Wires eon

* in Wattage

-

-

=

ay

Wind eee vent

ar 7
oO . , »
* ' =
’ .
4 d
-, ¥
. ’
r - 7 .
ee. - ‘
q . -
x -“ P
: 3 =
.
nd . 4 1 : A
» A ~
\ ' ,
. . * p
: 5 .
aig : 2 .
“
, 7 ‘
e .
5 a
i ’
My ‘
P .
=
1
> >
“ i >
»
i
a 1
~ a 7

«
-~ = "
MV 3 '
5 ab
.
ij
. . 5
‘
A :
i
’ ;

"

a es

PLATE A.

REPRESENTING THE THREE SPECIES OF MANKIND.

THE CYLINDRICAL PILED. THE OVAL PILED,

Fig. 616.

THE ECCENTRICALLY-ELLIPTICAL PILED.

QL
G1; 2
oo PRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

A TREATISE

ON THE ORGANIZATION, PROPERTIES AND USES OF

HAIR AND WOOL;

AN ESSAY UPON THE RAISING AND BREEDING OF SHEEP.

BY

"

PETER AC BROWNE, L. L. D.,

OF PHILADELPHIA.

-

“DUCIT AMOR PATRI.”

PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA.

PHILADELPHIA:
J. H. JONES, PRINTER, NO. 34 CARTER’S ALLEY.
L853.

TO THE HONORABLE

THE SENATE AND HOUSE OF RE PRESENTATIVES

OF THE
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA,
THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED BY ITS

AUTHOR.

ZAM HSON/4y)
AUG 15 1956

rding to the Act of Congress, in the year 1853, by
Pi ¢ ;
i oF _ PETER A. BROWNE, L. L. D.,

In the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

“ae

. bee
mens oe be

i
a
Pgs ~ lag

Bie . 7A i
| -

cin
»
5 oh aa’
oa ‘ae

a
a)

_ a a -
o — 3

sa

5
-~°

ae
oe al berll eI
« o> ae.

siting ih th “er

a | a
ae

a

od aw i” anetl
ae ty a

750 2 So—

PREFACE.

Narurat History includes al/ the works of the Mighty Creator; her votaries, with
the aid of the telescope, measure the parallax of the most distant stars, and, with the
microscope, scrutinize the minutest portion of the smallest infusoria, plant, or crystal.
Nothing for them is too large, nothing too small for examination, which God has placed
within their reach. If the Deity has not deemed it beneath His dignity to create an
object, surely it would be presumptive in man to consider it too insignificant for hes
study. Then let no one marvel that we have devoted so much time to ascertain the
organization, properties and uses of hair and wool. To the unreflecting, this department
of knowledge may, at first view, appear to be trifling; but, with each successive advance,
it will acquire more importance.

The Science which relates to Pile may be called 'TRicHoLoey, (from Trix, a hair ;)
its descriptive part is Tricnocrapuy. It is a branch of Zodlogy, or rather of Mammo-
logy; and, so far, it is connected with Physiology, Anatomy and Comparative Anatomy.
Some of its discoveries shed new light upon the ethnological problem of the unity of the
human species, and others will be found to be intimately connected with those branches
of agricultural industry, which relate to the raising of Sheep and producing of wool, and
the raising of Swine for the bristles. It embraces a large field of inquiry, many parts of
which are yet only partially explored.

In our progress we have endured considerable mental labor and encountered some
unexpected difficulties; but, cheered by the countenance and aided by a few scientific
friends, we have pursued a steady course, and have, at length, brought our examinations
to a tolerably successful termination. It will be recollected that we were obliged, in the
first instance, to collect the materials ; and, after years of untiring exertions, we have at
length the largest and the most valuable known cabinet of pile. In the meantime we
attended lectures on Physiology and Anatomy. We have made use of none but superior
instruments, and some of these are entirely new—either in themselves or their application
to this study. We have availed ourselves of the researches of those who have gone over
the ground before us, at all times acknowledging their truthfulness and pointing out their
errors. We have carefully preserved the specimens from which our drawings are made,
for future re-examination, if desirable. Upon a theme so extensive, and comparatively so
novel, we do not expect to have escaped error; but we trust that when pointed out, we
shall ever be found ready to acknowledge and correct them.

P. A. BROWNE,
Philadelphia

Cw

ORNL y
RA ne gilt

Milacum JAMO Me

TABLE Of CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.—Parr I.—Of the word “Pile,” page 7. The Definition of Pile, 7. The Description of Pile, 7.
The most important Division of Pile, 8. Of Fleece, 9. Pile and Feathers have been confounded, 9.
Description of a Feather, 9. The difference between a Hair and a Feather, 10. The Tegumentary
Appendages of the Ostrich, 11. The Down of young Birds, 11. The Eye-Lashes of the Ostrich, 11.
The Beard of the Turkey, and Whalebone, 11. The Pile of the Ornithorynchus, 12.

Part If.—The Mantle and Hair-like Processes of the Armadillo, 14. Description of the Hair-Like Pro-
cesses, 14. Of Scales, 15. The Scales of the Pangolin, &c.,15. Particular Description of them, 15.
Scales of Prehensile Tails, 16. The Scales of the Tail of the Possum, 16. Scales of the Tail of the
Muskrat, 16. Scales of the Tail of the Field-Mouse, 16. Scales of the Tails of some Monkeys, 16.
Remarks on the Scales of Prehensile Tails, 17. Of Fibrous Protuberances resembling Horn, 17. Their
Comparison with true Horn, 17. , The Horn of the Rhinoceros, 18. The Hair of the Ear of the same, 18.
Of Spines, 18. The Spines of the Porcupine, 18. The Spines of the Pecary, 19. Of Whiskers, 19.
The Whiskers of the Rabbit, 20. The Whiskers of the Irish Hare, 20. The Whiskers of the
Possum, 21. Of Bristles, 21. The Bristles of the Russian Wild Boar, 22. Comparison of Dimensions .
of Bristles, 22. Comparison of Ductility, Elasticity and Tenacity of the same, 22. Of Mane Hair, 2%
The Mane of the Lion, 24. The Mane of the Horse, 24. Mane of the Cervus Canadensis, 24. Mane
of the Cameleopard, 24. Of Tail Hairs, 24. The Tail Hairs of the Hippopotamus, 25. The Tail Hairs
of the Zebra, 25. The Tail Hairs of the Cervus, 25. The Tail Hairs of the Arabian Bull, 25. The
Tail Hairs of the Elephant, 25.

CHAPTER II.—How Pile grows, 26. Of the different parts of a Filament of Pile, 26. Of the Button, 27.
The Cells of the Button, 27. The Normal Shape of the Button of the Head of one of the Oval-
Haired Species, 27. The Shaft, drawn out of the Button, 27. Buttons of Hairs that fal? out, 28. Hairs
with no Button, 28. The Button of the Cylindrical-Haired Species, 28. The Button of the Eccentrically
Elliptical-Piled Species, 28. Buttons on other Hairs of the Body, &c., 28. Of the Ear, 29. Of the
Eye-Brow, 29. Of the Eye-Lashes. 29. Of the Nose, 30. Of the Common Whiskers of Man, 30. Of
the Beard, 30. ‘Three Shafts growing out of one Button, 30. The Fashions of wearing the Hair and
Beard, 30. Button of the Hair of the Arm-pit, 31. Of the Pubes, 32. A Remarkable Case, 32. Of
the Button of the Hair of the Limbs, 83. Of the Body,33. General Remarks upon Buttons, 33. Of the

Buttons of the Hairs of the Lower Animals, 34. Of the Apex of Pile, 34. Of Dichophy, 35. Of
1*

vi TABLE OF CONTENTS.

its Cause, 36. Of Branched Pile, 36. Of the Cortex of Pile, 36. Of the Scales of the Cortex, 37.
Their Use, 37. Of Ribbons of Cortex, 37. Of the Paved Cortex, 37. Examples of the same, 37. Of
the Hair of the Stag, 38. Of that of the Elk, 39. That of the Dicranoceros Americanus, 39. That of the
Sloth, 40. Of the Fibres of Pile, 41. A Crushed Hair, 41. The Use of Fibres, 42. Of the Centre of
Pile, 42. Of the Pile of the Dog-Faced Monkey, 42. Of the Coloring Matter in the Hair of the Bat, 43.
An Optical Deception, 43. The Coloring Matter of Pile in general, 44. Of the Follicle of Pile, 46.
Where the Follicle is found, 46. How it is formed, 47. Of Pile without a Follicle, 48. Examples of
Follicles of the three Species of Men, 49. The Follicle of the Hair of Hybrids, 49. Of the Vitality of
Pile, 49. Of Vessels of Pile, 50. Of the Secretion of Pile, 50.

CHAPTER III.—Of a Perfect Hair, 51. Characteristics of Pile of the Head of Man, 51. Examples of
three General Forms, 51. Of Particular Forms, 51. To whom these forms belong, 52. Of the Ductility,
Elasticity and Tenacity of Pile, 53. The Essential Properties of Pile, 53. The Endurance of these
Properties, 54. Of Contractibility, 55. Table of the Ductility, Elasticity and Tenacity of Pile, 56. Of
the Trichometer, 57. Modus Operandi, 57. Of the Direction of Pile, 57. The Laws of Direction of
Pile, 57. The Reasons of the Laws, 57. The Proofs, 58. The Consequences, 58. Of the General
Inclination of Pile, 58. Of Particular Inclinations, 58. On the Body and Members, 59. Of the Incli-
nation of the Pile of the Lower Animals, 59. The Classification of Pile of the Human Head, 59. The
Classification of Mankind by the Pile of their Heads, 59.. The Pile of the present American Indians’

Head, 59. The Pile of the Mound and Mummy American Indian, 59. The Peculiarities and Affinities

of these Piles, 63. Of the Pile of the Chinese, 63. Of the Pile of the Oval-Haired Species, 63. The

Pile of Egyptian and Thebes Mummies, 64. Of the Pile of the Eccentrically Elliptical Species, 65. Of

the Bushman Boy, 65. The Description of his Wool, 66. The Wool of Congo Billy, 66. Inferences

from the foregoing, 66. Of Hybrids, 67. The Division and Nomenclature of Hybrids, 67. Examples of
the same, 67. Tables of Simple Hybrids, 68. Tables of Compound Hybrids, 70. Of the Covering of
the Heads of Hybrids, 73. Some Examples of the same of Simple Hybrids, 74; and of the Compound

Hybrids, 74. Of the Classification of the Lower Animals by their Pile, 76.

CHAPTER IV.—Of the Color of Pile, 77. Of Black Hair, 77. Of the Original Color of Hair, 77.
Blackness in Hair no sign of Strength, 78. The Variance between the Color of the Hair and that of the
Eyes of Man, 78. Brown Hair, 78. Red Hair, 79. Yellow Hair, 79. White Hair, 79. The Pile of
the Albino, 79. The Examination of the Pile of the White Albino, 80. The same of the Black Albino, 81.
Of Albinos among the Eccentrically Elliptical Species, 83. Inferences from the foregoing Examinations, 83,
Change of Color of Pile at the Period of Puberty, 84. Of Monochromatic and Polychromatic Pile, 84.
Of the Changes of the Color of Pile other than at the Period of Puberty, 85. Of Athipilie, 86. Of Pile
of Man losing its Color, 86. Several Interesting Cases, 86. An Experiment, 87. The Cause of the
Sudden Loss of Color of Pile, 88. Of the Gradual Loss of Color in Pile, 88. Of the Cause of this
Gradual Loss, 88. Of the American Indian turning Grey, 88. Of the Rete Mucosum, 89. How it is

with the Lower Animals, 90. Whether the Color of Pile is Influenced by External Causes, 90. Of the
Polarization of Light by Pile, 91. Of Dyeing Pile, 92.

TABLE OF CONTENTS. vu

CHAPTER V.—Pile belongs to the Dermis, 93. Where Pile not usually found in the Dermis, 93. Of Pile
of the Scalp, 94. Of Climactric Pile, 94. When Pile first makes its appearance, 95. Its first appear-
ance on the young Possum, 95. Of the three Varieties of Pile of the Head of the Oval-Haired Species, 95.
Of Accidental Pile, 96. The Hair found in Ovaries, 96. Their Examination and Description, 97. Pile
from the Uterus, 98. From the Stomach, 99. Of Pile which appears to grow on the Interior of the Skin
of some of the Lower Animals, 99.

CHAPTER VI.—Of the Dimensions of Pile, 101. The Comparative Length of the Pile of some of the
Lower Animals, 101. The best manner of ascertaining the Diameter of Pile, 102. Of Hypertrophy, 105.
Of Depilation, 103. The Discotome, 103. Of Tapering Pile, 104. Of Pile Manipulations, 105. The
Exuberance of Pile, 105. Of Pile growing in Tufts, 106. The Rapid Growth of Pile, 106. The
Regeneration of Pile, 106. Gradual and Periodical Decidence of Pile, 107. The Restoration of Pile,
&c., 108. The Endurance of Pile, 109. The Transplanting of Pile, 110. The Effect of Diseases of the
Body upon Pile, 110. The Diseases of Pile, 110. Of Pile in Plica Polonica, 110. An Incipient Case, 111.
Of Pile in Tinea Capitis, 112. Of Pile in Softening of the Brain, 118. In Coxalgia, 114. In Scrofula, 114.
In Phthisis, 114. In Phthisis Cavernis, 115. In Chronic Pleurisy, 115. In African Fever, 115. In
Intermittent, 116. In Acute Rheumatism, 116. In Albuminurea, 116. In Scrofula, 116. In Typhoid
Fever, 116. In Intermittent, 117. In Anomia, 117. In Phthisis Tuberculosis, 117. In Syphilis, 117
and 118. In Chronic Bronchitis, 118. In Pregnancy, 118. In Acute Rheumatism, 118. In Neu-
ralgia, 118. In Amenorrhea, 119. In Albuminuria, 119. In Typhoid Fever, 119. Of the Pile of
Lunatics, 119. Pile from the Pennsylvania Hospital, 119. From the Frankford Hospital, 119. Recapitu-
lation in Tabular form, 121. The Pennsylvania Hospital Cases examined, 122. The Decay and Death
of Pile, 123. Of Baldness, 124. Of Pile Growing after Death, 125. The Examination of the same, 125,

CHAPTER VIJ.—Of Hair separated from the Body acquiring a New Life, 127. The Electricity of Pile, 127.
Pile as a Conductor of Caloric, 128. The Effect of Climate and Seasons upon Pile, 128. The Effect of
the Skin upon Pile, 128. The Specific Gravity of Pile, 129. Fossilized Pile, 151. The Hygroscopic
Property of Pile, 131. The Analysis of Pile, 131. Pile Dyed, Melted and Distilled, 132. The Ele-
ments of Pile in Blood and Milk, 132. The Examination of Pile, 182. The Hair Revolver ard
Stretcher, 133. Of Describing Pile, 133.

CHAPTER VIII.—The Beauty of Pile, 185. The Uses of Pile to the Animal, 135. Its Uses in Manu-
factures and the Arts, 189. The Wool of the Sheep, 139. Of the Mountain Sheep, 140. Of the Goat, 141.
The Goat of Thibet, 141. The Angora Goat, 141. The Goat of Kirguis, 142. The Introduction of
these Goats into the United States, 142. The Mazama,143. The Pile of the Common Goat, 144. The
Camel, 144. The Lama, 146. The Vicunia, 147. The Paca or Alpaca, 147. Of Staple, 148. Of
Stapling, 148. The Strength of Pile, 149. Of the Fineness of Fleece, 150. Softness of Staple, 151.
Of Rreeding and Raising Swine for the Bristles, 151.

CHAPTER IX.—Of Raising and Breeding of Sheep, 153. Of Felts and Feltine, 154. The Felting
Property, 154. The Scales upon the Cortex, 155. Their Shape and Position, 156. Of Fulling, 156.

Vill TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Spiral Curls, 156. Of the Fleece for Manufacturing Articles that will not Shrink, 157. Of Sheep, 157.
The Two Species of Sheep, 158. The Golden Rule in Sheep Breeding, 158. Two Questions pro-
pounded, 158. The Definition of Species, 158. The Rev. Thomas Smith’s Definition, 158. Those of
Van Amringe and Mills, 159. The application of the former to our Subject, 159. That of the latter, 160.
The Principles of Agassis, 161: The True Criterion of Species, 161. Some Examples, 161. Of the
Ass, 162. Of Goat and Sheep Intermixing, 163. Mr. Youatt’s Account of an attempt to Amaloeamate
two Species of Sheep, 164. Dr. Robert Knox’s Opinion, 164. Col. Randall’s Opinion, 164. The
Abhorrence of Animals to Amalgamate, 165. Wan Amringe’s Opinion in regard to Mulattoes, 166. The
Admission of Dr. Prichard, 167. An Answer to a supposed Objection, 167. Col. Smith’s Notion of a
White Person, 169. Prof. Wagner’s Definition of Species, 170, Our Position supported by Scripture, 170.
Answer to an anticipated Objection, 171. Example of the Woolly Sheep Species, 171. Example of the
Hairy Sheep Species, 172. Of Worsted Manufactories in the United States, Conclusion, 173.

y

CHAPTER L

PLATE I.

ce eh aad AN PL ANMN GLUTEN PERE SUN Gt NET

ERATE UI.

5 Figi2 Migi27

_Pial3b

TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

OR,

A TREATISE ON PILE.

CE AcP aii. (1°.
PART I.

Or tHE Worp Pite.—There is no English term, in common use, which includes hair
and wool; we have, therefore, adopted the word “Pile.”* It is true that there are some
animals, (belonging partly to the Carnaria, and partly to the Rodentia,) upon whose bodies
are found both hair and wool, that are called “the fwr-bearing animals,” from which some
might infer that “fw” is a generic term, including both these integuments; but there are
other animals, upon whose bodies are found both hair and wool, that are not so denominated,
wherefore it would have been improper to have placed the word ‘fur’ at the head of this

Chapter.

Or THE DeFInition oF Pine.—We have never seen an accurate definition, nor even an
exact description, of pile, hair or wool.

A definition, to be logical, should furnish a general idea of the nature of the genus of
the object defined, with all the essential specific differences. ‘To do this we are not, at
present, prepared. Buta description may pass examination, if it contains the most remarka-
ble properties of the object described. This we shall attempt to make with the word pile.

Or tHe Descriprion or Pine.—(See fig. 1.)—We describe pile to be a filamentous
appendage of the dermis of the mammalia,—formed of gelatine and proteine,—emanating
from cells,—growing at its lower extremity only,—consisting of, first a follicle, which is,
for the most part, imbedded in the dermis; though sometimes found partly in the adipose
tissue, connected with vessels and nerves; and, secondly, an insensible protruding shaft,
terminating at its inferior extremity in a button, and at its superior one ina point. This
shaft is composed of, Ist, a squamose and imbricated or paved cortex; 2dly, a fibrous inter-
mediate substance, and 3dly, a coloring matter. Pile possesses great ductility, flexibility,
elasticity and tenacity,—being highly electric,—polarizing light in an eminent degree ; is
of great endurance,—having but little hygroscopic property; very little power to conduct

* From “pilus,” a hair.

8 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;

caloric; a very low specific gravity; no contractibility, and is of gradual and periodical
decidence.*

Tue most Important Division or Pite.—Pile is divided into hatr and wool. (See fig.
2.) Hair and wool differ, one from the other, as follows :—

Ist. In shape,—hair being either cylindrical, cylindroidal, oval or ovoidal,—while wool
is eccentrically elliptical.

2d. In uniformity of shape of the same filament,—hair being generally the same shape
throughout the filament,—while wool is less uniform in this particular.

3d. In the formation of the cortex, the scales of which upon hazr are less numerous, less
pointed, and more depressed,—while those upon ool are more numerous, more pointed,
and less depressed.

4th. In direction,—hazr being either straight, flowing, or curled,—while mool is crisped
and frizzled, and sometimes spirally curled. (See Frontispiece.)

* EXrLaNavion or TeRMS.—Eyery part of the above description will, in its turn, in the succeeding pages, become a subject
of discussion; wherefore, all that is here required, is to explain, briefly, some of the terms.

“Filamentus,” from (filamentum,) a fine slender thread; used synonymously with “fibre,” (fibra;) but we prefer the
use of the word filamentous, reserving the words fibre and fibril, (a small fibre,) for the description of the intermediate sub-
stance of the shaft.

“Appendage.” Something that, being less than the principal, is annexed or added to it.

“Dermis.” The cutaneous system is divided into an external, including the dermis and epidermis, and an internal or
mucous membrane. Pile belongs to the dermis, hut sometimes penetrates to the adipose tissue.

We have not made an extensive microscopic examination of the skin; and will therefore content ourselves with giving the
description of it found in the books.

It is represented as consisting of four principal portions, viz:—

Ist. The epidermis, or cuticle, which forms the outermost layer. This is of membranous structure, and is devoid of vessels
and nerves, and of course insensible. It is pierced with minute oblique holes, for the passage of hairs, and for the orifices
of exhalent and absorbent vessels. The cuticle exfoliates, in the form of scales, from the head, and also from the body after
certain cutaneous discases.

2d. The rete mucosum, the appareil pigmental of Flourens, (see Anat. Gen’l. de la Peau, &e., p. 34,) of the eolored race.
Some are of opinion that in the white race this is entirely wanting; others suppose it exists, but is of a red color.

3d. The corpus papillare. It consists of a collection of small papilla, formed by the extremities of nerves and vessels
passing the corium which is beneath. Flourens considers these papille as prolongations of the true skin, and not asa
separate layer.

4th, and lastly, comes the derma, corium, cutis-vera, or true skin; in which, principally, pile is set.

Beneath all these is the adipose tissue.

“Mammalia.” We confine pile to this, notwithstanding the teachings of some physiologists that it is extended to other
classes of animals, and even to vegetables. ‘Quadrupedia corpus pilosum.”—(Lin.) “The bodies of all quadruped animals
ure covered with hair.”—(Goldsmith.) ‘Les mamiferes sont les sewd animaux dont le corps est couvert de poil.”’—(Hlem. de
Zoo. 282.,) &e.

“Follicle,” the sac, in which the button of the hair is generally found, is most commonly, but improperly, called the
“yoot,” whieh tends to mislead by suggesting a too intimate relation to a plant. We call at the ‘‘ Follicle.”

The word “follicle” is generally applied, in anatomy, to excretory organs; but there is nothing in its derivation or termi-
nology to prevent us from using it in the sense here notified. Follicle, from the Latin ‘folliculus,” (which is a diminutive
of “follis,”’ a bag, purse or script,) is a small hag, purse or script, only, without limiting the use to which it is applied; and
in Botany, where it has been introduced, means, ‘‘a seed vessel, husk, or cover. It is so used by the French, also, by whom
“follicle” is defined, in Botany, to be ‘‘l’envelope membraneuse, dans la quelle sont contenue les graines des plantes.” We
therefore use the word follicle to designate the little sac in which the posterior termination of the shaft, with its button, is
contained, when the pile is perfect and has come to maturity.

““Insensible.” Possessing no feeling, yet not deprived of all the properties of life.

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 9

5th. In inclination,—hair issuing out of the epidermis, at an acute angle thereto,—while
wool issues out of the epidermis at a right angle thereto.

6th. In color,—hair often assuming a variety of colors,—while wool is generally white,
brown, or black.

7th. In uniformity of color ina single filament; each separate filament of wool being
mono-chromatic; while that of the hair of some of the lower animals is often poly-chro-
matic.

8th. In dimensions,—hair being, generally, longer, and of a greater diameter than wool.

9th. In exuberance,—wool being produced, generally, in
given area of skin, than hair.

10th. In the apex,—that of hair being less pointed, in proportion to the diameter.

11th. In the disposition of the coloring matter of a perfect hair, being in a ceutral canal,
which is not found in wool. (See fig. 2, a hair and } wool, contrasted.)

ereater profusion, upon a

Or Firrece.—The covering of sheep is called “fleece,” from the Saxon “flys.” Itis
either hair, or wool, or a mixture of both.*

PILE AND FEATHERS HAVE BEEN ConFrouNDED.—Dr. Ure (in his Philos. of Manufac. )
says, “wool is a filamentous substance, which covers the skin of sheep and some other
animals, as the beaver, the ostrich, the lama, the goat of Thibet and Cashmere,” &c., &c.

Eble (in Die Lehre von der Haaren,) writes of the hair of birds. He says, “only few
birds possess stiff bristles and corneous hazr, which we find more frequently with the
mammalia; and it seems undetermined whether we are to count the fine down, which
covers the body of a young bird before the formation of the real feathers, as hair or
Seathers.”

In Goodrich’s Geography, p. 444, it is said that “the Rhea, or American Ostrich, has
black eye-lashes.”

And in Agasie’s and Gould’s Principles of Zoology, p. 151, it is asserted, that the
“chicken completely changes its covering from down to feathers.”

Eble also states, that “the male turkey has a tuft of stiff haz on his neck.”

To judge of the value of the above assertions, we must understand what is a feather.

Description or A FEaTHER.—(See fig. 3.)—A feather consists of, 1st, a cylinder, at the
inferior extremity of which is a sheath, which connects it with the skin, but it has no
follicle. 'The cylinder is horny, is always of a circumference greater than that of its stalk ;
is transparent, or translucent, and terminates in a point more or less abrupt, which is
pierced at the posterior extremity. ‘This orifice is called the “znferior navel,” to dis-
tinguish it from another situated on the internal face, at the poit where the cylinder
unites with the stalk, which latter is called the ‘‘swpertor navel.” Inside of the cylinder
is a series of capsules, fitting one in another,—and sometimes united by a central stalk,—

forming a spire or chain. ‘This series is called the “heart” of the feather.

* There is no good reason for not extending it to that of the goat.

10 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;

2d. A stalk, situated anteriorly to the cylinder, the shape of which inclines more or less
to square, being slightly curved on one side. It gradually diminishes in circumference,
from the superior navel to the anterior extremity. The face imszde of the curve is called
the enternal face, 2nd that on the opposite side, the external face. ‘These two faces are
united by a horny matter, somewhat resembling that of the cylinder; but generally less
transparent. In the interior of it is a white opaque, soft, elastic substance, called the
“mith,” or “sponge” of the feather. The surface of the external face is smooth, and forms
the segment of a circle, being sometimes longitudinally striated. ‘The internal face is,
generally, for its whole length, divided into two equal parts or sections, by a longitudinal
canal. Occasionally, instead of the canal, there is a projection of the same dimensions.

3d. On each side of the stalk is a beard and a steno-beard. The fibrils of the steno-
beard are generally crooked, giving them a tendency to entangle and adhere.

Ath. A feather possesses flexibility and tenacity, but no ductility nor elasticity.

By comparing this description of a feather with the previous one of a hair, we will
readily perceive the differences between these two integuments.

Or tHe DirFERENCE BETWEEN A Hair and A FEatHER.—(Compare figs. 1 and 3.)—A
feather and a hair differ in these particulars :—

Ist. A feather, at the inferior extremity of the cylinder, has a perforation, but no button ;
a hair, at the same extremity of the shaft, has a dutton, but no perforation.

2d. A hair is set in a follicle ; but a feather has none.

3d. A feather has, at the point where the cylinder unites with the stalk, a seperzor navel ;
a hair has no such perforation.

4th. The stalk of a feather has two different faces, an external and an internal one; a
hair is the same for its whole contour.

5th. A feather has, in its cylinder, a serves or chain of capsules, which, in a hair, is
entirely wanting,—except in one solitary instance, which will be presently noticed.

6th. The stalk of a feather is provided with a pith or sponge ; which in a hair is entirely
wanting.

7th. The stalk of a feather has, on its interior face, a canal; which, in a hair, is entirely
wanting.

Sth. A perfect hair has, in its centre, a canal, in which the coloring matter, when pre-
sent, flows; a feather has none.

9th. The exterior of the shaft of a feather is smooth, and the steno-beard is generally
hooked; the cortex of the shaft of a hair is squamose.

10th. The stalk of a feather is furnished with a deard and a steno-beard; a hair has
neither.

11th. The stalk of a feather gradually diminishes in diameter anteriorally ; but a hair is,
generally, of the same diameter throughout. (There are exceptions. )

12th. A feather has flexibility and tenacity, but no ductelty nor elasticity ; a hair has
ductility, flexibility, elasticity and tenacity.

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 11

These discrepancies being once clearly pointed out, no one need be at a loss to decide
upon all the cases above mentioned.

Tue TecumMENTARY APPENDAGES OF THE OsTRICH ARE FeaTuers. (See fig. 4, and
compare it with 1 and 3.)

1. The inferior extremity is cylindrical, and has no button.

2. The stalk has a smooth surface, no scales, but a beard and a steno-beard on a part

of it.*

Co,
5

Or tue Down or Younc Birps.—We examined the down plucked from a chicken,
immediately after it emerged from the egg, and some taken on four succeeding days; and
discovered no change take place, except an enlargement of the parts. ‘They all have a
minute cylindrical termination, which is transparent, and an inferior navel, but no button ;
and, issuing from the shaft, is a beard and steno-beard.

We have also examined the eider-down, and find it to be feathers.

Tue Eye-Lasues oF THE Ostricu.—(See fig. 5.)—We have examined the eye-lashes of
both the American and African Ostrich, and find them to be feathers. ‘The length of one
of these is £° of an inch, the length of the cylinder being ,%, and the width 2;. From
the termination of the cylinder to that of the most distant beard, 2%. On the lower half
of this shaft are five long beards, then three short ones; which are succeeded by two long
and two short ones.

Or THE TuRKEY’s BEARD, AND OF WHALEBONE.—There is a tuft of dark-colored, angu-
lar fibres, pending from the neck of the turkey, (Meleagris gallopavo,) which is generally
denominated his “beard.” We submitted one inch of a fibre of it, of the width of jth
of an inch, to the trichometer; with 470 grains, it stretched 2;ths of an inch; but as it
was originally undulated, this elongation may have been caused by the act of straightening.
From that weight to 2100 grains, gradually and increasingly applied, it showed no duc-
tility whatever ; and it finally parted with the last mentioned weight. We therefore
determined, inasmuch as ductzlity is one of the inseparable properties of pile, that this
is not hair.

There is also a fibrous, horny substance, with which the mouth of the whale, (Balena

* But it differs from ordinary feathers in these particulars: 1st. It is smaller in proportion, 2d. The cylindrical form is
less perfect. 3d. It terminates in a single flat projection. 4th. Both the faces of the stalk are convex—no canal in either,
5th. The stalk is partly naked and partly invested with a beard and a steno-beard.

A transverse section of one, from the S. casuarius, exhibits, under the microscope, Ist, a black exterior; 2d, a white
intermediate, and 3d, a central porous matter. One inch of the same,

with 1,770 grains, stretched 1 of an inch, elasticity entire.

90

“ “ “c 2 “ “ “
4,766 a

“ 5,566 “ “ce ioe “ “cc ““
90

«5,866 Gs ss aK se minus aa

“ 10,758 & broke.

12 TRICILOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

mystecetus,) is furnished, which is sometimes called his “beard,” and, at others, his
“whiskers ;” itis the fanon of the French Naturalists, and the whalebone of commerce and
manufactures. We selected one of the natural fibres of this substance, of the diameter of
giy of an inch, and upon subjecting one inch of it to the trichometer, it stretched about 51,
of an inch; which we supposed would be required to straighten it. We added to this
weight ten grains at a time, till it arrived at 373 grains, when, without obtaining any
further elongation, it broke. We therefore pronounce this article not to be hair.

Or THE PILE or THE ORNITHORYNCHUS.—The animal whose pile bears the strongest
resemblance to a feather, is the Platypus Ornithorynchus. (See fig 6.)

This animal belongs to the Order Monotremata. 'The specimen we examined was pre-
sented by H. Wheatland, Esq., of Salem, Massachusetts.* General appearance, upon first
view, coarse, dark brown, and very lustrous; but when the external filaments are raised
or separated, that of an exuberant, plumbeous colored wool. 'The skin (in ours, which is
a dried specimen, ) is coarse, thick and rough, on the inner side. ‘The pile is set in the der-
mis in tufts. The integument is of two kinds, one of a finer quality, closely impacted,
and covering the epidermis like the wool of the fur-bearing animals; the other, which is
longer, having at its lower extremity a similar fine fibre which, near the centre, becomes
broad and flat, and lies loosely over, hiding the fine woolly portion. It resembles the ante-
rior termination of the ostrich feather. 'The length of the long hair is about ,°, of an inch,
the inferior half of this integument has a diameter of ;4; of an inch; is composed Ist,
of a white cortex, marked with dark-colored, transverse, varying lines; 2d, a transparent
white substance, enclosing a multitude of black rings, of the diameter of ~ 4,5 of an inch,
with interstices of the same dimensions. These black rings being too minute to be
discerned, separately, with the naked eye, blend color with the white interstices, and cause
this portion of the pile to appear to be plumbeous.

Between this part and the one next to be described, is a neck of the length of ;4,;, and
diameter of ;55 of an inch; it is white, and encloses a dark coloring matter in elongated
spots.

From this neck the shaft gradually widens to the ;1, of an inch, and then gradually
tapers again to the apex, where it is only ;545 of an inch. This portion is dark brown
colored, and very lustrous; it is composed of a white cortex, with a disseminated coloring
matter. In the centre is a darker colored spire, composed of a series of capsules, resem-
bling those found in the interior of the cylinder of a feather. Their diameter is 7345 of
an inch. They do not continue the whole length of this broad portion of the shaft; but
commence at the distance of ;4, of an inch from the neck, and terminate at about z}>
from the apex. This last portion is colorless.

Shape of the fine portion, cylindrical; that of the flat and coarse part, lenticular, ¢}4 by
yt, of an inch in diameter. ‘There is no button, but there is a shaft to this pile.

The second kind of pile upon this animal resembles the posterior portion of the first one,

* See note marked a, at the end of Chapter I., Part I.

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 13

.

above described; it is ;*, of an inch in length, and has a diameter of 5,155 of an inch; it
contains the same kind of black rings with white interstices, but this pile is destitute of
the flat portion found in the kind first described.

Remarks.—1st. The plumbeous color, formed by blending the color of the black rings
with that of the white interstices, is not peculiar to this pile, but may be seen in the wool
of many of the fur-bearing animals, and in the beard of some feathers.

2d. The same filament having its inferior extremity fine and resembling wool, and its
superior one broader and somewhat resembling the feather found upon the head of the
Toucan and on the Ostrich, although uncommon, is not peculiar to this pile; it may be
witnessed in that of the Ferret, the Mink, and some others of the fur-bearing animals, and
also in the pile of the Sloth.

3d. It is very unusual to find in the same filament, the colormg matter so variously
distributed and disposed as it is in this pile.

4th. The peculiarities of this pile are the spires or capsules, resembling those found in
the cylinder of a feather, and the absence of a button.

a “The mouth of this quadruped, (says J. Rymer Jones,) resembles that of a Duck, whence the common name ‘ Duck-Bill.’
It has, moreover, a distinct furcular bone in addition to what would seem to be the ordinary clavicle; but, in reality, these
are the coracoid bones, still largely developed. Moreover, the anterior or sternal ribs are ossified, and a spur is attached to
the hind foot of the male; not remotely resembling that of a cock. This last appendage is perforated by a duct, and has a
gland connected with it, situated on the inner side of the thigh, by which a poisoned secretion was formerly supposed to he
elaborated.”

From Professor Owen we learn that the ovaria of the female ornithorynchus exhibit all the essential characters of the
mammiferous type of structure; that the eggs haye no connection with the walls of the uterus, and that each oyum has an
albumen and a yolk. For these, and other reasons, he infers that it is a viviparous animal. But, in some other respects, the
ovum differs from an ordinary egg; and there is no analogy to the bird in the disposition of its pubic bones, which seems to
confirm the view that the animal is produced alive. Some, however, to get rid of this difficulty, conjecture that it is
ovo-viviparous. There is no reason to believe that a placenta exists ; neither is there any marsupial pouch, in which to carry
the young, if prematurely born. In a very young specimen, examined by Professor Owen, the stomach was filled with milk,
put there was no trace of an umbilical cicatrix. The animal is dull and inactive in confinement and can live a month without
food, in which respect it resembles reptiles.

14 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

CHAP DER te:
PART 20,

Or THE MantTLe AnD Hair-Like Processes oF THE ARMADILLO.—This animal, instead
of being covered with pile, has his body protected by a mantle, out of the divisions of which
issue hair-hke processes.

This mantle we have heretofore particularly described,* but it will be necessary to
recur briefly to the buckler. This is composed of unequal sided hexagons and_parallelo-
crams, the internal structure of the latter of which is represented in figure 7, where it will
be seen that the main arterial trunk, A., lies horizontally, communicating with the interior
of the armor by a foramen situated near the end of the parallelogram towards the
hexagons. This main trunk divides, successively, into five horizontal limbs; four of
which, viz: 1, 2, 3 and 4, after anastomosing, terminate near the other end of the parallelo-
gram in as many fusiform follicles, B., from each of which emerges, horizontally, a hair, or
hair-like process, C. The fifth limb, No. 5, inclines abruptly to one side of the
parallelogram, and after a much shorter course, comparatively, terminates in an orbicular
capsule, D., from which, through a foramen communicating with the anterior surface,
issues, vertically, another hair, or hair-like process, invested with a sheath, e. Besides
these five limbs, there are six branches. Four of these, i. e. two on each side, issue out of
the main trunk, below its first limb-fork. These subdivide into numerous twigs, which
do not anastomose. From limb No. 4, about half way beyond its fork, is another and the
largest branch of all, 7. This anastomoses with the limb, and divides into numerous
twigs, but does not terminate in either a follicle or capsule. ‘The limb on the opposite side,
No. 1, above its fork, has four branches, 8, which do not anastomose or terminate in either
follicle or capsule, but divides into numerous twigs. Between limbs Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4,
are three interfolical vessels, 9. These anastomose with the follicles, and open out at the
end of the parallelogram.

Some of the anastomosing vessels empty into culs de sac, 0, approaching, in dimensions,
almost to that of the main trunk. These are generally situated at, or near, the root of a
follicle, and may be reservoirs.

Kach of the above mentioned vessels may be, and probably is, accompanied by an artery
and vein; for the animal possesses the power of repairing and re-producing injured or lost
plates; we have examined a specimen of an Apara that bears the marks of that operation
having been performed.

Description of the hairs and hair-like processes.—Greatest length 2 inches and ,%;.
Shapes, cylindrical and oval. Diameters, some ;1,, others ;4; by gy, gty by ay, and
others again ;4, by j4. Color, corneus. Lustre, feeble. Direction at an acute angle.
Inclination, straight.

* In a pamphlet published in 1848,

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 15

Ductility, Elasticity and Tenacity.—
With 1,750 grains, one inch stretched 5 of an inch, elasticity entire.
2,000 ee =e (73 “cc
Qo O0 7 eee broke:

|

©

Button, none ; the posterior terminating in a navel resembling that of a feather, and of
whiskers. Shaft, bright yellow and lustrous. Cortex so thin that its presence cannot
always be detected. Interior a mass of white fibres with a central opening. Apices often
ruptured. Very difficult to crush ; when it does, separating the fibres.

Or ScaLes.—These tegumentary appendages belong (among reptiles) to the Saurians
and Ophidians, and to fishes; but they are sometimes found upon the mammalia.

Or THE PaNncouin or Manis SCALES, AND Hatr-LIKE PROCESSES THAT GROW BETWEEN
AND BENEATH THEM.—This animal belongs to the Order Edentata. J*or a general descrip-
tion of it see Eléméns de Zodlogie, p. 384. It is found in Asia and Africa, and a
specimen may be seen in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

The number of scales are as follows: Upon the head, 64; neck, 14; body, 122; tail,
160; legs, 136=496.

There are a few hairs, or hair-like processes, issuing from between these scales, but none
from the scales themselves.

Particular Description of the Scales.—F orm, nearly flat; slightly convex on the superior
and slightly concave on the inferior surface. Outline, sub-quadrilateral; the inferior
extremity,—that connected with the skin,—ovoidal at the angles; the superior extremity
inclining to semi-circular. Color brown, opaque, dull. To the touch smooth, when the
fingers are passed longitudinally; but, when passed in an opposite direction, slightly
rugose. No ductility nor elasticity.

Structure —Composed of two plates, an inferior and a superior one.

The inferior one, (which is the smallest,) at its inferior extremity, is bounded by two
straight lines, which respectively commence at the inferior angle of the sides of the scale,
and meet at right angles. At its superior outline it is semi-circular, This superior extre-

mity of this inferior plate is soldered to the superior one, with an opening in the form of a
pouch.

The superior plate, (which is the largest,) is divided by a slightly curved midrib, into
two nearly equal triangular portions. The posterior portions of each of these triangles,
from their inferior outlines to points opposite to the pouch, are again divided by ribs run-
ning nearly parallel with the midrib. The lateral edges of this plate, where they corres-
pond with those of the inferior one, are turned over and felled. Nearly the whole interior
between these plates, is filled with muscle; and with it the midrib and ribs, which also
are muscular, communicate; thus enabling the animal to raise its scales, and, perhaps,
allowing it to communicate to them a slight lateral motion.

t

16 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

Composition —No earthy matter can be detected in these scales, either by incineration
or treatment with diluted.hydro-chloric acid.

The hair-like processes, issuing from between and under the scales. Fig. 8 represents
one of them. The shaft is oval, diameter 545 by 45, color corneous, with irregularly shaped
lines and dots. On one side a wart-like protuberance. No button. Disks exhibit a
white cormneous mass, with a small central crack.

OF THE ScaLes or PREHENSILE TAILS OF SOME OF THE LOWER ANIMALS, AND THE Hairs
ACCOMPANYING THE SAME.—Scales are found upon the tails of some of the lower animals.
They may, possibly, be considered as hairs only partially developed; the matter which
forms the ordinary scales of the cortex being in abundance, while that which forms the
fibres is deficient. Their study may therefore prove interesting, both in themselves and
on account of their connection with hair-scales and mool-scales, which are the subject of a
separate part of this work.

The Scales upon the Tail of the Possum.—(See fig. 9.)—These scales are, in general,
oval and sub-oval, depressed upon the side of the attachment to the epidermis; diameter
about 35 by ;75 of an inch. ‘They are the same color as the epidermis, which they cover.
Hairs never issue out of these scales, but always from between them. They also partake
of the color of the skin, whether that be black or white. They are in length about # of an
inch; diameter z1, by 34, of an inch, gradually narrowing to ;}; at the apex. Cortex
corneous, diameter ;;!,5 of an inch; the remainder of the interior oval and white. When
the scales are removed, the inferior termination of the hairs, which they overlay, may be
seen in the dermis.

The Muskrat (Fiber Zibethicus of Lin.) has a tail 3 the length of its body; com-
pressed, convex on the sides, thickest in the middle, tapering to a point; covered with
small scales and thinly scattered hairs.

The Field-Mouse (Agricola Pennsylvanica of Ord) has a tail which is cylindrical, scaly,

«

FRol

and slightly covered with hair.

Or ScaLes upon THE TAILS or Monkeys.—Of the Monkeys of the Old World there
are said to be 54 species, and of these only one is found in Europe, 86 in Asia, 16 in
Africa, and 2 whose country is unknown.

One of the distinguishing features of the Monkey of South America, is the having of a
tail; but we observe that a species of Lemur is found in Madagascar, possessing a very
long tail, peculiarly adapted to climbing.

Of the South American Monkeys, that have tails, all are not prehensile. Those with
these strong, muscular, scaly tails, are called “Sapajous,” and those with feeble, useless
tails, are called “Sagoins.” Of both these there are several varieties. Of the first,’the
Coati (Atelesater) has no thumb, and consequently but four fingers on the two fore-paws,
but the defect is supplied by the tail, with which this animal slings himself from tree
to tree.

Of the Sagoins, or Monkeys which do not hold by the tails, is the Samari, or Aurora.

(Sanguinas sciureas.)

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 17

The Saki, or Cagui, (Pittecia,) is remarkable for the length of the hair on its tail, and
is often called, for that reason, the foz-tailed monkey.

The Wistiti, or striated Monkey, (Jacchus,) has an annulated tail.

The Marikina (Midas rosalia) has a bunch of hair at the end of the tail, like the lion.

The Mico (Jacchus argeniatus) has a tail with deep brown hair, while that on the
body is silver color.

Remarks of Tail Scales.—The scales upon the tails that are prehensile are intended, no
doubt, to prevent them from slipping when an object is grasped. Some reptiles obtain a
progressive movement by means of scales.

Or Frsrous PRoTuBERANCES RESEMBLING Horn, BUT WHICH ARE NoT TRUE Horn.—
These processes are found upon the nose of the Rhinoceros. This animal belongs to the order
“ pachydermata,” the family “ordinary pachydermas,” and forms the genus ‘* Rhinoceros,”
(so named from the Greek word ‘“‘rin,” the nose; in the genitive case “‘rinos,” and “ keras,”
a horn.) There are two species, viz: 1, R. cornu unico conico, and 2, R. cornibus duobus
cuneiformibus. (Lin: O. 5 Jumenta, No. 25, Rhinoceros.)

This animal is large, heavy, strong-limbed and thick-skinned, nearly hairless, (a few
being found in the ear;) the bones of the nose, which are very stout, are united, forming
a vault, supporting upon its median line this solid, horn-like projection, which is uncon-
nected with the bone, but is buried in and adheres to the skin. It is truly said to be com-
posed of agglutinated fibres, which are thought to be hazrs.

Specimen of the animal in the Zodlogical Institute, Philadelphia, and of the horn in
the Academy of Natural Science, of this city.

Fig. 10a is a representation of a transverse section of this horn, where the ends of two
hairs, and a part of the third, may be seen. Fig. 10b is a longitudinal section, showing
the hairs.

Comparison with Real Horns.—TViis (so called) horn of the Rhinoceros, will be best
understood by a comparison of its formation and growth with real horns, of which there
are the followimg varieties: 1. Those which are composed entirely of bony matter, and
2, those which are composed of an inferior osseous portion, covered with an exterior
corneous matter. The first species is sub-divided into those that are perishable and
renewable, and those that are persistant.

The antlers of the stag are solid and osseous, are rapidly produced by powerful blood-
vessels, but, after a time, they perish and fall, and are renewed in like manner. ‘The short,
solid; bony processes of the cameleopard, are formed in the same manner, but they are
persistant. And the hollow horns of the ox, sheep, &c., are composed of two distinct
substances, viz: an interior one of phosphate of lime, and an exterior one of horn. ‘These
two substances appear to be simultaneously produced from the two sides, respectively, of a
vascular membrane; and they are nourished in different modes; that of the bony interior
from vessels belonging to the ceneral system, but the exterior one is destitute of vessels ;
and is, consequently, when once formed, removed from the influence of vital powers.

On the other hand, the (so called) horns of the Rhinoceros, (both of the one and the two-

18 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

horned species,) grow from the teeument covering the nose, to which they adhere mithout
having any connexion with the subjacent bones. 'They have a sub-pyramidal shape, and
are composed of parallel hairs, agglutinated together into a solid mass by a material which
acts as a cement. This fibrous structure is most distinctly seen at the base of the horn,
where the ends of the fibres project from the surface like those of a brush. When these
horns are divided transversely, as in fig. 10a, and examined with the microscope, a great
number of orifices are seen, marking the empty spaces that intervene between the hairs;
and if the section be made in a longitudinal direction, as in fig. 10 b, the same spaces give
rise to the appearance of parallel grooves. These (so called) horns are not deciduous, like
those of the stag ; but continue to adhere to the skin, and to grow from the root, in propor-
tion as they are worn at the extremity. (See Roget An. and Veg. Phys. 356.)

Tue Horn or THE RHINOCEROS, IN THE ACADEMY oF NaTuRAL Sciences OF PHILADEL-
puta. Examination and description of the horn of a tivo-horned Rhinoceros in the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.—Length, from the base to the point, 15 inches and
z4- Of this 1 inch and ,8; appears to have been buried in the skin. Circumference at the
base, 14 inches ;°;. Diameters, 4 |8; by 4 545. The inferior termination calyx shaped ;
depth of calyx, 2 inches. Circumference, at the former junction with the epidermis, 12
inches ; apex oval; diameter, ;, by 5'5 of an inch. The surface in the interior of the |
calyx rugous and deeply fissured. The exterior striated longitudinally. The main body
corneous and solid, except some shieht longitudinal fissures.

Examination of the Hair of the Ear of the Rhinoceros.—Leneth, 58, of an inch; shape,

2 AO
cylindrical ; diameter, 54,, gradually tapering to ;5'-, of an inch. Color, brown. Button
resembles a mere swelling of the posterior portion of the shaft, slightly curved and pointed.
When crushed, fibres are exhibited of the diameter of 5.5, of an inch. Shaft undulating ;

apex rounded, sometimes furcated.

Or Spines.—The word is from “ Spina,” a thorn or prickle.
A few animals only have spines; such as the porcupine, the hedgehog and the pecary.

THe SPINES oF THE PorcuPInE.—The Porcupine (Hystrix Dorsata, see Aud. and
Back. Quadru., 1 vol., 277.)

Pile, at the roots yellowish-white, tipped with black. Head, cheeks and sides of the
neck, grayish; legs, of dark brown. A whitish band two inches broad from the top of the
shoulder on each side, towards the lower part of the neck. ‘The long hairs on the dorsal
line are so broadly tipped with black, that the animal, on these parts, appears of a blackish
color; along the sides, however, the alternate annulations are so conspicuous that it has a
deep gray or grizzled appearance. On the chest, outer surface of the shoulders and
thighs, it is of a darker color than on the sides. Immediately behind the lightish collar on
the shoulders, the hairs are dark, rendering the collar or band more conspicuous.

‘The young have a uniform shade of red. A spine now before us measures in length

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 19

8 inches; diameter, + of aninch. Thickest in the centre and tapering to both extremities;
apex pointed.
Fig. 11, represents a transverse section of one of these spines.

Or tHE Spine oF THE Pecary.—Gen. Dycotyles of Cuv., from “dis,” double, and
“ Kotule,” a cavity, or navel. There are two species, D. torquatus of . Cuve,, and .D:
labiatis, (white lipped, see Aud. and Back. Quad. 1 v., 233.) It somewhat resembles a
hog, but has no tail, and the canine teeth do not extend beyond the margin of the lips.
Found in South America.
The spine we are about to describe came from a full grown male, exhibited in Phila-
delphia, at the Zodlogical Institute in the winter of 1847-8.
Length of the button, ;3, of an inch; of the neck, 35, and of the shaft, 4 inches and
10.4 inches and ;,8,. Diameter of the button ;1,5, of the neck 4, of the shaft ;5> by

10 90?
ziy- Shape, oval; colors, horny white, brown and black, in clouds and patches. Weight,
tof agrain. Surface, smooth. Direction, atan acute angle. Inclination, straight, except

slightly undulated. See fig. 12, where No. 1 represents the button, neck and a small
portion of the shaft. No. 2, a transverse section of the button. Nos. 3 and 4, transverse
sections of the shaft. No. 5, a longitudinal section of the cortex. No. 6, the
termination of the shaft, and No. 7, a longitudinal section of the stellated figure
represented in No. 4.

Ductility, Elasticity and Tenacity.—

There was no extension under 6,298 grains.
With 6,298 grains the extension was ;4,5 of an inch, the shrinking upon removal of the

weight complete.

oeraiae r oE ts
(Asie : He : ee

ce 8,133 ce ce $0 ce ce cc

“ 8613 « G dr « ‘ “

“ 9,093 « “ af “ “ “

9 98 a gs & Minus 1, of an inch.
“ 10,226 a ds a oe
“ 10,673 “ or 14 Ibs. « 10 “ =
“11,153 “ 4 “ ds
© 11,633 « “ 13 “ _
“23, « 15 “ fn
S73) eeror 2. lbs. 3° or 3 of the whole. 18
CE VVAGos 6 the spine parted.

Or Wuiskers.—Roget (Animal and Vegetable Physig. p. 25,) says that the whiskers of
the feline, and of some other animals, are supplied with vessels and nerves, andar e thus
converted into organs of touch*.

* Tn Illust. of Nat Hist. 855, whiskers are said to increase the sense of smell. (!)

920 TRICIHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

Dr. Gross (in Elem. Path. and Anat., p. 327,) assures us that on the African Lion he
has traced filaments of the fifth pair of nerves to the bulbs (follicles) of whiskers.
Rudolphi had previously announced the same discovery in regard to the whiskers of the
Seal; and, at a still earlier period, Gaultier had asserted that these tegumentary append-
ages were supplied with vessels and nerves. Besides which, Malpighi found blood in
the long hairs drawn from the lp of the horse, and Gurlt discovered the same fluid
between the follicle and sheath of @ moustache, (but of what animal, or under what
circumstances, he has not informed us.)

And lastly, Eble considers the whiskers as the most perfect hair.

Mr. Broughton made some experiments with a kitten, who, while blind-folded, could
thread her way out of a labyrinth by means of her whiskers, but, when deprived of those
tegumentary appendages, was unable to do so.

Or rue Wuiskers or THE Raparr—LEzamination and Description of the Whiskers of
the Rabbit—Specimen, common Rabbit, found wild near Philadelphia.

Length, from 14 to 2 inches; diameter, j of an inch. Shape, shaft cylindrical, gradually
tapering to a very fine point; direction, undulated. The shaft, (with its sheath,) descend-
ing to the posterior extremity of the interior of the follicle, where it either ends abruptly,
or swells shghtly, and again contracts, with a fibrous appearance. Fibres intermediate;
a central canal; no button. The fibres, upon being ruptured, evince great elasticity,
contracting and spreading outward. Transverse sections or disks, taken from the portion
of the shaft covered with the sheath, show a central canal, in which are specks of a blood-
red color; immediately anterior to the sheath is a canal, containing a substance which is
either white or slightly colored red; anterior, still, to this point, is a void canal, and near
the apex are white rings. ‘The white matter is cubic or cuneiform.

Sheath, length, ,°, of an inch; when dry, closely adhering to the shaft, but separating
from it easily after a slight maceration. Color, white, or slightly stained red.

Follicle, length, 3° of an inch; diameter, ,4,th; color, red; shape, turbinate.

Vessels are seen projecting from the exterior of the posterior extremity of the follicle,
immediately beneath the perforation of the shaft.

Ductility, Elasticity and Tenacity —One inch of a whisker, with 2270 grains, was
deprived of its undulation only. With 7770 grains, it stretched goths of an inch, and
broke. Fracture—the cortex was ruptured, and fibres projected from one portion. Three
transverse dark marks, and one white, longitudinal furrow on the cortex. A portion of
the follicle was bleached, when the vessels pending from its lower extremity were plainly
seen.

Or THe Wuiskers or THE In1sH Hare.—Examination and Description of the Whiskers
of the Irish Hare—(Lepus Hibernicus.)—June 16, 1849.—Specimen in the Academy of
Nat. Sci. of Phila.

Length, 3 inches and ;‘;ths; greatest diameter, ;}, of an inch; gradual tapering to a
poit.

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. |
+

Shaft, color underneath the sheath, white; from the sheath for 5§,ths of an inch, black;
for ;8,ths, white; slightly colored for ;;ih; then white for ,%>ths; and dark brown 1 inch
to the apex; the inferior termination quill shaped, surface squamose, perforated; no button.

Sheath—leneth, ;4,; diameter, = of an inch; color, dark brown; easily removed from
the shaft with the fingers, after a shght maceration.

Disks—one cut from beneath the sheath has, Ist, a fibrous cortex; 2d, a large, black,
solid substance; 3d, a small white circle, or ring; 4th, a perforation in the centre. Another
disk, cut from the black portion above described, has, Ist, a white fibrous cortex; 2d, a
solid black substance; and 3d, a centre of solid white. In cutting this disk, a white fibre
of the cortex is left pendant. <A disk from the white shows, Ist, a white substance; 2d, a
centre whitish. A fourth cut from the portion which was slightly colored, shows, Ist, a
white substance; 2d, a dark cloudy substance; 3d, a perforated white centre.

Apex—pointed, sometimes furcated.

Inferences—The substance of the cortex is fibrous, but it may have a squamose
exterior; the coloring matter is disseminated in the cortex and intermediate substance.
The central canal is sometimes void, and sometimes filled with a white substance.

Note.—These whiskers were drawn out of a dried specimen, which accounts for our
having no follicle to examine and seeing no vessels, they being left behind.

Or THE WHISKERS or THE Possum.—(Didelphis virginica.) Sepecimen, the common
Possum, found wild near Philadelphia.

Length, from 2,3, to 3 inches; diameter, 7; of an inch. Stalk, cylindrical, gradually
tapering to a point, unless, (which often happens,) it is furcated. Direction, undulated;
posterior extremity perforated; no button. In ours, (which is a dried specimen,) blood-
red central grains. Disks,—one exhibited a light cortex, a white substance, a compressed
dark-colored ring, and a central canal. Another shows a white cortex, a dotted substance,
a compressed dark ring, and a central canal. (See fig. 13, a and 3, for a representation
of the stalk—13, ¢ and d, for the disks.)

Remarks on Whiskers.—The differences between whiskers and common hairs are: Ist.
An ordinary hair has a button, but a whisker has none. 2d. The posterior extremity of
a whisker is perforated, that of a hair is not. 3d. The lower extremity of the shaft of a
whisker is sometimes colored blood-red, which is not the case with that of an ordinary
hair. 4th. There is a great ductility and tenacity in a whisker, compared with an
ordinary hair. 5th. The vessels of a whisker are more apparent than in an ordinary hair.
6th. The cubic or cuneiform white matter, seen in the canal of a whisker, has not been
detected in ordinary hairs.

Or BristtEs.—The word is from the Saxon “ bristl,’”’ and means the strong, stiff hairs
that are found upon the back of the boar.
Cuvier says they are chamfered* their whole length, by 20 or more furrows, formed

* Chamfer is from the French “chambrer,”’ a furrow or hollow in a column.

‘

22 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

by the union of as many filaments. We find them chamfered, but that they are formed
by the union of 20 or more filaments, we are unable to confirm, and yet would not like
positively to deny. We made many transverse sections, which were examined under the
microscope, with the view of ascertaining if any such union exists. Sometimes, especially
where the section is made in the neighborhood of the furcation, separate portions of the
shaft may be seen; but they are not homogeneous in shape, as it seems to us they ought
to be if they were an union of filaments; but, on the contrary, have the appearance of the
fibres of other furcated pile. We separated one bristle throughout, into as many portions
as there were furcations. Upon exposing these to view under the microscope, the sides
that had been exterior could easily be detected by their smooth appearance, while those
that were originally the interior were covered with ruptured fibrils. (See fig. 14.)

Cuvier says, also, that each bristle has two canals, one for the marrow and the other a
humor. We could not find them.

EXAMINATION AND DEscRIPTION OF A BRISTLE oF A Russtan Witp Boar.—Length 9%
inches; diameter 45 of an inch. Color of the button, brown; of the shaft, white, and
transparent for the distance of 3 inches, and opaque for the rest. Button in length, <35
of an inch; diameter, '5; posterior termination, quill shaped; shaft, chamfered. Apex
very much furcated.

Comparison oF DIMENSIONS OF ELEVEN VARIETIES OF BRISTLES, SELECTED FROM OUR
CoLLECTION.—

No. 1, French, black. Length, 11 5% inches. Diameter, 4 of an inch.
white. se eyes ‘ 7 sith &e
ee aes wh GG 9 at 6 “ ay ce
Lass (Olay é 6 34 ‘ « Je
‘A, Russian, “ 6 33 «“ “ a “
“ 5, German, & 5 sb “ “« aie «
oe 16, Mt UG 5 “ ‘ oor ‘
ee a OIG. i 4 55, ‘“ «cc ae &
«“ 8, French, “ A & te a &e
“ 9, Flanders,* 6 See & 6 ie &
“ 10, Wild Boar of Russia, s i) ‘és ée ae ‘“
“11, Okakla of a «6 5 4 « & 1 ‘ec

10 52
From the above it appears that the French bristle is the longest, but that of Ohio is the
stoutest.
Ductilty, Elasticity and Tenacity of six Varieties.—
No. 1. One inch submitted to the trichometer May 28th, 1749.
With 1,070 grains it stretched 4 of an inch, elasticity entire.

a3 4,466 a3 sy (74 ce
6c 9,000 73 30 ce oe
ae 10,000 ce 4 (74 “e

* Very much esteemed for paint brushes.

