Rea bbite heheh ann anahen cin etrn aie hae stan tenon ae EE - Renee eenestnaneheaemnnsetenetnersetncateeny hata sonc atm aasinner oe ae AN \\ . ~\ 3 a reenter Sothern ae reer pe pt SEE Ra RA A MNES EE RF TEA TW EE On nee mete nen ne etegenere ge ne ernaet: ovEREEE Se fspsoeunasoiisantinisravesneeseatversieeeneeineaanincanetemaman scomietoeementemenroecoomamaneiesenneme nenmeecs oe emmameneeh entarcnn seen nn oes cob ree a oni ian aa aaah at atin San Rn ah oh nea aboch ah adn ea ah oan hoa veh oh ican ao ea oh a ae hea nn ete sei can on ean nn RR RS Sta PANS ~ ‘ : ‘ ‘ ~_— \ 3 ‘ _ Me ‘ SS ~ -. Kos secede litre iSite at = — - ae ; — . : ee EEE = a —_ \ 0 Yt etneenenes spear tee presen rena So ene Ae oP NEN ARE = a a ~~ Be a ny ie ee tee = ee ET ———— CM Fite COMMENCED IN i188i., “ Step after step the ladder is ascended.’ George Herbert, Jacula Prudentum, ¢. Hee | (" if yh cy U A MONTHLY RECORD OF INFORMATION FOR PLANTERS OF TEA, CACAO, COFFEE, CINCHONA, PALMS, SUGAR, COTTON, TOBACCO, SPICES, CAMPHOR, RUBBER, RICE, AND OTHER PRODUCTS SUITED FOR CULTIVATION IN THE T+OPICS, EDITED BY JT. PHERGUSON, of the “Ceylon Observer,” &e. “Tt is both the duty and interest of every owner and cultivator of the soil to study the best means of rendering that soil subservient to his own and the general wants of the community ; and he who introduces,. beneficially, a new and useful Seed, Plant, or Shrub into his district, is a blessing and an honour to his country.”- Sir J. SINCLAIR. VOL. XIV. [Containing Numbers I. to XII: July 1894 to June 1895.. Eclombe, ECryler: A. M. & J. FERGUSON. LONDON : Messrs. JoHN Happon & Co.; KEGAN PAUL, TRUBNER & Co., Lirp.; Luzac & Co.; &c. MADRAS: HIGGINBOTHAM & Co.—CALCUTTA: THACKER, SPINK & Co.: BoMBAY : THACKER & Co., LTD.—AUSTRALIAN COLONIES : GoRDON & GOTCH. MDCCCOXCY. » ame Bite! ie t- aso , -BAITMAIS ROT WOITAMAOTM!. > , VOTTOD Phe a HOLT SAO” OATS as | 4c Be AS (VV IA TOTS ba ve bl Se Rie ae Iyer ads ied Cia dy seghy 8; ee See BCG k eget ed SOSt bate FO CUR READERS. In closing the Fourteenth Volume of the “Tropical Agriculturist,” we would as usual direct attention to the large amount of useful information afforded and to the great variety of topies treated in the several numbers. From mouth to month, we have endeavoured to embody in these pages the latest results of practical experience and scientific teaching in all that concerns tropical agriculture ; and our ambition has been to make our periodical not only indispensable to the planter, but of service to business men and eapitalists, never forgetting that agriculture trenches upon every department of human knowledge, besides being the basis of personal and communal wealth, While directing our attention chiefly te the products prominently mentioned on our title-page, we have always taken care to notice minor industries likely to fit in with sub-tropical conditions: and our readers have an ample guarantee in the pages before them, that, in the future, no pains will be spared to bring together all available infor- mation both from the West and East, the same being examined in the light of the teachings of common sense as well as of prolonged tropical experience in this, the leading Crown and Planting Colony of the British Empire. Special attention has, during the past year, been given to the extension of the planting enterprise in coffee, cacao and rubber in Mexico, Central and some parts of South America; coffee and other products in Nyassaland, British Central Africa ; to Arabian coffee and cacao in Java; Liberian coffee in Deli, Sumatra, and the Straits Settlements; and to other new developments in coffee in the Malayan Pen- insula and North Borneo. In the great Dutch Dependency (Java) several Ceylon planters have lately been investing largely. The Tea-planting Industry has sprung into so much importance in India and Ceylon, that a considerable amount of space is naturally given to this great staple, and we think it will be admitted by impartial judges that the Z'ropical Agricultur ist should be filed, for ready reference, in every Tea Factory in this Island and in India. A full and accurate Index affordsthe means of ready reference to every subject treated in this, the fonrteenth volume, which we now placé in our subscribers’ hands, in the full confidence that it will be received with an amount of approval, at least equal to tlat which has been so kindly extended to its predecessors. We are convinced that no more suitable or useful gift can be made to the tropical planter or agriculturist, whether he be about to enter on his career, or with many years of experience behind him, than the fourteen volumes of our periodical which we have now made available. They are full of information bearing on every department and relating to nearly every product within the scope of sub-tropical industries. In conclusion, we have to tender our thanks to readers and contributors, and our Wish that all friends may continue to write instructively and to read with appro- val; for then, indeed, must the “Tropical Agriculturist” continue to do well. J. FERGUSON. CoLoMBO, CEYLON; 18T JULY 1895, Car Seisgtlaotre sn, ‘Tm belreoty: bey mbak tl we ahi Take acuae f Psy bie ngs li LK To-4% nded, anil ofc a0 bas "OF aol daee Yor 3p] Diihtel gins mOgp devil nether) Lys Tarr rgerittir). Dits fi: HOY 16 eI S y ' - ad aati a on gs) pene “Bye aibiel hie teary “Spek ie oie ie" ok ppbad ie bie vajilive ra ive OF SHIFTS Alva: "eiading “aK me LOTS P90 WARY & ti yithw LeoTid faq “ii “sf ¥ iy 4 Srila fat rant) Te it pe “5 SAT OPT OT. 09 ies ‘Alaa yericy ‘Jats astLLO if wed igency ye: kien ! Savers fia, Hiner el ~» Saree are y Jat + (io ea ir: be See tod Phe Pa Ys 6p bi Tete, “oye re ities PAGE A. Abortien in Cattle bo S00 706 Acacia Dealbata aie is 277 Acme Steel Tea Boxes Ve ee 659 --—-- Tea Chests. . dd «. 20, 499 Adhatoda Vasica as an Insecticide 290, 292 Adulteration of Teas vie t 132 Advances, Planters’ 21885, 817 Africa, British Central Planting in’ 8t, 102, 108, 123, 128, 236,296, 333, 446, 451, 464, 467, 479, 513, 522, 637, 661, 673; 681 Africa, B.C,, Ceylon Planters in 481 ——-~, B.C., Coffee in 232, -415,729 , Chinese Tea in As. hs 7: 38 ——-,, Coffee in ... oe Or 231 409 463, 508 , German, Coffee in , German East, Vanilla in ———.. Investment in Central Ka 118 sc _ My First Mareh in” 490 , south, ay 495, 749 ——, West, Planting in we 269 } , Timbers of ©... ay: 251 Agave as a Fibre Plant sf 8 736 Agencies for Coolies 834 Agra Ouvah Estates Company, Limited . 615 Agrapatanas, Tea in i 195 Agricultural Chemistry : 178 ———— —— Class of People i in Cey lon. 523 ————— Company of Manritius, Ltd. 184 ——— —— Implements, ... 65 — Lands and Minine in Selangor 521 —— Magazine, The Ceylon fi 617 —— Products in the Philippines 376 —_—+--——— Resources of Canada xb Qi —_—__-———— School 285, 518, 535, 536, 565 ——-—— Society of Ceylon nk 645 Agriculture in Brazil 330 Agricultural Teaching in the E lementary Schools it ; 32 ————— I'xperiments 344 ‘* —_______(azette”’ ie ss 203 ———-—— in China Bat ae 141 —-—- in Honduras ... ne 684. ——-—— in Nicaragua: .. .. 257 =e ..intthe Low: -country of Cey Jon 536 —-——— in Trinidad 700 —-——— ,, Laws of Ceylon Relating to 774, 846 —--———,, Native, Some Aspects o 644 — —_—., Tro vical, Investigation of .. 217 Agvi-horticultral and Botanical Gardens in India : ee 392 Alcohol, U tilization of Bananas for 784 Algae, Fixation of Nitrogen in Soils and 223, 575 Algeria, Quinine in 97 , Production of Fibre from the Dwarf Palm in. 377 Alliance Tea Co. of Ceylon Ltd., ... 550, 611 Aloe as a Fibre Plant F a 736 America, Central, Rubber in... 301 , Ceylon Tea in 679, 793, § 813, 815, 819 PAGE. America for Indian and Ceylon Teas... 62 . —_— » Rorestry i in dé ie 506 ———., Reptiles in 396 , Teain 62, 39, 107, 116, 19], 198, 238, 263, 274, 294, 327, 347, 39: 3, 398 404, 405° 411, 473, 483, 493, 533, 570, 609, 676, 682, 687, 739, ve 756, 762 ——-——, Tea Drunkenness in 543 ——-——, Teas for Abe ee 263 —_——— ; Tetley’ s Teas in... aut 733 American Dew berry ve a 211 ———.