognised by its more erect habit and rigid branches. The species are propagated by seeds sown in well-drained pans of hglit soil in cold frame in April, transplanting outdoors in following spring. Flowers monoecious ; 3Ia/es solitary and terminal, cylindric, erect ; Females solitary, erect, oval, obtuse ; Fruit a cone, chocolate-brown when ripe, ovate, flattened or depressed at ends, erect on upper sides of branches, light brown, resinous, 2J-3 ins. long, scales closely appressed, smooth, broad, coriaceous, tliin edges ; seeds in twos under each scale, irregular or angular, wing thin, 1 in. or more long. Leaves in tufts or singly on young shoots, cylindrical or flattened, acute, furrowed, rigid, straight, glaucous green or silvery hue, ^-J in. long. An evergreen tree, 80-120 ft. ; erect, pyramidal ; Branches slender, ascending to horizontal, mostly opposite, terminal shoots not pendulous, growth rapid ; Wood compact, fine-grained, durable. Native of Atlas Mountains, Algeria; introduced 1843. 220 CONIFERi^ DEODAR OR INDIAN CEDAR, Cedrus Beodara. Parks, gardens, shrubberies. September. October. This is a handsome tree at all times, but in the young stage it is made especially ornamental by reason of its pendulous leader and gracefully drooping branch-tips. It is not particular as to soil, but will not thrive in cold and exposed situations. Flowera monoecious or dioecious, resembling C. IJbani, at ends of arrested branchlets ; Males erect, 2-3 ins. long ; Fruit a cone, narrower and more lax than C. Liba/ii, ovoid-cylindrical, shortly stalked, often in pairs, usually on upper sides of top branches, 3-5 ins. long, bluish when young, pale reddish- brown when mature, scales closely imbricate, deciduous ; seeds .\-| in., wing triangular, | in. long. Leaves fascicled, triquetrous, rigid, larger than C Libani, dark bluish-green, light glaucous bloom. An evergreen tree, 60-80 ft. ; elongated pyramidal or conical outline ; terminal shoots of branches slender, pendulous ; Branches of young trees slender, very flexible, drooping. Native of Western Himalayas, where it attains a height of 150 ft. or more, its timber being very durable, lasting for hundreds of years ; used for railway- sleepers, bridges, &c. ; owing to fragrance, Hindus burn wood as incense ; seeds first introduced to England by Hon. W. L. Melville, 1831. CEDAR OF LEBANON, Cedms Libani. Parks, gardens. May. Hest in deep soil where roots have access to water. Flowers monoecious, not usually produced under 25-30 years ; 3Iales isolated, i? in. long, erect, ovoid, yellowish, mostly near apex of tree, scales broad, thin, closely imbricated : Females 31,-4 ins. long, ellipsoid-oblong, purple when young ; Fruit a cone, erect, oblong, oval, pedunculate, purplish-brown, resinous, 3-li ins. long, H-2| ins. diameter, scales woody, thin, margin somewhat membranous, very compact, in young stage greyish-green tinged 221 TREES AND SHRUBS with pink ; seeds angular, wing cuneate, at least two years to ripen, persistent for several, \ in. long, wings 1^ in. long, rounded cuneate. Leaves singly on elongated branches, or fascicled on dwarf shoots, arranged spirally, but mostly on upper side, short, rigid, nearly cylindrical, acute, 1 in. long, dark green, persistent for 2 years, very slow in decaying. An evergreen tree, 60-80 ft. or more under favourable conditions ; Branches horizontal, large, rigid, in distinct layers or stages, forming a broadly pyramidal head or flattened top ; branchlets flat, fan-like, numerous, thickly set ; Bark on branches greyish-brown, smooth, peeling in thin flakes, on trunk thick, rough, deeply fissured ; Wood in this country reddish-white with streaks, soft, apt to shrink and warp, not durable, sweet-scented for only first year after being felled. Native of Lebanon and Taurus in Syria ; introduced about 1860. Name from O.F. cedre ; L. cedrus ; Gr. kedros, cedar-tree. COMMON LARCH, Larix enropcea. Woods, plantations, gardens. April, May. Best in elevated open situa- tions, preferring alluvial sandy loam. Propagated by seeds sown in sandy soil in November, transplanting when two years old. Flowers monoecious ; Males isolated, sessile, ovoid-globose to shortly cylindrical, pale green passing to yellow, jL-| in. long, scales thin, stamens almost peltate ; Females cylindrical, blunt, solitary, f^-^ in. long, crimson- purple when young, pale brown later, scales thin, pointed ; Fruit a cone, lax, ovate, erect, l>rown, red when young, 1 in. long, ripe in late autumn, persisting for a long time, scales persistent, roundish, reddish-brown ; seeds ovate, winged ; cones along twigs in rows, numerous. Leaves fascicled, 30-60 in a bundle, linear, soft, blunt, or rounded at point, spreading, slightly recurved, bright green, deciduous. A deciduous tree, 80-100 ft. ; Branches spreading, horizontal, lower ones with a downward tendency, turning upwards at tips ; Twigs mostly pendulous ; Bark brown, separable into thin layers, deep longitudinal fissures ; quick in growth ; fTood reddish-brown or yellowish-white, durable, tough, witli but '222 LAllCJI (Larix eurojiwa) A. Braiicli sliuwing cones. II. Kcmaln flowers. C. Scale of cone, sUowiug 2 winged seoi Is. D. Hale flowers. CONIFERS few knots, withstanding alternation of wet and dry, susceptible of high polish ; used in carpentry and joinery, and for poles ; trunk furnishes Venice tur- pentine ; bark used in tanning. Native of Europe; introduced somewhere about 1629. Name Larch from Old French lai-ice ; L. laricem, ace. of larix ; Gr. huix, a larch. Bark attacked by a beetle known as Larch Blight {Bostrichus laricis) ; Foliage — Larch Aphis {Chermen lands), Larch Miner (Colcop/iora laricclla) ; Timber — Giant Sirex {Sirex gigas). Fungoid Pests: — Sulphury Wood Rot {Pohjporus sidfureus), Larch Canker {Dasyscyphu calycina), probably caused by Peziza Jflll/iommii. GOLDEN LARCH, Pseudolarix Kcvmpferi. Gardens, plantations. May. " This is a distinctly ornamental Conifer, and that at three different periods of the year — early spring, when the tender green leaves are unfolding ; autumn, when they put on tlie lovely golden colour ; and during the leafless period, when the yellowish-green or golden- brown bark of the younger branches shows ofi' to perfection, and renders the tree distinct from almost every other species in cultivation." — VV^ebster. Propagated by seeds sown in well-drained pots of sandy loam in cold greenhouse or frame in April, transplanting outdoors in following spring ; or sown outdoors in inoist sandy soil in April, transplanting in following year. Flmccfs moncecious ; Male catkins shortly stalked, 20 or more, clustered in umbellate pendulous tufts at extremities of side shoots ; Fruit a cone, pendulous, 3 ins. long, 2\ ins. diam., scales 50-60, triangular, deciduous, diverging, cordate, woody ; seeds as large as scales ; cones break up at the least touch. Leaves slender, linear-lanceolate, clustered on the adult branches, singly on leading shoots and young plants, \^-'2l ins. long, pale green when young, golden-yellow in autumn, deciduous. A deciduous tree, 120 ft.; liranclics resembling L. curopau; liurk dark grey, young shoots yellowisli-green or golden-brown. Native of China; introduced 184G. P'irst discovered by Kcumpfcr (16.51- 17 10), 223 TREES AND SHRUBS and subsequently by Fortune. Name from Gr. pseudo, false, and Lari.r, a larch. Chinese call it Kara-mats (Pine full of buds) and Kin-le-suiig (Com- mon Golden Pine) ; Japanese name is Seosa-mats (deciduous Fir). SHORT-LEAVED SILVER FIR, Abies braclnjphfilla. Parks, gardens. May. The species of Abies are propagated by seeds sown in sandy loam in temperature of 55° in March, or outdoors in April. Flowers moncecious ; Males axillary or terminal ; Females solitary on short branchlets, cylindrical ; Fruit a cone, solitary, purplish, oblong-cylin- drical, obtuse at apex, sessile, erect, 31 ins. long, 1;^ in. diam., scales reniform, resinous, margins entire, bracts cuneate, dentate ; seeds cuneate, angular, full of turpentine, wings broad at top. Leaves ci'owded, linear, straight or curved, flat, enlarged at base, obtuse or sub- emarginate, furrowed upper side, white glaucous stripes beneath, J—}, in. long. An evergreen t7-ee, 40 ft. ; pyramidal ; Branches horizontal, whorled. Native of Japan (120 ft.); introduced 1870. MOUNT ENOS FIR, Abies cephahnica. Parks, lawns. May. Grows well in exposed situations ; best in good clayey loam. A handsome tree, well adapted for the woodland, or as a specimen on a lawn. Flowers monoecious; Fruit a cone, erect, cylindrical, green when young, reddish when maturing, brown when ripe, 5-G ins. long, \\ in. diam., scales broad, thin, rounded, shorter than bracts, bracts linear-oblong, attenuated below, unequally toothed, point sharp, reflexed. Leaves regularly disposed, like stiff bottle-brush, around branches, subulate, flat, acute, dark olive-green above, two silvery lines beneath. An evergreen tree, 50 80 ft. ; Branches numerous, wliorled ; Buds quad- rangular, acute, resinous ; Wood, hard, very durable, extremely resinous. Introduced from Greece, 1824. Found on Mount Enos, or the Black Mountain, Cephalonia. Seeds first sent home by General Sir Charles Napier. 224 I CONIFERS CILICIAN SILVER FIR, Abies dlidca. Parks. ]\Iay. A tree resembling the Common Silver Fir {A. pectinata), but with branches and foliage less plentifully produced ; it is not very hardy. Flowers moncecious ; Male catkins pedunculate, cylindrical, rounded at ends ; Fruit a cone, cylindrical, G-8 ins. long, scales broad, entire, thin, coriaceous, bracts ligulate, crenated, hidden by scales ; seeds three-cornered, full of turpen- tine, wings cuneate. Leaves crowded in 2 ranks, linear, slightly curved or straight, dark green above, glaucous beneath, l-lj in- long. An evergreen tree, 40 GO ft. ; Branches mostly in whorls, lower ones hori- zontal ; branchlets slender, short, flat, spreading, in 2 horizontal rows. Introduced from Mount Taurus, in Asia Minor. COLORADO WHITE FIR, Abies concolor. Parks, gardens. May. The yellow bark on the young branches makes this a very attractive tree. It is distinguished by its leaves being nearly of the same colour on both surfaces. It thrives well in exposed situations. Flowers monoecious ; 3Talcs red or rose ; Females, scales broad, rounded ; Fruit a cone, cylindrical, produced singly, obtuse both ends, 3-5 ins. long, 2-21^ ins. diam., scales numerous, imbricated, lai-ger than short-pointed bracts; seeds ^^ in. long, dark dull brown, wings rose. Leaves distichously arranged in double rows, those in lower rows 2-3 ins. long, upper ones shorter, channelled above, linear, flat, obtuse or emarginate on vege- tative shoots, acute on shoots bearing cones, glaucous green, those on fertile branches often falcate. An evergreen t7^ee, 80-150 ft. ; 7iar/i' on young branches yellow or orange, turning reddish-brown, then grey or greyish-brown, on old trunks thick, furrowed, irregular plate-like scales ; lii/ds globose ; JFood very light, soft, coarse-grained, not strong, pale brown, sometimes nearly wiiite. Native of Colorado, Utah, and Arizona; introduced 1851. Syn. Picea lasiocarpu (Balfour). In California reaches height of 200-250 ft. VOL. II. 225 U TREES AND SHRUBS JAPAN SILVER FIR, Abies fa-ma. Parks, gardens. May. Thrives best in light, rich loam, and sheltered from cold winds. Flowers monoecious ; Fvjiit a cone, cylindrical, stalked, blunt, slightly curved, 3-5 ins. long, 1 in. diam., scales cuneate at base, rounded and crenulate, membranaceous, deciduous, bracts acute ; seeds triangular, wings broad. Leaves solitary, somewhat 2-rowed, linear, flat, blunt at apex or bifid, slightly falcate, smooth, coriaceous, rich green above, silver lines below, 1 in. or more long, sometimes cleft at tips in young stage of growth. An evergreen tree, 40-30 ft. ; Blanches whorled, horizontal, spreading, flat ; branchlets opposite ; Buds oval, smooth, in threes, scales imbricate, membranaceous. Native of Japan; there called "Uro-Siro" (leaves white beneath) and " Sjura-Momi " (White or Silver Fir); introduced 1861. Syn. A. bifida. GREAT SILVER FIR, Abies grandis. Parks, gardens. May. A handsome Conifer, well adapted for ornamental planting, and growing well on poor soils. Flowers moncecious, usually on upper branches of tree ; Males pale yellow, sometimes tinged purple ; Females light yellow-green, scales semicircular, bracts short, oblong, apex broad, obcordate, emarginate, reflexed tip ; Fruit a cone, cylindrical, bronzy-green, 2-4 ins. long, usually in pairs, \\ in. diam., scales broad at apex, 3-4 times length of bracts ; seeds § in. long, light brown, wings |— g in. long, nearly as broad at apex. Leaves thin, flexible, deeply grooved, dark green above, silvery-white beneath ; on sterile branches remote, terete, emarginate ; on fertile branches crowded, nearly erect, obtuse or notched at apex ; on young trees acute or acuminate. An evergreen t?ce, 70-100 ft. ; Branches in flat horizontal tiers, somewhat pendulous ; branchlets glabrous, pale yellow-green to brown ; Bark smooth, 226 CONIFERS grey-brown or yellow-brown, broken into oblong plates ; BuiU globose ; Wood light, soft, coarse-grained, not strong nor durable, light brown, very resinous, taking good polish. Native of N. America, there attaining height of 250-300 ft. ; seeds sent home by Douglas, 1831. BALSAM FIR, Abies bakamca. Parks. June. Does well in cool, rather moist soil. Flowet's monoecious ; Males dark indigo-blue, turning violet ; Females, scales obovate, dark violet-purple, bracts long, reHexed, tips slender ; Fi'uit a cone, oblong-cylindrical, truncate or depressed at apex, dark purple, 2-0-4 ins. long, 1-1^ in. diam., scales rounded and broad at apex, 3 times length of bracts, bracts obovate, red-brown, lacinate, long slender tips ; seeds \ in. long, wings nearly covering scales. Leaves crowded, nearly erect by twist at base, on lower branches 1— If in. long, sometimes emarginate at rounded apex, on upper branches shorter, thickened, usually acute, pale blue-green. An evergreen tree, 40-70 ft., with dense spire-like head ; Branches crowded, short, tough, somewhat pendulous ; Bark fissured, roughened with red scales, resin known as Canada Balsam ; Buds sub-globose, scales orange-brown ; growth slow ; JVood light, soft, not strong, pale brown or nearly white. Native of Canada and North-East U.S.A. ; introduced 1696. Known also as Ealni of Gilead. RED FIR, Abies nobilis. Parks. May. 'I'he deep silvery glaucous foliage and regular branches make this perhaps the most beautiful of tlie Silver Firs. Flowers monoecious; Males icddish-purple; Females scattered over upper part of tree, scales shorter than bracts, toothed, slender reHexed tips, bracts nearly orbicular ; Fruit a cone, oblong-cylindrical, obtuse both ends, 4-6 ins. long, 227 u 2 TREES AND SHRUBS purple or olive-brown, pubescent, scales narrowed towards base, bracts spathulate, recurved, pale green; seeds \ in. long, pale red-brown, wings about as long as seeds. Leaves crowded in several rows, two ranked on lower side of branches, others incurved; on sterile branches 1-1 i in. long, flat, rounded, notched at apex ; on fertile branches usually 4-sided, acuminate, two glaucous bands beneath. An evergreen tree, 80-90 ft. ; Branches short, rigid, laterals at right angles ; branchlets slender, reddish-brown ; Bark 1-2 ins. thick, fissured, scaly, red- brown ; Buds ovoid-oblong, red-brown ; Wood hard, light, strong, close-grained, pale brown streaked red ; sapwood darker. Native of N. America, where it attains lieight of 150-250 ft.; intro- duced 1831. NORDMANN'S SILVER FIR, Abies nordmanniana. Parks, gardens. April, May. Prefers deep, heavy, rich loam on clay or rock. It is one of the finest and most valuable of the genus, scarcely to be surpassed as a park or lawn tree. Floxvers monoecious ; Males in groups or clusters, generally pendent, abundant on old trees ; Females generally solitary, erect, produced on young trees some years before males appear ; Fruit a cone, erect, slightly ovoid, pedunculate, 4-6 ins. long, 2J-2| ins. diam., scales obtuse, recurved, smooth, entire, deciduous, bracts large, coriaceous, 3-lobed, greatly exceeding scales ; seeds triangular, about IGO, 2 under each scale, wings membranous. Leaves single, arranged spirally on shoots, on yoimg trees spreading in 2 rows, with half-twist at base, linear, rigid, flat, minutely bifid at apex, dark shining green above, silvery beneath, 1 in. long. An evergreen tree, 80-100 ft.; resembling Silver Fir; Branches wliorled, lower ones horizontal, upper erect ; Wood hard, closed-grained, durable. Named after I'rofessor Nordmann, who discovered the species in the Crimea, 1848. 228 CONIFERS SILVER FIR, Abies pectinata. Parks, plantations. May. Best in moist, open soil ; will grow beneath the shade and drip of other trees. Flowers monoecious ; Blalcs crowded in leaf axils of shoots of preceding year, especially at tip of tree, | in. long, 2-3 whorls of overlapping pale green scales, enclosing greenish-yellow stamens ; Females cylindrical, erect, on upper side of apex of last year's shoots of top branches (August), 1-1| in. long, numerous pale green bracts, scales pale green, obovate, toothed, tip prolonged beyond seminiferous scales ; Fruit a cone, axillary, erect, cylindrical, 6-8 ins. long, l|-2 ins. broad, brown, seminiferous scales falling with seeds, bract scales ^Ij in. long, \\ in. broad ; seeds triangular, abounding in balsam. Leaves linear, solitary, flat, twisted at base so as to lie in two horizontal rows, obtuse, stiff, turned up at points, shining green above, two silvery-white lines for 6-9 years, one on each side of midrib beneath, ^-1 in. long, persistent, brown scale-like leaves on buds, persisting at base of each year's growth. An evergreen tree, 80-120 ft. ; Branches horizontal, lower ones shed after 40-50 years ; Bark smooth, greyish-brown, in old trees rugged, fissured longitudi- nally, silvery-grey ; slow growth when young ; Wood yellowish-white, strong, not warping, does not withstand weather ; used for masts and in building, also for wood-pulp in paper-making ; Strasburg turpentine obtained from resin cavities under bark. Native of Central and S. Europe; introduced about 1603; lives about 400 years ; specimens on Continent nearly 200 ft. high. Specific name from L. pecfcii, iiiis, a comb ; pecto, I comb. liaiL- and Buds attacked by Fir \\''eevil {lljilohius ahictis). Typographer Bark Beetle (Bust ric/ius typographus). Fungoid Pest: — Spruce Nectria {Xectria cucurbit ula). SPANISH SILVER FIR, Abies Pinsapo. Parks, lawns. May. Well adapted for planting on chalk or hmestone, doing well on exposed ground. 229 TREES AND SHRUBS Plowers mona?ciou.s ; Fruit a cone, sessile, oval or oblong, 4-5^^ ins. long, 2 ins. diam., purplish-green, scales rounded, entire, cuneate at base, bracts short, concealed by broad rounded scales ; seeds angular, wings membranaceous. Leaves disposed around branches, linear, rigid, thick, almost fleshy, nearly terete, entire at apex, prickly, bright green, faint silvery lines on inner side, x\ in. long. An evergreen tree, 50-100 ft. ; regular and symmetrical; Branches whorled, densely clothed with laterals ; Bark darker and more scaly than Common Silver Fir ; Wood hard, close-grained. Introduced from S. Spain, 1839. DOUGLAS FIR, Pseudotsuga Doiiglasii. Parks and plantations, gardens. May. Propagated by seeds sown in sandy loam in temperature of 55° in March, or outdoors in April. Floxvers monoecious ; Males long-ovoid, orange-red, clustered at intervals on underside of previous year's shoots, anthers numerous, globose ; FeJiiales small, at tips of lateral branches, pendulous, isolated or grouped, bracts acute, 2-lobed, midrib prolonged ; Fruit a cone, ovate-oblong, pendulous, terminal, '2%-^ ins. long, IJ-lf in- broad, reddish- brown, scales broad, rounded, bracts large, 3-clawed. middle awn long ; bears after about 25 years ; seeds reddish-brown, wings dark brown, rounded at apex, \ in. long. Leaves flat, linear, falcate, blunt, entire, pectinate, 2-rowed, rich green above, two silvery lines beneath, l-lj in. long, persisting 0-7 years. An evergreen tree, 80-120 ft.; pyramidal outline; Brunches at lowest part bending downwards, those higher spreading horizontally, uppermost slightly ascending ; bra/ichlets mostly in opposite pairs ; Bark thick, scaling, reddish-brown, deep irregular fissures ; Wood hard, durable, susceptible of fine polish ; heartwood yellow, fine-grained, light weight, or red, coarse-grained, and heavier ; sapwood yellowish ; used in shipbuilding ; timber known as Oregon Pine. Native of N. America; seeds first sent to England by Douglas, 1826: 230 SCOTCH PINE {Fimis sijlvestris) A. Br.-inch wilh female llowcrs. £. Uranoh witli male flowers. C. A stamrn. I). Female (lowers, enlarged. E. Scale of cone, showing the 2 winged seeds. Platk LXVIII. CONIFERS in America reaches height of 300 ft.; mast in Kew Gardens 159 ft. long; the tree probably lives 750 years ; most widely distributed of American trees. Originally called Abies taxifoUa; afterwards named by Dr. Lindley as Abies Douglasii, in memory of Douglas, still often described under that name ; more recently changed to P. Douglasii (Gr. pseudcs, false, and Tsiiga, a genus of Conifera?). COULTER'S PINE, Pinus Conlteri. Parks. June. Best in deep sandy loam, and sheltered from south-westerly winds. The Pines are propagated by seeds sown in well-drained pots of sandy loam in cold greenhouse or frame in April, transplanting outdoors in following spring ; or in moist sandy soil outdoors in April, transplanting one year afterwards. Flowers monoecious ; Males yellow ; Females dark reddish-brown ; Fruit a cone, oval, acute, pendant, 10-14 ins. long, 6 ins. diam., weight 4-5 lbs., yellow-brown, scales thick, woody, broad, ending in flattened knobs, armed with incurved spines \-\^ in. long; seeds oval, I in. long, chestnut-brown, tliick shell, wings about 1 in. longer tlian seed, i in. wide. Leaves in tufts, usually 3, sometimes 4 or 5, terminal, stout, rigid, triangular, flattened, incurved, 9-12 ins. long, dark blue-green, persistent for 3-4 years. An evergreen free, 50-70 ft. ; Branches wide apart, long and pendulous below, short and ascending above; branchlets stout, few, orange-brown, becoming nearly black ; Bark dark brown, fissured, scaly ; growth rapid ; JVood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, light red. Native of X. America; introduced 1832; seeds sent home by Douglas. Named in lioiiour of Dr. Coulter. Also called P. i/iacrocarpa (Large-coned Pine). CORSICAN PINE, Pinm Laricio. Parks, gardens. May. Suited for deep, rich soils. This liandsome species may be recognised by the straight and finely-rounded trunk and the narrow spread of the branches. 