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE.

With 11,362 grains it stretched ,%, of an inch, elasticity entire.

a ls 000)
“ 15,038
“ 16,000 «
“ 17,000 «
Fracture very rugged.

““ (es 6“ 1 @ at
30 minus 90
zs 15 ““ (73 _5_
90 90
“ 25 “6 73 10
90 90

it broke.

No. 2. One inch examined, e. d.

With 11,362 grains
Ses iso40 1)
SO PA $e
Eom e4 OOF
“ 98405 «
OG po SST 0 a
SOO.

it stretched 1, of an inch, elasticity entire.

90

66 PEE “cc 73 (73
90

“ec 4 ae ina ‘
90

66 10 “c“ 73 “6
90

73 (a3 ’ . 3
43 minus {35

6“ 28 “ “ 10
90 90

it broke.

23

Fracture abrupt on one side, with the filament disrupted and displaced on the other.

No. 3. Two experiments, e. d.
Experiment No. 1.—
With 21,874 grains
Ge egies a
Se S28,874 7S
SeeotOol © 7
Experiment No. 2.—
With 23,624 grains
27,124 “*
= 285874 **
eeoelhzAa! 1) <
oe tao,o74. * 6
No. 4. e. d.
With 7,866 grains
“ 11,362 «
“ 14,858 «

oS VS SOA FC i
No. 6. e. d.
With 1,070 grains
“ 3518 «
6G 3,666 ““
“4,266 «
« 5576 «

it stretched 1, of an inch, elasticity entire.

“ee bY. oe “ce ce

0
6c 3 6c “e 73
0

t broke.

it stretched 1, of an inch, elasticity entire.

“ce

ol,. ol
Po

oe

(Oo

“ee

pa —)

|

it broke.

it stretched j,.of an inch, elasticity entire.

“ee eo (74

co
S|

“e

|
~T bo
of

ce

t broke.

“ce ia “ce

to
of

it stretched 1, of an inch, elasticity entire.
oe v4 oe ce oe
90
6c 8 “ 73 “c
90
6c 4 6“ 66 6c
90

it broke.

Or Mane Harrs.—The word mane, (Maene Belg.,) designates the long hair which
imals. The French call it “crin;’” but they call the

hangs from the neck of certain an
hair of the tail by the same name.
6

24 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

The Mane of the Lion—The female of this species has no mane, and the male is
born without it.

Examination and Description of the Mane of the Lion, exhibited in Philadelphia in
1849.—Length, about 12 inches; shape, cylindrical; diameter, ,1, of an inch; color,
black, white and corneous; lustre, feeble. Button, club-shaped and hooked; direction,
flowing ; inclination, at an acute angle.

Shaft, cortex; diameter, 345 of an inch; color, black; fibres, white; diameter, aH
an inch. One white shaft has a corneous corer and white fibres. Some of the
are polychromatic. Apices, furcated. ‘Two hairs were found in one follicle.

Of the Mane of the Horse.-—Examination of the Mane ey the celebrated running mare
Fashion —Length, about 12 inches ; diameter, from 7; to .5 of an inch. Button, globose,
contorted, hooked, black, or white ia not hooked. Sheath seldom met with, and when
it occurs, very thin, white, opaque. Follicle, had none to examine. Shaft, cylindrical
and cylindroidal, black and brownish yellow. ‘Transverse sections, (or disks,) show a
brown compact ring, with a small white centre, in which the ends of the fibres can be
seen. With 3,766 grains, one inch stretched 1° of an inch, and upon removing the
weight, recovered its original length. With 3,766 grains it broke. Fracture, angular
transverse.

The Mane of the Cervus Canadensis——Leneth, 6 inches; shape, oval and ovoidal ;
diameter, 34, by z¢y of an inch. Black and rusty brown; no lustre; direction, nearly
straight; inclination, at an acute angle.

Shaft, cortex; diameter, 3345; of an inch; color, corneous; fibres, dirty white color,
loosely compacted, the end of them upon a vertical section shrivelled, and not well
defined; diameter, 3,5, of an inch, solid and heterogeneous in form.

The Cameleopard, or Giraffe, has a mane which commences between the horns; it con-
sists of short and almost straight hair, and continues over the neck and on to the withers.
(Illus. of Nat. Hist. 215.) We have none of this mtegumen in our cabinet.

a al

araeee

Or Tar Hairs—zamination of the Tail Hair of the celebrated running mare
“ Fashion.” —Leneth, 9 to 12 inches; diameter, ,1;th of an inch; black, brownish yellow,
or white; the black predominating. Button. irregularly ened mostly hooked and
contorted. Sheath, thin, white, opaque, embracing the button closely ; shaft, cylindrical
or cylindroidal; transverse sections or disks of the black, solid, dark-colored, with a small
point of a hghter color in the centre; of the brownish yellow, solid yellow, with a white spot
in the centre, and of the white, solid: dirty-white, opaque, with a lighter speck in the centre.

Trial with the trichometer :—Bar. 29; Ther. 80; Dew-point, 69.

With 3,766 grains, itstretched ,4th of an inch; upon removing the weight, recovered
its original length.

With 4,266 grains, it stretched 2,ths,and elasticity entire

6c 4,766 “c “ce aaths, (73 6c
str 5 26605 9! cc 1ths, “minus gnths.
CS 76G) c 1sths, elise

LS (6) 216 Su ac it broke; fracture abrupt.

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 95

ins)

A shaving taken from the exterior of the black hair was dark-colored, and one from the
brownish yellow, was brownish yellow; showing that the coloring matter was in the
cortex. *

Remarks.—The delicate dimensions and lustre, smallness of the button, thinness of
the sheath, and, above all, large number of the vessels of this hair of the body, show the
thorough breeding of the mare; but the deficiency in ductility and tenacity of the hair of
the mane, would not indicate much vital power.

Tail of the Hippopotamus.—This tail is ovoidal; diameter, at the posterior extremity, >>
of an inch; at the anterior, ;35; color, black; disks exhibit the termination of small,
irregularly shaped fibres. Fig. 16 represents a transverse section.

Tail of the Zebra.—This hair is cylindrical and oval; diameter, ;}
black, except a minute white central spot.

Tail of the Cerous.—This hair is oval; diameter, 515 by rs7 tapering to 74, by yas.

Tail of the Arabian Bull—This hair is cylindrical; diameter, ;1, of an inch; cortex,
black, solid; diameter, 5}; centre sometimes a void canal, and, at others, partly filled with
a white scaly substance

Fig. 16—2 represents the disk of the tail of the Elephant.

of an inch; color,

5

* Harr or tHe Bopy.—Leneth, from ;%ths to ~>ths of an inch; greatest diameter, =$5 of an inch; button, quill-

shaped, white, opaque. Sheath, none; or, if any, adhering so closely to the button as to be undistinguishable. Follicle,—
had none to examine. Vessels,—numerous, fibrous,—divergent from the lower extremity of the button. Shaft,—oval,
brownish-yellow or white, lustrous. Cortex,—transversely striated, indicating minute scales. Transverse sections, (or disks, )
show a solid yellow ring, with a white centre. Apex, pointed.

26 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;

CHAP Tk lt:

PiLeE is an animal apparatus, consisting of several organs, distinguishable by different
membranes, but acting unitedly to accomplish destined ends. It possesses, per se, no
sensation nor power of voluntary motion; but is connected with a tissue rich in vessels
and nerves.

That Pile is not vegetable, as was anciently supposed, is proved by

The manner in which the Shaft elongates —Hair does not grow by additions to its points,
like the roots of vegetables; nor by a s¢multaneous elongation of the whole shaft, like their
stems ; but by additions at the LOWER EXTREMITY, So that the newly produced portions are
continually forcing the old ones forward. ‘This is the reason why no injuries, such as
splitting at the apex; nor any losses, such as a deprivation of the point of pile, can ever
be repaired. If the natural point of a hair (which is the first part of the stalk that is
produced) be, accidentally or intentionally, removed, it is never repaired. ‘This is also the
reason why hair, which has been dyed, shows its undyed color first nearest to the skin ;
and why marks, made upon the fleece of sheep, become, in time, obliterated, beginning to
blanche near the body of the animal.

This property of growing by additions at the lower extremity, only, distinguishes pile
from vegetables, and is capable of being made use of as one of the tests of a true hair.

OF THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF PiLe.—Pile, when in a normal and healthy condition,
and fully developed, has the following parts :-—

A shaft,—at the inferior extremity of which is a button, and at the superior one a pornt.

This shaft has a cortex, which is either squamose or paved,—intermediate fibres, which
are divisible into fibrils, and a centre, which is either solid or has a canal. ‘The canal
(when present) either contains a granulated substance and pigment cells, or a granulated
substance and no pigment cells—or, the canal is void.

The button, with the lower extremity of the shaft, is set ina follicle, which has a double
lining membrane, called a sheath.

Recapitulation :—
1. SHAFT.

1. Button.

2. Point.

3. Cortex.
1. Squamose.
2. Paved.

4. Intermediate fibres and fibrils.

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 97

5. Centre.
1. Solid.
2. Canal.
1. Granulated substance and pigment cells.
2. cs «“s without “ ss
; 3. Void.
Qe HOnnICLE:
1. Sheath.

2. Vessels, &c.

Of the Button —When a hair is drawn out of the head, there is generally found, at its
lower extremity, a smelling ; this is the button. It is spheroidal, ovoidal, spindle, pestle,
or club-shaped, or amorphous; is generally white and translucent, but sometimes dark-
colored and opaque.

This part had (in common with the follicle) been called the “bulb;” but Henlé (who
has given an elaborate account of it) has conferred the name of button.

Of the Cells of the Button—We drew a fully developed hair from the head of an oval-
haired lad of 14, who was in good health, and, placing it immediately under the micro-
scope, saw in the button numerous globular cells, imbedded in a white translucent
substance. Fig. 16 @ represents this object. The length of this button is 34; of a milli-
meter; the diameter, 54°, while that of the shaft is ;75. The cells do not exceed in
diameter the ;4, of a millimeter.

Upon recurring to this object again, after the lapse of a few days, those previously well-
defined cells had disappeared, leaving irregularly shaped lines and shadows, as represented
in Fig. 16 0.

Another button, drawn from the same head, and examined immediately, had no cells,
but bore the appearance represented in Fig. 17.

Of the Normal Shape of a Button —From numerous examinations, we are of opinion
that the hair of the head of the oval-haired species, when the subject is in health, and the
integument is in a normal condition, and fully developed, is well represented by figures
16a, 166, and 17. But we must not expect to find it always to conform to this outline,—
from which it varies in very many instances, sometimes to a considerable degree,—as will
be shown in the progress of this work.

As to the color of the button, Henlé represents it, when belonging to healthy hairs that
are colored, to be, for the most part, colored also, and when found upon grey (colorless)
hairs, to be white.

But, according to our experience, the button of a healthy hair is very apt to be white
and translucent, even when the hair is colored. But this translucency diminished when
the hair had been long drawn.

Note——Care must be taken not to confound the button with the follicle, which will be
hereinafter described. The follicle never draws out of the head of the oval-haired species.
It must be dissected out or obtained by maceration. But the shaft often draws out, leaving
the button in the follicle. Fig. 18 represents one of these, from the head of His Excel-

od

‘

28 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

lency Governor Johnson. 'The whole length is one millimeter; diameter, ;75 of a milli-
meter; that of the shaft being ;8>.

It is easy to remove the button from the end of a shaft, immediately after it is drawn
out,—when the same appearance, as in Fig. 18, is represented.

Buttons are often found upon the ends of hairs that fad/ out. Fig. 19 represents one of
these, from a hair of the head of His Excellency James Madison, combed out, in his life-
time, and presented to us by Mrs. Madison since his death.

Henlé is of opinion, that the difference in appearance is owing to these fallen hairs
having arrived at fuller maturity.

Of Hairs nithout a Button —From what has been said in regard to the cells seen in the
button, it is inferable that the shaft is generated by the button. Nevertheless, we occa-
sionally find hairs without a button.

This subject will be resumed and explained, under title “Follicle.”

Of the Button of the Hair of the Head of the cylindrical-piled Man.—Generally, these
buttons are not so regularly shaped as those of the oval-haired species.

Fig. 21, Nos. 1, 2 and 3, represent the buttons of three of these, all from the heads of
pure American Indians, viz:—No. 1, is from the head of Bish-e-ki-se-quau, a female, aged
30, a pure Sac, a descendant of Black Hawk, sent to us by the Rev. Mr. Symington, of
Independence, Missouri. No. 2, is from the head of Tuh-duh-guh-mah-ke, a male, of
about 25, whose father was a pure Ottowa, and his mother a pure Chippewa. Sent by the
Rev. Mr. P. Dougherty, of Grand Traverse, Michigan. No. 3, is from the head of South
Wind, a male, aged 17, a pure Iowa. Sent by the Rev. Mr. William Hamilton, of St.
Joseph’s, Missouri.

It is not pretended that these three buttons furnish the types of all those of the cylin-
drical-piled man,—but only some examples, selected from those in our cabinet, where the
greatest variety in shape may be seen, to show the general outline.

The button of the pile of the head of the pure eccentrical, elliptical species, comes next
under examination.

Of this pile we have, in our. cabinet, one specimen, presented by Dr. Hering, of this
city; one from Delaware, and several from the Southern States; but our principal supply
is from Africa, obtained through the kindness of our missionaries.

Fig. 22 represents the button, or hair, of the head of a pure African.

The buttons, like the hairs of the heads of Hybrids, resemble, sometimes, those of one
parent or ancestor, and sometimes those of the other parent or ancestor ; therefore, it would
be useless to describe those hairs or buttons.

Hitherto we have considered the button found upon the hair of the head ; we must next
speak of those found upon other parts of the human skin. ‘They comprise the following,
viz: 1, the pavilion of the external ear; 2, the eye-brows; 3, the eye-lids; 4, the nasal
fosse : 5, the whisker hairs of man; 6, the beard; 7, the arm-pits; 8, the pubes; 9 the
limbs, and 10, the downy hairs of the body generally.

Fach of these different varieties are possessed of definite characters, which we will
endeavor to point out ; but we warn the reader, in advance, that he must not expect to

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 29

pluck out one of his own or his neighbor’s hairs and to find it agree, 7 every particular,
with our description or drawing; for pile, from the same region of different individuals,
and even from the same aclu varies like leaves fan, the same species of tree or
same tree.

1. Of the Hairs of the Pavilion of the External Ear and its Button —This pavilion is
fibro-cartilaginous, thin and expanded. It has five eminences and three depressions, which
are described in Dungl. Hum. Physi., 1 v., p. 147-8. ‘The hairs upon these parts differ
somewhat one from another ; they vane length, from three to five-quarters of an inch.
Shape, cylndroidal ; Whee from ;1, to 54; Bonenon differentspecimens. Button, some-
times elab-sbaned, at others amor anus. ; length of one of the latter 548, of an inch;
diameter, ;45; that of the shaft being 54; ; shaft, transversely striated ; intermediate fibres,
white, opaque, lustrous, easily separated ; one of them measured 5,545 of an inch; apex,
pointed ; diameter, z;,5 of an inch; none furcated. These hairs are tough.

Fig 24, Nos. 1 and 2, represent ive of these hairs from a tuft that surrounded the meatus
arian externus.

2. Of the Hair of the Eye-Brows, (super cilium,) and tts Button —Goldsmith ee
that next to the eyes, the features which give a character to the face, are the eye-brows
And Le Brun, in giving a painter directions in regard to delineating the passions, places
the principle expression of the face on the eye-brows. ‘The Chinese bestow great atten-
tion to these hairs.

They are in length from a half to a whole inch, and sometimes even longer. Inclination,
towards the outer ‘aa of the eye. The hairs of the eye-brows of Prot. James McChin-
tock, M. D., measure one inch and 2; ; have a diameter of 5}, of an inch; are angular,
curved ; light brown colored at the posterior extremity, and lght at the apex. This pile
has generally a diameter of about 71, of an inch. Fig. 25, No. 1, represents one of these
hairs and buttons, drawn from the brow of a very fat person, where a is a part of the
shaft, 6 the button, c a part of the follicle, and d a part of the tissue disrupted and drawn
out with the hair.

Vidal (‘Traitée de Path., v. 3, p. 579,) says that persons have been known who never
had any eye-brows, but we have not witnessed this phenomenon.

3. Of the Eye-Lashes or Hairs of the Eye-Lids, (cilium,) and their Buttons.—Anciently
the word cilium was applied to the utmost edge of the eye-lid, and the hair issuing
therefrom. (See Plin. 2 Cels.) It is now confined to the hair.

It is said that persons have existed who had a double row of eye-lashes, which,
Burk’s Greek derivative dictionary, is called “dystichia;” from “duo,” two, and ‘“stikos”’
arow. But we have not seen any such persons. According to Goldsmith, man and apes
are the only animals who have eye-lashes upon both the upper and lower lids of the eye.
The eye-lashes of the Rhea, or American Ostrich, referred to in Goodrich’s Geography,
p. 444, are feathers. (See Ante., Chapter 1.) It is generally thought that eye-lashes
contribute to the expression of the eye, particularly when they are ene close and black.
They have the greatest diameter near the centre, tapering both ways, which forms, of
each particular hair, a dow. This simple, but beautiful arrangement of these hairs is the

30 TRICIIOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

best possible that can be imagined, for forming, when the lids are partly closed, a com-
plete obstruction to the admission of insects, &c., and yet when the lids are open, no way
shutting out the light.

Fig 26 a@ represents an eye-lash of a lad of fourteen years, belonging to the oval-haired
species, where may be seen a well-shaped button, a neck, a swelled part, and another
portion gradually tapering to a point.

No. 26 6 represents another hair from the same place, where the shaft is drawn out of
the button, with a small piece of the tissue adhering.

4. Hairs of the Nasal Fosse, (Vibrissee,) mith their Buttons.—Whole length, from + to
+ an inch; shape, oval; diameter, ;4; by 34;; button, club-shaped, with sometimes a
neck between it and the shaft. Length of button, ;4,; diameter, ,1, of an inch; shaft,
gradually tapering, greatest diameter, ;4,; apex, rounded; diameter, 55! of an inch ; disk
exhibits a minute central white speck of the diameter of 54,, that of the shaft being ,1, of
an inch.

Figure 27 represents one of these hairs, where may be seen the button sub-oval, a short
neck which appears to have been twisted; a, shaft with its transverse striw, and a trace
of coloring matter.

5. The common Whisker Hair of Man and its Button.—This word is sometimes confined
to the hair of the face from the temple to the chin, and at others includes that which grows
upon the upper lip, also called the moustaches. They belong to the category of the beard,
and must be carefully distinguished from the wheskers of some of the lower animals; which,
as we have shown in chapter 1, are organs of tact.

6. Of the Beard and its Button —This portion of the pile of man is important, as it is
made, by some writers, one of the distinguishing characteristics of the oval-haired species.
Mr. Smith, for instance, describes ‘‘ the bearded intermediate or Caucasian type,” and tells
us it is so named because neither of the two other typical forms is distinguished by @ well-
gromn beard. (See Nat. Hist. of the Human Species, p. 368.) But the American Indian
plucks out his beard.

Description of a Filament of Beardiop the Hon. R****** YVR***—Lenoth, 16 to 17
inches; shape, eccentrically elliptical; diameter, 1; by 54; of an inch. Button, club-
shaped, white, opaque; length, 75; diameter, ;1;, that of the shaft being ;1,. Shaft, white,
opaque ; apex, pointed and sometimes furcated ; shaft, cortex, easily emoreee intermediate
fibres, white ; diameter, 5;';5 of an inch. Centre, white, ;1, of an inch in diameter.

Figure 28 represents three shafts of beard of Dr. Burr, growing out of one button. It
was drawn from a small papula that made its appearance upon his chin, and when it was
drawn out, was succeeded by two more hairs similarly united.

Of the Fashions of Wearing the Hair and Beard—Upon the different habits and
fashions of wearing the hair and beard, Goldsmith remarks: “That some, and among
others the Turks, cut the hair off their heads and let their beards grow. Europeans, on
the contrary, shave their beards and wear their hair. The negroes shave their heads in
figures; at one time in stars, at another in the manner of friars; and still more commonly
in alternate stripes; and their little boys are shaved in the same manner. The Talapoins

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 31

of Siam shave the heads and the eye-brows of such children as are committed to their care.
Every nation seems to have entertained different prejudices, at different times in favor of one
part or another of the beard. Some have admired the hair upon the cheeks on each side, as we
see with some young men among ourselves Some like the hair lower down ; some choose it
curled; and others like it straight. Some have it cut into a peak, and others shave all but the
whisker. This particular part of the beard was highly prized among the Spaniards; ‘till
of late, a man, wthout whiskers was considered as unfit for company; and where nature
had denied them, art took care to supply the deficiency. We are told of a Spanish
general, who, when he borrowed a large sum of money from the Venetians, panned his
whiskers ; which he afterwards took proper care to redeem. Kingson assures us that a
considerable part of the religion of the Tartars, consists in the management of their
whiskers: and that they waged a long and bloody war with the Persians, declaring them
infidels, merely because they would not give their whiskers the orthodox cut. ‘The kings of
Persia wore their whiskers matted with gold thread ; and even the kings of France of the
first races, had them knotted and buttoned with gold. But of all nations, the Americans
[American Indians] take the greatest pains in cutting their hair and plucking their beards;
so that some have supposed them to have no beard naturally ; and even Linneus has fallen
into that mistake. The hair is cut into bands, and no small care is employed in adjusting
the whisker.”’

To the above we would add that the ancient Hebrews wore a beard upon the chin, but
not on the upper lip, and were divinely forbidden to cut their beards like the heathen
Egyptians, who left only a tuft of hair on the chin. Neglecting to trim the hair and beard
was expressive of great mourning. (See Isa., xv. 2. Jer., xl. 5, &c.) To forcibly shave
the beard of any one was considered an insult. (2 Sam. x., 4, 5.)

The first Indians seen by Columbus at San Salvador, are described as entirely naked,
their black hair long and uncurled upon their shoulders, with xo beards, and every part of
the body perfectly smooth.

Mr. Jefferson remarks that “it has been said that the [North American] Indians have
less hair than the whites, except on the head; but this is a fact of which fair proof can
hardly be had. With them it is disgraceful to have hairs on the body, they say it likens
them to hogs; they therefore pluck it out as fast as it appears. But the traders who marry
their women, and prevail on them to discontinue this practice, say, that nature is the same
with them as with the whites. Nor if the fact [assertion] be true, is the consequence
necessary which has been drawn from it; negroes have notoriously less hair than the
whites, yet they are more ardent.”

In many African kingdoms, rank is estimated by the length and thickness of the beard.
(Duncan’s Travels in Western Africa, 2 v., p. 5.) The Miaou-tse, who are supposed to
be the aborigines of China, cut off the forelocks and spread the hair behind. (Latham.)
Some Tapuans, of the New Guinea Coast, dress their pile in long, narrow, pipe-like curls,
smeared with red ochre and grease, with a band round the forehead. (Latham Hist. of
Races, &c., 214.) Others use wigs. (Ibid, 215.)

7. Of the Hairs of the Arm-pit, (axilla,) and its Butlon—This cavity, beneath the

8

32 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

junction of the arm with the shoulder, is covered with hair, contains much cellular mem-
brane, lymphatic ganglions, important vessels and nerves, and numerous sebaceous follicles,
furnishing an odorous secretion. ‘The button of this hair often draws out with its follicle.

Figure 29 a is one of these, upon which may be seen the button, sub-oval shaped, the
follicle, with parts of two disrupted vessels ; also a portion of the shaft, with its transverse
strie. Figure 29 d represents a section of the skin of a male of 25, and the hair -set
therein. ;

These hairs are, in general, in length from one inch to an inch and a half; shape, oval;
diameter, 74, by 544, gradually tapering to ;,4, at the apex; color, rather lighter than
that of the head; lustre, feeble ; button, sometimes sub-oval, and at others double cone-
shaped ; length, ;4,; diameter, 54,, that of the shaft, at the junction, being ;1,, others
club-shaped; sheath small, white, opaque; intermediate fibres, white; centre, white,
interrupted ; apices, pointed; none furcated. Disks show a minute central spot.

8. The Hair of the Pubes, or Hypogastric Hair, and its Button.—Called “ pubes,”
because this part of the hypogastric region is, in both sexes, at the time of puberty,
covered with pile. In some books this pile is called “ Pubes lanigo Pudendorum,” and
in others the word pubes is used to denote the parts, and the hair that grows thereabouts.
These hairs belong to the same category as those of the deard.

Examination and Description of these Hairs, from the body of a Male, oval-haired
person of sixty years of age—Length, about three inches; shape, eccentrically
elliptical ; greatest diameter, 51,; smallest, ;1, of an inch; crisped; color, brown,
translucent; button, spindle-shaped, or tubular, and pointed at the inferior extremity, or
rounded. It has sometimes vessels. Sheath, white, opaque, imvesting the button;
occasionally two sheaths adhering, sometimes there is a neck between the button and the
shaft; cortex, transversely striated; centre, white, interrupted ; apex, striated and dotted,
rounded ; disk, with a central oval spot.

Hypogastric pile is generally of a lighter shade of color than the hair of the head of the
individual.

Figure 30 represents one of these hairs with its button and follicle, and a large portion
of the neighboring tissue; “a,” the button; “d,” a part of the follicle; ‘‘c,” the shaft;
“d,” the tissue disrupted and torn out of the soft sebaceous skin.

Remarkable Case—Observing, in a recent number of a Medical Journal, a report of
Robert King Stone, M. D., of Washington City, of a lad only eight years of age having
hypogastric hair, I wrote for a specimen, and the Doctor kindly sent me a lock, accom-
panied by one of the boy’s head. They are dark colored, while that of his head is light;
length, 154; of an inch; diameter, 51, to 521

87 2610/0)

With 220 grains one inch stretched 2, of an inch, elasticity minus 55
co 570 oe 66 ay “ce ce ce go

73 a) 73 4 ‘ 6“ ce Be
ee a 90 90

3 AD) ce 3 5 3 cc a3 oe
720 90 90

“6 770 6c 66 a0 ee e “6 a0

oe RV) ee ee ngs oe oe oe 4

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 33

With 870 grains one inch stretched }? of an inch, elasticity minus

aE,
90

73 920. « 6“ 18 “ ‘6c i =s
73 970 6“ “ ae “e 6“ “ 13
“e 1,020 oe ee 29 ae “ ac 18
“ce 1,070 ce ee 3 ee ae “ce 13
Os ile eae ft 32 t ‘ a lies
ESI CON tf ue G: ee «20
ce 1,220 ce “ee oe ce ae ins 22

T2708 “at broke:

9. Hairs of the Limbs and their Button —These buttons vary much in length on
different individuals.

Figure 31 a represents one of the forearm; where “a,” is the button; ‘“,” portions of
the follicle; ‘‘c,’”’ the shaft with its transverse strie; ‘d,” a portion of a disrupted vessel ;
‘“‘e,”’ a part of the tissue torn out.

A hair from the back of the hand has a length of 4 an inch; is in shape eccentrically
elliptical ; greatest diameter, 54,; smallest, ;1,; button, club-shaped; sometimes they are
somewhat hamate ; the shalt tapers gradually, and in the centre is an interrupted, dark,
coloring matter; disk, exhibits an oval, white central spot.

Of the downy Hairs of the body, (lanigo,) and their Buttons.—The word “down” is from
the Danish “dunn,” and means soft wool, or tender hair. Lanvigo has the same meaning.
These downy hairs bear the same relation to larger hairs that down does to feathers.
They are of various lengths on different individuals. ‘The buttons are sometimes club-
shaped, and at others pestle-shaped.

It is probable that the button of pile is more perishable than the shaft; for, upon a lock
of Mexican mummy hair, which is otherwise in good preservation, not a vestige of a
button is to be seen. Fig. 32@ represents one of these hairs, and attention is called to
the singular shape of its posterior termination.

On a hair belonging to a lock of a Peruvian mummy, which is represented in Fig. 32 4,
there is no button.

In a lock of hair, expelled from the uterus, presented by Dr. Frost, of Charleston, South
Carolina, we could find no hair with a button.

We have a lock of ovarian hair, presented by Professor Paul B. Goddard, M. D., of this
city. We found only two buttons; and upon another lock of ovarian hair, presented by
Professor Wiliam E. Horner, M. D., late of this city, no button could be found.

We have several hair-balls. found in the stomachs of Ruminants, the buttons upon the
hairs of which are few in number, and are generally diminutive in size, and distorted.

Fig. 33 represents the ovarian hair first mentioned,—where “a,”’ is the button; ‘*é,” the
shaft, exhibiting the scales of the cortex; ‘‘c,”’ a white substance, which is probably the
remains of the sheath, with which it is invested.

We have dwelt upon the button of pile, but not more than the importance of its study
demands, as will be made manifest in different parts of this work.

Some general remarks as regards Puttons.—1. To have a button, is characteristic of an
ordinary hair of a healthy subject, and when it has arrived at maturity.

34 TRICILOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;

2. That the presence of a button, upon such a hair, distinguishes it from hair-like pro-
cesses, which have no buttons.

3. That each variety of hair has its peculiarly shaped button, by which the hairs of that
variety may be known.

4. But that this shape is hable to variation, owing to either a variation in that of the
shaft, to which it belongs,—to disease of the hair, or disease in the tissue in which it is
imbedded.

5. 'That the dimensions of the button differ; but, generally, it is of greater diameter
than that of the shaft.

6. That hairs, not fully developed, are found with no button.

7. That it is probable that there is a connection, through the follicle, between the button
and the vessels found in the tissue which surrounds the follicle.

8. That in combing and dressing the hair of the head, care should be taken not to
disturb this connection.

9. That a separation of the button from these vessels converts the hair into effete matter,
—causes it to fall out.

10. That the coloring matter of hair is not elaborated in the button; for hair of the
head often loses its color, yet the button retains its integrity.

11. That the button is the most perishable part of pile.

It remains to notice the buttons of the hairs of some of the lower animals.

If we were not limited in regard to space, we would like to describe and depict the
buttons of the pile of the principal part of the lower animals, as they are exhibited in our
extensive collection of hair and wool. We feel confident that, at some day, not very
remote, the lower animals will be classified by their pile, and that, in so doing, the buttons
will be found to be valuable indices of species.

All that we can do, at present, will be to present the reader with a few of these interest-
ing objects.

Fig. 34 represents these in outline :—A, the Quadrumana, Troglodyte gorilla; B, the
Horse, (drawn from a hair of the famous running mare Fashion;) C, the Zebra; D, the
Cow; E, the Arabian bull-calf Holmes, belonging to ———~— ; F, the Gnou, or
Horned-Horse, (this is believed to be a whisker;) G, the Rocky Mountain, American, or

Long-Horned Antelope; H, the Elk; J, the Lama; K, the Dasyprocta Nigra; L, the Kan-
garoo Rat.

Or THE APEX, oR Point oF THE Suarr.—These terms have been used indiscriminately,
to designate the superior termination of pile, but it would be better to confine ourselves
to the first; for, although every hair has an apex, all hairs are not povnted; nor are any
hairs pointed that have been cut or fractured. When viewed under the microscope, these
latter are perceived to be more or less abrupt; some are even rounded, or inclined. When
pile has been left in its natural state, it is generally pointed at the apex.

Some writers are of opinion, that the obtuseness of the apex of pile is the result of
constant friction. (See Hassal’s Micros. Anat., p. 9.) We have seen instances of even

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 35

the shaft of hair being fractured from friction. Fig. 36 represents the hair of the eye-
brow of an oval-haired person, fractured in the shaft so much, that some of the interme-
diate fibres are obtruding. The places to study the apex of hair is among the unshorn
locks of the foetus, or of young children, whose hair has never been cut; or the young
hairs of adults; which are continually produced to supply the places of those that are
continually falling out. In all these cases we find the apex more or less pointed.

Of the pile of the lower animals, the apex of some are pointed; as, for instance, the
Mouse, the Ground-Squirrel, the Mole, the Jumping-Mouse, of Canada, the Muskrat, and
many others; while the anterior extremity of the hair of the Goat, the Lama, &c., &c.,
are more abrupt.

M. Mand is of opinion, that “with individuals who have had their hair recently cut,
each hair preserves its diameter to its free end, [anterior extremity, ] which presents a
truncated extremity, where the eye may determine this distinction; but that if those same
hairs are examined, after a long interval, each hair is found to be terminated by a pointed
extremity, more or less long.’”” M. Mandl considers this change to be the result of a vital
process. (See Comptes rendus, 1845.) We believe that this learned gentleman has
mistaken for renewed points on old hairs, the natural and original points of new hairs,
which succeed those that fall out, during the “long cnterval,”’ to which he has alluded.

Or Dicuopny,* AND GROWING DOUBLE OF Hairs AND FURCATED Pite.—Hairs furcated,
or their fibres divided at the superior extremity, are not uncommon.

Fig. 37a represents a hair of the head of a young lady of North Carolina, kindly
presented to us by her physician, as a great curiosity. She is reported to be in health,
yet nearly every filament of her hair is furcated. The hairs of the lock sent us, do not
exceed five inches in length.

We have examined the hair of the head of a young married lady, of this city, who is
supposed to be laboring under pulmonary consumption, and found nearly one-fourth of the
filaments furcated. We have also examined the hair of her father, mother, and two of her
children, none of which are furcated.

Fig. 37 4 represents the wool of Congo Billy, a pure negro, and will be seen to be
furcated.

Figs. 38a and 386 represent two hairs of a full-blooded male Choctaw Indian; the
specimen presented by Dr. J. O. Nott, of Mobile. The hairs are sixteen inches long, and
they are, respectively, tri-fureated and quadra-furcated.

Sometimes the fibres of a hair are so much divided, at the superior termination, as to
resemble a brush. (See fig. 39.)

Furcated hairs are found in the locks of the Chinese. In our collection of ancient hairs,
- few are found that are furcated; only one in the hair of the head of a Mexican mummy,
and none in those of a Peruvian mummy.

* Dichophy, from “ dicha,” double, and “‘phyo,” to grow.

36 TRICILOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;

2)

They are also scarce in our collection of the hairs of lunatics, as will appear by the
following Table :—

; ; Asylum for Lunatics,;)Western Virginia Asy- : F
Broan nital. : ? Ohio Asylum gle sy 2
Pennsylvania Hosp at Rrankford, Pa. iene y , No. 1 Ohio Asylum, No
a D ah B a 2 at D ; z
3) dae Ss) sree So = cs) mel os at
© S o a: 2 Bs o a: Ss Tas
ad a3 a a a3 aa a8 aa a5 Da gf a2
a we qa » a =| qa » ae pe}
cu 8 i © & 8 © Gals) % 2 aS & Ss a 8
oq ee og Ose og ore og oP og o°
taal = as s = ct
& on S oe 3 oe eS oa S 3
Aa A Z a a a Z 4 A a
| : ; ——_—___
22 0) ZY 1 6 4 16 2 Pall 1

From the above exposition, we feel warranted in concluding that dichophy is not one of
the effects of madness upon the hair.

‘The hairs of the lower animals are‘seldom found fureated. The bristles of the hog are,
however, notable exceptions; they are always furcated.

Of the cause of Dichophy.—Some writers attribute the furcation of pile to disease, of
either the animal or of the integument. ‘The hairs of lepers are said always to be furcated.
(Dict. de Sci. Med., v. 43, p. 489; and see Lib. of Useful Knowledge, of 1841, p. 55.)

Furcation may be owing, sometimes, to a deficiency of nutriment to support hair allowed
to grow very long. According to the French physicians, pile is nourished and increased
in length by @ portion, only, of the fiuid that enters into the stalk, the residue being con-
stantly thrown off. (See Nou. ‘Treat. sur la laine par Iotemps and Fabry.) This would
account for the hair of the Chinese and of some American Indians, being fureated ; for I
have Chinese hair four feet long, and several specimens of American Indians that measure
two feet in length, all furcated. Bichat notices the occasional splitting of hairs, but is
silent as to the cause. And Bakewell, whose experience in regard to fleece was great,
speaks of wool sometimes bi-furcating, but does not say why it does so.

Far be it from us to discourage cleanliness; but we cannot help thinking that too
frequent washing the hair of the head, especially if soap is used, will make it harsh, and
cause its ends to furcate. Perhaps it would be as well, after bathing, to substitute a small
quantity of castor oil for the natural fatty matter of the hair, which the soap decomposes.

Or Brancuep Pire.—A medical friend residing in the interior of this state, sent us
some (so called) “branched hair.” As it is as fair a specimen of this variety of pile as we
ever expect to possess, we procured the following drawing to be made. (See fig. 40.)
“a,” represents the posterior extremity, where “0” and ‘‘c’” appear to be two separate
shafts, emerging from one common button ; ‘“d,” a branch from “0;” and “e,” a branch
from ‘“c.”’ We placed the specimen in tepid water, when it separated into four distinct
shafts, and explained the phenomenon.

Of the Cortex of Pile—'There is a squamose or paved covering upon each filament of ,
of pile, called the cortex. The scales of the squamose varying very much in number,
shape, size and degree of adhesion to the fibrous portion of the shaft, and often exercising
a very great influence upon the integument.

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 37

Fourcoy first remarked that a liair, when rolled between the fingers, always passes from
the button to the apex; this he attributed to the presence of scales, which had not then
been seen.* Mr. Youatt first saw these scales upon wool, and Dr. Goring first saw them
upon the hair of the head of man. So far as we know, Prof. Dungleson is the only one
in the United States, (except ourselves,) who has seen these hair scales.

Of the Scales.—The study of the scales is very interesting in a scientific point of view ;
and, since it has been demonstrated, that on wool they are the main cause of the felting
and fulling property, they have become still more so in an economical one.

Figure 2 represents these scales as they are found upon hair and wool; and figure 42
shows a portion of the cortex that has no scales, but is paved ; these ought to be examined
and compared by those who wish to understand the nature of the cortex.

Of the Uses of the Scales on Pile to the Animal.—lIt is probable that the scales on the
cortex of pile, by polarizing the rays of light, may contribute to the variation in the color
or shade of the coats of some of the lower animals. By their form and number they are
nicely adapted to admit to the interior of the filament just as much air and moisture as is
necessary for the growth of pile, excluding the remainder which might prove injurious. In
this latter respect they may be to the cortex what stomate are to the cuticle of plants ;
and, like them, they may be endowed with the power of opening and closing, according
to circumstances ; but we acknowledge that we have not been able to detect such a
motion.+

Ribbons of scaly cortex may be artificially separated from the body of the pile, to be
viewed as transparent objects under the microscope. Figure 43 represents one of these
from the spine of the pecary.

The scales may be detached from the cortex by concentrated sulphuric acid.

The cortex is sometimes the seat of the coloring matter, as will be explained under
that head.

Of the Paved Cortez.—We use this word “ paved,” in the description of this variety of
cortex upon the authority of Prof. Dungleson, who, in describing Epithelium, introduces
the words, “ paved and tesselated.”’ (See p. 108 of Hum. Phys., fig. 23.) We prefer the
word ‘“ paved,” because “ tesselated,”’ from its derivation, might imply that the divisions
are all squares, whereas some of them are pentagons, hexagons and polygons. They are
not scales—do not lap one over the other ; but are mere divisions of the cortex, into angular
portions like a paved or tesselated floor. See fig. 44, for an illustration.

Examples of the Paved Cortex.—(See. fig. 34.)—In the order ‘“ Ruminantia,’ in the
Section “‘ Horned,” the Tribe “ Solid and deciduous horns,” is found one single genus, the
“* Stag,” (Cervus,) which is divided into five species, viz:—

* This experiment may be best repeated by rolling two hairs between the fingers in opposite directions.
+ Roget, (in his Anat. Veg. Physi., 1 v., p. 68,) says that it is evident from the functions the stomate perform, that they
must occasionally open and close; but the minuteness of their size precludes any accurate observation as to the nature of the

apparatus, &e.

“Y

38 TRICILIOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;
1. Stag or Deer, Cervus elephus. | French :—Cerf common C. de Canada.
2. Fallow Deer, Cervus dama. sé i le daim.
3. Roe Buck, Cervus capreolus. < ¢ le chevreuil.
4. Elk or Moose Deer, Cervus alces. ue ce Velan.
5. Reindeer, Cervus tarandus ss “ le renne.

(Elem. de Zodlogy:)

Goodrich, in his Geography, enumerates the following species in the United
States, viz :— ‘

1. The American Elk, or Wapiti, C. Strongyloceros.

The Moose, C. alees Americanus.

The Caribou, or American Reindeer, C. tarandus.
Common Deer, C. Virginianus.

The long-tailed Deer, C. leucurus.

. Whe black-tailed or Mule Deer, C. macrotis.

The tegumentary appendages of all these species, so far as we have had an opportunity
to examine them, have a great sameness of structure ; sufficiently so to connect them into
one group. ‘The cortex is paved, the divisions have the shape of compressed pentagons,
octagons and polygons ; the coloring matter lies immediately beneath the cortex, the centre
being colorless, and the shaft having no canal; the button is spindle-shaped, succeeded by
a slender neck, the shaft is feebly flexible, bending at right angles; the ductility very
considerable, but accompanied with little elasticity or tenacity.*

We will now give a particular description of a hair of one of the species.

1. The Stag or Deer, Cervus elephus.—Specimen Jrom the Western part of the State.—
Hair.—Length, about 2 inches; greatest diameter, 515, and least diameter, 45 of an inch ;
button, po epee length, oo of an inch, and diameter, 74, of an inch. Neck—
Length, ,3, of an inch; diameter, ;}> of an inch, gradually widening to a stalk.t Apex,
gradually tapering to a point; color, for one inch and 5% white, opaque, gradually darken-
ing for ;% of an inch, succeeded by light brown or fawn color, and terminating in black at
the apex. The whole stalk is undulated, the highest waves of which are in the centre.
The interstices between the paved portions, darker colored than that of the pavement ;
flexibility feeble, bends at right angles, and remains bent. No central canal.

Ductility, Elasticity and Tenacity—May 11th, 1849.—One inch with 170 grains was
deprived of its undulations. Upon removing this weight the undulations returned.

With 180 grains it stretched 2

aap wy

of an inch, elasticity entire.

90
oe 9) “eo “ce 6 oe ce oe
230 a
ce 9) 6“ a3 Utes a3 j .
240 50 minus 5\5
ce 250 oe ee oy oe oe oe
“eo 290 ce (a3 5 73 i oe ay

* Perhaps a large portion of the animal vitality conveyed to the exterior is expended on the horns.
+ When the part that widens is observed on its flat sides, the paved cortex is seen on it; while on the elipsoids the cortex
appears plain.

SS

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 39

With 320 crains it stretched 1° of an inch, minus ,*
to) 90 9 (

al

“ee 330 “6 oe Z 43 “ce oe bo
6c“ 340 ““ 6c 14 ‘c “cc i
ss 360 6“ “ce af “e “io 38
Gh a700 a a sie ‘ony 34
4c 380 “cc 66 4 9 6c e 2 a
ra 460 <«“ 6c a5 46 be 36
““ 480 as “6 a “é sa 4g
oe A90 cc

Or THE Pavep Cortex or THE Eik.—(See fig. 44.)—Of the Hairs of the Elk, or
Moose Deer.—(C. alces.)—Specimen from the Zodlogical Institute, of Philadelphia. The
Elk has three varieties of pile:—Ist. The Hairs of the Breast.—Length, 6 to 63 inches;
diameter, from 1, to ;};ths of an inch; undulated; highest wavesin the centre of the
stalk; number of waves, 25; flexibility, feeble; when bent forms a right angle, and
remains in that position; button, spindle-shaped, succeeded by a tapermg neck; both
transparent; shaft, opaque, commencing at the inferior extremity with light stone color,
which, after continuing for an inch, becomes light brown, gradually darker to the apex;
cortex, paved; compressed pentagons, of a light shade, with darker interstices; apex,
pointed. \

2d. Hairs of the Body.—Leneth, 2 inches; diameter, 5 of an inch to ;45 of an inch;
undulated ; color, white, opaque, passing into stone-color, and ending, at the apex, in light
brown; flexibility, feeble; when bent forms a right angle, and remains in that position ;
button, spindle-shaped, succeeded by a narrow neck, both of which are transparent; cortex,
paved; compressed pentagons, with interstices of a darker shade.

Sometimes the coloring matter may be seen through the cortex, but it is not in a central
canal, but in confused masses of various shades.

The wool of this pile seems to be formed of distinct sections ; apex, pointed.

Ductility, Elasticity and Tenacity.—It took 270 grains to deprive it of its undulation.

With 670 grains it stretched j>th of an inch, elasticity entire.

6c 6c (43 2 c 6c
840 ak

“ Ld 3 a3 Le c “cc
870 as

ot 970 6b 3 ats 73 ; 6c

Gee TSAO ete broke.
This hair is, by this experiment, much changed in shape.

Tue PILE or THE Dicranocerus AMERICANUS, Rocky Mountain, AMERICAN, or Lonc-
Hornep ANTELOPE.—Specimen presented by Prof Samuel 8S. Haldeman.
Hair of the Flank.—Length, about 3 inches; shape, imperfect, oval* ; color, white;

* Care must be taken in fixing this hair so as to cut a perfect disk, as the filament is so flexible that it can be pressed
into artificial shapes.

10

40 TRICILOLOGLA MAMMALIUM:

lustre, considerable; direction, straight; undulated; button, spimdle-shaped, succeeded by
a neck; shaft, cortex paved, divided into compressed pentagons, not well defined.

Exception.—The cortex of the hair of the Sloth, does not appear to be either scaly or
paved.

Description or THE Hair or tne Turer-Toep Stiorn, (Bradypus tridactylis.)—
Specimen in the Academy of Natural Sciences, of Philadelphia. Length, 2 inches and
;{jths of an inch; color, dirty whitish-brown stone color, which, when viewed under the
microscope, is found to be a mechanical mixture of irregular portions of the coriex, some
of which are dirty white, and others brown color. Button, white, transparent, spindle-
shaped; length, ;3, of an inch; diameter, ;1, of an inch; sheath, white, opaque,
encompassing and adhering to the button; shaft, neck, cylindrical. naked, white, opaque
and translucent; length, ;*,ths of an inch; diameter, 71, of an inch, gradually tapering
from the centre both ways. Body, length, 1 inch ;%,ths; flat; greatest diameter, (which 1s

10

at the distance of 1 inch and ;*;ths from the neck,) jth of an inch, gradually tapering

both ways toa diameter of ;4;th of an inch. The cortex, of the color above stated, of
irregular, inelastic, brittle pieces, separated by dark lines, which sometimes open into
cracks or fissures, extending to the central portion of the hair. When the cortex is
removed, the cylindrical, elastic, central portion is seen of a diameter of 5+jths of an
inch; sometimes a portion of the cortex may be removed, leaving the remainder adhering
to the central portion, and presenting a rugged outline. At others, the central portion
obtrudes from beneath the cortex, exhibiting their fibrous texture. The cortex will not
divide into fibrils, but may be broken into irregular pieces of white and brown colors.
The central part is divisible into fibrils. Apex, length, ,!th of an inch, naked, cylindrical,
transparent and pointed.

Ductihity, Elasticity and Tenactity.—One inch of the above hair, July 4th, 1849, Bar.
30, Ther. 76, Dew-point, 66.

With 170 grains it stretched 5, of an inch, elasticity entire.

9
“e 180 oc ce ae oe ce “ce
“cc (73 ce 8 (73 73 7 Rt Ds
190 oo minus 575
ce ° (3 ‘ 10 ‘ ‘ “cc Bi
200 5 90 : 90
ce 9) 6“ be 12 6c oc 6c ye
210 12 s
a 220 * 6c 13 73 “cc ‘ 3
ee oe 6c sé 15 be 6c oe ft
230 15 a
oe 9 ‘ ce 1: oe ce ce s_
240- ‘ Le sh
SS 25 (Ve ac broke.

While the hair was under the stretching operation, the sides of the cracks and fissures
of the cortex separated; and they closed when the weight was removed, which shows that
the central substance is ductile and elastic.

The Wool of the same animal—The wool, when drawn out of the skin, is connected in
tufts of 5, 7, or 9 filaments, held together by small portions of epidermis, below which
a button is seen, and sometimes a button and sheath. Length, from 1 inch to 14;

OR, A TREATISE ON PILF. 4l
diameter, ;,5, of an inch; button, white, transparent, quill-shaped; sheath, white,
opaque; apex, rounded; cortex, is divided by dark lines; central portion, yellow.

See fig. 45, where No. 1 represents the cortex and the interior, where the cortex
has been removed; No. 2, the fissure in the cortex; No. 3, grains of cortex removed from
the stalk; No. 4, a disk; No. 5, tufts of the wool.

OF THE INTERMEDIATE FIBROUS PART OF PiLE.—Between the cortex and the central
portion of a perfect hair, and in the interior of an imperfect one, is found a /hrows
substance, constituting the strength of the pile, which next demands our attention.
Sometimes, when the cortex is sufficiently translucent, these fibres may be seen through
it, in longitudinal striwe, extending nearly the whole length of the shaft; they are then
most apparent near the button, and vanish as you approach the apex ; which may, possibly,
be owing to their greater attenuation at the latter place. In an imperfect hair they extend
to the centre of the shaft.

Fig. 46 @ represents a hair of the Hon. Henry Clay, artificially deprived of the cortex,
except a small portion, left purposely, for comparison. For the most part, the fibres are
seen in fasciculus; and the few narrow strips of the cortex are identified by their trans-
verse strie. Their diameter is 5:4, to sjy, of an inch.

Fig. 46) represents a hair of a male white, of 25, the posterior termination of which
has been split, and the fibrils are seen. A

Fig 46c is a hair of a person affected with scrofula, (which was disrupted in the act of
drawing,) showing the fibres and fibrils.

Fig. 46d represents the fibres of a hair of the head of a Choctaw Indian, the cortex
having been entirely artificially removed; @ and 6 are bundles of fibres; ¢ and d are
fibrils.

Henlé says that the fibrils of pile are flat; but we have never been able to determine the
shape. Henle also says that they are inelastic and brittle. This does not accord with
our experience. We submitted an inch of the hair of the head of our esteemed friend,
Wm. F. Van Amringe, Esq., to the operation of the trichometer. It showed no disposition
to stretch with a weight less than 290 grains, when it lengthened 4; of an inch. With
670 grains, it stretched only 2,, and with 820 grains, only 4) of an inch; but, upon
50 grains being added, it stretched ,4,, and with 50 more, only, it stretched 4 of an inch.

Upon examining the facture, under the microscope, after the manipulation had been
completed, the cause of this extraordinary progression was revealed. The cortex had
parted in ¢wo places, corresponding to the,sudden movements above noticed. After the
last fracture of it, the fibres (being left to bear the burthen of the weights used in the
succeeding experiments) did not yield saddenly and break, as they ought to have done,
had the fibrils been inelastic and brittle, as Henlé teaches; but the one inch of hair

gradually elongated to 4° of an inch, and finally parted with 1,570 grains.

Or a Crusuep Hair.—Fie. 47 represents a hair of His Excellency General Andrew
g p Mf

Jackson, artificially crushed so as to expose the fibrous construction; a, the crushed portion,
has a diameter of ,!, part of an inch, while 4, the hair in its normal condition, is only y4y.

42 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;

The diameters of hair fibres have been variously estimated; Henlé found them to be
tuys; Bidder, yy4z7, and Burns, 5,455. (See Lond. and Edin. Journal of Med.,
1842, p. 702.

Of the further use of the fibres of Pile—The fibrous arrangement of pile is not only
well calculated to impart strength to the filament, but to admit of capillary attraction,
thereby furnishing a passage for such fluids as are not confined to the central canal of a
perfect hair. It is also well adapted to encircle and protect the canal through which the
coloring matter of a perfect hair is, when present, conveyed. With a high magnifying
power, the ends of the fibres may often be seen, when examining transverse sections of
hair cut so thinly as to be viewed as transparent objects; as in fig 48a, which represents
the hair of the head of Annette Engle, aged 11 years, born in Poland, of Jewish parents,
now in Philadelphia, supposed to be laboring under incipient plica polinica.

Fig. 48 shows the fibres of an American Indian’s hair. A disk of a hair of the Hybrid
Elen Choate, is seen at fig. «8c; and fig. 48d represents a similar section of the hair of
the head of the late Mr. Elias Hicks.

OF THE CENTRAL PORTION OF A Perrect Hair.—This portion of the stalk of a perfect
hair, exhibits one of the three following appearances :—

A central canal, containing a granulated substance and pigment cells.

2. A granulated substance, and no pigment cells.

3. A void canal. (Henlé.)

An imperfect hair has no central canal.

The granulated substance consists of very small, brilliant globules, conglomerated into
clots; they are oftentimes piled in series upon series; and at others, when less depressed,
appear in distinct masses, with void spaces between. (Henleé.)

Fig. 49a represents the hair of one of the oval-haired species, which has been made
transparent, in order to show the coloring matter in a central canal.

Fig. 495 is a hair of one of the cylindrical-piled species, which has undergone the
same operation, but which is not made transparent, because, as it is believed, the coloring
matter is In the cortex, or in the cortex and fibres.

Some examples of the disposition of the coloring matter of Pile—One of the most
interesting studies in regard to pile, consists in the way in which the coloring matter is
disposed.

Lhe examination and description of the Hatr of the Dog-Faced Monkey, O. 2.—Quadru-
mana Tribe, Monkeys of the Old World, (Mandril.)—(Elem. de Zool., 274.)—Specimen
alive in the Philadelphia Zodlogical Menagerie. Length, 2 inches and ;4;ths; greatest
diameter, 54, of an inch; least, ;1, of an iver Buta shape conical, with fies largest
part of the cone towards the postancy extremity of the hair, and very abrupt, or spindle-
shaped; color, white; length, ;4,; of an inch; diameter, ;4, of an inch. Sheath, invest-
ing loosely the button and lower extremity of the shaft; color, white, opaque; length, 77>
of an inch, and diameter, ;1, of an inch. Follicle—had none to examine. Shaft—shape,

I
oval; cortex, color, variegated, commencing at the button, dirty-brown,—passing into

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 43

dark-brown, nearly black,—then wax-yellow, and finally, black at the apex; the whole
ornamented with minute ochreous-colored dots and lines; the shade of darkness of the
filament depending upon the number of these dots and lines. Transverse stri#, minute
and irregular. Intermediate fibres, white and transparent, but marked with dots and
lines like the cortex. The centre, solid and white; no canal. A disk or tranverse section
shows an oval, dark-yellow figure, with a small, solid, white centre. Apex, abrupt, and
often furcated.

The characteristics of this hair are :—Ist, the variety of color upon the same filament ;
2d, its peculiar formation, by the coloring matter being in the cortex and fibrous mnterme-
diate substance, and being disposed in dots and dines ; 3d, the absence of a central canal,
and central coloring matter. (See fig. 50 @ and 50 0.)

EXAMPLE oF THE CotorinG Matrer OF THE PILE or THE Bat.—Exzamination and De-
scription of the Hair of the Bat: Vespertilio Noveborensis ; order, Chiroptera; family, Vesper-
tilionide ; tribe, Bat. Specimen sent from Massachusetts, by Dr. H. Wheatland, of Salem.
Length, ;', to j; of an inch; diameter, 1 of an inch; button, a slight swelling of the
lower extremity of the shaft only, with a pointed termination; sheath, none discovered ;
follicle, none perceptible, after a rigid search. For the purpose of detecting it the dermis
was separated from the epidermis. The texture of the dermis is lined, that of the epider-
mis plain. Sheath, cortex, squamose; scales, of that peculiar shape, that the shaft
appears like a succession or series of minute crucibles, nestled one in another; coloring
matter, indistinct black; bands at the superior surface of each crucible-shaped figure.
(See fie. 50 ¢c.) Sometimes the coloring matter is interrupted, and at others it is entirely
wanting. This last variety occurs near the superior termination of the stalk, which is the
cause that the fur there is, to the naked eye, of a lighter color than at the root of the
filament. Apex, generally very pointed, when in its natural state, but often appears to
have been broken.

N. B. We have a specimen of hair from Paris, marked “ Poil de Chauve-sourie,” which
does not materially differ from the above described. .

There is also a specimen of a bat in the Academy of Natural Science, of Philadelphia,
called the African Bat, in which the scales of the cortex are shaped more like those of a
fish. The coloring matter is represented in figure 50 d.

The characteristics of the hair of the Bat, (except the African,) so far as the above limit-
ed examinations and descriptions show, are, lst, a variety of color in the same filament ;
2d, the peculiar arrangement of the coloring matter in the cortex and fibrous matter
being disposed of in borders to the crucible-shaped scales or rings; 3d, the absence of
a central canal and central coloring matter.

The disposition of the coloring matter of some of the lower animals in dots, lines, rings,
&c., is often the cause of optical deception; the hair, to the natural eye, appears of one
uniform color, whereas, when placed under the microscope, it appears distinctly to be
two. For instance, the hair of a grey rabbit, when so examined, is found td be composed
of black rings with white interstices; but they are of so small a diameter that they blend

11 +

44 - TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

together and appear to be grey to the unassisted vision. Figure 50 e shows some of these
dispositions of the coloring matter: a, the Mouse; b, the Pouched Rat of Kentucky ; ¢, the
Otter; d, the Irish Ermine; e, the Ermine.

Or THE CoLorinG Marrer or Pite.—Prof. Robert Hare remarks that ‘“ None of the
operations of nature are more inscrutable, than those by which organic substances are
endowed with the immense variety of colors with which vegetables and animals are
adorned. ‘The chemist,” he says, ‘may know how to elaborate dyes. to fix them, by the
interposition of mordants, to vary their hues; but. excepting the influence of transparent
media, or crystalline structure, in dispersing refracted or polarized rays, he is still quite
ignorant of the differences in the arrangement of particles which give rise to dzversity of
color, or the mode in which chemical combinations cause the various colors of the precipi-
tates.” (Compen. 419.) Moreover, Raspail informs us, that ‘The coloring matter of
vegetables, (which acts such a prominent part in their organization,) has been classed,
sometimes, among fatfy matters ; but that it is, in fact, a@ variety of wax.” (New Syst. of
Org. Chem., p. 462.) Henle still considers the coloring matter of pile as @ fat. This
learned philosopher, after deploring that we do not possess a better analysis of hair, in
which regard should be paid to the three substances which compose its stalk, adds that,
“ According to those we possess, hair is a combination of fat and a horny substance ; the
first belonging to the centre, and the last to the cortex and intermediate substance. The
fat,” he says, ‘may be extracted by boiling the hair in alcohol; that it is, ordinarily,
acids, viz: the margaric and the oléic.’”’ It has, (he avers,) a blood-red tinge in red hair,
greenish grey in brown hair, and, (according to Jahns, Der. Haarcortz, t. 1., p. 49,) white
hair hasa limprd oil. He concludes that after the extraction of the fat, brown hair becomes
greenish yellow. LL ’Heritier analyzed the hair of an albino, and found that it contains a
colorless liquid and a solid white fat. (Traité. de Chem. Path., 616.)

It would seem from the foregoing quotations, that this portion of our subject is fraught
with intrinsic difficulties. Commencing under such unfavorable circumstances, shall we
be able to trace this wxknown to so small a particle of matter as the coloring of a hair.