- Tea Campaign 271, 807 - Vanilla Market NGhetordann Cinchona Auctions 172, 346, 351, 416, 447, 466, 553, 596 —————- Coffee Planting Company 166 -— 225 yas Market : do 673 - Market Rec 760 -— _— Sampling of Cinchona in 172, 390 Analyses, Chemical, of Ceylon Tea 3 622 - of Milk san ». 2795353 Analysts, Chemical be aa 171 Andamans, Tea in the ba sore 763 Angola, Coffee in be ea 38 Ants, W hite, in Tea oe 749 Antw erp Exhibition and Indian Tea 661 Apiculture abe vse. 182322 — in Australia ae ae 322 -———-— intheNilgiris ... ae 537 ———_— for the Sinhalese.. 165, 321, 322 Arabia, Southern, Mr. Bent on Br 167 Arabian Coffee panes .. 118, 201 Argentina, Coffee in 750 Argentine Republic, Veg setable Fibres in 58] Arrow reot in St. Vincent... ae 258 — —— in Travancore ©... Be 557 Arsenate of Lead as an Insectic ‘ide ae 597 Arsenic and Arsenites as Insecticides... 69 Assam, Coffee in ies ah 526 , Hailstorm in ind a 760 eles Apiculture in , Ceylon Tea in 613, 615, 750 ;P lanting in the Northern Territory 392 525, of South i. “fe 547 —— -—-, Teas for a ee 58 -——-——, Tea Trade in a ee 170 —- Westen n 692 Retiralian Hardwood Timbers 692 ————.-- Produce for Geylon and India 413, 627 Avari Bark uae 200 Awards, Ceylon, at Chicago .. aA 119 B. Bahamas, Sisal Hemp in the.. Nir OI OTS Balangoda vs. Ratnapura —... Ae 397 Bamber’ s, Tea-book hh a 2} Bamboos, Hardy mu. re 677 Banana Trade of Jamaica... 838 Bananas and Plantains tee 238, 283, 360 — — _, Disease of aed tat 736 INDEX. PAGE Bananas, Importation to the U. States of 377 eve ——, in Colombia 460 bt 33 = in Costa Riea at: 304 ———— in Jamaica 559 —_———., Utilization of, for Meal, Alcohol, &e, 784 Bandar apola Ceylon Company, Limited.. 754, 841 Batgoda Tea Factory 665 Rattalgala Estates C ‘ompany, ‘Limited . 738 Bazaar Drugs in Veterinary Practice... Ti3 Rees, Ceylon, and Apiculture on 152 Indigenons ane abe 165 Belgium, Peach Culture in ae 689 Bent, Mr., on Southern Arabia sie 167 Blackstone Estate Company, Limited ... 189 Blackwood, The, or Mudgerabah i 374 Blechynden, Mr.: Tea Work in Amer rica 316, 630 ‘Blending and Estate Marks .., As, 331 Blight Destroyer as wind 222 Boilers, Steam Engine ard if 761 Bolivia and its Resources 316, 540 Bombay Syndicate for the Treatment of Rhea 612 Bond Tea” 630 Borneo, British North a7, 451, 346, 335, 413, 739 Gaye, 186, 189 ——_ ., Coffee in wy 882, 395 ——-—., A Decade in ish ‘de 794. ——, , Land in a8 cpg eh, RY ————.-, Planting in 171, 517, 542 - Tobacco Company, New London 127 Tobacco in 4] Botanic Gardens Administration Report, | Ceylon ne . 666, 705 oe , Caleutia ... ae 112 -— —_- —— —_-, “of Natal. ... ac 768 ——— —— ———-, Prinidad .. 101 Botanical and Useful Information about Trees and Plants aig BS 70) Exploration in Borneo di 19 Branding of Teas ae $s 414 Brazil 617, 661, 738, 760 -, Planting and Agriculture in ... 330, 808 Brazilian Coffee Duties de ay 98 < Breaks” of Tea in London... ni 525 Breeds of Indian Cattle 146 Brisbane Ceylon Tea Planters’ Association 273 Bud, Graft or Seed ayy 169 Building Material in Ceylon .. 529 Bulking, An Important Question as to... 816 ——_——_ Tea in London ib a: 598 Butter-Fat in Milk ae Fe 357 C. Cacao : '...05,134, 324, 625, 633 ——s -in Colombia son BB ey ——-- in East and West Indies api 196 —-- in Java ; lee 46 ——-- Cultiv ation i in n Trinidad 101, 120 259 -- Groves and Weeds Killed hy Electric ‘ity 816 ——-- Planter, Mr. Lipton as a 478 ——-- Property, Value of — Khe 476 ——-- Planting oe 394 ——-- Seed, Experiments with. ba 99) ___.. Tree, Enemies of the... 429 Caffeine and Tea 247, 267, 415,419, 462, 478, 486, 504, 612 Caleutta, Indian Tea Sales in| fed 107 California, A Ceylon Planter in - 560 --—, Ceylon Teain ... 387 —_ --——,, Cost of Starting a Good Far hein 219 —, Fruit-culture and Scale Insect in 501 rt} Jamphor Trade of C hina Bo 304 Canada, Agriculture in 2 M 27 see. 0 eylon Tea in 607, 816 Indian Tea in ay 404 Canicer ‘and Cinnamon Bark Decoction ... 421 ——, Treatment for 413 PAGE. Carobs ‘ fis sae 817 Carolina South, Ten i in ‘, 257 — Tea Co, of Ceylon L td, 458 Carson, Mr. J. 1., Return of, from Nyassaland562 Castlereagh Tea Co 7 246, 615, 619 SIE Oil Plant... i 319 Production and Seeds oie 321 ——— Seed, Copra, and Palm Oil in France 569 Caterpillars and Plantations... odd Cattle, Abortion in owe 706 , Breeds of Indian os 146 Keeping and Vodder Crops in Ceylon 140, 210, 282, 355, 571 Government Dairy 111 —— Murrain at the ——--- ———--.n Ceylon ..,_ 280, 356, 429, 569 —— in India ; 640 ———, Native, in Towns 845 Skin Diseases 64) Caucasus, Tea Cultivation in the 786 Central Proyi ince, News from Sas 401 Ceylon, Agricultural Society of see 645 —_—— Acricultural Magazine 617 ——— and Sonth India, Rearing Ponies i in 810 —., A New Coceid from... 24 a ” Association i in London ‘and Tea- making 477 ——— at the Chicago Exhibition 472 —— Chicago Aw ards 119 —-—— Cinchona Company ... cr 91 — , Coca Leaves in e ‘ts 15 ——— Cocoa 446 ———., Coconut Planting i in. «sia DL OD ——, —-—— Property in Western Proyine e, 33) ———., Coffee Planting in 5 88, 125 —=—, Early Planting Days in 540 ——— Exports and Distribution 63, 137 203, 273, 351, 499, 563, 637, 703, 769, 845 ———., Fruit Culture in i we. 349, 395 ——, Green Bue in wos tee 768 ———., Gum Trees in ee os 792 ae in 1894 4 ee 313 —-—— Land and Produce Co. 4 Ltd. 485 ——— Lands relating to Agriculture ... 7i4 ———.,, Liberian Coftee in 2 — 534 ——., Maragoeipe Coffee in .. 134, 400 —-—, Mines and Mining in 08 385 ——---, New Areas of Cultivation in... 125 ——— , Oranges and Frnit Culture in ... 337 ——— Patents ... # ‘te 156 593, 597 527, 612 217, 405 —-— Planting Districts ——— Produce in London ——— Season Reports —--— Tea 5 818 —— —— and New Markets 179 =-——- —— and the Planters’ Tea Fund 602 ——— -—— Crops... ble i 467 ——— —— Fund... 464 —-— —— in Canada a me 607 ——— ——, Mr. Morey on ~.: .-. 293, 295 —— — in New York ... 246 —— —-~+ Planters’ Association at Brisbane 273 a Production in 205 ——— Teas te 541, 380 ——, Tramways and Railw: ays in 379 ——— vs. Indian Tea 762 Cheap Transport and How to Get it 802, 835 Chemical Analyses, Ceylon Manual of 9, 83, 157, 223, 297 ~---—— Analys to in India.. ae 171 Chemicals-as Insecticides - 250 Chemistry, Agricultural 200 seth 178 Cherimoya 798 Chicago Exhibition, Ceylon at He 472 China and Japan, Tea-Drinking i in 248 —--, Coffee, Palm, eecae ete. in 170 ts Deg! ..116, 119, 190, 620, 691 Chinese Agr iculture Ba 141 INDEX. PAGE. 183 ... 390, 496 63,172, 346, 357, 416,553, 596 Cinchona Association Limited, and Quinine Auctions in Amsterdam Ceylon ——— 0S ~ London 391, 454 ——-—— Bark as 600 —-—- Co., Vatiayama, Ltd. 91, 680 — -—— in British India 308 —— -—_. — Java... 307, 342 —— --—— -- Netherlands India 763 ——- — Peru... 582 ———-— Pioneer, A 821 —-— Planten’s Dirge 335 ——- — Sampling of, in Amsterdam 172, 390 Cinnamon 445, 463 -——--—— Bark Decoction and Cancer 421 —--_, Ueylon, as a Cure for Cancer 424 ——_—--— Estate, Sale of 807 ———---— in Negombo oh 394 eye in thes Veyangoda, District... 622 oo-=- Prospects : 459 =— --—— Sales, Recent 463 Coal Mining and Blcubage 1s2 Coca 506 éer 579 ——-in Eneland . So —-in India ts Bes 14 -——-+ Leaves from Ceylon... . 15, 244 ——- Paste 245 — - Pate 420 Coeaine, Crude ‘ef 245 Coecid from Ceylon, A New .. 24 Cockehafers, Destruction of .., i 378 Cocoa ... 244, 446, 557 = , Adul teration of as 660 — and Coffee Drying Machine E 345 —— and Cocoa-curing vee te 49 —— in Venezuela 169 . ——— in Ecuador | 173 —— Producing Belt ies 309 Trade gel ed BN 676 Coconut and Palm Oil, Tests for we 202 -- Crop Prospects a3 . 