231 u 3 TREES AND SHRUBS Floxvers monoecious; Male catkins at extremities of shoots, 6-15 in a cluster, 1-1+ in. long, yellow; Females solitary or 2-3 in cluster, ovoid, reddish, scales with blunt triangular point, bract scales scarious ; Fruit a cone, solitary, or in pairs, or sometimes 3-4, pointing horizontally or slightly downwards, conical, straight or curved, yellowish-brown or tawny, 2-4 ins. long, 1|^ in. diam. at base, bosses on young cones reddish-purple, scales elliptic, convex, short point ; seeds oval, greyish, with black spots, ripe in third year, wing 3-4 times length of seed. Leaves 2-5 in a sheath, slender, ascending, spreading, curved or wavy, often twisted, finely striated, finely serrated, obtuse at apex, flat on one side, convex on other, dark green, glaucous, 4-8 ins. long, persistent 3-4 years. An evergreen ti^ee, 80-140 ft.; ei-ect, pyramidal; Branches not numerous, in whorls of 5-6, often twisted at extremities, with tendency to curve round tree and upwards ; Bark reddish-grey, large plates ; Buds ovate, acute, resinous ; Wood white, becoming brownish-yellow when seasoned, coarse- grained, elastic, resinous, easily worked, durable, takes high polish. Native of S. Europe; said to have been introduced in 1814, but probably first planted at Kew in 1759 ; said to live 000 years. Bark and leading shoots attacked by Pine Beetle [Hijlesinus piniperda). AUSTRIAN PINE, Pinus Larido, v. nigricans. Parks, plantations. May. Does well on poor soils and in bleak and exposed situations, making an excellent seaside tree ; best on chalky soil. This is distinguished from the Corsican Pine by the much greater spi'ead of the brandies, the shaggy dark green foliage, and the light grey buds. Floivers monoecious ; Male flowers %-\ in. long, brilliant yellow, cylindrical, sub-sessile in axils of scale-leaves ; Stamens shortly stalked ; Female cones on sides of shoots, sub-terminal, 1-3, sub-sessile, bright red ; Fruit a cone, 2-3 ins. long, sessile, erect, with rounded base, lying almost horizontal, scales smooth and shining, bosses strong, yellowish-brown ; seeds ripened in about \\ year. Leaves in ])airs, dense, rigid, erect, straight, rounded on one side, slightly 232 CONIFER.^ channelled on tlie other, sharp-pointed, ricli, dark glossy brownish-green, 2|-5 ins. long, toothed margins, sheaths persistent. An evergreen tree, 60-80 ft. ; somewhat pyramidal ; Branches long, stout, lower ones horizontal or slightly pendulous ; Bark dark, coarse ; Buds light grey ; IVood coarse-grained, very resinous, knotty, durable. Native of Austria; introduced by Messrs. Lawson, 1835. A variety of the Corsican or Larch Pine {Phms Laricio). Sometimes called the Black Pine. Bark and shoots attacked by Pine Beetle {Hylesinus piniperda). CLUSTER PINE, Piuus Pinaster. Parks, gardens. April, May. Grows well near the sea, and will grow on shingly gravel inland. Flowers monoecious ; 3Iales crowded, ovoid, % in. long ; Stamens golden- yellow, much rounded, irregularly toothed anther processes; Females small, lateral, in pseudo whorls of 4-8 at tips of shoots, red-violet, seminiferous scales slightly longer than bracts; Fruit a cone, nearly sessile in lateral clusters of 2-4, or whorls of .5-8, cylindric-ovoid, tapering at apex, base oblique, purplish to green to shining yellowish-brown, 4-6 ins. long, 1\ ins. diam. at broadest part, bosses prominent, scales pyramidal, 1-1] in. long, f in. broad, umbo ash- grey, ending in sharp spine ; seeds oblong, wings \\ in. long, nearly 1 in. broad. Leaves in twos, stiff, broad, fleshy, acute, slightly serrated, dark green, white lines beneath, 6-12 ins. long, sheaths J in. long, pale yellow, turning nearly black. An evergreen tree, 60-80 ft. ; round-headed ; Stem with tendency to grow crooked; Branches slender, in whorls, turning upwards at extremities; Bark purplish, deeply fissured, plates 4-6 ins, long, 2 ins. wide ; Buds whitish-brown, woolly, non-resinous, \ in. long ; Wood soft, reddish, not very durable ; used in Naval work and carpentry. Native of S. Europe; introduced about 159G. Called Cluster Pine from whorled clusters of cones. Specific name of Pin-aster or Star Pine said to have been given for same reason. Known in France as Maritime Pine, from extensive planting on coast. 233 TREES AND SHRUBS STONE PINE, Pinm Pinea. Parks, plantations. May, June. Best in sandy soil near sea, sheltered. Floivers monoecious ; Male Jlorvers in axils of lower scale-leaves, forming a cylindrical, spicate cone, \-^ in. long, each flower consisting of several yellow stamens ; Female flourfs solitary, or two together at top of lateral shoots, erect at first, pendulous afterwards, f in. long, scales pale green ; Fruit a cone, solitary, orbicular, 4-6 ins. long, 3 ins. diani., red-brown, ripening in third year, scales stout, ligneous, hard, 2 ins. long, 1-1:|^ in. wide, cuneate, with a rhomboid boss and broad blunt prickle ; seeds f in. long, very short wing, enclosed in bony shell, ripening in fourth year. Leaves on young trees single, short, later on in pairs, united at base by a pale sheath, semi-cylindrical, apex sub-acute, rigid, edges slightly scabrous, 6-8 ins. long, bright green, persisting 2-3 years. An evergreen tree, 30-35 ft. ; with rounded umbrella-like head ; Branches spreading, mostly at top, stumps left as laterals decay ; branc/ilets generally ascending ; Bark red-grey, thick, rough, fissured longitudinally, often deeply peeling in patches ; JFood soft, light, fine-grained, not durable ; used in carpentry. Native of Mediterranean, reaching 80 ft. in height. Often called Umbrella Pine. In Italy seeds eaten at dessert, and preserved as sweetmeats. YELLOW PINE, Pinus ponderosa. Parks. May. Floivers monoecious ; Males yellow, persistent 4-5 years ; Females clustered or in pairs, dark red; Cones 3-G ins. long, ovoid, sub-terminal, singly or clusters 2-4, generally at extremities of smaller branches ; bosses of scales with small recurved triangular subulate spines; seeds ovate, acute, | in. long, wings 1-1 j in. by 1 in. Leaves in twos or threes, 0-12 ins. long, sometimes twisted at base, rather rigid, 3-angled, compressed, edges rough, deep glaucous green, persistent sheaths 1 in. long, shrivelled on older ones, mostly deciduous in third season. 234 \ TWIGS AXD \YIXTER BUDS (Xo. 1) A. Kim. Ji. Plane. C. Laburnum. CK Section of bud. D. Sycamore. X»'. Section of bud. J-:. Asb. EK Section of bud. F. Aspen. F'. Section of bud. 0. Oak. 6'. Section of bud. i/. Lilac, i/'. Section of bud. /. Lime. J. Elder. CONIFER.^ An evergreen tree, 100-150 ft., with tendency to twist ; Bark light yellowish- brown (cork colour), large plates, 4-8 ins. broad, flat, smooth ; Branches few, stout, in regular whorls, drooping when old ; smaller branches widely spreading or somewhat drooping, marked with scales of fallen leaves ; young trees of rapid growth ; Buds bluntly domed, prominent point, very resinous, Ijrown ; Wood highly resinous, heavy, brittle, close-grained, said to sink in water. Native of N. America, where it reaches 100-250 ft. ; introduced by Douglas from California, 1827. SCOTS PINE, Pinus sijlvestris. Parks, gardens, plantations. INIay, June. Best in peaty soils. Flowers moncecious ; Males in spikes, \ in. long, ovoid, shortly stalked, at base of young shoots, pollen pale yellow ; Females egg-shaped, \ in. long, reddish, tapering, at first erect and stalkless, usually 2-3, scales few ; Fruit a cone, solitary, or 2-3 together, 2 ins. long, ovoid, conical, acute, recurved when young, shortly stalked, scales few, ends thickened into a quadrangular boss, small shield with deciduous poizit, persistent, ripe in about 18 months ; seeds \ in. long, wing cuneate, 2-3 times as long as seed, scales disarticulating from axis of cone. Leaves in pairs, dense, 2-3 ins. long, shorter on old trees, acicular, acute, grooved above, convex beneath, glaucous in first year, dark green in second, shed in third, sheaths small, fimbriate, persistent, nearly black. An evergreen tree, 50-100 ft. ; Hat topped, rapid in growth ; Branches short, spreading, lower soon dying; Bark rough, red-brown, scaling; Wood in this country not very dural)le, red or white ; tree yields pitch, tar, resin, turpentine. Naturalised all over Britain, indigenous in Scotland. Often called Scots Fir. Name Pine from A.S. pin-treo, a Pine-tree ; L. pinus, a pine. Bark and leading shoots attacked by Pine Beetle {Hjileshms piniperda), shoots by species of Pine Shoot Moths {Retinia), which live in terminal buds and in resinous exudations from young branches ; Foliage — Pine Beauty {Panolis piniperda). Pine Saw-fly {Lophyrus pini). Fungoid Pest: — Pine Cluster Cups {Peridermium Pini). ^^""^ '^■^^^ 235 ^ i'HH 'l TREES AND SHRUBS SWISS STONE PINE, Pinus Cembra. Parks, gardens. May. Best in a deep, rich loam on a porous subsoil. Floivers monoecious ; Male catkins sessile, ellipsoid, | in. long ; Stamens bright yellow, anthers reddish-violet; Females long-ovoid, violet, ovuliferous scales ovate, closely imbricated ; Fruit a cone, ovate, obtuse, erect, violet when young, brown Avhen old, 3-4 ins. long, 2-2^ ins. diam., scales smooth, broad obtuse spine ; seeds nut-hke, edible, wingless, i in. long, ripening in November of second year. Leaves usually in clusters of 5, sometimes 4 or 6, slender, flexible, triquetrous, 3-ribbed, one rib shining green, the other 2 white opaque, edges rough, sharp- pointed, 2-5 ins. long, sheaths small, deciduous. An evergreen tree, 50 ft. ; erect, blunt, pyramidal, slow of growth ; Branches from base to summit, short, erect, shoots pubescent ; Bark grey-brown, fissured, scaly ; Buds globose, long narrow point, whitish, within resin ; Wood soft, fine- grained, fragrant, resinous ; much used in manufacture of Swiss toys. Native of mountains of S. Europe. Known also as Arolla. First planted by Duke of Argyll, 174G ; seeds introduced by Lawson, 1828. BHOTAN PINE, Pinus excelsa. Parks, gardens. May. Best on light gravelly loam, well drained. Floivers monoecious ; Blale catkins narrow-cylindrical, 1 in. long, dense clusters ; Fruit a cone, in pairs, or whorls of 4, rarely solitary, conoid-cylindrical, obtuse, curved, smooth, erect at first, purple or violet-rose, afterwards pendulous and dull green, foot-stalk nearly 1 in. long, cone 6-9 ins. long, 2^ ins. broad at base, slightly recurved, rich bronze when ripe, lunipe cones glaucous, full of turpen- tine and resin, scales wedge-shaped, loosely imbricated, thin, l-2i ins. long ; seeds small, ovate, wing obliquely truncate, Ij in. long, ripe in October or November of second year. Leaves in fives, slender, flexible, drooping, triquetrous, rough edges, glaucous on inner side, bluish-green and convex on outer, 4-8 ins. long. 230 CONIFERiE An evergreen tree, 60-150 ft. ; Branches whorled, spreading, upper ascending, lower somewhat pendulous; Bark grey-brown, rough, scaly, on young stems smooth and nearly black, somewhat shiny, rapid of growth. Native of the Himalayas. Discovered by Dr. Hamilton, 1802 ; and intro- duced by Dr. Wallich, 1827- WEYMOUTH PINE, Pinus Strohns. Parks. June. Best in a gravelly loam, and sheltered. Flowers monoecious ; Males in pseudo whorls of 5-0 at base of young shoots, cylindrical, i— | in. long, stalked, stamens numerous, yellow, scale bracts 3-G ; Females singly or in pairs, slightly longer than males, scales thick, margins purple-red ; Fruit a cone, 4-G ins. long, loose, stalked, pendulous, cylindrical, acute, slightly curved, dark violet to brown, scales smooth, thickened at apex ; seeds J in. long, narrowed at ends, red-brown mottled black, wings long and narrow. Leaves in fives, acicular, 3-5 ins. long, slender, soft, bluish-green, silvery lines, glaucous, turning yellow, sheaths loose, deciduous. An evergreen tree, 1 20 ft. ; Brandies horizontal or slightly ascending in regular whorls ; branchkts slender, glabrous ; Bark at first thin and smooth, at lengtli rugged, ash-grey-slaty ; Wood light, not strong, straight-grained, easily worked, light-brown tinged red ; much used for masts and spars. Native of N. America, 100-250 ft. ; introduced by Lord Weymouth, 1705. Bark and shoots attacked by Pine Beetle ( Hylesinus piniperda). 