The names given to coloring matter are ‘‘Chromule and Chlorophyl.” In vegetables
the prevailing color is green. and a combination of the db/ack oxide of manganese and
potash, (which is whte,) gives to water a green color. Now manganese and iron both
enter into the composition of pile; so that if hair was green, we would experience little
difficulty in attributing its color to the iron and manganese. But the green color imparted
to water by the manganese and potash, passes gradually through all the shades of the
prism, and eventually becomes colorless after throwing down the black oxide ; which shows
that the manganese may enter into the basis of the coloring matter of pile, notwithstand-
ing zt is not yreen. How is it in regard to plants? Their chlorophyl, (or coloring matter,)
although it imparts to the /eaves, a green color, furnishes to the /lowers, all those various
tints, which, in those beautiful objects, so much delight the eye; and even in the leaves,
the green color, at certain seasons, or under peculiar circumstances, turn yelliw, red and
brown, the very colors found in hair. So Berzelius mentions two substances which color

.

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 45

bile ; one of which, found in the bile of the ox, is of a brownish-green color.* We know
that long continuance in the dark will bleach vegetables, which were previously colored;
and we have the authority of Rayer, (in Diseases of the Skin, p. 337,) for saying that it
will have the same effect upon hair. Should we feel disposed, in accordance with this
reasoning, to attribute the colors of hair to chromule, it will not be necessary to say with
Berzelius, that there are three kinds of it; for we know that, in the inorganic world, di/ferent
colors are displayed by the same matter, according to the different degrees of oxygen and
light that are present. For instance, a piece of iron, by merely heating it, (1. e. by
causing it to absorb oxygen and generate light,) becomes first yellow, then red and finally
white, colors which are all found in pile. A writer in the Boston Journal of Science,
(v. 1, p. 97,) says that he mixed lime, alumine, silica, soda and _boracie acid, and upon
exposing the compound to a strong heat, had a white product; this he ground and sub-
mitted to a red heat, when it turned of that color; upon increasing the heat it became
white again. These changes were produced by heat and light. Chlorophyl has been
found to be a coloring material of some of the lower animals of a green color.t

From the whole of the above we may fairly infer that chlorophy] is not restricted to any
form of matter, but belongs, in common, to inorganic and organic, to the animal as well as
the vegetable commonwealth. Vegetables borrow it from minerals and loan it to animals.
We every day appropriate a quantity of it in our food, one portion colors the blood, another
the bile, and a third dyes the hair.t A large quantity is not required, for, according to
_ Berzelius, it is so potent that all the foliage of a large tree contains but ten grains! If it
should be objected that the analogy between vegetable matter and pile is imperfect, inas-
much as vegetables have various secreting organs, corresponding with the different colors,
while a perfect hair has but one, we would answer that all the coloring matter, however
various the tints, of the shell of a mollusc, is deposited by the same mantle.

If we are correct in supposing that the variegated colors of the golden mole, (Chryso-
chloris,) are caused by the polarization of light, that which is called white hair is merely
colorless, and black hair is opaque, the tints of hair are reduced to three; and, what is
remarkable, these three belong to the modifications of the three colors the least dispersed of
the solar spectrum, viz: red, orange and yellow.§ It is, therefore, not unphilosophical to

* If to the fluid which contains the yellow coloring matter of bile, we gradually add nitric acid, it turns first blue, then
green, then violet, then red, and then yellow or yellowish-brown.

+ See the remarks on the green monkey.

+ Bakewell says that in some parts of Gloucestershire the wool acquires an orange color, in Hertfordshire and Warwick-
shire it i$ of a brownish red, and in the fens of Lincoln and Cambridge, a dark blue tint; each corresponding with the color
of the soil. (Essay on Sheep, p. 31.)

@ The color of what is called the green monkey is a modification of yellow. Mr. Bennit says, the color is greenish-
yellow above, arising from the ringing of the hairs with various shades of yellow and black, but assumes more of a dark
grizzled appearance on the sides of the body, and outer sides of the limbs, which become gradually darker towards the
hands. The face, ears, and naked part of the hand are jet black; the former is of a triangular shape, bounded above the
eyes by a straight line of stiff black hairs, and on the sides by spreading tufts of light hairs with a yellowish tinge, meeting,
in a point, beneath the chin. The neck and chest are white; the under parts of the body have a yellowish tinge; and the
inside of the limbs are grey. (See Nat. Lib. Mam., y. 1, Monkeys, p. 141.) We also read of the blue goat of the Cape
of Good Hope. (See Gold. Hist. of Man, &e., 260.)

46 TRICIOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

suppose that the basis of the coloring matter of all pile is the same substance differently
modified.

Or tHe Sueatu.—The cellular tissue, situated within the follicle and enveloping the
button and a part of the shaft, at its posterior extremity, is called the “sheath.” Accord-
ing to Henlé, it consists of two layers, between which is a fatty matter. This part is not
said to be formed by the sznkeng down of the dermis, as the follicle is said to be. _

The sheath generally terminates at the epidermis, but may sometimes, in diseased hairs,
be seen obtruding upon the shaft of the hair, above the epidermis, as in fig. 51.

Or tHE FoiiicLe or Pite.—The word “follicle,” is derived from the Latin ‘“folliculus,”
(which is a diminutive of ‘follis,”” a bag, purse or script,) and therefore means “a little sac.”

In Anatomy it is defined to be ‘‘a secreting cavity.” (See Dict. of Med. Terms, by
Hoblyn.) Prof. Dunghson (in Hum. Phys., 41,) says: “ Follicles, or crypts, are secretory
organs, Shaped like membranous ampulle, or vesicles, always seated in the substance of
one of the outer membranes of the body, the skin, or the mucous surfaces, and secreting
a fluid intended to lubricate them.” (See also Dung. Med. Dict., title “Crypta.”’)

In Botany, ‘follicle’ means a seed-vessel, husk, or cover. ‘‘ L’envelope membraneuse
dans laquelle sont contenue les graines des plantes ”’ (Dict. of the French Academy.)

There is nothing in its derivation or terminology to prevent us from using this word as
we here do, to mean ‘a little sac, in which the posterior portion of the shaft of pile,
with its button, is found, when the pile has come to maturity ;”
the questions whether it is secretory or excretory.

This part of pile has, sometimes, but very improperly, been called the ‘bulb;” for that
term, (from bulbus,) in Botany, is applied to the sold roots of plants that have many coats
or peels; and in Anatomy, it is applied to parts that have the outward shape of bulbous
roots.

The word “700i” has sometimes been, by analogy, but very improperly, applied to this
part of pile. At other times the dutton is considered to be the root; as, for example, in
Dunglison’s Hum. Phys., 103, it is said, that “the roots of the hair are in the form of bulbs,
taking their origin in small follicles or open sacs,” &c. It would be better to discontinue
the use of the word ‘“‘root”’ altogether, as regards pile; as it leads, insensibly, to error.

Where the follicle is found.—Professor Dunglison says, that the consideration of the
hair belongs, naturally, to that of the skin; and this integument he describes as consisting
of four parts, viz: the cuticle, rete mucosum, corpus papillare, and corium. He copies
from Wilson’s Hum. Anat., 493, a diagram in which all these, with the adipose. tissue
(which underlays them all) are depicted; wherein there are seen two hairs, the follicle of
one is represented as being zm the adipose tissue, and the other delow it. And that this
did not arise from mere inattention in Wilson, we have a right to infer from the cireum-
stance that in the explanatory notes it is observed, that in regard to these two hairs, enclosed
in their follicles, their relative depth in the skin is preserved.

On the other hand, Cazenave (in Traité des Mal. de cuir chevelu, 1850, p. 41,) describes
the follicle as a little sac lodged in the dermis, having beneath it a conique papilla, which is

without interfering with .

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 47

(he says) sometimes called the pulpe of the hair. But this papille in Wilson’s plate, above
referred to, is situated above the deeper layer of the cutis—the corium. Such is the state
of uncertainty as to even the locality of the follicle.

Through the politeness of Dr. George Hewston, of this city, we obtained a suit of
specimens of skins from different parts of the human head, body and limbs. We have
made numerous horizontal and transverse sections, exhibiting the hair follicles in their
natural positions, from which we infer that they are, for the most part, situated im the
dermis, although occasionally the posterior termination of them reaches the adipose tissue.

How the Follicle is formed.—Prof. Dunglison* says, that the follicle is formed “by the
inversion of the cutis, and is lined by a reflection of the epidermis.” In his Medical
Dictionary he makes the word “ cutis” synonymous with “skin;” which, as we have seen
above, he describes as constituted of four distinct layers; but we presume that he here
means by cutis, the cutis vera or corium; since he says that the follicle is fined by the
epidermis.

That the follicle is formed by this inward turning of the cutis; isa very general opinion;
even Henlé asserts, that “it is a true inward turning (renversement) of the dermis, form-
ing a cul de sac, to receive the button.” But we believe this to be a popular error, and
shall endeavor to prove it so to be.

In the first place, we would inquire, if the follicle is formed zn the dermis, how can it
invert it? It seems to us that, in order to form this inversion, it should be formed above
the dermis; but no one pretends that the follicle is formed 7m the epidermis. 'To invert
(from inverto) means to change or reverse the natural order of things; and what reason
can be given why a follicle, formed in the body of the dermis, should be made to change
the natural order of this integument? Is it not much more reasonable to suppose, that if
the follicle belongs to the dermis, and is formed therein, that it should be formed like glands
and ducts, without any inversion?

But the difficulty is increased by the assertion that the follicle is not cnly formed by an
inward turning of the dermis, but that it is lined by a reflection of the epidermis.

How the epidermis, which is represented to be a dry, scaly structure, can be reflected
or inwardly turned into each particular follicle of the hundreds and thousandst that are
found in the dermis, is very difficult to conceive. What is it that causes this reflection ?
Is it the button? Then the button ought to be formed above, or at least zn, the epidermis.
If the follicle is formed after the button, how does it pass that portion of pile so as to
invert it, as it is represented to do? And lastly, the epidermis is depicted (p. 100 of
Dunglison’s Hum. Phys.) with oblique pores, for the passage of the hair; and that this
diagram is so far correct, any one may satisfy himself by ocular demonstration. Let him
examine his forearm, and among the hairs he will discover innumerable small black specks;

* Prof. Dunglison’s Human Physiology, comprised in two octavo volumes of nearly 1,350 pages, is full of valuable infor-
mation, as we have a right to expect from a gentleman of his talents and learning. All that he says upon pile is comprised
in less than four pages, and the principal part of that is copied from others.

7 A laborious German has taken the pains to count the hairs upon the human head, and finds the following, viz: blonde,
140,400; brown, 109,440; black, 102,962; red, 88,740.

12

45 TRICILIOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

let him pick one of these with a needle, and the end of a hair (the body of which hes
under the epidermis) will obtrude. With a pair of tweezers, this new hair may be drawn
out to a considerable length. In a section of the skin these young hairs may be detected,
partly coiled, the apices seeking their way, as it were, through the epidermis, by one of
these pores. But all this is entirely at variance with the notion that the follicle is formed
‘by an inward turning of the cutis and is lined by a reflection of the epidermis.

Of Pile without a Follicle —But it can be demonstrated that the idea of the follicle being
formed by the turning inwardly of the dermis is chimerical: Ist. By the hair of the head
of the foetus. We have, in our cabinet, a foetus of three months, upon whose head is no
hair; we have another of five months, upon whose head there are hairs, but none of them
have either button or follicle.* (See fig. 52a.) We have a third specimen of hairs from
a full-grown foetus, which was taken, dead, from the body of a female obtained for dis-
section. Upon these hairs, also, there are no traces of either button or follicle. (See
fig. 52 0.)

These are specimens of ¢mperfect hairs, and seem to prove that pile does not “take its
origin in a follicle.” We also call attention to fig. 53.c, which represents a curious con-
nection of three hairs of the horse “ Diligence,” viz: one mane hair that has come to
maturity, and two smaller ones, one of which appears to be an imperfect hair, probably
never having had a button or follicle.

But the suit of skin-specimens, above referred to, explains this subject completely, and
puts this matter entirely at rest. In the various sections we have made of these, the young
hairs that have not yet pierced the epidermis may be traced through every stage, from the
cells to their development.

First is discovered, in the dermis, a collection of dark-colored dots, granules, or cyto-
blasts, the precursors and origin of the forthcoming hair. (See fig. 53 “a.’’)

Secondly, (immediately alongside,) is another collection of granules, partly enclosed in
the faint outlines of a forming hair. Here we see some of the granules passing gradually
into lines or fibres. (See fig. 53 “b.””) No button or follicle is yet to be seen.

Thirdly, fig. 53¢ shows the button just forming; the inferior extremity of it a faint
outline, while the granules have ascended and condensed in the superior portion of the
button and the inferior extremity of the shaft; but no follicle yet appears.

Fourthly, fig. 53d represents a button formed, except that the lower extremity is not
yet closed; but no follicle is yet seen.

* Examination and Description of the hair of the head of a five months fictus, of one of the oval-haired species. —Specimen
presented by Dr. Joseph Leidy, llth of April, 1850. Length, about 2 millimeters; shape, oval; diameter, wae of a milli-
meter; color, very light, translucent; not much lustre; direction, flowing; inclination, at an acute angle to the epidermis ;
button, sheath and follicle, none. The shaft terminates in the dermis in a slight swelling, which exceeds, by 3, the diameter
of the shaft; truncated at the posterior extremity, and around which «re assembled dark-colored dots or grains, in groups
of various shapes and sizes, but generally extending laterally from the end of the shaft, and rarely measuring more than
6 tts of a millimeter. Shaft—cortex, squamose, more than 200 scales upon the length of a millimeter. Intermediate
fibres, minute; one measured the giz of a millimeter. Centre—no central canal; the coloring matter disseminated
throughout the shaft in lines too minute for measurement. Apex—generally pointed, but occasionally abrupt; none fur-
cated; diameter of the point, the y!5g of a millimeter,

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 49

Fifthly, fig. 53 e shows the button fully developed, and the follicle just commencing to
Jorm around it.

Sixthly, fig. 53 is an instance where the follicle is beginning to form before the button
as entirely developed.

Seventhly, fig. 53 g shows the button and follicle, both formed; this hair having come to
maturity.

In this specimen the follicle was white, but opaque; and, in order to make it transparent,
it was necessary to crush it, which has altered the original shape of the follicle; for which
the reader will make allowance. The same of fig. 53 f. :

Some Examples of Follicles of the Pile of the three Species of Men.—F igure 54 a repre-
sents the follicle of pile of the oval-haired species, where “a,” is the button; “0d,” the follicle,
and “c,” a portion of the shaft, with the cortex removed, to expose the fibres.

Figure 54 0 is a hair of the cylindrical-piled man; “a,” is the button; “3,” the follicle ;
‘c,”’ a part of the shaft, and “d,” a portion of the tissue disrupted and drawn out.

Figure 54 ¢ shows the pile of an eccentrically elliptical piled man, where “a,” is the
button ; “d,” the follicle ; “c,” a piece of the shaft; “d,” a portion of the tissue, and
‘““e,” a vessel. All these hairs have arrived at their full development.

The Follicles of the Hairs of Hybrids —Figure 55 a represents the hair of a Hybrid,
a tetra dimestisin.

‘

Or Tue Virauity or Pire.—The learned do not agree in regard to the vitality
of pile. Bichat divides a hair into two parts, viz: an exterior envelope, and an interior
substance. The former he considers to be /ifeless and insenstble, and the latter to enjoy
real vitality.

In the Lond. and Edin. Journ. of Med. Science, for 1841, p. 595, itis said that the
vitality of hair itself, appears to be proved by the fact, that in a majority of cases of a plica
polinica, the matted hair tufts do not extend to the surface of the scalp, but consist of groups
of hairs, which are healthy at the base, and are implanted in healthy bulbs [follicles.] But
our examination of the hair of the head of Annette Engles, (who was laboring under

“enciprent plica polinica,) shows that the button also is diseased.*

It has also been asserted that if the shaft of the hair, in plica polinica, is cut, it will
bleed. But both Mechel and Haller deny this assertion, and [’Heretier, (who analysed the
substance which oozes out of this diseased hair,) found it to be only an ammoniacal soap.t
(See Trait. de Chem. Path., p 616.)

Ellisten (in Hum. Phys., p. 277,) states, that in the disease Phrenitis, the hair is
sensible to the slightest touch. But this might be, were the hair itself insensible, but were
connected, (through its follicle,) with delicate nerves. A friend of ours sometimes suffers
from severe attacks of Neuralgia in the scalp: and in the intervals of these attacks, the

* See Charleston Med. Rey. and Jour., y. vi., 367.

t See Youatt in Essay upon Sheep, Lib. of Usf. Know., p- 60, and Luceock on Sheep, p. 81, and An. de Chem. An.,
xi., No. 141.

50 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;

slightest touch of the hair is often sufficient to cause violent pain, which seems to be in the
hair itself, but the sufferer, (who is very intelligent,) has no doubt of its being confined to
the scalp.

Or VesseLs.—In the course of our pile manipulations we have often encountered small
threads, which may be vessels or nerves, but which are too small to be identified under the
microscope ; some of these are attached to the posterior portion of the button, when drawn
out, and others upon the same part of the follicles, obtained by dissection or maceration.

Figure 56 represents a hair of the oval-haired species, with a button somewhat deviating
from the normal shape, but with small portions of four threads disrupted in the drawing.

Figure 24, which represents a hair of the pavilion of the external ear, shows threads.
So does figure 29, which represents a hair of the axille. Figure 31, which represents the
hair of the forearm, exhibits a thread, (see ‘“‘a.”) The same may be said of figure 55, ‘“e.”

Note.—In the drawings of hairs, in Wilson’s Human Physiology, it is represented that
each filament has two sebaceous glands opening by short ducts, one on each side thereof ;
but we have not found them in place.

From all which, we agree with Henle that common hairs, (by which term he excludes
the whiskers of the lower animals,) although ansensible themselves, because they are desti-
tute of nerves, are in connection, through their roots, with a tissue rich in nerves and
sanguiferous vessels. (See Gen. Anat., v. 1., ch. iv., p. 300.*)

As the hair subsists from vessels, so ¢hey are influenced by the vital force and health of
the individual ; so that when we see a head thickly covered with strong, richly colored,
lustrous hair, we may predict, that the person is in good health; but when the hair is
weak, sparse, dull shades of color and devoid of lustre, we may as surely pronounce, that
there exists some bodily infirmity, or that there is a diseased state of the system.

Or THe SEecreETION oF Pite.—Admitting that there is no vitality in the shaft of a
common hair, still it may be an organ of secretéon. The pile of a healthy person is almost
always annointed, as it were, with an oleagenous substance; which is believed to be of
that character. In that dreadful disease, mzlk sickness, the hair sometimes drops out, and
in proof that the virus enters into the body of the filament, Bowyer assures us that it has
been detected in hair and wool, after they have been cleansed, in the usual manner, and
have been woven into cloth. Prof. John K. Mitchell, M. D., is of opinion that this class of
diseases is caused by poisonous fungi, one variety of which resides dnsde of the follicle,
between its walls and the button, and that it ascends to the epidermis. (See Mitchell on
Fevers, p. 65 to 67.) And Mr. Youatt says that what is termed the yolk of sheep’s wool,

is a secretion.

* See Youatt in Essay on Sheep, Lib. of Usf. Know.

CH APA? ER Sh,

PLATE I.

ig. IV,

(3)

4
neo
ra ee
7 7

oo)

rau

F |

PLAT HAE.

Wig.29-u

Wig. 38Taw.

(4)

=

1 yy el kal aig

PLALECEY.

Wig. 30-w
er ee

SLs acter ae ee

(XG 2)

i

(6)

rs
a
—
oT hay
—

om.

a a
5a as
ea

rae

>
4
c ae ay

ca ae

oe
7

a ts 4
“Ss

im re

Pe
_

Soe T)

pat aa

ee aes 2 : _— a ie
Be RS. aw " "7

emia Se? ;

& “ae
waa <£

ae

=.= Se

- a
Ct

es —

a

=
aah am
a."

+.
—_

zs ad

ve
—— >
.f

he. Tay.

ses Y

eich
BA

i

eee 3

-_.

oi
ong a ;

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 51

CHAPTER ITT.

Or a Perrect Harr.—Eble is of opinion that the most perfect hair is the whisker of
some of the lower animals, such as the seal, the lion, the rabbit, &c.; but we (considering
these whiskers as organs of touch) place the hair of the scalp of the white man, as regards
perfection, at the head of the list of piles.

Or rue CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PILE oF THE Human Heap.—These are the shape or
form, the ductility, elasticity and tenacity, the direction, and the inclination, &c., &c.

Of the Shape or Form of Pile of the Human Head—The greatest number that have
come under our notice, are either cylindrical, oval or eccentrically elliptical ; we therefore
call these the general forms of these piles.

Explanation of these Terms.—A cylinder, (from Kulindreo,) is a body formed by the
rotation of a parallelogram about its own sides. Ifa cylinder be cut by a plane parallel
to its base, the section will be a circle, equal to the base.

When a transverse section of a filament of pile presents this cércle, we call the pile
“cylindrical.” An oval, from ovum, an egg, is a curvilinear oblong figure.

When a transverse section of a filament of pile presents a curvilinear oblong figure, the
ereatest diameter of which is 3 more than its smallest, we call the pile “oval”

When a transverse section of a filament of pile presents a curvilinear oblong figure, the
greatest diameter of which is % more than its smallest, we call the pile “ eccentrically

elliptical.”

EXAMPLES OF THE THREE GENERAL FORMS.
\° ney
Fig. 57.

B

lliptical.

J

Oval.
Eccentrically F

Cylindrical.

Of the Particular Forms.—But there are other shapes, less frequently met with, viz:
the cylindrozdal, the lesser ovordal, the greater ovordal, and the eccentrically elliptozdal,
to which we give the name of “the particular forms of pile.”

13

3;
wo

TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;

Fig. 58. G_
i St ae ey *
ee er a \
ee | ~ Ts a } \
fo of ~ Pal \ *s \
3 & \ RS ¢
i Z| \ * | < { * ¥
i _Oue | Inch 4 | One | Inch os One |foch
: | | 2 = 4
| | k < nae || .
= ‘ rs 4] a : 3 |
N ‘ ell \
: Se / \ = /
SS == T — — j 7 A =f /
re _ | WN

In this figure, A, B and C, represent, respectively, the cylindrical, the oval, and the
eccentrically elliptical, as in the previous one. ‘“a,’’ marks a line half way between the
cylinder and the oval. The pile belonging to this space, called ‘ cylindroidal,’ have a
form where one diameter exceeds the other by less than 3. All pile belonging to the
other half of the distance between the cylinder and the oval, viz: whose greatest diameter
exceeds that of its smallest 3, but does not reach the 2, are called the ‘lesser ovoidal.”
“),”” marks a line equi-distant between the oval and the eccentrically elliptical. All pile
on the oval side of this line, having its greatest diameter more than 2 of its smallest, but
less than 3, we call ‘“ greater ovordal ;” and all pile on the other side of that lime, where the
greatest diameter exceeds its smallest by more than 2, but by less than 4, we call eccentrically
elliptoidal. ‘These dimensions have been explained, because they include all those known
to belong to the hair of the human head. For practical purposes, it is not often necessary
to regard any more than the three general forms; throwing the ‘odals’’ into the classes
from which they are derived.

To whom they belong—TVhe next step is to show to whom piles of these dimensions
belong.

A is a representation of the shape of a hair of the head of a full-blood Choctaw Indian
of 60 years of age, specimen presented by Dr. Nott, of Mobile. The original is black,
straight, lank, and has a diameter of ,4, of an inch.

B is a representation of the shape of a hair of the head of his Excellency General
George Washington; the original is colorless and flowing, and has for its greatest diameter
xis, and its least, =4, of an inch.

C is a representation of the shape of a filament of wool of the head of a pure negro; the
original is black, erisped and frizzled and spira!ly curled, and has for its greatest diameter
giz, and for its least, 54, of an inch.

The principal reason why hairs have been misrepresented in regard to shape, is the diffi-
culty of ascertaining it in the way they have hitherto been examined. A hair is placed
horizontally between two pieces of glass and examined under the microscope; but it is
exceedingly difficult, if not. impossible, to determine whether it is cylindrical or oval.
Even if it is found that the diameters, in different parts, differ, you are at a loss to attribute
this discrepancy to the shaft being oval or to tapering. But we have a machine with

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 53

which we cut transverse sections or disks of pile, thereby completely obviating the diffh-
culty.

Transverse Sections —Figure 57 A is a representation of such a transverse section of
the hair of the head of the Choctaw Indian. Figure 57 B is a representation of such a
transverse section of the hair of the head of his Excellency General Washington.

The same difficulty does not exist to the same extent, in examining pile that is eccentrically
elliptical; for if a spiral curl of this description is placed between two pieces of glass, and
moderately pressed, a part of it will exhibit, under the microscope, the thin edge of the ellipse,
and another portion will represent one of the flattened sides. Figure 58 is arepresentation of
a single filament of a spiral curl of a pure negro head.

Or Ductiniry, Fuexipiiry, Exvasticrry anp Tenacity or Pite.—Ductility is that
property of matter which allows of its being stretched or extended in length, upon the appli-
cation of force or power, whether mechanically or chemically applied. Flexibility is that
which allows of its being dent, or moved in a lateral direction. Flexibility is always
accompanied by ductility on one side of the thing bent, and elusticity on the other side.
Elasticity is the spontaneous returning to its original dimensions and juxtaposition of its
particles, after the thing stretched or bent has been relieved from the force or chemical
action. It depends upon a law in regard to the natural arrangement of the particles of
matter, under which they exert a tendency to return to their normal juxtaposition, after
having been partially separated; a tendency which pre-eminently distinguishes solids
from fluids; which latter, conform to no such law. Elasticity does not belong, exclusively,
to vitality ; for it is traced to some minerals, as the elastic bitumen, &c., &c. It is found
in the fibres of some plants, and remains there after their vitality has been destroyed.
Tenacity is the-adherence of the particles of matter, constituting strength. ‘Tenacity may
be accompanied by ductility, flexibility and elasticity, or it may not. When it ¢s, the
substance is said to be tough, when it zs not, it is brittle.

Essential Properties—Ductility, flexibility, elasticity and tenacity are the properties of
pile, with such few (if any) exceptions, that they are deemed to be essentzal.

Of some supposed exceptions to the Rule-——The properties of ductility, elasticity and
tenacity, are in the fidrous portion of the filament of pile, as we stated in a previous
Chapter.

It has been supposed that the hair of the three-toed Sloth (Bradypus tridactilis) is
destitute of ductility and elasticity, but it is so only in a degree ; for one inch of the hair
of this animal, with 240 grains, stretched 12 of an inch, showed a loss of elasticity of %
with 240 grains, and was fractured with a weight of 250 grains. The cortex is irregular
and inelastic; separates into amorphous brittle pieces, but will not divide into fibrils.
Sometimes the shaft has deep fissures. The central portion is fibrous, the fibres having a
diameter of ,1, of an inch. (See ante, fig. 45.)

The hairs of those animals that have a paved cortex bend at a right angle, remain in
that position, and also tie in a closed knot, (which is not the case with common hairs,) but

o4 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;

they are not brittle. One of these (Cervus elephus) has hair which stretches £° of an inch
with a weight of 480 grains; retains its entire elasticity after stretching ,* with 230
grains; loses 4° with 480 grains, and fractures with 490 grains.

The hair of the Musk (Moschus pigmeus of Lin.) is said to be brittle. (See Elem. de
Zoodl., p. 463.) We have no specimen in our cabinet.

Dr. Gross tells of a lady, the hair of whose head, without any assignable cause, became
so brittle that it broke off in locks, about a quarter of an inch beyond the epidermis.

Of the endurance of the essential properties of Pile—Wong separation from the head
or body of an animal may ¢mparr, but does not destroy, ductility, elasticity and tenacity
of pile.

We have a lock of hair of the head of Prof. Benjamin Silliman, cut when he was twenty
years of age, and another cut when he was over seventy. ‘The greatest that one inch of a
hair of the former stretches is (with 1,320 grains) 2¢ths of aninch. The latter (with
1,770 grains) stretches 4?ths. ‘The former retains its entire elasticity at 2°, with 1,120

grains. The latter retains its entire elasticity at ,°,, with 970 grains. The former loses

24 of its elasticity with 1,770 grains. ‘The latter loses 44 of its elasticity with 1,320 grains.
The former breaks with 1,320 grains, and the latter with 1,820.

The hair of His Excellency Gen. Washington had been upwards of fifty years severed
from his head when examined, yet it stretched 25 with 933 grains, and broke with 1,123.

The hair of the Hon. John Sergeant has been cut thirty years and more, yet it stretches
26 with 710 grains, and breaks with 720. -

The Peruvian, Mexican and Brazilian mummy hairs (which are supposed to be from
2,500 to 3,000 years old) stretch and bear considerable weight. (See Table.) And lastly,
we have some of the hair of the Mammoth, found enveloped in ice near the mouth of the
river Lena, in Siberia, which, with 4,029 grains, stretched 4; of an inch, and broke
with 4,669.*

* An Examination of the Hair of the Siberian Mammoth, found enveloped in ice, near the mouth of the river Lena, in Siberia.
Specimen presented by Robert-W. Gibbs, M. D., of Columbia, South Carolina.

Our readers will recollect that the latter part of the summer of 1799, a native fisherman of Tungusia, who was in the habit
of collecting tusks from among the blocks of ice and rubbish which fell from the cliffs, and were found on the banks of Lake
Oncoul, near the mouth of the river Lena, saw, projecting froma great height, a mass of unusual form, but of shapeless
appearance. The year after, proceeding to his usual haunt, he noticed that this lump was somewhat disengaged and had
two projecting parts; and, towards the summer of 1801, when he again looked at it, he found that it consisted of the whole
side of a gigantic animal, having large tusks, one of which projected from the ice.

But so slowly do changes take place in this ice-bound district, that the next summer being rather colder than the preceding,
no material alteration was noticed. In 1803, a part of the ice between the earth and this monster was somewhat more
melted, and at length the whole mass fell, by its own gravity, upon a bank of sand. Next year, in the month of March, the
fisherman cut off the tusks, which he disposed of for fifty roubles, equal to about $40 of our money. Two years after this,
and the seventh after the first discovery, these distant and deserted regions were traversed by Mr. Adams, an employee of
the Court of Russia, and his account of the sequel is sufficiently interesting to be given without abridgement.

Ile states that he found the mammoth in the position last indicated, but shockingly mutilated. It seems that some sick-
ness which the Tungusian had experienced, had been attributed to this bad omen, by his prejudiced countrymen; but with
his recovery this prejudice had heen dissipated, and no obstacle to approach the carcass remained.

The first discoverer was contented with his share of the profit arising from the sale of the tusks, and the Jakritski of the

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 55

Of Contractibilty—We must be careful not to confound the property of elasticity with
contractibility, which belongs exclusively to vitality; elasticity, as we have said, is the
spontaneous returning to its original dimensions and juxtaposition of its particles, and
never exceeds the action of stretching ; but contractibility is not subject to any such law.

neighborhood had proceeded to cut off the flesh to feed their dogs, and sundry wild beasts, such as white bears, wolves,
wolyerines and foxes, must have partaken of it,as their footsteps were found abundantly in the surrounding sand. By this
means the skeleton had been almost entirely cleared of its flesh, but the bones were all there except one fore-leg, which was
nowhere to be found. The head was covered with a dry skin, and one of the ears was well preserved, and was furnished
with a tuft of hair. But it is to be regretted that these parts have been injured by transporting them to St. Petersburg, a
distance of 7,330 miles. ‘The eyes were preserved, and the pupil of one can yet be distinguished.

This mammoth was a male, and had a long mane on his neck. The tail and proboscis are unfortunately wanting. The
skin, of which (says Mr. Adams) I possess three-fourths, is of a dark grey color, and is covered with reddish wool and black
hair; but the dampness of the spot where it had so long lain had, in some degree, destroyed (injured) the hair. The
entire carcass, of which I collected the bones, was 16 feet 4 inches long, and 9 feet 4 inches high. The tusks (not included
in the above length) measured 9 feet 6 inches along the curve. The distance from the base or root of the tusk to the point,
was 3 feet 7 inches. The two tusks weighed 360 lbs., and the head 414 lbs. The skin was of such a weight that it required
ten persons to transport it to the shore. Upwards of 86 Ibs. of hair and wool were collected, and much more had heen
trodden into the sand by wild beasts.

The integuments ¢onsisted of common hair, bristles and wool. The first was of different varieties, in regard to length and
thickness. That remaining on the skin was thick-set and crisply curled, interspersed with a few bristles about 3 inches long,
and of a dark reddish color. Some of the hair was about 4 inches long, and was more red than the short ones. Some of the
bristles were nearly black, and much thicker than horse hair, and from 12 to 18 inches in length.

From the above narrative, it is not easy to determine from what part of the body of the animal the four hairs were taken,
which are the subject of the following description. No.1, is in length 6 inches and a half. It is cylindrical, and at the
inferior extremity has a diameter of goth of an inch, but gradually diminishes towards the superior extremity, where it has
a diameter of 73% of an inch- ;

It has no button, sheath, nor follicle. The shaft is black, passing into a blackish-brown, opaque, and devoid of lustre.
The inferior extremity is broken and uneven, exhibiting the intermediate fibrous substance. It is stiff and wiry, somewhat
flexible, but brittle. March 21, 1849, one inch of it was submitted to the trichometer, (the Bar. being 29, Ther. 69, F. and
Dew-point 60,) when the following were the results :—

It showed no ductility with a weight less than 3,300 grains, when it stretched z'>th of an inch, and upon removing the
weight, the elasticity was entire.

The weight was gradually increased to 4,300 grains, with which it extended zoths of an inch, and the elasticity was entire ;
with 4,500 grains it broke. The fracture was ragged, and exhibited three distinct substances, which appeared to haye parted
in succession.

No. 2, is 4 inches and joths in length; cylindrical, and goth of an inch in diameter; color, black, opaque, and devoid of
lustre. Both terminations are abrupt; the anterior one furcated; has no button, sheath, nor follicle. It is much curled and
bent, and the cortex has been fractured in two places. Upon this filament is the ovum of a parasitic insect.

No. 3. This hair is in length 63 inches, and has a diameter of zggth of an inch. Has no button, sheath, nor follicle.
Shaft, cylindrical, at the inferior extremity, but gradually passing into an oval at the superior extremity. Color, blackish
brown, stiff, and slightly undulated.

No. 4. This hair is in length 8 inches and qoths; diameter, ;¢qgth of an inch. No button, sheath, nor follicle. Shaft—
cortex, color, brown; intermediate substance,'fibrous; coloring matter in the centre, dark brown. It is stiff and brittle;
inferior termination, abrupt; superior one, bifurcated.

Trial of this hair with the trichometer, same day as No. 1, with a weight of 1,070 grains it stretched soth of an inch, and
upon removing the weight, the elasticity was entire.

With 2,270 grains, its ductility was saths of an inch, and elasticity entire; with 3,820 grains its ductility was Soths of an
inch, and elasticity entire; with 4,029 grains its elasticity was z/5ths of an inch, and elasticity entire; with 4,669 it broke.

The most remarkable circumstance in regard to these hairs is that, having lain in the iee for the immense period that the
mammoth must have been there, has not impaired their ductility, elasticity and tenacity more than it appears to have done,
We cannot well account for the want of the buttons, sheaths and follicles upon these hairs; probably they were cut from
the hide. We have no bristles or wool to examine.

: 14

56 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

Table alia the saree ae: Elasticity and bien, of certain Piles.

Loss of; Broke

Weight in Ductility Weightin| elastici
erains, ae ay wrains. in 100 wel in
Hair of the head of a lady, which had laid ef 1 0 1 0 |. 1
years in the grave,

Hair of the Sloth, - - - = 2 - 240} 17 240 8 250
Mummy hair, from Thebes, - = = = 0 0 320
Ancient hair, from Pisco, Peru, = - = 2 370} 42 370| 28 420
uo oy ‘“* Mexico, - - - - ATO 3 A70 0) R20,
President Madison’s, (fallen out,) - - - 500) 36 500} 23 520
Hair from the stomach of a Ruminant, = : 573 8 A73 3 673
President Jackson’s, (cut after death,) — - - 590} 7 550} 3 630
Hair of a compound Hybrid, (Hilton,) - - 760) 39 760| 19 780
Hair of the Hon. Jno. Sergeant, — - = - 710} 26 7) ean lize 720
Hair of Prof. Jno K. Mitchell, - - = = 813] 37 Sls} 25 823
Ancient hair of a Mexican Mummy, — - : | 853) 5 ATO coil 893
Hair of the Albino, Mrs. Williams, - 5 22 ville 820) ea cliy 820) 33 870
Hair of R. Dividson, at 100 years old, - zs ae oles Male 973| 25 1,023
Hair of the Elk, - - - z E Ln KOO 4 970 0 1,170
Hair of the Grizzly Bear, : = = = 1-070] LO 1,070 7 1,120
Hair of General Washington, — - = = =e eOvste so 973] 20 123
Hair in ‘Tinea Capitis, - = «= Z e | 1,020) 55 1,020) 34 1,070
Hair of Choctaw Indian, - : = - : 1270-80 1,770} 20 Wao
Hair of E. Hale, the Quaker Giant, : = | 1,273} 30 E73" lis 1esi8
Another hair of the ee Hybrid, Hilton, - | 1,300) 45 1,200] 25 1,350
Hair of Mr. Swain, - - = 2 1,473)" | 47 1473) 229 1,573
Hair of Big-Water, Indian Chick = = S520) 2 aa e200) 228 1,570
Hair of Prof. Silliman, = = = : 2 a0 640 WTO wee 1,820
German Bristle, - - - = - | 14,266 4 4,266 2 5,576
Hair of the Siberian Mammoth, found in Siberia, | 4,800 3) 4,300 0) 4,500
Elephant’s Beard, — - - - - - - 9,992) 10 9,992} 3 |10,072
Russian Bristle, — - - = 2 : = 14,858 7 || T42858 0 | 18,354
Spine of the Pecary, - - - - - 14,173] 30 |14,173} 18 | 14,653

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 57

Description of an Instrument called a Trichometer,* designed &
to measure the Ductility, Elasticity and Tenacity of Pile. —The }
accompanying figure represents a brass plate, 3 and 58 inches }
long and 1,45 ae A, is an inch seale divided on the margin rf
into parts of an inch. By means of a slide and groove this scale
can be moved up and down, not exceeding one inch, the parts of
which are marked on the brass plate; B, is a permanent clamp,
and C a moveable one; D, is a separate clamp, with a hook by
which the scale disk is suspended.

Modus operandi.—Having ascertained the state of the barome-
ter, thermometer and hygrometer, place one end of a hair, some- |
thing more than an inch long, in the clamp C, and the other |)
end into clamp D; adjust, with the screw of C, until there is
exactly one inch of hair from the points of clamp D, (between
which it passes,) and the jaws of clamp B; close both these
clamps. Having placed the instrument in a vertical position, |
suspended the geal disk to the hook, and put into it as much |
weight as will cause the pile to stretch, note the amount, as]
indicated by the scale,t remove the weight, and ascertain toll
what degree the pile returns to its original length by means of
its elasticity. Repeat the experiment with gradually increased
weights until the hair breaks. These results will show the ductility, elasticity and
tenacity.

Or tue Direction or Pite.—By direction we mean the course or path which a
filament of pile pursues from the point where it pierces the epidermis to its apex. These
directions are of three kinds, viz: Ist, the straight and lank;{ 2d, the flowing or curl-
ing; 3d, the crisped or frizzled, which is generally spirally curled.§

The Laws Relating to the Direction of Pile. i Hair that is cylindrical must necessarily
hang straightly and lankly from the head. 2. Hair that is oval must inevitably flow
or eur 3. Wool that is eccentrically oa must always be crisped or frizzled, and
sometimes spirally curled.

The Reasons —Ductility and elasticity, (as before explained,) are essential properties of
pile, and reside inthe fibres. A hair that is cylindrical has just as many fibres, on all
sides, from the centre to the periphery ; and these fibres, being acted upon equally, when
the hair is stretched or drawn up, the filament must necessarily stretch and draw up
strarghtly, and the lankness be preserved. But an oval hair hasa greater number of fibres
on its two flattened sides than upon the ellipses; when, therefore, the stretching power is

* From “ trix,” a hair, and ‘‘metron,’”’ a measure.

f The weight of the clamp D, and scale disk must be added.

t “ Lank.”—We know of no word in the English language which gives a better idea of the peculiar direction of this pile.
2 Query, whether crisped and frizzed pile is not spiral curls drawn out and combed separate?

58 TRICILOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;

exerted, it flows or curls in the direction of one of these flattened sides, in exact proportion
to the eccentricity of the ellipse. An eccentrically elliptical filament of pile, being still
flatter, the spiral curl is the necessary consequence.

Proofs.—Every one knows how easy it is to bend a spatula, (which is fibrous,) in the
direction of either of its flattened surfaces, while his whole strength cannot make it bend
in either of the contrary directions. Just so it is, (except in an inferior degree,) with a
flattened hair ; a small degree of elastic force will cause it to flow towards one of its flat-
tened sides, and a little more will make it curl in the same direction; but no stretching
or shrinking force ever makes it flow or curl edgenise, or in the direction of its ellipse.

From a piece of wood, (where the fibres acting conjointly preserve the whole mass
straight,) plane a thin shaving, and it will curl. It is the same force that preserves a

ratch-spring in a spiral curl, while an equal quantity of metal, in a cylindrical form, will
be straight. Passa cylindrical hair between rollers, flattening it, and it will flow, curl or
form spiral curls in proportion to the flattening.

The Consequences.—'These laws being firmly established, we can judge of the direction
of pile by its shape, and of the shape of pile by the direction.* We will recur to this sub-
ject again directly.

OF THE INCLINATION OF PILE or THE Heap.—By the inclination of pile we mean the
angle which the filament forms with the tegument from which it proceeds. This inclina-
tion does not depend upon the shape, nor upon the direction ; nor does the direction
depend at all upon the inclination; but it is due entirely to the angle which the root of the
pule bears to the skin of the animal in which it ts imbedded.

The roots of cylindrical and oval pile have an acute angle of inclination; for which
reason those hairs do not grow out of the epidermis at a right angle thereto, but incline in
a determinate manner; while the roots of eccentrically elliptical pile lie in the dermis
perpendicularly, and hence the filaments pierce the epidermis at right angles thereto.

Of particular inclinations of Pile.—'Vhe foregoing description of the general inclination
of pile of the head is governed by the following subordinate rules, viz: Ist. That of the
anterior part of the cranium inclines obliquely in front, having a tendency to cover the
forehead, and that of the posterior and inferior portions obliquely, transverse, so as to make
the locks fall naturally along the posterior part of the neck; it is the same with the sides
of the head, where the imclination carries this covering to the region of the ears. But
these inclinations are, sometimes, partially artificially altered. Bichat ventured the
opinion that these natural inclinations of the hair belong to the part of the bone which lies
underneath ; but of this we see no proof. The skull of the negro and that of the white
man, are composed of the same number of pieces.

* Tt is true that sometimes the shrinking process of the two flattened sides alternate, when an exception, in the shape
of the undulating hair is the consequence; but generally, if the shrinking force of the fibre on one flattened side of the
filament, gains the ascendancy over that of the other side, a curl in that direction is permanent; for the more the former is
eurved, the more force will be required for its recursion, and the more the latter is stretched, the less will be its power to
return to its original condition.

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 59

2d. Of the inclination of the Hairs of the Body and Members.—Hypogastric hairs have
no determinate inclination ; the hair of the navel inclines towards it; those anterior to the
breasts and of the back descend ; those of the neck incline upwards, while those of the
members, generally, incline downwards; with the exception of those of the forearm, most
of which incline towards the elbow.

Inchnation of the Hair of the lover Animals.—A ‘Treatise upon Milch Cows, recently
published by M. Francis Guenen, wherein the quality and quantity of the milk they will
give, &c., is said to be determined by certain natural marks, contains some very curious
remarks in respect to the ¢nclination of their hair.

Tue CLAssiFicaTion or PILE or THE HEaD.—By the application of the foregoing laws,
we will find no difficulty in separating pile of the head into three distinct classes, viz:

1. Hair that is in shape cylindrical, in direction straight and lank, and in inclination at
an acute angle. ?

2. Hair that is in shape oval, in direction flowing or curling, and in inclination at an
acute angle.

3. Wool that isin shape eccentrically elliptical, in direction crisp or frizzled, and in
inclination at a right angle.

Or THE CLASSIFICATION OF Man BY THE PiLe oF THE Heap.—Having shown that there
are three distinct species of pile of the head, if we can prove that there are three portions
of men who now exist, and who from time immemorial have existed, the covering of whose
heads, respectively, do, and have, uniformly, corresponded with these three species of pile,
there will be no difficulty in pronouncing that (judging from the pile of their heads)
they belong to three distinct species of men.

Ist. Of the Pile of the present American Indians.—We have, in our cabinet of national
pile, the largest number and most carefully collected specimens in existence of hair of the
head of the present American Indians of the pure blood, these we have examined with the
utmost care and attention, and find them to be cylindrical.

2d. We invoke the aid of the law above laid down, viz: “that a hair that is cylindri-
cal hangs straightly and lankly from the head, and that hair that hangs straightly and
lankly must be cylindrical.” ‘This being admitted, enables us from the numerous descrip-
tions of the American Indian hair, from the earliest discovery of this Continent, (all of
which represent them as having straight, lank hair,) to pronounce that they have, for all
that time, been cylindrical.

3d. Of Mound and Mummy American Indian Pile—But we are enabled to trace this
character to a much earlier date. We have, in our cabinet, the finest known collection of
American mound and mummy hair, to which we call particular attention, as they establish
the antiquity and uniformity of this species of men.

No. 1. Examination and Description of hair and a portion of scalp from the skull of a
young American Indian, supposed to be a female of about ten years old, from Pachacamack,
Temple of the Sun, five leagues from Lima, South America.—'Vhis cemetery has not been

15

60 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM:

used since the Spanish Conquest, previously to which (according to Herrera) it was kept
sacred for the nobles and other dignitaries of Peru. Specimen presented by Prof. 8.
Pancoast, M. D., of Philadelphia.

General Appearance.—Of the scalp, that of old tanned sheepskin. The hair has a
dead, dry appearance. Length, (natural,) about 2 inches; shape, cylindrical; srt a
giz of an inch; color, dark brown; no lustre; direction, straight ; elation at an acute
angle with the epidermis; ductility, with 470 grains one ince stretched ,°> of an ‘iia
elasticity, entire; tenacity, broke with 520 grains; fracture, the fibres drawn out of the
cortex; button, when free, spindle-shaped, and split at the posterior extremity; sheath,
none ; follicle, none; the posterior termination of the hair in the scalp, ee and
black ; length, ;4,; diameter, ;3,; while the diameter of the shaft is ;1, of an inch;
shaft, brown color; no lustre; coloring matter, apparently in the cortex, in lines; ee
mediate fibres, white; diameter of one, 735 of an inch; apex, mostly pointed; some few
abrupt; no furcations; disk, of one uniform color. :

No. 2. Examination and Description of hair and a small portion of scalp from a skull
Srom Pachacamack, Peru, South America—Specimen presented by Prof. 8. G. Morton,
M. D., of Philadelphia, being taken from a skull in the Academy of Natural Science, of
Philadelphia.

General Appearance.—Of the scalp, of a light brown tanned sheep-skin; that of the
hair, of dry, dead hair; length, (artificial,) eight inches; shape, cylindrical; diameter,
gty of an inch; color, dark brown; no lustre ; direction, straight and lank ; mea
at an acute angle with the epidermis ; ductility, with 170 grains one inch stretched {1, of
an inch, and neue 320 grains 2,; elasticity, entire; tenacity, broke with 720 grains;
fracture, the cortex disrupted, and the fibres drawn out; button, spindle-shaped, dark
colored, Be ne at the posterior extremity ; length, ;4,; diameter, giz; the diameter
of the shaft being ,4, of an inch; sheath, none; follicle, none.

312

Of Hairs pibendeld in the naa decayed Scalp —The posterior portion of a grown hair
is spindle-shaped, with a ragged lower outline, below which is a mass of coloring matter,
and under that again three or more vessels. ‘The spindle is, in leneth, ;4,, and diameter,
zis; that of the shaft being 74; of an inch. The mass of coloring matter is of the eth
of ,1,, and of the dasimieiee of ;1, of an inch. ‘The vessels have a diameter of = seoy of
an inch. Alongside of this grown hair is a young one, which is now set in the dermis at
its posterior extremity, and free at its anterior one; but which has, between these two
extremities, adhering to it, three separate pieces of decayed scalp, making it probable that,
at the time of the death of this person, this hair had not pierced the epidermis. It has a
diameter of only >5';5 of an inch, is spindle-shaped at its posterior extremity, and is devoid
of button, sheath and follicle,—the coloring matter being smaller in quantity, but located
like that of the grown hair. Throughout the whole portion of scalp are spots of coloring
matter, some of them too small for exact measurement.

Shaft—cortex, transversely striated, the scales easily removed by rolling the hair
between two pieces of glass; intermediate fibres, white, easily separated by crushing a
hair; coloring matter in the cortex; apex, abrupt and pointed; disk, having a minute
white central spot.

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 61

No. 3. Examination and Description of hair from a skull from Arica, Peru, South
America.—Specimen presented by Prof. S. G. Morton, M. D., of Philadelphia.

General Appearance, that of dead, dried, black hair; length, (artificial,) 3 inches;
shape, cylindrical; diameter, from ;4, to z}; of an inch, i.e. of different filaments ; color,
very dark brown; no lustre; direction, straight and lank; inclination, unknown; ductility,
with 420 grains one inch stretched ,°; of an inch; elasticity, minus ,);; tenacity, broke
with 470 grains; button, spindle-shaped, dark colored; length, ;4,; diameter, 5547;
while that of the shaft is ;1, of an inch; sheath, none; follicle, none; shaft—cortex, dark
colored, the scales easily disengaged; intermediate fibres, white, translucent; diameter,
from 555 to zs of an inch; easily separated by crushing the hair; apex, pointed and
abrupt; one filament has a remarkable natural bifurcation; disks, uniformly colored; no
central dot.

No. 4. Examination and Description of a portion of the scalp and hair from a skull
from Pisco, Peru, South America.—Specimen presented by Prof. 8S. G. Morton, M. D., of
Philadelphia.

General Appearance.—The scalp is of a dark brown color, and resembles ancient tanned
leather. It divides into layers, viz: layer immediately beneath that in which the hair is
imbedded, and that in which the hair is imbedded. The arrangement is in tufts,
with interstices. Length, (artificial,) 32 inches; shape, cylindrical; diameter, ;1, of
an inch; color, dark brown, inclining to black; no lustre; direction, straight and lank ;
inclination, at an acute angle with the epidermis; ductility, with 370 grains one inch
stretched 42 of an inch; elasticity, with 370 grains one inch Jost 28 of its length ;
tenacity, broke with 420 grains*; button, spindle, club and crook-shaped ; sheath, none ;
follicle, none ; shaft—cortex easily fractured ; intermediate fibres, white, translucent ; apex,
abrupt and pointed; the point minute; disk, with a small central spot.

No. 5. Examination and Description of hair and portions of scalp from a skull
of an Aztec, found in Mexico, North America.—Specimen presented by Prof. S. G.
Morton, M. D., of Philadelphia, from a skull in the Academy of Natural Science, of
Philadelphia.

General Appearance.—Of the scalp, that of dandruff; length, (artificial,) 3 inches ; shape,
cylindrical; diameter, ;}; of an inch; color, dark brown; no lustre; direction, straight
and lank; inclination, unknown; ductility, with 470 grains one inch stretched ,%; of an
inch ; elasticity—when the weight was removed, it had lost none of its elasticity ;

* Grains. Stretched. Elasticity.
170 as entire.
225 ae “

270 3% minus 43

€ 37 ‘ 23
320 50 : v0
370 42 “ 28
oil 90 90

420 broke.

62 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;

i

tenacity, broke with 820 grains ;* button, sometimes a mere swelling of the posterior
extremity of the shaft, at others spindle or slightly hooked, and cracked at the lower
extremity ; sheath, none ; follicle, none ; shaft—cortex, friable ; intermediate fibres, white ;
fibrils, very minute; one measured less than the ;>\;> of an inch; apex, pointed and
abrupt; no furcations; disk, has a central white spot.

No. 6. Examination and Description of hair and a portion of scalp of the skull of
another Aztec, from Mexico, North America.—Specimen presented by Prof. 8. G. Morton,
M. D., of Philadelphia, being taken from a skull in the Academy of Natural Science, of
Philadelphia.

General Appearance of the scalp, is that of dark colored, dried dirt; when rendered
translucent, found to be set with hair in tufts; length, (artificial,) 1 inch; shape, cylin-
drical ; diameter, 34; of an inch; color, dark brown; no lustre; button, spindle-shaped,
dark colored, and divided in the centre; length, ;},;; diameter, ;4,; that of the shaft
being ;4; of an inch; the button, of a young hair, measured in length, ;},; im diameter,
zi; that of the shaft being ;3, of an inch; sheath, none; follicle, none; shaft—cortex,
friable, easily removed; intermediate fibres, white; fibrils, very minute; one was less than
the =>, of an inch; apex, pointed and abrupt; no furcation; disk, uniform color.

No. 7. Examination and Description of hair and a portion of the scaip of an ancient
Indian, from a skull found in the interior of Brazil, South America.—Specimen presented
by Prof. S. G. Morton, M. D., of Philadelphia.

General Appearance.—Of the scalp, that of granulated, black soil; of the pile, in tufts
of coarse, black, dead hair; length, (artificial,) 5 inches; shape, cylindrical; diameter,
51; of an inch; button, none—or a mere swelling of the posterior extremity of the shaft
fractured; color, black; no lustre; sheath, none; follicle, none; shaft—cortex, black,
opaque ; direction and inclination, unknown ; ductility, with 520 grains one inch stretched
of an inch; elasticity, entire; tenacity, broke with 620 grains; intermediate fibres,

és
discolored.

In one tuft the hairs were held together, at their posterior extremity, by small portions
of decayed scalp, and a confused mass of young hairs, fibrils, vessels, and minute pieces
of a feather. The diameter of the young hairs, fibrils and vessels, vary from 73!;5 to g5\yo,
and smaller; one portion of feather measured, in length, 4, and in diameter, ¢}; of an
inch.

A thin piece of scalp, which is rendered transparent, is composed of several layers of
various thicknesses, and several shades of yellowish-brown color. It has, imbedded in it,
young hairs, fibres, fibrils, and minute objects resembling the scales of the lepisma saccha-
rina; one of these is in length, ;3;, and in diameter, ;4, of an inch, and is marked
longitudinally with minute parallel lines.

* Grains. Stretched. Elasticity.

170 at entire.
90
370 pee ee
20
yf 3 “ec
470 ae

820 broke

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 63

Among the hair is found a fragment of a feather, of a yellow color, and considerable
lustre; in length, ;2,; diameter, ;1,, gradually tapering to 54, of an inch—the beard
upon which varies in length from ,!; to 334 of an inch, and diameter, 5},.

There is also found among the hair an insect.

Peculiarities and Affinities.—The peculiarities of this hair are its cylindrical shape, its
straight and lank direction, its inclination at an acute angle to the epidermis, its coloring
matter in the cortex, and as these constitute its affinities with the hair of the Choctaw,
Cherokee and other tribes of existing American Indians, they determine all these nations
to belong to one species, Viz: ‘THE CYLINDRICAL-HAIRED MAN.”

From the uniformity of brown color in these six specimens, in their present faded con-
dition, and the black color of the seventh, it is probable that they were all originally black;
like the hair of the present Indians. The want of the usual ductility, elasticity and
tenacity is attributable to their partial state of decay ; and their discrepancy in this respect
is probably owing to the different periods that they have been inhumed. The total
absence of sheath, and the distorted and disrupted state of the button, show that those parts
are most liable to decay, and even the membranous intermediate fibres which are found
more perfect, have parted with a portion of their essential properties by lapse of time.

The pointed apices to many of the filaments, are due to the constant supply of new
hairs to make up the deficiency of those that are continually falling, and the abrupt term1-
nation of others, show that it was the practice then, as it is now, to cut the hair. ‘The nit
which is found on one of these hairs, is proof of the antiquity of the Aptera, of which they
are the embryo. It is probable that the white centre, which is noticed in the disk of Nos.
2, 4 and 5, is common to them all; but, being interrupted, is not seen in the rest.

Or Cuinese Prie.—Our collection of Chinese pile, although very respectable, is not
equal to that of the American Indians; it is, however, ample for the determination that
this numerous people belong to the cylindrical-haired species; and it is worthy of remark
that the Chinese, in their earliest records, describe those who belong to this category by
the term “de min,” or “black-haired people,” as contradistinguished from the ‘ Yeechi,”
or foreign races with red or fair hair.

Or tHe Ovan-Hairep Specirs.—We have examined and measured countless numbers
of hairs of the heads of Americans and Europeans, and have found them to be oval or
ovoidal, with as few exceptions as are encountered to any other general rule in natural
history. And here again, we invoke the description of the flowing and curling locks of
our ancestors, with which history and poetry are overflowing.

Hair, which was the chief riches of mythology, was one of the attributes of Heathen
Divinity. Phidias being asked by whom he had been inspired to make his statue of
Jupiter Olympus, replied “that it was Homer;” and it requires one to be acquainted
with the poet to understand the sculptor. That terrible head of curling hair, the single
movement of which made Olympus tremble.

"Hy xae xvavenow ev opprar vevoe Kpovior
auBpocia 8 dpa Xaitar été p'paravto avaxtos
16 xpatos dn dSavdrou’ weyay SEAEAZEv “OAvunov.—Homert Ilias, Book 1, line 528.

64 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;

In this respect we are still heathens. What painter, even of the present day, would
venture to depict the father of the gods with straight, lank hair?) What poet would sing
of Pheebus without his long, gold-reflecting locks? We could not understand Venus
without her flowing tresses, the only veil to cover her charms. Shall we deprive Isis of
her portion of these fully developed integuments, or rob the muses of the name given by
Simonides of “ Kallikomai ?’’*

Achilles, who is represented as of Divine origin, and who by his beauty and audacity
was almost a heathen god, is depicted as having an abundant head of hair; and when he
flies, the wind agitates his brilliant golden locks, the rich czrls of which seem to transform
the head of the hero into a circle of glory. All these descriptions, although designed for

a different purpose, are so many proofs of the antiquity of flowing, curling and conse-
quently of oval hair.

Or Eeyptian and Tueses Mummy Hair.—To which we will add that our cabinet of
pile is enriched with two specimens (a male and female) of Ancient Egyptian Mummy
hair, presented by Professor John K. Mitchell, M. D., of this city, and one specimen of
Ancient Egyptian Mummy hair, of probably the Roman period, presented by George R.
Gliddon, Esq., and another from the temple of Aman, at Thebes, from the same gentle-
man, all of which are oval. ‘This last is worthy of being particularly described.

Examination and Description of the Hair of the head of the Mummy Got-mut-as-anch ;
the daughter of Got-har-as-anch, Priest and Scribe of the Sacred Signet in the Temple of
Aman, at Thebes, who lived between the 2\st and 26th dynasties, t. e. between the 650 and
1,000 before Christ ; or about the time of the Babylonian captivity and the time of Solomon,
say about 2,700 years ago.—TVhis interesting lock of ancient pile contains nineteen hairs,
their lengths varying from 2,4, to 2,8; of an inch. But this length must be considered as
artificial, for the anterior extremities of the filaments are all abrupt; showing that her
hair had been cut, probably in her lifetime; for if the length had been the natural one,
that termination of some of the filaments would have been pointed. 'The shape of this
hair is oval; the diameter, ,tz by z+, of an inch; showing that the lady belonged to the
oval-haired species; color, light brown; lustre, metallic ; but both the color and the lustre
may have been changed by time and the substances used, in embalming. ‘This hair has
no ductility nor elasticity, and its tenacity is very low, for it breaks with 320 grains !+
The fracture is abrupt, the fibres shghtly obtruding beyond the cortex. ‘There is not on
any hair the shehtest appearance of a button, sheath or follicle; all of which, being less
durable than the shaft, having been destroyed by time and the materials used in embalm-
ing. ‘The cortex is plainly distinguishable from the fibres, and is in diameter the z,59 of
an inch. ‘The terminations of the fibres are dark colored and appear to occupy the whole

interior of the shaft, except a central white spot. _ Many of the shafts are bent, some of
them fractured, but none are furcated.