238, 459 + -- Crops in Negombo. , 394, 511 =— -- Cultivation in India 379, 396 ———-- Culture and Legislation 4 42 ——_—--, Desiceated £ fi. 316 = —— Fibre T14 -———-- Gardens, How to Improve 536 —-—--+ Vil Situation 657, 632 oe Palin Jaevery 118 +--+ in the Goday ery District . 469 —— -- Pickings and Crop ... 461 —————— - Planting ; ... 620, 817 pes — in Ceylon 337, 300, 610, 669, 673 =__-. —______ jn NE. India 457 New (Guinea bo 484 pea in Veyangoda 22 —- - Proper ty in the Western Province 331 $s, —— — Kurunegalla 421 —— -- Region—Negombo District 323 —-—-- Sugar 118 .. Tree Disease in Trav: ancore 336 - Vs. Kerosene Oil... 582 Goconuts . 00, 460, 480, 686, 689, 743, 744 = , Ceylon and Indian 470 ee Culture and Legislation nat 32 - in Ceylon the U1 ntaxed Product 623 <8 —— in Colombia au iG 33 - in Florida a 460 ———-, Many-headed on 792, 817, 818 -, Price of o0 620 — -——, Value of 245, 266, 267 Climatie Changes in India ., 633 Clunes Estates ' Company, Limited 657 Coffee 25, 131, 177, 308,317, 323, 345, 424, 476, 625, 633, 650, 697 Cottee, Amsterdam Planting Co. 166 ——-- and Tea Plinting : Relative Heal- thiness of =v 129 ——--, Arabian 105, 118 ——-:, A°’New 95 -——-- Blessom, Ceylon) 121, 421 ——-- Coloured, Protest against Or; 796 —-- Company Limited Spring Valley W71 ee Uva 40 173 ——-- -———-—, The Propose 617 ato ee yea. the Nyassaland.,. 682, 734 eyo » The Queensland 728 ——-- Crops tes ono re 59 ——— Cultivation Galore: Netherlands Peru, Central and North Africa, 231 —--— Curing in Colombo 604 gute by Malays 243 —--— Drinking : 18 it on the increase ? 31 ——-- Duties, Brazilian ae 98 —-- ——— in Costa Rica . wee 201 ——-- from Selangor, Export Duty on 95 -——-- Growing “a8 197 ——- —— --inCeylon .. $8, 125 — -- Hybrid, Liberian and Arabian 207 ae LOT RON ts in the United States 257 —- -- — Tampering with 616 Al Angola i, Bob 38 ee — Argentina 700 _.. — Assam 529 —— — Austria Hungary ... ae 548 -— B.C. Africa 113, 232, +15, 729, 812 - — B. N. Borneo ane 382, 395 ee Brazil) is. 808 ——-- — Ceylon ... . 60, 88, 325, 399, 604 —--— — China a 170 — -- — Coorg Bae 2s, 25), 561 —— -- — Costa Rica 220, 304 eee Oa 239 —-- — German Africa 409 —--— — Gold Coast i 252, 763 —-—-+- — Guatemala 87 ea ONV ALi 511 ——-- — Honduras 300 —.- —- Jamaica 24, 249 ees SS UENO) Sng 46, 52 =... -. Matale ,.. P ‘472 — —-- — Mexico 82 130, 239, 496, 530 ——-- — Mysore ... : ae 489 ——-- — Nyassaland 551, 731, 753 ee eral ; 258 eo es PEAT 232 ——-- — Queensland 82 ——-- — Selangor 238, 487 ——-- — South India 95, 125 ——-- — Sumatra 237 ——-- — thie Caucasus 243 ——-- — the Nilgiris 42 __-- — the New W: orld 302 ——-- — the Philippines 238 ——-- — the Straits Settlements 60, 350, 661, 662 =~ — avaneore 447 ——:- — Uganda 266 ats UI 108 — .--, hrivated os iy Beat Disease in Costa Rica : —-- Liberian 55, 58, 105, 118, 131, 134, 179, oud. 318, 397, 400, 557 —-- ——— in Ceylon 534 pe — in Sumatra ; 696 —--- Machinery .. 6 124 —-- >i Maragouipe an 8, 131 wen | yan C eylon, 154, 400 --, Mr. T. Christy on 115 eo - NOES from Brazil wy 108, 100 —--, New and Promising, and ‘“ Lady- bird” for Old Coffee ee - INDEX: PAGE, 2 on Digestion Sr 308 ae Past Seascn and F divas Prospette of 610 — - Planter’ s Manual, New Edition of 489 —-.. Planters, Uva, Good News to 539 ——--, Scope for, in Colombia oy wih —-- Situation : 274, 301 ——-:- Stenopylla... 261 ——-- Stealing in Madras... 727 ——-- Supply ‘of the World . 237 ——-- Tools aie =i 167 ——-- Trade : 808 Vs. Tea in Ceylon ay Colombia, ‘State o 3% * Cacao in 33, 154 Colombo Price Current 703, 769 843 Rates for Produce, Exchange and Freights per Ton of Measure- ment 756 ———— Tea Averages 634 = — —— Market 117 = = Trader’s Association eH Cen 2 Colonial Chemistry: ‘NativeDr ngs and Soil a, Analyses... vo 576 Colonies, A Good Friend of the 795 Committee of ‘Thirty 793 Consolidated Estates Coy: Ltd. 408 Coolies.. 548 Cooly Agencies n. 834 Coorg, C Yoffee in \ 28, 251, 551 Planters’ Association | Ga 101 Copra from the Philippines ... 238 SS in Pigi at 486 —-—-— in Ifrance . a ae Cossipore Institution; 1e 77 Guinespoiilence 41, 43, 57, 115, 133, 179, 244, 263, 290, 319, 326, 347, 395, 419, 469, \ 493, 507, 533, 557, 623, 669, 739, 815 Costa Rica, Coffee Disease in 12 Ra ad —-— Duties in. _ 201 Cotton in Mexico 95, 385 ——-—Seed Products ; na 239 Cow, Good Points ina Fine . 169 Cows, Banana Leaves for Me 498 Creepers 182 Erypholemus Montrongezieri: or the Scale i Jnsect’s Enemy eho had 764, Cubebs... re Ba 102 Cultivation i in H adramut 178 ——_-_-————Ceylon, New Areas of 125 a of the Rubber Vine ca 267 Current Topics 50 461, 543, 789 D. Dairy, Cattle Disease at the.. 111 ep Ge , Ceylon Government.. aM 17 see ee aoe am : a ling Vea Company ... ie 2 Dae sontinient, Saas for the ; 338 Davidson-Maguire Patent Tea-Packer 547, 624 “Days of Old, ” by an Uva Planter * 675 Death in the Cup 541 Delegate to America, Instr uctions to the 741 ____ —-—_—_-__———, The Ceylon Tea 473 Delgolla Estates Co. Ltd. $s 751 Delusions about Tropical Cultivation 80 Desiccated Coconut ih 316 Dewberry, American 211 Distribution and Exports in Ceylon, 63, 137, 203, 351, 499, 563, 637, 703, 769, 843 Dividend, Phenomenal, of a Tea Company 768 Divi-divi as ; 452 Dotosbage, A Look-in at... 4) 593 Dominica, Island of a 385 Drayton (Ceylon) Estates Cotta. 1a 731 ———Keport 51, 62, 96, 137, 176, 236, 275, 336, 341, Pe se PAGE, ‘Drug Growing in British India 725 ——-—Market of Amsterdam 673 ——— Plants, Cultivation of 307 312 382, 393, 406, 415, 450, 458, 465, 509, 528, 544, 601, 612, 625, 674, 734, 79U, 812, $39 Drugs (Bazaar) in Veterinary Practice 773, 849 Drying Machine for Coffee and Cocoa 345 Dunkeld Estate Co., Ltd. 551 Dye-Stutts, Some Indian... 847 Dystokia in a Cow and Embryotomy — 431 E. Early Days of a Planter in Ceylon 340,383 Eastern Produce and Estates Company 31, 828 Echoes of Science, 243, 311, 314, 550, 556 676, 762 Economic Plants in India... 167, 309 Economy in Working Wire- sheots 178 Ecuador, Cocoa in 172 Eggs, Large, from an Ordinary Cross- bred Hen 133 Egypt, Artificial Incubation in 724 Eila Tea Company 563 Electric “Bells Battery 330 — Transmission of Power 336 Light and Power in Ceylon ov, 114 Electricity and Motors 120 Electro-Motors for Plantation Factories 43 Elephants 498 Embryotomy 46 431 Enemies of Cacao Trees 422 —— A WEE wae 328 Engincer, The, and Mountain Tramways 7389 fs English Tea” : 762 Entomology and its Local Application... 116 Entomologist for Ceylon ..D, 99, 241 Essences, “Preparation of . 646, 712 Essential Oil sae 26 Estate Marks and Blending 331 ——— Property in Ceylon Sold in 1894 488 Euealypti 82 Eucalyptus Microcary : Tallow Wood. 184 - —tTree in Southern France... 508 Explosion, Steam Boiler od 235 Exports of Ceylon and Distribution 63, 137, 208 ——of Indian and Ceylon Tea ... 658 351, 499, 563, 637, 703, 769, 843 ————of Tea from China to United States ' 239 F Farm Manure in South India 87 —-— leport of Poona 8 642 School, Redhill, Surrey 496 ——— Yard Manure, Care and Manase ge- ment of 205 Farmer, The, and Modern Inv entions, .. a: 311 Farmer’s Tests for Evils... 641 Farming in Middland and Suuthern En gland 390 Feeding tufts ; 144 Fertilizer, A Home-made 444 ——— , Salt as a 356 Fertilizers of Green Crops 639 Fever and Its Treatment, 817 , Malarial, in Ceylon... 306 Fibre, Oy er-Production of 329 ——- Plants, Naming of 3 “ 394 —- from the Dwarf Palm in Algeria 377 -— pidudusomes and Planters 469 —-, Rhea =i 526 — ., Ramie, and N ew Zealand Elax iss 332 Vegetable, in the Argentine Republic 581 Rinccs Ceylon, in Request ; Room for New Industries n: 805, 818, 820 ——, Commercial 508 766, 798, 894 -———,, Dr. Morris on eg i 822 INDEX, PAGE, Fiji, Copra in 486 ==--, Tea in 726 , Trade of 328 =-~, Planting in ... 