237 BOOKS OF REFERENCE British Flora. Bentham & Hooker. British Oak Galls. E. T. Connold. British Vegetable Galls. E. T. Coiu;olil. Diseases of Plants. H. Marshall Wanl. Encyclopmdia of Gardening. T. W. Sanders. Fungoid Pests of Cultivated Plants. Dr. M. C. Cooke. Handbook of Orchard and Bush Fruit hisects. E. A Ormerotl. Hardy Conifei'ous Trees. A. D. Webster. Indian Trees. D. Brandis. Illustrated Dictionary of Gardening. G. Nicholson. Illustrated Flora of the U.S.A., Canada and British Possessions. Britton ck Brown. Manual of the IVees of N. America. (J. S. Sargent, Practical Forestry. A. D. Webster. Students' Flora of the British Isles. Sir J. D. Hooker. The Garden. Vols. 1-70. The Gardener's Assistant. R. Thompson. I'he Pinetum. G. <_ H TWIGS AND WINTER BUDS (No. 2) A. Sweet Chestnut. B. Mtzereon. C. Black Poplar. I). Tree of Heaven. E. Birch. /■". Mountain Ash, (i. Beerh. //. Alder. /. Hawtlinrn. INDEX OF NATURAL ORDERS AND SPECIES Ranunculaceae Clematis Vitalba „ Flammula „ montana „ Viticella Magnoliacese Magnolia acuminata conspicua Fraseri , , glauca grandifolia macrophylla ,, obovata parviflora stellata tripetala Liriodendron tulipifera Calycanthaceaj . Calycanthus floridiis glaucus occidentalis Chiraonanthus fragrans Berberidefe Berberidopsis coiallina Berberis vulgaris Aquifolium buxifolia ,, Darwinii empetrifolia japonica iiepalensis wallichiaua Oistiuete .... Cistua corbariensis „ crispus „ ladaniferus „ laurifiilius „ lusitanicus „ monspolionsis . „ purpureus Huliaiithemuin formosum 'I'aniarisciiie.'e Tamarix gallica . „ Palasii . Hyporiiincio llypiMicuin Androssemum calycinum ,, hookeriaiiuin ,, moseriaiium ,, patulum . ol. Fuse 1 Ternstrctmiaceoe 1 Stuartia pentagyna 3 Pseudo-camellia 3 virginica 3 Malvaceae .... 4 Abutilon vitifolium . 4 Hibiscus syriacus 5 Sterculiaceaa G Fremontia californica G TiliacBi-e .... I. 7 Tilia americana . 7 ,, cordata 8 ,, platyphyllos 8 ,, vulgaris 9 Rutacere .... 9 Ptelea trifoliata I. 10 Skimmia fragrans 10 japonica J, 11 Laureola 11 oblata . 12 rubella 12 Simarubeaj I. 13 Ailanthus glandulosa . 13 Aquifoliacefe 14 Ilex Aquifolium . 15 ,, orenata 15 ,, dipyrena 1. 16 ,, opaca . IG Celastrinese IG Euonymus auiericanus 17 atropurpurfu.s I, 17 europajus . 18 japduicus . 18 latifolius . 19 Rhamnere .... 19 Rhamnus Alaternus . I. 19 cathartica . 20 Frangula 20 Ceanothus aniericanus 21 azureus 21 dentatus . 22 divaricatus 22 papillosus . 23 rigidus 23 thyrsitlorus 24 voitcliianus 24 Ampolideie 25 Vitis quinquefolia 25 viiiifera 26 ,, inconstaiis Vol. Page 26 27 27 28 28 29 29 30 30 31 31 32 33 33 34 34 35 36 36 36 37 37 37 38 39 I. 40 40 40 41 41 42 43 43 44 44 44 45 46 46 47 47 47 48 48 48 49 49 50 r)0 51 239 INDEX Sapindacese ^'Escuhis carnea . f^labra . Hippocastauum parvifldia Xauthoceras sorbiColia Acer campostre . „ circinatum . „ dasycarpuin ,, japDiiicuiii . „ macropliyllum „ nionspessulanum „ Negundo „ opulifoliiim „ palmatum . „ pennsylvanicum . „ platanoidfs „ Pseudo-platanus „ rubruui „ sacchaiinuin „ tartarioum Staphyleaceaj Staphylea colchica „ pinnata Auacardiacea! Rhus copalliua . „ cotinoides . „ Cotinus „ glabra „ Toxioodendron . „ typhina „ venenata . Leguminiisttf Laburnum alpinum „ vulgare Genista sethnensis „ anglica . „ hispanica „ pilusa „ sagittalis „ tinctoria „ virgata . Spartium juncoum Ulex europajus „ nanus Cytisus albus „ Ardoini . „ scoparius Amiirpha canescons „ fruticoaa Indigofera gerardiana Wistaria chinonsis „ nuiltijuga Robinia hispida „ noomexicana . „ Pseudacacia . „ viscosa . Oolutea arborescens . „ cruenta . Caragana arborescens . Coronilla pjinorus Hedysaruni niultijnguin Cladrastis araurensis . „ tinctoria Sophora japonica Cieaalpiiiia japonica Gyinnocladus canadensis I Pnge 52 Gleditschia triacanthos 52 Corcis canadensis 53 J) Siliquastrum 53 Rosaceas 54 Prunus Amygdalus 55 n conmmnis 56 )i insititia . 57 1) spinosa . 57 lj Avium . 58 5) Gerasus . 58 yj Padus . 59 n Laurocerasus . 59 »i lusitanica 60 Nuttalia cerasiformis . 60 Spirica boUa 61 ^, bullata 61 j» canescens 62 cliamsedrifolia . 63 n discolor . 63 )t Douglasi . 64 »i japonica . 64 )) lindle}'ani\ 65 >i media 65 51 prunifolia tiore- 66 1> salicitolia 66 )) sorbitolia 67 )» Thunl)orgi 68 Neill ia opulifolia 68 Stop lanandra Tanakas 69 Korria japonica . 69 lib.... otypos kerrioides 70 Noviusia alabamensis . 71 Eucr yijhia pinnatifolia 71 Rnbus biliorus . 72 )t Ciesius 72 )) deliciosus 73 )» fruticosus 73 jT Id;Bus 74 nutkanus . 74 }i odoratus . 74 »j phccnicolasius 75 i» spectabilis 75 Potentilla fruticosa . 76 Rosa arvensis 77 »> canina 77 jf moscbata 78 yi rubiginosa . 78 »i rugosa 79 11 spinosissima 79 1) villosa 80 Pyrus aniygdaliforniis 80 )) communis . 81 n l)accata 81 »j coronaria . 82 n Iloribuiida . 82 11 Mahis 83 jirunifolia . 81 11 sjiL'ctabilis . 84 1) Aria 85 11 TorminaHs 85 11 vestiUi 8:! 11 finiericana . 86 11 Aucuparia . 86 11 Soi bus 87 11 arbulifolia , 88 germanica . 88 Cydonia japonica pleno k'ol. Page 89 90 91 91 92 93 93 94 95 95 96 97 98 98 99 99 100 J, 100 100 101 101 102 102 103 103 103 104 104 J, 105 105 I. 106 I. 106 I. 107 I. 107 I. 107 TI. 1 n. 1 II. O 11. 3 II. 3 II. 4 II. 4 II. 4 II. 5 II. 6 II. 7 II. 7 II. 8 II. 8 [I. 9 II. 9 11. 10 II. U II. 11 II. 12 II. 12 II. 13 11. 14 II. 14 II. 15 11. k; II. 10 II. 17 II. 17 II. 18 II. 18 11. 19 240 NATURAL ORDERS AND SPECIES Vol. Paffe Rosacere — continued Cydonia Maulei . ,, vulgaris CratTBgus coccinea ,, cordata ,, Crus-galli ,, Douglasii ,, mollis . orientalis Oxyaoantha . ,, punctata Pyracantha . , , tanacetif olia Cotoneaster affiiiis ,, bacillaris . buxifolia . , , frigida horizoutalis ,, integerrinia ,, laxiflora . microphylla ,, Nummularia ,, rotund i folia , , Simonsii . Araelancliier alnifolia ,, canadensis Saxifragaceai Hydrangea Iiortensis . ,, paniculata ,, ,, V. srandiflora Deutzia corymbosa „ crenata . ,, gracilis . Philadelphus coronarius Carpenteria californica Ribes alpiuum ,, aureum ,, Grossularia „ nigrum rubrum sanguineum speciosum . Hainamelidece Corylopsis spicata Hamamelis arborea virginica Liquidambar styraciflu; Myrtaceae . Myrtus communis Passiflorene . Passiflora c£erulea Araliacese . Aralia chinensis . ,, spinosa Hedera Helix ComaceoB . Cornns florida ,, macrophylla „ Mas „ sanguines „ stolonifera Aucuba japonica . Garrya elliptica . t!aprifoliaceiB Sambucus canadensis ,, glauca . ,, nigra . II. II. II. II. II. 11. 11. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. 11. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. 11. II. II. II. 20 20 20 21 22 22 23 24 24 25 26 26 26 27 28 28 29 29 30 30 31 31 32 32 33 34 34 34 35 35 36 36 37 37 38 38 39 40 40 41 42 42 42 43 43 44 45 45 46 46 47 47 48 48 49 49 50 51 51 52 52 53 53 54 54 Caprifoliacepe — continued Sambucus racemosa Viburnum Lantana Lentago macroceplialum Opulus ,, V. sterile Tinus tomentosum r. plicatu Symplioricarpus racemosus Abelia floribunda Lonicera Caprifolium . etrusca . ,, (lava „ fragrantissima „ japonica V. flexuosa ,, nigra ,, Periclymenum ,, sempervirens , , tartarica ,, Xylosteum Leycesteria formosa Diervilla florida . granditlora . ,, middendorfiana RubiaceiB .... Cephalantlius occidentalis Compositie Olearia Haastii . „ macrodonta „ stellulata Helichrysum rosmarinifolium Artemisia Abrotanum „ tridentata . Ericacese .... Vaccinum Myrtillus . „ uliginosum . „ Vitis-idiea . Oxycoccus palustris Arbutus Unedo . Arctostaphylos alpina . „ pungens „ Uva-ursi Zenobia speciosa . Andromeda polifolia . Pieris floribunda „ japonica . Calluna vulgaris . Erica caruea „ ciliaris „ cinerea „ mediterranea „ stricta „ Tetralix . ,, vagans Loiseleuria procumbens Bryanthus taxifolius . Daboiicia polifolia Kalmia angustifolia „ Klauca . „ latitolia . Ledum latifolium „ palustro . Rhododendron calondulaeeii „ flavum . ,, nudiflorum Vol. P.vge II. 55 11. 56 II. 57 II. 57 II. 58 II. 59 II. 59 IT. 59 II. 60 II. 61 II. 61 II. 62 II. 62 II. 63 II. 63 II. 64 II. 64 II. 64 II. 65 II. 66 II. 66 II. 67 II. 67 II. 68 II. 68 II. 69 II. 69 11. 70 n. 70 n. 71 n. 71 IL 72 n. 72 II. 73 n. 73 II. 74 n. 74 II. 75 u. 75 u. 76 II. 77 II. 77 n. 78 n. 78 u. 79 n. 79 n. 80 n. 80 n. 81 n. 81 II. 82 II. 82 II. 83 II. 83 II. 84 II. 84 II. 85 11. 85 II. 86 II. 87 II. 87 II. 88 II. 89 11. 89 II. 90 [I. 90 241 INDEX Vol. PaLje Ericace.'e — rontinued Rhododendron sinense „ Vaseyi . „ viscosum „ californicum „ catawbiense ,, fernigineum „ Fortune! „ ponticum „ racemosum „ yunuanense Menziesia globularis Clethra acuminata „ alnifolia . Styracese Halesia tetraptera Styrax japonicum „ Obassia ,, officinale . Jasminese . Jasminum fruticans „ nudiflorum „ officinale „ revolutum „ wallichianum Oleaceoe Forsytliia suspensa ,, viridissima Syringa Emodi . „ japonica . „ vulgaris . Fraxinus Ornus . „ excelsior Phillyrrea angustifolia „ decora „ latifolia „ media . Osmanthus Aquifolium Chionanthus virginica Ligustrum Ibota . „ japonicum „ lucidum „ ovalifolium ,, sinense „ vulgare Apocynaceffl Vinca major „ minor Logan iaceoe Buddleia Colvillei „ globosa „ paniculata Solanaceaj . Lycium chinense . „ halimifolium Scrophularinere . Paulownia imperialis Veronica buxifolia „ cupressoides „ pinguifolia „ Traversii Bignouiacese Catalpa bignonioides „ cordifolia ,, Ksempferi VerbenacesB Clerodendron fcetidum II. II. II. II. II. II. n. II. II. II. II. n. II. II. n. II. n. II. II. n. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. u. II. II. II. II. II. 11. II. II. II. II. n. II. II. 11. II. 11. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. 11. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. 91 91 92 92 9.3 93 94 94 95 95 95 96 96 97 97 98 99 99 100 100 101 101 101 102 103 103 104 104 105 105 107 107 108 108 108 109 109 110 110 HI 111 112 112 113 113 114 114 115 115 116 117 116 117 118 118 119 119 120 120 121 122 122 123 123 Verbenacese — continued Clerodendron trichotomum Caryopteris Mastacanthus Labiatse Lavandula vera . Rosmarinus officinalis Phlomis fruticosa Laurinefe Laurus nobilis Thymelfeacere Daphne blagayana „ Cneorum „ Laureola „ Mezereum „ pontica . Elfeagnacese Elseagnus angustifolia „ argentea „ macrophylla „ multiHora Hippophae rhamnoides LoranthacccB Viscum album EuphorbiacesB . Buxus balearica . „ sempervirens Daphniphyllum macropodum Urticaoese . Ulmus alata „ americana „ campestris „ montana . Broussonetia papyrifers Morus nigra Ficus Carica Platanacese Platanus acerifolia „ cuneata ,, occidentalis „ orientalis Juglandese . Carya alba . Juglans regia Pterocarya caucasica Myricacese . Myi'ica Gale Cupuliferie Betula alba „ leuta „ lutea „ nana „ nigra . „ papyrifora Alnus cordifolia . ,, glutinosa . ,, oregona „ maritima . ,, rhombifolia Carpinus Betulus ,, caroliniana Corylus Avellana „ Colurna Quercus Cerris „ coccinea „ Ilex „ marilandica „ palustris Vol. Page IL 123 II. 124 n. 124 II. 125 II. 125 II. 126 II. 126 II. 127 IL 127 IL 128 II. 128 U. 128 II. 129 II. 129 II. 130 II. 130 II. 131 n. 131 II. 132 II. 132 II. 133 II. 133 II. 134 n. 134 n. 135 II. 136 II. 136 II. 137 II. 137 IL 138 n. 139 IL 140 n. 140 n. 141 n. 142 II. 143 u. 143 n. 144 II. 145 u. 146 II. 146 II. 147 II. 147 IL 148 II. 148 IL 149 II. 150 II. 151 II. 151 II. 152 II. 153 II. 153 II. 154 II. 154 II. 155 II. 156 II. 156 II. 157 II. 158 II. 158 IL 159 II. 160 n. 160 II. 161 n. 162 u. 162 242 NATURAL ORDERS AND SPECIES Vol. Page Cupulifer;e — coiUinued Quercus pedunculata „ rubra „ sessiliilora ,, Saber . ,, velutina Castanopsis chrysophylla Castanea sativa . Fagus sylvatica . Saliciuece . Salix alba . „ „ V. vitellina „ Arbuscula . „ aurita „ babylonica . „ Caprea „ cinerea ,, tragilis „ herbacea „ lanata „ Lapponum . „ Myrsinites „ nigricans . „ pentandra . „ phylicifolia „ purpurea . „ repens „ viminalis . „ reticulata . „ triandra „ viridis Populus alba ,, balsamiferr „ ,, V. candicans „ canescens „ deltuidea ,, nionilifera „ nigra . ,, ,) 1^- pyramidal: „ tremula . „ tremuloides Empetracese Empetrum nigrum Liliaceje Ruscus aculeatus „ Hypophyllum Danasa Laurus Yucca angustifolia „ tilamentosa „ gloriosa Grainineie . Arundo Donax Coniferffi Ginkgo biloba Cephalotaxus drupace „ Fortuni „ pedunculata Taxus baccata Prumnopitys elegans Juniperus chinonsis 11. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. n. u. u. II. II. II. n. II. 163 164 II. 165 II. 165 166 167 167 II. 168 11. 169 II. 170 II. 171 II. 171 II. 172 n. 172 II. 173 174 175 175 176 177 177 II. 17.S 11. 178 179 180 II. 181 II. 181 II. 182 II. 183 11. 