* Beautiful locks,

} A sound hair of that diameter would have stretched 4 of its length, and sustained some 800 grains.

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 65

When artificially rendered transparent, the whole surface of the shaft is seen marked
with longitudinal strie, here and there interrupted, and of a dark color. This dry hair is
easily crushed, when it becomes bright red, breaks into portions and separates into fibrils
of extreme fineness.

Conclusion.— We do not apprehend that any one will deny that we have proven that
the cylindrical and oval-haired species have existed for twenty-seven centuries.

Or Tue Eccenrricatiy Exuirrican Species.—It might easily be supposed that in a
city like Philadelphia, abounding in black faces, no difficulty would be encountered in
procuring pure negro hair. It is quite the contrary, with great exertions we have been
able to obtain the following only :

1. Hair of the head of a negro, born in Congo, Africa, the manumitted slave of Colonel
S. B. Davis, of Wilmington, Delaware ; whom we call Congo Billy.

2. The Bushman boy from South Africa.

3. Pure negro wool, presented by Dr. Herring.

4. Pure negro wool from Wilmington, N. Carolina, presented by P. A. Marstellen, Esq.,
of Arrellton, Prince William County, Virginia.

5. Pure negro wool of Tom, and the same of Jenny, slaves belonging to Samuel Hodge,
Little Pedee river, Marion District, South Carolina, presented by Mr. James Mullens.

6. Pure negro wool ofa slave brought from Africa to Charleston, many years ago, now
residing in Louisiana, presented by Dr. Marcus 'Taylor, of West Point, Georgia.

7. Pure African wool, presented by Dr. J. B. Baily, of Oxford, Georgia.

8 to 15. Eight specimens of pure negro wool from the Rev. Mr. Jno. 8. Brooks, of Mendi
Mission, Africa.

Upon a careful examination, all these have been found to be eccentrically elliptical, and
to be spirally curled. We will notice more particularly some of these specimens.

1. The Bushman Boy.—The following is a description of this person from the pen of
William F. Van Amringe, Esq., the author of the Natural History of Man.

“Accidentally hearing that a Bushman boy was in the Colored Orphan Asylum of New
York, I visited the institution to see him. He is supposed to be about 18 years of age;
but is not taller than our children of 9 or 10, thick set, and well formed, without any indi-
cation of dwarfish peculiarities ; that is, his developments are natural, not stunted. His
complexion is light mullatto; eyes, deep set; cheek bones very prominent and projecting
laterally ; forehead low, very narrow, but not receding; comparison full, but causality
deficient ; caution very largely developed; combativeness full; his posterior or animal
region of the skull was, I thought, disproportionably small, at which [ was somewhat sur-
prised. His pile is remarkably peculiar; each tuft on the head is perfectly isolated,
exhibiting a distinct circle of yellow cuticle, or line of division from every other tuft.
The tufts are remarkably small, and the hairs of each of them so lightly interwoven that
each hair appears to be tightly drawn toa common centre.’”-—MS.

The following brief sketch of his history is from the same talented gentleman :

“Six years ago a trader from the Cape Colony was on an expedition in the Bushman

66 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

Country, where he found this boy in a wretched condition ; his parents having been killed
by the Caffirs. He took the child with him to the Cape, and his business calling him
again to the interior, he left him in charge of the American Consul. He did not return,
—and is supposed to have died. ‘The Consul brought him to the United States and placed
him in the Asylum. He learned to speak English at the Cape, and he has since learned
to read and write, and appears to possess at least ordinary capacity. His habits are mild
and his spirit bold and fearless. His features are of an exaggerated negro type, and his
chest is remarkably full and deep.’”—MS.

Description of the Wool of the Bushman Boy.—Length, natural, when extended 1 inch
~j;; shape, eccentrically elliptical; diameter, 34, by s$, of an inch, another 54, by 515 of
an inch; color, black; button, sheath and follicle, had none to examine; direction very
closely spirally curled; curl, 3!5 of an inch in diameter; shaft, cortex, colored by minute
longitudinal lines, the lines interrupted and the darkness of the shade depending upon
their number and contiguity. Intermediate fibrous substance, white, witha white opaque
or translucent ground upon which are a few minute longitudinal lines; no central canal
nor central coloring matter. ‘Transverse sections or disks show a continuous dark color.

The Wool of Congo Billy.—Description of the wool of a Congo negro. Specimen of a
negro called Billy, the manumitted slave of Colonel Samuel B. Davis, of Wilmington,
Delaware, aged 80 years, called by us Congo Billy. Length, 1 inch and 2; when
extended ; shaft, eccentrically elliptical; greatest diameter, ;1, of an inch; smallest, >5!>
of an inch; button, sheath and follicle had none to examine; spirally curled; color,
black; shaft—cortex, transversely striated, the coloring matter disseminated in it by
means of interrupted lines of various diameters. Intermediate fibrous substance, white,
translucent or semi-transparent, the fibres when separated show dark, transverse divi-
sions. ‘There are a very few deep red hairs, which readily divide into fibrils that are
very lustrous; no central canal or central coloring matter; apex, abrupt and often
furcated.

Inferences.—We have thus shown, by the pile of the head, that there are three distinct
species of human beings inhabiting this globe, and whose ancestors have been its inhabi-
tants for at least from 2,700 to 3,000 years—probably from the first creation of man.
These are :—

1. The Man with cylindrical or cylindroidal hair —This pile is straight and lank ; black;
generally long; pierces the epidermis at an acute angle; has the coloring matter dissemi-
nated in the cortex and fibres; the scales are few in number, rounded at their anterior
extremity, and invest closely the shaft.

2. The Man nith oval or ovoidal hair.—This pile is either flowing or curling; of many
shades of color; sometimes long; pierces the epidermis at an acute angle; has the coloring
matter in a central canal; and the scales few in number, rounded at the anterior extremity,
and invest the shaft closely.

3. The Man mith eccentrically elliptical or elliptoidal mwool—This pile is crisped and
frizzled, and sometimes spirally curled; black; short; pierces the epidermis at right
angles; has the coloring matter disseminated in the cortex and fibres, and the scales nume-

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 67

rous; sharp at the anterior extremity, and not investing so closely the shaft. (See
title page.)

Or Hysrips.—A hybrid is an animal whose parents, respectively, belong to different
species ; and if we have succeeded in showing that in the human family there are three
distinct species, it follows that, by the union of any two or more of them, a hybrid will
be produced.

Of the division of Hybrids—Hybrids are divisible into two classes, viz :—

Simple, being the product of the crossing of two of the three species only, and

Compound, being the product of the crossings of the éhree species.

Of the nomenclature of Hybrids—The following tables of nomenclature relate to semple
hybrids.

A, No. 1, shows the crossings of the two species, white and black.

A, No. 2, shows the crossings of black and Indian.

A, No. 3, shows the crossings of Indian and white.

A, No. 4, contains, in a condensed form, all that is contained in Nos. 1, 2 and 3.

We preserve the names “ white,” “black” and “Indian,” because they are short and
familiar, giving notice that by white, we mean the oval-haired species; by black, the
eccentrically elliptical-piled species; and by “Indian,” the cylindrical-haired species.

By the term “mudlatin,” we distinguish a// the mixtures of white and black; by ‘“costin,”
all the mixtures of black and Indian; and by “mestisin,” all the mixtures of Indian and
white.

By the prefixes to be found in the third column, we distinguish the mixtures of the
species, showing the degree of amalgamation; hepta, (from epta, seven,) being’a mixture
of seven; hexa, (from ex, six,) being a mixture of six; penta, (from penta, five,) being a
mixture of five; tetra, (four,) being a mixture of four; tria, (from treis, three,) being a
mixture of three; di, (from dis, two-fold,) being a mixture of two; and mono, (from
monos, single,) representing one.

The dots (...) on the lines and within brackets in the first column of table A, No. 4,
represent the degree of mixture, whilst the termination of the brackets show the original
sources. *

Examples.—* Hepta-Mulattin”’ is a two-fold mixture, only of white and black, in the
proportions of 14 of the former, and 2, of the latter.

“Hexa costin” is a two-fold mixture, only of black and Indian, in the proportions of
12 of the former, and 54, of the latter.

‘Penta mestisin”’ is a two-fold mixture only, of Indian and white; in the proportions

of 12 of the former, and ;', of the latter.

* These tables may be adapted to express the crossings of animals inferior to man; proper names being substituted.

17

68

White.) 7670”

14

10

bo

0

Black.

14

10

TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

TABLE A, No. 1.
SIMPLE HYBRIDS—WHITE TO BLACK.

0
o Nepta Mulattin.
Hexa Mulattin.
; ee
6 - oe

Penta Mulattin.

8 poe Tetra Mulattin.
Tria Mulattin.

——————.

Di Mulattin.
= oe i

14 > Mono Mulattin.

LOS Bisel.
TABLE A, No. 2.
SIMPLE HYBRIDS—BLACK TO INDIAN.
0
9 Hepta Costin.
4 Hexa Costin.
i
oS
6 ~ Penta Costin. ost
a SRD
8 =. Tetra Costin.
10 = “Tria Costin. SE
= ee
Me ae Costin.
ee
ue ~~ Mono Costin.
16 ee

= indian:

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 69

TABLE A, No. 3.

SIMPLE HYBRIDS—INDIAN TO WHITE.
Indian. | 16 0

ae Hepta Mestisin.

Hexa Mestisin.

10 6 Penta Mestisin.

ae Tetra Mestisin.

Tria Mestisin.

Di Mestisin.

bo

res Mono Mestisin.

White.

TABLE A, No. 4.
Being a condensed table of Simple Hybrids, viz:—white, black and Indian; showing
the various crossings of which any two of them, only, are susceptible.
It includes Tables A, Nos. 1, 2 and 3.

(? 16 White. Black. — Indian.
(| |{]...| 14% 2 |Hepta- Mulattin. Costin. Mestisin.
12X 4 |Hexa- Mulattin. Costin. Mestisin.
Lj} |{]...| 10x 6 |Penta- Mulattin. Costin. Mestisin.
vee foes 5a 8x 8 |'Tetra- Mulattin. Costin. Mestisin.
| ites 6x10 | Tria- Mulattin. Costin. Mestisin.
| | 4x12 |Di- Mulattin. Costin. Mestisin.
| L { 2x14 |Mono- Mulattin. Costin. Mestisin.

L | 16 Black. __ indian. White.

70

White.

White.

TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;

TABLE? By Noy 1:

COMPOUND HYBRIDS—WHITE TO TETRA-MULATTIN.

16] 0} 0

Hepta-hypo-mono-mulattin.
14 1] J ane
19] ol 2 Hexa-mono-mulattin.
10) 3) 3 Penta-hyper-mono-mulattin,
8] 4) 4 Tetra-di-mulattin.
6] 5 5 Tria-hypo-tria-mulattin,

6] 6k oe,

aleaee Di-tria-mulattin.
217) 7 : '

Mono-hyper-tria-mulattin.
Ol 8] & Tetra-mulattin.

TABLE B,) No: 2.
COMPOUND HYBRIDS—WHITE TO TETRA-COSTIN.
16| 0} 0
14] 1] 1 Hepta-hyper-mono-costin,
12\ 2 ake S Tlexa-mono-costin.
10) 3} 3} Penta-hyper-mono-costin.
8| 4) 4 Tetra-di-costin.
6} 5) 5
4) 6) 6 aver 3
Sor Di-tria-costin.
9 aos
A} ane ge ~~ Mono-hyper-tria-costin. _
ee ae

0; 8| 8

5 é
ve S Tetra-costin.

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 71

TABLE B, No. 3.
COMPOUND HYBRIDS—WHITE TO TETRA-MESTISIN.
White.|16) 0) 0

wala Hepta-hypo-mono-mestisin.

a Hexa-mono-mestisin.

10} 3) 3 Penta-hyper mono-mestisin,

———> Tctra-di-mestisin:

Tria-hypo-tria-mestisin.

Di-tria-mestisin.

Mono-hyper-tria-mestisin.

Tetra-mestisin.

TABLE B, No. 4.
Condensed table of Compound Hybrids, showing the crossings of the ¢hree species, from
white, Indian and black, respectively, to tetra-costin, tetra-mulattin and tetra-mestisin,

respectively.

Norre.—This table includes Tables B, Nos. 1, 2 and 3. ibs ;
( 16, 0) 0 a | White. | Black. Indian.

| fh {}...)14) 1 | 1 | Hepta-hypo-mono- | Costin. Mulattin. Mestisin.

| ve 12) 2| 2| Hexa-mono- Costin. Mulattin. Mestisin.

L| | {|---|10) 3 | 3 | Penta-hy per-mono-| Costin. Mulattin. Mestisin.

| ote seo fees 8 4/4 | Tetra-di- Costin. Mulattin. Mestisin.

| { 6, 5|5| Tria-hypo-tria- Costin. Mulattin. Mestisin.

| II. 4/616 | Di-tria- Costin. Mulattin. Mestisin.

| L {he |W | 7 WW oneeha pen tria: Costin. Mulattin. Mestisin.

| Tetra-costin. Tetra-mulattin. Tetra-mestisin.
t i ~ Is B.ands I. |s W. ands B./8 1 and 8 W.

18

72 TRICIOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;

TABLE C.

Continuation of the condensed table of Compound Hybrids, showing all the crossings

from tetra-costin, tetra-mulattin and tetra-mestisin.

16 White.

'
{12 1) 3 Hexa-hypo-mono- | Costin.
8 2 6, Tetra-mono- Costin.

| {| 4| 3 9 Di-hyper-mono- | Costin.

4/12 Di-costin.

16 White.

{12 3 1 Hexa-hyper-mono- Costin.

8, 6 2'Tetra-tria- Costin.

{| 4, 9 3 Di-hypo-penta- | Costin.
| 1214 Hexa-Costin.

16 White.

{| 8) 1) 7\Tetra-hypo-mono- Costin.

2 14|Mono- Costin.

| 16 White.

{| 8) 3) 5'Tetra-hyper-di- | Costin.

6. 10 Tria- Costin.

16 White.

{ 8| 5 3/Tetra-hypo-tria- | Costin.

Penta- Costin.

| 16 White.

@
=:
—

Tetra-hyper-tria- | Costin.

| 14; 2|Hepta- Costin.

Indian.

Mulattin.
Mulattin.
Mulattin.

Di-Mulattin.

Indian.

Mulattin.
Mulattin.
Mulattin.

Hexa-mulattin.

Indian.

Mulattin.

|Mulattin.

Indian.
Mulattin.

-Mulattin.

Indian.
Mulattin.

Mulattin.

Indian.

Mulattin. —

Mulattin.

Black.
Mestisin.

Mestisin.

Mestisin.
Di-Mestisin.
Black.
Mestisin.
Mestisin.
Mestisin.
Hexa-Mestisin.
Black.
Mestisin.
Mestisin.
Black.
Mestisin.

Mestisin.
Black.
Mestisin.
Mestisin.
Black.

| Mestisin.

| Mestisin.

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 73

Note to Tastes B, Nos. 1, 2, 3 anp 4.—All the terms used in these tables, which were

previously used in Tables A, have the meaning already explained.
h h

The word “hypo” (from upo, under,) and hyper (from uper, above,) are necessarily
introduced into these tables, as they are based upon a division into 16 parts of blood ;
these words bringing 8 parts into 16th.

The whole nomenclature has been founded upon a division of eight, because it is not
often desirable, or even practicable, to carry the division further.

Examples.—“ Tetra-di-costin.” The tetra means ¢ or 58, ; the di means 2 or ;4;, making
together, 12, the complement of which is, necessarily, ;4;, which, therefore, need not be
expressed.

Now, as ‘“costin”’ means black and Indian, (not Indian and black,) the “di,” (i. e., the
3 or ‘g,) must refer to the black portions; the term “tetra,” (i. e., the 4 or ;8;,) refers to
the race mixed with the costin, and as this is dlack X Indian, the “tetra-di-costin” is a
triple race in the proportions of 8 4X4; i, e., 8 white, 4 black and 4 Indian.

Nore To TasLE C.—All the terms used in this table have already been explained, and
are used in the same senses.

There is an advantage obtained by making each species primary in its turn, as is done in
all these tables; for example, take the name “hexa-hypo mono,” which is a mixture of
three species in the proportion of 12X13, counting in 8ths; the 42 reads “hexa,” the 51,
(being made from 2 or ‘“‘mono,”’) preceded by “hypo,” indicating that it is less than 4,
that is to say, 1, and the whole making “ hexa-hypo-mono-costin.”’ But if the order was
from white to black, and also, from white to Indian, the third number would have to be
indicated; and then, instead of the word ‘“ hexa-hypo-mono,’ now used, it would be
necessary to write ‘ hexa-hypo-mono-hypo-mono,” which would be unwieldy.

It is believed that the tables, as now presented, indicate all the shades in a distinct
manner; and although some of the names may, at the first view, appear to be long, it is
submitted that the same complicated idea cannot be expressed in any shorter manner.

Tue Coverine or rue Heaps or Hysripvs.—The pile of the head of human hybrids
does not exhibit one uniform new variety, varying from that of both parents; but gene-
rally, perfect filaments which resemble that of the one parent, and other perfect filaments
which resemble that of the other parent; for example, the progeny of a white and a black
will have some perfect oval hairs, and some perfect eccentrically elliptical wool; so the
progeny of a white and an Indian will have some perfect oval hairs and some perfect
cylindrical hairs, and the progeny of an Indian and a black will have some perfect cylin-
drical hair, and some perfect eccentrically elliptical wool; and, even further, one who has
in his veins the blood of all these species will generally have in his head pile belonging to
all three. Sometimes, however, where the constitutional energy of one parent outweighs
that of the other, only one species of pile will be found.

74 TRICILOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;

This is in accordance with the general laws of hybridisin, where the offsprings some-
times hold an imperfect intermediate place between both species, and at others they pre-
ponderate to one side. Where the progeny hold an intermediate place and they are bred
together only, they gradually become less and less capable of reproduction, and after a few
generations the race runs out. Where the constitutional energy of one parent outweighs
that of the other, or the progeny is bred towards one side only, they pass over to that side,
and the race becomes apparently extinct.

Some Examples of the Hair of the Head of Hybrids, belonging to our Cabinet of Pile :—

1. Of simple Hybrids.

Variety 1. Mixture of white and black.

The hair of the head of a Bae age to be an equal mixture of black and
white,* some s4,5 by zi,, others 31, by =}

Variety 2. Mixture of black and Tear.

The hair of the head of Bartola, the female Aztec dwarf, exhibited in New York, in
February, 1852. oe Perea by Messrs. Kettel & Moore, of New York.
Diameters of some hairs, z1,, others 544 by

Variety 3. Indian and white.

Hair of the head of Lucy Chote, aged 11, Creek American Indian and white.{ Speci-
men presented ee the oe: R. M. Loughridge, of Tallahassee. Diameters of some hairs,
zt, and others s4_ by hy.

2. Compound Hybrids.

1. Hair of the head of William Hinten, late hair-dresser, of Philadelphia, whose father
was white, and whose mother was the progeny of an Indian and negress.§ Specimen
DESEEHECS by himself. Diameters of some hairs, 31,, others 74; by z},, and others still
330 by = a 0°

2. Hair of the head of Tuh-duh-guh-mak-ke, a male Ottawa Indian, mixture with negro
and white. Specimen presented a the Rev. P. ENE netot of Grand Traverse, Michi-
gan. Diameters of some hairs, 51,, others 31, by = 50 5, and others still 53, by 4,5.

The hair of the head of Ellen Perryman, who is 4 white, + Muskokee American Indian,
and 4 black. Specimen presented by the same. Diameters of some hairs, z4,z, others
aig by s4y, and others still 54, by z4y.

500°

Prte or Comrounp Hysrins.—Ezamination of the Hair of the Head of the Compound
Hybrid, the late William Hinten, Hatr-dresser, of Philadelphia.—His grandfather was an
Indian of nation, his grandmother was a negress and his father was a white
man. Length, from 2 inches to 2 inches ;2;; shapes, some oval, others cylindrical, and
others still eccentrically elliptical; diameters, ;4,—51;Xz1y—yiyxsty of an inch;
directions, straight, undulated and curled; button, sheath and follicle had none to
examine; colors, black, red and white (colorless); coloring matter, sometimes in the
cortex, formed by means of minute gamphos, broken dark colored lines, which are divided

* A tetra-mulattin. + A tetra-costin. t A tetra-mestisin. 2 Tetra-di-mulattin.

i OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 75

transversely by lines still darker; intermediate fibres, slightly colored; a coloring matter
also at other times in the centre, interrupted.
Trial with the Trichometer of one inch of an Oval Hair, April 1st, 1849.
With 270 grains it stretched 1, of an inch, elasticity entire.

ce 330 ve oe “y ce ce a3

(a3 390 ce (z3 qey ce “ec (a3

6 440 66 ‘6 = be “ “

‘ 450 3 ‘“ oe “ BC “

‘“ 470 6“ 6 a5 & 6 “

ce A480 “e “ce 37 “ee a3 ce

oe 506 “ee ce 30 ce ‘ ce

cc 520 “6 oe 16 oe ce “ec

GB) WaysK0) | es ut i ot HC minus shy
66 540 6“ c 13 3 a3 a3 as
6s 550 és “ 13 “cs ‘“ «ce aty
ae 570 oe ce 14 ee “ce “ee 30
66 580 6c ce 19 6 ce te ae
“6 600 “cc ce 20 6c “ 73 afr
3 610 ve oe 23 ve ee oe 50
“ 620 +6 6“ 24 ¢ 73 ce 10
be 630 66 6b 23 “ec “cc “6 14
(73 650 oe “ee 28 “se ‘ ce 13
6c 660 66 6c 30 bs 6c 13
6c 670 ve 6é 34 ‘ oc “c i :
66 730 66 3 38 “é “6 a3 16
6c 740 ce 6 35° 6“ 6c ‘ ii
6c 760 6c éc 36 6 ‘ 6c 19
[780° < 29 and broke.

Fracture fibrous.
One inch of another hair from this specimen, which was cylindrical, was tried with the
Trichometer immediately afterwards, with the following result:
With 100 grains it stretched 5 of an inch, elasticity entire.

9
cc ‘ “6 “cc pie a3 cb “ec
300 2
‘6 400 66 6c fy GE ‘6 “
oe ee “ec 4 oe oe se
550 4
a4 6 6c 5 “6 ‘ ‘
650 30 ‘ ‘
oe 700 ce ce a0 ce (a3 ee
74 74 6c 10 cc a4 1 a J
750 48 minus 4)
cc ‘ 66 “cc 15 “ “ 66 4
800 90 90
cc 850 66 (74 28 “cc “ce ““ oa
73 ¢ 25 ‘ (
S00 -< : 26 é é is ies

19

76 TRICIHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;

With 950 grains it stretched 24 of an inch, elasticity minus 11
<> 1000 ao « 3 “ “ “ 15
“1050 « «“ Bs s “ ee
1,100) °« “ 40 “ “ “33
SOOT TES YO; aie é 44 “ “ “a 23
“ 1200 « z 44 «“ “ “98
el B00mme “ 45 ‘ « rae

e350) *"ssbroke:

The pecuharity of these hairs is, that they separately partake of the characters of the
three classes. ‘The oval shape, the curled direction and central coloring matter, of the first
class ; the cylindrical shape, straight direction, and colored cortex, of the second class,
and the undulated direction, black and red mixture of colors and colored fibres, of the third
class. The very great discrepancy in their ductility, elasticity and tenacity is also very
striking, as will be seen by the two above tables.

Of the Classification of the Lower Animals by their Pile—We have a considerable
amount of matter upon this subject, collected, but have not here room for its insertion.—
(See titles ‘ Button,” and “ Coloring Matter.’’)

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE.

~]
~)

CGHAPTER IV.

Or tHe Conor oF Pine.—On the head of man there are various tints and shades of
gradation from black to brown, red, yellow and white.

Or Metanic* or Brack Hair.—Dr. Prichard, who contends for the unity of mankind,
describes three varieties, viz: the melanic, or black-haired, the Xanthous, or yellow-haired,
and the Albino, or white-haired. But he is entirely mistaken, for black hair belongs to
the cylindrical and the eccentrically elliptical-piled man, and is found with the oval-haired,+
and the Albino is found in two if not all three of these species. (See post.)

Or THE OrrcINAL Conor or Hatr.—Dr. Prichard considers the Melanic the natural
and original color of hair of the head of man.

Van Amringe, in answer, justly remarks, that the departure from the natural
course of birth, among negroes, is always from black to white, so that, according to this
theory, the red and yellow colors of hair are unaccounted for.

Buffon, with about as much reason, contended that white was the original color of pile,
which (he says) has been varied by climate, food and manners, to yellow, red, brown
and black. Other writers have imagined that originally there was but one colored fleece
on sheep, and that was black; and, strange to say, they date the multiplication of colors
to the time of the experiments of Jacob upon the sheep of Laban; overlooking the obvious
objection, that the promise to give the ring-straked and grizzled implies that such varieties
at that time existed.

A writer in an English annual of agriculture says that he has frequently had 12 to 14
black lambs in his flock, although he never kept a black ram or ewe, from which he
draws the conclusion that the original color of sheep was black, and that art alone has
produced white wool; and he opines that were these animals turned wild they would
return again to their original color. A much more reasonable conclusion is, that his sheep
are hybrids, and that one ancestor, in a remote degree, was black. It is a well ascertained
fact that there are at the present time wild sheep that are white. No farmer purposely
plants red Indian corn (zea maize,) yet we have never seen a field of Indian corn where
there were not some red spikes. It is not an uncommon occurrence for both parents of
the oval-haired species, to have black hair, and for one of the children to have red hair.

* From “ Melas,” black or dark, neuter ‘melan.”
+ Van Amringe is of opinion that ;’5ths of mankind have black pile.
{ This is not an ortiyinal idea of this gentleman.

78 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

Brack Harr no Mark or Srreneru.—Among the last mentioned species it is generally
supposed that black hair is indicative of strength; but the strongest hairs we have found
are brown. It took 1,323 grains to break the hair of the head of the Quaker giant who
was exhibited in this city in 1848, and 1,373 to break his wife’s. The brown hair of Mr.
William Swain, took 1,573 grains to break it.

Or THE VARIANCE IN COLOR BETWEEN THE Hair anp Eyres or Man.—Others have
supposed that, in the same species, a predisposition to madness is to be found among those
who have dark hair, especially if at the same time they have ght eyes. Dr. Benjamin
Rush, (in Med. Enq. and Observ., upon the Diseases of the Mind,) says, “Mr. Halsam
informs us that this was the case in 205 out of 265 patients in the Bethlehem Hospital.
He intimates that it was possibly from their consisting chiefly of the natives of England,
in whom that color of the hair is general; but the same connection between madness and
dark colored hair has been discovered in the maniacs of the Pennsylvania Hospital, who
consist of persons from three or four different countries, or of descendants who inherit
their various physical characters. Of nearly 70 patients who were examined at my
request, by Dr. Van Dyke, in our Hospital, in the year 1810, with a reference to this fact,
all except one had dark colored hair. In the month of April, 1812, I requested Dr. Van
Dyke to direct his inquiries more particularly to the color of the eyes in the maniacal
department of our Hospital. He executed my request with great care and correctness,
and discovered that 56 out of 79 of them had light eyes, of which number but six had
fair hair.”

Hoping to obtain some useful information upon this subject, we addressed a circular to
the heads of the various Lunatic Asylums in the United States, but we have received but
one answer, which we here introduce.

Western Asytum, Va., June 15, 1850.
My Dear Sir :—

Yours, without date, was received some weeks since, and not answered earlier because of my many engagements. I
had not considered insanity in its connection with the color of the hair and eyes, and, of course, am not prepared to express
any opinion as to the correctness of the views of Dr. Rush, as contained in the extract furnished by you. In reply to your
other queries I have to answer as follows:

1. Patients now in this Institution, - - - - - - 265
But that you might have a larger number, from whom to derive your inferences, I have, in order to answer your 2d and
3d questions, examined our register and find, that since the 16th day of April, 1846, there have been received into the

Institution, (patients, ) = = = : ~ 2 “ = 2 iS 32
Of these, dark hair and dark eyes, - - - - - - 102
Dark hair and light eyes, - - - - - = 96
— 198
Light hair, - - - - - - 128

In haste, and respectfully yours,
Francis T. Srripiine.

f .

Or Brown Pitz.—The English word brown, is from the Saxon, “brun,’” where it
generally means the color produced upon the skin of a white man by the action of the
sun. The French also call it “‘brun,” and define it to be, “le coleur tirans sur le noir.’’

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 79

Hair of some shades of this color is sometimes called ‘“auburne,” and at other times
“chestnut.” The black hair of the mound and mummy American Indians fades to brown.

Or Rep Hair.—Smith, (in Nat Hist. of the Human Species, p. 288, in note,) says
that ‘red hair belongs exclusively to Northern Asia and Europe. ‘This color is not much
esteemed, and the number of persons belonging to the oval-haired species who have it is
probably less than that of any other color.

Josephus tells us that the first man, Adam, was so called because he was made of red
earth. It is quite as rational a conclusion that it was because he had red hair. Msau, we
are told, was red all over; like a hatry garment, and it is probable that he was red haired.
The ancient Germans were celebrated for their red hair and blue eyes. Bichat says that
the dishke to red hair is not only that it generally accompanies an unhappy temperament,
but because the only humor which it exsudes is fetid.

Or Yettow Hatr.—The word yellow is derived from the Belgian “ gheleuwe,” where
it means the color of gold. When yellow hair is very light it is called blonde or flaxen.
An ancient painting found at Thebes, represents the shepherds or Hycksohos as having
fair hair and blue eyes.

The Celts, Ancient Saxons, Danes, Normans, Caledonians, and Gauls, had yellow and
flaxen hair. The ancient Irish had fair hair; so had the Scots of king Malcolm’s time.
The prevailing color of the hair of the Northern Russians is very fair. Penqueville
speaks of the flaxen hair of the Spartan females, and of the blonde men. Blonde hair is
generally (in adults) emblematic of feebleness and luxury.

Or Wuire Hair.—There are two kinds of pile that is called “ white,” viz: that whiclr
has a white coloring matter, and that which is colorless.

To the first of the above varieties belongs the pile of the Albinos, for ’ Héretier analysed
this pile, and found in it two kinds of fat, (as he calls it,) one quid and destitute of color,
and the other solid and white, like stearme. ‘The colorless pile is what 1s improperly
called grey.

Or Axsino Pite.—We have, in our cabinet, two varieties of the pile of the Albino;
one of the oval-haired species, which is white with a very slight tinge of yellow; the other
of the eccentrically elliptical species, which is dirty-white.

The word “ Albino” was originally applied to some individuals found upon the coast of
Africa, who, though descendants of negroes, are said to have had a pale, pinkey, and
unnatural tint of skin, soft white pile, rose-colored iris and red pupil.* It is now extended

* « Albino.” Negre blanc, Homme extrémement blane, né de parents noir. (Roquette Dict. Portugais et Francais.)

“Albino.” A term applied to white people begotten by a white man and a negress or mulatress. (Spanish and English
Dictionary.) ;

* Albinos.” Non donné par les Portugais 2 des hommes qui au caractére de figure de négre joignent une blancheur
blasarde et hidieuse. (French Dictionary of the Academy, 1814.)

“Albino.” Naadj. El que de padres negros 6 de casta de ellos nace muy blaneo yrubio, Ex nigra stirpe albus homo.
Animal de pela blanco sobre piel rojiza 6 blanca. Albineus.—Especie de hombres de carnes y pelo enterimente blancos, y
de vista muy debil albicolor. (Dict of the Spanish Acad.) o

20

80 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;

to all persons of whatever uation or country who have silky, dirty or reddish-white colored
pile, a pale reddish-white skin, red pupils and weak sight. The number of these indi-
viduals is not great; Van Amringe* computes that they do not exceed one in a million of
the inhabitants of this earth; yet Dr. Prichard treats them as a distinct race. In his
researches on the physical history of man, he divides the human family into the Melanic
or black-haired, the Nanthus or yellow-haired, and the Albino or white-haired!

No. 1. Examination and Description of the Pile of the head of the White Albino, Mary
McWilhams, aged twenty-five, born in Ireland.—Specimen presented by Dr. Klapp, of the
Pennsylvania Hospital, in the city of Philadelphia, the 2d of March, 1849.

Length, (artificial,) 4 inches; shape, oval, compressed, tapering; for example, a young
filament, one inch long, has for its diameter, at the posterior extremity, 1, by 51,, im the
centre, ¢$5 by y}z, and at the apex, ;;4)5 of an inch; color, white, with a slight tinge of
yellow; lustre, considerable ; direction, flowing; inclination, we had no means of ascer-
taining.

Ductility, Elasticity and Tenacity.—One inch of filament, (the Barometer being 39, the
Thermometer being 72, and the Dew-point being 68,)

With 170 grains stretched ;1) of an inch, and when the weight was removed the elasticity

was entire.

“ce 220 oe ee eu “ec oe cc
270. @ ee ar eS minus ,, of an inch.
‘cc 820 6c 6c oy “cc be 3
“ce A770 oe ee 37 oe oe “e
a bc 520 ce 6c aa 73 6c a
“ 570 “ c 19 oe «c 2 ‘
« 620 ‘ « $4 « & 18 ‘c
“ 670 te 66 25 ‘ 6c 17 “c
ee 720 ce ‘ 4t oe 22 oe
ce T7710 oe ce 44 oe ce 23 oe
oe 820 cc (73 ar ‘ oe 33 oe

“ 870 it broke.

Fracture, abrupt; button, sheath and follicle, we had none to examine; shaft, uneven,
bulged, flattened and sunken in different places; cortex, transversely striated the whole
length of the shaft; ribbons of cortex, artificially detached from the body of the shaft,
exhibit transverse divisions, the largest portion measuring zi; of an inch; intermediate
fibres, white, lustrous, and with a diameter of from 5,5 to <;45 of an inch; the mass of
fibres divided into sections or nodes; when the shaft is artificially crushed, these fibres are
distinctly seen; they are white, lustrous, and partially separated; but no canal or coloring
matter is to be observed through the interstices+; centre, has a canal for the coloring

* In Natural History of Man, p. 71.

7 The same experiment was tried upon the other specimens, and the same results ensued; but when the wool of a pure
negro, or the black wool of sheep, was similarly treated, the piles were black.

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 81

matter, which is greenish white, opaque and interrupted ; when the cortex and intermediate
fibres are artificially made transparent, the coloring matter is seen collected in spires and
tangled threads of a plumbeous color, interrupted by vacant spaces in the canal; apex,
very pointed—none furcated ; disks or transverse sections, plumbeous colored, with some-
times a minute central speck, which is white and opaque.

No. 2. Examination and Description of the Pile of the head of the Albino of the
white species, James Spencer, Esq., of Philadelphia, aged tiventy-one years, whose father
had brown, and whose mother had black hair.—Specimen presented by himself, in 1849.

Length, (artificial,) 2} inches; shape, oval, 775; by ,3,; of an inch; tapering; for
example, a young filament, 1 inch long. measured, at its lower extremity, 5
centre, siz, and at the apex, 55, of an inch; color, white, with a very sligh
straw color; lustre, considerable; direction, flowing.

in the

9?

1
7
t tinge of

Ductility, Elasticity and Tenacity —The Barometer, Thermometer and Dew-point being
the same as before stated, one inch of filament

With 170 grains stretched 4, of an inch, elasticity entire when the weight was removed.

90
“ce oe oe Am ce ce ce ae
400 2s
6“ 520 “ec “ec iy “co “cc ce “6
a 6c “ce 4 ce 73 ce a
670 EE
“cc FOR 6c (4 10 “c CO. ints qe 4
e793) a0 minus 30

“ 970 it broke.

Fracture, abrupt, a small portion of the cortex being abraded ; button, sheath and follicle,
none ; shaft, uneven, bulged, flattened and sunken; cortex, transversely striated the length
of the shaft, the stri# numerous; intermediate fibres—having artificially removed the
cortex, the intermediate fibres are exposed to view; they are divided transversely into
sections or nodes, of the following lengths, viz: ;4-, 74, and z1, of an inch; the inter-
stices are bands which are originally white, but which, by exposure to the atmosphere,
turn dark colored; central canal, upon artificially rendering the cortex and intermediate
fibres transparent, the coloring matter is seen consisting of portions of unequal sizes of
spires or threads, of a plumbeous color; the mass has a diameter of 5;5,5 of an inch, but
the threads are too small for measurement; disks or transverse sections, show a plumbeous
color, either continuous or with a minute central speck.

No.3 Examination and Description of the Pile of the head of the Albino Boy, of the
black race, ten years old, both of whose parents are black.—Specimen presented by Doctor
Nott, of Mobile, Alabama.

Length, (natural,) 1 inch and two-tenths ; shape, eccentrically elliptical; diameter, 534
by 45 of an inch; tapering; for instance, a young filament, measuring one inch and two-
tenths, had the following diameters, viz: at the lower extremity, ;4;, in the centre, 53,
and at the apex, ;,4, of an inch; color, dirty, reddish-white; lustre, none; direction,
erisped and frizzled, and spirally curled; diameter of the curls, 2, of an inch; inclina-
tion, we had no means of ascertaining.

82 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

Ductility, Elasticity and Tenacity—One inch of filament, the Barometer, ‘Thermometer

and Dew-point, being as above stated,
With 160 grains stretched 4, of an inch, elasticity entire.

ee “eo

“6 470 6e oe or

6c 570 cc “eo an (73 a

“ 670 * “6 == 6c “

“cc 820 6c “c an OG 6c

oe 870 ce oe a7 ee oe

ce 920 ao oe +4 ce oe

SAO ss 15 aS minus ,%; of an inch.
“6 1,020 6c ee it 66 oe ay 73

4c 1,070 6 66 28 “ce “6 33 73

Ne2200 86 atybrolke:
Fracture, splintery; button, hooked, knotted, and otherwise distorted ; one of them,
besides the main body, had two others of smaller dimensions; sheath, large, white, opaque,
and sometimes divided; follicle, have none to examine; shaft, uneven, bulged, flattened

cortex, striated, strie sometimes intersecting at right angles; intermediate

and sunken ;
of an inch; central

fibres, white and lustrous; diameter of one of the smallest, asia
canal, with detached portions of plumbeous colored spires or threads of coloring matter ;
the greatest dimensions of a mass, 3,445 of aninch; the threads too minute for measure-
ment; apex, pointed, furcated, or bushy; disks, plumbeous color throughout.

No. 4. Examination and Description of the Pile of the Head of the Albino Boy, of the
black race, of Cape May, New Jersey, aged 12 years. Specimen presented by Mrs. Gar-
wood. His father is black and his mother a dark mulatto; they have five children, of
whom three, viz: two males and a female, are ae the other two are black and have
negroes’ wool. Length, (natural,) 2 inches and ;5; shape, eccentrically elliptical with a
diameter of 74, by 54, of an inch, tapenieet for example, a young filament measuring 2,1,
inches, had, as its aoe extremity, 51;, in the centre z1z, and at the apex 5,45 ei an
inch; color, dirty white; lustre, none; direction, frizzled and spirally curled ; diameter
of the curls, ;4; of an ith: inclination, we have no means of ascertaining with certainty,
but are informed that it is aghtangled with the epidermis.

Ductility, Elasticity and Tenacity —One inch of filament, the Barometer, Thermometer
and Dew-point being as before stated,

With 160 grains it stretched ,1, of an inch, elasticity entire.

v0
Gs 220 7 6G oy 6“ és 6s
6c“ 270 6c bc a. a 6c 73
ce 370 cc CH 30 (73 (73 “cc
73 420 6“ “ce 30 éé sé ec
COAT Og ECS ss is Re minus 45
oe 520 6 a at 6c 6c a
eA 7Oe 0 “ BA “ uy 28

ce LOE oe oe 40 oe oe e
620 4 90

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 83

With 670 grains it stretched 42 of an inch, minus 23

(>) “cc ‘ 45 “ 27

i. 720 90 v 90
ce “ce ce 48 oe “cc 3

770 StH 30

ce 20) “6 a“ 50 ee ce 22

“¢ 870 it broke.

Fracture, bushy; button, sheath and follicle, have none to examine; shaft, uneven,
bulged, flattened and sunken; cortex, striated, strie, numerous and confused ; intermediate
fibres, white, lustrous, diameter of one of the smallest ;;4,; of an inch; centre, a canal
enclosing coloring matter which is white with a shght tinge of yellow; interrupted
diameters, ;,5 of an inch; when the cortex and intermediate fibres are artificially made
transparent, the coloring matter is seen in plumbeous masses of spires or threads; diame-
ter of the masses, 3545 of an inch, the threads too minute for measurement; apex, very
pointed ; disks, plumbeous colored with a minute light colored speck in the centre.

Albinos were, until lately, so little known in Europe, that Goldsmith describes two that
he saw in London as ‘“‘white negroes.” He says he found the color to be exactly like an
European, the visage white and ruddy, and the lips of a proper redness; but that there
were sufficient marks to convince him of its descent. The hair was white and woolly, and
very unlike any thing he had before seen. The iris of the eye was yellow, inclining to
red; the nose was flat, exactly resembling that of a negro; and the lips thick and promi-
nent. No doubt therefore remained of the child having been born of negro parents ; and
the person who showed it had attestations to convince the most incredulous.

Whether any among the American Indians ’—We have no pile of an American Indian
Albino, but notice that Wafer states, that he saw many of them among the native Ameri-
can Indians of the Isthmus of Darien. He says that they are not a distinct race, but they
are descended from their copper-colored Indian parents. And in Latham, Nat. Hist. of the
Varieties of Man, p. 395, it is said that many of the Luni Indians, of California, are Albinos;
which he thinks is probably the origin of the report that there is a race of whzte Indians
in that quarter.

Martin, (in Hist. of Man, p. 166,) says that Albinos appear among all nations; they
occur among the fairest of Kurope and the darkest of Africa, in Java, Ceylon and the
Continent of India. Captain Cook saw them in Tahiti, and Winterbottom mentions hav-
ing seen them at Sierre Leone and the neighboring parts of the African Coast.*

Mr. Jefferson,+ mentioned four cases of Albinos known to himself, and three others of
whom he was informed, all of them descended from negro parents with no mixture of
white blood. ‘lVhere are also Albinos among the lower animals, ‘This pile it is our inten-
tion to examine and describe at some future day.

Inferences from Examinations.—It appears from the foregoing examinations :—Ist. That

* Albinism is believed to be more frequent in the wooly-haired races of man; but in the sandy plains of the North-West
of Europe, the same appearances occur, though not quite with the marks of disease; it is mere absence of coloring matter in
the system. Among Mongolie nations it is unknown, or very rare, and it is equally so with the aboriginal tribes of America,
(Smith’s Nat. IList. of the Human Species, 160.)

+ Notes on Virginia, 159.

21

84 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;

the covering of the head of the Albinos is pile. Its general form, and its ductility and
elasticity are sufficient to entitle it toa place in that category. 2d. That specimens No.
1 and 2 by their oval shape, flowing direction, acute inclination, and being formed of three
distinct parts, (one of which is a central canal for the conveyance of coloring matter,)
entitle the individual upon whom they grow, respectively, to be ranked with the oval-
haired species of men. But that the filaments gradually tapering from the inferior to the
superior extremity, the unevenness of surface of the shaft, and the disposition of the colorimg
matter in the spires and threads, show that they are a distinct variety of that species.
3d. That specimens No. 3 and 4, by their eccentrically elliptical shape, crisped, frizzled,
and spirally curled direction, and probably, by the inclination, entitle the individuals upon
whose heads they grow, respectively, to be ranked with the eccentrically elliptical-haired
species. But that their gradual tapering, their unevenness of surface, and the disposition of
the coloring matter in a central canal, show that they are a distinct variety of that species.

The cause of the production of Albinos is unknown; but it is generally, (and we think
erroneously,) attributed to zmperfect generation, for the pile of the black Albino is, scienti-
fically speaking, more perfect than the pile of the common negro, in having a distinct
apparatus, viz: a central canal for the conveyance of the coloring matter.

L’Héretier analysed the pile of the Albino, and found therein two kinds of fat, one liquid
and destitute of color, and the other solid and white like stearine. (Traité. de Chem.
Path.) It was, probably, the latter which we saw under the microscope.

Mr. Jefferson is of opinion that the cause which produces the Albino is more incident to
the female than the male sex; but he was not acquainted with a sufficient number of cases
to enable him to establish such a general rule, nor is he confirmed by succeeding observers.

Martin, (in Hist. of Man, p. 166,) says, that “ the constitution of the Albino is feeble.”
In examining the four specimens for ductility, elasticity and tenacity, we found that the fila-
ments were possessed of a fair proportion of those properties which are considered as tests
of vital strength.

This author also states, that their intellectual powers are often, if not always, of a com-
parative inferiority. We have no means of judging of the correctness of this remark. It
is said that ‘ Albinos breeding with Albinos produce their kind, but that where bred with
the ordinary race the pecuharity disappears in the descendants; breaking out, however,
now and then, as if the tendency lurked in the blood.” (Martin, Hist. of Man, p. 166.)

Or THE CHancEe oF Snape or Cotor at PuBertry.—Hair of the head of the oval-
haired species is generally lighter colored im youth, than in after years; this change,
probably, takes place at the period of puberty. Blonde hair becomes chestnut, chestnut
turns nearly black, and red hair becomes several degrees darker shaded. 'The cause of
this change is not known.

Or Monocnromatic and Potycuromatic Pite.—The hair of the head of man, before
it becomes what is generally, but improperly, termed ‘“ grey,” (i.e. loses its original color,)
are con-colored; but there are occasionally exceptions. We have, in our collection, a lock
from the héad of Dr. J. K. Potter, aged 28, of Vermont, which contains four different colored

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 85

hairs. Among the lower animals, variety in the color of pile, sometimes in different fila-
ments upon the same animal, and at others exhibiting a variety of colors in the same
filament, is not uncommon. ‘The royal tiger of the east has pile of a fawn-colored ground,

striped cross-wise, with black; the jaguar has also a fawn-colored ground, but he has four
ranges of black spots, in the form of eyes; the panther has six or seven black spots; the
leopard has ten rows; the guépard has small black spots; the zebra has transverse bands
of blackish-brown color upon a fawn-colored ground; the couagge has the same bands,
but they are confined to the shoulders and back. The silver fox has black hair, slightly
tipped with white ; the spines of the porcupine are black, brown and white; so are those
of the pecary; the white hair of the possum and raccoon is tipped with black ; the brown
hair of a squirrel’s tail is tipped with white, &c., &c. But the most extraordinary pro-
duction of this kind is the golden mole, (chrysocholores,) which is said to have hair of
a green color, changeable into a bronze or copper tinge. (See Elem. de Zool., p. 298.)
We have had no opportunity of examining this pile, but conjecture that these changeable
hues are occasioned by the various reflections of light from the scales of the cortex.

There appears to be much greater variety in the colors of domesticated animals than in
wild ones,* and some are of opinion that, in regard to the wild ones, those which are inca-
pable of being tamed, retain always the same color and markings.

Female domestic cats often have hair of three colors, but the males are limited to dwo.
When an animal has two distinctly colored hairs, it is found, as a general rule, that. the
darkest is above and the lightest below; but the badger (meles) is an exception, for he
has grey above and black below.

OF CHANGES IN THE COLOR OF Pins, AT TIMES OTHER THAN PUBERTY.
“Can the leopard change his spots ?”—Jer. 13: 23

M. Destress reports the following singular case: “ A young lady (only 13 years of age)
who had never suffered except from temporary pains in the head, in the winter of 1817-18,
discovered that many places on her head were becoming bald, and in six months she had
not a single hair. In the month of January, 1819, there appeared upon the part of the
scalp, which first became bald, a sort of back wool, the rest had brown hair. A part of
this new intecument fell out when it became two or three inches long; the rest changed
[lost its ] eer at a distance greater or less from the point, becoming chestnut in the
remaining part.” The account continues with the remark that, ‘it was strange to see a
hair half white and half chestnut!’ (Dict. des Sci. Med., v. 43, p. 502.)

The above report is too imperfect to afford much light to science. ‘A sort of black
wool.” We should have been informed what sort. It might have been downy hairs.
From the age, and a part of the new hair falling out, and the rest losing its color, we
would attribute the phenomenon to the changes of puberty.

* Livingston says that the wild ones wear an unvaried uniform, with now and then such an exception as to afford a hint
to man of the means of grafting a permanent change upon accidental variations. (Essay upon Sheep.)

Van Amringe says that the California and South American wild ox and wild horse hides, have less variety of color than
our domestic ones.

86 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;

President Smith (in Essay on Man, p. 92,) tells of a negro whose skin, from a deep
black, turned to a healthy white; the white color extending under the pile, where the
woolly substance disappeared, and a fine, straight hair, of silky softness, succeeded. But
Van Amringe thinks there must be some mistake in collecting the facts of this case; and
we think that much allowance is to be made for one who was anxious to establish a
favorite theory.

Or Aruipinir.—L’Heritier says, that ‘ white or colorless hair sometimes becomes colored,
which phenomenon he calls Athipilé; and that the assumed color is not always the same
it was originally!” He says, that ‘sometimes this change is effected all over the scalp at
the same time; at others it is progressive and gradual, as the black hair grows out from
the root; so that you may see, on the same head, a hair partly white and partly colored.”
We have never witnessed any such phenomenon, unless he alludes to the young hairs
which grow out of the skins of old heads, of the original color of the hair, and which
turn white, (colorless,) commencing at the point.

Mr. Wm. H. Elsegood, of this city, sent usa lock of light brown hair, taken from his
head, which he assures us grew upon a bald place from which his former grey hair fell,
the skin having been stimulated by a wash of his own invention. We examined this
new pile, and find it to be oval, with a diameter of 71, by z3z; sound and healthy.

Or PiLe LosIne ITs coLor.—Hair sometimes loses its color suddenly, and at others
oradually.

Of the sudden loss of color —Fenchterstehen (in Med. Phy. Cho.) says, that as a special
effect of grief, in excess, arises the well-known phenomepon, when the hair, more or less
rapidly, turns grey. Lenhossek mentions the case of a philosopher who suddenly became |
grey, wpon losing, by a storm at sea, an ancient manuscript which he had recently dis-
covered. We have many instances (says Goldsmith) of persons who have grown grey in
one night-time. (Hist. of Man, &c., 33.) Bichat says that he was witness to six or seven
cases where the hair turned white in less than eight days; and in one of them, an
acquaintance of his, turned grey, almost entirely, én one night, owing to the receipt of bad
news. It is true that Haller has expressed some doubts upon this sudden change; but we
consider the testimony of Bichat as conclusive.

Several interesting cases—Dr. Frederick A. Van Dyke, of this city, remembers a
case which occurred some years ago, when a person, of rather weak mind, turned grey
suddenly from fright, having been unexpectedly introduced into a dissecting chamber.
We have, also, in our cabinet a lock of hair entirely mhéte, which was cut from the head
of a young lady, the rest of whose hair is chestnut colored. When she was between two
and three years old, she was frightened by a boy with a mask over his face, and a lock of
her hair turned white in the particular spot from which our specimen is taken. One-half
of her left eye-brow, and one-half of the lashes of her left eye, underwent a similar change
at the same time. The hair which has thus lost its color, has. repeatedly been cut, and
always sprouts out colorless. She is now 14 years of age, and her family, from whom we
received the information, is highly respectable and worthy of entire credit.

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 87

We have, likewise, in our collection, a lock of white hair, taken from the head of Wm.
H. McCombe, of Lancaster county, Pa., now 13 years of age, who, three years ago, was
kicked in the mouth by a horse, in consequence of which some hair on the left side of his
head, above the temple, and of the size of half a dollar, turned grey ina few days. ‘The
rest of his hair remained brown.

Sometimes a sing'e white lock is found in the head without any assignable cause; the
specimen of pile from the head of Mrs. =, of Montgomery county, Pa., belongs to
this category.

To these we might add the case of Her Majesty Maria Antoinette, whose beautiful
blonde locks, history informs us, lost their color in one night.

The effects of Fear.—The following is quoted from the Boston Medical and Surgical
Journal, a periodical in which we should not look for a fi¢titious narrative, yet the story is
wonderful :— .

“A young man (23 years old) came from the mines to San Francisco, with the intention
of soon leaving the latter place for home. On the evening of his arrival, he, with his
companions, visited the gambling saloons. After watching for a time the varied fortunes
of a table, supposed to be undergoing the process of ‘tapping,’ from the continued success
of those betting against the bank, the excitement overthrew his better judgment, and he
threw upon the ‘seven spot’ of a new deal, a bag which he said contained $1,100, his all—
the result of two years’ privation and hard labor—exclaiming, with a yoice trembling from
intense excitement, ‘My Home, or the Mines!’

“As the dealer slowly resumed the drawing of his cards, with his countenance livid
from fear of the inevitable fate that seems ever attendant upon the tapping process when
commenced, I turned my eyes upon the young man who had staked his whole gains upon
a card; and never shall forget the impression made by his look of intense anxiety, as he
watched the cards as they fell from the dealer’s hands All the energies of his system
seemed concentrated in the fixed gaze of his eyes, while the deadly pallor of his face
bespoke the subdued action of his heart. All around seemed infected with the sympa-
thetic powers of the spell—even the hitherto successful winners forgot their own stakes in
the hazardous chance plaeed upon the issue of the bet. The cards are slowly told with
the precision of high-wrought excitement. The seven spot wins. The spell is broken—
reaction takes place. The winner exclaims, with a deep-drawn sigh, ‘I will never gamble

again,’ and was carried from the room in a deep swoon, from which he did not fully
recover until the next morning, and then to know that the equivalent surrendered for his
gain was the color of his hair, new changed to a perfect white.”

It would seem that the frightful disease, leprasy, suddenly turns hair white. (See
Levit., ch. xiii.) And the same has been said of the disease called scald-head, (‘Tinea
capitis.) (See Dict. des Sci. Med., v. 43, p. 502.)

An Experiment.—Being desirous of ascertaining whether a sudden and violent death
would effect this or any other change in hair, we, on the 12th day of October, 154%,
procured a lock of the hair of the head of Charles Langfeldt, the murderer; and on the

20th of the same month, immediately after his execution, by hanging. we procured another ;
99

88 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;

these we have since examined and compared, under the microscope, but can discover no
difference between them.

The cause of the sudden loss of color—As to the manner in which colored hair becomes
suddenly devoid of color, no satisfactory explanation is to be found in books. Vauque-
lain says “we must suppose that, in these critical moments, nature undergoes a revolution,
and the natural functions are, in consequence, suspended or changed—some agent is
developed in the animal economy, which, passing into the hair, decomposes the coloring
matter,” &c., &c. (See Nich. Dict. of Chem., title Hair.)

As to the cause of this phenomenon we know but little ; probably, as we grow older, the
vessels that convey the coloring matter become smaller and less capable of their office, and
its circulation is diminished, and finally entirely impeded.

Of the gradual loss of color in Pile.

“The glory of young men is their strength, and the beauty of old men is the grey head’”—(Proy. 20: 29.)

Hair of the head begins to turn grey at thirty.

“Grey hairs are sprinkled upon him, but he knoweth it not.””—(Hosea, 7: 9.)

Of the causes of turning grey.—Many causes may retard or advance it. We have a
lock of hair of Robert Davidson, cut from his head the 9th of January, 1849, on which
day he was one hundred years old. It is generally white, (i. e. colorless,) but we find a
few black hairs. We have another of a young lady, who is only thirteen; a large proportion
of the filaments are brown; but there are many hairs entirely colorless.* Her grand-
mother informed us that she had grey hairs when she was born.

Severe sickness is apt to hasten the whitening of the hair; and we have the authority
of Rayner for saying, that long confinement in the dark will have the same effect.t (See
Diseases of the Skin.) But that “ght is not absolutely necessary to the existence of the
black color of hair. is shown by a lock in our collection, taken from a foetus of 9 months.
It is as black as jet. :

Of the Indian turning grey —Dy. J. Von Ischudi (in Travels in Peru) says, that “ the
hair of the head of the wild Indian is long, stiff, and of a brilliant black, (p. 290;) that
scme of them live to a great age, viz: 120 to 130; that generally they retain their teeth
and hair in extreme old age, and that it is remarkable that their hair never becomes white,
and very. seldom even grey.” (p. 340.) “The ancient bodies, found preserved, have
always the hair perfectly free from decay.” (p. 352.)

We have, in our cabinet, several specimens of colorless American Indian hair.

As it is upon the head of man that hair first appears, so it is there where it first loses
its color; then the beard, and lastly the hypogastric hair. It is said that it commences to
lose color first at the temples—which are so called from the Latin ¢empus, to denote this
primordial impress of déme. ‘The last place is the lower part of the head and upper part
of the neck.

Dr. Gross says that hair [the filament] turns white first at the loose [anterior]

* We possess a lock of brown hair of Mr. Wm, Duffey, aged 70, in which very few grey can be found.
+ Our American Mummy hair, which has been so many hundred years in the dark, is turned from black to brown; but
this may be owing to the substances used in its preservation.

'

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 8&9

extremity, and that it is the same with the lower animals. (Elem. Phys. and Anat.,
p- 330.)

We have, in our collection, a bristle of a Russian Hog, which is black at the posterior
extremity for 2 inches and ;’,ths. and white for the remainder of the shaft, say 9 inches
and -*ths. We have another that is tri-colored, viz: black, white and corneous colored.

10

There are, connected with this subject of the coloring matter of pile, several interesting
questions, as Ist. Of the nature of the coloring matter. Of this we have disposed in the
second Chapter, to which we refer. 2d. Of the seat of the coloring matter. ‘This we have
shown is, in a perfect hair, in a central canal; im an imperfect one, the coloring matter is
sometimes confined to the cortex, and at others it is extended to the intermediate fibres.
‘This distinction may have been before hinted, but has never been insisted on as an
important specific difference, as it certainly is. 3d. Is the coloring matter of the skin and
that of the hair identical? 'There are some writers, of high repute, who advocate the
affirmative side of this question. (See Dict. of Sci. Med., v. 43, p. 170.) And there are
others who even contend that the co'oring matter of the skin is secreted zz the bulbs
[follicles] of the hair. Gaultier says that, upon removing the coloring matter of a negro’s
skin, with a blister, he saw it proceeding from the hair bulbs, one portion radiating until
it met that of another hair bulb; and, finally, the whole surface becoming black.

To this theory of “the skin of a negro being furnished with coloring matter from the
bulbs [follicles] of his wool,” there are two objections, which appear to be unanswerable,
viz: Ist. That the color of the negro’s skin* continues to be black, after his wool has
become grey [white] for want of the coloring matter. 2d. That persons with black hair
have white skins, and no appearance of a black colored rete mucosum.

It is true that Bichat says that it has been frequently observed, that the red color of the
hair accords with the spots of the same color found upon the skin of individuals. (See
Anat. Gen., v. 2, p. 789.) But we answer that they are not a/ways so found to agree, for
we have in our collection specimens of the hair of Braddock Howard, who was exhibited
in Philadelphia in the winter of 1848-9, the whole of whose face, except a small seam
upon his forehead, which has the appearance of a scar, is of a wwd purple; and this color,
though not quite of so deep a hue, is traceable to the skin of his head, yet his hair is dark
brown, fine and silky.