796, TOL Kire, A 'Lea-F actory destroy ed by 521 Flax from New Zealand : 332 Flora and Cultivation in Hudranmut 178 —- of Ceylon, Dr. Trimen’s Handbook on 199, 199, 234. Florida, Coftee iSiesntecm 239 =--— - Orange Crop 239 Fodder Crops ‘and Cattle- Keeping in eylon 140, 210, 28259354, DS 71 —---- ff xperiments _ 25 705 ——-— - Grasses, ‘Tropical, 708, 775, 857 ~——--, Leaves of Trees. as.. 124 Food, E ffect of, on Mile h Cows 28] ——- farm in€ falitornia, Cost of Starting a 219 = , Plant, in Soil ee 229 es : Nitrogenons, and Plants 179 —--- Supply. (Chilaw) 98 Foot and Mouth Disease a 644 Forage for Ceylon and the East ie 63 Forest Administration in the’ Madras Pre- 2 sidency, ... 2 833 Forest Land in Selancor i 462 Forestry in America 506 — , Proposed School of 358 Forests, io limatic Intluences of 239 =——--, Conservancy of ... 247 France, ‘Castor Seed, ‘Copra and Palm ‘Oil in 509 Fruit Culture in C eylon ; 349, 395, 820, 823 ——— and Seale Insect in California 50] ——~ ——. in the Highlands : 726 Sees — the Himalaya 526 ——- lixchanges between C eylon and America 613 _—— Market of the World . 697 Fruits 489 Fruit Trees, Manuring ot 628 , Lropical, Trade in O77 i uneus, The White Thread, remov able by Hand 686 &x. Gambier, A Tannine Material to supersede 54 Garbling of Spices 163 Gas Encines to Ceylon, The Introduction of 123 " Lime ane iat aa 645 Gaultheria Fragrantissima ... 172 Gener al Ttems a7) 148, 214, 288, 361, 435; 5 73, 647, 774, 778, S54 Germany, China Tea for... a 391 -——, Teas in 130 Ginger Crops, Jamaica 343 - Planter, A 760 Glanders 67, 68 Geeee Estates Co. Ltd. ... 615 Godavery District—Paradise of the Coconnt Palm 469, 739 Gold Coast, W. Africa, Coffee Planting in 252, 763 Graft, Bud or Seed - 169 Grass. Curious j a. 262 Grazing Farms, Haputale and ie 276 Cvveen Bug and its Parasites 800 —-- , Cure for : an 551 —— — in Ceylon 01 Be 768 — — Crop Fertilizers sh ni 639 -—— Crops, Ploughing of . 570 ——— Manure on Plantations 245, 432, 774 Cirenada and Sir W. F. Hely-Hutchinson — 542 —— , Nutmeg Cultivation in ; 256 CGauanos sas 72 (matemala, Coffee in 87 Guiana, British, and Trinidad 691 ————- ————, Rubber Vine in 222 Gum Trees in Ceylon ani a 782 Gums and Rubber Guttapercha Industry Hailstorm in Assam Hadramut, Flora and € Wultive ation in Haldummulla, Tea-Factories in Hambure Peeling Coffee in Haputate and Grazine Farins ——-—— , East : Revisited == otree 1 ——-—, Planting in Hawaii, Tea in Helopeltis, Notes on Hely-Hutchinson, Sir W.f Hemp Trade of Manilla ———and Tobacco in Manilla “Highways and Hedges, By ” Hill Plantation, A Model ° Himalayas, Fruit-Culture in- the Hobart international Exhibition Honduras, Agriculture ein 5 British, Resources of Coffee Culture in Cottee Growing in ..and Gren: Vda > Honolulu, Horrekelly Estate Company Horses and Bad Grass Horticulture Horton Plains and New A Trip to House Property and Building Lots in C eylon Howrah Tea Patent, Exhibition in ‘Hybrid Coffee, Liberian and Arabian .., Hydraulic Motors acd Galway District, a. “Thea? and Small Capitalists in Imitation Tea Imperial Institute Import Duties on Tea Incubation, Artificial, in Eeypt indigenous Bees India, Aeri- Horticultural and Bot: anical . Crardens in : —~—-—, British, Cinchona in ... Drug-Growing in Cattle Disease in Prospective > —--- —, Climatic Changes of ———, Coca in a ———, Coconut Cultivationin fi OM) , Coffeein Duty on Mauritius Sugar in Economic Plants in Hints on Cattle Disease: in ; ~, Netherlands, Tea and Cinchona_ in , Poultry in ee B26, Production of Jute and San ibre in ———, Quinine in British Resources of | Soil Inverting Plough in } OMEN An Old Ceylon Planter on , ———, Coffee in Ae —, Crops i in ———, Farm Manuring in sa ———, BeTonin in 335,394, 400, 509, 532, Indian and Ceylon Tea, Rivalry between —— and Laneashire Cotton ae ——— Cattle, Breeds of —-—-— Coast, N. E., Coconuts on —-—— Companies ‘¢____— forester” ae ——— Kino.. er 296, 3185-5 309 640 765 THD 978 ail L6S 687 470 125 540 INDEX, PAGE, PAGE, Indian Patents 52, 95, 98, 127, 171, 198, 236, 252, relan; Valley, Tea Garden Company 828 305, 324, 343, 383, 412, 448, 458, 464, 510, 540, 556, 606, 659, 674, 724, 738, 748, 751 —-~-—— Tea and Coffee Planters and the Antwerp Exhibition indy nae 261 —— —-- Crops 604, 792 ——— —-- Districts ... 269, 692 ——— —-- District Association ih 103 ——— —--, Future of ie a 668 —_— —-- in Manchester ... ap 750 ——— —--: Mr. BE oedons: Work in America he 316 ——— —-- Season is isa 790 —-- Supply C ‘ompany.. as 100 —~— —--, Tannin in ; ce OMA RBI —-—-— --.- "Trade oa 251, $23. 532 Indiarubber we 18, 122, 420 ——— in Colombia fe 33 —-—-—— Tree, New, in Mada agascar 702 Indies, East and W est, Cacao in Khe 196 ———, West, Lime Cultivation in a} 250) Indigo i in the Seven Korales.. 817 Indo-Ceylon Railway and Labour Supply 809 Influence.of the Weather on Clouds and Vegetation ... 470, 472 Tnoeularion of the Soil wh 211 Insect Pests 115, 212,497, 520, 800 -~——. Traps 217. Insecticide, Adhatoda Vasica as an 290 292 —~-—, Arsenate of Lead as an ik 397 Insecticides ... 69, 250, 256, 277, 764 Intemperance in Tea ae 549 555 Inventions, Modern, and the Farmer ... 311 Investment in Central Africa oh 118 Irrigated. Coffee : 697 Irrigation in the Madras ‘Presidency 636 Ivory. Frade in China se 50 106 de Jacarantha Mimosifolia Si 64 Jackson’s Patent Paragon Tea- Dryer 216 eae Sea Rolers ‘i G24 Jageery, Coconut Palm .. ne 118 Jamaica Banana Cultivation in og 559 Jamaica, Banana Trade of as 538 ———, Coltee in zat af 24, 190 ——-— Court at Chicago ... mt 50 -—-—-— (Gardens ae oan 239 -—--—, (ringer Cropsin _... ag 343 ———., Planting in Fe, Liat 341, 751 —--— Walnut... Ve Wi 559 Japan and China, Tea-Drinkine in... 248 —-_—-—, ‘Tea in tod 116, 382. 513. 760 Java 3 oF ——-, A ()uinine Factory i in D12, 760 ----- and the Duteh Produce ‘ompanies 109 — Cinchona Notes 307, 346 ——- Cocoa in A : 183 —-~—-, Coffee in ... 45, 46, 52, 55, 183, 249, 450 --—-, Planting in 50 99, 254 —-, Six W ceks in 342 ——- Tea and Dutch Tea Consumption 207, 203 Johnstone, Mr. H. H., ¢.B., and Sikhs for B.C. Africa ah ae 661 Jokai Tea Compan 827 Jute and San Fibre in India, Production of 578 K. Kangani and Cooly Advance System.. 532 Kansas, Ceylon Tea in isd 389 Kaolin pe 749 Kelani Valley, Planting Notes 629 — Railway ... ‘ 749 —— Tea Association, Ld. 735, 832 a — Teas alate 6cn 610 Kelebukka, Pi: unting Notes 321 Kerosene Oil in Coconut Desiccating Mills 608 Coconut Oil ; 582 Kew, Royal Gardai, 16, 178, 243, 296, 386, 445, rf Khewrah, Salt Mines of . M2 Kino, Indian at Sig 173 Kola and Coca Leaves a ae 53 ——- and Cubebs af bei 825 —-— Leaves vas 244 —-— Nut 317, 333, 498, 537 —., Trade in 554 Korales, Seven, Sugar and Indigo ( ‘alti- vation in sits 817 KXoumiss ; 146 L. Labour Supply for Ceylon Plantations 745, 765 801, 818, 828, 838 Labour Supply, Agencies for 834 - ———- --——— and Indo- -Ceylon Railway 806 —-—-— ——-— for Plantation ‘ 814 ————--——, How to Economize .., 791 - -~— ———- in Selangor 825 —__._ -___.. New Sourcea'ot 620 —_——— in Perak 15 , Scarcity of, and "Advanveads: 817 Lactometer in its True Light 145 ‘‘Lady-Bird” for Old Coffee 829 Laggala Lowcountry Product Experiment 107 Land in Borneo os de 98, 123 Java ... Bs i 52 —— -— Selangor 53 ee 16, 618 —., Vaccination of 429 Lanka Plantations Co., La. 416, 389, 410, 417 , Lanka the Resplendent ” 629 Lead-Coated Tea-Chests ... .. 620, 684 Liberian Coffee 32, 55, 58, 114, 118, 131, 179, 201, 244, 318, 344, 397, 400, DOT, 696 —— ——— in Ceylon ate ao ———— ———, Prices of . 114 Lime Cultivation in the W est Indies... 251) ——~-in Sugar Cane Soils 378 Limited Companies Revistered in Cey lon in 1894, 484, 487 Linnean Society Ms ag 97 Lipton as a Cacao Planter Be 478 pene Teas a Be re OS London, Ceylon Tea in a2 ~~, Adulterated Teaan | TeaSw eepings in 603, 723 ——--—, Ceylon Assoc ation in 2 407 ——-., Ceylon Produce in ... 527, 612, 637 ———— Cinchona Auctions iv] 39), 454 —— —., Bulking Tea in 598 Tea Sale Rules... G7 ~-—-—— ---- Warehouses, Sweepings of the 477 Lunt, Mr. William . pe =i 2:6 M. Macao, Ceylon Tea in 308 Macao. and ‘‘ Lie’ Tea oa 334 Macgregor, Sir William, and British New Guinea... 