183 II. 184 II. 185 II. 186 II. 186 II. 187 II. 187 II. 188 II. 189 II. 189 II. 190 190 191 191 II. 192 II. 192 II. 193 II. 193 II. 194 U. 194 195 195 II. 196 II. 196 197 197 II. 198 II. 198 II. 11. 199 200 Coniferse — continued Juniperus Sabina „ virginiana „ coniminiis Cupressus macrocarpa „ sempervirei ,, lawsoniana „ nootkatensis „ obtusa „ pisifera Thuya occidentalis „ plicata „ dolabrata . ,, orientalis . Libocedrus decurreiis Sciadopitys verticillata Sequoia gigantea . „ sempervirens Or3q5tomeria japonica Taxodium distichum Araucaria imbricata Tsuga brunoniana „ canadensis „ mertensiana „ Sieboldi Picea alcockiana . „ excelsa „ Morinda ,, nigra . „ orientalis . ,, polita . „ pungens Cedrus atlantica . „ Deodara . „ Libani Larix europjea Pseudolarix K»mpferi Abies balsamea „ brachyphylla „ cephalonica „ cilicica „ concolor „ firma . „ grandis „ nobilis „ nordmanniana „ pectinata . „ Pinsapo Pseudotsuga Douglasii Pinus Coulteri ,, Laricio „ „ r. nigricans „ Pinaster „ Pinea . „ ponderosa . „ sylvestris . „ Cembra „ excelsa „ Strobus Vol. Page . II. 200 . n. 201 . II. 201 . 11. 202 . II. 203 . II. 203 . II. 204 . II. 205 . II. 205 . II. 206 II. 207 II. 207 . II. 208 . II. 208 . II. 209 . II. 210 . II. 210 . II. 211 . II. 212 . II. 213 . II. 213 . II. 214 . II. 215 . II. 215 . II. 216 . II. 216 . II. 217 . II. 218 . II. 218 . II. 219 . II. 219 . II. 220 . II. 221 . II. 221 . II. 222 . II. 223 . 11. 227 . II. 224 . II. 224 . II. 225 , II. 225 . II. 226 II. 226 II. 227 II. 228 II. 229 II. 229 II. 230 II. 231 II. 231 II. 232 II. 233 II. 234 II. 234 II. 235 II. 236 11. 236 . II. 237 243 X 2 INDEX OF LATIN NAMES Abelia floribunda Abies balsamea . „ brachyphylla „ cephalonica „ cilicica „ concolor . „ firma „ grandis „ nobilis „ nordmanniana . „ pectinata . „ Pinsapo Abutilon vitifolium . Acer campestre . „ circinatum . „ dasycarpum „ japonicum . „ macrophyllum „ monspessulanum „ Neguiido „ opulifolium „ pahnatum . „ pemisylvanicum . „ platanoides „ Pseudo-platanus „ rubrum „ saccharinum „ tartaricuni . ^sculus carnea . „ glabra . „ Hippocastanuni „ parvifloni Ailaiithus glandulosa . Alnus cordifolia . „ glutinosa . „ maritima . ,, oregona „ rhombifolia Amelanchier ahiifolia ,, canadensis Amorpha canescens . „ fruticosa Andromeda polifolia . Aralia chinensis . ,, spinosa Arauoaria imbricata . Arbutus Unedo . Arctostaphylos alpina ,> pungens „ Uva-ursi Artemisia Abrotanum „ tridentata . Arundo Donax Aucuba japonica . Berberidopsis corallina Berberia Aquifoliuni . Vol. page II. 61 II. 227 II. 224 n. 224 n. 225 II. 225 II. 226 n. 226 II. 227 II. 228 II. 229 II. 229 I. 29 I. 56 I. 57 I. 57 I. 58 I. 58 I. 59 I. 59 I. 60 I. 60 I. 61 I. 61 I. 62 I. 63 I. 63 I. 64 I. 52 I. 53 I. 53 I. 54 I. 37 II. 154 II. 154 II. 156 II. 155 II. 156 II. 32 II. 33 I. 79 I. 79 II. 79 II. 47 II. 48 II. 213 II. 76 II. 77 II. 77 II. 78 11. 72 II. 73 11. 195 11. 52 1. i:i I. 15 Vol. Page Berberis buxifolia ,, Darwinii ,, empetrifolia . „ japonica „ nepalensis vulgaris „ wallichiana . Betula alba „ lenta ,, lutea ,, nana ,, nigra „ papyrifera Broussonetia papyrifera Bryanthus taxifolius . Buddleia Colvillei „ globosa „ pimiculata . Buxus balearicu . ,, sempervirens . Cfesalpinia japonica . Calluna vulgaris . Calycanthus floridus . „ glaucus . „ occidentalis Caragana arborescens Carpenteria californica Carpinus Betulus „ caroliniaua . Carya alba . Caryopteris Mastaoanthus Castanea sativa . Oastanopsis clirysophylla Gatalpa bignonioides . „ cordifolia „ Kwmpferi Oeanotlius americanus ,, anureus „ dentatus . „ divaricatus „ papillosus . „ rigidus „ thyrsiflorus „ veitcluanus Cedrus atlantica „ Deodara . „ Libani CepUalanthus occidentalis Ceiihalotaxus drupacea „ Fortuni „ pedunculata Cercis canadensis „ Siliquastrum . Chimonanthus fragrans Chionantbus virginica Cistus corbariensis I. 15 I. 16 1. 16 I. 16 I. 17 I. 14 I. 17 II. 150 II. 151 II. 151 II. 152 II. 153 II. 154 II. 140 II. 85 II. 114 u 115 II. 115 II. 134 II. 135 I. 88 II. 80 I. U I. 11 I. 12 I. 85 II. 37 II. 157 II. 158 II. 146 11. 124 II. 167 II. 167 II. 121 II. 122 II. 122 I. 46 I. 47 I. 47 I. 47 I. 48 I. 48 I. 48 I. 49 II. 220 II. 221 II. 221 II. 69 II. 197 II. 197 11. 198 I. 90 I. 91 I. 12 11. 109 I. 18 244 LATIN NAMES Cistus crispus ,, ladaniferus ,, laurifolius ,, lusitaiiicus ,, monspeliensis . „ purpureus Cladrastis amurensis . „ tinctoiia . Clematis Flammula . ,, montana „ Vitalba „ Viticella Clerodendron fcetidum „ trichotomum Clethra acuminata „ alnifolia Colutea arborescens . „ cruenta . Cornus florida „ macrophylla . Mas „ saiiguinea „ stolonifera Coronilla Emerus Corylojisis spioata Corylus Avellana „ Colurna . Cotoneaster atfinis „ baeillaris „ buxifolia „ frigida . „ horizontalis ,, integerrima „ laxiflora . „ microphylla „ Nummularia „ rotundifolia „ Simonsii Cratsegus cocci nea „ cordata „ Crus-galli . „ Douglasii . „ mollis „ orientalis . „ Oxyacantha „ punctata „ Pyracantha „ tanacetifolia Oryptomeria japonica Cupressus lawsoniana ,, macrocarpa „ nootkatensis „ obtusa „ pisifera „ sempervirens Cydonia japonica „ Mauloi . „ vulgaris Cytisns albus „ Ardoini . „ scoparius Daboi'cia polifolia Daiiii'.a Laurus . Daplino lilagayana „ Cneorum „ Laureola „ Mezoroum VtA. Page I. 19 Daphne pontica I. 19 Daphniphyllum macropoduni I. 19 Deutzia corymbosa . I. 20 „ crenata .... I. 20 „ gracilis .... I. 21 Diervilla florida .... I. 86 „ grandiflora . I. 86 „ middeiidorfiana . I. 3 Eloeagnus angustifolia I. 3 „ argentea . I. 1 „ macrophylla I. 3 „ multifiora . II. 123 Empetrum nigrum II. 123 Erica carnea .... II. 96 „ ciliaris .... 11. 96 „ cinerea .... I. 84 „ mediterrane.i . I. 84 „ stricta .... II. 49 „ Tetralix .... II. 50 „ vagans .... II. 51 Eucryphia pinnatifolia II. 51 Euonymus americanus II. 52 „ atropurpureus . I. 85 „ europasus . II. 42 „ japonicus . II. 158 „ latifolius . II. 159 Fagus sylvatica .... II. 26 Ficus Oarica .... II. 27 Forsythia suspensa . II. 28 „ viridissima . II. 28 Fraxinus excelsior II. 29 „ Ornus .... II. 29 Fremontia californica II. 30 Garrya elliptica .... II. 30 Genista fethnensis II. 31 „ anglica .... II. 31 „ hispanica II. 32 „ pilosa .... II. 20 „ sagittalis II. 21 „ tinctoria II. 22 „ virgata .... II. 22 Ginkgo biloba .... II. 23 Gleditschia triacanthos II. 24 Gymnocladus canadensis . II. 24 Halesia tetraptera II. 25 Hamamelis arborea . II. 26 ,, virginica . II. 26 Hedera Helix .... II. 211 Hedysarum multijugum . II. 203 Helianthemum formosum . II. 202 Helichrysuni rosmarinifolium . II. 204 Hibiscus syriacus II. 205 Hippophae rhamnoides II. 205 Hydrangea hortensis . II. 203 „ paniculata II. 19 „ „ V. grandiflora 11. 20 Hypericum Androsiemum . II. 20 „ calycinum I. 77 „ liookerianum . I. 78 „ mosorianum I. 78 „ patulum , II. 85 Ilex Aquitolium II. 193 „ cronata .... II. 128 „ dipyreua .... II. 128 „ opaca .... II. 128 Indigofera gorardiana II. 129 Jasminimi frutica is . Vol. Page II. 129 II. 136 II. 35 II. 36 II. 36 II. 67 II. 68 II. 68 II. 130 II. 131 11. 131 II. 132 II. 191 II. 81 II. 81 II. 82 II. 82 11. 83 II. 83 II. 84 I. 107 I. 41 I. 42 I. 43 I. 43 I. 44 II. 168 II. 141 II. 102 II. 103 II. 105 II. 105 I. 30 II. 53 I. 72 I. 73 I. 73 I. 74 I. 74 I. 74 I. 75 II. 196 I. 89 I. 88 II. 97 II. 43 II. 43 II. 48 I. 86 I. 21 II. 72 I. 29 II. 1.32 II. 34 II. 34 II. 35 I. 24 I. 24 I. 25 I. 25 I. 26 I. 39 I. 40 I. 40 I. 40 I. 80 11. 99 245 INDEX Jasrainum nudiflorum „ officinale . „ revolutum „ wallichianura Juglans regia Juniperus cliinensis . „ communis . „ Sabina „ virginiana . Kalmia angustifolia . ,, glauca „ latifolia . Kerria japonica . Laburnum alpinum . „ vulgare Larix europrea . Lavandula vera . Laurus nobilis . Ledum latifolium ,, pal list re . Leycesteria formosa . Libocedrus decurrens Ligustrum Ibota „ japonicum ,, lucidum . „ ovalifolium „ sinense „ vulgare Liquidambar styraciflua Liriodendrou tulipifera Loiseleuria procumbens Lonicera Caprifolium „ otrusca „ tiava . „ fragrantissima „ japonica „ „ V. flexuosa nigra . ,, Periclymenum ,, sompervirens „ tartarica ,, Xylosteum . Lycium chinense „ halimifolium . Magnolia acuminata . „ conspicua . „ Fraseri „ glauca „ grandifolia . „ macrophylhi „ obovata „ parviflora . „ stellata „ tripetala Menziesia globularis . Morus nigra Myrica Gale Myrtus communis Neillia opulifolia Noviusia alabamensis . Wuttalia cerasiformis Olearia Haastii „ macrodonta . ,, stollulata Osmantluis A(|uifoliuni Oxycoccus jialustris . Passiflora cmrulea Vol. Pagis Vol. Page II. 100 Paulownia imperialis IL 118 II. 100 Philadelphus coronarius . . IL 37 II. 101 Phillyrfea angustifolia . II. 107 II. 101 „ decora .... . n. 107 II 147 „ latifolia .... . II. 108 IL 200 „ media .... . IL 108 II. 201 Phlomis fruticosa .... . II. 126 II. 200 Picea alcockiana .... . II. 216 II. 201 „ excelsa ..... . II. 216 II. 86 „ Moriuda . II. 217 II. 87 >. nigra , . IL 218 II. 87 „ orientalis ..... . IL 218 I. 105 „ polita . II. 219 I. 71 „ pungens . II. 219 I. 72 Pieris floribunda .... . II. 79 II. 222 „ japonica . II. 80 II. 125 Pinus Cembra . II. 23G II. 127 „ Coulteri IL 231 II. 88 „ excelsa ..... . II. 236 n. 89 „ Laricio . II. 231 II. 67 ,, „ V. nigricans . II. 232 IL 208 „ Pinaster . II. 233 II. 109 „ Pinea ..... . II. 234 II. 110 „ pondorosa .... . II. 234 n. 110 „ Strobus . II. 237 II. 111 „ sylvestris ..... . II. 235 n. 111 Platanus acerifolia .... II. 143 II. 112 „ cuneata .... II. 143 II. 44 ,, occidentalis II. 144 I. 10 „ orientalis .... II. 145 II. 84 Populus alba II. 184 IL 61 ,, balsamifera .... II. 185 IL 62 „ „ V. candicans IL 186 II. 62 „ canescens .... II. 186 II. 63 „ deltoidea .... II. 187 IL 63 „ monilifera .... II. 187 II. 64 „ nigra . . . II. 188 IL 64 „ „ V, pyramidalis IL 189 II. 64 „ tremula .... II. 189 IL 65 „ tremuloides .... IL 190 IL 66 Potentilla fruticosa .... IL 4 IL 66 PruniiKipitys elegans II. 199 II. 117 Prunus Amygdalus .... I. 92 II. 116 „ Avium I. 95 I. 4 „ Cerasus ...... I. 95 I. 5 „ communis . . . . . I. 93 I. 6 „ insititia .... I. 93 I. 6 ,, Laurocerasus . . . . I. 97 I. 7 ,, lusitanica I. 98 I. 7 „ Padus ...... I. 96 I. 8 „ spinosa I. 94 I. 8 Pseudolarix K;empferi IL 223 I. 9 Pseudotsuga Douglasii . . . . II. 2,30 I. 9 Ptelea tritoliata I. 34 II. 95 Pterocarya caucasica IL 147 II. 140 Pyrus americana . . . . . IL 16 II. 148 „ amygdaliformis . . . . II. 9 II. 45 „ arbutifolia . . . . . II. 18 I. 104 „ Aria ...... II. 14 I. 100 „ Aucuparia . . . . II. 17 I. 98 „ baccata ...... IL 11 II. 70 ,. communis . . . . . IL 10 II. 71 „ coronaria ...... II. 11 II. 71 floribunda II. 12 II. 108 germanica . . . . . II. 18 II. 75 Malus IL 12 II. 40 24 ,, prunifolia II. 13 LATIN NAMES Pyrus Sorbus „ speotabilis „ Torminalis „ vestita Queicus Cerris . „ coccinea Ilex . „ marilandica . „ palustris „ pedunculata . „ rubra . „ sessiliflora „ Suber . „ velutina Rhamnus Alaternus . „ cathartica . „ Frangula Rhodendron calendulaceum „ californicum „ catawbiense „ ferrugineum „ flavum . „ Fortune! „ nudiflorum „ ponticum „ raceraosum „ sinense . „ Vaseyi . „ viscosum „ yunnanense Rhodotypos kerrioides Rhus copallina . „ cotinoides . „ Cotinus „ glabra ., Toxicodendron . „ typhina . „ venenata . RibbS alpinuni „ aureuni „ Grossularia „ nigrum . „ rubrum „ sanguineum „ speciosnm Robinia hispida . „ neo-mexicana „ Pseudacacia . „ viscosa . Rosa arvensis „ canina „ moschata . „ rubiginosa . „ rugosa . „ spinosissima „ villosa Rosmarinus officinalis llubus biflorus . „ cicsius „ deliciosus „ fruticosus „ Ida!U8 „ nutkanus „ odoratus . „ plici-niccilasius . „ spcctabilis Ruscus aculeatus Vol. Page n. 17 II. 14 II. 15 n. 16 n. 160 II. 160 II. 161 II. 162 11. 162 II. 163 II. 164 n. 165 n. 165 n. 166 I. 44 I. 45 I. 46 II. 89 II. 92 n. 93 II. 93 II. 90 II. 94 u. 90 II. 94 II. 95 II. 91 II. 91 n. 92 II. 95 I. 106 I. 66 I. 67 I. 68 I. 68 I. 69 I. 69 I. 70 n. 38 n. 38 n. 39 II. 40 n. 40 n. 41 II. 42 I. 81 I. 82 I. 82 I. 83 II. 5 II. 6 n. 7 n. 7 II. 8 II. 8 II. 9 II. 125 I. 107 I. 107 IT. 1 ir. 1 11. 2 11. 3 11. 