So Dr. Emery Bissell mentions the case of a very dark colored Tidian, who gradually
turned white after he had passed the age of sixty, the color of his pile undergoing no
change other than that incident to old age. And in the Museum of Nat. Hist. of Paris is
the portrait of a pie-bald negro, whose skin, in the changed part, is pale rose color, and
whose wool is colorless.

Or THE Rete Mucosum.—In regard to the experiments on the negro’s skin and wool,
through the agency of a blister, Cruikshank says, that when a blister is applied to the

* We are speaking of the black persons seen in all our country who are generally denominated negroes, but which we pre-
sume to be very far from being pwre negroes; and Gaultier, most probably, performed his experiment upon this kind
of person.

90 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;

skin of a negro, if it has not been very stimulating, in twelve hours a thin, grey, trans-
parent membrane will be raised, under which is found a fluid. This membrane, (says
this author,) is the cudzcle or scarf-skin; when this, with the fluid, is removed, the surface
underneath appears black. But, if the blister has been stimulating, another membrane,
in which this black color resides, will also be raised with the cuticle. This (he adds) is
the rete mucosum ; when this membrane is removed. the surface of the trwe skin comes into
view, and it is whzte, like that of an European.

Mr. Flourens has also examined this subject. (See Annals di Sci. Nat., t. vil., p. 156.)
He found four distinct layers between the cuticle and the cutis; the second of which (he
says) 1s a mucous membrane, @ distinctly organized body, wnderlaying the pigment and
existing in persons of dark color only. Mr. Flourens sought in vain for this membrane,
between the cutis and outer lamine of the epidermis of a white man; and yet this is the
seat of the discoloration produced in his complexion by exposure to the sun.

From these examinatjons this distinguished naturalist and anatomist was able to pro-
nounce, definitively, that the discoloration in the skin of the white man is totally different
an kind from the cause of blackness in the negro, and he therefore concludes that the
negro and the European are SEPARATE SPECIES OF BEINGS.

We might add, that Henlé, having examined the skin of a negro, found, besides the
cells detected in the white man, others which contain a black pigment. (See Miuller’s
Arch., 1840, Heft. 2, 180.*) We, therefore, feel ourselves authorised in inferring that the
coloring matter of the skan, and that of the hair of man are not identical.

As ro tHE Lower Animats.—How this question is to be determined in regard to the
hair and skin of the lower animals will, perhaps, depend upon other considerations ; for
while we find the blackest hair of the head of our species issuing out of a fair skin, we
are credibly informed that the colored spots or portions of the hair of the lower animals,
generally, if not always, correspond with a similar tint of the skin. Hence we find authors
coupling these two integuments together. Mr. Youatt, who tells us that he composed the
3d chapter of his book with the assistance of several eminent gentlemen, whom he names,
says therein that, in regard to sheep, the color of the skin and probably that of the hair
and wool also, is determined by the rete mucosum ; or, at least, the hair and wool are of the
same color as this substance. (See Lib. of Usef. Know., p. 52.) And it must be borne in
mind, that the coloring matter of a perfect hair, (i. e. of the head of the oval-haired man,)
is confined to a central canal, while the coloring matter of the hair and wool of the lower
animals, so far as our experience goes, is disseminated in the cortex and intermediate
fibrous substance, or in the cortex alone.

Ath. Is the color of the hair ever influenced by accidental, external or temporary causes ?
It is said in the Lond. and Edin. Jour. of Med. Sci., for 1841, p. 596, that the writer has
a hair taken from the skin of a native New Zealander, whose face was closely tattooed, and

* P. Barnard, Prof. of Physiology, in Paris, says that the hair contains pigment grains but no pigment cells. (266 Cour,

Physi., 1848,

OR, A TREATISE ON- PILE. 9]

which (hair) was of a bright d/we color, owing to its having taken up some of the coloring
matter used in the tattoomg. We have repeatedly tried to inject a hair, but have never
succeeded. Again, a woman, about thirty, became enciente, and at the seventh month,
her skin of the face first assumed the color of oxide of iron; and afterwards it became
black. On some days it was of a deeper shade than on others ; her hair was naturally black,
but it assumed a darker shade, The black of her face disappeared two days after her
accouchement. Besides, Keidline mentions a case where the hair became bright yellow
during a fit of jaundice ; but he does not mention the original color, and Alibert tells of a
blonde-haired woman whose hair became black after a severe accouchement. (See Dict. des
Sci. Med., v. 43, p. 273.) A still more extraordinary case is mentioned in p. 503, of the
same work, of a female whose hair, shortly before her death by consumption, changing
from white to black.* The hair which is rubbed from the hides of horses with colored
pile, sometimes is succeeded by white hairs, and sometimes, (though less frequently,) by
hair of the original color.

When a wound heals “ by the first intention,” the original skin closing and joining,
hair grows and continues of the same color it was originally; but when it heals “by
granulation,” a new and imperfect skin is formed, with a very white hue and smooth surface,

’

and upon thisno hair willgrow. Feeding an animal for some time upon madder turns the bones
red, but it has no effect upon the hair. Dr. Belchier, an English physician, from seeing a pig
which had been fed at a dyeing establishment have reddish colored bones, first discovered
the phenomenon. He repeated the experiment upon other animals, and always with the
same result.

Or THE PoLaRrizaTION oF Ligut By PitE.—Hairs polarize light. (Mandl, 'Traité. Prac.
du Microscope, p. 165.) Common light originates in vibratory motions in every direction
transverse to the ray; but polarized light is caused by vibrations, transverse to the ray,
and in one direction only. The part of the hair which is instrumental in producing this
phenomenon is, probably, the cortex, which is scaly. Polarization may be caused by
reflection, refraction or double refraction.+

In viewing hairs under the microscope, we must remember the shape of the hair, for
light impinging on its surface, being reflected according to the angle of incidence, will be
reflected differently as the hair is cylindrical, oval or flat. We should also recollect that
the rays of light which emanate from the reflector of the microscope, situated beyond or
beneath the hair, being of different lengths, will cause a series of light and dark colored
stripes and shadows, which, unless properly understood, will cause false impressions of
the object.

And, lastly, the rays of light, striking directly upon the hair, and those reflected by the
reflector, which is beyond or below the object, may interfere and nullify each other. This
danger is increased when two reflectors, one above and one below the object, are used.

* May this not have been a falling out of the old colorless hair, and its place being supplied by new black ones?
+ The shadow lines of light upon hairs, which, owing to their minuteness, are invisible to the naked eye, become colored
under the microscope,

23

92 : TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM; 2

J me

Or Dyeine Pie.—lIt is reasonable to suppose that, in the process of dyeing, the color-
ing matter enters between the scales of pile, and if this be the case, that wool, owing to the
scales being more open, will take the dye with greater facility and in greater abundance
than hair.

It is also probable, for a similar reason, that wool in the natural state, will take the dye
more effectually than it will alter it has been felted or fulled. This may be the reason
why ‘dyeing in grain,” as ‘it is termed, is preferred. Among a collection of pile speci-
mens, presented by H.C. Merriam, Esq., are some denominated ‘“ Black. Sea wool,’ to
which is attached a memorandum that zt wll not take colors. It is in three parcels, white,
black and mixed; the first, when a transverse section is viewed under the microscope, shows
two varieties, viz: an oval or an eccentrically elliptical shape, with an external white
line, then a dark line and a centre of white fibrous substance ; 2d, a cylinder with a white
hne enclosing a dark one, and a white fibrous centre; diameters, 31, by 31, and 31, by
xtyz- The 2d. parcel is cylindrical, or an ellipse slightly concave on its flats sides; colors
the same as above, or black with a white centre; diameter, ,1,. ‘The 3d parcel cylindrical,
white or black external outline comparatively large, black intermediate substance with a

minute white centre; diameter, ;4

5

CHAPTER III.

PLATE I.

CHAP TDR.

PLATE I.

CHAPTER VI.

PLATE I.

See

vit

oe

ae

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 93

CHAP Tun eV.

Pitre Betones to THE Dermis.—Pile belongs to the dermis and generally will persist
in growing upon it. We are assured by one of the most eminent surgeons of this city
that he has frequently, in different operations, turned flaps of skin in various cavities, to
supply the place of the mucous membrane, and has observed that unless the piliferous
bulbs (follicles) have been destroyed by a desquamating inflammation, or subsequently
removed by excision, the hair natural to the skin continues to develope itself and some-
times becomes a source of considerable irritation.

On the other hand pile does not belong to the mucous membrane, and will not, generally,
grow therein. We have often examined with admiration the minute line of demarcation,
on the lips, between the skin of the mucous membrane, the former being covered with
hair, while the latter will not produce a single filament.

But for the production of pile the dermis must be perfect; hence we find that where
wounds heal by granulation, the cicatrix being an imperfect skin, no hair will grow upon
it. It has been said, however, that where the mucous membrane has been left for a long
time exposed, as in descents of the rectum and uterus, that hair will grow upon it.*

The notion of Oken, (in Elem. of Physiol., p. 394,) that hairs are dried bronchial fila-
ments, and that, therefore, they continue to occupy in man those situations only where,
in the lower animals, bronchia and tentacule are found, for example around the mouth,
upon the head, in the axille and around the sexual organs, is chimerical.t

Some of the lower animals are entirely covered with hair, while others have so few,
that they are called naked. Some are covered with a mantle and a few hairs, while others
have scales in place of the mantle. All these different coverings might be made use of in
their classification.

WHEN PILE NoT USUALLY FOUND EVEN IN THE Dermuis.—Hair is not usually found in the
superior eye-lids, palm of the hand, the soles of the feet,{ nor the dorsal face of the last
phalanges of the fingers and of the great toe.

On the head§ hair is found-- pon the scalp—in the auditory passage—upon the eye-
brows, (supercilium)—along the margin of the eye-lids, (cilium)—in the nares

on the

* Telle est analogies entre ces deux membranes, que la peau, soumise au contact prolongé des matiere qui baignent la
muqueuse, des larmes par example, prend bient6t Vaspect et les caractéres de la muqueuse, de méme que celle-ci, exposee
au frottement des vétements et a l’action desséchante de l’air, se transforme bient6t en peau. (Un Mil. de fait, p. 513.)

+ The mammalia are composed of, 1, a skeleton; 2, splanchnic cavities, of which there are three; 3, limbs; 4,
vessels and nerves. All these are enclosed in an outer envelope, called “the skin.’ It is to this latter that pile belongs.

{ Goldsmith says that the Hare has hair upon the sole of the foot. (Nat Hist. of Man, v. 2, 137.)

2 Dr. Gross proposes to call the hair of the head “rin,” from crinis, hair. The French have conferred this name upon
the mane and tail of the pachydermata.

94 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;

7

cheeks and outside of the upper lip, (whiskers)—and in and under the chin, (beard.)
The first five are epicene;* the two last belong to males only.

Or THe PILE oF THE Scate.—This, as we have before explained, is divided into two
varieties of hair and wool; denoting three distinct species. It is upon the head of man
that the epidermis has the least sensibility, and, owing to the convex form of the skull, it
presents but a very small surface, at a time, to contact with external objects; it is, there-
fore, of very little inconvenience to the sense of touch to have the scalp entirely covered
with hair, or wool, forming a soft cushion of defence against external violence. As to the
face, although it is the seat of several other organs of sense, it does not require a high
degree of tangibility; and hence we find 7, also, plentifully provided with pile; but the
prominent parts of the cheeks, and the environs of the eyes, (where the passions are
principally depicted,) are left bare. Some rare instances occur where no hair is produced
upon the head. There is a highly respectable gentleman, residing in this city, who has
never had any hair on his head, nor, indeed, upon his body.

Much has been said in other parts of this work upon the hair and wool of the head, to
which we refer, to avoid repetition.

Or Ciimacrric Hatrs.—That the generative organs exercise a general influence over
the hairs of the beard and the hypogastric hairs, seems to be beyond a doubt. ‘These
hairs make their first appearance at the period of being marriageable, which is therefore
termed the period of puberty. When, owing to any cause, the development of the sexual
organs is interrupted, these hairs are defective; and, in like manner, any thing which
destroys these hairs, or prevents their growth, acts detrimentally upon the sexual organs.
The gentleman of this city, before alluded td, who has no hair, is married, but he has never
had an offspring. In most of those cases of malconformation, commonly called herma-
phrodite, there is a corresponding paucity of these hairs. Russel altered stags, and he
informs us that in some their antlers grew irregularly, and in others not at all. Bichat
says, that a cock with his comb cut languishes; which has probably given rise to the
remark, often made, of such a one “ having had his comb cut,’ when he is disconcerted or
put down. The Lion, deprived of his mane, is said to lose part of his courage, and
probably a part of his vitality. When Samson was betrayed by Delilah, he was bereaved
of his pile; but when he was brought out to be sacrificed by the Philistines. Acs beard
being grown, and his hair in a great measure restored, he laid hold of the two chief pillars
and pulled the house down.+

Bichat condemns the practice of shaving the beard as injurious; and it is related of

* Epicene, from “epi,”’ upon, and ‘ koinos,” common; common to both sexes.

} “And she said unto him, Thou has mocked me three times, and hath not told me wherein thy great strength lieth. And
he told her all his heart: and said unto her, There has not come a razor upon mine head; for I have been a Nazarite unto
God from my mother’s womb. Jf Ibe shaven, then my strength will go from me, and I shall become weak, and be like other
men. And she made him sleep on her knees; and she called for a man, and she caused him to shave off the seven locks of his
head; and she began to afflict him, and his strength went from him.”

OR, A TREA'TISE ON PILE. 5

Hans Adam, Baron of Oxensteirn, who was born in 1529, that he was renowned for bodily
strength, and had a beard six feet two inches long! 'T'wo cases are recorded, one of a
Monk who became blind upon cutting off a long beard, and the other of a Priest, who was
extremely robust, but who suddenly became sick and weak from cutting his long hair.
(Dict. de Sci. Med., v. 43, p. 272.)

In Auverne, in France, they never cut the manes of their horses for fear of diminixhing
their strength.

A singular growth of beard on the chins of females; in decline of life, has been referred
to the same category. (See Blumen’s Inst. Phys., § 660.) Bichatsays that this is a new
direction of vitality. Gross tells of a female, of 78, the mother of a large family, whose
chin and lip was covered with a coarse beard, which obliged her to shave once a week.
(Elem. de Phys. and Anat., 227.)

Wuen Haire FIRST MAKES ITS APPEARANCE.—The first development of hair, according
to Valentin, [Entivi Chelangeschichte, p. 275,] is either at the end of the third, or the
commencement or middle of the fourth month; but others think that it is not till the
seventh month.* Bichat says that, “during the first months of the foetus, there is no
hair upon the still gelatinous skin. That it is at the time of the production of the fibrous
tissues that you perceive, upon the head, a fine down, indicative of the hair which is to
succeed. This down,” he says, “is whitish, and is hidden ina greasy and unctuous sub-
stance, which covers the skin. Shortly after it becomes colored; but palely so until
birth.”

Tue First APPEARANCE OF Hair on tHE Possum.—Prof. Charles Meigs, M. D., of this
city, watched the progress of development of a brood of possums, and there was no
appearance of hair until the seventy-second day after they were first discovered in the
pouch of their mother. (MS.)t

Some [hybrid] lambs are provided, at birth, with haz, which is soft, short and pointed,
and which falls out, leaving the place for wool. (Fleishman.)

We have obtained, through the kindness of the Hon. Jonathan Roberts, of Montgomery
county, Pa., some of this lamb’s hair. In Mr. Roberts’ note, he says, some varieties of
stock show little or no signs of hair in their first stages—such as the Merinos, for the most
part, and ina good degree so are the Southdowns, on which we now pretty much run.
And so of the Dishleys. We have had them sometimes very hairy, and there are instances
where it never assumes the perfect state of woolly fibres. (MS.) .

OF THE THREE VARIETIES OF THE Harr of THE Heap or Man.—All organized beings
have their periods or ages of existence. In general the form is at first simple, and becomes

* We have, in our collection, a foetus of three months, upon which there is nota single hair; and we have a specimen of
a portion of a scalp of another of five months, upon which there is hair.

+ With birds, towards the end of the ninth day of incubation, on the skin of the embryo are seen little pores, which are
the openings of capsules destined to secrete feathers, which begin to show themselyes at the end of the tenth day, and to
cover the body in the course of twenty-four hours. (Elem. de Zool., 215.)

The cub Lion has no mane when born:

24

46 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

successively more and more complicated—sometimes by metamorphoses, and at others
without them. Having arrived at complete development, the period of decline commences;
for there 1s nothing stationary in their existence. ‘There appears to be three distinct
varieties of hair of the head of man, referable to three as distinct periods of production,
VIZ —

Ist. The primitive hair, spoken of by Valentin and Bichat, as above quoted. These
fall off, mixing with the envelope of the foetus, and are never found except in the meco-
nium.* We have never been able to obtain any of these hairs.

2d. The transitive variety, which succeeds to the primitive, and which is found upon
the newly-born infant; but which generally falls out a few weeks after birth.

3d. The permanent hair; if permanent may be called hairs which are being continually
renewed during life.

4th. The hairs of puberty.

It would be very interesting to ascertain whether the three first varieties are not pro-
gressive in the order of their perfection of organization, as they are in their order of time
of production. In order to determine this question, we have made several unsuccessful
exertions to obtain the pile of the first variety. With regard to the second, we think that
we have shown that it is less perfect than the third. (See title Follicle.)

Or AcctpENTAL Hairs.—Hair is, occasionally, developed im unusual places, as in the
cystis of ovaries—on moles—on navi materni—on freckles—on the mucous membrane of
the conjunctiva—on the intestines—on the gall bladder—in the stomach—on steatomatous
and encysted tumors—on tlie tongue and in the uterus.

Homer talks of the hazry heart of Achilles, and Pliny speaks of hair upon the heart, but
we have never witnessed any such phenomenon. Dr. Gross says that hair can be pro-
duced in unusual places by constant friction. (Elem. of Phys. and Anat.,p. 330.) (Sed
quere ’)

Of the Hair found in Ovaries——Among hairs that are denominated “accidental,”
because they are found occasionally, only, being developed in unusual places, the most
remarkable are those discovered in the cystis of ovaries. Bichat gives the following
account of these anomalies :—

“A sack, sufficiently voluminous, contained a multitude of very distinct little balls,
resembling the excrement of sheep; they were formed of a white, greasy, unctuous sub-
stance, very different in aspect from common grease. On the internal surface of each of
these were planted a great many hairs, which the least movement was sufficient to
displace. The hair was black.” He also found some hairs, entirely detached, which
were interlaced in various degrees of compactness in little balls. (Anat. Genl., v. 2,
p. 799.) +

* Excrement noir et epais amassé dans les iutestins d'un eniant naissant.

+ For ovary hairs see Meckl. Memoire sur les poils et les dents qui se develop accidentellement dans le corps. (See Jour.
Compl. au Dict. des Sci. Med., y. 4, pp. 122 and 217.) Also Bricheteax Obsr. de Kystes dermoides et pileus, &c. (Jour.
Compl. des Sci. Med., v. 15, p.298.) Hairs have been found in the testicles. (Meckl.)

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 97

i

So far as our researches have enabled us to ascertain, the following is the first micro-
scopic examination and description of these hairs:—

No. 1 Examination and Description of Hairs from Ovaries. Name and description of
the person from whom it came unknown.—Specimen presented by Prof. Paul B. Goddard,
M. D., of Philadelphia. (See fiz. 33.)

Length, 33 inches; shape, cylindroidal; diameter, ;1; by 54, of an inch; color, pale
reddish-brown; dark brown; not lustrous; direction, slightly flowing, with a tendency to
a stiff curl; inclination, unknown; ductility, with 870 grains one inch stretched 2, of an
inch, elasticity entire; tenacity, broke with 1,000 grains; button, a mere swelling of the
posterior extremity of the shaft; sheath, length, 2; of an inch; diameter, >; white,
opaque, investing closelythe shaft; follicle, had none to examine; shaft, partially injured in
places, as if it had been acted upon by some corrosive substance; intermediate fibres,
(exhibited when a hair is crushed,) coarse; one of them measured 55,5 part of an inch;
a darker colored hair, when crushed, showed a light-colored cortex and white intermediate
fibres; apex, rounded; none furcated; disks, uniformly colored; no central canal dis-
covered.

In general outward appearance this hair resembles that of the head of the oval-haired species ;
but it differs from it in its deficiency of ductility, in its cylindroidal shape, in its being injured
in places in the shaft as if corroded, in the coloring matter being in the cortex, and in the
absence of a central canal.

No. 2. Examination and Description of Huitr of an Ovary.—Name and description of
the person from whom it came unknown. Specimen presented by Prof. Horner, M.D,
of Philadelphia.

Length, from 13 to 2 inches; shape, cylindrical; diameters, one ;3;, another 54;, and
another still, 4, of an inch; color, generally very light, no lustre; direction, crisped ;
inclination, unknown; ductility, with 190 grains stretched 1; of an inch, elasticity entire ;
tenacity, broke with 893 grains; button, sheath, and follicle, had none to examine; shaft,
deficient in uniformity, thinly covered in places by a white opaque substance ; scales on
the cortex very apparent, rounded and adhereing closely to the shaft; one hair, which
was of rather a darker shade than the rest, notched as if it was corroded. Upon being
rolled between two pieces of glass the scales disengage; being crushed, the cortex splits
transversely, exhibiting the intermediate fibres, which are white and fine; one of them
measures the ;=4,, part of an inch; apex, sometimes pointed, and at others abrupt, none
fureated; disk, uniform color; no central canal perceptible. ‘The general appearance is
that of the hair of the pubis of the oval-haired species. With this lock was a mass of
tangled fibres of the size of '; of an inch, so much interlaced as to render it impossible to
ascertain the length, but with various diameters from 7,55 to sj), of an inch, some flat
and others rounded, all white and opaque but one, and that is blwe.* The peculiarities of
this hair are its deficiency in ductility, its cylindrical shape, its notched appearance, its
deficiency in a central canal, and the blue color of the fibre above mentioned.

* We found a similar colored fibre among the hair of John Dennis Garwood, which grew after death.

98 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

Remarks.—Ductility being one of the essential properties of pile, we are constrained to
pronounce these either not to be ¢rwe hazrs, or to believe that they have been changed in
this respect by some fluid with which they have come in contact, most probably the latter,
for the corroded state of the shaft would render that probable. Buta difficulty still remains,
that while these specimens, respectively, resemble in some respects the hair of the head and of
the pubis of the oval-haired man the cy/indrordal shape and deficiency in canal, negatives the
idea of such an identity with the former and the cylindrical shape with the latter of these

integuments.

Or PiLe From THE UrEerus.—lIn the 6th vol. of the West. Jour. of Med. and Surgery,
p- 217, is an account of the expulsion of a mass of a dark color, from the uterus of a black
woman; which, upon examination, proved to be pile. It was deposited in the Museum of
the Medical College of South Carolina, and we are indebted to Dr. Henry R. Frost, of
Charleston, for a specimen.

Examination and Description of Wool from the Uterus of a Black Woman, made 10th
of April, 1849.—Length, 10 inches and 4, eccentrically elliptical ; diameter, greatest, 545
of an inch, smallest =, of an inch; crisped; color, dark brown, no lustre ; harsh and dry
to the touch; no button, sheath, nor follicle; shaft, lower extremity quill-shaped, some-
what blanched and perforated ; in some places encrusted with a whitish cellular substance,
and in others fractured so as to display the fibres.

Trial of one inch with the Trichometer. * Bar. 29, Ther. 70, F., Dew-Point 67.

With 100 grains it stretched 5 of an inch, elasticity entire.

“300 « as ean « :

ae A400 i sy ay “s rv “

i ROOO YE? pee ae ay “ “ «“

(650 “ ce — “ rr “

i 700 * 2 ay es “e c

kg COT - 50 i « minus
«6 800 ‘ ‘“ 15 i i ts
“ 850 ee se 20 “ “ &c fs
es 900 ee ff 25 be “ cs ja
<_ 950 wo 6 26 ‘ ce “e 14
7 1,000 ss wv 34 ‘“ “ «c 16
“1050 « « as é , «dp
1 Oo Ee “ 49 “ “ “ 22
& 1,150 oe ee 44 “ce c 28
oe 1,200 ee Ou 44 ‘ ‘ c 25
“1,250 “ “ 42 , ie 25
ce 1,300 ae ft 43 “6 “ ‘ 24

1-350 7) ‘broke:
Whence came this pile? Are we to presume that its germ came from one of her
parents, that it was transported by the cirenlation and absorbed in the placenta by the

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 99

radicules of the ambicular vein? for there is no direct communication between the

maternal and foecal circulation. Or was it aspontaneous generation? Or wasit forced in
. 2 ~ ae aie. 4 qi DY eae a 9 x

from without? (See Berard’s Cours. de Physio., p. 99 of 1 vol.)

Hair FRomM THE Stomacu.—Dr. F. A. Vandyke told us of a case of a female lunatic, who
extracted her hypogastric hair and swallowed it. Upon a post mortem examination, had
for another purpose, they were found in her stomach in the form of a ball.

We have in our cabinet quite a variety of hair-balls extracted from the stomach of Rumi-
nants, many of which we have examined.

Examination and Description of Hair from the Stomach of a Ruminant, March 14th,
1849.—Presented by Prof. John K. Mitchell, M. D., of this city. Length, ? of an inch;
shape, cylindrical; diameter, 51, of an inch; color, dirty brown; no lustre, no button,
sheath, nor follicle; apex, some abrupt and others pointed. In the general appearance
resembling cow’s hair.

Trial of ? of an inch with the Trichometer.

With 170 grains it stretched 2, of an inch, elasticity entire.

(73 a3 “6 B a3 ée (73
190 fe
“s 210 ce se 3) ¢< (13 73
(73 270 ce be oy ¢e te minus ale
«é é¢ “ce 6 1
370 90 90
“ 470 iT: 6s a5 $0
‘ . 4 8 te oe oe <
‘ 570 ‘ ‘ 37 as

« 670 it broke.

Dr. Rogers, speaking of these hair-balls found in the stomach and alimentary canal of
Cows, &c., says that the animals lick the hairs from the skin and swallow them with the
saliva; that they concrete, forming a ball. (Prin. and Prac. of Med., 1844, p. 934.) In
Youatt’s Essay on Sheep, in Lib. of Usf. Know., 439, will be found an account of these
balls by the name of Bezeors or Calculi in the abemasum of these animals. From a note
affixed it seems that they are found likewise in every species of Deer and Antelope, in the
Elephant, the Rhinoceros,-the Porcupine and some other animals.

Hair on the Tongue.—The second volume of the Medical Examiner, 1846, p. 266,
mentions several cases of hairy productions on the surface of the tongue. (Med. Times,
v. 18, p. 148.)

Or Pine wHicH APPEARS TO GRow ouT oF THE INTERIOR SURFACE OF THE SkKIN.—
Some of the skins of the lower animals, tanned with the pile on, have filaments which
appear to be growing out of the zterior surface of the skin. The first one upon which
we noticed this phenomenon was the skin of an Otter. It was about one foot in length
and about seven inches wide, and there was a spot near the centre, of about five by three
inches, where the pile grew sparsely upon the inner surface. The animal was, as usual,
covered with a dense, fine wool, with long hairs above, but none but the hairs were to be seen
on the inner surface. The hairs on the back of the animal have the usual acute angle,
which obliged them to lie smoothly, inclining from the head towards the tail; but these
25

~

100 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;

hairs incline in the opposite direction. ‘Che hairs of the animal are, in color, dark brown,
inclining to black ; light brown, incling to fawn; and hairs of both these colors were to
be seen an the interior surface, but a large majority of them were blackish brown.

From information received from dealers in furs, it would appear that these hairs are to
be seen on the skins as soon as they are taken from the body of the animal, that they are
confined to the skins of animals A7lled in the summer season, and that they are left upon
the pelt from an opinion that to pull them out injures the aspect of the fur on the
other side. ~

Explanation.—The projecting terminations of these hairs upon the reverse side of the
skin, are the roots, the points of the filament remaining in the skin.

2

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 101

CHAPTER, V1.

Or THE Dimensions or Pite.—The length and thickness of pile are important matters
to be observed and remarked.

Of the length of Pile—There is a bony, fibrous substance found in the mouth of the
Whale, which, in commerce and the arts, is called whalebone. It is the fanon of the
French. This substance is represented by some writers to be the beard, and by others to
be the whiskers of this animal; and if it were hazr, it would be a specimen of the greatest
length of that integument found upon the mammalia; for it measures from two to ten
feet. But we have ascertained that it is not pile. (See Chapter I)

On our species the longest hair is upon the scalp, and females have generally longer
hair upon their heads than males, as if it were to compensate for the comparative deficiency
of it upon their bodies.

“Doth not even Nature itself teach you that if a man have long harr, it is a shame unto
him?” ‘But ifa woman have long hair, it is a glory unto her, for her hair is given her
for a covering.” (1 Cor. xi: 14, 15.)

Among the female sex, it is said, some have been known to have hair extending to the
heels; sometimes males, also, have long hair. We have, in our cabinet, the hair of the
male Chinese, T’som Chaoong, which is four feet long.

Asa general rule, the hair of the he \
then that of the oval-haired man, and the wool of the eccentrically elliptical is the
shortest.

Next in length to the hair of the head comes, generally, the beard of man; which not
unfrequently reaches to the waist. The shortest hairs of the body of man are the downy
hairs, (lantigo.) Hairs of a medium length are found in the axille and the hypogastric
hairs of both sexes. Some men have long hairs upon the breast, and even upon the
limbs ; women are, in general, less hairy.

It is said that the growth of hair is, sometimes, increased by certain diseases ; for
instance, Dr. Green assures us that, in plica polonica, the hypogastric hair has been known

to grow down to the knees. (!)

Of the comparative length of the hairs of the lop er animals.—TVhe following table, com-
piled from specimens in our cabinet, may be regarded as at least an approach towards
the truth :—

The tail of the horse, from 3 to 4 feet.

The mane of the same, from 12 to 15 inches.

The tail of the Elephant, 1 foot 1 inch.

The tail of the Yak, or Horse-Tailed Buffalo, 10 inches.

The tail of the Zebra, 9 inches.

102 TRICHOLOGLA MAMMALIUM ;

The mane of the Lion, 8 inches.

The bristle of the Russian Hog, 124 inches.

The hair on the side of the Asiatic Bear, 10 inches.

The hair on the side of the Goat, 9 inches.

The hair on the breast of the Canadian Elk, 7 inches.

The hair on the side of the White or Polar Bear, 6 inches.

The hair on the back of the Egyptian Sheep, 52 inches.

The beard of the same, 5 inches.

The hair on the back of the Grizzly Bear, 4 inches.

The hair from the back of the Striped Hyena, 33 inches.

The hair upon the back of the Prairie Wolf, 3 inches.

The hair upon the back of the [chneuman, 24 inches.

The wool on the body of the Buffalo, 2 inches.

The hair from the side of the African Leopard, 2 inches.

The long hairs on the back of the Raccoon, 2 inches.

The long hairs on the Ferret, the Possum and the Stone Marten, 1,8, of an inch.

The hair on the back of the Hudson Bay Marten, the Lynx and the Kangaroo, 1,%, of
an inch.

The hair of the Kangaroo Rat, 12; of an inch.

The fur of the Chinchilh, 1,2, of an inch,

The fur of the English Rabbit, 1 inch.

The fur of the Blue Jennet, ;% of an inch.

The fur of the Black Jennet, 38 of an inch. :

The fur of the White Mink, ,% of an inch.

The fur of the Ermine, ;4, of an inch.

The fur of the Mole, ;2, of an inch. ‘

Some writers are of opinion that the /ength of hair is indicative of the strength of the
animal, but we believe that this is an error; it is its ¢enacéty which is the test. :

Of the Manner of Ascertaining the Diameter of Pile—The diameter of pile is ascer-
tained by the microscope and micrometer. Of this latter instrument there are several
kinds, some of which are well described in Quekett on the Microscope, from page 189 to
196. Before the discovery of this instrument, the fineness (diameter) of wool was a mere
guess, founded upon the experience of the wool stapler; now it isa matter of mathematical
certainty. But, in order so to render it, the filaments must not be measured while lying
horizontally upon the stage of the microscope; but disks must be cut in the manner
described in this work. A microscope and micrometer is a very expensive apparatus, and
moreover it is not every possessor who can use them effectually without considerable expe-
rience ; it therefore struck us that a cheap and simple instrument, which will enable the
sheep-breeder to ascertain the relative fineness of fieece, would be a valuable acquisition,
and we believe that such a one can be suggested. There is a point of approximation to
the eye where objects can be distinctly seen, this poimt 1s different in different individuals,
according as they are long or short sighted, or have sight of the usual and medium kind,

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 102

where it is about eight inches. To the latter, as a general rule, it may be observed that
the smallest square magnitude visible to the naked eye, either of white particles upon a
black ground, or of black particles upon a white ground, is ;}; of an inch, but when the
substance is in “ines instead of particles, it may be seen, if held towards the light, when
only z,457 of an inch in diameter. ‘The finest wool that we have examined, coming from
the body of a sheep, is 545g part of an inch, which, according to the above rule, can be
seen with the naked eye. There is a point beyond which an object cannot be seen;
owing, perhaps, to the light being absorbed before it reaches the retina. This point, (which
is called the “ vanishing point,’’) must, of course, depend upon the eye, the light, the color
and the size of the object; where the light, the color and the size of two or more objects, are
alike the distance of the vanishing point, to the same eye, must always be identical. Now we
propose that a series of tubes, to draw out one from another, like those of a telescope, be con-
structed of sufficient length that, when fully drawn, they are equal to the vanishing point of
the coarsest wool desired to be examined. Upon apiece of card arrange a series of strands of
wool, in the order of fineness, the diameters of which have been previously ascertained with
the microscope and micrometer. Upon a similar card stretch a strand of the wool, the relative
diameter of which it is required to ascertain, and, upon fixing it near one end of the tube,
(one eye to the other end,) draw out till you find the vanishing point of the strand. Re-
move this card and put the other one in its place, when it will be perceived which of the
filaments upon it is at its vanishing poit, and the diameter of that strand will be the one
required. ‘The tubes may be made of tin or even of pasteboard, but ought to be blackened
inside. ‘The measured wool upon the cards can be procured in this city for a trifle.

Or Hyperrropnuy on Unnatrurat Growru or Harr.—When hair grows to such an
unnatural length as to cause disease, it is called “hypertrophy.”* Dr. Gross tells of a
young lady who died of this disease She had always experienced an unusual growth of
hair, and generally kept it cut short; but, a few months before her death, it grew down to
her heels. It was flaxen and had a soft oily feeling. ‘The account concludes with the
remark that a post-mortem examination showed that the unnatural growth of hair had
caused her death.t

Or Depitation.—Some Malays destroy the hair with quick-lime, the isolated ones
being plucked out with tweezers. (Latham, Nat. Hist. of Var. of Men, 148.) Most
American Indian tribes pluck out their beards.

Or THE Discorome.—Deseription of a very convenient instrument for cutting transverse
sections or disks of hair, which we call a Discotome. +

h
* From hyper uper, or above, and ¢rix, hair.
} The corrosive medicines used to take away superfluous hair are called “ Ectillotice,” from “ck,” out, and ‘‘tillo,” to
pluck.

{ From discos, a disk, and femno, to cut.
26

104 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;

It consists of a cylindrical metal box, (ours is of brass,) of a convenient size to hold in
the hand, (ours is 1} of an inch in diameter, and two inches in length.) The bottom is
permanent, but the top screws on. In the centre of each end is a circular opening of the
diameter of ¢ of an inch. A cylinder of this last diameter, extends from the interior sur-
face of the bottom of the box to that of its top. This cylinder, when the top of the box is
unscrewed, can be taken out, but when the top is screwed down, remains fixed by a shoulder
directly opposite to the openings. In the opening at the bottom of the box is a screw
thread, into which fits a screw 14 inches long; this screw, which is turned by the agency
of a millhead, and which is seen below the bottom of the box, passes up the small cylinder,
its end pushing forward every object resting upon it, forcing the other end of the object
through the superior opening of the box. ‘The thread of the screw and the circumference
of the milllead are so graduated, that one revolution of the latter advances the screw just
qty Of an inch. Pieces of cork are cut so as to fit the small cylinder; through the centre
of one of these pieces of cork is passed a fine needle carrying a thread, by returning it
again through the same perforation a loop is formed, through this loop pass the hair from
which the disk is required to be cut, then draw the other end of the thread until the hair
doubles and passes down through the perforation in the cork. After having applied a
very small quantity of gum to the perforation around the hair to keep it perpendicular in
its place, put the cork into the small cylinder, one end of it resting upon thé screw, and
the other passing through the opening in the top of the box, and remaining exactly level
therewith. ‘This done, turn the millhead in proportion to the thickness of the disk
required to be cut, and when the cork makes its appearance above the top of the box the
distance required, cut off a disk of the cork, with the hair enclosed in it, with a sharp
razor, ground flat on one side only. These disks may be placed under the microscope in
the cork, or they may be extracted and viewed separately, as desired. In either method
the shape of the pile may be seen, and the diameter taken with the utmost accuracy.

The diameters of pile have been variously estimated by different authors, say, by Haller
and Mussenchenbroech at ,4, of an inch, by Robinson at 31, to g45 of an inch, by Withof
at, black, =45, brown, ;4,, and blonde, at -4, of an inch.

So the same pile has been said to vary in thickness. ‘Thus, according to Weber, the
thickness of a negro’s wool was, at one point, 0.019 lines in its least diameter, and 0.038
in its greatest diameter, and, at another point, 0.023 in its least and 0.038 in its greatest
diameter. Another fibre of negro’s wool is said to have measured, upon four points, as
follows:

Greatest diameter. Least diameter.
0.0425 0.0310
0.0470 0.0340
0.0425 0.0295
0.0410 0.0340

Or Taperine Hair.—Having found that the hair of Albinos was very tapering, from
root to point, we took the diameters which were as follows :
The hair of Mary M. Williams, greatest diameter ;1,5, least ;i5.

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 105

The hair of Mr. Spence, greatest diameter z4;, least 545.

Dr. Ure gives the following diameters of wool :

Finest Saxon, at 5s per lb., ; 75> of an inch.

Second Saxon, at 3s per lb., ;3'55 of an inch.

Spanish wool, 3s 6d per lb., from 57155 to zs45 of an inch.

Mr. Youatt gives the following as the scale of fineness of wools. Coarse, when more
than <4, of an inch; fine, when not exceeding ,},, and very fine, when it does not

500
vy exceed 73/55 part of an inch.
1% We have found the finest Saxony wool of the United States to be 5 y'gg
- The finest wool of Saxony and Prussia, - - - ise
<¢ “ Wool of Hungary, - - - - is4s
ts J “ Prussian Silesian, - - - ass
és Kg € near Berlin; - - - ers
es OG fc Russia: = 5 = : - ery
te a ‘© Mecklenberg, - - - - i2st
ag us “Deccan, (Bast Indies, ) - - - ans
re ‘« English Saxony, - - - att
ee ss ss ‘- Merino; 2 - - - wit
a es “- Australia, - - - - who
‘Odessa, - - - - - rit
i os “Van Dieman’s Land, - - - why
oe te “© Walachia, in European Turkey, - - gts
7 =r eine “Egypt, : : ; ; BST
Or Hair Maniputations.—Those who are desirous of making manipulation of hair,
(or, indeed, of any thing else,) without the microscope, but under a moderate magnifying
power, should provide themselves with a pair of microscopic spectacles, the bridge of the
frame of which, resting on the nose, while the lenses are at the proper focal distance from
the eye; leave both hands of the manipulator at liberty, instead of obliging him to hold
the magnifier in one hand and to work with the other only, in the usual manner. These
spectacles are as simple in their construction as they are useful in practice. The magni-
fying glass has a hinge, and opens inwards from the spectacle glass, so that it can, at
pleasure, in a moment, be either placed or removed. By this arrangement you may use
these spectacles as a microscope of moderate power, or as a common pair of spectacles.
: OF THE EXXUBERANCE OF PILE.—

“But even the very hairs of your head are all numbered.”—Luke, 12: 7.

Withof found upon 4 of a square inch of a male, moderately hairy, from the synciput,
293 hairs; chin; 39; pubis, 34; forearm, 23; at the exterior border of the back of the
hand, 19; at the anterior side of the thigh, 13. Upon the same amount of surface the
hairs varied in number, according to color, thus: black, 147; brown, 162; blonde, 152.

106 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM:

Goldsmith says that it is observable among quadrupeds, as well as among the human
species itself, that a thin, sparing diet is apt to produce hair; children that have been
ill-fed, famished dogs and horses are more hairy than others whose food has been more
plentiful.[!] (Nat. Hist. of Man, 2 v., p. 106.)

The Hindoos undertake to enumerate the hairs upou one of our species. A woman who,
upon the death of her husband, (says Unegira,) ascends the burning pile along with’ him,
is exalted to heaven for as many years as there are hairs on the human body, that
is, 35,000,000.

Or Hair Growine In 'Turrs.—Hairs (which are seen upon the foetus) are rarely isolated,
but are found disposed of, sometimes in duplicates, sometimes in triplicates, and at others
in quadruplicates, or even quintubles. (Eschricht in Muller, Arch., 1837, p. 43.) And
it is very probable that the same arrangement may exist in regard to the hair of the lower
animals ; for while examining the skin of a Russian Dog, tanned with the hair on, with
another object in view, we observed that the follicles were in triplicates. We have also
observed that the fur of the Mole grows in tufts, and so does the wool of the Bushman boy,
as has been noticed. (See post, wool staple.) And it is also beautifully shown in the skin
of the Platyphus Ornithorinchus. (See Chapter I.)*

We have, in our cabinet, a specimen of hair which grew in tufts upon a gentleman’s
shoulder.

OF THE RAPID GROWTH oF PiLe.—Withof found that the beard grows a line in a week,
or 4 inches in a year, which, in a life of fifty years, would make upwards of 16 feet of
beard.

We found the beard to grow, upon a male adult of 60, in good health, ,45 of an inch in
24 hours.

Absalom polled his hair once a year, “ because it was heavy upon him,” and it weighed
200 shekels, after the king’s weight.t

Hair is said to grow more rapidly in swmmer than in winter. (Dict. Des. Sci. Med.,
v. 43, p. 496.) Sed quere?

The fur upon the abdomen of amphibious fur-bearing animals is the finest, and that on
the back is the coarsest. With dand fur-bearing animals, it is the very reverse.

The finest wool is on the back of the sheep, and is called “picklock.”

The specimens of Saxony wool, presented to us by the King of Saxony, represent the
filaments from the shoulders, the back, under the belly, the tail and the legs
the specimens you may form an opinion of the whole fleece.

so that from

OF THE REGENERATION oF Piie.—Of the fall and regeneration of hair in the foetus, we

* Hair of the limbs of the body of some of the Papuans, of Darnly Island, grow in small tufts. (Latham, Nat. Hist. of
Var., &c., 215.)

+ Shekel, ancient Hebrew weight, 0.032086 pounds. (Alexander.)

OR, A TREATISE-ON PILE. 107

speak in another place, and what is there said need not be here repeated. (See Chapter
V.) But, besides what is there noticed, it is worthy of observation that, during our whole
lives, there is an almost imsensible regeneration of hair. We may, in almost every hairy
region, find long and short hairs, and, upon dissection, hairs are always found beneath the
epidermis, not having yet pierced that integument. ‘This regeneration, as we have else-
where remarked, is a portion of the law of living organism, and not a peculiar property of
pile.

On the regeneration of pile after having been drawn out, Heusinger observes, that there
is found, in the follicle first, a thin, reddish, or flesh-red colored liquid; afterward, and
deeper, a soft, reddish, fleshy substance, which adheres to the sheath and to the bottom of
the follicle, but which holds only here and there to the szdes of the latter. The hair passes
through the middle of this substance. After the shaft has been drawn out, the fleshy sub-
stance* swells, and is filled with blood In three days it returns again to its natural state.
In its midst is then discovered a dark, clotted mass, rising from the bottom of the follicle.
Five days after the hair has been drawn out, a hair, of the length of two millimeters, is
produced. Heusinger adds, that he has seen, in the same follicle, alongside of the old
dried bulb, [sheath 7 a new hair produced, taking upon itself the form of a black globule.
The new hair (he says) grows immediately upon the old one, [the sheath ?] and pierces
the skin right alongside of it.

This wonderful power to produce a new, hair ought not to excite surprise, when we call
to mind the reproductive power of some of the crustacea. A Crab or Lobster, which has
been deprived of a leg or an antena, can, in a short space of time, replace it by a new one,
which proceeds from the stump. So the antler of the Stag (which sometimes weighs 30
pounds) is reproduced in ten weeks. The old ones, having arfived at maturity, no longer
receive the same nourishment from the powerful vessels which were instrumental in their
production ; still, for a limited time, they continue to live at the expense of their interior
vessels; but these gradually diminish in capacity, and the necessary blood diminishes,
until eventually they die and fall.

Bichat justly remarks, that the season of regeneration of all these integuments is one of
much bodily weakness, and is sometimes of incipient disease. He attributes this to the
unusual attraction of the products of nutrition, to the exterior, at the expense of the vital
functions. This is a valuable hint to the owners of horses, sheep and other domestic
animals, to be tender to them when they are renewing their coats.

BI

‘© A merciful man is merciful to his beasts.

It ought also to teach parents to be very careful of their children at the season of
puberty.

OF THE GRADUAL AND PERIODICAL DECIDENCE oF Pite.—There are some writers who
entertain the opinion that pile, at certain periods, attains the maximum of its development
when the stalk becomes a dead mass, like the horns of the Stag, liable to be separated from

* Query, if this is not the sheath.

108 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

its root by the slightest force. Against this opinion it has been urged, that the hair of the
head has been known to suddenly become grey, [colorless ;] which (they say) is proof
that it still retaims a secretion from its proper vessels. It is replied, that this sudden
change (or, more properly speaking, Joss) of color is due to chemical action. But this
latter position is, in its turn, met by the rejoinder that the grey [white] color commences,
in general, at the point [?] of the hair; and, also, that sometimes it does not act on all the
hairs simultaneously, which it ought to do if? it were a chemical change.

These are all very curious questions; but it is belheved that we have not, at present,
sufficient knowledge of the modus operandi to discuss them to any advantage.

However, one thing is certain, that in regard to pile generally, if not universally, there
is a decidence, which is sometimes gradual, and at others pertodical. The former may be
remarked in the slow and constant manner in which the hair of our heads falls out and is
renewed; and is, most probably, due toa general law of our nature causing preduction,
perfection, decay, and renewal of tissues. The latter appears to be a wise provision to
secure the animal who depends upon his natural clothing, from suffering from the changes
of seasons. Most animals, whose covering is hair, renew their coats at least once a year ;
in the Horse it is shed twice, viz: in the spring and the-autumn, as may be observed in
his wild state; when domesticated and stabled, it is transformed somewhat into a gradual
decidence. In the Deer tribe there is a regular period; less so in the Ox, and least of
all in the Dog. .

Goldsmith tells us, that when the hair of the Reindeer drops, it is not from the root, as
in other quadrupeds, but that it seems to be broken short near the bottom. (Nat. Hist. of
Man, &c., 319.) We have had no means of examining this phenomenon.

For this natural falling of the wool in the case of Sheep, shearing has been substituted.
But there are some notable cases which would appear to be exceptions to the law. One
of these, namely, a Merino of Lord Western, is noticed in the English books, where the
fleece was retained, without the slightest disposition to separate from the animal, for three
years. (See Lib. of Usf. Know., p. 63.) And we have, in our cabinet, a specimen of
Merino wool, presented by Mr. Aaron Clements, of this city, which was the first shearmg
of a three years’ old Merino ram, and which is 18 inches long without bemg stretched.
(See upon this point, Luccock on Sheep, p. 118.)

OF THE RESTORATION OF PILE, THAT HAS BEEN DETERIORATED, TO ITS ORIGINAL
INTEGRITY.—Prichard relates, that the wild hogs of “the new world, the descendants of
the animals left there by Europeans, bear a resemblance to the Wild Boar of France—
the skin being covered with thick fur, [wool,] often somewhat crisp, beneath which, in
some individuals, is a species of wool.*

If these animals are so much like the Wild Boar of France, why may they not have
descended from a wild species of America?

* There may be eurielies, but there is but ene species of wool.

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 109

Or rue ENpuRANCE AND Eremacausts* or Pine.—Raspail says, that cold checks the
development of organized beings, but that it preserves organized substances, indefinitely,
without alteration. In proof of the second branch of the proposition, he refers to the
Mammoth that was found enveloped in ice, near the mouth of the river Lena, and to the
bodies of the Spaniards which have lain, wachanged, on the icy summits of the Cor-
dilleras, from the time of the first conquest of Peru. He also observes, that when they
are afterwards thawed, these organized bodies putrefy more rapidly than those that have
not been exposed to the influence of a low temperature. ‘This last remark is, perhaps,
less correct in regard to pile than some other organized substances, for we have, in our
collection, specimens of the hair of the Mammoth, above alluded to, which has suffered
very little, comparatively, from being thawed. Having, in a previous Chapter,} given a
full description of that hair, we will, in this place, merely notice that one inch of 11
showed considerable ductility and elasticity, and required, to break it, from 4,500 to
4,600 grains.

In 1774, an apparently deserted ship was met in the Polar Sea, encumbered with snow
and ice. On boarding her, a solitary man was found in the cabin, his fingers holding a
pen, while before him laid the record which he had traced twelve years before. No
appearance of decay was visible, except a little green mould upon his forehead.

Bichat attributes the great endurance of pile to its exterior envelope [cortex.] He says
that when pile is deprived of the action of air, ages may pass away without any exhibition
of alteration. (Anat. Gen., v. 2, p. 786.)

He further remarks, that “pile does not contain the principle of decomposition which
belongs to other animal substances.” We doubt whether we understand what this learned
anatomist means by “the principle of decomposition,” since no one knows better than he
did that pile consists, essentially, of a substance allied to gelatine and bisulphuret of
proteine. f

Bichat still further remarks, that “pile never rots, neither in air nor in water; that its
endurance is superior to the epidermis, as may be proved by boiling or macerating them
together.”” That pile has a greater endurance than the epidermis or dermis, we have, m
our cabinet, several specimens which will furnish ample proofs; as @ small piece of the
skin and a portion of hair, from the skull of a Mummy, from Pisco, Peru, presented by
Prof. Samuel G. Morton, M. D.; a piece of the skin with a portion of the hair attached,
from the skull of a young Indian from the Temple of the Sun, at Pachacamack, five leagues
from Lima, presented by Prof. Joseph Pancoast, M. D. This cemetery has not been used
since the Spanish Conquest, previously to which (according to Herrera) it was kept
sacred for the nobility of Peru. The skins, in both these cases, are much more decayed

* Eremacausis includes putrefaction, fermentation and decay; it is from “‘crenos,” destitute, and ‘kau,’ to dry up or wither.

+ See Chapter IIT.

{ This substance has for formula, Carbon, 13; Hydrogen, 10; Nitrogen, 3; Oxygen, 5; and Gelatine (which is the form
of gelatine which is obtained from the skin, serous-membrane, hoof, bone, tendon and cartilage, ) having the formula of
Carbon, 13; Hydrogen, 10; Nitrogen, 2, and Oxygen, 5. (Van Laer.)

110 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

than the hair. In the last one the epidermis has the appearance of tanned leather, partly
decayed.

We have a lock of hair, taken from the head of an infant who was buried twenty-one
years, which is in a tolerable state of preservation, while the skin is entirely decayed.
We might as well also notice again, the instances of hair found in the stomach of Rumi-
nants, and expelled from the uterus, which, except that the button is decayed or not to be
found, is not very much injured.

We have some hair from the head of a lady, that was in the “erave thirty-two years.
It has lost its ductility, elasticity and tenacity.

Or tHE TRANSPLANTING oF Harr.—Dieffenbach* and Weismant+ assert that a hair
may be drawn out of one place and transplanted in another. Muller admits the possibility
but denies the probability of this statement. (See Elem. Phys., 119.)

Or tue Errecr or Diseases or tue Bopy upon Harr.—F or much information upon
this head, see Rayer and Wilson upon Diseases of the Skin. See also Traité des Maladie du
Cuir Chevelu par Cazenave, 1850. Dr. Green, (in Diseases of the Skin, p. 286,) says that
the secreting bulbs (follicles) of the hair, are secondarily or primarily affected in
several diseases; that exanthematoust fevers are particularly apt to cause a temporary
suspension of their functions, so that the hair is generally shed on the return of con-
valescence. In some instances (he adds) it amounts to a complete annihilation of their
office, when permanent baldness is the consequence.

In such cases we suppose that the follicle is destroyed. It has been remarked that the
wool of sickly or murrain sheep is finer, though it has less tenacity and possesses no lustre.
And Mr. Luccock (speaking of the wool of old sheep which had lost their yolk) says
that it ‘dies in the bon,” i. e. that it sinks in the water in which it is washed.

Or Diseases or Pi.e.—Bichat was of opinion that the exterior envelope of the hair
(the cortex) is lifeless and insensible, and that therefore it cannot be the seat of any
disease, either acute or chronic; from which he leaped to the conclusion that grey (color-
less) hair, cannot be the subject of disease. (See Anat. Genl., 2 v., p. 786.) But when
Bichat wrote this passage, it was supposed that a hair was composed of a cortex and
medula (coloring matter) only.

Or Prica PoLtonica.s—A monstrous deal has been written upon this diseasé; never-
theless, there are some authors who doubt its existence. It is said that hair, under its
influence, is enlarged in bulk, and that a passage is formed for red blood, which exudes,

* Nonn. de Regen. et transplan., Wurzbourg, 1832.

+ De colitum partium, Leipzick, 1824, p. 33.

{ From exanthemeta, eruption.

2 From plico, to knit, and Polonica, of Poland, ‘‘the Polish knit,’ beeause the disease was thought to be peeuliar to
Poland, and that it caused the hair to knit er entangle.

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. LL

when the stalk is cut. (See Good’s Study of Nature, v. 5, p. 675; Lib. of Usf. Know.,
56, and Bichat’s Anat. Geul., v. 2, p. 789, &c., &c.) The most complete summary of
Plica Polonica, will be found in Dict. des Sci. Med., Paris, 1820, v. 43, p. 226, tit. ‘“Pleque,”’
where all that had been previously written upon the subject by fifteen preceding authors, 1s
collected and arranged under appropriate heads. From this compendium it would seem
that there are five varieties of this disease, to which man is subject at all ages, and that it
has been traced to the lower animals when they are domesticated. ‘That it is not confined
to the hair of the head, but extends to all the hair of the body, &c.; that sometimes it
causes the hair to grow to an extraordinary length; that it makes its appearance more
frequently among those persons who are the worst fed, the worst clothed and the worst
lodged, and, particularly, if they are uncleanly ; that the seat of the disease is the folli-
cle, but that its effects extend to the stalk; that the fluid which exudes is not blood ; that
it has been known to attack the bulbs of the hair of shaven heads; that the matting of the
hair is not a felting of the filaments but their glwtination. ‘This is the pith and marrow of
the information.

A case of incipient Plica Polonica having lately been discovered, in this city, we pro-
cured some of the pile, through Prof. John K. Mitchell, M. D.

Examination of the Hair of Annette Engle, aged 11, born in Poland of Jewish parents,
lahoring under incipient Plica Polonica.—Length, artificial, 14%; of an ch; shape, gene-
rally oval; mesne diameter, <4; to <4, of an inch; colors, brown and black; lustre, very
feeble.

With 270 grains one inch stretched ,'; of an inch, elasticity entire.

6“ 370 GG (73 6c = be (73

c 520 ce &c 6c ¥h a3 écc
G6 G10) oe Me oo ee minus {);
“ 670 * 66 os Sf ‘“ “ as
eG 870 AG 73 6“ a0 6s (t3 a
66 92(.) + és 12. «cc ‘ fr
ee 970 oe ee 4a ‘ ‘ 70
“0,020 «* “ ee as
ES SO Ag) be ; “ 20 “ 4h
He EO ee 29 Aaa
oe 1,220 oe te 23 ce ‘ 42
UL) ee 6 25 «“ iets
UOTE teXG). GC Ww 28 ale
? g0 90
se 1,520 vy nie Ay 6c 2.0
le Om <2 oe 35 ‘ 23
90 90

[1820 So broke:

Fracture, complicated, the cortex having parted and the fibres being torn out and
lacerated ; button, black, sometimes club-shaped, and at others hamate. (See fig. 79.)
Sheath, swollen and extending beyond the button, partly white and opaque, and partly
translucent; shaft, varying in color; shape and diameter, for example, one shaft,
which is of a brown color and of an imperfect shape, has a diameter of <45,

while another, which is black, and of a sub-trianzular shape, has a diameter of
28 ~

112 TRICIIOLOGLA MAMMALIUM ;

yi, of an inch; cortex, dark-colored and opaque; when treated with terebinthus, becomes
partially translucent, and a greatly imterrupted dark coloring matter is then seen in the
centre of the filament. ‘Transverse sections, viewed as opaque objects, show a dark sur-
fice, with a minute white central spot; disks, viewed as transparent objects, show a much
larger white, (or motley,) irregularly shaped centre, in which are perceived the ends of
fibrils and a dark central spot.

Having removed the cortex, fibres of a pure white and lustrous are seen.

These are
separable into fibrils, one of which measured the ;515> of an inch. Direction, at an acute

angle ; inclination, crisped, frizzled and spirally curled; diameter of the curl, 3% of an
inch; apex, mostly abrupt, (artificial.)

Or THe Hair in Tinea Capirtis, or Favus.—Hair of Mary O’ Donnell, aged five years,
supposed to be laboring under Tinea Capitis, or Favus—Lenegth, about 2 inches; shape,
oval; diameter of some, 4, by 34, of an inch, others 53, by xy.

‘The diameter of the
same filament sometimes varying in

diameter the 51, part of an inch; color, sometimes
dark brown, at others horn-colored; no lustre; direction, at an acute angle; inclination,
stiflly bending at nearly a right angle.* (See fig. 80.)

Ductility, Elasticity and Tenacity.—

With 370 grains one inch stretched ,4; of an inch, elasticity entire.

66 570 + “c ‘6 or ce 73

oe 720 ce “cc oe ao “ec oe

oe 770 os 66 66 air (73 “ce

SAS 2 (pas He : oy ut minus 5!5

(73 870 ce 7 ‘ 30 ce 73 30

% 920 * c 2 oe - * 30
970 « : “ 4H : a i

i a es ‘ 24 es ae:

VGN 7 One * e t ay «48

se T 220 oe e 6s 28 a3 “e 46

1,820 44 ‘ eT) g “od

oe 1,370 “6 66 “es 32 oe se 20

Pa Aao. @ ie e 28

“1470 broke:

Fracture, abrupt; button, mostly obliterated, leaving the end of the shaft crooked, rag-
ged and discolored, two buttons found sometimes adhering, enclosed in the same shaft; sheath,
very much elongated and ragged, vessels adhering of the diameter of ;3!;5 of an inch;
shaft, varying in diameter and color, bending abruptly when on the head, but expanding
when put into water; apices, all abrupt.

Remarks.—This pile is so completely diseased that the button and the inferior portion
of the shaft are destroyed. The shaft, bending at nearly a right angle, is an unfavorable

* Resembling in this respect the pile of some of the species of animals who have the payed cortex.

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 113

symptom, as it shows that its flexibility is impaired. This examination shows that there
is no probability of curing this disease without shaving the head and administering to the

follicle.