836 Machinery, Coffee ee ce 124 Madagascar, Resources of _... a 5m Madras, Coffee Stealingin ... ak 123 ————— Presideney, Irrigation in... 636 —_ — ——— —~—, orest Administra- tion in the ... 833 — — , Tea Cultivation in 259 —-——— » Season in.. fae ; 620 -— Repor ts bs Maha Uvah Estate 6 ‘ompany, Limited” - 6 INDEX. PAGH. Malarial Feverin Ceylon — ... fe 206 Malays, Coffee Planting by . be 243 Manchester, Indian ‘Tea in bob 750 Mango Crop, An Abundant... 820 Mangoes in Moorshedebad 685 ———— in Queensland, The I uture of 736 Mangrove Bark 476, 489, 662, 667, 771, 847 Manila Hewps and Tobacco .. 216, 672, 678 Manual of Chemical Analyses 157, 223, 297 Mannre, A Cheap ‘ Bulk” 454 =——--, Farmyard, Care and Manayement of 205 9, 83, —_--—, Green, on Plantations ae 215, 432 ————, Poultry hie a 621 Manures, Distribution of Re 218, 610 se —, Artificial ais sit 766 ———— 3 Mino 643 , Valeation of vald Manuring of Tea and its C onsequences 60, 116, 271, 245, 604, G10, 733, 745 sae SS Fruit Trees 5 a 628 Maraam Grass Sur ag 202 Maragogipe Coffee 8, 131 ———-___ _____, in Ceylon a5 134 Market Quotations, Ceylon ... 708, 769, 843 —---— Rates for Old and New Products 64, 138, 204, 276, 352, 426, 500, 564, 638, 704, 770, $44 Markets, New 179, 183 == ——., for Indian and Ceylon Tea, 261, 326 Matale, Coffee in = 473 Mauritins 456, 636 —— , Experimental Tea Garden i in Corepipe . 634 ——— — Sugar, Duty on, in India 659 mee ee NR ali pee One a 636 wee Warman ae 330, 622 « Mazawatte” ag no bob 591, 592 Meat and Parasites 357 Meteorological Observations in Lower Maskeliy a 397 Meteorology and Planting a 791 Mexico Onyx a6 ee 628 ——_——-, Coffee in 82, 130, 230, 385, 496, 530 ———.-, ’ Cotton in we 95 ———-, Planting in Ae i. 11d, 695 ——— Progress in ie $5; 239 Mica in Trav ancore 470 Microbes, Phabus and K ar 529 Mighty Trees : oe 249 Milch Cows, Effect of Food on ny: 281 Milk Analyses sae P jee SN 258} —-—, Butter-fat in BN 357 Milking with and without ¢ ‘al 711 ee Mincing Lane of the East,” C olombo Tea Market as the ... 117 Mines and Mining in Ceylon Ae B85 Mining in Selangor opie Re 521 Model Farm, A New fe me 55 Model Hill Plantation, A jo2 Monsvon, Failure of the 122 Moon in Scotland be 669 —-—, The Influence of 170, 471, 472, 494, 584, 569 610 =, —— — — — —, on Tea lush... 429 Arooisliedebad Nenoee ; 685 Morey, Mr., on Cey lon Tea and Trade 293, 295 Morris, Dr., be 125,766 Mortar, Cominon hy ra S49 Mouth and Foot Diseases HE 644 Murrain, in Ceylon Soc 280, 356, 429,569 _ Mushrooms, How to Grow... ae 383 Mysore, Coffee Planting in. As 489 N. Nahavilla Estates Company, Limited 157 Namunukula Tea Estate aie 380 Natal Botanic Gardens ae 762 » Natal Tea ro] os 28, 121, 010 768 PAGE, Native Agriculture she 532 , Lea Transit Duty on ws. 402, 414 NeronDS District, P lanting in the.’ /=:. 52 Netherlands, Coffee in bf 231 Netherlands India, Vea and ( ‘inchona in 763 New Dimbula Company. Ltd. 412 New Guinea, British, Progress in Hes 351, 515 —— ———, Coconut Planting in 484 = = -, and Sia Win. MacGregor 836 New South \ ales) Food Supply and Cost of Living in ae 814 -—— ———-—— —— Sugar ¢€ rops in 316 New Zealand, Ceylon Tea in 59%, 778 Nicaragua, Agriculture in... ith 257 Nilgiri Leguminous Plants 454 —2..-—Planters’ Association 674 Nilgivis, Apriculture in the ae 537 ——-——, Coffee in the ve es 42 = -, Planting nnebliekt es, ae 672 ‘Yea in the 1 42 Nitrogen and Tropical C ultivation ... 403 a , Fixation of 207,233, 275 Nitrogenous Foods and Plants 179 Nutineg Cultivation in Grenada 256 Nyassaland, 90, 108, 131, 333, 562,673, 681, 686, 743, 744, 749 ———_ —- and its first ‘‘ Coffee Com- pany” fron Ceylon 729, 734 —— ——-—, Coffee in 501, 731, 753 —.- Company, Ltd. an 682, 734 ——— - —, Planting in a0 123 @. Occasional Notes 66, 854, 428, 569, 639, 766, 772, 846 Odds and Ends 411, 732 Oil Engines for Tea Manufacture ae 621 Oils, Essential sou ai 26 Oil Fuel ae ree 500 59 Olio, . Tt 631 One ‘Odour and U se of : 190 Orange Crop Of eilouidane:.. ons 239 -———-Culture in Tahiti 679 Oranges and Fruit Culture in (¢ ‘eylon 337 -——--—in Rangala As. 348, 523 Oriental Coffee. Company... . 447 Oriental Bank Estates Company, Ltd. 174, 189 Otto of Rose in Asia Minor ae 18 Over-Production, pope Danger of ... 161 a Tea 52, 91 ws Ga eis aA ee "re ibre 329 Pp ¢ Packing Tea wr a: B20 Paddy C rops in Lower Burma 456 Paddy Cultivation in Ceylon 108, 245 ———~ , Early, and its Cultivation 3 712 Pallegama : Experimental Cultivation in North-East Ceylon wer ae oaeliod Palin Oil and Coconuts, Test for ie 20} Se i) Tae an 109 Palms in China a be, V7 Paluyra Valo .. an nf 125 Panawal Tea Company : S17 Papaw Juice, Uses of 4 uae 678 Parasites and Meat +a oe 357 Patents, Ceylon he 156 , Indian’ 52, 95, 98; 127,171, 198: 3383. 412, 510, 940, 556, 606, 659, 674, 724, 738, 748, 751 Patents for Cinchona Preparations — ... oll Patent Sultan Water Lifts wi 569 Patiagama Cinchona Company, Ltd. HSU Peace in the Far Kast and Tea Prospects 789 Peach Culture in Belg rium be G89 Pepper in Melange ae Sah 489 ——.—— the Straits ia + 105 INDEX. PAGE. Pepsine, Vegetable a 688 Perak As a _ 3823 , Coifee in 132, 258 —--—, Tamil Labour in 659 Perfume Produetion oot iy 222 Pern and British Central Alviea if 246 Peru, Cinechona in nit be 582 Coffee in roe rep PEMA 2p ye Petroleum, Solid 115 Philippines, Agricultural Products in the 376 wee es, (| ‘offee in the ... arte 238 =~, Copra from the 238 Phabus and the Microbes tg 529 Pice Packets of Tea . 519 Piclines with a Local Application 187, ¢ 320, 546, 658, $50 ee Practical Aap galaons 5D Pigmy Raver ei Mees Pine Hill Estates C ompany, ‘Ltd. 618 Pioneeis of the Colony 4 if 113 — of the Planting Enterprise 1, 75, 149, 289, 363, 466 Plantains and Bananas ..238,283, 360 Plant Life, Romance of 455 Plants and Nitrogenous loods 179 ——-—-, Keonomy in ef 167 —-- ~, Experimental Physiology OW sane 787 ——., Natural History of 190 , Relative Value of * 230 ———, Strange Tropical .., roth 466 Planters’ Association of the Nilgitis ... G74 WY naa A 558 worn Associations, Novel Idea for 53 Se A Wances one ae 385 Planters, Hints to a 90, 542 -———-— of ‘Standing, A Group Ole tian 410 Planting and Produce 47, 165, 171, 197, 274, 305, 334, 344, 380, 409, 412, 446, 456, 497, 517, 522, 526, 541;, 502, 599, 595, 633, 659, 695, 723, #93 748, 198, 8¥2, Sal ———— and Meteorology, S 791 ———— Jistriets in Ceylon a, SBE asl ———— Districts, New, Opening up of 245 bani Days of, in Ceylon .., 340, 383 ———= in Africa,’ Central ae 457 ————— — ——_—,, Werst aS 269 borne, INO inde Dilly 542 -—-— -— Jrayil de Be 330 ——— — ijl non ba 791 = — — Ha\vail i igs 478 ——-—-—. — Jajnaica aa oe 311 rr — Java Bo 29, Qo4 ee Kegalla District (Ceylon) 127 ——.+—- — Mexico aie te 115 + -_ Selangor’ ie a 128, 401 —_—— — Sumatra 622, 637, 792 ——— — — the Nilgiris 672 ———— — —.-. Sire Wiehlands 170 - Southern Province (Ceylon) 121 a. — —.- Straits Settlements 240 ———_— — Travancore 167, 265, 445, 451 ———— — Wynaad vs Ceylon oie 21 ———— Industry b0 104 ——-—-— Notes 197, 234. 329, 831, 330, 684, 693 Plongh, Soil Inverting, in India 5a 687 eens of Crops ste YAU) Plucking ‘Tea .. He 56 180 Phunbago 390 =e apace and Coal Mining 182 Ponies, Rearing of, in Ceylon and South India 810 Poona Farm Re} ort 5 Pe 642 Potash ‘for Ten, we .. 481, 494 Potato, Otaheite atin ens | 246 Poultry in India oud 09 626, 760 Practical Notes and Formula _ B20 Premier Ceylon Tea Planting Company BOD Preserves, An Industry in . 395 Produce, Ceylon, London k eport Ou .. 637 ig rodnets, Acclimatization of “Cty 7R1 = New and old 430,449 Pruning “of Tea 526 1d undaluoya, A Peep into. 597 Punjab, Forestland burnt by Incendiar y Agency in the... d45 Putupaula Tea Estate Company, Ltd, 260 q. (Queensland, Coffee in a3 sz —_~ -——. olice © ompany.. e- 738 —— -—,, The Future of Mango in 736 tee Tropieal a e 121 ()uinine in America 122 ———-- and Cinchona ‘ ... 890,496 ———-- Factory in Java — ... .. 