3 II. 4 II. 4 TI. 192 Ruscus Hypophyllum Salix alba . „ „ V. vitellina „ Arbuscula . „ aurita „ babylonica . „ Caprea „ cinerea „ fragilis „ herbacea . „ lanata „ Lapponum „ Myrsinites „ nigricans . „ pentandra . „ phylicifolia „ purpurea . „ repens „ reticulata . „ triandra „ viminaLis . „ viridis Sambucus canadensis „ glauca nigra . „ racemosa Sciadopitys verticillat Sequoia gigantea „ sempervirens Skimmia fragrans „ japonica „ Laureola „ oblata . „ rubella . Sophora japonica Spartium junceum Spirsea bella „ bullata . „ cauescens „ chamsedrifolia „ discolor . „ Douglasi „ japonica . „ lindleyana „ media „ prunifolia rtore-plen „ salicifolia „ sorbifolia ,, Thunbergi Staphylea colchica „ pinnata Steplianandra Tanak Stuartia pentagyna „ Pseudo-camellia „ virginiea Styrax japonicum „ Obassia . „ officinale . Symphoricarpus racemosus Syringa Emodi . „ japonica „ vulgaris Tamarix gallica . Pallasii Taxodium distiilnini Tax us baccata Thuya dolabrata Vol. Paac 11. 192 II. 170 II. 171 n. 171 n. 172 n. 172 II. 173 II. 174 n. 175 n. 175 n. 176 n. 177 u. 177 11. 178 II. 178 II. 179 II. 180 11. 181 n. 182 n. 183 n. 181 II. 183 u. 54 II. 54 II. 55 n. 55 11. 209 11. 210 II. 210 1. 35 I. 36 I. 36 1. 36 I. 37 I. 87 1. 75 1. 99 I. 99 I. 100 I. 100 I. 100 I. 101 I. 101 I. 102 I. 102 I. 103 I. 103 1. 103 I. 104 I. 65 T. 65 I. 105 I. 27 I. 27 I. 28 11. 98 11. 98 11. 98 II. 60 II. 103 IT. 10 1 TI. 104 I. 22 I. 23 U. 212 TI. 198 1 1. 207 247 INDEX Thuya occidentalis orientalis plicata Tilia americana . „ cordata , , platyphyllos „ vulgaris Tsuga brunoniana ,, canadensis ,, mertensiana ,, Sieboldi . Ulex europanis . „ nanus Ulmus alata „ americana „ eanipostris „ montana Vaccinum Myrtillus uligiuosum Vitis-idsea Veronica buxifolia cupressoides fo\. Page II. 206 II. 208 II. 207 I. 31 I. .32 I. .33 I. 33 II. 213 II. 214 II. 215 II. 215 I. 76 I. 77 II. 137 II. 137 II. 138 II. 139 II. 74 II. 74 II. 75 II. 118 II. 119 Veronica pinguifolia . „ Traversii Viburnum Lantana . Lentago . macrocephalum Opulus V. sterile Tinus toraentosum v. plicat Vinca major minor Viscum album . Vitis inconstans „ quinquetolia „ vinifera Wistaria chinensis „ multijuga Xanthoceras sorbifolia Yucca angustifolia ,, filamentosa ,, gloriosa Zenobia speciosum Vol. raae II. 119 II. 120 II. 56 II. 57 II. 57 II. 58 II. 50 II. 59 II. 59 II. 113 II. 113 II. 133 I. 51 I. 50 I. .50 I. 80 I. 81 I. 55 II. 193 II. 194 II. 194 II. 78 248 INDEX OF POPULAR NAMES Abele .... Abelia, Copious-flowering Abutilon, Vine-leaved „ Rose . Adam's Needle . Alabama Snow Wreath Alaternus . Alcock Spruce . Alder. „ Buckthorn Alder-bush, White Alder-leaved Clethra . Alder, Neapohtan „ Oregon . „ Seaside . „ White Alexandrian Laurel . Allspice, Carolina „ Glaucous-leaved „ Western Almond Almond-leaved Willow Alpine Cotoneaster . „ Rose American Andromeda „ Arbor-vitse „ Aspen ,, Burning Bush „ Crab, Sweet-scent „ Elm . Holly „ Hornbeam . ,, Laurel, Glaucous „ Lime . „ Mountain Ash Witch Hazel Amur Yellow Wood . Andromeda, American „ Japan Apple, Coral-bud „ Crab Arborescent Witch Hazel Arbiir-vitaj, American „ Chinese . „ Gigantic . „ Hatchet-leaved Ardoino's Broom Arrow-jointed Genista Ash .... ,, Barberry „ Manna . „ Mountain „ American Mountain Aspen „ American Austrian Pine . Vol, P.T,ge II. 184 Azalea, Clammy IL 61 ,, Creeping I. 29 „ Flame-coloured I. 81 Japanese II. 194 „ Pontic . I. 106 „ Vasey's . I. 44 Balsam Fir II. 216 „ Poplar . II. 154 Barberi-y, Ash . I. 46 Box-leaved II. 96 „ Common . II. 96 „ Crowberry-leaved n. 154 Darwin's II. 155 „ Holly-leaved IL 156 ,, Japanese IL 156 Wallich's . II. 193 Bastard Indigo . I. 11 Bay, Sweet I. 11 „ Willow I. 12 Beam, Nepaul AVhito . I. 92 „ White II. 183 Bean, Indian IL 28 Bearberry, Black II. 93 ,, Common . II. 79 „ Pointed-leaved II. 206 Beautiful Nepal Spiraja II. 190 Bedford Willow . I. 41 Beech . II. 11 Bell, Golden II. 137 " ''. I. 40 Bhotan Pine II. 158 Bilberry II. 87 Birch, Canoe I. 31 „ Cherry IL 16 „ Dwarf II. 43 „ Red I. 86 ,, Silver II. 79 „ Yellow II. 80 Bird Cherry II. 12 Black Bearberry IL 12 Black-berried Honeysuckle IL 43 Blackberry .... II. 206 Black Currant . IL 208 „ Jack IL 207 „ Mulberiy II. 207 „ Poplar . I. 78 „ Spruce . I. 74 Blackthorn II. 105 Bladder Nut I. 17 ,, „ Colchican II. 105 „ Senna . IL 17 ,, „ Oriental 11. 10 Ijlagay's Daphne IL 189 Blue Bush .... IL 190 „ Straggling U. 232 „ Veitc h'.i . Vol. Page IL 92 II. 84 II. 89 II. 91 II. 90 n. 91 IL 227 II. 185 I. 17 I. 15 I. 14 I. 16 I. 16 I. 15 I. 16 I. 17 I. 79 II. 127 IL 178 II. 16 II. 14 IL 121 IL 77 n. 78 II. 77 L 99 IL 183 IL 168 IL 102 IL 103 IL 236 IL 74 IL 153 IL 151 II. 152 IL 153 IL 150 IL 151 I. 96 IL 77 IL 64 II. 1 II. 40 IL 162 IL 140 IL 188 n. 218 I. 94 1. 05 1. 65 1. 84 1. 84 li. 128 1 47 t. 47 1. 49 249 INDEX Blue Passion Flower . „ Spruce Bog Myrtlo „ Whortleberry Bower, Vine „ Virgin's . Box, Broad-leaved Jasmine „ Common „ Elder Box-leaved Barberry . „ „ Cotoneaster „ „ Speedwell Box, Minorca „ Narrow-leaved Jasmine „ Thorn, Chinese . Bramble, Rocky Mountain „ White-stemmed Brasiletto ... Briar, Sweet British Oak Broad-leaved Jasmin^; iJox „ „ Lime . „ „ Spindle Tree Broom, Ardoino's „ Common „ White Spanish „ Yellow . Brush Bush Buckeye, Fetid . Buckthorn, Alder „ Purging . „ Sea Buddleia, Colville's . BuUace Burning Bush . „ „ American Bushy Willow . Butcher's Broom Button Bush Calico „ Californian Lilac „ Maple „ Mock Orange ,, Rhododendron Camellia, False . Canadian Elder . „ Poplar Canoe Birch Carolina Allspice Catalpa, Japan . ,, Western Catawban Rhododendron Caucasian Waliuit Cedar, Incense . ,, Indian „ Japan ,, of Lubanon „ Mount Atlas . „ Red Cephalotaxus, Plum-fruited Cherry, Bird ,, Birch „ Crab „ Cornelian „ Dwarf or Wild „ Laurel . Chestnut, Golden-leaved Vol. Page II. 46 Chestnut, Horse II. 210 „ Scarlet Horse n. 148 „ Smooth-fruited Horse 11. 74 „ Sweet I. 3 Chili Pine . . . . . I. 3 Chinese Arbor-vitie . II. 108 „ Box Thorn II. 135 „ Crab, Showy . I. 59 „ Juniper I. 15 „ Kidney-bean Tree II. 28 „ Paper-plaut . II. 118 „ Privet . . . . II. 134 Chittam Wood . . . . II. 107 Choke-berry, Red II. 117 Ciliate Heath . . . . II. 1 Cilician SilvL>r Fir I. 107 Cinquefoil, Shrubby . I. 88 Cistus, Corbiere's Gum II. 7 „ Cretan Gum . II. 163 „ Gum . . . . II. 108 „ Laurel-leaved Gum I. 33 ,, Montpelier Gum . I. 44 „ Portuguese Gum . I. 78 „ Purple-flowered Gum I. 78 Clammy Azalea . . . . I. 77 „ Locust . . . . I. 75 Clematis, Mountain . I. 107 Clerodendron, Stinking I. 53 Club, Hercules' . I. 46 Cluster-flowered Yew, Fortune's I. 45 Cluster Pine II. 132 Cockspur Thorn . II. 114 Coffee Bush I. 93 „ „ Virginian I. 42 Coffee-tree, Kentucky I. 41 Colchican Bladder Nut II. 171 Colorado White Fir . II. 192 Colville's Buddleia II. 69 Constantinople Hazel II. 87 Copious-flowering Abelia . I. 48 Coral Berry I. 58 Coral-bud Apple II. 37 Corbiere's Gum Cistus II. 92 Cork Oak . I. 27 Cornel .... II. 54 Cornelian Cherry II. 187 Cornish Heath . II. 153 Corsican Heath . I. 11 Pine . II. 122 Cotoneaster, Alpine . II. 122 „ Box-leaved II. 93 ,, Common II. 147 „ Loose-flowered II. 208 „ Moneywort-leaved IL 221 „ Rod II. 211 „ Round-leaved II. 221 ,, Simon's . IL 220 „ Small-fruited . II. 201 ,, Small-leaved . IL 197 Cottonwood I. 96 Coulter's Pine . II. 151 Cowberry .... IL 13 Crab Apple, American II. 51 „ Cherry . I. 95 „ Showy Chinese . I. 97 „ Siberian IL 167 „ Sweet-scented . V„l. Pa^'f I. 53 I. 52 I. 54 II. 167 IL 213 II. 208 II. 117 II. 14 II. 200 I. 80 II. 47 II. HI I. 67 II. 18 IL 81 II. 225 II. 4 I. 18 I. 19 I. 19 I. 19 I. 20 I. 20 I. 21 II. 92 I. 83 I. 3 II. 123 IL 48 II. 197 II. 233 II. 22 I. 27 I. 28 I. 88 I. 65 IL 225 II 114 II. 159 II. 61 I. 13 II. 12 I. 18 IL 165 II. 51 II. 51 II. 84 II. 83 II. 231 II. 28 IL 28 II. 29 IL 30 II. 31 IL 27 IL 31 n. 32 IL 26 n. 30 IL 187 IL 231 IL 75 IL 12 II. 13 IL 14 II. 11 II. 11 250 POPULAR NAMES Crack Willow Cranberry . Creeper, Japanese „ Virginian Creeping Azalea Cretan Gum Cistus Cross-leaved Heath Crowberry . Crowberry-leaved Barberry Cucumber Tree . „ ,, Long-leaved Curled-leaved Jasmine Currant, Black . „ Flowering „ Missouri „ M'ountain Red . Cypress, Deciduous „ Evergreen „ Lawson „ Montery ,, Obtuse-leaved Japan Yellow Daisy-bush, New Zealand „ „ Tasmanian „ Tree, New Zealand Daphne, Blagay's Dark-leaved Sallow . Darwin's Barberry Deciduous Cypress Deodar Deutzia, Slender Dewberry . Dog Rose . Dogwood . „ Large-leaved „ Red Osier . „ White-flowering Double Tongue . Douglas Fir Douglas's Spiriea Thorn Downy Mountain Willow „ Rose Dwarf Birch „ Cherry „ Furze „ Silky Willow . „ Sumach . „ Willow . Dyer's Green Weed . Eastern Spruce . Thorn . Elder, Box „ Canadian . „ Common . „ Glaucous „ Scarlet-berried Elm, American . „ Common . „ Slippery „ White ,, Winged „ Wych Evergreen Cypress Oak „ Thorn Vol. P-age U. 175 Evergreen Trumpet Honeysuckle II. 75 False Camellia .... I. 51 Fetid Buckeye . I. 50 Field Rose II. 84 Fig I. 19 Fine-leaved Heath II. 83 Fir, Balsam u. 191 „ Cilician Silver I. 16 „ Colorado-White . I. 4 „ Douglas I. 6 „ Great Silver n. 101 „ Hemlock Indian . II. 40 „ Japan Silver n. 41 „ Mount Enos II. 38 „ Nordmann's Silver II. 38 „ Norway Spruce . n. 40 „ Plum .... II. 212 „ Red .... n. 203 „ Short-leaved Silver II. 203 „ Silver .... II. 202 „ Spanish Silver II. 205 Flame-coloured Azalea II. 204 Flowering Currant II. 70 „ Dogwood, White II. 71 Fly Honeysuckle II. 71 Fortune's Cluster-flowered Yew 11. 128 „ Rhododendron . II. 178 Fragrant Skimmia I. 16 Fringe Tree, White . II. 212 Fuchsia-flowered Gooseberry II. 221 Furze II. 36 „ Dwarf I. lOS Garland Flower . II. 6 Gean II. 51 Genista, Arrow-jointed II. 50 „ Mount Etna . II. 52 Twiggy. n. 49 „ Gerard's Indigo . II. 192 Germander-leaved Spir.tja . II. 230 Gigantic Arbor-vitfe . I. 101 Glaucous American Laurel . II. 22 Elder . II. 177 Glaucous-leaved Allspice . II. 9 Globe-flowered Menziesia . IL 152 Goat Willow I. 95 Golden Bell I. 77 ») n ... 11. 181 „ Larch .... I. 66 Golden-leaved Chestnut II. 175 Golden Osier .... I. 74 Gorse II. 218 „ Spanish .... II. 24 Gooseberry .... I. 59 „ Fuchsia-flowered II. 54 Grape Pear II. 55 „ Vine .... II. 54 Gray Sallow II. 55 Greater Periwinkle II. 137 Great Laurel Magnolia II. 138 Great-leaved ,, . . . T. 30 Great Reed .... 11. 137 „ Silver Fir .... 11. 137 Green Weed, Dyer's . II. 139 „ Tlairy . IL 203 Guelder Rose .... II. 161 „ „ Large-headed H. 26 „ I'laited . Vol. Page II. 65 I. 27 I. 53 II. 5 II. 141 IL 82 II. 227 II. 225 II. 225 n. 230 IL 226 n. 213 n. 226 n. 224 IL 228 IL 216 IL 199 n. 227 IL 224 n. 229 II. 229 II. 89 II. 41 II. 49 II. 66 IL 197 II. 94 I. 35 II. 109 n. 42 I. 76 I. 77 II. 128 I. 95 I. 74 I. 72 I. 75 I. 80 I. 100 II. 207 II. 87 II. 54 I. 11 IL 95 II. 173 II. 102 II. 103 IL 223 II. 167 n. 171 I. 76 I. 73 II. 39 II. 42 II. 33 I. 50 II. 174 II. 113 1. 7 I. 7 II. 195 II. 226 I. 74 I. 74 u. 58 11. 57 11. 