Or Pine in Sorrentne or THE Brain.—Examination and Description of the hatr of the
head of a male, aged 60 years, laboring under Softening of the Brain, from the saturation
of the system by the syphilitic virus—Specimen presented by D. I. Cain, M. D., Charles-
ton, South Carolina, April, 1852. General appearance, nothing remarkable ; length, about
four inches; shape, oval, some of them slightly flattened on one of the extremities of
the conjugate axis; diameter, 31;% 4 of an inch; color, of 20 hairs in the lock, seven are
dark colored, the remainder are colorless, apparently from age; lustre, considerable ;
direction, flowing, slightly curled; inclination, no opportunity of examining, but pre-
sumed, from the shape, to be at an acute angle with the epidermis. (See fig. 81.)

Ductility, Elasticity and Tenacity.—

With 270 grains one inch stretched ,1; of an inch, elasticity entire

Se AO ce &“ “ 25 “ «
nO Ome os os =F

670) “ we aan
sett SO) gs : 2 mi = minus 2,
He ASO " 10 c oe
“« 970 « “ «i 13 , mee
SAE OZ0 oe mC 16 a5
& 1,070 6c &e re: 20 Ga mn &
SIE Z20) 3 ee “ oe &e “6-26

“ 1970 “ broke.

Fracture, abrupt; button, enveloped in a white, cellular substance which extends a
considerable distance up and down the shaft, and prevents the button from being defined.
This substance may, however, be rendered transparent or removed by maceration, when
the button is seen, reduced toa mere knob. The matter removed by maceration imparts to
the water a milky hue; shaft, cortex squamose; central canal, interrupted; fibres, very
apparent, when the shaft is crushed; disk, some dark colored throughout, others having a
minute, white, central spot.

Remarks.—The part of this hair which is in an abnormal condition is the button and
posterior termination of the shaft. ‘The former, which in a healthy subject is naked, and
is the shape of an oil flask and transparent or translucent, im this is covered with the
white substance above described, and has lost its normal shape and transparency. In the
white matter of one of these hairs are detected minute, highly colored, either fibres or

vessels, for they are so small that it is difficult to determine their character with the highest
powers of the microscope.

114 TRICHOLOQIA MAMMALIUM;

THE EXAMINATION OF TWENTY-FOUR SPECIMENS OF Disrasep PitE.—Presented by Dr.
William Pepper, of this city :

No. 1. Of the Hair in the last stage of Coxalgia, (hip-disease.)—Specimen presented
by Dr. William Pepper. Female. Color, light brown; length, about 4 inches; mesne
diameter, ;1;. All but one hair has the natural point; diameter, 555; none furcated.

With 230 grains one inch stretched ,4; of an inch, elasticity entire.

73 OX “cc “ce “c 5 oc “cc
280 ay
oe oC as 6c cc nos ¢e 1 Sd les
420 of minus 5/5
66 sc ce 6c es vc ce 2
470 90 90
ce 520 ce oe 3 10 ce cc 3
oe 7 sat
90 0
“ec = () 73 ce sc 15. oe ce pe
570 90 90
oe 620 as ce cc 26 ce ce <y
ce ney vc 73 ce 25 ce ce 12:
670 90 90
73 x3 (a4 cc 30 (4 6c ey:
750 50 90
ce 19) “cc $¢ 6c 85 6c ‘ pele
820 38 24
ée bard “cc a cc Pays 66 as 22
570 30 90

“© 920 6s cbroke.

Fracture, abrupt; button, normal shape; translucent.

No. 2. Scrofula, ( Caries.)—( Ulceration of Bone.)—Female—age 19. Color, light
brown; length, about 6 inches; mesne diameter, ;4,. One of these hairs, drawn out of
the button, singularly disrupted. (See fig. 46 c.) Buttons, distorted.

With 320 grains one inch stretched ;!, of an inch, elasticity entire.

oe 370 oe ce ce ee oe ae
oe A7O ce ce a3 oy 3 cs
ce 570 a4 ee “ee ats ce ce
cc 670 co at cc sr 6c 6c
ce 720 +6 ce ize Gis “ oe

mee Te Oy hESe TOKE:

No. 3. Phthisis, ( Consumption of the Lungs.J—Male. Color, brown ; leneth, 6 inches;
mesne diameter, y}5. Some of the apices pointed, but mostly abrupt; none fureated;
buttons, normal.

With 170 grains one inch stretched 2, of an inch, elasticity entire.

90
cc 99 73 “6 66 8 6c 1 =!
220 _ minus 4)y
(a3 270 oc“ 66 co 8. ‘ ““ Ge
90 9 (
(43 Qe 6c ¢. (13 10 ce cc vi
370 90 90
1G 670 3 3 6c 12 «“ «ce aa
(73 720 (3 ce C¢ ANB: ce (74 abe
90 90
(a 820 6c 6 és 19 ag oe 50!
> D0 90
6c (73 6c 13 25 cs “ce 13
870 25 13
73 920 bc ‘é 13 80 “6 ce 16
90 it
be 970 6c £6 ce 35 c ce 29
oe 02 “e ce 27 ““ 22
i. 20 90 OO
« 1,070 6c te a3 4 “c s¢ an
y 9

OR, A. TREATISE ON PILE.

With 1,120 grains one inch stretched 42% of an inch, elasticity minus
C123 Oe sn broke:
No.4. Advanced Phthisis, ( Cavernts.)

‘

Qf
9 (

3
)

Advanced Consumption, with cavity in lungs.—

Male—age 20. Color, brown; length, 6 inches; mesne diameter, ;+;; buttons, hamate.

35

With 170 grains one inch stretched 2 of an inch, elasticity entire.
“« O70 « “ te =F “ «“
ee Ne20 7 ae
VA 0) * ay e minus 25
Be Us a 90 7 $0
«520 « : e.g ee ee
an” ‘ - $0 0
C20) : a0 “98
Emi Our ‘ 35 ‘ «1g
~ F220 $0 S ~ 50

co” 820) “© fracture:

No. 5. Chronic Pleurisy, extensive effusion —Male—ave 22. Color, brown; length, 4

inches; mesne diameter, 51;; buttons, distorted and discolored.
With 220 grains one inch stretched ,j, of an inch, elasticity entire.

90

oe 270 oe ee oe oa “ec ee

(73 320 “ec éc 6c“ os (73 cc

“ 670 « a ve as cL minus {5
ce 820 “ “c oy ée e 5
6s 970 “s “e e aa 66 oe 3
#15020 : g es eS
(a4 1,070 ce oe oe a6 ee ee 30
T1220) : : 20 ‘ @. “#5
ce en0: (¥4 cc “ce 23 cc ee it
coat 220) ae : pale a

SO 70n “broke:
No. 6. African Fever, 10 months, (very fatal.) —Male

age 42. Color, some brown

and others without color; length, 4 inches; mesne diameter, ;},. One of these hairs is
bi-colored, and its anterior extremity is very unusual. ‘The anterior extremity of another

is remarkable.

With 220 grains one inch stretched 8, of an inch, elasticity minus

90
bee: . “ae ‘ ‘ 90
cc 420 (73 “ec 73 aa 73 oe $5
Berar (i Rise ce “ 19 a
3 520 ce éc &é 13 a3 ‘ ais
‘ 720 ce ‘ 38 a t 13
br ur 4 «
TO) oe 45 ‘ 2.0

820 “ broke.

29

116 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;

No. 7. Intermittent lever, 6 weeks, ( lever and Ague. )/—Male—age 28. Color, brown ;
length, 3 inches; mesne diameter, 51,3; buttons, small and distorted.

No. 8. Acute Rheumatism, 2 wecks.—Male—age 20. Color, brown; length, 6 inches;
mesne diameter, -1,; buttons, hamate.

500?

With 220 grains one inch stretched ,1, of an inch, elasticity entire.
“ 370 « “ ee “
«520 « “ ee “ “
pe as Uae Z me 3y ; minus 525
« §20 « “ ee Se t
8700S ‘f r oo ; “90
eek mes ° is x0 x “56

“1,020 “ broke. Fracture, abrupt.
No. 9. Albuminurea, 6 weeks, (Disease of the Kidneys. )—Male—age 21 Color,

lizht brown; length, 3 inches; mesne diameter, 54, ; button, normal.

With 470 grains one inch stretched ;!, of an inch, elasticity entire.
6c 620 cc cc tc iy 6c 6“
ee Le i y 30 ‘i i
“870 ‘“ broke. Fracture, abrupt.

No. 10. Scrofula—Female—age 26. Color, brown; length, 7 inches; mesne diame-
ter, 45. One button normal, the remainder distorted and discolored; some fureated.

With 270 grains one inch stretched 15 of an inch, elasticity entire.
Co BS). u S. - z ee
see 20 ue ee ao ug minus 5!;
“870 , 90 4 ao
5920 “ fh “ OP ie oa
O70 © “ ae ha “ “2B
ee ee oso oC
“= 1,320." = - 50 - 7 30
ee Tagen « “ 24 “ ee
ecahATUip a watt en St st 4
“BROW gt cyt a4 fan A ua
ARS 70 citar it Sy kt an sie
« 1,620 « “ eo a4 “ “18

“ 1,670 “ broke. Fracture, complicated.
No. 11. Typhoid Fever, 2 weeks.—Male—age 21. Color, dark; length, 33 inches;

mesne diameter, ;4,; buttons, some normal and others abnormal; none furcated.

With 520 grains one inch stretched 5 ef an inch, elasticity entire.
“620 « “ “ a “ “
ueeece. et at oy if minus ;\5
«920 «+ “ “ ie “ co
Ce eo a. os 4s a anes
ee 1020 a : a -

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 117

With 1,070 grains one inch stretched 1! of an inch, elast. minus 3,

(73 6c ““ 6c 16 ce sc 6

1,170 a0 90
73 1,220 ee ee (74 ts 66 “cc a
cc 1,270 “ac ‘cc 66 24 “6 ‘<“ 14

cant 320) <° broke:
No. 12. Intermittent Fever.—Male
diameter, 1,; buttons, some normal and others club-shaped.
With 220 grains one inch stretched ;45 of an inch, elasticity entire.

age 37. Color, brown; length, 4 inches; mesne

66 6 “ 66 2. “ 7

320 2

oe 420 “eo “6 a a0 oe se

ee) ATO 8 s6 ¢ as s minus 5|5

“ 620 “ broke. Fracture, continuous.
No. 13. Anomia.—Female—age 26. Color, blonde; length, 3 inches; mesne diam-
eter, -4,; buttons, normal.
With 170 grains one inch stretched ,\ of an inch, elasticity entire.

90
73 ow 66 (73 oe 4 6 73
270 =e
(73 420 6“ 4 6e ao “ce minus mi
6c 6s ‘é 66 6 a3 ‘e 2
470 90 ot
6 6 6 6c 7 és 66 2
520 30 90
be 620 be 73 ee al {vy 73 se 10
90 90

“ 670 “ broke. Fracture, complicated.
No. 14. Phthisis Tuberculosts, 34 mouths, ( Consumption. )—Female--age 22. Color,
light; length, 6 inches; mesne diameter, ;4,; button, normal; apices, furcated.
With 220 grains one inch stretched 5 of an inch, elasticity entire.

90
74 370 ee oe “e $0 ee a4
os ALG) Be ee 30 oe minus \5
66 520 66 6 66 ao 6 “6 Xo

Se 570s = broke:

No. 15. Syphilis, Bubo, 4 months, ( Venereal Disease. )/—-Male—age 27. Color, brown;
length, 4 inches; mesne diameter, ;1,; buttons, normal; apices, furcated.

No. 16. Syphilis, Second Stage, advanced to Ulceration, 7 months.—Male—age 38.
Color, blonde; length, 4 inches; mesne diameter, ;1,;; buttons, small, distorted and dis-
colored, club-shaped, one hair drawn out of the button.

With 170 grains one inch stretched #1 of an inch, elasticity entire.

«& 9299 «& “ “ oy ie minus 5\5
66 820 66 as ay ay “6 “6 aa
66 420 6c“ 66 ““c ar “e ““ ao
“cc 520 66 6c ar 6c “ ss
66 570 “e 66 13 ‘ “e af
7 oo ol ig
CSS a ae “oH
Tree “ “ BB “ ee

e770 “ ‘broke, Fracture:

178 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;

No. 17. Syphilis, Eruptive, 6 months, (still further advanced.) —Male—age 38. Color,
light; length, 4 inches; mesne diameter, 44; buttons, normal.
With 320 grains one inch stretched 51; of an inch, elasticity entire.

oc Om Ss os or a minus hy
ce 670 “é oe ee o0 ee oe ov
af 820) 4 Wg 6h0 a0 be “ aa
U1 920 ee be “ce an 6“ 6c“ ay
Helo ite gi eR at Die Leg
£13020: 2 cf ae As &e sa acs
(73 1,070 (a3 ce ce ae (aa 6c ae
66 1H120 66 “ce 66 22 66 “e ao
TO 2 “ 25 “ “16
“ 322 ce ce “ce 28 4G ‘ ae
oe 1,270 oe a3 oe Bu “e oe 24

“ 1,320 ‘“ broke. Fracture, complicated.
No. 18. Chronic Bronchitis, 2 months.—Male—age 54. Light and without color ;
buttons, some normal and others distorted.
With 170 grains one inch stretched 5 of an inch, elasticity entire.

90

ce Q22() 73 “ce oe ra “ce “cc

ar A eg oe aon : minus by
“““ 520 6c (74 6c ar (4 oe 50
6c 620 a “cc 66 fy 6c oe ay
73 670 6é 73 6c 13 (73 oe 50
73 72) a3 oe a3 28 “6 ce oy
Ha 0 cit cn .
ie R20) 66 73 6 0 3 “c +i

ei S70" 259 ibrolse:
No. 19. Hair of four Women advanced from cight to nine months in pregnancy.—
Diameter, ,1,—;34—34; and ;4,; buttons, distorted.
No. 20. Acute Rheumatism, 2 weeks.—Male, 25; color, light; mesne diameter, 51, ;
buttons, normal ; no furcations.
No. 21. Neuralgia, 15 months.—Female—age 28.

Length, six inches; color, dark ;
imesne diameter, ;4,; generally but one hair is eccentrically elliptical, spirally curled and
furcated; buttons of the natural shape but covered with a white substance.

With 170 grains one inch stretched ,%, of an inch. elasticity entire.

OP SO act EC 20 — ee minus 4),

520“ ei ti 0 30

R70 6c 6s Ne fe or

O70. ** ee se ar ‘ an

IR OPAC) ag 6 ve fn on

1,070 ii os

1,120 25 ‘ 42

170 28 18
1,220 * broke. Fracture, abrupt

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 119

No. 22. Amenorrhea, 1 year, (whites..—Female, 17. Color, brown; length, 12
inches; mesne diameter, ;3;, generally ; near the apex, ;},; furcated; button, normal.
With 170 grains one inch stretched ,\; of an inch, elasticity entire.

90
oe » ee ce 2 ce ‘ ee
720 I
ce 870 ee ce oe 47 ac
= 90
66 vA ‘ “ce ‘ 9 cc “cc ‘
OzO,« ae
“6 1,170 a3 “cs “ 17 “cs 3 “

“ 1,200 “ broke. Fracture, complicated.
No. 23. Albuminuria, 14 months, (Disease of the Kidneys.) —Female
light; length, 5 inches; mesne diameter, 54, ; button, decayed.
With 220 grains one inch stretched 2; of an inch, elasticity entire.
420“ broke: Fracture.
No. 24. Typhoid Fever, 5 weeks.—Female——Color, brown; length, 8 inches; mesne
diameter, ;1;; button, of the normal shape, but with a white substance adhering.
With 220 grains one inch stretched ,4; of an inch, elasticity entire.

age 24. Color,

(74 520 a3 “ce : iz or ce ce 73
os 570 “6 “ee ce shy oe “cc “ec
éé 670 éc 6c “c oy &c 6c &<c
oe 720) oe “ec se (te oe “ ee

710: * “brokes, “Eiracture:
The above specimens of diseased hair were presented by us to the Jefferson Medical
College of Philadelphia.

Or tHe Pite or Lunarics.*—After having, for a considerable time, been engaged in
examining the hairs and wools of the Mammalia, it occurred to us to endeavor to discover
whether there is any difference between the hairs of dunatics and those of the sane. With
this object in view, we applied to Dr. Kirkbride of the Pennsylvania Insane Hospital, who
politely sent us twenty specimens of these tegumentary appendages, cwf from the scalps
of as many unfortunate beings, both male and female, of various ages, and laboring under
different kinds of insanity. All these we submitted to the most rigorous examinations
with the trichometer, and under the microscope, but could elicit nothing material, except
that we thought the coloring matter was rather more confused than usual. We next
applied to the same gentleman for some drawn hairs, and he sent us over one hundred,
extracted from the heads of different persons, all old cases of lunacy, but more than half of
them were without button, and the whole were unaccompanied by designations of the age,
sex, the kind of insanity, or term of suffering.

Not wishing to trespass upon the kindness of the same gentleman a third time, we applied
to a friend, through whom we obtained from Dr. Evans, of the Frankford Insane Asylum,
twenty-one specimens, all carefully drawn and marked ; these, with the latter parcel, pre-
sented by Dr. Kirkbride, enabled us to arrive at rather more satisfactory results.

An Examination of 2\ Specimens of the Hair of Lunatics, presented by Dr. Evans, made
in August and September, 1849:

30 * See Fig. 82 a, 82 b, 82c, 82d.

120 TRICHOLOGLA MAMMALIUM ;

No. 1. Marked, “ Female, aged 45, dementia 20 years.” —This lock contains ten rather
coarse hairs, of which six are colorless, and the remainder dark brown; one of the dark
brown has its natural pomted apex, all the rest terminate abruptly ; one bifurcated ; seven
of the ten are devoid of button; one has the button of the usual shape, and two, (one
brown and the other colorless,) have the button dark colored and distorted; the filaments
are inclined to curl.

No. 2. Marked, *‘ Female, aged 30, dementia 14 years.”-—In this lock there are seven
hairs, all brown colored ; two of them without button ; of the remaining five, two have the
usual button, and the other three are dark colored, opaque and distorted. The apices are
all pointed and the filaments inclined to curl; none fureated.

No. 3. Marked “Female, aged 42, imbecility 13 years.’—This lock contains nineteen
fine, brown, straight hairs; seventeen of them without button; of the remaining two, one
has the button, as usual, and in the other it 1s dark colored and distorted. ‘Terminations,
generally abrupt; a few pointed; none furcated.

No. 4. Marked “ Female, aged 32 years, dementia 10 years.”’-—This lock contains four
dark colored hairs; all pointed, but with no button; none fureated.

No. 5. Marked ‘ Female, aged 25, dementia 5 years.” —There are only eight hairs in
this lock of dark hair; all but one abruptly terminated; two without button; of the remain-
ing six, two have the usual, and 4 dark colored distorted buttons.

No. 6. Marked “ Female, aged 27, mania paroxysmal.”—There are in this lock ten
hairs; all brown, and very fine, but without button; terminations, abrupt; none furcated.

No. 7. Marked “ lemale, mania, convalescent, aged 66 years.’ —There are, in this lock,
eight colorless hairs, with abrupt terminations, but without buttons; none furcated

No. 8. Marked “ Male, aged 32, imbecile from childhood.” —T here are, in this lock, six-
teen fine, brown colored hairs ; six of them without button; on five of the remainder there
are the usual button, and on five the buttons are disforted. The hair is flowing, and apices
ubrupt, except two, which are pointed. The distorted buttons are opaque, and dark colored
at the extremity ; none furcated.

No. 9. Marked “ Male, aged 49, dementia 29 years.” —This lock has twenty-seven hairs,
but only seven of them have a button; of these, three are in the common form, and four
are dark colored and distorted. 'Vhe filaments were, originally, light brown colored, but
are now mostly colorless; one (colored) hair is pointed; the rest terminate abruptly.

No. 10. Marked “ Male, aged 40, dementia 20 years.” —This lock contains twenty-five
hairs, of which eighteen have no button; of the remaining seven, four are of the ordinary
shape, and three are distorted and dark colored. ‘The hairs are dark brown color, and fine ;
have the apices abrupt, except in asingle instance, and in that the point is colorless; none
furcated.

No. 11. Marked ‘“ Male, aged 38, epileptic from puberty; incurable.”’—This specimen
is in two parcels; parcel “a@” has thirty-seven hairs, of which thirty-three have no button .
of the remaining four, all are dark: colored and distorted; parcel “b” has thirteen hairs,
and one only with a button, which is of the ordinary shape. The hair is dark colored;
apices, abrupt; none furcated.

No. 13. Marked “ Male, aged 57, epileptic 9 years.’—TVhere are, in this lock, fourteen

OR, A TREATISE ON PILF. 19]

hairs, thirteen of which have no button; the fourteenth is dark colored and distorted ;
twelve of the hairs are dark brown, and two colorless; the apices are all abrupt; none
furcated.

No 14. Marked “ Male, aged 25, dementia 2% years.’”’—There are, in this parcel, thirty
hairs; but only four of them have buttons; and they are all dark colored and distorted.
The lock is brown, and the apices abrupt of termination; none fureated.

No. 15. Marked ‘ Male, aged 59, dementia, from paralysis, 2 years.’—There are, in
this lock, fifteen hairs, only four of which have a button; they are all dark colored and
distorted. 'The hair is brown and fine; the terminations abrupt; none furcated.

No. 16. Marked “ Male, mania 1 year ; incurable.’—There are, in this lock, twenty
hairs; but not one of them has a button; none furcated.

No. 17. Marked “ Male, aged 56, hypochondria 10 months.’ —This lock has twenty-four
hairs, all but six colored; but two have buttons, and they are diminutive, opaque and not
very regularly formed ; apices, abrupt; none furcated.

No. 18. Marked “ Male, aged 54, acute mania 1 month.’”’—There are, in this lock,
eighteen hairs, and byt three of them with buttons; one of them white and opaque, and
of the ordinary shape; hair, brown and colorless; apices, abrupt.

No. J9. Marked *‘ Male, aged 35, mental depression ; convalescent.’”’—There are twenty-
four hairs in this parcel, only two of which have a button; and they are white, opaque, and
in the ordinary form. The hair is dark colored; the apices abrupt; none furcated.

No. 20. Marked “ Male, aged 24, congential imbecility ; incurable.’ —There are twenty-
four hairs in this lock, fifteen of which have dark colored and distorted buttons; and two
white, ordinary shaped ones. Color of hair, brown; and all the apices, except one, abrupt.

No. 21. Marked “ Male, aged 65, dementia; incurable.”—TYhere are, in this parcel, six-
teen hairs, all but three of which are colorless; there is one diminutive button, slightly
distorted; none fureated.

RECAPITULATION IN TABULAR FORM.

-|Number of Hairs with) Number of regularly | Number of distorted Number of dissolored

Examination of the spe-) Noe tonereraren!

cimens. Buttons. shaped Buttons. | Buttons. | Buttons.
L 10 2) 1 ) | 9
2 7 | 5 | 2 3 | 3
3 19 | 2 1 1 1
4 4 1 0 | 0 | 0 | 0
5 H 8 | 6 2 4 | 4
6 | 10 0) 0 0 0)
7 8 0 0 0 0
8 16 10 H 5 5 5
9 27 Us 3 4 4
10 25 7 4 | 3 3
11 37 4 0 4 4
12 3 1 ] 0 0
ve 14 1 0 1 L
l4 30 4 0 4 4
1 15 4 0 4 4
16 20 0 0 0 i)
17 24 2, y) 0 a
18 18 3 0 0
19 24 2 2 0 0
20 24 7 Z 15 15
21 16 1 0 ] 0

ns)
=
i
ao
=
-1
bw
i)
on
rm
a

Total, 2

122 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

“<

Examination of the second parcel of hairs, presented by Dr. Kirkbride, marked “ Drawn
Hairs of Lunaties—mostly old cases.”—'There are, in this parcel, one hundred and fifty-
eight hairs; of these, ninety-eight have no button, ten have the ordinary button, and fifty
have the button distorted and discolored.

From the whole of these examinations, we feel satisfied that if there exists any difference
between the hairs of the sane and the insane, it must be sought for im the button. It will
be recollected, that this portion of a perfect hair of the head of a sane white person is
translucent, and of a regular shape—generally that of a pestle. (See Figs. 16 and 17.)

When a hair is drawn out of the head, we sometimes have the sta/k only—the button,
sheath and follicle, being all left behind. ‘This is more generally the case when the dermis
or epidermis, owing to disease or any other cause, is contracted; and this, probably, will
account for the large proportion of hairs of the insane, which came under examination,
being without a button. Upon three hundre| and sixty-nine hairs, presented by Dr. Evans,
we found but seventy-nine buttons—and this occurred after a careful drawing; and upon
one hundred and fifty-eight hairs, obtained from Dr. Kirkbride, there were but fifty buttons.
Upon an equal number of hairs, carefully drawn from the head of a sane, healthy white
person, probably there would have been three-fourths with a button.

It will be perceived that out of 139 buttons examined by us, thirty-eight had the ordi-
nary, and 101 distorted and discolored buttons. The distortions have no general character,
some of them are flattened, others are crooked, curved or twisted and there are a few that
are hamate. There is a loss of the translucency, which is characteristic of the button of
a sound hair.* We do not, nevertheless, pretend to have extended our examinations to the
length that would authorise the enunciation of a theory; but, on the contrary, make the result
of our labors known, merely to attract the attention of medical gentlemen, and particularly
those who are connected with insane asylums, to the subject. Should future inquiries
confirm our views, it will appear that in lunacy the siz and its appendages are affected,
and these distortions and discolorations of the button may become valuable diagnostics.
It has been shown that the button and follicle, as well as the shaft of the hair are continu-
ally forming from cells, to supply the deficiency caused by gradual waste from hairs
falling out; and this explains why a part only of the hairs examined were distorted and
discolored, while the remainder were in the ordinary state.

The hairs of lunatics were the first diseased ones which came under our examination,
and it is possible that we may have mistaken for the signs of /wnacy what were the marks of
disease only. If this shall turn out to be the case, the error can easily be corrected by
comparison with other diseased hairs.

We are assured by Professor Dunglison, (in Hum. Philos., p. 277,) that, “ Mania
never occurs without the physical condition of the brain undergoing some change, directly

* Since writing the foregoirg, we haye examined a great many hairs of lunatics from the Asylum in Staunton, Western

Virginia, and from two lunatic asylums in Ohio, and found the results always the same.

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 123

or indirectly,” and that, also, “the cranium is often affected, seeming, for example, to be
unusually thick, dense and heavy.’ ‘Then, what is there incredible in the idea that it
affects the skin and hatr of the head.
All that we have to say, in conclusion 1s—do not decide upon the merit of our discovery
until you have examined the subject.
‘Finis coronat opus.”

Or tHe Decay anp Deatn or Pite.—It has been decreed by the Mighty Power which
confers vitality upon organism, that there shall afvays be a limit to its endurance ; and
hence we find that even where dissolution is not hastened by violence or disease, tame
never fails gradually to bring life to a close. Whenever the connection between pile and its
vessels is in any way severed, the former des, and then, like all effete matter, it inclines
to separate from the living organism. But the sta/é of the hair may die, and the follicle
survive; in which case the hair may fall out, and a new one be produced. Whether the
follicle, after having been separated from its vessels, is ever resuscitated, or a new one pro-
duced, are (to say the least of them) doubtful questions, notwithstanding all that has been
asserted in books about the transplanting of hair.

Hair which falls out of itself is dry, and ordinarily colorless, even when it has been
previously colored. Henlé seems to think that we know nothing of the causes which
determine hair. But, admitting our knowledge upon that point to be scanty, still we may
reason upon the facts in relation to it, which experience has brought to light. We read
of a boy who was found wild, and his body is said to have been entirely covered with hair,
like one of the lower animals ;* and among the savage race of Kurlians, there are indi-
viduals who have hair growing down the back and covering nearly the whole body. From

A

* Tur Witp Woman or tae Nayrpap.—About a year since an account was published in the Victoria Advocate respecting
a strange creature, whose tracks had been discovered on the banks of the Navidad, near Texana. The footmarks of this
creature resembled those of a woman, and a report was circulated to the effect that a wild woman had made her retreat in the
forests of the Navidad. Within a few weeks several attempts have been made to capture this singular being. Mr. Glascock
pursued it for several days with dogs, and at one time approached so near it as to cast a lasso upon its shoulders. It, how-
ever, with great adroitness, eluded the snare, and fled to a dense thicket where it could not be traced. Mr. Glascock states
that he was near a small prairie enclosed by the border forests of the river, when the creature emerged from the woods
and ran across the prairie in full view. It was about five feet high, resembling a human being, but covered with hair of
reddish-brown color. In its hand it held a stick about six feetlong, which it flourished from side to side, as if to regulate its
motions, and aid it when running at full speed. Its head and neck are covered with very long hair, which streamed back-
ward in the wind. It ran with the speed of a deer and was soon out of sight. The dogs pursued it, and came so close upon
it at a small creek, that it was compelled to drop its stick, which was taken by its pursuers. This stick is about six feet
long, straight and smooth as if polished with glass. Several other persons have repeatedly seen the creature, and they all
concur in representing it as a human being, but so covered with shaggy hair as to resemble an ourang outang. It has
frequently approached the houses of the settlers in that neighborhood during the night and stole various articles ; among
other things it carried off a quantity of towels, one or two books, and has taken several pigs. One of its nests was found in
the forest, in which were several napkins, folded up just as they were taken. A bill for washing was also enclosed in the
Bible. The footmarks of this strange being have often been traced in the bottom of the Navidad, but it has eluded all
attempts to capture it. The old settlers in that section say that these footmarks have been noticed for ten or twelve years,
and that several years ago there were other footmarks, indicating that three of these creatures were in company. Within the last
year"the footmarks of only one have been noticed. Mr. Glasecoek intends to collect a pack of good hounds and resume the
pursuit, and he is confident that he will succeed in capturing it.—[ From the Houston (Texas) Telegraph.|

9
o

124 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM :

these facts, and others of a like nature, we may conclude that hair was intended to protect
us from violence and the inclemencies of seasons. By its division into filaments, which,
(especially in regard to those of the head,) spread and flow, catching every breeze, it
exposes the largest possible exient of surface to the actions of light, of the atmosphere and
of electricity, which, doubtless, act upon its fluids, promoting their motions.

Or BatpNess.—Savages, who never wear hats or caps, retain their hair ;* but civilized
man covers his head and becomes bald. It is painful to see the glowing and graceful locks
of children suffering false imprisonment in paper curls, put into the stocks of unnatural
plaits, or smothered under imperious head-gear, to the manifest injury of its growth and
destruction of its beauty.

Every one must have remarked that females do not become bald as often as males,
which may be accounted for by their wearing less dense coverings on their heads than
our felted hats.

These considerations teach us what are the general causes of baldness; nevertheless,
there are others which may conspire to the same effect. It has already been shown that
the hair of the head of the oval-haired man, has an inclination of obliquity with the epi-
dermis through which it pierces; and any forcible change of this direction will have a ten-
dency to loosen the hair in its sheath, or in its sheath and in the follicle, and will cause it
prematurely to fall out. The disagreeable feeling which we experience when our hair
is combed “the wrong way,” as it is generally termed, that is, contrary to its natural incli-
nation, is not at all owing to any feeling in the shaft, but to this disturbance of the sheath,
or sheath and follicle, which is experienced by the nerves, and this disagreeable feeling is
a warning that we are warring against a law of nature. The effect of this practice is
most injurious when the operation of altering the inclination is done with a stiff brush ;
each bristle, at its extremity, is placed against the lower end of the shaft of the hair, and
when the brush is turned outward and upwards, acts as a lever, prying out the filament,
which had been previously loosened. Dr. Gross says, that baldness generally commences
at the crown of the head,t+ and this is the place which is generally most brushed.

Another fruitful source of baldness is the too free use, in anointing the head, of aqueous
or alcoholic essences, which remove the natural grease designed to preserve the hair. To
which we might add that some persons, when colorless hairs make their first appearance
in their heads, pluck them out.

Julia, the daughter of Aucustus, celebrated fur the unbridled license of her manners,
was early visited with grey hairs, which she pulled out in secret. One day she was sur-
prised by the sudden appearance of the Emperor, who saw several of the drawn hairs
upon her robe. Augustus, dissimulating at first, led the conversation to age, and inquired
of his daughter which she would prefer, baldness, or grey hair. “'The latter,”’ she promptly
answered. ‘“ Why, then,” asked the Emperor, ‘“‘do you allow your women to make
you bald?”

* The old savages of Vanikoro Island (Australia) become bald! (Latham, Nat. Mist. of Var., &e., 223.)
+ Elem. of Path. and Anat., 328,

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 125

Or PiLe Growine arreR DeatrnH.—Among the elder writers upon this subject, we find
several accounts, apparently well authenticated, of hair growing after death ; but Bostock
does not consider them worthy of credit. (See Syst. of Physi. p. 53.) Bichat, however,
assures us of one case, which came under his immediate notice, and fis word is not to be
doubted. It was the beard of a chin of a subject preparing for anatomical examination,
it had been closely shaven, and after maceration for about eight days, in a cellar of the
dissecting-room, the beard was discovered to be grown, (how long we are not told.)

We have, in our collection of specimens of pile, a lock of fine, dark brown hair from the
head of the gallant Lieutenant Ayres, who died in Mexico during the late war. The body
was buried in that country, but being disinhumed, after the lapse of a few months, it was
found that the hair had grown upon his head, which, during his illness, had been shaved
in order to apply blisters.

We have also a lock of the head of John Dennis Garwood, an: infant son of Mr. John
Garwood, of this city. This little innocent died and was buried, and disinterred after a
lapse of twenty-one years; when alive, it had a remarkable long lock of hair, which pro-
jected from a peculiar spot on its head; this, when the child died, was cut off and pre-
served by the mother, and, when the coffin was opened, after having lain for this long
period in the earth, this lock had been renewed, and had sprouted beyond the rest of the
hair.

Examination and Description of the Hair of John Dennis Garivood, which grew after
Death.—Length, 4 inches ; shape, oval; greatest diameter varying from 5}, to ;s!;5 of an
inch ; color, brown, no lustre; direction, flowing, slightly curling ; inclination, unknown.

Ductihity, Elasticity and Tenacity.—

With 220 grains one inch stretched 4; of an inch, elasticity entire.

9

6c td Ge be “ B 3 11 1
270 an minus 55

“ce 320 be se 73 30 “cc sé 2.
, 90

té 370 6“ 6c (73 ao “6 se 2
0 90

(73 420 ‘é 6 i 4 oe “é 55

st’ A Oma me broke:

Button, very rare and thin, diminutive ; sheath, none; follicle, none ; shaft, very unequal
in diameter, of different filaments; upon rubbing between two pieces of glass the scales
disengage, the cortex separates from the fibres which are white; no central canal percep-
tible ; coloring matter in lines in the cortex; apex, pointed, none fureated; among the
fibres was discovered one that was dlwe.

Remark.—This is an imperfect hair.

We have heard it asserted that sheep’s wool, left in its grease, (that is its yolk, or
natural soap,) after having been separated from the body, will increase in weight; but we
regard this as a popular error. In an Essay upon Sheep,* it is said that it may increase
in weight for a few days, especially if kept in a damp place, but after that it rapidly

* Library of Useful Knowledge, p. 74.

126 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;

becomes lighter, ending in considerable loss. When wool has been long kept a dust may
be shaken from it. This is probably the decomposed yolk.

Kraft,* (in Nov. Com. Petrop., v. 2, p. 24,) says that hairs lengthen after they are
detached from the body. We know nothing of this phenomenon. (See Meckel, Man.
of Anat., v. 1, p. 320.)

* Having understood that Dr. Coates had seen some hair grown after death, we wrote to him upon the subject, and

subjoin his answer:
Puitapetputa, November 13th, 1851.

Dear Sir:—I have received your polite favor respecting instances of hair growing on anatomical preparations while pre-
served in spirits. I can hardly believe that this phenomenon is very rare. The specimen to which I referred Dr, Chaloner,
was a tumour removed by Dr. Physick, at an early period of his practice, from behind and below the angle of the jaw of a
man, with ultimate success. Part of the patient’s whiskers had grown from the portion of the skin which was removed.
The case is in the Hospital Case Book, with a drawing; and, I think, was published in the journals of the day. In such
cases, hair was uniformly shaved off before making the incisions; and I remember, in addition, hearing my father say that
he saw this operation, and that it was done so in this pean: The hair, in the glass jar of spirits, when I saw hi appears
to my recollection, above 1} inches long, probably nearer 2 inches; all which had grown in the spirits.

I believe that the specimen is now in the Museum of the University. Dr. Leidy* has the control of that institution, and
will, I am sure, be glad to show it to you. I should suppose that the hair ought now to be much longer.

I am, very respectfully and sincerely yours, &c., &e.,
To P. A. Browne, Esq. B. H. Coates.

* Dr. Leidy was unable to find this specimem.

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 127

CHAPTER. Vit.

Hair THAT HAS BEEN SEPARATED FROM THE BODY OF THE ANIMAL NEVER ACQUIRES A
DISTINCT LIFE.—It has been supposed that a hair, laid for some time in a stream or pool
of water, is transformed into a worm; but this isa popular error. It will appear to be
animated; but that is owing to animalcules with which it becomes invested. There is an
annelida called “the hair-worm,” (Gordius Aquaticus,) which is found in stagnant pools,
and this zame has probably aided in propagating this error. Such a transmigration as a
hair of a mammalia into a worm, which belongs to another class of animals, is unnatural,
and should not obtain credence except upon positive testimony.*

Or rue Execrriciry or Pire.—Pile, when dry, is electric, and by rubbing it, sparks
and even detonations may be produced.

L’Heéritier says, that many sick persons have died from cutting or shaving the hair of
the head, and he attributes it to the disturbance of the currents of electricity. (Traité de
Chem. Path., p. 616.)

* In the Life and Correspondence of Robert Southey, p. 296, is a letter from him to Dr. Southey, dated “Keswick, June
6th, 1813,” in which he says :—

“My Dear Harry:—Do you want to make your fortune in the philosophical world? If so, you may thank Owen Lloyd
for the happiest opportunity that was ever put into an aspirant’s hands. You must have heard the vulgar notion that a
horse hair, plucked out by the root and put into water, becomes alive ina few days. The boys at Brathay repeatedly told
their mother it was true—that they had tried it themselves, and seen it tried. Her reply was, ‘Show it me, and If will
believe it.’ While we were there, last week, in came Owen with two of these creatures in a bottle. Wordsworth was there;
and to our utter and unutterable astonishment did the boys, to convince us that these long, thin black worms, were of their
own manufactory by the old reveipt, lay hold of them by the middle, while they writhed like eels, and stripping them with
their nails down each side, actually lay bare the horse hair in the middle, which seemed to serve as the back-boneof the crea-
ture, or the substratum of the living matter which had collected around it.

“Wordsworth and I should both have supposed that it was a collection of animaleule round the hair, (which, however,
would only be changing the nature of the wonder,) if we could, in any way, have accounted for the motion upon this theory;
but the motion was that of a snake. We could perceive no head; but something very like the root of the hair; and, for
want of glasses, could distinguish no parts. The creature, or whatever else you may please to call it, is black or dark brown,
and about the girth of a fiddle-string.

“As soon as you have read this, draw upon your horse’s mane and tail for half a dozen hairs; be sure that they have roots
to them ; bottle them separately in water, and when they are alive and kicking, call in Gooch, and make the fact known to
the philosophical world.* Never in my life was I so astonished as at seeing, what even in the act of seeing I could scarcely
believe, and now almost doubt. If you verify the experiment, as Owen and all his brethren will swear must be the case,
you will be able to throw some light upon the origin of your friend the tape-worm, and his diabolical family.

“No doubt you will laugh and disbelive this, and half suspect that I am jesting. But, indeed, I have only told you the
fact as it occurred; and you will at once see its whole importance in philosophy, and the use which you and Gooch may
derive from it, coming forth with a series of experiments, and with such deductions as your grey-hound sight and beagle
scent will soon start and pursue.

“And, if the horse’s hair succeeds, Sir Domine, by parallel reasoning, you know, try one of your own. R. 8.”

* We presume that the horse’s hair did not succeed, for we hear no more of the matter
32

~

ee

128 TRICHOLOGLA MAMMALIUM;

Goldsmith is of opinion, that the reason why the hair of the cat kind of animals [Fels]
is more electric, is because it is sleek and glossy.* (Nat. Hist of Man., &c., v. °, p 7.)

If you rub the back of a person, standing upon a stool with glass feet, with the skin of
an animal tanned with the fur on, for a few minutes, he may heht a
finger.

oas-burner with his

too)

PILE AS A CONDUCTOR OR NON-CONDUCTOR OF CaLoric.—Pile is a non-conducter of caloric.
According to the experiments of Count Rumford, it depends upon the degree of ooseness
or teghtness with which the hairy or woolly filaments are compacted; hence, it would seem
that those wools which are capable of being felted or fulled into the least space, will be
the most effectual in retaining the animal heat. Buta late learned writer upon this subject
considers the atmosphere, which is confined within the interstices, equally as good a non-
conductor as the pile.

OF THE EFFECT OF CLIMATE AND SEASONS UPON Piie.—Nature, like a kind mother,
adapts the clothing of wild animals to the climates and to seasons to which they originally
belong. In Guinea, dogs and sheep are almost naked, while the Siberian Dog and Ice-
land Sheepare provided with warm clothing. Swine, in high latitudes, have bristles only,
or bristles and hair of a similar texture; but the same species of animal, in colder regions,
has added to their coats a vest of fine frizzled wool. The present race of elephants,
inhabiting warm latitudes, has scarcely any hair, and no wo0/—a few hairs on the lower
jaw, the ear and tail, being all of which they can boast; whereas, the Mammoth, found
envelope.| in ice on the banks of the river Lena, in Russia, had lone hairs and warm wool.
In like manner (as it 1s said) some animals taken from one climate to another, exchange
their coats for one more suited to their change of situation. In regard to Sheep, we feel
ourselves warranted in announcing the following rules, viz: Ist, thata pure woolly Sheep
cannot become a hairy Sheep by change of climate, nor can a pure hairy Sheep become a
woolly one by such change; 2d, a hybrid (which is already partly hairy and partly woolly)
may partially change its coat by the one kind of integument falling out and being replaced
by the other kind; 3d, a filament of hair cannot be changed into a strand of wool, nor a
strand of wool be transformed into a filament of hair, by any change of climate.

The variation of seasons affects the natural clothing of m7/d as well as the domesticated
animals ‘The trapper, suffering from the extreme cold of an uncommonly severe winter,
consoles himself with the reflection that his stock of furs will be valuable in the same pro-
portion. And the experienced furrier, from the examination of his pelts, is able to judge
of the severity of the weather during which they were produced.

Leuwenhoeck tells of a man whose hair changed with the seasons, like one of the lower
animals,t but we have never witnessed any such phenomenon.

OF THE EFFECTS OF THE SKIN upon Prie.—Mr. Livingston (in his Essay upon Sheep)

* Ts it more electric than other animals with hair and wool?
7 Collect. Philos., &c., &e., 1681.

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 129

ventures the opinion, that pile is affected by the tissue of the skin through which it passes.
“In warm climates (he says) the hair of man is generally black and coarse; in cold ones
we find flaxen, yellow, and various shades of brown. And even when the hair takes a
deeper shade, (he says,) that it is finer than the lank, black hair of the South.” He
inquires, “‘may not this be owing, in some sort, to the skin being more braced in the one
and more lax in the other?” In applying the same rule to wool, he opines that ‘7s fine-
ness may be affected by the state of the thermometer when the young wool obtrudes through
the skin.” “If it is compressed (he says) it will be fine—if it finds an easy passage, it will
be coarse.” (See p. 124.)*

To those who are in the habit of examining the different parts of pile, under tho micro-
scope, this notion of Mr. Livingston’s will appear to be fanciful; and it would not have
been noticed, but for the great respectability of the author, and the importance of under-
standing correctly every thing which relates to wool.

The shaft of a mature hair, from its posterior extremity to the point where it penetrates
the epidermis, is enclosed in a sheath, which (according to Henlé) is composed of an
internal and external layer; which (sheath) effectually protects the shaft of the hair from
any such pressure as is supposed on behalf of the dermis;} and, as to the epidermis, it is
too thin and porous to afford any such obstructing and condensing power.

It is true that Mr Livingston, in a subsequent page of his essay, admits that ‘men of
high latitudes have hair similar to that of those near the line’”—an admission which
(in our opinion) is destructive to his theory ; but he endeavors to explain this contradiction
by saying, “that the smoky huts, slender diet, and habit of greasing the hair, in high
latitudes, have precisely the same effect in relaxing the skin as the continual exposure to
the rays of a tropical sun.” <A non sequitur, which will be apparent to the learned
reader.

But there is another and a conclusive answer to this theory of Mr. Livingston’s, vis:
that a filament of hair or wool grown partly in a warm and partly in a cold season, ought
to vary nits diameter, according to his reasoning; whereas, in Gill’s Technical Reposi-
tory for 1528, v. 2, p. 72, will be found a letter from Mr. Charles C. Western, accom-
panying specimens of wool of his own raising, one of them of the growth of nearly three
years, upon which that gentleman remarks, that “there is no possibility of discovering tle
difference in the annual growths.’ And we have, in our collection of specimens of wool,
one eighteen inches long, taken froma Merino ram, being his first shearing in three years’
growth, and not the slightest indication of there having a pressure and relaxation of the
skin can be detected.

OF THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF PILE.—In the Philosophy of Manufactures, p. 97, Doctor

* Mr. Youatt advances a similar opinion in regard to wool. (See Lib. of Use. Knuwl., 67; also, Andersen on Wool, 124.)
Col. Randall, while he admits the fact of wool being finer in cold climates, (?) denies these inferences. ‘‘I am rather dis-
posed (says this gentleman) to look for the cause of this phenomenon in the amount and quality of the nutriment reecived
by the animal.” (See Sheep Husbandry in the South, p. 23.)

7 Besides, there is found a liquid grease between the exterior coat of the sheath and the interior of the follicle.

ee. 4

150 TRICHOLOGLA MAMMALIUM ;

Ure gives the specific gravities of cotton, 1.47 to 1.50; of linen, 1.50; of silk, 1.30;
mummy cloth, 1.50; wool, 1.26. ‘The Doctor found some difficulty in taking the specific
gravity of wool, owing to its greasy nature, which prevented it from sinking in water.*
Our phial, for taking the specific gravities, when empty weighs 373 grains; when filled
with distilled water, at 60° F., up to two marks made upon its neck, (one to note the upper,
and the other to note the lower surface of the concavity formed by capillary attraction,)
it holds 1,000 grains. We have a thermometer tube (with no mounting) small enough to
enter the phial. Upon this tube is marked, with a diamond, the single point of 60° F.;
when we are about to perform the experiment upon wool, we weigh the quantity required,
and boil it ma weak solution of soda, to extract the grease of the exterior. After having
dried it again, and re-weighed it, (in order to ascertain the loss sustained,) we proceed in
the way directed by Dr. Ure.
Dr. John Davy (in Researches Phys. and Anat., p. 138, 1840,) gives the following
specific gravities of hair: 1,280, 1,393, 1,278, 1,290, 1,275, 1,345, 1,328, and 1,300.

OF THE INCINERATION OF Pink.—In Graham’s Elem. of Chem., 702, it is stated that
hair of the beard left 0.72 per cent. of ashes. “Blonde colored hair of the head. 0.3 per
cent.; black hair of a Mexican, 2 per cent.

Achard found from the combustion of one pound of hair, the following cinders, viz:—

Hair of the head of Man,

1 drachm 20 grains.

PaletotatGoat= 0 posh 304“
es SP ELO gees fn 2921) Sr) Tl Ge 55 ue
«6 (OGG Aiton en =akled tin btn het a2 Agni et

* «To ascertain with precision the specific gravity of textile fibres (he says) is a more troublesome experiment than would
at first sight appear, and the point has, for this reason probably, been left hitherto undetermined. Having bestowed some
pains upon the subject, and having contrived a simple method susceptible of giving exact results, I shall here state it in
detail. I take a taper-necked phial, capable of holding nearly 2,000 grains of distilled water—poise it when so filled, mark
the line of the neck where the water stands, and then pour out exactly 200 grains of the water. I next weigh out 300 grains
of the textile substance, lay them ona clean tray, and proceed slowly to introduce them into the phial, in small quantities at
a time, pressing each portion down with a wire, so as thoroughly to wet it and to extrude every particle of the entangled air.
Whenever so much fibrous matter has been introduced as to raise the water-line to its primitive mark in the neck, there has
obviously been added a volume of the matter equal to that of 200 grains of water; and the additional weight communicated
to the phial being divided by two, will therefore be the quotient, expressing the specifie gravity of the substance compared
to the water reckoned, 100. From the spongy nature of cotton, wool, flax and silk, much water is absorbed into their pores,
and this is provided for in the 1,800 grains, or thereabouts, which are ‘purposely left in the phial at the beginning of the
experiment. If the raw filaments of cotton, wool, flax or sitk, are made the subject of this experiment, they are apt to retain
so many minute particles of air as to cause fallacious results. Thus, after the labor of several hours in filling the vacant
space of the phial with woollen fibres, and in churning them, so to speak, under water, to expel the air adhering to them, I
have found it impossible to introduce 200 grains of wool; and I might thence have concluded, that 206 grains of wool occupy
a greater space than 260 grains of water. But if we take shreds of flannel, freed from grease by washing, which are readily
moistened, we then find that 242 grains of it may be introduced into the space of 200 grains of water; and we are entitled
to affirm, that the true specific gravity of wool is 1.26 compared to water 100—or 1,260 by the ordinary notation. By a
similar procedure, I have found the specific gravity of cotton to be from 1.47 to 1.50; of linen, 1.50; of silk, 1.30; of mummy
cloth, 1.50. It was stated that a definite weight (800 grains) of each substance was weighed out at the commencement of
each experiment—a precaution taken for the purpose of verifying the result—since that weight, minus the weight of the
residuary portion, ought to be equal to the increase of weight in the phial. If these two quantities diitered, the experiment
was considered to be inexact, and to require repetition.” (Philos. of Manuf., p. 7.)

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. Dl

Pile of aDog, - - - - 2 drachms 56 grains.
Mane of a Horse, ey ant a I 8
Wool of a Sheep, Se decbrpe tl oyee § Bp
(See Dict. de Chem. of Klaproth, 1810, p. _ .)
Modus Operandi.—A platina crucible, being carefully weighed, and the weight noted,
place therein a given weight of pile; submit the crucible and its contents to heat until
incineration of the pile takes place. Weigh the crucible with the residue, from which
deduct the weight of the empty crucible, and the quotient is the weight of the cenders.
But pile requires an intense heat for complete incineration. We burnt one grain of
hair of the head of an American Indian by the heat of a spirit lamp, in a platina crucible,
and the residue was 0.750 grains. But Prof. Boyer subjected this residue to complete
incineration, leaving only 0.0077 grains.

Or Fosstiizep Pire.—Hair never becomes fossilized in the proper sense of that term.
Neither the pile found in the envelopes of mummies, nor that found on the Mammoth
discovered near the bank of the river Lena, enveloped in ice, were fossilized.

Or tue Hycroscoric Property or Pite.—Pile, like some other animal membranes,
absorbs moisture from the atmosphere, causing it to elongate, and to contract again by
evaporation; this is called its hygroscopic property.*

Taking advantage of this property, an instrument has been invented which is called a
hygroscope,t to show the different degrees of moisture in the air. But from a great
variety of experiments that we have made, we have ascertained that pile frequently
extended, even though in a small degree, gradually loses a portion of its elasticity ; where-
fore it appears that it is not to be relied upon for the construction of hygroscopes.}

When Capt. Bligh made his perilous voyage, in an open boat, over three thousand miles
of the ocean, he and his companions used to dip their clothes in the sea and wear them
damp, to allay the desire for drink. It is generally supposed that the moisture was
absorbed through the pores of the skin. We would rather ascribe the quenching of the
thirst to the ¢nhalation of the aqueous vapor, caused by the heat of the body, but think it
possible that a very small portion may be absorbed by the hair.

Or THe ANALYsIS or Pine.—Henlé remarks, that we are still in want of an analysis of
hair, in which regard shall be paid to the three substances which compose the stalk.
That, according to those we possess, hair is a combination of fat and horny substance ;
the first belonging to the centre, and the last to the cortex and intermediate fibrous sub-
stance.§

h
* From ugros, moist.
h
t It is also called a hygrometer, from ugros, moist, and metreo, to measure.

{ Since writing the above, we have observed in Daniel’s Introduction to Chemical Philosophy, a drawing and description
of Sansom’s hygrometer, used in the Paris Observatory, and it is remarked that it cannot be depended on.
2 Uenle is here speaking of a perfect hair, which has these three distinct portions.

An
ay)

152 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

The fat (says this author) may be extracted by boiling the hair in alcohol; and is, ordi-
narily, acid, (the margaric and oléic.) Lt has a blood-red tinge in red hair; greyish-grey
in brown hair, and (according to Jahn’s, in Der Haarartz, ti. p. 49,) white hair* has a
limpid oil.

After the extraction of the fat, brown hair becomes greyish-yellow, and then behaves
like horn.

Hair is insoluble in water, whether cold or hot; but in Papin’s Digester is dissolved
(all except the fat) with a disengagement of sulphuretted hydrogen. ‘lhe residue of the
liquid, after evaporation, is viscous, and capable of being re-dissolved in water, when it
does not become a jelly. From its watery solution a precipitate may be thrown down by
concentrated acids—by chlorine—by the sub-acetate of lead, and by tannic acid.

When hair is dissolved in concentrated acids (particularly by the nitric) the colored oils
separate, coagulate by cold, and become limpid

Chlorine whitens hair and produces, by its combination with it, a viscous transparent
mass, which has a bitter taste, and dissolves in water and alcohol. Caustic potash,
diluted, dissolves hair entirely.

Hair may be dyed, melted and distilled —Wair may be colored by the metallic salts—both
nitrate and sulphate; nitrate of silver blackens it When heated, hair melts, exhaling an
odor of horn. It burns with a sooty flame, leaving a bloated coal.

Upon dry distillation, hair gives off one-fourth of its weight of a carbon difficult to
incinerate, the products being empyreumatic oil, water charged with ammonia, and com-
bustible gases which contain sulphuretted hydrogen.

Van Laer is of opinion, that hair consists, essentially, of a substance nearly allied to
gelatine and bisulphuret of proteme.t This substance has the formula of carbon, 13;
hydrogen, 10; nitrogen, 3; oxygen, 5, and gluttin (which is the form of gelatine which is
obtained from the skin, from serous membrane, from hoof, from bone, from tendon, and
from cartilage,) having the formula of carbon, 13; hydrogen, 10; nitrogen, 2, and
oxygen, 5.

There have also been found in hair silica, iron and manganese.

The elements of Pile in the blood and in the milk.—'That the blood contains all the
elements of hair, is found by its beg produced on the foetus; and that the mother’s milk
is equal, in this respect, is demonstrated by the growth of the hair while a child is receiv-
ing no other nourishment. P

The ancient practice of milking the ewes, to make butter-cheese, was believed to have
injured the growth of the lamb’s wool. (See Lib. of Use. Knowl. p. 48.)

Or EXaMINING Pite.—It often becomes necessary, while examining a hair under the
microscope, to turn it over and back again, or half way over—a task not easily performed.

* He here speaks of white (albinos) hair, and not grey (colorless) hair, as we venture to presume.
7 Proteine is the name giyen to the substance which enters into the three important animal compounds, albumin, fibrin,
and cassin.

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 133

It also is sometimes required to stretch a hair, and allow it to contract again, while under
examination microscopically ; to effect which no information is given im the instructions
how to use the microscope. We have invented and constructed a very simple instru-
ment, by which both these objects can be. attained.

7 Sig. 95.

Upon an oblong piece of glass, A A, A A, of the size of a common slide, fasten two
pieces of cork, B B, one at each end of the glass. Through a perforation in the centre,
crosswise of each cork, at the surface of the glass, pass two sewing needles, C, the eyes
being inward and the points projecting a short distance outside of the cork. Fasten the
ends of the hair, D, desired to be examined, on the eyes of the needles. When this
instrument is placed on the object-holder of the microscope, the ends of the keeper resting
respectively upon the corks, and the microscope is adjusted so that the hair comes into
focus, by taking hold of the outer ends of the needles, you may turn the hair in any
direction and to any extent of a revolution required. And by gently drawing the end of
one needle, or both of them, you may stretch the hair while under examination, and by
pushing back the ends of the needle or needles, allow it to draw up again to its original
dimensions.

We propose to call it “a@ hair revolver and stretcher.”

OF Descrininc Pite.—By adopting some order in which pile is to be described, we
incur less risk of omitting something which ought to be noticed. The following is recom-
mended :—

1. Name, and short description of the animal.
Name and address of the donor of the specimen.
General appearance.

Length, (noting whether it is natural or artificial.)
Shape.

Diameter.

Color and lustre.

Direction.

Inclination,

10. Ductility, elasticity and tenacity.

11. Button—the dimensions and description.

12. Sheath, Be os

13. Follicle, es us

14. Shaft, se ‘“

BS ae

So

134

15.
16.
Uf
Ite},
tO:

TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

1. Cortex—
Stria.
Scales, or
Paved.
2. Intermediate fibres.
3. Centre—
Coloring matter.
4. Apex.

The appearance of disks or vertical sections.
The same when the pile is crushed.

The same when treated with alteratives.
Peculiarities and affinities of the specimen.
Remarks.

PLAT ETI.

PLA TE 1.

ia,

%

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 135

CHAPTER VIII:

Or THe Beauty or Pite.—Hair was, doubtless, intended, in part, to beautify.

“ Behold thou art fair, my love,—behold thou art fair. Thou hast doye’s eyes within thy locks,—ihy hair is as a flock of
Goats that appear upon Mount Gilead, &c, (Song of Solomon, y. 1.)

So in describing the beauty of Absalom, his hazr is mentioned. (2 Sam. xiv. 25
and 26.)

Hair was considered as the chiefornament of the Egyptian ladies. Ptolemy Evergetes,
king of Egypt, had a most beautiful wife, “‘ Berenice ;”’ who, being alarmed for his safety,
during his absence in war with Antiochus, king of Syria, made a vow to consecrate her
hair in the Temple of Venus, if he returned safely. By some accident these locks soon
became lost; and the Astronomer, ‘‘Conon,” did not hesitate to assert that they had been
translated to the firmament and formed a constellation in the Heavens !

Hearken to Apuleius:*—‘ But because it is a crime for me to say so and give no
example thereof. Know yee, that if you spoyle and cut off the haire of any woman, or
deprive her of the colour of her face, though shee were never so excellent in beauty,
though shee were thrown down from heaven, sprung of the seas, nourished of the flonds,
though shee were Venus herselfe, though shee were accompanied with the Graces, though
shee were waited upon of all the Court of Cupid, though shee were virded with her beautiful
Skarfe of Love, and though shee smelled of perfumes and musks, yet, if shee appeared
bald, she could in no wise please, no uot her own Vulcanus.

“ O! how well doth a faire colour and ashining face agree with glittering hatre. Behold
it encountereth with the beams of the sunne and pleaseth the eye marvellously. Some-
times the beauty of the haire resembleth the colour of gold and honey, sometimes the blew
plumes and azured feathers about the neckes of Doves, especially when it is either anointed
with the gumme of Arabia, or trimmely tufted out with the teeth of a fine combe ; which, if
it be tyed up in the pole of the necke, it seemeth to the lover that beholdeth the same, as
a glasse, that yieldeth forth a more pleasant and gracious comelinesse, than if it should be
sparsed abroad on the shoulders of the woman, or hang downe scattering behind. Finally,
there is such a dignity in the haire, that whatsoever shee be, though shee be never so
bravely attyred with gold, silkes, pretious stones, and other rich and gorgeous ornaments,
yet if her hazre be not curiously set forth, shee cannot seem faire.” (Adlington’s Trans-
lation, (A. D. 1639, page 27,) of the Golden Asse of Apuleius.)