512,760 --in Alveria oe Hf 97 ——— -- -- in India 316,820 ———-- Prospects 243, 277 ———-- at Post Offices 8 R. Railway and Tramways in Caviar 379 — —, ligmy 831 ——_——, T le Kelani V alley 749 Rain and Forest Fibres 440 Rainfall orto, 610 _——— -- at the School of Acriculture 65, 207, 281. 354, 428, 569, 640, 706, 846 ———-- on Ceylon Estates, Singnlar Variation of 108 --, — Painy poe and Tea Flush... 396, 498 Ramnie ... 332, 473, 443, 511,692 Rangala, Oranges in aa 348 Rates for Produce in Colombo. i) 746 Ratnapura vs. Balangoda a 397 Reana Luxurians, Notes on ... “f 433 Revamped Tea Leaves 512 Rhea 448, 523, 661, 729 —,A Bombay Syndicate for the Treatment of 612 ——, Limited 47, 48 - Redivivus , 448 Rice Growing and Preparation 371, 441 in China ae, me BS 170 Pipa ian Rights... - 665, $11 Road Pavements and Hardwoods a 406 Romance of Plant Life 455 Round the World Trip of ‘Agricultural Investigation rig Tas 271 Rubber 1 201 ———-and Gums es < 479 ——., Bolivian .., hes ied 27 —- in Central America .., a 301 —— - Vine: British Guiana re 222 - — --, Cultivation of ot 26 Ruby Buyers, A Cantion to.. ? 737 Russia, Medicinal Plant Culture i in.. 696 , Tea in i 198, 498 —— - —— Planting in 170, 696 s. Salt and Salt Lands 434 — as a Fertilizer ris ed 306 Mines of Khewrah ald dl 149 Seale in Steam Engine Boilers ve 764,817 ——- Insect in California 501 Scotch Enterprise 662, at Scottish Ceylon Tea Company Trust and Loan Company of Ceylon 408 Season Reports, Ceylon 217, 405, 788 Seed, Graft, Bud or Rie (tee) 169 Seeds, Vitality of 4 tn pees 230 On ee PAGE. Selangor, Agricultural Lands and Mining in 621 , Ceylon Planters in Be 262 , Coffee Planting in ; 238 ) Export Duty on Coffee from 95 .————, Forest Land in ah 462 es ’ Droughts in 246 Se Land Sales in 618 , Notes from She 382 ———— Planters’ Association 400,582, 632 ————, Planting in 128, 401, 487 Shade Trees P lanting dae eae 260 Shevaroy, Coffee in 114 Shire Highlands and Ny assaland 749 se , Planting in 170 _ Sierra Leone, Tour through the Hinterland of 312 Sikhs for British Central “Afri ica 661 Sikkim, Tea Tiade with 388 Sinhalese Settling on New Land 697 Sirocco Works 358 Sisal Hemp : = 2285 235, 349,707 : -- in the Bahamas eh ., 82, 378 _ Skin Diseases of Cattle 641 Smallpox among Poultry —... 743 Soil Innoculation .. 4 211 —--, Needs of 410 Soils, Testing of 641 Solders, Preparation of 392 Spent Tea Leaves. - es dpe 649 —-- and Wrong Process of Infusing in London ode ‘as 421 Spices, Garbling of 400 a0 163 Spider on Tea... er 127 , Red 796 Spraying Machines 431 Spring Valley Cotlee Company tdi 71 Standard Tea Company of Ceylon 19, 812, 814, 839 Stanton’s, Mr. A. G., Paper on Tea 583 _ Steam Engine Boilers and Scale 761 Stock Items 70, 141 Straits Settlements, Arabian and Liberi ian Coffee in 105 ——— Coffee Hlpuiiiie in "60, 350, 661, 662, $825 Pepper in. Bee Lil 105 , Planting in 239 ; ; Tapioca i in 105 Straw and Paddy Cultiv ation | 245 _ $v. Vincent, Arrowroot Cultivation i in. 258 Sugar .. wee “4 398 _—---and Tea... ae ee 676 ——.-- Cane Soils, Lime in ... as 373 ——--, Coconut... 118 ——-- Crops of New South Wales 316 ——.-- Factory, New 203 ——-- in the Seven Korales 817 . ——--, Mauritius, Duty of, in India 659 — Trade 6 mee 238 Sumatra, A. Peep into a 693, 753 _——-— , Ceylon Planter in wie 842 Liberian Coffee in ako 696 Sunflower Oil eal aes 23 Sunbeat and Tea Flush on AAs 424 , Coffee in as im 237 ess ’ Tobacco i in amined ou Surrey, The Red Hill Farm School in... 496 Sylhet, South, Planting in... es 50 » Sylvakande Estate, Ceylon Rep) 129 T. _Pahiti, Natives in... i oe 393 Orange Culturein .. Nie 679 Talawakele, Notes from ate a 329 ‘Lalgaswela Tea Company, Ltd. “ic 64 Talipot Palms in Flower .. we 458 Tannin in Indian Tea 614 . Tanning. Material to Supersede Gamer a4 INDEX. PAGE. Tapioca in the Straits a9 105 Tasting of Tea... oe oo 330 Tax on Extensions of Tea .. -. 319, 349 Tea ri Me 25, 134, 625, 604, 686 —--, Adjuncts to ... 786 —--, Adulterated, and Tea Sw eepings in London .. she sre 608 —--, Adulteration of ils a 132 —-- and Cafleine . 554, 612 oe Cc ‘inchona i in Netherlands India 763 —-- —-- Coffee Planting, Relative Health- iness of .. 6 at 129 —-- —-- Flush 5 469 —=- =. Scandal 18, 23, 28, 46, 51, 96, 177, 241, 308, 391, 515, 528, 545, 555, 600, 606, 625, 675, 690, 735; 794, 829 —-- —-- Sugar ee ote 676 ee ‘Transit Duty in Natal 402, 414 —-- Association Ltd., The Kelani Valley 755, 832 —-- Averages, Colombo 4 636 —--, Big Yields of. Bb bic 197 —-- Blights us We ot 269 —--, Bond ae oa ie 630 —-- Book, Mr. Bamber’s ... ae 2) -—-- Boxes, Acme Steel 659 , Wood for 401, 696,768 -—--, Branding of .. Be 414 Ih Br eaks of oe ive 99, 525 —-- Broker, A Sydney, in Colombo 556 —-- Bulking in London 598 =, Campaizn, American .. 271 —---, Ceylon 4 he 380, 541, 603 —--, ———., and Awards at Hobart 799 —--, ———-, and New Markets 179 —--, ———-, Caffeine in 462 —--, ——--, Chemical Analyses of j 622 —--, ———-, in America, 296, 492. 523, 670, 679, 682, 793, 813, 815, 8a9 -, in Australia -, -— California = 2. 392, 52, 613, 615, 750 aii eae 387 (Se = Chin, -- 607, 816 nan SAS +. ~ 389 See i Ondonun 1894, 728 —--, ———.-, — New Zealand 595 —--, ——~—-, Mr. Morey on . 293, 295 ey —-, Plantations Co., Ltd. 797; 839, 841 ERK hEStS: 119, 132,499, 691 —-- Lead- Coated oe -> 620, 684 —-- Chinese, in Africa 56 "738 a for Germany .. 39 secs Company Bandarapola Ceylon Ltd. 841 —--- ——— -, Darjeeling 312 —-- —--—-—, Debentures 414 —_—- "7 7 Sokai $27 gh. 4 py —-, Ceylon, in America . 807 +-. ——_-—, Phenomend]l Dividend of ‘a 760 —-++ —-----—, Scottish Ceylon 448 a... 3. =, Valgaswela; Ltd. 61), Sol gee 54 Got he; Alliance, of Ceylon, Ltd. ose 500, 611 ee ket pers eee —, The Carolina, of Ceylon Ltd. 458 The Castlereagh The Fila 246, 615, 619. ee —, ae er 265 —-+ ———., The Kelani Valley Garden S28 paos See , The Ponawal S17 —-- ——-—-, The Standard, of € ‘eylon S14, 839 - —--— -=-, The Uvakelie of Cey ‘lon, Lid, 543, ee The We-Oya, Ltd: aunt 618, Wanarajah Planted w ith - Companies sero: Ge of India . —--—- 1, Prosperous. Ee -- Consumption, Java and Dutch ae mutes ompany, Yataderia, of Ceylon Ltd 616, 619, 617, 748, 806, 837 .98, 418, 447,751, 804, 812 - - 272, 319 — CRE al Cocoa, Increased Demand for 456 122 610 203, INDEX. PAGE. PAGE, Tea LONI, in the United Kingdom 523 Tea, Indian and Ceylon vs, China 238, 241 __.. -__--- in the United States .. ‘820 —— - —-- ———, Exports of 658 —--- Crops of ( ‘eylon, 467,472,476,528 —— —-—\., and Lanéashire Cotton 554 =. = Indian 1 0045792: \—_— —__ Sa Papireor 668 —-- Guliwation xs ZB WN sh) == ‘in America wv Se ee in Russia 196,495 ——, ———, Introducing of 323 =. son Lasmania ; 3 eee ’ Season 75a —-- —————, Experiments in Manur- ———, Tannin i in an 798 ing 51 a "Iidustry, Pioneer of the ay 82 a Dy Natives, ‘the Selling re , Position of . 526 of Leaf in Gampola- — , Intemperance in a 549, 559 Nawalapitiya Valley 538° Mi Land for, in the Kalutara District, t, Ceylon 825 —-- ——- in the Caucasus 170, 766,786 —— Leaf C ontrov ersy 558 oan --- in India 86, 101, 252, 259,335,336 —— —— Purchases 609 394, 745 —— —— Withering 473 —--, Future of 190,424 —— Leaves and Spots 183 —-- Districts, Indian 269.692, 4 — —-, Spent 469 Saeco ———, Association 103 ——, Lipton’s 626 eos Drinking i in the United States oa) , Low Price of 2 175, 166 was SSS Japan and China JAS) es Making, Methods of ... 30, 32 - Drunkenness in America 043 —— Market 5d1, 557 =... _. Dryer, Jackson's Paragon Patent 216, —— ———-, Colombo 27,117 —--, Enemies of . . 45,203,262)'338, 809 —— Manufac ture, Vil Engines for .. 621 ., English Ah ; 762, —— Maunuring and its Consequence 60, 116, 271, —-- Estate, Namunakula ... 380, —-; Exports from China to the U nited States... 4161238, 241 —.