59 251 INDEX Gum Cistus „ „ Coibiere's „ „ Cretan „ „ Laurel-leaved . ,, ,, Montpelier „ „ Portuguese Purple-flowered „ „ Swoet Hairy Green Weed Hatchet-leaved Arbor-vitie Haw, Red .... Hawthorn . . . • Hazel, American Witch „ Arborescent „ ,, Common . „ Constantinople Heath, St. Dabeoc's . „ Ciliate „ Cornish . „ Corsican . „ Cross-leaved . „ Fine-leaved „ Mediterranean „ Winter . Hemlock, Mountain . „ Fir, Indian . „ Spruce „ „ Japan Hercule's Club . Hibiscus, Syrian . Hickory, Shell-bark . Himalayan Honeysuckle . Holly . . „ Lilac „ Snow-flower „ Spruce Hoary Spirasa Holly . . „ American . „ Himalayan . Holly-leaved Barberry Olive Honey Locust Honeysuckle, Black-berried „ Common „ Evergreen Trumpet Fly „ Italian . „ Japanese „ Himalayan . „ Perfoliate „ Short-stalked „ Tartarian „ Very Fragrant „ Yellow Trumpet Hooker's St. John's Wort . Honey Locust Hop Tree .... Hornbeam .... „ American . Horse Chestnut . „ „ Scarlet „ „ Smooth-fruited Hydrangea, Common ,, Plumed . Ibota Privet Incense Cedar Vol. Page I. 19 Indian Bean . . . . I. 18 „ Cedar . . . . I. 19 „ Hemlock Fir . I. 19 Indigo, Bastard . . . . I. 20 „ Gerard's I. 20 Intermediate Spirsea . I. 21 Italian Honeysuckle . II. 44 „ Maple . . . . I. 74 Ivy II. 207 .lapan Andromeda II. 23 „ Catalpa . . . . II. 24 „ Cedar . . . . IL 43 „ Cypress, Obtuse-leaved . II. 43 „ Silver Fir IL 158 Japanese Azalea II. 159 ,, Barberry n. 85 ., Creeper II. 81 „ Honeysuckle IL 84 „ Lilac . . . . II. 83 Maple II. 83 „ Pagoda Tree II. 82 ,, Pr vet II. 82 Quince n. 81 Rose . II. 215 Skimmia II. 213 Snow-flower II. 214 Spindle Tree II. 215 ,, Spirjea II. 48 Storax I. 29 Wine-berry II. 146 Jasmine Box, Broad-leaved II. 67 Narrow-leaved I. 40 Curled-leaved II. 103 Shrubby II. 35 WaUich's . II. 217 White . I. 100 Yellow I. 39 Jerusalem Sage . I. 40 Jew's Mallow I. 40 Judas Tree I. 15 Juniper, Chinese II. 108 Common I. 89 Kentucky Cofl'ee-tree II. 64 Kerria, White . II. 64 Kidney-bean Tree, Chinese II. 65 Kusagi .... II. 66 Labrador Tree . II. 62 Laburnum .... II. 63 „ Scotch II. 67 Larch II. 61 „ Golden II. 64 Large-flowered St. John's Wort II. 66 „ „ Weigela . II. 63 „ „ Wistaria . II. 62 Large-fruited Thorn . I. 25 Large-headed Guelder Rose I. 89 Large-leaved Dogwood I. 34 „ Oleaster IL 157 Laurel, Alexandrian . II. ir>8 „ Cherry . I. 53 ,, Glaucous American I. 52 Laurel-leaved Gum Cistus I. 54 „ Magnolia U. 34 „ „ Great IL 35 ,, Pontic Spurge IL 109 „ Portugal II. 208 „ Sheep Vol. Page II. 121 II. 221 II. 213 I. 79 I. 80 I. 102 IL 62 L 60 II. 48 II. 80 IL 122 II. 211 II. 205 II. 226 II. 91 I. 16 I. 51 II. 63 II. 104 I. 58-60 I. 87 IL 110 n. 19 II. 8 I. 36 II. 36 I. 43 I. 101 II. 98 II. 4 II. 108 II. 107 II. 101 II. 99 II. 101 II. 100 II. 100 II. 126 I. 105 I. 91 II. 200 IL 201 I. 88 I. 106 I. 80 II. 123 IL 88 I. 72 I. 71 IL 222 II. 223 I. 24 II. 68 I. 81 IL 25 II. 57 IL 50 II. 131 II. 193 I. 97 II. 87 1. 19 I. 6 I. 7 IL 129 I. 98 252 POPULAR NAMES Laurel Spurge . „ Variegated Laurustinus Lavender Lawson Cypress . Lead Plant Ledum, Marsh . Lesser Periwinkle Lilac . „ Californian „ Himalayan „ Japanese . Lime, American . „ Broad-leaved „ Common . „ Small-leaved Lindley's Spiraea Ling . Locust „ Clamni}- . „ Honey „ Tree London Plane Long-leaved Cucumber Tree Long-sta'iked Oleaster Loose-flowered Cotoneaster Lord Harrington's Yew Magnolia, Great Laurel „ ( ireat-leaved „ Laurel „ Purple-flowered „ Small-leaved „ Starry Maidenhair Tree Mallow, Jew's Manna Ash Maple, CaUforniau „ Common „ Italian . „ Japanese „ Montpelier „ Norway . „ Red „ Round-leaved ,, Silver-leaved ,, Striped . „ Sugar . „ Tartarian Marsh Leduni . „ Rosemary Maule's Quince . Medicinal Storax Mediterranean Heatli Medlar Menziesia, Globe-flowered „ Scottish Mezoreon . Middendorf's Weigela Minorca Box Missouri Currant Mistletoe . Mock Orange „ „ Californian „ Privet „ „ Vilmorin's Moneywort-leaved Cotoneaster Monterey C3fpress i-ol. Pime II. 128 Montpelier Gum Cistus II. 52 „ Maple n. 59 Moose Wood n. 125 Moser's St. John's Wort . IL 203 Mountain Ash . I. 79 „ „ American . II. 89 ,, Clematis n. 113 „ Currant II. 104 „ Hemlock I. 48 Mount Atlas Cedar . II. 103 „ Enos Fir II. 104 „ Etna Genista . I. 31 Moustache Plant I. 33 Mulberry, Black I. 33 „ Paper I. 32 Musk Rose I. 102 Myrtle .... II. 80 „ Bog ... I. 82 Narrow-leaved Jasmine Box I. 83 „ Yucca I. 89 Neapolitan Alder I. 82 Needle, Adam's . II. 143 Nepal White Beam I. 6 „ Spiraja, Beautiful . IL 132 New Jersey Tea II. 30 „ Zealand Daisy Bush . n. 198 „ Tree . I. 7 Nine-l)ark .... I. 7 Nootka Sound Raspberry . I. 6 Nordmann's Silver Fir I. 8 Norway Maple . I. 8 „ Spruce Fir I. 9 Oak, British IL 196 „ Cork . I. 105 ,, Evergreen . II. 105 „ Red . L 58 „ Scarlet I. 56 „ Sessile-flowered I. 60 „ Swamp L 58-60 „ Turkey I. 59 „ Yellow-bark I. 61 Oblate-berried Skimmia I. 63 Obtuse-leaved Japan Cypress I. 57 Oleaster .... I. 57 „ Large-leaved I. 61 „ Long-stalked I. 63 Olive, Holly-leaved . I. 64 „ Wild IL 89 Ontario Poplar . U. 79 Orange-ball Tree n. 20 Orange, Mock II. 98 „ Californian Mock . II. 82 Oregon Alder u. 18 Oriental Bladder Senna II. 95 „ Piano . II. 85 Osier IL 129 „ Dogwood, Red . u. 68 „ Golden n. 134 „ Purple n. 38 Oso Berry .... II. 133 Oval-leaved Privet II. 37 Pagoda Tree, Japanese II. 37 Pailas's Tamarisk II. 108 Paper Mulberry . II. 107 Paper-plant, Chinese . II. 31 Passion Flower, Blue . u. 202 Pea-fruited Retinoipe ra . Vol. Page I. 20 I. 59 I. 61 I. 25 II. 17 IL 16 I. 3 II. 38 II. 215 II. 220 II. 224 I. 72 II. 124 n. 140 II. 140 II. 7 II. 45 II. 148 II. 107 n. 193 II. 154 II. 194 IL 16 I. 99 I. 46 II. 70 II. 71 I. 104 II. 3 U. 228 I. 61 u. 216 n. 163 II. 165 II. 161 II. 164 11. 160 II. 165 n. 162 II. 160 II. 166 I. 36 IL 205 II. 130 II. 131 II. 132 II. 108 II. 130 II. 186 II. 115 n. 37 II. 37 II. 155 I. 84 II. 145 II. 181 II. 52 II. 171 II. 180 I. 98 II. 111 I. 87 I. 23 II. 140 II. 47 II. 46 II. 205 253 INDEX Pea Tree, Siberian Pear, Grape „ Wild „ Willow-leaved . Pepper-bush, Sweet . Perfoliate Honeysuckle Periwinkle, Greater . „ Lesser Petty Whin Pine, Austrian . „ Bhotau „ Cluster „ Corsican „ Coulter's . „ Scots . „ Stone „ Swiss Stone „ Umbrella . „ Weymouih „ Yellow Pinxter Flower . Plaited Guelder Rose . Plane, London . „ Oriental . „ Wedge-leaved . „ Western . Plumed Hydrangea . Plum Fir . Plum-fruited Cephalotaxiis Plum, Wild Pointed-leaved Bearberry Poison Ivy . „ Sumach . Pontic Azalea „ Rhododendron „ Spurge Laurel. Poplar, Balsam . „ Black „ Canadian „ Grey . „ Great White . „ Lombardy „ Ontario . Portugal Laurel Portuguese Gum Cistus Prunus-leaved Spiraea Purging Buckthorn Purple-flowered Gum Cistu „ „ Magnolia „ „ Raspberry Purple Osier Privet, Chinese . „ Common „ Ibota „ Japanese „ Mock ,, Oval-leaved . ,, Shining . „ Vilmorin's Mock Quince, Common „ Japanese „ Maulu's . Raspberry . „ Nootka Sound ,, Purple-llowered Red Birch . Redbud Vol. Page I. 85 II. 33 II. 10 II. 9 11. 96 II. 61 II. 113 II. 113 I. 73 II. 232 II. 236 IL 233 II. 231 II. 231 II. 235 II. 234 IL 236 II. 209 IL 237 IL 234 II. 90 11. 59 IL 143 IL 145 II. 143 II. 144 II. 35 n. 199 II. 197 I. 93 II. 77 I. 69 I. 70 II. 90 IL 94 II. 129 II. 185 II. 188 II. 187 II. 186 II. 184 II. 189 II. 186 I. 98 I. 20 I. 103 I. 45 I. 21 I. 8 11. 3 II. 180 IL HI II. 112 II. 109 IL 110 IL 108 II. HI II. 110 II. 107 IL 20 II. 19 IL 20 II. 2 II. 3 II. 3 II. 153 I. 90 Red Cedar . „ Choke Borry „ Currant „ Fir . . „ Haw „ Maple . „ Oak „ Osier Dogwood Reddish Skimmia Redwood Reed, Great Reticulate Willow Retinospera, Pea-fruited Rhododendron, Cidiforniai „ Catawban „ Fortune's „ Pontic Rocky iiountain Bramble Rod Cotoneaster . Rose, Acacia „ Alpine „ Dog . „ Downy „ Field „ Guelder ,, Japanese . „ Musk . „ Scotch „ Showy Sun Rosemarj', Common „ Marsh Rosy Weigela Round-eared Sallow Round-leaved Cotoneaster „ Maple Sage Bush . „ Jerusalem . St. Dabeoc's Heath St. John's Wort, Hooker's „ „ Large-flowered „ „ Moser's „ „ Spreading Sallow, Common „ Dark-leaved „ Gray „ Round-eared Salmon Berry Satin Flower Savin . Scarlet-berried Elder Scarlet Horse Chestnut „ Oak „ Thorn . Scorpion Senna . Scotch Laburnum „ Rose Scots Pine . Scottish Menziesia Sea Buckthorn . Seaside Alder Senna, Bladder . „ Oriental Bladder „ Scorpion . Service Berry „ Tree", True . „ Wild . Sessile-flowered Oak . fn}. Page II. 201 11. 18 IL 40 II. 227 II. 23 I. 63 II. 164 IL 52 I. 36 II. 210 IL 195 II. 182 II. 205 IL 92 II. 93 II. 94 IL 94 IL 1 IL 27 I. 81 II. 93 IL 6 II. 9 II. 5 II. 58 II. 8 II. 7 II. 8 I. 21 II. 125 II. 79 II. 67 II. 172 II. 31 I. 67 II. 73 II. 126 II. 85 I. 25 I. 24 I. 25 I. 26 II. 173 II. 178 II. 174 IL 172 II. 4 I. 86 11. 200 11. 55 I. 52 II. 160 U. 20 I. 85 I. 71 II. 8 II. 235 II. 85 II. 132 IL 156 I. 84 I. 84 I. 85 11. 32 II. 17 II. 15 II. 165 254 POPULAR NAMES Sheep Berry „ Laurel Shell-bark Hickory Shining Privet . Short-leaved Silver Fir Short-stalked Honeysuckle Showy Chinese Crab . „ Sim Rose . „ Zenobia . Shrubby Cinquefoil . „ Jasmine Siberian Cralj „ Pea Tree Silk Grass . Silky Willow, Dwarf . Silver Berry „ Birch „ Fir . . „ ,, Cilician „ „ Great . „ „ Japan . „ „ Noidmann's „ „ Short-leaved „ „ Spanish Silver-leaved Maple . Simon's Cotoneaster . Sioumi Skimmia, Fragrant „ Japanese „ Oblate-berried „ Reddish Slender Deutzia . Slippery Elm Sloe .... Small-fruited Cotoneaster Small-leaved „ „ „ Lime „ „ Magnolia Smoke Plant Smooth-fruited Horse Chestnut Smooth Sumach . Snowball Tree Snowbeny . Snowdrop Tree . Snow-liower, Himalayan ,, „ Japanese Snow-in-Summei- Snow Wreath, Alabama Sorbus-leaved Spiriiea . Southernwood Spanish Broom, White „ „ Yellow ,, Gorse „ Silver Fir Speedwell, Box-leaved „ Traver'B . Spindle Tree „ „ Broad-leaded „ „ Japanese Spirrea, Beautiful Nepal „ Douglas's „ Gerinander-leaved „ Hoary „ Intermediate . „ Japanese . ,, Lindley's „ Prunus-leaved k'ol. Pa^e II. 57 Spiraea, Sorbus-leaved II. 86 „ Thunberg's II. 146 „ White-beam-leaved II. 110 „ Willow-leaved II. 224 Spreading St. John's Wort II. 64 Spruce, Alcock . II. 14 „ Black . I. 21 „ Blue II. 78 „ Eastern . u. 4 „ Hemlock II. 99 „ Himalayan . II. 11 „ Japan Hemlock I. 8.5 „ Tiger's Tail . 11. 194 Spurge Laurel . II. 181 „ „ Pontic II. 131 Staghorn Sumach II. 150 Starry Magnolia n. 229 Stinking Clerodendrou II. 225 Stone Pine . II. 226 „ „ Swiss II. 226 Storax, Japanese II. 228 „ Medicinal II. 224 Straggling Blue Bush II. 229 Strawberry Tree I. 57 Striped Maple . II. 32 Sugar II. 136 Sumach, Dwarf . I. 35 „ Poison . I. 36 „ Smooth I. 36 ,, Staghorn I. 37 Sun Rose, Showy II. 36 Swamp Oak I. 30 Sweet Bay . I. 94 ,, Briar II. 26 „ Chestnut . II. 30 „ Gum I. 32 ,, Pepper-bush I. 8 Sweet-scented American Ci I. 68 Swiss Stone Pine I. 54 Sycamore . I. cs Syrian Hibiscus II. 59 Syringa II. 60 Tamarisk . II. 97 Pallas's II. 35 Tansy-leaved Thorn . II. 36 Tartarian Maple . II. 72 „ Honeysuckle I. 106 Tasmanian Daisy Bush I. 103 Tea, Labrador . II. 72 Tea-leaved Willow I. 77 Tea, New Jersey I. 75 „ Tree . I. 73 Thorn, Chinese Bo.x . II. 229 „ Cockspur II. 118 „ Douglas's II. 120 „ Eastern . I. 43 „ Evergreen I. 44 „ Large-fruited . I. 43 „ Scarlet . I. 99 „ Tansy-leaved . I. 101 „ Washington I. 100 Thunberg's Spiraja I. 100 Tigei^'s Tail Spruce . I. 102 Traveller's Joy . T. 101 Traver's Speedwell I. 102 Tree of Heaven . I. 103 True Service Tree ab Vol. Page I. 103 I. 104 I. 100 I. 103 I. 26 II. 216 n. 218 II. 219 IL 218 II. 214 II. 217 II. 215 II. 219 IL 128 n. 129 I. 69 I. 9 II. 123 IL 234 II. 236 11. 98 IL 98 I. 47 II. 76 I. 61 I. 63 L 66 I. 70 I. 68 I. 69 I. 21 II. 162 II. 127 n. 7 n. 167 II. 44 II. 96 n. 11 II. 236 I. 62 I. 29 II. 37 I. 22 I. 23 II. 26 I. 64 IL 66 n. ■ 71 II. 88 II. 179 I. 46 II. 116 n. 117 IL 22 II. 22 II. 24 IL 26 IL 25 II. 20 II. 26 II. 21 I. 104 11. 