Tue Uszs or Pite ro tHe ANIMAL UPON WHOM Ir Grows.—The first and most obvious
use of pile is to prevent the animal heat from escaping, thereby preserving an equili-

* Apuleius was born at Madura, in Africa. He studied at Carthage, Athens and Rome. His Golden Ass, in 11 books,
is an allegorical production, replete with morality.

a)
oo

136 TRICHOLOGLA MAMMALIUM;

brium of bodily temperature. For this purpose pile has been formed, @ non-conductor of
caloric. 'Vhe ‘downy hairs” distributed over our bodies cannot be expected to contribute
largely to this end; and, consequently, we find that whenever a part of the person
requires more than ordinary protection from cold, a greater abundance of hair is produced.
Hair may also have been intended to preserve the epidermis from the injurious effects of
too much friction, from contact with hard external objects ; each hair, upon such occasions,
acting the part of a friction roller. ‘This may, also, be one of the uses of the long hairs
found, still more plentifully upon the head, body and limbs of some of the lower mam-
malia; they prevent their wool, which is underneath, from being torn out by the roots,
and their skin from bemg lacerated in their daily rambles through forests, their clamber-
ing up trees, and their burrowing in the earth. ‘The Mole (Tatpa Europea,) has a short,
soft, smooth fur, offering little or no resistance or adhesion to the moist earth, through
which he burrows; and it is a coincidence, no less remarkable than instructive, that the
insect, ‘ Mole Cricket,” (Gryltlo Talpar,) who works his way under ground in the same
manner, is covered with a fine down, which has corresponding properties. In the order
‘“Pachydermata,” such as the Elephant, Rhinoceros and Hippopotamus, the skin is so
thick and tough as to be impregnable, and no protecting hairs are required ; and, therefore,
nature (who never labors in vain) has provided none.* [f man has fewer hairs upon his
body, generally, than some of the lower animals, he is, consequently, less impeded than
they are in the refined sense of feeling, possessed through the dermis and epidermis; a
sense so necessary to zs enjoyment, but which would be an incumbrance to inferior classes
of animals. At other times hair is accumulated to act as a cushion of protection, as in the
case of that of our heads, where it acts, in concert with the bony fortress of the skull, to
preserve the brain from external injuries.t

Another use of pile to the animal, is to protect the part wpon which it is produced from
the injurious effects of superabundant moisture; the hair collecting the fluid and repelling
it from the part. Insects which, like gnats, walk upon the surface of water, have, at the
extremity of each foot, a brush of fine, hair-like processes, (which, however, are not
true hairs,) the dry points of which repel fluids and keep the foot and legdry. And some
of the hairy-footed mammalia, who inhabit the water, are provided with a still further
means of protection from the action of moisture, by an adipose secretion, with which this
tegumentary appendage is profusely anointed.

Hair, being electric, subserves the purpose of attracting that fluid from the atmosphere,
thereby keeping up a healthy circulation and preserving a proper equilibrium, notwith-

* The few hairs found in the Elephant’s ear, and on his jaw and tail, are noticed in another place.

} The hairof the head deadens the concussion which the brain would experience from the infliction of heavy blows; and pre-
vents the skin of the scalp from being injured by the attrition of bodies. In military service the former of these uses has been
taken advantage of, and an arrangement somewhat similar to that which exists naturally on the head, has been adopted with
regard to the helmet. The metallic substance of which the ancient and modern helmets are formed, is readily thrown into
vibrations, which being communicated to the brain, might, after heavy blows, derange its functions, more even than the wound
inflicted by a sharp instrument. To obviate this, the helmet is covered with horsehair. This arrangement prevailed with the
Roman soldier. (Dunglison Hum. Physio., 55.)

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 137

standing the body is constantly imparting it to the earth.* This will, in part at least,
explain why fur-bearing animals are provided with long hairs as well as short wool. Hach
projecting hair is a lightning rod, (if one may so speak,) to extract electricity from the
atmosphere ; at the same time that every movement of the animal, causes the hair and
wool to rub together, and forming currents of electricity. There is not (as every one
knows) a more effectual method of exciting electricity than by rubbing together hair and
wool, as is done when the hand is passed briskly over the back of a cat; but all the fric-
tion you can bestow upon the short hair of a dog will be attended with no such result.

The hairs of the eye-brows shadow the eyes and preserve them from too great a glare of
light; for the effectual performance of which function, the brows upon which they grow
are provided with muscles, which are under the control of the will. The eye-brow hairs
(supercilium) also protect the eye from the moisture which collects on the forehead, and
which would otherwise run into the eyes.

The hairs of the eye-lids (cilia) are bow-shaped, and crossing each other, form a screen,
which prevents insects and fine particles of matter, which float in the atmosphere, from
entering the eye.

The hairs of the nasal passage and of the ears, also, prevent the ingress of insects. When
in health the principal part of the air we breathe passes through the nose, the shape of
which is well calculated for its conveyance to the lungs. ‘The sense of smell would
appear to be placed in the nasal fosse, to give notice of the presence of any deleterious
vapor, and the hair to prevent insects from obtruding. Hypogastric hairs subserve the
same purpose, and in females particularly, to conduct off the moisture of the body.

Sometimes the uses of hair are more temporary, and, in those cases, their endurance is
of the same limited character. Of such, is the velvet coat, (as it is called,) which covers
and protects the large vessels on the summit of the head of the Stag, previously to the
sprouting of his antlers.

Besides these, which are the direct and palpable uses of hair, there are others of an
indirect and latent character, such as for secretion and insensible perspiration; with the
functions of which we yet know too little to make them objects of particular discussion.

Bostock is of opinion that the skin is the seat of an extensive system of exhaustion and
absorption; although he acknowledges that it may be very difficult to determine the
actual termination of the vessels, or the exact apparatus by which these functions are per-
formed. (Syst. of Physig., p.50.) With these systems, (if they do exist,) pile is, doubtless,
connected.

We believe that the question has never been decided, whether the skin of our species
has a chemical action upon the atmosphere ; in the case of the lower animals the affirma-
tive seems to be admitted ; and, therefore, we think that we may be warranted in suggest-
ing that another use of hair to them, may be to modify ¢hat action. We have very high
authority for considering hairs as emunctories. Boerhave, Knophof, Haller, Blumenback

* Magendie, (Précis Elem. 177.) very erroneously states that hair is a bad conductor of electricity,

7 But see Biehat in Anat. Gen. 788, as to absorption of hair; also, Wilson on the Skin.

138 TRICHOLOGLA MAMMALIUM:

aud Schlegel, have been advocates of this opinion. This tegumentary appendage (they
say) acts as a universal purifier of the humors; disencumbering the body from a variety
of matters, which are of no use, and which, therefore, are likely to become imjurious.
Haller and Schlegel contend that it transpires by its superior extremity, if not by its
whole cortex. ‘I'he bulb (follicle) is represented as secreting, besides the substance which
forms the stalk, a particular humor, which circulates through its fibres, and exhales
between its scales; and the opinion is ventured that the more a person perspires the
shorter will be his hair, and vice versa. This rule, if true, ought (all other things being
equal) to make the inhabitants of warm countries have the shortest, and those of cold
countries have the longest hair. But the whole of this theory is doubted,* and does not
seem to be confirmed by experience.

Or THE Uses oF PrrEIN ManuracturEs AND THE Arts.—Of the uses of Haiy.—Human
hair, taken from the heads of persons slain in battle, is made a considerable object of com-
merce and profit, being used to manufacture wigs, scratches, toupées, curls, &c., &c., to
adorn the living.

The hair of some of the lower animals, such as the Horse, Ox, &c., is used to increase
the tenacity of plastering mortar.

The hair of the tail and mane of the Horse has long been woven into a cloth, exten-
sively used in covering sofas and chairs; it is called “hazr-cloth.” It is also used for
making sieves, &c. The hair of the Horse and of Hogs is, moreover, used for stuffing
cushions of all kinds, and is preferable to moss, which, when it becomes old, falls into a
powder, and penetrating the covering, soils the exterior of the cushion. But of all hair,
that of the hairy Sheep is the most valuable, being admirably adapted, on account of its
not possessing the shrinking property, to manufacture flannels, hose, blankets, &c., &c.
(See Chapter IX.)

The skins of some of the lower animals are tanned with the hair on, or the hair and
wool on, and the fur is taken from others for making pelts.

The following are among those in common use in this country: The Buffalo, the Bear,
the Leopard, the Dog, the Raccoon, the Badger, the Glutton, the Skunk, the Polecat, the
litch or Ferret, the Weasel, the Ermine, the Marten, the Sable, the Mink, the Otter, the
Beaver, the Wolf, the Fox, the Jackal, the Jenet, the Tiger, the Panther, the Lynx, the
Cat, the Seal, the Squirrel, the Rabbit, the Hare, the Chinchilli, the Possum, the Kan-
garoo, the Stag, the Elk, the Antelope, the Sheep, the Goat, &c., &c. Of all these we
have specimens in our cabinet, and design to examine and describe them in their appro-
priate places.

In some countries, by a moderate degree of labor, the skins of Lambs which are intended
for slaughter are converted into a splendid fabric, which commands a high price. As soon

* See Dict. des Sci. Med. v. 43, p. 275 and 502.

+ The word pelt, from the Saxon, (where it means simply a hide or skin,) is used to designate skins of the lower animals,
that are tanned with the hair on or the fur on, for the purpose of being manufactured into muffs, tippets, &e., and for lining
and trimming earments worn in cold countries. Those who deal in them are called pelterers and furriers.

Do

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 139

as the Lamb is dropt, it is clothed with a coarse linen garment calculated to keep a gentle
but constant pressure on the wool. Warm water is also poured over it every day. By
these simple means the softness, sleekness, and beautiful waves of the fleece of the new-
born Lamb, are preserved. By paying attention to these directions, hundreds—we might
say thousands, of Lamb skins, which are now almost valueless, might be disposed of for
prices higher than the carcasses command.

There are also some varieties of Dog skins, among the hundreds of those animals that
we are obliged annually to destroy, that might be tanned with the hair on, and which
would sell for very high prices. It is confidently believed, that their extirpation might be
converted from a charge to a source of profit.

We will here add, that it is from the skin of the Wild Ass that the grained leather,
called chagrin, is manufactured; and we respectfully suggest to the ingenious American
manufacturers, that the skin of the Wild Horse of our prairies* might be appropriated to
the same purposes with equal advantages.

Of the uses of Wool.—Wool is used for felts for the manufacture of hats, and for the
manufacture of cloth.

Of the Wool of Sheep.—Of all animals the Sheep furnishes the most valuable wool, (as
will be shown in the next Chapter upon the raising and breeding of Sheep;) consequently
the raising and breeding of Sheep has, in all countries and in all ages, been encouraged.
Anciently, the great wealth of kings and princes consisted of Sheep and Goats.

“And Mesha, king of Moab, was a sheep-master, and rendered unto the king of Israel 100,000 lambs and 100,000 rams,
with the wool.” (2 Kings, iii: 4.)

And even in modern times we read that a clan of Turks, near Aleppo, were seen by
Chardin, who had 3,000,000 of Sheep and Goats.

In the kingdom of Saxony they raise an immense number of Sheep, bearing fine wool ;
their woollen manufactories employ 25,000 people, besides which a large quantity of wool
and a considerable number of breeding Sheep are annually sold and exported.

In the United States every man, woman and child, should, during the winter season,
wear flannel next the skin; and those who follow occupations which cause them to per-
spire freely, had better wear it during the summer likewise.

The following valuable advice is from a late French work :—

“ Vétements.—L’usage des vétements de laine est nécessaire a tous en hiver, du moins
pour la partié supérieure du corps; et méme, pendant l’été, Vhomme que sa profession
oblige de travailler dans les lieux humide et a des courants d’air, ne devra pas porter du
vétements légers et surtout s’en dépouiller lorsqu’il sera en suer.

“Les bas de laine détermine vers les jambes un afflux de sang trop considérable; a
moins que leur usage ne soit réclaimé par des conditions de santé particuliére, on doit le
rejeter dams la jeunesse et l’dge mtir; mais c’est une ressource précieuse dans la vieil-
lesse; car alors il faut surtout empécher le sang de se porter vers la téte, et d’ailleurs les
vieillards ne sauraient étre trop chaudement vétus.

* And perhaps of our Mules.
35

140 TRICHOLOGTA MAMMALIUM:

‘““Chausson de lame devraient étre adoptés par tout le monde; car c’est presque toujours
par le froid aux pieds que l’on s’enrhume, et l’on voit souvent une toux opiniatre céder au
seul usage de cette chaussure essentiellement hygiénique.

“Kin général on ne court aucun risque, et l’on trouve au contraire de grands avantages,
sous le rapport de la santé a vétir chaudement.

‘Les marins de nos climats portent tous de la laine sur la peau et des vétements de laine
épais et nombreux,—on observe presque pas d’example de phthisie parmi les marins.

“On ne gagne que des maladies de poitrine a braver le froid avec des vétements insuffi-
sants. Parmi les enfants de 1 a 15 mois que meurent en hiver, la plupart sont tués par le
froid ou par des maladies qui en sont de la conséquence.

‘“‘Les sauvages du nord de l’Amérique vont nue dés leur enfance, et a 30 ans ils sont,
pour la plupart torturés par les rheumatismes.

“Hin Angleterre, ou les enfants vont demi-nu, ou les servantes font leur travails au matin
les bras nus jusqu’aux épaules, ou les femmes sont toujours legerérement vétus, on observe
la phthisie pulmonaire dans une proportion énorme. A Londres, un quart des morts ont
lieu par suite de phthisie.

“Ta phthisic chez les femmes, n’a jamais été plus fréquente en France qu’apres
Empire, é¢poque ou les femmes portaient les cheveux a la Titus, les bras nu et la poitrine
forte découverte.

“C’est done un prejuge meutrier que celui des parents qui, pendant Vhiver, proménent
leur enfants les epaules, les bras et les jambes nus, sou pretexte de fortifier leur constitu-
tion.” (An. D’Hygiéne.)

Or THE Mountain Sueepr.—Especial care must be taken not to confound the Mazama
with the Mountain Sheep, (Ovis Montana, of Desm,) which is extensively distributed
through North America, along the highlands of the Rocky Mountains, the hair of which
is coarse and brittle, while that of the Mazama is fine and soft.

Kaamination and Description of the Pile of the Mountain Sheep, (Ovis Montana.)—
Specimen presented by the late Dr. Samuel George Morton, of this city.

General appearance, that of dried vegetable fibres; length, (natural,) from 2 to 3 inches;
shape, a compressed and irregular oval; diameter, from 2, to ;2,8, of a millimeter; color,
cinereus; no lustre; direction, at an acute angle; inclination, slightly undulated; no
sensible ductility nor elasticity ; tenacity, broke with 170 grains; button, pestle-shaped,
white and opaque, succeeded by a neck which is white and opaque also, and which sepa-
rates the button from the shaft; length of the button, + of a millimeter; that of the neck,
a of a millimeter; diameter of the button, ;, of a millimeter, and that of the neck, 35;
that of the shaft bemg ,,; shaft, cortex paved, white, and compressed, quadrilateral and
pentagonal figures, some of which measure less than 57, of a millimeter; intermediate sub-
stance, white, opaque and granular; centre, white, translucent and granular; the shaft is
easily crushed.

Tt will be seen, by the above description, that this pile can be of no use in manufactures

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. Li

Or rue Goat.—C. 1. Quadrupedia, O. VI., Pecora G., Capra of Lin. Horns, concave,
inclined upwards, straight and rough ; teeth, fore, eight ; lower, shorter, more acute; canine,
none. The great Swedish Naturalist enumerates eleven species of Goats.

Buffon considers the Ibex, the Chamois and the domestic Goat, as one species. (See
Nat. Hist., v. 3, p. 218.)

Milne Edwards (who follows Cuvier) places the Goat in the order of ‘“* Ruminants,” in
the division of ‘“R. with horns,” in the tribe of “hollow horns,” and the genus of ‘Capra;”
and points out two wild species, the ‘‘ Avgagre” and the “ Bouquetin.” He is of opinion,
that the domestic Goat is a descendant of these two wild species. The three races of
Goats most esteemed, are the Goats of Thibet, (also called the Cashmere Goat,) the
Angora and the Kirguis.

Goats must have been domesticated at a very early period; for, in the Song of Solomon,
written 1014 years B. C., mention is familiarly made of “ feeding the Azds before the shep-
herd’s tents; but, as most things are judged of by comparison, the Goat has ever been
regarded with less respect, because he is supposed to be inferior to the Sheep; as the
humble Ass 1s treated with contempt when compared with the noble Horse. It is possible
that religious impressions may have, unwittingly, kept alive this feeling, owing to the
purity always attributed to the Lamb, and the wicked being compared with the Goat.

« And the Son of Man shall come in His glory, and all the holy angels with Him, then shall He sit upon the Throne of His
Glory, and before Him shall be gathered all nations; and He shall separate them, one from another, as a shepherd divideth
his sheep from the goats ; and He shall set the sheep on His right hand, ut the goats on the left,” &e., &e. (Matt. 25: 21.)

Nevertheless there are, as we shall perceive in the sequel, some races of Goats whose
fleece is quite as valuable as that of the Sheep; and we shall, notwithstanding the severe
sentence, figuratively, denounced by the Apostle upon the poor Goat, of ‘curses and ever-
lasting fire,” venture to commend this animal to the especial attention of the American
agriculturists.

Or THE Goat or Turpet.—Thibet, in Asia, extends from the source of the Indus to
the borders of China, and from Hindoostan to the Desert of Cobi—a distance of 1,500
miles. ‘The capital is Lassa. Thibet is mountainous, and intersected by very large
rivers; the climate is cold, the soil sterile, and vegetation scanty. "The principal wealth of
the inhabitants consists of cattle, among which is the Goat, which furnishes the fine fleece
from which are manufactured the valuable shawls of Cashmere.

Cashmere is a province of India, belonging to Hindoostan, and this fine fleece of Thibet
is taken there and manufactured into shawls, whence the animal is sometimes, but very
improperly, called “the Cashmere Goat.” They are said to employ in this manufacture
16,000 looms, and that 80,000 shawls are annually produced.

Or tue Ancora Goar.—Natolia (or Anatolia) is a province of Asiatic Turkey, extend-
ing from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean, and from Caramania to the Archipelago and
the Sea of Marmora. In this province are raised another fine breed of Goats, called the
“Angora,” from the city where the wool is manufactured into shawls, which are said to

1 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;

rival those of Cashmere. Each Goat is represented to yield from 200 to 300 drachms of
wool at each shearing, which takes place twice a year.

Or THe Goat or Kireuis.—'The immense plains of Kirguis, in Independent Tartary,
are inhabited by a people who raise a third kind of valuable Goat, which produces wool of
great fineness.

The Introduction of these Goats into the United States.—HEixertions have been made to
introduce some of these valuable Goats into France, which, we regret to say, have not been
attended with success; but this ought not to discourage the enterprising American
Agriculturist, who is aware of the fact, that the raising and breeding of the fine woolled
Saxon Merino Sheep has here succeeded to admiration, while in France it has proved to
be a comparative failure.

We will first enumerate some of the inducements to introduce fine breeds of Goats into
our country, and will then show what has already beendone. ‘The Goat is a cosmopolitan,
he is found rambling amidst the snows of Norway, and basking in the burning sun of
Africa. Even the fine varieties, to which we have above alluded, brave the mountainous,
cold climate of Thibet; feeding upon the scanty vegetation of that sterile soil, or luxu-
riating in the fertile district of Natolia. He is easily sustained,—as the Sheep follows the
Ox, fattening upon the gleanings, so the Goat prospers upon the scanty remains of vege-
tation left by the Sheep, or in worn out and neglected fields; in some places, as for
instance, in Norway, feeding, like the Reindeer, upon simple moss.

He is a most valuable companion of the pioneer to the “far west,” thriving upon
boughs, and even upon the bark of trees cut down in clearing, or for fuel, where all other
domestic animals would starve. The Goat is less liable to diseases than the Sheep. He
naturally attaches himself to man, and appears to be grateful for the very few favors he
receives at his hand.

The female Goat commences breeding when only one year or eighteen months old, and
continues until she is seven ; she produces, in temperate climates, one, two and three at a
birth ; and in warmer ones, three, four and five. She may be milked in fifteen days after
parturition; the milk is sweet, nourishing, and medicinal; not apt to curdle on the
stomach, as much as that of the Cow, for which reason it is recommended to those whose
digestion is imperfect. It has an agreeable flavor, imparted, no doubt, by the wild food
upon which the animal delights to feed. This quality renders it peculiarly appropriate
to the manufacture of butter and chesse. The suet of the Goat makes candles superior in
whiteness and goodness to that of the Ox or Sheep.

‘The skins of the Goat are useful in the manufacture of morocco leather, parchment
and vellum; we are told that from Norway 80,000 raw Goat hides are annually exported.
In Turkey and the Crimea, morocco leather is made from the hide of the male Goat, which
is highly prized all over the world. The skin of the Kid is made into gloves of the best
quality, and always commands the highest prices. The horns are extensively used for
handles to tools of many kinds. Of the pile are made various articles of clothing, from
the luxurious shawl, to the humbler but more useful camblet.

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 145

The Goat lives from 11 to 12 years, its flesh is used as food; that of the kid being
esteemed to be more delicate than that of the lamb. In several parts of Ireland and the
Highlands of Scotland the Goat constitutes the chief agricultural riches. The Welsh
goats are also much celebrated.

Having endeavored to retrieve the character of the goat, we will next show what has
been done, and what can be done to render him a valuable animal in the United States.

Colonel Wade Hampton, of South Carolina, has introduced upon his farm the Thibet
Goats. He kindly sent us a number of specimens of their fleece, which are fine and silky.
When we recommend the agriculturists of the United States to introduce upon their
farms the Thibet Goat, it is not as a mere experiment, and we refer them with confidence
to the patriotic and scientific gentleman whose name we have just quoted; who, we are
sure will take pleasure in imparting any information he may possess in the premises, upon
a proper application.

We notice that two of the specimens are marked “half breed, between the Cashmere and
common Goat.”’ We have also in our collection of pile one specimen marked ‘“ Angora
Goat,” obtained through the politeness of R. C. Weightman, Esq., of the United States
Patent Office, but where it was raised we have not learned.

Or THE Mazama, (oF Rar.) rHE Rocky Mowtnrain Goat or Haruan and ScHInTz.—
The Examination and Description of the Pile of the Mazama ( Raf.) Americana, the
Rocky Mountain Goat of Harlan and Schintz.—Specimens presented by Professor Samuel
S. Haldeman. This pile is of two kinds, one longer and coarser than the other. ‘The
general apearance of the first is of lamb’s hair—of the second, of the under coat of the
poodle dog. The first is in length about four inches, but it appears to have been cut, not
drawn out of the skin of the animal. Shape, eccentrically elliptical ; depressed in the
centre, tapering from the inferior to the superior extremities. ‘The diameters of four fila-
ments, taken in three places of each:

1 pee ks uf r 1 i r 1 c Ne
No lL. 337 by ate abt bY sto 2o7 by s¢z of an inch.
(73 3) ail (73 L 1 “6 ly ple ax ed ees ce
i PTH 781 281 626 266 1250
€ gees ce os = il’ ce al ye oe 1 ae oe
eset 625 281 625 266 1250
ee pees Ea Se ee 1 = od RG at ak ce au bee “ee
250 6256 266 562 264 500
Color, white; direction, straight, but undulated. .

Ductihty, Elasticity and Tenacity.—
With 170 grains one inch stretched ,, of an inch, elasticity entire.
a 220 a & i oy fe +
ce 270 ce “cc oe
tt. 9 320i), °o= broke:
Fracture, abrupt; shaft, composed of three parts, viz: Ist, a cortex which is white and
too thin to be measured ; 2d, a black, fibrous band, of the thickness of ;,!;; of an inch;
3d, a white, opaque, granular centre, which has a fleecy appearance ; apex, sometimes
abrupt, but mostly pointed; none furcated ; transverse sections or disks exhibit plainly, the
shape and three parts above enumerated. (See fig. 96.)
36

ut minus 45

t44 TRICIOLOGIA MAMMALIUM :

When a filament is crushed, the fibres readily separate. They have a diameter of <1;
of an inch, but may be divided into fibrils of from 555 to s549 of an inch. The central -
matter which oozes out from the interior, is white, opaque, and granular; the grains of an

The Small Pile—Length, 1,45 mech; shape, oval; diameter, from 5,45 to ;,/,, of an
inch. The shaft consists of three parts, like the first described, but the cortex is compara-
tively thicker. It is undulated and slightly frizzled ; no furcations.

Ductility, Elasticity and Tenacity.— With 12 grains one inch parted with its undulations
and elongated 2, of an inch.

|

With 25 grains one inch stretched ,3,, elasticity entire.

90
a3 35 oe oe oe sir ce oe
bee A ae i be sy minus ,5 of an inch.
66 55 oe oe ce i £ oe wo “ce
joi lay a es. ei
66 15 se oe oe 26 66 13 “cc

$F 85) 6 brolke:
Scales upon the cortex, 3,500 upon one inch of length.

Tue Pits or tHE Common Goat.—The skin of the common Goat is peculiarly well
adapted to the manufacture of gloves, and is used to make morocco leather. From their
hair is also made camlet, which for beauty those of Syria are much esteemed. The
fleece of the Russian Goat is much extolled as consisting of, first, a short stiff hair, and
secondly, a fine soft wool which grows at the roots of the other pile. Some of the latter
was sent to Englind to be manufactured, the quantity was so small that the chain was
made of silk, and the fabric is represented to have been equal to the finest Indian shawls.
This induced Dr. Anderson to examine the pile of the common Haglsh Goat, among
which it is said he found the very same substance. From this experiment the author of
lilus. of Nat. Hist. ventures the assertion, that a variety of the goat species in Great
Britain does actually produce a wool of perhaps finer quality than that which is yielded
by any sheep whatever. (See Anderson’s Recreat. in Agric. v. 2, p. 231.) We earnestly
recommend to the enterprising American farmers to try the experiment of raising and
breeding the common Goat of this country for the fleece.

Or THE Camet.—This animal, according to Edwards, (Elem. de Zéol., 432,) belongs
to the eighth order, viz:—‘* Ruminants”-—the section “without horns’’—and the tribe
“Camel.” ‘There are seven species, viz: Ist, the Arabian Camel or
Camelus Dromedarius of Linn., and Le Dromédaire of Buff.;) 2d, the Bactrian Camel,
(C. Bactrianus of Linn., the Chameau of Buff. ;) 3d, the Lama, Camelus (Glama of Linn.,
the Lama of Buff.;) 4th, the Guanaco or Huanaco of Molina, (see Nat. Hist. of Chili;)
5th, the Peruvian Camel, (C. Arcuanus of Linn., found in Peru and Chili;) 6th, the
Vicunna, (the C. Vicugna of Linn., the Vicunna of Pennant;) 7th, the
(the C. Paco of Linn., and Pacos of Pennant.)

Dromedary, (the

Paco or Alpaca,

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 145

The Arabian Camel or Dromedary, or Camel with but one hunch, belongs originally to
Arabia, as one of its names imports; it is smaller than the other species; there are several
varieties, as the Turkman, which is the largest and strongest; the Arabian, which 1s
hardy, and the Maihany and Raguahl, which is swift. The Camel is capable of traveling
eight or ten days upon a few dates and a little flour; it being generally supposed that, on
such occasions, the fat of the hump administers to its support.

The hair is soft; longest about the neck, under the throat and about the hunch; the
color of that on the protuberance is dusky; that on the other parts, of areddish-ash color.
The Camel is used as a beast of burthen in Egypt, and along the Mediterranean Sea, in
Morocco, Sara and Ethiopia. It lives from forty to fifty years. Its flesh and milk are
esteemed for food, and its pile is used in the manufacture of rich shawls, hats, cloth,
carpets, &c. It is provided with a bag, serving as a reservoir of pure water, which it can
pour into the stomach or raise even to the throat, at pleasure. It will carry a weight of
1,000 to 1,200 pounds. In Upper Egypt a Camel is worth from 200 to 300 livres.

Examination and Description of the Pile of the Camel—Specimen presented by Mr.
David Samuels, of Philadelphia, dealer in furs and pelts. —

The long Pile.—Length, from 1; to z!y of a meter; shape, cylindrical and cylindroidal ;
greatest diameter, ;35 of a millimeter; color, dark brown; lustre, considerable.

Ductility, Elasticity and Tenacity.—

With 170 grains one inch stretched ,\; of an inch, elasticity entire.

90
6c 99 “e 6c 6c 5 6c 11 yet ie
220 30 MiUMUS 4%5
ce 270 “ec cc as 8 te ce
wl a —
) 0 90
ce 320 be ee zs ta ce oe aD
ce 370 ce ce oe alee ce ‘ ‘i

ig
“« 420 “ broke. Fracture, abrupt.

Button, sometimes white and spindle-shaped, at others trumpet-shaped, dark colored,
and angled ; length, ;48;, and diameter, 77, of a millimeter; sheath, white, transparent and
fibrous; length, 2 of a millimeter; diameter, ;4,; shaft, tapering; diameters, at the sheath,
ig, but gradually widens to ;7,, and gradually narrows to the apex, where it is only 775
of a millimeter; cortex, dark brown; the coloring matter in transverse lines, which appear
to be formed by a succession of dark colored rings, occupying about of the diameter of
the shaft. When a filament is wetted and pressed between two pieces of glass, these rings
fade away, but re-appear when the pressure is removed. When the pile is imbedded in
Canada balsam, the rings sometimes disappear entirely, leaving the cortex light fawn
colored, with transverse strie of specks of light. At other times the cortex becomes
entirely transparent, except some broken lines of coloring matter in the centre. Fibres,
white, translucent, coarse. and difficult to separate.

The short Pile.—Staple, 2,4; inches; shape, cylindroidal ; diameter, varies from 13 to
1. of a millimeter; button, spindle-shaped, white and opaque; length, 74>, and diameter,
2 of a millimeter, when the shaft is ;4,; cortex, white; scales, 500 to an inch in length.
This fleece, owing to its great fineness, recommends itself to the manufacturer, althouch
from its shape and small number of seales, we would conjecture that its felting and fulling

=|]

1

146 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

properties are not very great. But as the Camel is, in other respects, a highly useful
animal, it might be as well to try to domesticate it in the United States.

Or THE Lama, (AncHnENIA,) “CamMeL or THE New Wortp,” or Epwarps.—This
animal belongs to the tribe ‘‘ Camel,” of the section “ without horns,” of the eighth order,
viz: ‘“Ruminantia;’? Camelus Glama, of Linn., and Lama of Buff. He is about 4 feet
high; his body, comprehending his head and neck, 5 feet 6 inches—the neck alone being
nearly 3 feet. Peru is said to be his native country, where his race is found in the
greatest abundance, and is much esteemed for the flesh as well as the pile, which latter
is converted into beautiful clothing. The Lama is also used as a beast of burthen, being
very strong and sure-footed. He will travel with 200 to 250 pounds weight upon his
back. In the time of Bolivar, upwards of 300,000 of these animals were employed at the
mines of Potosi.* Some Lamas are black, others brown; and a white one (probably an
Albino, (was exhibited at the London Zéological Garden. The one from which our speci-
mens of pile were taken, was shown at the Zéological Institute in Philadelphia, in 1548.
It was brown, paler on the under parts. ‘The Lama is not as long lived as the Camel—
his existence being limited to 15 or 20 years. :

Examination and Description of the Pile of the Lama.—The Pile of the Chest—Length,
Ll inches; shape, oval; diameter, 51°, of a millimeter by ;7,; color, light brown; no
lustre; inclination, straight.

Ductility, Elasticity and Tenacity of one inch.—

With 170 grains it stretched 4, of an inch, elasticity entire.

66 22) 6b 6c on 6“ 6c
eee Oy st ao minus ,)5 of an inch.
re Ue : 90 it 7 85 ;
66 SAO) ya “ or be “ = 4“
“ 420 « “ on 6 c fy a3
ae 470 (73 “cc a0 ce oc ay ce
6c 520 ce iz: do “ec 66 30 ec
6“ 570 6 “ 33 “ 6c“ 30 oc
Ea o20" ‘ at PRG
20 a ee y eae, y
oe te (a cat ee f aes
iT 870 « vc 26 cc 6 it iT
Sg 820, ne: ) ares ame «Sa
ih oa a ae lie Trias
« 1,020 « « 44 att deme
‘“ 1,070 6 ce 46 6 26 iT:
“1,120 « $f Ege
La O. i Z 50 a6

“* 1,220 “ broke. Fracture, abrupt.

* Lamas are still used in Peru as beasts of burthen. At the Salines, near Huacho, they are employed in carrying lumps
of solid salt—each one carrying. 100 pounds on his back. (Tsehudi’s Travels in Peru.)

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 147

Button, little more than a swelling; length, ;34,; greatest diameter, 1°,—that of the
shaft being ;7, of a millimeter; a slight club at the lower extremity; sheath, white, trans-
parent; length, 2; diameter, 1 of a millimeter; shaft, uniform in shape and diameter ;
cortex, white, fibrous, transversely striated and transparent; fibres, white, transparent;
disks, exhibit a white centre, which is sometimes eccentrically elliptical, being ;3; by
73> of a millimeter; at others, the shape of a chain shot, and at others, strie irregular ;
apex, pointed. (See fig. 97.)

The Pile of the Back.—Length, 33 inches; shape, imperfectly cylindrical; compressed
on three sides; diameter, ;35 0f a millimeter; shaft, irregular; color, ight brown; slightly
undulated ; apex, pointed.

Ductility, Elasticity and Tenacity.—

With 170 grains one inch stretched 2; of an inch, elasticity entire.

$F QQ2OW, 06 f $n e minus 2;
‘“c“ 270 “cc cc oon ‘ec ‘c ao
«ce 470 6c cc oon c “c 5
“ce 520 “ce ce a0 cc “cc 3D
6c 570 “ec “cc 9. cc “c = 2
90 90

a 620 6c cc Lal “ce ! “cc 5
~ 90 90

‘ 6 ‘ ‘

(73 670 6c ¢ 16 ‘ ‘ ae

ce 720 ‘ ‘ 18 ve oe 12

“ 770 “ broke. Fracture, compound.

Disk, exhibits a dark colored white, of a compressed cylinder, with a white centre
formed by the union of three white dots, so arranged as to form together a compressed
right angle triangle. The great ductility of this pile, especially that of the breast, indi-
cates a great degree of softness, which compensates for its comparative coarseness. (See
fig. 97.)

Or THe Vicunta, (CamMELus Vicuena.)—This animal also belongs to the genus Lama,
and the tribe of ‘* Camels.” He is about as large as a Sheep, and is equally remarkable
for his fawn colored wool of an admirable fineness and softness. He inhabits the heights
of the Andes in Peru and Chili; where he is sought for his wool, to be fabricated into
precious stuffs. (Hlem. de Zéol., 435.)

The animal from which our specimens were taken was from Buenos Ayres. He is
smaller than the Lama Anchenia, his limbs more neatly formed, and no protuberance on
the breast. He is of a reddish-brown color on the upper part of the body, and whitish-
brown below. Dr. Von Tschudi says, that in Tarmaand its neighborhood the natives
weave an exquisitely fine description of woollen cloth from the fleece of the Vicunia and
Alpaca. <A poncho, made of these materials, will sell for one hundred to one hundred and
twenty dollars. The hairs are the long and short, from the back and sides.

Or rHE Paca or Atpaca.—This is the vulgar name of ove variety of another species
of the Lama, viz: the L. Guanaco. The Guanaco is found in all the high mountains otf

an
od

148 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;

South America. He is as tall as a Deer, and his covering is chestnut color, and coarse ;
but the Paca or Alpaca is domesticated, and his covering (it is said) is composed of a
woolly hair,* which is very long, and which, for fineness and elasticity, ranks next to the
most beautiful wool of the Goats of Thibet. (Elem. de Zéol., 435.)

We have seen none of this fieece.

Or SrarLe.—When specimens of wool, especially of the Mermo and Saxony Merino
are examined, it is perceived that the filaments do not hang independently, side by side,
as do hairs in a lock; but that certain of them unite at their anterior extremities, forming
tufts ; and these tufts are again partially united, forming locks. With a pair of tweezers
and under a magnifying glass, we separated these filaments of a lock, one by one, thus
ascertaining that’ each was distinct. In not a single instance did we discover that
“branching from the main trunk like boughs from the principal stem,” described by some
observers. (See Lib. of Usf. Know., 6, 5.) These tufts and locks are what Mr. Fleish-
man calls “ the staple.” (See Report of the Commis’r. of Patents, 1847, p. 271.) Above the
junction, the filaments have somewhat the appearance of a web, but, upon close examina-
tion, it is found to be a tangling of the filaments only; which is owing, probably, to the
spiral curls. The terminations of these tufts have been the subject of examination and
animadversion, and the result may be seen by referring to the book and page last cited.

Dr. Ure remarks, that the best length of staple, for cloth, is from two to three inches.
But Merino Saxony wool has from four to five, and is in high estimation. (Philos. of
Manf., p. 129.)

Of Stapling.—The “middle man,’ between the breeder and the manufacturer, whose
business it is to assort the wool, is called the wool-stapler.”’+

Formerly, all wools were distinguished into fine and coarse, these (which are at best
vague and iudefinite terms) become more so when it is recollected that often fine fleeces
have some coarse filaments, and coarse fleeces some fine ones. Wool is now divided
according to the following: 1, fine; 2, pure; 3, straight; 4, elasticity; 5, staple; 6,
color ; 7, mixture of coarse and fine; 8, tenacity; 9, freedom from stains.

Nicholson (in Dictionary of Chem., title Wool,) says that simple mspection may easily
lead to error in wool stapling, and recommends the use of the microscope and michrometer ;
but a good microscope costs a large sum of money, and when possessed, requires some
practice before it can be used with success. ‘The stapler, being familiar with the qualities
of fleece, with an accuracy which requires a delicate sense of touch, a quick eye and long
training and experience, divides the fleece into nine parcels: the picklock, the prime,
the choice, the super, the head, the downright, the seconds, the abb, and the livery.t
But the breeder and manufacturer ought, also, to have at least a moderate knowledge of

* This is a very vague description !

+ Staple, (Staple Belg.,) originally signified a public place or market where goods were exposed for sale. ‘Staple com-
modities,” are those upon which a country chiefly depends. Wool was one of the staple commodities of England, and hence
he who assorted it for market was called ‘a wool-stapler.”

¢ In Spain the Merino wool is separated into four parcels only. (See Lib. Usf. Know., p. 154.)

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 149

fleece ; how is this to be obtained? Let him practice with the michrometer that we have
proposed, until he is able to ascertain the relative fineness of wool; that will answer all
his purposes. Let him then practice with the trichometer, until he is able to determine
its ductility, elasticity* and tenacity, He will then be enabled to determine the four most
essential properties of fleece, and will never be at a loss to judge of its value, for himself.
It is to this platform of independence that we desire to elevate the American farmer and
manufacturer.

Or tut Streneru or Pire.—That the strength of pile depends, in a great measure,
upon the vitality of the animal upon whose body it grows, cannot, we think, admit of a
doubt. Having, by repeated experiments, ascertained the average strength of the hair of
the head of oval-haired men, we compared that with the hair of persons of known vital
power, and also with the hair of others ascertained to be defective in vitality, and we found
that the strength of the hair corresponds with the vital power in a remarkable manner.

For example, we took the hair of A Ss , who is about 28 years of age, 512 in
height, in health, but who has ever been remarkable for a deficiency of vital powers; one
lock of filament, being tried with the trichometer, broke with a weight of 470 grains.

One inch of the hair of the head of J K. M——, who is 35 years of age, 6 feet high,
of a good constitution, and in health, broke with 823 grains.

One inch of the hair of the head of William M. Swain, Esq., who is 39 years of age,
5 ft. 7% high, weighs 210 lIbs., and very remarkable for vital power, broke with 1573
grains.

That the strength of the filament does not depend upon the s¢ze and mezght of the
animal, unless they are accompanied with a corresponding vital power, would appear from
the following experiments :

One inch of the hair of the head of the Quaker Giantess, Mrs. Elizabeth Hales, who is
nearly eight feet high, and weighs 337 pounds, broke with 200 grains less than Mr.
Swain, say 1373. And one inch of the hair of the head of her husband, Robert Hales, the
Quaker Giant, who is 29 years of age, weighs 508 pounds, and measures eight feet, broke
with 250 grains less than Mr. Swain, say 1323.

That the strength of the integument does not depend entirely upon the diameter of the
filament, is also apparent from the examination of the hair of the head of Professor Silli-
man. One inch of his hair, taken when he was 20 years old, and in the full vigor of
manhood, broke with 1820 grains. But one inch taken in the year 1848, when he was in
the neighborhood of 70, broke with 1370. Besides which, the actual diameters of the hairs
upon which the above mentioned six experiments were made, did not correspond with their
strength, for the hair of A. S., is ;4; of an inch; that of J. K. M. 4, of an inch. Mr.
Swain’s is 34, of an inch. Elizabeth Hales’ is 31; of an inch. Robert Hales’ is y}, of

an inch, and Prof. Silliman’s is from 54, to ;1, of an inch. We have also compared the

* 'The elasticity is the test of so/dess of wool.

150 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

diameters of the hair of the head with the strength of it, in afew cases of diseases, of
which the following are the results, viz:

1. Last stage of Coxalgia, 15 months, female, diameter z1,, broke with 920 grains.

6
2. Scrofula, (caries, ) if s a sty“ Cd CO ie
3. Phthisis, és male, u siz to 1k000 att
4. Advanced Phthisis, (cavernis,) & es str Ke 7820 ite
5. Chronic Pleurisy, (extensive effusion,) male, ‘ po eT 210i ai
6. African Fever, white, aC sty “« g90 «

Nor does the strength of fleece depend entirely upon the diameter of the filament, for
1. A filament of full blood Saxony, from Saxony, whose diam. was ,}, of an inch, broke with

54 grains.

a , ar e F

2. ““ 6c 66 ce of ive States, “ 6c <047 ‘é TA. “é

« ‘ ‘ 3 ‘ wi ‘ fad

Qe ‘ ‘ 3 66 ‘ 74 6c a 6c suri ¢ 164 6c
73 (73 1 6c (73 6“ (73 73 6“ 1 (73 oe

4. 2 B33 144

5 6c “cc ab 6c “cc 73 66 6“ cc zasd 6c Q9A4 6“

6. i “Southdown, fe i sass SHpGlete te

From all which we deem ourselves warranted in inferring, that the strength of pile
depends, in a great measure, upon the vital power of the animal upon whom it grows, from
which we deduce the following corollary, viz: that the breeder of Sheep, who would
require strong fleece, must, by attention to their food, cleanliness, and preservation from
inclemencies of weather, endeavor to preserve, and, tf possible, increase their VITAL POWER.
A feeble Sheep cannot produce a strong wool; it is contrary to principle as well as our
experiments, and must not be anticipated.

Combe, on the duration of human life, from tables of mortality in Edinburg, shows that
what he calls ¢he gentry (by which he means the class between the nobility and the arti-
sans) have a mesne average age of 433 years; while artisans, laborers and servants, have
an average age of only 273 years; and we think that the reason of this disparity is to be
traced, mainly, to premature loss of vital power by the reckless among the second class—
which loss would doubtless, by careful experiments, be discovered in their hair. ‘The
American Sheep breeder should have none but gentry in his flock.

OF THE FINENESS or FLEeEce.—We entertain the opinion, that even the fineness of
fleece may be increased by continued care and attention; good, wholesome food, in sufh
cient quantity—preservation from the inclemencies, and particularly from the sudden
changes, of the weather—and cleanliness; these are the means by which the integuments
may be improved in fineness, as well as in other useful qualities ; while starvation and
exposure to cold, sudden changes, dampness and filth will, in time, show its effects in a
contrary direction.

In turning over the leaves of our book, which contains “locks of the hair of the heads
of distinguished individuals,’ every one is struck with the fineness, the softness, and
the lustre of a large majority of the specimens, when contrasted with our collection of
hair of the inmates of the alms-houses and hospitals, i. e., of the unintelligent and reckless,
who have been in the habit of living uncomfortably. From our examination of the pil’

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 151

of the lower animals, we entertain no doubt but that the rule extends to them. We
recollect having heard the late much-respected Samuel Coats (who was one of the founders,
and for many years one of the managers, of the Pennsylvania Hospital,) say, that at one
time they kept a few hogs in the yard of that Institution, and that, in order to avoid the
disagreeable effluvia generally arising from such animals and their pens, he had them both
well scrubbed every morning, and that the hogs’ hair became fine, soft and lustrous.
And we, with confidence, refer the intelligent reader to the history of Cattle and Sheep
raising and breeding in every country where they have attained any celebrity, for the fact
that success depends much upon the knowledge, the care, and the perseverance of the
farmer. Bakewell, in 1789, was in the receipt of 3,000 guineas a year for the hire of
rams, and seven of them sold for 2,000 guineas! But this was the result of unremitted

‘ care and attention to his flock for a long series of years. He commenced his experiments
upon the old Leicester breed, and he continued them, without any crossing whatever. end-
ing with the new Leicesters, of the value above mentioned. He paid too little attention
to the wool, as we will hereafter notice; but, in other respects, his experiments were
crowned with complete success.

Sorrness or StapLe.—There is a delicate, silky, highly elastic feeling in wool that is
very desirable. This softness of texture is usually judged by passing it through the
fingers or over the inside of the lips, but may be determined with the trichometer, it agree-
ing with the ductility and elasticity of the filament. The more ductile an1 elastic the
filament, the sofier the wool; and the degree of ductility and elasticity can be measured
with the utmost minuteness and certainty with the above named instrument.

OF BREEDING AND RAISING SWINE FOR THE BristLes.—The following is a

Statement of the quantity and value of Bristles imported annually into the United States,
from the \st October, 1842, to the 30th June, 1849.

: QUANTITY. VALUE.
YEARS. a

Pounds. Dollars.
Nine months, ending 30th June, 1543. 26,695 8,271
Year ending 30th June, 1544, - - 190,638 84,011
ee “ “ Cn S45. = = 343,218 172,076
se ee ee fe 1846, - - 445,725 QAAN TALS
n a eo ie 1847.5 = = 420,682 191,473
ms se 23 se 1848, - - | 45,661 175,025
&c 6 6s 6 1849, - - | 221,045 88,265

(Signed,) M. Nourse, Act’g Reg.

Treasury Department, Register’s Office, Oct. 12, 1850.

This furnishes an average of 380,264 lbs. per annum, worth $174,311.

Now, if the United States were incapable of producing bristles enough for her own
consumption, or if she was unable to furnish them of qualities adequate to her wants, there
would be no ground of complaint; but, by a reference to the statistical table accompany-

38

152 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

ing the last census, it will be seen that we raise swine in suflicient numbers to supply
bristles for our own wants, leaving a large balance for exportation. How is it as to the
quality of these tezumentary appendages? Upon referring to the table of dimensions of
eleven varieties of bristle, found in our cabinet of pile, the specimens from Ohio
measure ,; and 7; of an inch, and consequently are stouter than any that we import;
and it requires to fracture one inch of one specimen the enormous weight of 35,874 grains.

It is true that the Ohio bristle is not as long as the French, but it is an indisputable
fact that the qualities of drzstles may be improved by breeding, as well as the hair and
wool of Sheep, if proper means are resorted to by our agriculturists; and this, too, with-
out injuring the quality of the meat.

We therefore earnestly recommend the improvement of our bristles, feeling perfectly
certain that our farmers and planters will not find reason to regret taking the advice.

Se

CHAP PER <1 X.
PLATE I.

THE WOOLLY SHEEP.

Fig. 100.

i

ING)

THE WAIRY SHEFP.

x8

ae
inte eae

jae

aL

bea
Hine ee

A eed

RUA SP Sis
oo Ee ae

cet
tee

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 153

CHAPT HR IX:

Or THE Raisinc AND BreEepING oF SHEEP.—Breeding and raising domestic animals
includes, not only the multiplication of individuals, but the preservation and improvement
of their species, so as to ensure some desirable end ; which should always be kept fully in
view.

The design, in raising Sheep, should be to produce, with the least trouble and expense,
the greatest quantity of the most valuable quality of fleece; and when this is done, and
then only, is the system of Sheep breeding perfect.

We are aware that there are some persons who consider that the main object in raising
Sheep, is to produce fine flesh, for food; and that others entertain the opinion that ool
and carcass are of equal importance and equally deserving of care and attention. But we
maintain that the matter which ought to absorb our undivided attention is the //eece, and
that thé production of sufficiently good mutton will be a necessary consequence.

The most valuable properties of fleece, as regards its usefulness in manufactures and
the arts, are its fineness, its ductility, and its flexibility and elasticity, (indicating its soft-
ness,) its strength, and either its capacity to felt and full in an eminent degree, or its being
free from shrinking. ‘Therefore, the greatest perfection in Sheep breeding and raising,
consists, in being able to produce an animal, whose wool is fine, soft, strong, and will felt
and full perfectly ; or one, whose fleece is fine, soft and strong and will not shrink. And
we propose to show that ezther of these objects can be effected, in different regions of the
United States, with one stock, and that both may be effected with do stocks, but that Leth
cannot be done effectually and permanentiy with one, nor in the same region of this
country. .

Upon examining the ebove mentioned properties of fleece, it is apparent that, inasmuch
as these qualities depend upon specific differences of the animals, the same species cannot,
by any management or skill of the breeder, be made to produce wool that will felt and
full, and fleece that will not shrink; but that to vary the peculiar specific properties of
either, (within the range of the specific characteristics of each species,) is more or less
under the control of the skilful breeder. For instance, the dzameter of wool, taken from
animals descended from the same parentage, may vary; so the ductility and elasticity of
filament, (and consequently the softness of the fleece,) may differ, although the race is
identical; and the strength of the fibres is, doubtless, subject to the same law ; but far
different is the case with the property of felting, fulling and shrinking, which depends
upon the shape, direction and inclination of the filament, and these upon its organization ;
all which in the fleeces that svzd/ felt, full and shrink, are different from those that will not,
so much so, that we have ventured to call the one “woot,” and the other “ Harr,” and so
they are, in the proper understanding of those terms, for

154 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM:

Ist. Hair is, in shape, cylindrical or oval, but wool is eccentrically elliptical or
flattened.

2d. The direction of harris either straight, flowing or curled; but wool is crisped and
frizzled, and sometimes spirally curled.

3d. Hair issues out of the epidermis at an acute angle; but wool emerges at a right
angle.

4th. The coloring matter of a perfect hair is contained in a central canal; but the most
perfect wool has no such canal, the coloring matter being disseminated in the cortex, or
the cortex and fibres.

5th. The scales of the cortex of hair are less numerous than those of wool, are less
pointed and smoother, and they embrace the shaft more intimately than those of wool,
causing wool to felt and full, while hair will not shrink.

These things surprise, on account of their novelty, but when they are perfectly under-
stood, no one will any longer marvel why we say, that “there are two species of Sheep.”
Let us then, in the first place, examine the subject.

Or Fetts anp Fettinc.—The word felt, is from the Saxon “felt,” from “fel,” the hide
or skin of an animal. The fabric is manufactured from wool of Sheep or other animals,
the filaments of which are entangled and matted together, so as, without spinning or weav-
ing, to form a compact mass. ‘There is no doubt but that felting was practised at a very
early day. It is true that the first impulse of uncivilized mind would be, to cover the
body with the skins of animals rudely stitched together.*

“Unto Adam also, and his wife, did the Lord God make coats of skins, and clothed them.” (Gen., ch. 3, 21.)}

But it could not have long escaped observation, that the filaments of the woolly covering
of some animals, while yet growing upon their bodies, had a tendency to entangle and
mat; and this natural felting was, doubtless, imitated by our earliest forefathers, probably
long before spinning and weaving were known.

Travelers tell us of Tartars manufacturing tent-covers and tent-carpets, by spreading
two or three layers of wool on the wet ground, and treading them together, making a felt.
But they have no idea of

The Felting Property.—Notwithstanding the great antiquity of felting, and the great
perfection which it has attained, as a mechanical and manufacturing art, it was not until
very recently, comparatively, that the property in the filament of wool, upon which it
depends, was known, or even suspected. Experience taught that hair would not felt and
that wool would; and, from the same great teacher, it was learned that among the last
mentioned integuments there were various degrees of this matting and mass-making
power, it requiring more matting power to felt than to full; but to explain the cause, or

* The Stare Indians, occupying the valley of the River McKinzie, are clothed in rabbit skins tagged together. (U.S.
Exploring Expedition.)

+ And see Lucretius, lxi., v. 1011.

{ Yet weaving seems to have been known in the time of Job, for he says, “my day’s are swifter than a weaver’s shuttle.”
(viii. 6.)

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 156

describe the modus operandi, the learned and the unlearned were equally at fault. ‘The
skilful operator has a mass of wool, which, with his magic bow, he has formed into the
desired shape ; this fleece, “light as the thistle-down that floats on the air,” with no other
agency than a damp linen cloth, and the pressure of his hands,* he, in a few moments,
transforms into a firm cloth or felt; but neither he, nor the scientific looker-on, could
explain the phenomenon. At léngth a filament of wool was placed under the mcroscope,
and THE MYSTERY WAS REVEALED.+

It is the scales of the cortex of pile that cause the filaments to felt. They are circularly
disposed. Upon hair they are less numerous, smoother, rounder at the point, and embrace
the stalk more intimately; upon wool they are more numerous, rougher, sharper at the
point, and at their anterior extremities stand a little out from the shaft.

The scales from the different wools should be drawn, described and classified to under-
stand perfectly their felting power.

The first attempt to count the number of these scales was made by Mr. Youatt. He
found upon a filament of Anglo-Merino wool, 2,400 to a linear inch.

Let us here pause for reflection. If one inch, in length, of this wool has 2,400 scales,
and it is (as Mr. Youatt tells us) in diameter -1, of an inch, there are, upon the whole
area of its contour, 23,040 scales, ever ready to hook and fasten into as many to be found
upon every similar inch of filament with which it comes in contact!{ Mr. Youatt after-
wards counted the scales of other wools, from the result of which we have made the
following table :—

No. 1. Saxony, - = = = - 2,720 scales on an inch in length.
“© 2. Lord Weston’s Merino, picklock, 2,560 “ “ “
« 3. Ryeland, Herefordshire, 2 2420 * « ‘
‘© A. Lord Weston’s, (common,). - 2,400 “ ‘ “
“ 4. Australasian, M’Arthur’s, - 2,400 * ‘“ “6
“ 5. Southdown,. - - : - 2080 « ‘“ «6
« 5. Odessa, - = : 8 2080 « & “
«“ 5. New South Wales, = = 2080" MS « rr
“5. Southdown, picklock, - - OS®“ “ ry
“ 6. Australasian, - - = S720 4 « rr
“ 6. Irish Long Wool, = - 1,920 « ce ‘
‘¢~ (72) wlueicester, = ee ee - 1,560 « & &<
98. “SNorfolls, ilo - - - - 1,600) 1“ “ &

* The nitrate of mercury is sometimes used to facilitate the felting.

} In an article published in the Plough, the Loom and the Anvil, tor 1850, we have given a history of the discovery of the
cause of felting, and endeavored to do justice to the memories of those concerned in its discovery.

t The following calculation was made for us by Ferdinand Hubbel, Esq. There are 2,400 points (which are the edges of
scales) upon one inch in length of Merino wool—assuming it to be of the same circumference, there were 2,400 in the
contour, and multiplying 2,400 by itself, will give 5,760,000 for the number of points on the one inchof cylinder. But the
filament has a diameter of only 73> of an inch—7.22 3}5::0,004=7555=325-

Divide 5,760,000 by 250, and you will haye 23,040 for the number of scales upon one inch in length of a filament of wool
that has a diameter of 74+ 5 of an inch.

156 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

No. 8. Wallachian, — - = - - 1,600 scales on an inch in length.
“ 9. East India Deccan,’ - = 1280 « “ ‘é
‘Sai9) Ieimcoln,; - z z 24 Shogo Mé ‘ ec

“ 10. Van Diemen’s Land, being shght and indistinct, were not counted.
We must next speak

.

OF THE SHAPE AND POSITION OF THE Scates.—It will be obvious, that besides the
number of the scales, their shapes and their posttions upon the shaft may materially
influence the felting power; for if the scales (although numerous) are smooth, rounded
at their anterior extremities, and they adhere to the shaft, they will be less likely to entangle
and mat together than under opposite circumstances. Hence the necessity of examining
them under a microscope of high power, and of depicting and describing them, as pro-
posed to be done.

Or Futitinc.—Wool, while being manufactured into cloth, is not felted, but scribbled,*
carded, spun, wove, and then fulled; the latter process consisting in causing the filaments
of fleece (after having undergone all the other operations above enumerated) to entangle
and mat together, thereby giving more compactness to the fabric.

It must be obvious that the same property in wool that causes it to fe/t, must also cause
it to full. But there is another peculiarity in wool which is auxiliary to both these pro-
cesses, namely, its tendency to form spiral curls, which must now be explained.

Or Spirat Curts.—lIt is one of the consequences of the eccentrically elliptical shape of
wool to form these curls. If a filament of Merino or Saxony wool be separated from the
rest, it will be found to be contracted into these curls. If it is extended until it is straight,
and then set at liberty, it will, spontaneously, return to its original spirally-curled condition.
Now it is easy to conceive, that filaments in this spirally-curled state are more likely to
entangle and mat together than they would have been were they straight, or even undu-
lated. But, preliminary to spinning, the wool has (as above stated) to undergo the operations
of scribbling and carding, by which these curled filaments are broken into minute curves or
sections of rings, and these interlock still more than the entire spiral curls, as will be
obvious to the reader; for these curves and sections of rings, having been tossed about in
every direction by the scribbling machine and cards, will present to the points of each
other’s scales opposite points of their own, which will be much more likely to interlock
than when, on the unbroken filament, their points were all in one direction. Let us
endeavor to make this still more plain by the aid of diagrams. (See fig. 98, a and 0.)

Suppose A and B to be spirally-curled filaments of wool, presented to each other, root
to point. The points of the scales being in opposite directions, confer a tendency to inter-

* The scribbler consists of a large number of wooden cylinders, placed horizontally on a frame, almost touching each
other, with small cylinders placed above them. he cylinders are coyered with iron teeth, which, as they revolve in different
directions, tear the wool into minute portions. After having been transferred from cylinder to cylinder, the wool is finally
thrown off in a flake. It is then carded.

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 157

lock. Now suppose these two spirally-curled filaments to be broken into curves and
sections of rings, by the scribbling machine and cards, at the places indicated by the
horizontal lines upon the figure A, B, the tendency to entangle is, in the first place,
increased in proportion to the number of these curves or sections of rings. But suppose,
again, that these curves and sections of rings are presented to each other (as they will be
after the wool is scribbled and carded) in the opposite direction of the points of their
scales, as represented in the figure C, D, the tendency to entangle, and the mass to mat,
will be still further increased, in proportion to the number of curves or sections of rings
that are thus oppositely presented.

From all which we learn, that although the scales are the principal cause of felting and
fulling, yet that they receive considerable aid from the spiral curls.

Having discussed so much at length the properties of the wool that will felt and full, it
now becomes us to say a few words respecting

THE FLEECE FOR MANUFACTURING ARTICLES THAT WILL NOT SHRINK.—Fleece that will
not shrink, or will not do so in an appreciable degree, is exceedingly valuable for the
manufacture of flannel, worsted,* blankets, hose, &c., &c. Now we are to understand
that “shrinking” (which is defined to be “the contracting into a smaller space’’) is only
another word for “fulling,”’ since it depends for its operations upon precisely the same
properties of the fleece.t If wool, possessing the felting property, be manufactured into
cloth, all but the fulling, it will afterwards, when used and washed, shrink. And so will
flannel, if made from the same material. On the other hand, cloth which is made from a
fleece which has no felting property, will not full, and the only way to obtain flannel, &c.,
which will not shrink, is to use that material. This is correct in theory, and will hold
-equally good in practice, as any one will discover who will try the experiment; so that
nothing further remains to be known but whether the sheep-breeder can, at pleasure, pro-
duce one fleece that will felt and full, and another fleece that will not shrink; and this
question we propose now to discuss.