- Factories in Haldumulla 498,665 = , Destroyed by Fire 521 —-- Farm in the United States 258, so fF tm” “420, 422, 471 388, 397, 423, 396 , Fine vs. Trashy — Blush and the Moon's Influence _—-- —---- and Weather /—-- —--— Rainfall-Rainy Days —-- From the Kelani Valley 610 —--, Full Extraction from, and the Trade in Revamped Tea Leaves .. 572. —-- Fund of Ceylon 275, 464, 603, 601, —--, Future of .. 190,42 4,613 —— for America 263 —— — Australia ie oe 58 —-- Gardens, Unemploy ed... 296 —— Garden, Fe penental in Carepipe, Mauritius 5 634 -—- and Grain Drying 548 —— Growing in the Andamans es 763 —— ——— — — United States... 174, 228 —--, Heavy-bearing 474 ——, Tmitation os ag2 ———~, Imparting Potency to.. 033 -—-, limport Duties on 727 —— "Tmprovers fe, 411 —--in the Kelani Valley ... o40 —-- Prices “sat ai 6380 —--, Trade in : sie 2938, 295 —— jn Agrapatanas (Ceylon) se 196 —-— — America 39, 62, 116, 107, 198, 191, 263, 238, 257, 274, 294, 327, 347, 404, 405, 398, AQ5, 411, 393, 483, 533, 609, 687, 752 2, 762, : a Te 39,745, ° 12335 831 2 China 116, 415, 760 —— -- Egypt 2 2th ee yt Hs a 726 —— — Germany a0 AS: 130 —.- — Hawaii * 256, BLS, 545 -—— — India . 400, 509, 53, 760, 842 —— — Japan 116, 382, 513, 760, 828 --— — Macao of it —— — in Natal .. 113 —— — Nilgiris... 42 +— — Russia ...- 198, 498 —— — Tonquin 89 ——— Uva... 108 — — Wynaad 24, 200 _ —~, Indian, and Antwerp ‘Exhibition 661 —) Sarg ee? Ceylon om oy ‘ 02, 98 i) 245, 319, 604, 672, 733, 745 ——, Mauritius 635 = oe Gow, Wilson & Stanton on 130 , New Markets for 136, 260, 336, 676 == "of Ditlerent Countries 216 —— Over Production and Prices of 52, 91, i -—— High Prices for 7 a 82 — Low Prices of ae s 183 —— on Digestion ae 308 ——— Packer, A New A at, 400, 499 = -, Davidson-Maguire Patent 547, 624 — Packing 320 ——, Paper on, by Mr. A. G. Stanton 583 — Patent Exhibition at Howrah 127 —— Patents d 48 ——, Pice Packets ‘of £ Be 519 —— ’ Planters’ Association, Brisbane ... 273 —-- Planting Company, The Premier Ceylon 805 —— iis aaa Indian 539 —-- Plucking... 180 ——, Potash for 481, 494 —— Production and Consutuption of... 480, 527 ——S —— — of British 3 Grown 107 —— ———— in Ceylon i 305 ----, Properties of a ie 40, 133 —- Prospects ee 90, 789 -, Pruning of mae 826 —-, > Public Sale Conditions of 267, 481, 733, 734 —-- ’ Refuse and Catteine ... 247, 267, 419, 486 —-- in Natal YI) —--, Rivalry between India anil Ceylon 762 —-- Roller Case, The Great 7387 —-- Rollers, Jackson’s: a Query 524 —-- Reom, An Up-to-Date 383 —--, Sales and Averages of ivr 2 799 soe nian : 107, 114, 381, 416 —-, Sanitary, Gospel of ... id 738 —-- Need y 3 F 2, 445 —-- Shares, Market for $3 274, 521, 593 —-- Shipping Suit, An Interesting ... 726 —-- Shipment Telegrams, Official 635 —-- Soil and Other’ Analytical Experiments ol --, Spider on ... zed 127 —-- Supply Company of India 100 =e 5 , Future : 381 —-- Sweepings 446, 478, 596, 604, 620, 660, 694, 723, 744. 801 —-- Tablvid Business Ais 462, » 465, 466 —-- Tasting . 850, pen 414, 424, 621 —-, Tax on Extensions of ia. 819, 493 PAGE Tea, Thefis of Se ae 485 —-- Topics anc 30 319 —.-- Trade a ee ie 238, 409 —-. --—— in Australia... Sais 170 —- —--, Indian a so% 251 =——— ——.-- with Persia ... . 550 —-- Trader's Association of Colombo 380, 641 —.- Vs. Coffee Planting in Ceylon 407 —=—, White Ants in iE sat 749 W orkers, Complaint of Por 554 , Wynaad Company, Limited . 324 nica Aye d, Highest in € avon Re 189 Teak, Rate of Growth of . se 697 Thefts of Tea sis cis 485 Timbers, Felling aa ste 407 - — for Tea Boxes ..: ee 401 —+— — Hardwood, Austialian its 692 — of West Africa .:: on 951 ———~—, Seasoning ie os 132 echnical Teaching : the Agricultural and — Tecéhnical Schools 535 Telephone in the Planting Districts 447 Teniperature of Trees sae ae 230 “ Tetley’s Teas” in America an 733 Tibet, China Tea in Of ac 114 Tillage Implements eo as 139 “Timehri’ dé 329 Tobacco and Hemp i in Manila 678 Company, New London Borneo 127 in Borneo and Sumatra 41, 237 Tomato Disease ae ae 267 Tonquin, Industries of 36 684 —————, hea In re 89 Tools for Coffee Plantations fe 167 Tous-Les-Mois .. 212 Trade Marks Ordinance, Prosecution ‘under 465 Tramways and Railways in Ceylon —., Mountain 3 768, 789, 822 Transport, Cheap, and How to Get it 802, 835 Traps for Insects, Kats and Thieves Q17 Travancore, Arrowroot in . aos 557 =~ —--—, Opening Land in 203 — -—— Coconut Trees, Disease i in 336 ——-—~—— _,, Coffee in A : 447 Se ’ Drought and Distress in. 346 — --—- ’ Mica | in 470 ———_-——., Planting in 25, 167, 445, 457, 448 ——- Tea in America ... nee 469 Traveller’s Diary, Notes from a ae 147, 711 Trees, Foreign, and Wind Belts ae 749 te Glory of. 56 453 ==: inthe Southern Province, Ceylon 184 —--—, Internal Temperature of 56 230 —--, Mighty .. De $0 249 =——--, Old aoe a te 113 ~---—, Planting 82 rimen’ s, Handbook on Flora of C ey! lon 199 Trinidad, Agriculture in ae 700 ———-—— and British Guiana a 691 Botanical Gardens se 101 , Cacao in ss 101, 120 — ” Coffee Cultiv ation in 259 .. 65, 137, 218, 496 Portrait Gallery : — James Taylor, Esq. L Tropical Agri ceulturist a. H. K. Thwaites, Esq., Bose, WaWoshs IPG bn C.M.G . joa Alex. Brown, Esq. 149 Willian Shelford, Esq., Ce. 30 289 George Wall, Esq., P.1.S., F.R.A.S. G0 365 Tropical Cultivation and Nitrogen... 103 ———— Forest, Ina Aaa 82 ——-—-— Lands, In “626, 649, 725 PAGE Tropical Products, New Source of — .., 33 ———— (Queensland ce i fo) U. Udugama Tea and Timber Company, Ltd. 122, 46% v ganda, Coffee Planting in 266 United Planters’ Company of C eylon, Ltda 31 —-— States, Coffee Imports in 257 —-- Government Tea Farm 258 —— - —— , Importation of Bananas in 37 a ernmneed F p otth in se 174, 198, 228 —-- Drinkivig in i 530 Uva, Planting in 56 is 312 Wall, The Lite Georse . 47 Unity of Principle in the V egetable Kingdom 851 U pper Maskelya Estates C binpany, Ltu. 657 Uva Coffee Company, Ltd. .. aD 173 — , Fruit Culture in ie se 825 ei, : 55 108 ee = Planters, Usdod News to 539 meee Reanin Be 105 Uva Planting Company, Nev 515 Uvikelie Tea C cmpanyy of Ceylon, Ltd.. 549 NY: Vaccination of Land 429 Vanilla, Artificial Fertilization of 5 300 ———-- in Mauritius 50 -- 330, 622 ——.- — Madagascar as 118 _____. — German East Africa -» 463, 508 ——-— in Reunion 36 aes 164 ——.- — Tahiti. ag af 19 - Market in America .. ; 416 Vevetable Cultivation in Bermudas 559 ——--—— Kingdom, Unity of Principle j inthe 857 —-- Resources 56 426 --— Tallow, Export ofl ae 325 Venice, Fruit Market i in Se se 407 Veterinary Lectures for the People oc 850 Veterinareana Ae ae a 184 Venezuela. Cocoa in Ale are 169 Vine Leaves, Dye from Se Bi 262 Vitality of Seed 230 W. Walnut, Jamaica .. “ie me 559 Wanarajah Tea Company 272,319 Warning to Would-be Tea Planters in Western Lands a 198 Ward, Professor, New Rooks: ot ee 390 Watercress, Sanitary Qualities of an go Water Litt, Patent Sultan a 569 ——— Power, Waste of 55 arr 113 + i Pestine s,s = 339, 471, 572 ——_— Wheels... ah ba 349 Wattle as a Manure ste oe 7 Watts, Dr., on Tea Blights .. sie 269 Weather and Tobaeco Cultivation wre 789 Reports from Outstations 55 816 W Wetter, Nir. R. V., Letter from, and Ceylon Tea Awards at Hobart 799 We-Oya Tea Company, Ltd., 618 —- Killed by Electricity and Cacao Groy es 816 Weeds, The Value of R 358 “Well done Kelani Valley Teas se an 610 Wheels, Big Water -- 349, 399 White Ants in Natal Timber : 220 Wind Belts and Foreign Trees sie 749 Wire Shoots, Economy in Working —.. 178 Withering Leaf. .. oe 402544: Wood, Good, How to Recognize 35 29 --—— fur Tea Boxes es AC 768 Wood Ashes ae are 50 645 Woodhouse, Mr. Edmund .. 240, 489 PAGE, We ‘oods, Experiments on durabilty of .. 9 Yatauler iva ren Comp -———- Hard, for Road Parements én 406 Yield of 'Tea ‘and Mai Wynaad Planters’ Association ss 553 CO You” (Poetry) vas —————e Planting i in a ad ml pees Glorisa 6. oe * . 