219 l. 1 II. 120 I. 37 U. 17 25.5 V 2 INDEX Trumpet Honeysuckle, Evergreen „ „ Yellow . Tulip Tree . Turkey Oak Tutsan Twiggy Genista . Umbrella Pine . Tree . Vanilla Tree Variegated Laurel Vasey's Azalea Veitcli's Blue Bush Very Fragrant Honeysuckl Vilraorin's Mock Privet Vine, Bower „ Grape Vine-leaved Abutilon . Virginiau OoftVe Bush „ Creeper „ Yellow Wood Virgin's Bower . Wallicli's Barberry ,, Jasmine Walnut „ Caucasian Washington Thorn Wayfaring Tree . Wedge-leaved Plane . Weeping Willow . Weigela, Large-Howered „ Rosy „ Middendorf's Wellingtonia AVestern Allspice ,, Catalpa „ Plane . Weymouth Pine . White Alder „ Alder-bush „ Beam ,, Beam-leaved Spirtea „ Beam Nepal „ Birch „ Elm . „ Fir, Colorado „ Flowering Dogwood ,, Fringe-Tree „ Jasmine . „ Kerria „ Poiilar, Great . „ Spanish iiroom ,, Stemmed Bramble Vo\. Page II. 65 II. 62 I. 10 II. 160 I. 24 I. 75 II. 209 I. 9 n. 118 II. 52 II. 91 I. 49 II. 63 II. 107 I. 3 I. 50 I. 29 I. 28 I. 50 I. 86 I. 3 I. 17 II. 101 II. 147 II. 147 II. 21 II. 56 II. 143 II. 172 II. 68 II. 67 II. 68 II. 210 I. 12 II. 122 II. 144 II. 237 II. 156 II. 96 II. 14 L 100 II. 16 II. 150 II. 137 II. 225 II. 49 II. 109 II. 100 I. 106 II. 184 I. 77 I. 107 White Willow . Whortleberry Bog . . Whortle-leaved Willow Wild Cherry „ Olive .... „ Pear .... „ Plum „ Service Willow, Almond-leaved „ Bay . . . „ Bedford . „ Bushy . „ Crack . „ Dwarf . „ Silky . . ,, Downy Mountain . „ Goat Willow-leaved Pear „ „ Spiraea Willow, Reticulate ,, Tea-leaved Weeping „ White . „ Whortle-leaved „ AVoolly Broad-leaved Wine-ljerry, Japanese . Winged Elm Winter Flower . „ Heath Wistaria, Large-flowered Witch Hazel, American „ „ Arborescent . Woodbine .... Woolly Broad-leaved Willow Wych Elm . Yellow Bark Oak „ Birch „ Cypress . ,, Horn „ Jasmine . „ Pine ,, Spanish Broom „ Trumpet Honeysuckle „ Wood, Amur . V „ Virginian . Yew ..... „ Fortune's Cluster-flowered ,, Lord Harrington's Yulan .... Zenobia, Show}' . Vol. Page II. 170 n. 74 IL 74 11 177 I. 95 II. 130 IL 10 I. 93 II. 15 IL 183 II. 178 II. 183 II. 171 II. 175 II. 175 IL 181 IL 177 II. 173 II 9 I. 103 II. 182 II. 179 II. 172 II. 170 II. 177 IL 176 IL 4 II. 137 I. 12 II. 81 I. 81 II. 43 II. 43 II. 64 II. 176 II. 139 n. 166 II. 151 II. 204 I. 55 IL 100 II. 234 I. 75 n. 62 I. 86 I. 86 II. 198 II. 197 II. 198 I. 5 II. 78 256 COLOUR INDEX BLUE. Abutilon vitifoliiim . Amorpha cferulea Caryopteris Mastacantlius Ceanothus azmeus „ dentatus . „ divaricatus „ papillosus . „ rigidus . „ th3Tsif)orus ,, veitchianus Clematis Viticella Lavandula vera . Passiflora cterulea Ulmus campestris „ inoiitana . Spiraea bullata BROWN. CARMINE. CRIMSON, Acer rubrum Berberidopsis coraUina Buddleia Colvillci Daboecla polifolia GREEN. Acer camjiestre . „ dasycarpuni „ Negundo „ tartaricum . jEscuIus glabra . Ailantbus glandulosa Broussonetia papyrii'era Carya alba . Daphne Laureola „ pontica . Gleditsclua triacanthos Hedera Helix Juglans regia Magnolia acuminata . Myrica Gale Platanus acerifolia „ cuneatji „ occidentalis . Pterocarya caiicasia Rliamnus Alati-rnus . „ cathartica Rhus venenata . Vol. I. I. II. I. I. I. I. I. I. I. I. II. II. II. II. 29 79 124 47 47 47 48 48 48 49 3 125 46 13S 139 I. 99 I. 63 I. 13 II. 114 IL 85 I. I. I. I. I. I. n. II. II. IL 1. ir. II. T. II. II. II. II. IL I. I. I. 56 57 59 64 53 37 140 146 128 129 89 48 147 4 148 143 143 144 147 44 45 70 Ribes alpinum . „ nigrum Ruscua aculeatus Viscum album . Vitis vinifera „ inconstans . LILAC. Bryanthus taxifolius . Buddleia paniculata . Lyoium halimifolium Rhododendron yunnanense Syringa vulgaris Veronica Traversii Wistaria chineiisis „ multijuga . ORANGE. Rhododendron calendulaceuni . „ sinense PINK. Andromeda polifolia . Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi Cotoneaster integerrinia „ laxiflora . Cratpegus Oxyacantha . Daphne Cneorum Erica carnea „ mediterranea . „ vagans Kalmia glauca . Loiseleuria procumbena Menziesia globularis . Rhododendron nudiflorum „ Vaseyi „ vi3co.sura Piosa canina „ rubiginosa . „ spinosis8ima Rubus fruticosus „ phanicolasius . Spiraea caneacens „ salicifolia Symphoricarpus raceniosus Taniarix gallica . Vaccinum uliginosum PURPLE. Abelia floribunda Amorpha fruticosa Buddleia ColviLei Vol. Pao:e II. 38 II. 40 n. 192 IL 133 I. 50 I. 51 II. 85 11. 115 II. 116 II. 95 II. 104 IL 120 I. 80 I. 81 II. 89 11. 91 II. 79 II. 78 II. 29 II. 30 IL 24 II. 128 11. 81 IL 82 II. 84 II. 87 II. 84 II. 95 II. 90 II. 91 II. 92 II. 6 II. 7 II. 8 II. 1 II. 4 I. 100 I. 103 11. 60 I. 22 II. 74 11. 01 1. 79 II. 114 2.57 INDEX Calycanthus floridus . „ glaucus . Cercis Siliquastnim . Cistus crispus „ piu-pureus Clematis Viticulla Daboiicia polifolia Enipetniin nigrum Erica ciiierea Euonymus amyricamis „ atropurpureiis Hedysaiiim inultijiiguni Iiidigofera g«rardiaiia . Kalmia angustifolia . Lyciuiu chinense „ halimifolium . Magnolia obovata Neillia opulifolia Rhododendron oalifornicuni „ catawbiense „ ponticum . Rosmarinus officinalis Rubus spectabilis Vinca major „ minor Vitis quinquefolia RED. Acer japonicum . Calycanthus oocidentalis Cercis canadensis Colutea cruenta . Cydonia Maulei . „ vulgaris Daphne Mezereuiii Erica striata „ Tetralix Louicera Oaprifolium „ japonica v. flexuosa nigra . „ Periclymenum Oxycoccus palustris . Rhododendron calendulaceum „ nudiflorum Ribes speciosura . Rosa rugosa Rubus odoratus . Spiioea bella „ Douglasi „ japonica . Ulmus alata „ americana Vaccinuni Vitis-ida;a . ROSE. Calluna vulgaris Clematis Viticella Clerodendron fcetidum Cotoneaster liorizontalis Dicrvilla llorida . „ grandiflora . Erica ciliaris Kalmia angustifolia . Ijoniccra tartarica Prunns Amygdalus . Vol. I. I. I. I. I. I. II. II. II. I. I. I. I. II. II. II. I. I. II. n. II. II. II. II. II. I. I. I. I. I. II. 11. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. I. I. I. II. II. II. II. I. II. II. n. II. II. II II. I. Page n 11 91 19 21 3 85 191 82 41 42 86 80 86 117 IIG 8 104 92 93 94 125 4 113 113 50 Pyrus coronaria . „ spectabilis Rhododendron ferrugineum „ Fortune! Ribes sanguineum Robinia hispida . „ neo-mexicana „ viscosa . Rosa villosa Spira-a salicifolia Vaccinum Myrtillus . SCARLET. Acer rubrum jEscuIus carnea . Cydonia japonica Lonicera sempervirens Rhododendron ferrugineum VIOLET. Amorplia canescens Paulownia imperialis . Veronica cupressoides , WHITE. Acer circinatum . 58 jEscuIus Hippocastanum 12 „ parviflora 90 Amelanchier alnifolia. 84 „ canadensis 20 Aralia chinensis . 20 „ spinosa 129 Arbutus Unedo . 83 Arctostaphylos alpina . 83 „ pungons 61 Buxus sempervirens . 64 Carpeuteria californica 64 Calluna vulgaris . 64 Catalpa bignonioides . i'5 „ cordifolia 89 Ceanothus americnnus 90 Cepbalanthus occidentalis 42 Chionanthus virginica Cistiis corbariensis 3 „ ladaniferus 99 „ laurifolius 101 „ lusitanicus 101 „ nionspeliensis . 137 Cladrastis amurensis . 137 „ tinctoria Clematis Flammula . „ montana Vitalba {-Mfrodendrou trichotomum 80 Cletlira acuminata 3 „ alnifolia . 123 Cornus niacrophylla . 29 „ sanguinea 67 „ stolonifera 68 Cotoneaster affinis 81 „ bacillaris . 80 „ buxifolia . 60 „ frigida 92 „ liorizontalis 258 Vol. Pao-e IL 11 II. 14 II. 93 II. 94 II. 41 I. 81 I. 82 I. 83 II. 9 I. 103 II. 74 I. 63 I. 52 II. 19 IL 65 IL 93 I. 79 IL 118 II. 119 I. 57 I. 53 I. 54 IL 32 II. 33 IL 47 II. 48 II. 76 II. 77 IL 77 IL 135 IL 37 IL 80 II 121 IL 122 I. 46 II. 69 II. 109 I. 18 I. 19 I. 19 I. 20 I. 20 I. 86 I. 86 I. 3 I. 3 I. 1 II. 123 II. 96 II. 96 II. 50 II. 51 II. 52 II. 26 II. 27 II. 28 IL 28 II. 29 COLOUR INDEX Cotoneaster microphylla „ Nummularia „ rotundifolia „ Simonsii . Cratsegus coccinea „ coi'data „ CruB-galli . „ Douglasii . „ mollis . „ orientalis . „ Oxyacantha „ punctata „ Fyiacantha . „ tanacetifolia Cydonia vulgaris Cystisus albus Daboeeia polifolia Daphne blagayana Deutzia corymbosa „ crenata . „ gracilis . Diervilla florida . „ middendortiana Elaaagnus macrophylla ,, multiilora . Eucryphia pinnatifolia Euonymus europaeus . „ japonicus . „ latifolius . Fraxinus Ornus . (iarrya elliptica . Gymnocladus canadensis Halesia tetraptera Helichrysum rosmarinifolium Hibiscus syriacus Hydrangea paniculata „ „ V. grandiflora Ilex Aquifolium . „ crenata „ dipyrena „ opaca . Jasminum officinale . Kalmia latifolia . Laurus nobilis Ledum latifolium ,, palustre . Leycesteria formosa . Ligustrum Ibota „ jap.micum „ lucidura „ ovalifolium „ sinense „ vulgare Lonicera fragrantissima Magnolia conspicna . „ Fiaseri „ glauca. „ grandifolia . „ macropliylla „ parviflora „ stollata „ tripetala Moms nigra Myitus comnmnis Noillia opulifolium Noviusia alabamonsis . Nuttalia cerasiformis . V,)l. Pn.se II. 30 Olearia Haastii . II. 31 „ macrodonta . II. 31 ;) stellulata II. 32 Osmanthus Aquifolium II. 20 Philadelphus coronarius II. 21 Philh r;ea angustifolia II. 22 IJ decora II. 22 latifolia II. 23 JJ media II. 24 Pieris floribunda II. 24 » japonica . II. 25 Prunus Aniygdalus . II. 26 )j Avium . II. 26 IT Cerasus . II. 20 JJ communis I. 77 IJ iusititia . II. 85 Laurocerasus . II. 128 ti lusitanica II. 35 )) Padus II. 36 » spinosa . II. 36 PjTUS americana II. 67 1) amygdaliformis II. 68 arbutifolia II. 131 j; Aria . II. 132 » Aucuparia I. 107 )» baccata I. 43 )j communis I. 43 )) floribunda I. 44 germanica II. 105 J) Malus II. 53 )1 prunifolia . 1. 88 ;i Sorbus II. 97 )) Torminalis II. 72 vestita I. 29 Rhamnus Frangula II. 34 Rhododendron nudiflon;m II. 35 „ racemosum 1. 39 „ Vaseyi I. 40 „ viscDSUm I. 40 ,, yuunanense I. 40 IlhodotYX)Os kerrioides II. 100 Eibes Grossularia II. 87 )j rubrum II. 127 Robinia Pseiidacacia II. 88 Rosa arvensia II. 89 „ :anina II. 67 »j Dioschata II. 109 55 spinosissima n. 110 Rvibus bitlorus II. 110 J7 caesius 11. 111 jy deliciosus II. 111 ^j fruticosus II. 112 IT Idiieus II. 63 jj nutkanus I. 5 If phoenicolasius I. 6 Sambncus canadensis I. 6 ) glauca I. 7 J nigra I. 7 J racemosa I. 8 Skimmia fragrans I. 9 i1 japonica I. 9 )) oil lata . II. 140 jj rubella II. 45 Sophora japonica I. 104 Spiraea canescens I. 106 1} cbamajdrifolia I. 98 2. iy 59 discolor . Pol. Piiue II. 70 II. 71 II. 71 II. 108 n. 37 II. 107 II. 107 II. 108 n. 108 n. 79 II. 80 I. 92 I. 9e I. 95 I. 93 I. 93 I. 97 I. 98 I. 96 I. 94 n. 16 n. 9 n. 18 II. 14 n. 17 II. 11 n. 10 n. 12 n. 18 II. 12 II. 13 II. 17 II. 15 II. 16 I. 46 n. 90 IL 95 n. 91 II. 92 n. 95 I. 106 n. 39 II. 40 I. 82 II. 5 II. 6 II. 7 n. 8 I. 107 I. 107 n. 1 n. 1 II. 2 II. 3 n. 4 II. 54 n. 54 n. 55 II. 55 I. 35 I. 36 I. 36 I. 37 T. ST 1. llKJ I. 100 I. 100 INDEX Spirtea lindleyana ,, media „ prunifolia flore-pleno „ sorlii folia „ Tlnmbergi Stapliylea colchica „ pinnata Stephanandra Taiiakre Stuartia pentagyna „ Pseudo-camellia „ virginioa Styrax japonicum „ Obassia . „ officinale . Syriiiga Emodi . ,, japonica „ vulgaris. Tamarix gallica . ,, Palasii . Tilia americaua . „ cordata » platypliyllos „ vulgaris Veronica buxifolia „ pingiiifolia . ,, 'I'ravursii Vilinrniim Lantana „ Leiitago „ niacroceplialum „ Opulus „ „ r. sterile ,, Tinus „ tomentosum v. plicatuiii Xanthoceras sorbifolia Yucca augustifolia „ filiimentosa ,, gloriosa Zeiiobia speciosa YELLOW Acer m,icroj)liyllum ,, mouspessiilanum ,, opidifolium ,, penusylvanicuni lilatinoidca ,, Pseudo-plat an us ,, sacchariuum Artemisia Abrotanum tridentata Berberis Aiiuifoliuni ,, buxifolia Darwinii empetrifolia japonica nepalensis vulgaris wallicliiaua Buddleia globosa Buxus balearica Cajsalpinia japonica Caragana ai-ljorescens Catalpa Kjompferi Vol. Pane I. 102 I. 102 I. 103 I. 103 I. 104 I. 65 I. 65 I. 105 I. 27 I. 27 I. 28 II. 98 II. 98 II. 98 II. 103 II. 104 II. 104 I. 22 I. 23 I. 31 I. 32 I. 33 I. 33 II. 118 IL 119 11. 120 II. 56 II. 57 II. 57 II. 58 II. 59 II. 59 II. 59 I. 55 II. 193 II. 194 11. 194 IL 78 58 59 GO 61 61 62 63 IL 72 IL 73 15 15 16 16 16 17 14 17 IL 115 II. 134 88 85 IL 122 Chimonanthus fragrans Colutea arborescens Cornus tlorida Mas Coronilla Emerus Corylopsis spicata Cytisus Ardoini . ,, scoparius Dan;ea Laurus Elsagnus angustifolia argentea Fagus sylvatica . Forsythia suspensa viridissima Fraxinus excelsior Frenioutia californica Garrya elliptica . Genista icthnensis anglica . hispanica pilosa .sagittalis , , tinctoria ,, virgata . Hamamelis arborea „ virginica Helianthemum foimosum Hippophae rhamnoides Hyperirum Andros;emum „ calycinum „ hookerianum „ patulnm . Jasminum fruticosus . „ nudillorum „ revolutum . „ wallichianum Kerria japonica . Laljurnuni alpinum . „ vulgare Liijuidambar styraciflua Liriodeiidron tulipifera Lonicera Cajirifolium , „ etrusca . „ flava „ jajionica „ Xylosteum Phlomis fruticosa Platanus orientalis Potentilla fruticosa Ptelea trifoliata . Rliododendrou calendulaceum „ flavum Rhus copallina . „ cotinoides . „ C'otiuus „ glabra „ Toxicodendron „ typhina Ribes aureum Skimniia Laureola Spartiuni junceum Ulex europaeus . Vol. Page I. 12 I. 84 II. 49 IL 51 I. 85 IL 42 I. 78 I. 78 II. 193 IL 130 n. 131 II. 168 II. 102 II. 103 IL 105 I. 30 II. 53 I. 72 I. 73 I. 73 I. 74 I. 74 I. 74 I. 75 IL 43 II. 43 I. 21 II. 132 I. 24 I. 24 L 25 I. 26 IL 99 II. 100 II. 101 II. 101 I. 105 I. 71 I. 72 II. 44 I. 10 IL 61 II. 62 IL 62 II. 63 II. 66 IL 126 IL 145 IL 4 I. 34 IL 89 IL 90 I. 66 L 67 I. 68 I. 68 I. 69 I. 69 II. 38 L 36 I. 75 I. 76 I. 77 2G0 250 f PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY BioMed