Or Surep.—Wool grows upon a great many animals; but our chief supply is obtained
from the Sheep.

Sheep (Ovis, O. 6, “ Pecora” of Lin.,) belong to the tribe of hollow horns, of the order
RuminantiA, and are distinguished from the Goat, principally, by the direction of the
horns.

We will not consume time by enumerating the different kinds of Sheep mentioned in
books, nor by noticing the vain endeavors that have been made to refer all the domesticated
varieties to some wild species. ‘They were domesticated as early as the time of Abel—

* Worsted is a thread spun of fleece that has been combed, and which, in the spinning, is twisted harder than ordinarily.
Formerly it was chiefly used to be woven into stockings, caps, gloves, ke. The name is derived from that of the town in
England where it was first manufactured. (See Slater’s Memoir, appt., p. 440, where will be found some excellent remarks
upon the manufacture of worsted.

+ The degree may vary.

158 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;

for he was ‘“‘a keeper of Sheep ;” but there were no doubt wild ones ever since, and even
are at the present day, if we believe travelers.

Or THE TWo SPECIES ofr SueEP.—It is very evident to us that there are two distinct
species of Sheep, viz:—

Ist. The nairy Sheep, and

2d. The wooiry Sheep. -

The hairy Sheep (when perfect) has no moo/, and the woolly Sheep (when perfect) has
not a hair on it. We have already described hair and wool, and shown how the latter is
admirably calculated for the manufacture of felts and all cloths which are required to full,
and the former to the manufacture of flannel, worsted, blankets, hose, and all articles that
are required not to shrink.

The fleece of the hairy Sheep has sometimes been called “long wool,” and that of the
woolly Sheep ‘short wool;” but the truth is, that the former is not wool at all, and these
“long”? and “short”? names should be discontinued, being calculated to mislead.

In the manufacture of fabrics that are required not to shrink, the hair should be combed
and spun, but never scribbled nor carded. 'The object of this is to preserve the same
direction of filaments that they had on the back of the animal, when the scales are not
opposed to each other, and whence they have no tendency to entangle, even should they
become loose.

But it will be objected that there are Sheep that have on them both hazy and wool. We
admit it, and shall now proceed to show that the existence of such mongre/s is no objection
whatever to our division into two pure species. Butas the discussion of this point involves
nearly the whole art of sheep-breeding, it is time that we should reduce what we have to
say to order.

RvuLE.—THE SHEEP-BREEDER SHOULD NEVER CROSS THE TWO SPECIES OF SHEEP, VIZ:
Tue Harry Sueep anp THE Woo.ty Sueer.—This is the most important direction we
have to give—it is the golden ruwle—the primatus principatus—a rule, the more necessary to
be dwelt upon, as its adverse has been countenanced by authority, and has been acted upon
by those whose example has been deemed worthy of being followed. Its discussion
divides into two questions, viz :—

Ist. Whether the hacry Sheep and the woolly Sheep really belong to two distinct species ?
and

2d. Whether, by the amalgamation of two distinct species of animals, a permanent, self-
supporting race, possessing equally the properties of both parents, can be produced?

The learned have not always agreed upon a definition of the term “species.” On the
contrary, it has been used in different senses, according to the mode or subject, whether
literary, popularly, logically, or zodlogically and physiologically. In its zodlogical and
physiological meaning, it is (according to the Rev. Thomas Smith) “a fixed principle,
founded upon the indefinite varieties of which animal life is capable.” In regard to proof,
he considers common parentage as the best evidence which the nature of the case admits;
but as this cannot always be traced, he does not exclude other proof.

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 159

We acknowledge that we prefer the definitions of species given respectively by Van
Amringe and Mills; but we do not think that it would be hazarding too much to affirm,
that under almost any other definition of it, to be found in the books, the modification of
an animal from being entirely covered with hair to being entirely covered with wool, when
permanently native in its race, is sufficient ground for a specific distinction.

That this is the case with the most perfect kind of animal known, we think we have
proven in “The Classification of Mankind by the Hair and Wool of their Heads,” to which
we refer; andif we have, the argument from analogy, in regard to the two species of Sheep,
is irresistible; but even if it shall not be conceded that we have, heretofore shown, by the
hair and wool, that man is not confined to one species, we shall contend, and shall endea-
vor to prove, that there are twvo species of Sheep.

“Species (says Van Amringe) is a constitutional organization in a race of animals, pro-
ducing a similarity of functions, in which they agree with all animals of the same genus
in generic character; but differ from races of the same genus, in modifications of generic
character, in regard to form, color, instincts, or intellectual power, and which we have
good reason to believe to be permanently native in the race.”

Now, in considering the permanent modifications of generic character, as regards form,
let us see whether naturalists, generally, have not been influenced by discrepancies of a
much less decided character than those which distinguish the hairy Sheep from the woolly
Sheep.

The general similitude between the Horse and the Ass is very striking, the difference
between them (if we throw out of view a discrepancy in the dimensions of the head and
ears) consisting in the color and marking of the pile ; yet where is the natutalist who has
put them in the same species?

The Zebra, which has pretty much the same form as the Horse and the Ass, is placed
in another species, on account of the singular disposition of the colors of his hair.
(‘Equus lineis transversis versicolor.’’)

The Quagga, the Onagga, and the Dziggtai, between whom and the Horse and the Ass
there exists still slighter shades of difference, are all considered as distinct species.

The two species of Camel are distinguished by the first having one, and the second
having é7vo humps on the back, and they are never placed together.*

There are two species of Rhinoceros, one having one, and the other having to horns.

There are several species of Deer-kind, which are known mainly by the difference in
the horns.

Some species of Monkey are distinguished by the presence, and others by the absence of
the tad.

Sloths are separated into species by the number of their éoes.
And in Peru there are two species of Lizard, the only difference between which is, that
the one has an orifice in the thighs for the passage of a gland, which the other has not.

* There are two species of Carabou, (Tarandus arcticus and T. hastalis,) the difference between them (aceording to Prof.
Baird) consisting in size, difference and dimensions of the antlers, the existence of a gall-bladder found in one and not in
the other, and different geographical distribution. (See Patent Office Report of 1851, p. 105.)

40

160 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

Why, then, hesitate to acknowledge two species of Sheep, the race of one of which is
permanently covered mith hair, and that of the other as permanently covered with wool?
Especially if, as has been shown, the difference between these intezuments is not
merely one of color and marking. (as in the cases of the Horse and the Ass, and the Horse
and the Ass and the Zebra,) but wltere the shape, dérection and inclination of the pile is
different—where the disposition of the coloring matter is remarkably different; and, above
all, where the number, shape, position and mode of adherence of the scales of the cortex
are so entirely different as to render the one altogether unfit for felting and fulling, and
not hable to shrink, while the other is admirably adapted to felting and fulling, and lable
to shrink. ‘Take a!! these things into consideration, and then say whether there is not, at
least, as much ground for believing these two animals to constitute two species, as there
exists in regard to the unity or plurality of the humps of the Camel, or of the horns of
the Rhinoceros. And then, again, remember that. to establish this modification, there
must be a difference of organization—a difference in the functions which the apparatus of
each kind have, respectively, to perform; for instance, the fibres and cortéx of the wool,
while they subserve all the ordinary purposes which they do in hazr, are also the medium
of conveyance for the coloring matter of the former integument, while that of the latter
flows in a central canal.

“Species of plants (says Mills) are not only real kinds, but are, probably, all of them
real lowest kinds, or infine species.” And he adds, “I say probably, (not certainly, )
because this is not the consideration by which the botanist determines what shall or shall
not be admitted as a species; but which, consistently with experience, mzght have been
produced from the same stock.”’*

So that, in the present instance, (seeing that the same law prevails in the animal com-
monwealth,) where the inquiry is ‘‘ whether the hairy Sheep and the woolly Sheep are or
are not two distinct species?” we are not bound to show, absolutely, that they are
descended from different parentages ; but only that, consistently with experience, they
might have been descended from different parentages. And after having shown the diffe-
rence between hair and wool, and having pointed out the character of the discrepancies
upon which zodlogisis have been in the habit of creating species, we would confidently
inquire, whether any naturalist who had presented to him two newly-discovered mid
animals, otherwise alike, but one of which had always produced wool and the other one
hair, would hesitate to consign them to two specific departments! And if he would not,
then why, in the case now before us, should we allow habit, born in ignorance and
nurtured in stubborness, to prevail over the dictates of reason and experience?

Let it not be supposed, from what has been hitherto said, that too little attention has
been paid to the laws of physiology, for we do not believe, that the zodlogical and physi-
ological, and even the embryological meanings of the word speczes materially differ. ‘The
author last cited remarks that, ‘1t seems to be a law of physiology that animals and plants

* By the adoption of this rule no inconsistency is introduced, for, (as this learned author shows,) this distinction in most
(and probably in all) cases happily accords with the other.

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 161

do really, in the phystological as well as in the popular sense, propagate the'r kind, trans-
mitting to their descendants all the distinctions of kind, (down to the most special and
lowest kind,) which they themselves possess.”” Now surely one of “the distinctions of
kind,” of the hairy Sheep is, “to produce hair,” and one of “the distinctions of kind” of
the woolly Sheep is, ‘ to produce wool.”

In like manner, Agassis, (in Prin. of Zodl. 43,) says, “the constancy of species is a
phenomenon depending on zmmaterial nature. Animals (and plants also) produce theer
kind, generation after generation. We shall hereafter show, that all animals may le
traced back, in the embryo, to a mere point upon the yolk of the egg, bearing no resem-
blance whatsoever to the future animal. But even here (he adds) an immaterial principle,
which no external influence can prevent, or modify, is present, and determines its future
form, so that the egg of the hen can produce nothing but the chicken, and the egg of the
codfish can produce only the cod. It may, therefore, be said with truth, that the chicken
and the cod existed in the egg before their formation.” Now, although this learned author
has given us examples drawn from two classes of animals, viz: the chicken and the fish,
it is fair to presume that he meant his observations to apply to animals of different speczes
but of the same class and order, and therefore, that the hazr of the hairy Sheep and the
wool of the woolly Sheep depends upon an immaterial principle, which no external influ-
ence can prevent or modify.”” ‘The question of species, is, therefore, one of fact, and Dr.
Morton was right when he said that ‘all circumstances which tend to establish analogies
are proper and necessary for the determination.”” We admit, that where common parent-
age can be traced, with certainty, that it constitutes the best evidence that the nature of
the case admits ; but he who would reject secondary evidence, when primary cannot be
obtained, would place himself in the position of one who would shut his eyes to all other
light, because he cannot always bask in the rays of the sun.

Between animals of the same species nature throws no impediment mwhatever to free
sexual intercourse, and the progeny form a permanent, self-supporting race of animals
which inherit equally the properties of both parents. But with animals of different species
there is a natural abhorrence to amalgamate, which sometimes cannot be overcome at all;
and which at others exhibits itself in various ways and in various degrees ; and the progeny
is always incapable of securing a permanent and self-supporting race, in the proper sense
of those terms. This is a most valuable rule for the determination of species, when
properly understood and correctly applied; but from inattention and inadvertence, it has
been converted into a fruitful hot-bed of error, as will be hereafter shown in the proper
place.

The common Cow and the Buffalo have, we are told, a natural antipathy to each other.
Such is the fixed aversion formed between these creatures, (as we are informed by Gold-
smith,) that the Cow refuses to breed with the European Buffalo, which she nearly
resembles.

Wild Asses, (as we are told by the same beautiful author,) live in herds, but they will
not allow a Horse to come among them; if, perchance, one strays into the boundary of
their grazing ground, they fall upon him, and without even giving bim time to retreat,
they kick and bite him until he is left exhausted on the spot

Agia
™ "

»

162 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;

‘The Babyroussa, or East India Hog, is often seen with tho Wild Boar; with which,
however, he is never known to engender. And the Pecary of South America, although
che herds with the Wild Hog, which he so much resembles, has never been known to
breed with him. This is the voice of Nature, proclaiming in unmistakable terms, her
abhorrence of the amalgamation of SPECIES.

How is it where man exerts the powerful influence of domestication? Sometimes, even
here, all efforts to subvert nature are abortive. Buffon for three years kept a male matin
Dog and a she Wolf together, but they refused to have any intercourse. Goldsmith tells
us that a similar experiment was tried with a Fox and a Dog, with the same result. And
the Hare and the Rabbit, though so nearly resembling each other in form and disposition,
refuse to hold any communication. Buffon bred up several of both kinds together; but
from being at first indifferent, they soon became enemies, and they would sometimes
combat until one was disabled or destroyed.

How is it (it may be asked) with the Horse and the Ass? The Mule, (it is asserted,)
may be engeudered by mixing either a Horse and a she Ass, or a Jack and a Mare.
When the latter method, (which is the one preferred,) is resorted to, a Horse is used as a
teaser; and before the Jack is brought forward the Mare is hoodwinked! Is this the free
sexual intercourse, spoken of in the rule above quoted? But we have another question to
ask in regard to ¢hiés connection, viz: is the Mule prolific’ Is he capable of continuing
the race? ;

Goldsmith says, that ‘‘from the great resemblance between the Horse and the Ass, one
would be led to suppose that they are of the same species; that the Ass was only a degenerate
Horse ; but that they are perfectly distinct, an inseparable line having been drawn between
them.’ He adds tuat it had been said by Aristotle,* that the male Mule was prolific, but
that after 2000 years’ experience this assertion had been modified. ‘That others had said
that in warm climates, female Mules are prolific; but that, upon examining the cases, it
was found that such progeny were incapable of continuing the race.

Fortunately we have the reports of two cases which occurred in our own country,
which, as they are exceedingly interesting, we will be excused for giving at large :—

“John Thompson Kilby, of Springhill, Nancomond county, Virginia, was the owner of
a female Mule, which, on the 23d of April, 1534, was delivered of a male young one.
She was not suspected of being with foal, and therefore if was not known what animal
was the father; but suspicion alighted upon a three-year old Colt, belonging to Mr. Kilby,
which had been allowed to run with the Mules on Sundays. Also, the young one
resembled the Colt. When born, it was very lean, but its mother, although she had a
small udder, having plenty of milk, it throve pretty well until the 20th of October, in the
same year, when (having been previously weaned) it was taken sick and died, of lock-jaw,
the following day.”

“Another (female) young one was born of the same Mule, on the same plantation, on —
the 13th of August, 1835, and died on ihe 26th of August, 1836, after having been sick

* Hedied 322 years b. C.

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 163

two or three days only. It was in fine order, ran with its mother (who was doing nothing)
in good pasture. When taken sick, had every medical attention paid it; but it was found
impossible to effect a passage through it, and, upon a post mortem examination, all the food
and medicine was found iz the stomach, none having ever passed into the intestines.”

We recollect how, at the times, these births respectively were dwelt upon as proving the
Mule to be prolific. But we ask the intelligent reader whether they do not fall far short of
the mark; they exhibit no ground to believe that such progeny can ever be the foundation
of a permanent, self-supporting race, which (as we have seen) is one of the conditions of
the rule above quoted.

We will next refer to some cases of intercourse, or supposed intercourse, between the
Goat and the Sheep, premising that, although the evidence in these cases is somewhat
contradictory, yet that its weight will lead us to a similar result.

Smith (in Hist. of Man, p. 117,) says, that ‘Goats and Sheep intermix, producing per-
manently fertile hybrids.”* But Bellchambers (in a note to Goldsmith’s Nat. Hist. of
Man, &c., p. 245,) qualifies the above broad assertion as follows: ““The Sheep and the
Goat propagate—the buck Goat is found to produce, with the ewe, an animal which, cn
two or three generations, returns to the Sheep, and seems to retain xo mark of its ancient
progenitor.” Where is the permanence ? ;

How the breeding goes on during these “ tio or three generations,” we are not informed ;
but we take it for granted that the progeny is bred towards the Sheep. Surely no one
would pretend, from this evidence, to aver that such hybrids were permanently fertile,
much less that they constitute a self-supporting race!

Now let us see what the author of Illustrations of Natural History, (p. 151,) with all
these remarks before him, has to say upon the subject. “Although the Goat is a distinct
species, and possibly further removed from the Sheep than the Horse is from the Ass, yet
the buck swell propagate with the ewe. But, although these intercourses happen very fre-
quently, and are sometimes prolific, yet no intermediate species has ever been formed
between them. * * * No new or middle race has arisen therefrom.”

It seems, then, that all that we know with certainty is, that the Goat and the Sheep, 7m
their domestic state, frequently have intercourse, and not that they have “free intercourse,”
as exists between members of the same species—that this intercourse is “somelimes”’ (not
uniformly) prolific—and that here propagation, per se, ends; if-you desire to continue the
progeny, you must call in the aid of an animal belonging to the original parents.

And even this breeding is somewhat doubtful, for one of our correspondents, namely,
Mr. Samuel Patterson, of Patterson’s Mills, Washington county, Pennsylvania, in a letter
to us upon this subject, says: ‘1 have made inquiry, but have heard of no case of inter-
course between the Sheep and the Goat being prolific. 1 have tried the experiment to
some extent, myself, with the Goat and the ewe, but without production. I have never
seen the ram having intercourse with the she Goat, although I have had them running
together at tupping time. Mr. Plummer, a neighbor of mine, has made the experi-

* There is no permanently fertile hybrids.

41

164 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM :

ment more fully than I have, but with the same result. Lam perfectly satisfied that the
fine woolled Sheep [the woolly Sheep] and the Goat m/l not mix. 1 know of no case
where it has been tried with the coarse hairy Sheep.”

From all that has been said, we feel warranted in believing that the best rule we possess
of discriminating between species, is to inquire whether Nature has thrown any impedi-
ment between the animals to /ree sexual intercourse, and whether the progeny form a
permanent, self-supporting race of animals, which cherit equally the properties of both
parents. And we feel confident that a trial of the hairy Sheep and the woolly Sheep, by
this law, in order to ascertain whether they are one and the same, or two distinct species,
will result entirely in favor of the ground we have taken.

The reader will be so good as to remark that we do not admit, as proof of belonging to
the same species, that animals, either domesticated or wild, will mix together—nor that
they will have progeny incapable of continuing the breed—nor that they will have progeny
capable of continuing the breed for a limited time, after which a new draft must be made
upon one of the original parents to prevent the breed from running out—nor where they
have progeny capable of continuing the breed for a limited time, after which it runs out for
want of power to continue it; but we admit, as proof of belonging to the same species, a
breed where nature has thrown no impediment in the way of free sexual intercourse, and
where the progeny constitute a permanent, self-supporting race, partaking equally of the
properties of doth parents.

Mr. Youatt, when speaking of the attempt, in England, to amalgamate the Southdown
Sheep (which is itself a hybrid, being a mixture of the hairy and the woolly species,) with
the Leicester Sheep, (which belongs to the hairy species,) pronounces it “A FAILURE.”
And he adds, that ‘the promised advantages to be derived lrom the mixture of the South-
down with the Merinos, “WERE DELUSIVE.”” (See Essay on Sheep, p. 233.)

It is true that this author does not appear to be aware of the cause. of this fatlure, nor
of the reason why the expectations, to which he has referred, were delusive; but he has
furnished us with the facts, and the inferences to. be adduced from them are irresistible.

Doctor Robert Knox, an English lecturer on anatomy, and corresponding member of
the National Academy of Medicine, in France, in a recent work upon the Races of Men,
(52,) says: ‘The theories put forth, from time to time, of the production of a new
variety, permanent and self-supporting, independent of any drafts or supphes from the
pure breeds, have been distinctly disproved. It holds neither in Sheep nor Cattle; and
again, (in page 68:) ‘But the statement in question is not even true of Sheep; for by
no effort, saving that of constant, never-ceasing intermixture, or draughts on the pure
breeds, can a mixed breed be maintained.”

So, Col. Randall (in Sheep Husbandry in the South, p. 170,) admits, that any attempt
to wnite the Merinos and the Leicesters, by crosses, IS AN UNQUALIFIED ABSURDITY.

It is true that this last gentleman, (incautiously, as we presume,) advises the crossing
of the Southdown and the Merino ; but such crossing of a hybrid, formed from an amal-
gamation of the two species, with the pure race, of one of the species, is no less an
“unqualified absurdity,” although the reason may not, at first, be quite so apparent to
every one.

he

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 165

We have not only the pleasure to hope, but the vanity to anticipate, that Col. Randall,
after further reflection upon this important question, will agree with us in opinion; if he
does not, we would like to hear, from himself, why the crossing of the Southdown and
the Merino merits his recommendation, while the mixture of the Merino and the Leicester
is so inconsistent with reason and common sense.

Having satisfied ourselves that the hairy Sheep and the woolly Sheep are members of
two species, the next step in the inquiry is, ‘“‘ what is the consequence of their amalgama-
tion?” Will it promote, or mar, the great object of the American Sheep breeder? Con-
sidering the very great extent to which Sheep are now raised in the United States, and
the general prevalence of crossings, these are important questions.

The grand desideratum of the American Sheep breeder is, to form and preserve, either
one permanent and self-supporting race of animals, which shall inherit equally the good
qualities of both parents, which shall produce, with the least trouble and expense, either
the greatest-quantity of the finest quality of fine, soft, strong wool, which will felt and full
in the greatest perfection, or the greatest quantity of the finest quality of fine, strong, soft
fleece that will not shrink ; or two races, one answering to either of these requirements
Now to perform either, or both of these, he must (in each flock) confine himself to one
species, for as often as the parents are of different species, the offspring will be hybrids, none
of which possess the power of permanently fixing and self-supporting a race, such as has
been mentioned.

Among all animals, intelligent and instinctive, there exists a natural abhorrence to the
amalgamation of species ; but it is exhibited in different ways. Sometimes the antipathy
is So potent as to amount to an entire prohibition, as we have seen in the cases of the
Cow and the European Buffalo,* the Barbyroussa and the Wild Boar, and the Pecary and

‘

* The experiments of Robert Wickliffe, Esq., of Lexington, Kentucky, in relation to the crossing of the American Buffalo
(Bison Americanus,) with the domestic Cow, are full of interest. (See Aud. and Back. Quad.)

“The herd Buffalo I possess, (says this gentleman,) have descended from one or two Cows, that I purchased from a man
who brought them from upper Missouri. I have had them about thirty years; but from giving them away, and the
occasional killing of them by mischievous persons, as well as other causes, my whole stock at this time does not exceed ten
or twelve. I have sometimes confined them in separate packs from other cattle, hut generally they herd and feed with my
stock or farm cattle. They graze in company with them as gently as the others. The Buffalo Cows, I think, go with
young about the same time the common Cow does, and produce once a year. None of mine have ever had more than one at
abirth. The approach of the sexes is similar to that of the common Bull and Cow, under all circumstances, at all times,
when the Cow is in heat—a period which seems, as with the common Cow, confined to neither day nor night, nor any
particular season ; and the Cow brings forth her young, of course, at different times and seasons of the year, the same as our
domestic cattle. I do not find my Buffaloes more furious or wild than the common cattle of the same age, that graze
with them.

“ Although the Buffalo, like the domestic Cow, brings forth its young at different seasons of the year, this I attribute to
the effect of domestication, as it is different with all animals in a state of nature. I have always heard their time for calving
in our latitude, was from March until July ; and it is very obviously the season which nature assigns for the increase of
both races, as most of my calyes were from the Buffaloes and common Cows of this season. On getting possession of the
tame Buffalo, I endeavored to cross them as much as I could with my common Cows, to which experiment I found the tame
or common Bull unwilling to accede; and he was always shy of a Buffalo Cow, but the Buffalo Bull was willing to breed with
the common Cow.

‘From the common Cow I have several half breeds, one of which was a heifer; this I put with a domestie Bull and it
produced a Bull Calf. This [ castrated, and it made a very fine steer, and when killed produced very fine beef. I bred

166 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;

Wild Hog, when in their native state; and the Dog and the Wolf, the Dog and the Fox,
and the Hare and the Rabbit, even when domesticated. At other times the antipathy is
partially subdued in a few instances out of many, by association, as in the rare cases of
marriages between a white person anda negro. And here every one of us must have
been witness of the almost universal natural feeling of abhorrence of the community
disgraced by such an outrage; often followed by an outbreak. That this is the effect of
the natural feeling we have described, we rely upon Professor Samuel G. Morton, who
tells us that it is not only proverbial among all Huropean nations, but is evinced by
Africans, in their own country, and upon Duncan, who, in his travels in Western Africa,
relates several instances of the negresses running away in apparent fright and disgust at
the sight of a white man. At other times this natural abhorrence is overcome either by
domestication alone, or by domestication aided by the artifices of man, as in the case with
the Jackass and the Mare.

In like manner mature makes known her non-conformity to this mixture in various ways.

Sometimes the issue is absolutely sterile. At others the product is so mal-conformed
that it cannot survive the period of lactation, as was the case with both the foals of Mr.
Kilby’s Mule. Now the progeny is capable of being continued but only by new drafts
or supplies from the pure breeds from which it sprung; as was the issue of the Sheep and
the Goat, mentioned by Bellchambers. Then the progeny multiply among themselves for
two or three generations only; and even during that time show no constancy of character,
as mentioned by Van Amringe, in Nat. Hist. of Man, (p. 429,) who says: ‘We have
devoted much attention to this subject, have examined a number of mulatto families, and
are satisfied that the children seldom exhibit the medium color of their parents.” And, ina

from this same heifer several calves, and then, that the experiment might be perfect, I put one of them to the Buffalo Bull,
and she brought me a Bull Calf, which I raised to bea very fine, large animal—perhaps the only one to be met with in the world,
of this blood, viz: a { i—fs of common blood.

“ After making these experiments I have left them to propagate their blood themselves, so that I have only had a few
half-breeds and they always prove the same even by a Buffalo Bull.”

Upon this statement of Mr. Wickliffe’s we crave attention to the following comments:

Ist. That his herd, which now numbers ten or twelve, commenced thirty years ago, with two pure female Buffaloes; yet
he endeavored, as much as he could, to cross them with his common cattle.

2d. He found the tame or common Bull wnwilling to copulate with the female Buffalo.

3d. One half-breed heifer produced a Bull Calf but he was castrated and killed, and so ended that experiment.

4th. From the same heifer he bred several Calves, one of which was put to a Buffalo Bull, which produced a Bull Calf which
was raised, and here this experiment ended. It stands thus:

ite
Buffalo Bull ot
and A Female half breed ) By
Common Cow. and A Bull Calf.
( A Buffalo Bull. J

Now the reader will remark that No. 1, being a cross of two species the product was No. 2, a hybrid half-breed. But this
hybrid half-breed was not coupled with another of the same grade, but was bred towards one of the original stock or parents,
viz: a Buffalo Bull.

Mr. Wickliffe, therefore, very properly comes to the following conclusions, viz: that his experiments were not satisfactory
evidence that a half Buffalo will produce again; but only that a half-breed heifer will be productive from breeding towards
either original race.

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 107

subsequent page, (431,) he adds, ‘that in large families of mulattoes (of half-blood parents)
it is quite common to find several of the children as light colored as if one parent was
white, and another portion of the children as black asif one parent were a pure negro.”

All these different phases speak in different languages, but they proclaim the same
sentiment of natural abhorrence to the amalgamation of species ; while, by the connection
of two individuals belonging to the same species, the stock is uniform, permanent, inde-
structible and ineffaceable—no change of time, food, climate, nor circumstances, can
materially alter, much less sweep it away; as witness the cases of the Jews and the
Gipsies, whose races have out-lived the records of the most ancient history.

“Tt is by the exclusion of all foreign mixtures (says Humboldt) that species are pre-
served.”

And even Dr. Prichard (who has shown such an anxiety to reduce the white man and
the negro to the same category) tells us, (in Researches, &c., v. 2, p. 341,) that “ separate
species of organized beings do not pass into each other by insensible degrees.”

What Van Amringe has remarked in regard to the variation of the color of the skin of
the children of mulattoes, we have found to correspond in the diversity in the organization
of the pile, which is found sometimes corresponding with that of one parent, and at others
with that of the other parent, and at others, still, resembling the pile of both, in different
filaments; thus furnishing ample proof that there does not there exist, that joint inheritance
of the characteristics of both parents, so remarkable when the progeny is derived entirely
from one species, though of different varieties. ‘This experience ought to serve as a warn-
ing to the American Sheep breeder, whose object is to produce a race enjoying equally the
good qualities of both parents. .

The natural disgust planted in the minds of all animals to the mixture of species, seems
to have been wisely pre-ordained, in order to preserve the purity and beauty of creation.
By the formation of species order was proclaimed, but it can be maintained by this natural
feeling alone. Without such a feeling, the law of the harmony of species, throughout
the immense varieties of created beings, which now people and beautify the earth, the air
and the sea, would be utterly destroyed, and the whole animal commonwealth would be
converted into a disgusting assemblage of unsightly monsters!

God has wisely and kindly given to each species of animals the intelligence, the
instinct, and the organs exactly fitted for their respective stations; but, by such a general
amalgamation, his wisdom and kindness would be rendered entirely abortive, and his
designs for the happiness of his creatures annulled. Organs would be taken away from
animals to whom they are invaluable, and conferred upon others to whom they would be
an incumbrance. Propensities, which are the happiness of one species, would be torn
from them to be imposed upon another to make them mzserable.

It is no objection to our position that such crosses are sometimes allowed to be produc-
tive, to a limited extent; for, after the lapse of a few generations, the progeny either pass
over to the side of one or other of the progenitors, and the abnormal race is thus expunged
forever from that polluted page of the fair volume of nature, or the breed, from a natural

42

168 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

defect, caused by this very amalgamation, runs out entirely, and is thus eventually
extinguished. *

Every practising physician has had occasion to remark how much more mulattoes are
liable to scrofulous and phthisical diseases, and similar wasting complaints, than either the
whites or blacks from whom they are descended;+ and we have no doubt but that a
similar law holds in regard to Sheep when speczes are amalgamated. Now this is destructive
to the permanency of stock, which it is one great object of the American farmer to ensure.
It little suits hes purpose, after having paid for a high-priced ram, to have all his hopes of
a stock blasted by an unwise crossing with a common country ewe.

It is true, that by a repetition of the same causes, that is to say, by similar amalga-
mations, new hybrids may sometimes be continually produced, as in the cases of mulattoes
and mules; but they, in their turn, are subject to the same law of destruction, and
are doomed to the same premature decay and demolition. ‘With the cessation of the
supply of European blood (says Dr. Knox) the mulatto, of all shades, mst cease.” ‘He
cannot extend his race, for he has No race ;” ‘‘there is no place for him in nature.” And
Col. Smith (in Nat. Hist. of Man, p. 119,) says: ‘“ We doubt exceedingly if a mulatto
family does exist, or could exist, in any part of the tropics, conténued to the fourth genera-
tion, from any one stock; yerhaps there is not one, even in five generations of positive
mulattoes, but that all actually require, for ‘continuity at least, a long previous succession
of foreign influences, of white, or negro, or mestise, or quadroon, or sambo, or native
Indian, or Malay blood, before the sinew and substance of a durable, intermediate race
can be reared.” ‘Then how can the American Sheep breeder reasonably expect, by cross-
ing a Saxon ram with a common country ewe, to obtain a permanent stock of Merino

*The following case came within our own observation: An English gentleman, stout and healthy, went to one of the West
India Islands, where he had a son by a tetra-mulattin. He brought him to the United States, where he was brought up and
educated. His skin was white, and he showed no indications of negro blood except that his black hair was slightly frizzled. When
quite young he had an illegitimate child, by a white girl, which diedin infancy. He was afterwards thrice married, and had
26 children. By his first wife he had three children,—two of them died in infancy, the third lived to about 40 years of age.
By his second wife he had three children—one died in infancy, one lived to full age and died unmarried, and the third lived
to full age, married and had children. By his third wife, who was young and healthy, he had 16 children—eight of whom
died in infancy, and a ninth died of consumption just after he attained his age; a tenth, under 30, of consumption, leaying
three children, one of whom is subject to fits; the eleventh died under 10 years; the twelfth, being a female, married, and
had three children, one of whom died in infancy, and another is deformed ; the thirteenth, being a female, and always weakly,
married and had five children—three of whom died in infancy, and two alive are very delicate ; the fourteenth and fifteenth
are females, unmarried; and the sixteenth a male, who is married, and has three children.

} Viran Sratistics.—Dr. Pendleton, of Georgia, has published a paper on the vital statistics of Hancock county, in that
State. By his tables we learn, that during the last ten years, the increase of the white population has been 13.4 per cent.,
while that of the black has been 23.6 per cent. In the pure races the males numerically preponderate, while, in the mongrel
race of mulattoes, the females are largely in the ascendant; which may possibly be explained on the theory that the mothers
being black, and the fathers white, in most cases, the former determine the sex. It is also here shown that the mulatto is
much shorter lived than either of the unmixed races. The comparative salubrity of the climate of Georgia is shown, by a
tabular exhibit, to be vastly greater than any other portion of our country, and eyen superior to that of the rural districts of
England, and this, notwithstanding the fact that the blacks greatly outnumber the whites, while the former are much more
short lived than the latter. The average mortality of New York, for seven years, from 1841 to 1848, is stated at 2.87 per
cent., while that of six counties in Georgia, for the last year, was only 1.51 per cent. The fallacy, however, is apparent in
comparing a country population in the interior, with a city containing half a million of people, subject to importation of
ship-fever, small-pox, and other epidemics, from which much of our mortality is derived.

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 169

Sheep? We know, that sometimes hybrids are purposely produced on account of an
individual peculiarity, which (notwithstanding their evanescent character) render them, in
some respects, more valuable than either of their progenitors. ‘This is the case of the
Mule. But the same reason does not exist for producing the hybrid Sheep, which pos-
sesses no such peculiarity, and is esteemed only in proportion to its similarity to its
progenitors.

In page 120, Col. Smith says, that ‘war and slavery are the elements of amalgamation,
where mixed races spring up, and are maintained, until the impure fall a prey to the pure
races; the former falling before the victors until they are exterminated, absorbed and
perish by a kind of decreasing vitality, and are entirely obliterated.”

From hastily reading the passage last cited, the reader might, perhaps, be led to
imagine that, in the end, no injury is done to the pure races, who are represented as
‘swallowing up the impure ones:” but this author adds, ‘‘ yet this apparent obliteration
must ever affect subsequent forms and mental conditions in the victors ; which the physiole-
gist ought to bear in mind, when known, or indicate, when only suspected.”

Therefore, let no American Sheep breeder flatter himself with the hope or expectation
that by breeding towards a superior race, he will ever be able, entirely to obliterate the
defects of an inferior one; if he does so, he will find, to his cost and discemfiture, (and
that, perhaps, when he least expects it,) that the obliteration is not rea/, but apparent ; and
that he has entailed a stigma upon his stock, which no art nor time can wholly eradicate.

In page 214, Col. Smith explains some of the names of hybrids from the crossing of
white and black persons; he says “a black and white make a mulatto, a mulatto and white
make a quadroon, a quadroon and a white a mestise, a mestise and a white a white.” But
what kind of white is thus manufactured out of black and white? He tells us, “* But this
last has black and curly hair; nails, dark and ill-shaped ; feet, badly formed ; and much
of the negro propensities.”

Now Col. Smith may call this a “mhzte” if he choeses; but we would be very much
afraid of marrying such a white, for fear of finding ourselves, some day, blessed with a black
heir. And we think that, arguing from analogy, it would not be hazarding too much to
predict, that if the (so called) “fwl/-blooded Saxon Sheep,” we read, and hear tell of,
manufactured by breeding from an impure to a pure race, were critically examined, that
the vestiges of their impurity would be found still lurking in their veins.* It is not in

* Our learned friend, William F. Van Amringe, to whom we loaned the MS. of this chapter, returned it with the follow-
ing valuable note:

“Brack Herr.—This unfortunate circumstance happened, recently, in A gentleman of high respectability
maried a beautiful girl, whose first child was a negro! The fidelity of the wife was beyond suspicion; hut, on investigation,
it was discovered that her grandfather, or great grandfather, was a negro.

“Dr. White, a wealthy, educated physician and farmer of Duchess County, in this State, [New York,] became possessed
of a full-blooded Ayreshire Cow, which, about twenty years ago, he put toa full-blooded Durham white Bull. Subsequently
he bred continually, “in and in,’”’ towards the Cow, and boasted that he was practically disproving the doctrine of constitu-
tional impairment by “‘in and in” breeding, notwithstanding my prediction that it would ultimately fail. It was remarkable
that, for many years, say 12 or 15, the progeny uniformly leaned towards the Cow, whose color and type were frequently
reproduced; during which the color and type of the Bull did not appear. Suddenly, a few years ago, the color and type of

170 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM ;

the nature of things, by adding purity to impurity to beget purity. Copper added to gold
never yet made pure gold; nor will pure blood added to impure make pure blood.

“It is a law of nature (says Agassis) that animals, as well as plants, are preceded by
individuals of the same species only ; and reproduction in animals is almost universally
accomplished by an association of individuals of tivo kinds, [sexes,] males and females.”
But those who contend for the breeding we are now calling in question, act upon the
principle that one Aind [sex] only can accomplish the reproduction. Not only so, but
they act upon the principle that they can select which of the two kinds [sexes] shall
perpetuate its like, for if it is left to nature, and she selects the impure kind, then they
admit that the stock is irretrievably destroyed.

The law of species is so clearly laid down by Professor Wagner, that we cannot with-
stand the temptation of transcribing a part of his essay.

“ Plants, produced from different vardeties of the same species are FERTILE ; while hybrids
either revert to the original character, or become gradually less capable of reproduction,
and within a few generations become entirely extinct.”

Dr. Prichard copies this passage into his Nat. Hist. of Man, followed by the remark that
“the same law prevails in the animal kingdom,” and Van Amringe confirms the proposition
in the most unqualified manner. So, you perceive, that it is the acknowledged law of
God, who has conferred upon man, and other animals, the power of producing others of
their kind, and of thus perpetuating their species, but not of forming a new race.

“And God made the beasts of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the
earth after his kind, and God saw that it was good.”

The word “find,” here found repeated, corresponds with the term “species.” Thus
it appears that God saw that it was good to create all animals in species.

It is God’s attribute to create! man’s to mar and destroy! Such artificial varieties as
we have been condemning are natural deformities. Specific uniformity is beauty and
belongs to natwre—emanates from her laws, and is the work of her hands; every
deviation from nature’s type, must necessarily be a deformity. It is one which she (if left
to herself) will throw off, cast from her, as unworthy of support; but if the deviation is
persisted in, it terminates in chaos !

As sometimes it is allowed to argue from extremes, let us suppose, for a moment, that
nature were to resign the reigns of creation to man, what a picture would soon be
presented—Cows rioting in blood, while Lions and Tigers were grazing and chewing the
cud; Fishes clambering up trees, or building and inhabiting three- -story brick houses ;
fi, cee: in uniform, strutting at the head of regiments of Geese and fowls; Hogs freee
in brocades and adorned with pearls and diamonds, while woman, lovely woman, is grunting
Italian airs, as she lies wallowing in mire!

the Bull exhibited themselves; and from that moment the impairment of constitution became manifest, and the extinction
of the stock hastened.

‘From this remarkable example I infer that, in crosses, so long as the constitutional energy of either parent predominates
over that of the less vigorous parent, and manifests itself in the constitution of the progeny, propagation will continue; but
the moment the constitutional energy of the predominating parent becomes reduced, to admit the alteration of the constitution
of the less vigorous parent, the rapid extinction of the race is indicated.”

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 17]

And lastly, we must anticipate an objection which may possibly be made to our twofold
division of Sheep, into the hairy Sheep and the woolly Sheep, namely, that there are
Sheep which have both hair and wool. Now, suppose our opponents were able to demon-
strate that these Sheep belonged to a third species; this would by no means invalidate the
positions we have advanced. But we believe that the true answer to such an objection
would be, that the “hairy and woolly Sheep” are hybrids, which, like the mulatto before
noticed, exhibit the separate integuments bequeathed respectively by both their progenitors.
And we might as well here notice, that it has been said that Sheep taken from one climate
to another, will partly change their coats; portions of the hair of some falling out and
being replaced by wool; and portions of wool of others falling out and being replaced by
hair; for no one in his senses would contend that a single filament of either of these
integuments can be transformed into the other.*

Now this change of coat, if it ever takes place at all,t never happens to either the pure
hairy Sheep or the pure woolly Sheep, but is a condition of these hybrids who have
already hair and wool.

From all which we are decidedly of opinion, that the American Sheep breeder, whose
object is to lay the foundation of a permanent, self-producing stock, or, if he will, of two
such stocks, (in different places,) inheriting respectively and equally the good qualities
of both their parents, should abstain from mingling together the hairy Sheep and the
woolly Sheep. He ought to do so as a measure of prudence, were it only that he incurred
the risk of injuring his flock, a@ multo fortiori, after we have positively proved that such
crosses are unmitigated evils,

Are crosses of hairy and woolly Sheep recommended to save expense of outfit? No
outlay of capital can justly be considered as extravagant which has for its object to preserve
a permanent purity of stock. Is it to save time? It is tame lost, and not time saved, to
commence by such an abnormal crossing.

When an architect is about to erect a noble superstructure, destined to last for genera-
tions, he commences by laying a perfectly solid foundation, regardless of a moderate
expenditure of time and money. The breeding and raising of Sheep, aud the production
of fleece, promises to be, in this country, a great and important undertaking; let us not
then destroy it, in the beginning, by a hasty and inoperative plan of breeding.

EXAMPLE OF THE WOOLLY SHEEP sPecIES.—Froia what has been already said, it will
be anticipated that the example of the mov/-bearing species of Sheep is the breed some-

* Mr, Latham, (in Nat. Hist. of Var. of Man, p. 62,) speaks of the hair “changing,” but his views are not explained,

{ Lawrence says that it does not appear, that the change of climate will convert the wool of an individual English Sheep
into hair; and it is equally incapable of conferring a woolly covering on a hairy Sheep. Dr. Wright, who lived many years
in Jamaica, speaking of the opinion that the wool of Sheep becomes more hairy in warm climates, says that in the West
India Islands there is to be found a breed of Sheep, the origin of which he has not yet been able to trace, that carry very
thin fleece of a coarse, shaggy kind of wool; which circumstance, he thinks, may naturally have given rise to the report.
But he never observed a Sheep that had been brought from England to carry wool of the same sort with these native Sheep ;
on the contrary, though he has known them live there several years, these English Sheep carried the same kind of close,
burly fleece that is common in England, and as far as he could observe, it was equally free from hair.”

43

172 TRICHOLOGIA MAMMALIUM;

times denominated the Merino, and at others the Sazony, which, when perfect, are entirely
destitute of hair. (See fig. 99.)

This perfection the American wool grower should endeavor to attain; for “in all the
energies, moral and physical, of man, the pursuit of absolute perfection is the only means
of arriving at the nearest approximation to it, attainable by human power.”

EXAMPLE OF THE HAIRY SHEEP SPECIES.—It is not so easy to point out an example of
a perfect hairy Sheep. (See fig. 100.)

The old Leicester breed (as they once roamed in most of the midland counties of Ene-
land) is now known to us as a matter of history only. Its description is found in Youatt’s
Essay upon Sheep, p. 313. The new Leicester, of Bakewell, (if it be true, as said of it,
that it is derived from the old breed, without any crossing,) might be a good basis wherecn
to form a permanent and self-supporting stock for this country, if, by retracing the steps
of Bakewell, so far as he transformed a hair-bearing animal into a mere beast of slaughter,
we could restore the injured pile to its original integrity, pursuant to the principles laid
down in the [Vth Chapter of this work.

Of the fleece of the American new Leicester Mr. Randall remarks, that it is long,
averaging, after the first shearing, about six inches; that it weighs about six pounds; that
it is coarse, and little used in the manufacture of cloth, on account of its length and defi-
ciency in feltmg properties; but as a combing wool (non-shrinking hair) it stands /irst,
and is used in the manufacture of the finest worsteds.

Mr. Randall adds, that this wool is not saleable, BECAUSE OF THE DEARTH OF WORSTED
MANUFACTORIES IN OUR CoUNTRY; and when we inquire into the cause of this dearth of
worsted manufactories in this country, we are told that it is because of the scarcity of the
proper fleece. What is to be done? Are there never to be worsted manufactories in the
United States because the proper fleece is not grown? and is the proper fleece never to be
grown in the United States, because there is a dearth of worsted manufactories? Verily,
this is arguing in a narrow circle!

It is a subject of general complaint, that the English flannels have greatly depreciated.
After the second or third washing, they have shrunk to such a degree as to be almost value-
less, and the consumer has lost not only the original cost of the material, but the price of
making it intoa garment. Why this is the case, has been disclosed in the testimony
taken before the House of Lords, 1828, viz: that the Southdown wool, being unable to
compete with forergn fleece, in the manufacture of cloth, has been appropriated to the
manufacture of flannel. Now, if we turn to our table of the number of scales upon the
different fleeces, we will find that the Southdown has, upon one inch in length, 2,080,
while the Leicester has only 1,860; so that the shrinking of flannels made by the former
has been increased in the proportion that 2,080 is greater than 1,860. And it must be
recollected, that we come to this important conclusion by merely counting the scales; and
that if the differences in their shapes, sizes, roughness, pointedness and degree of adherence
to the shaft, were taken into the account, no doubt but much more light would be shed
upon this hitherto obscure subject.

OR, A TREATISE ON PILE. 173

But it is wisdom to profit by the errors of others. Let ws take warning, and manufac-
ture our flannels from a fleece that will not shrink. It can be produced in this country by
selecting the best breed of hair-bearing Sheep, and taking care to keep them separate
from the other species.

In turning his attention to this particular branch of industry, the American farmer will
be without a competitor; for it is well known that in Russia, Prussia, Hungary, Saxony,
&c., &c., where attention is paid to the raising of fine wools for cloth, the fleece for manu-
facturing articles that are required not to shrink, is much neglected.* Here is a fine field
open for American enterprise, in which the industrious farmer has only to walk the course
and pocket the purse.

* Perhaps cannot be grown in perfection.

eran :
ee ee
us a

vse

LIST AN DADHSCRAP TION, OF PAD iis

CHAPTER I.
PART I.

Fig. 1, page 7.—A Hair of the Head of one of the Oval-Haired Species; a, the vessels;
b, the follicle; c, the button; d, a part of the shaft, with the cortex; e, another part of the
shaft, with the cortex removed, exposing the fibres; f, another still, with the cortex and
fibres removed, exposing the central canal, interrupted.

Fig. 2, page 8.—Hair and Wool contrasted. A, hair, (the scales having the appearance
of transverse striz only ;) B, wool, (with the scales more apparent.)

Fig. 3, page 9.—Outline of a Feather; a, the cylinder; 0, the inferior navel; c, the
superior navel; d, the stalk; e, the beard and steno-beard.

Fig. 4, page 11.—The Ostrich Feather.

Fig. 5, page 11.—The Eye-Lash of the Ostrich; c, the cylinder, and a, the inferior
navel; 6, the superior navel; e, the beard and steno-beard.

Fig. 6, pave 12.—The Pile of the Ornithorynchus; a, the button; b, a part of the shaft,
(marked with dark colored varying lines;) c, the neck; d, the broad portion of the shaft,
(with disseminated coloring matter and the spire;) e, anterior part of the shaft, (gradually
narrowing ;) f, the apex.

PART II.

Fig. 7, page 14.—The internal arrangement of one of the divisions of the Mantle of the
Armadillo. A, the main arterial trunk; B, the fusiform follicles; C, the hair-like pro-
cesses; D, the orbicular capsule. 1, 2, 3 and 4, horizontal limbs; 5, inclined limb; 6,
anastomosing branches; 7, the largest branch; 8, branches which do not anastomose; 9,
interfolical vessels; 0, culs de sac.

Fig. 8, page 16.—Hair-like Processes issuing from between and under the Scales of the
Manis, (showing its shape, coloring matter in irregular lines and dots, and a wart-like
protuberance. )

Fig. 9, page 16.—Scales upon the Prehensile Tail of the Possum.

Fig. 10a, page 17.—A transverse section of the Horn of the Rhinoceros, (showing the
ends of two hairs.) ;

Fig. 108, page 17.—A horizontal section of the same, (also showing the hairs.).

Fig. 11, page 19 —A transverse section of the Spine of the Porcupine, (showing its
complicated internal conformation.)

44

176 LISt AND DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Fig. 12, page 19.—The Spine of the Pecary. 1, the button, neck, and a small part of
the shaft; 2, a transverse section of the button, 3 and 4, transverse sections of the shaft;
5, a longitudinal section of the cortex; 6, the termination of the shaft; 7, a longitudinal
section of the stellated figure, No. 4.

Fig. 13, page 2i1.—The Whisker of the Possum; a and 4, the stalk, (with its posterior
extremity perforated, and no button;) ¢ and d, transverse sections of the same, (showing
the large canal in the centre.)

Fig. 14, page 22.—A longitudinal section of a Bristle, (showing the disrupted fibres of
the interior. )

Fig. 16, page 25.—A transverse section of the Tail of the Hippopotamus, (showing the
ends of the fibres.)

Fig. 16,2, page 25.—A transverse section of the Tail of the Elephant.

Nore.—These two last figures ought to have been numbered “15.” In consequence of
this mistake, No. 16 has to be repeated in Chapter IT.

CHAPTER II.

Fig. 16a, page 27.—Button of one of the Oval-Haired Species—as it appeared imme-
‘ately after it was drawn—(showing the cells.)

Fig. 16 6, page 27.—The same as it appeared after it had been drawn a few days.

Fig. 17, page 27.—Another Button on a Hair from the same Head.

Fig. 18, page 27.—A Hair drawn out of the Button, (showing the posterior portion of
the shaft.)

Fig. 19, page 28.—A Button upon a Hair that fell out.

Fig. 21 1,‘page 28.—Button of a Female pure American Indian’s Hair.

Fig. 212, page 28.—Button of a Male pure American Indian’s Hair.

Fig. 213, page 28.—Another of the same.

Fig. 22, page 28.—Button of a pure African Pile.

Fig. 241, page 29.—Button of a Hair of the Meatus Auditorius Externus.

Fig. 242, page 29.—Another from the same; a, a vessel; 0, a portion of the disrupted
tissue.

Fig. 251, page 29.—Button of the Supercilium of a very fat person; a, a part of the
shaft; 6, the button; c, a part of the follicle; d, a portion of the disrupted tissue.

Fig. 252, page 29.—Another of the same, (with two vessels at the posterior extremity.)

Fig. 26a, page 30.—Button of the Cillum. (This specimen has been artificially
deprived of the greater part of the coloring matter, so as to exhibit the interior arrange-
ment.)

Fig. 266, page 30.—A Hair of the Cilum, drawn out of the Button, (showing the
cortex, and a small portion of the disrupted tissue.)

Fig. 27, page 30.—Button of a Hair of the Nasal Fosse. It is sub-oval; the neck is
distorted ; @, the shaft; 4, marked with transverse stri#; ¢, a portion of coloring matter in
the centre.

LIST AND DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. ; 177

Fig. 28a, page 30.—Button of the Hair of the Beard, which grew under the chin, with
a portion of the follicle and disrupted tissue.

Fig. 286, page 30.—Three Shafts growing out of one Button of the Beard.

Fig. 29 a, page 32.—Button of a Hair of the Axille, (exhibiting a portion of the shaft,
the follicle, and vessels.)

Fig. 29 6, page 32.—Another of the same, (with its vessels as seen in the transverse
section of the skin of a male of 25.)

Fig. 30, page 32.—A Button of a Hair of the Pubes; a, the button; 6, a portion of the
follicle; c, the shaft; d, the tissue, disrupted and torn out of the soft, sebaceous skin.

Fig. 31 a, page 33.—Button of a Hair of the Forearm; a@, the button; 6, portion of the
follicle; c, the shaft; d, a part of a disrupted vessel; e, a portion of the tissue.

Fig 310, page 33.—A Button of a Hair of the back of the Hand.

Fig. 32.4, page 33.—The Hair of a Mexican Mummy, with no Button. (The posterior
termination of the shaft is inclined, and some minute vessels make their appearance.)

Fig. 326, page 33.—The Hair of a Peruvian Mummy, with its diminutive Button.

Fig. 33, page 33.—Button of an Ovarian Hair; a, tle button; 0d, the shaft, showing the
scales of the cortex; c, a white substance with which the hair is enveloped.

Fig. 34a, page 34.—Outlines of the Buttons of Hairs of some of the Lower Animals,
viz: A, the Troglodyte Gorilla; B, Horse; C, Zebra; D, Cow; E, the Arabian Bull
Calf; F, the Gnou; G, Rocky Mountain, American or Long-Horned Antelope; H, Elk;
J, the Lama; K, Dasyprocta Nigra; L, Kangaroo Rat; M, Dicranoceros Americanus.

Fig. 346, page 34.—Button of the Animals that have a Paved Cortex.

Fig. 36, page 35.—The Shaft of a Hair fractured in the centre, and the fibres obtrud-
ing.

Fig. 37 a, page 35.—Pile of the Oval-Haired Species, furcated.

Fig. 37 6, page 35.—Pile of the Eccentrically Elliptical Species, furcated.

Fig. 38a, page 35.—Pile of the Cylindrical-Haired Species, tri-furcated.

Fig. 380, page 35.—Pile of the same, quadra-furcated.

Fig. 39, page 35.—Pile of one of the Oval-Haired Species, so much furcated as to
resemble a brush.

Pig. 40, page 36.—‘ Branched” Pile; a, posterior extremity; 4 and c, appear to be two
separate shafts; d, a branch of 6, and e, a branch of c.

Fig. 43, page 37.—A Ribbon of Cortex, from the Spine of the Pecary.

Fig. 44, page 37.—The Paved Cortex of the Hair of the Elk.

Fig. 45 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, pages 40 and 41.—The Pile of the Three-Toed Sloth. 1, the
cortex and the interior, when the cortex is removed; 2, the fissures in the cortex; 3, the
erains into which the cortex divides; 4, a disk; 5, tufts of the wool.

Fig. 46 a, page 41.—The Intermediate Fibres of Pile, deprived of the cortex, except in
one place left for comparison.

Mig. 465, page 41.—Fibres of the Hair of one of the Oval-Piled Species.

Fig. 46 ¢, page 41.—Fibres of a Hair of the same, laboring under the disease of Sero-
fula, having separated in the act of drawing the hair out of the head.

178 LIST AND DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Fig. 46d, page 41.—Fibres of the Hair of the Head of one of the Cylindrical-Piled
Species.

Fig. 47, page 41.—A Crushed Hair; a, the crushed part, where the diameter is +; of
an inch; 4, the part not crushed, where the diameter is :},.

Fig. 48, page 42.—a, b, cand d, Transverse Sections or Disks of Pile; @, hair disk in
Plica Polonica; 8, of an Indian hair ; c, of a hybrid, Indian and white; d, of an oval-haired
person.

Fig. 49, page 42.—a, 6 and c, the Central Portion of Pile; a, the hair of one of the
oval-piled species, artificially made transparent, to show the colormg matter; 8, pile of the
eccentrically elliptical, which has undergone the same operation; c, the coloring matter in
grains.

Fig. 50a and b, page 43.—Pile of the Dog-Faced Monkey, where the coloring matter
is in dots and lines.

Fig. 50c, page 43.—Pile of the Bat, where the coloring matter is in crucible-shaped
bands. ;

Fig. 50d, page 43.—Pile of the African Bat, where the coloring matter is in the cortex
and fibres.

Fig. 50 e, pages 43 snd 44.—Exumples where the coloring matter is of two or more
colors, but appears to the eve to be one only.

Fig. 51, page 46.—The Sheath of Pile in a diseased case.

Fig. 52, page 48.—Hairs without a Button; 52a, hair of a five months’ foetus; 526, a
nine months’ feetus; @, the posterior termination of the main shaft; 5, the shaft; cc, two
other hairs, one on each side, adhering to the main shaft; 52c, hair of the Horse Diligence.

Fig. 53, pages 48 and 49.—a, 8, ¢, d, e, f, g, the formation of Follicles; @, the granules ;
b, the lines and fibres; c, the button just forming; d, the button formed; e and f, the
follicle just forming; g, the follicle formed.

Fig. 54a, 6, c, page 49.—Follicles of the three Species; a, the oval-haired; 4, the
cylindrical-haired; c, the eccentrically elliptical-piled.

Fig 55, page 49.—Follicle of a Hybrid.

Fig. 56, page 50.—Vessels of Pile.

Nore.—See also figs. 24, 29, 31, for Vessels of Pile.

CHAPTER A011.

Fig. 57, p. 51.—Examples of the three General Forms of Pile; A, the cylindrical; B,
the oval, and C, the eccentrically elliptical species.

Fig. 58, page 52.—The Particular Forms of Pile; from A to a, cylindroidal; from @ to
B, the lesser ovoidal; from B to 6, greater ovoidal; from 6 to C, cylindroidal.

Fig. 59, page 53, (but there erroneously called “Fig. 58.”)—The Spiral Curl of one
of the pure Eccentrically Elliptical Species.

Fig. 60, page 57—The Trichometer.

Fig. 61, page 67.—Nee Title Page for the heads of the three Species

5°

LIST AND DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

CHAPTER IV.

ig. 62, page 91.—Pile viewed by Polarized Light.

CHAPTER VI.

. 79, page 111.—Hair in Plica Polonica.
. 80, page 112.—Hair in Tinea Capitis.
. 81, page 113.—Hair in Softening of the Brain.

82, page 119.—Hair of Lunatics.

a, Hair of a Lunatic from the Pennsylvania Hospital.
Gr a . « Frankford Asylum.
GE i i is Staunton, Va., Asylum.
ads ce e “The Ohio Asylum.

CHAPTER: Vill:

g. 95, page 133.—The Revolver and Stretcher.

CHAPTER VIII.

g. 96, page 143.—Pile of the Mazama.
ig. 97, page 147.—Pile of the Lama.

CHAPTER IX.

. 98a and b, page 156.—Explanation of the Scales on the Spiral Curls of Wool.
. 99, page 172.—The Woolly Sheep.
g. 100, page 172—Example of the Hairy Sheep.

179

CORRECTIONS.

Page 8, line 3, of note *, for “filamentus” read “filamentous.”
Page 12, line 1, for “mystecetus” read “mysticetus.”

Page 19, last line but one, for “andar e” read “and are.”
Page 25, line 13, for “cerous” read “cervus.”

Page 31, last line, for “axille” read axille.”

Page 33, line 29, for “no” read “a diminutive.”

Page 36, line 17, for “I” read “qe.”

Page 37, line 9, for “42” read “44.”

Page 41, line 4, for “fissure” read “fissures.”

Page 48, line 16, for “53” read “52.”

Page 53, line 9, for “58” read “59.”

Page 90, line 8, for “di” read “de.”

Page 93, line 10, for “of” read “and.”

Page 93, line 24, for “zn” read ‘‘on.”’

Page 105, line 24, for “manipulation” read “manipulations.”
Page 106, line 17, for “platyphus” read « platypus.”

Page 133, between lines 4 and 5, on the figure, for “a” substitute “D.”
Page 136, line 11, for “'Tatpa”’ read “Tapa.”

Page 137, line 5, for “forming’’ read ‘form.’

= 2

» eles
Ue a)
JO
:

—_
i ay

Pa ed ay

Taw ye aast
ane

tacos Amat oat
By petty
;

TUTION L IBRARIES

UA

3 9088 00769 5356

.
a i ‘
5 ue
a
» ‘
4 : .
“a ate @ ; eae 8}
Parmer ay *
vas . a
; . ity *