2a S20) Deb incre we 24, 200° . hes PIRES omen So Se 0 ee “Comipany, shade Be) lies BRAT , Sn eS os. age Mad set. | Bi Fitsigtiits tt b ¥] ye ; are ee & wehowr'l j ; sf: ‘* i “a8 = a . +4 . if te TEE WN 44 net Mera wT pate . ‘tamil ee zs ‘ io er £ i ord mi Ti ay anit : : nes t : £ ini oe olite\ 0 gallant acs ni ; i LL |, pe es . ae Sk A AS es a : : Pe ) ; -h ja peptone: rien —. . hea ' - ahaa ve ~ se 5" : ts 4 sefeeS gars dick eal ot baubs | Be ge att 4h let) abet = « = Lath wees mt: i pes a BF edhy . : aay . : q 1 | JAMES TAYLOR, Esq. Tropical Agriculturist Portrait Gallery, No, XI. «| MONTHLY, be Vol. XIV. COLOMBO, JULY 2ND, “1894. “PIONEERS OF THE PLANTING ENTERPRISE IN CEYLON.” JAMES TAYLOR, PLANTER FROM 1852 TO 1892; PIONEER IN CINCHONA AND TEA PLANTING IN CEYLON. HE subject of this brief memoir lived a very quiet, retired life for nearly all his sojourn in Ceylon as Super- intendent of the Loole Con- dera plantation in the Hewaheta district. He would have been the last to seek or desire public notice; but the fact that he was one of the very first of Ceylon planters to experiment in the cultivation of both ‘Cinchona and Tea, and the very careful way in which James Taylor persevered with both pro- ducts to the establishment of successful industries, fully merits that his name should be included ‘among CEYLON’S PLANTING PIONEERS, although his term of residence began a good deal later than that of most of the Colonists hitherto noticed in these pages, In one respect James Taylor stands unique among our biographies : he never was a “« proprietor*” but continued from first to last on the same plantation (never returning home even ona holiday !), the very ideal of a faithful, hard-working, intelligent Superintendent and a more devoted, reliable Manager an absent estate proprietor never had in Ceylon. We now proceed to give all the facts within our reach, that go to make up a brief memoir x As will be seen fayther on, this has to be slightly qualified tirough Mr. Taylor having had for a very short time, a share ina small cinchona plantation, of James Taylor. For the following account of his early days and first Ceylon engagement, we are indebted to an Edinburgh correspondent :— James Taylor was born at Mosspark, Monboddo, on Mareh 29th, 1835. His father, who survives him and is now in his 84th year, was a respect- able hard-working man, and his mother, Margaret Moir, was daughter of Robert Moir, of Laurence- kirk. James was the eldest of a family of six and deeply attached to his mother, whose death took place in 1844 her little son had just completed his ninth year. This was to him a bitter sorrow and irretrievable loss, and after this, his home life was a sad one. . James was educated at a school, in the lovely village of Auchenblae, which stands at the entrance to the beautiful glen of Drumtochty. His teacher, Mr. David Soutar, was a good and painstaking man, much beloved by his scholars in whom he encouraged a love of learning, and many of them made their mark in the world after Mr. Soutar’s departure for Australia. In those days James Taylor is remembered by his minister as ‘fa quiet, steady-going lad with prominent eyes and eyebrows anda heavy but thoughtful expression.” When his father married again, home life became almost unbearable to the young lad who was no favorite with his stepmother. As he evew older he disliked what he considered when the drudgery of farm-lfe, and pleaded with his father to allow him to continue his education or ; THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JuLy 2, 1894. learn a trade. Unfortunately his father had no sympathy with his son’s eager pursuit after all kinds of solid and useful learning, and gave no encouragement to his desire to leave home and push his way inthe world. At length Mr. Peter Moir, a native of Laurencekirk and a cousin of his mother, hearing how James Taylor was situated at home, helped him to an introduction to Messrs. Hadden of London, who were then sending young men outto Ceylon as assistants on plantations. James Taylor’s engagement ran as follows :— “Messrs. G. & J. A. HADDEN, LONDON. “October, 1851. “Tt hereby engage myself to Mr. George Pride of Kandy, Ceylon, for the space of three years to act in the capacity of Assistant Superintendent, and to make myself generally useful, at a salary of £100 per annum to commence from the time of my arrival on the estate and to have deducted from my salary the amount of money advanced for my passage and outfit. “Tam, gentlemen, your obedient servant, “ (Signed) JAMES TAYLOR.” The young man sailed from London on October 22nd, 1851, when in his seventeenth yeaf. That he had trials for some time in his new sphere as in his native land we learn from a letter written home some years afterwards, in which he says:—‘‘ The firsc two years in Ceylon were the most uncomfortable in my life,” Another time he sends his respects to all old schoolfellows, adding :—‘‘ We werea noble lot, and how well many of us have got on, especially John Ross, now Rector of Arbroath Academy.” It seems James Taylor was a pupil-teacher under Mr- Soutar for some time before coming to Ceylon. We are able to supplement the above with some reminiscences of a contemporary, Mr. A. Morrison, who is still in our midst asa veteran planter. Mr. Morrison saw James Taylor in 1851, and reports as follows :— _ ‘*He was a big-headed, large-chested, burlY lad, looking a picture of robust health, and had come to Fettercairn to confer with Henry Stiven in regard to coming out to Ceylon as collee planter, both having been engaged by Mr. Pete, Moir (then at home for the first time after nine years in the Island on the Haddens’ estates) to come out here as Sinna Duvrais for the Prides on, I believe, three years’ engagement on £100 a year, Both left Scotland towards the end of 1851, and coming round the Cape, must have arrived at Co- Jombointhe early part of 1852. On arrival, Taylo, was sent to Loole Condera and Stiven to Ancoom. pera. I believe Taylor had as P. D. Mr. Williams who shortly afterwards re-opened old Sinnapittia and part of Weyangawatte as coffee estates for Capt. Henry C. Byrde. When I came ont ii 1857, Taylor was manager of Loole Condera and Waloya, the greater part of which he had opened and never left until the time of his death after about 41 years’ residence.” It may be surmised that there was nothing for the first 15 or 16 years, in the career of James Taylor as Assistant andafterwards full Superinten- dent on Loole Condera(of which Mr. George Pride was the then proprietor) to mark him off from his fellows, not even perhaps in his yery closé applica- tion to the duties allotted to him, In. his tirn, he had a succession of assistants who profited by his experience and careful mode of working, and all of whom seem to recall their former chief with feelings of esteem and regard.* Among them was Mr. George Maitland, an- other veteran still with us, who went to Loole Condera as “‘sinne durai” to learn the mysteries of ‘‘coffee planting” in 186], and who returned—strange to say—for some months in 1884 to pick up ‘‘all about tea,” the new product which was then clearly destined to supersede the old staple, coffee. Another of his Assistants was Mr. P. R. Shand who was on Loole Condera in 1874, when Mr, Taylor took his first and only holiday out of Ceylon,t and even then he combined in- struction with pleasure; for, his destination was Darjiling, where he doubtless observed and took notes of everything connected with tea as then cultivated and prepared. Before this, however, Mr. Taylor has been a pioneer in Loole Condera, under the in- structions of his proprietors, Messrs. Harrison and Leake (then constituting Keir, Dundas & Co., Kandy) with another product, namely, cinchona, There is no need that we should here repeat the story (which we have so fully narrated in the “ Ceylon Handbook and Dj- rectory”) of the “failure of coffee,” or of the rise of the colony to the first import- ance aS a producer of cinchona bark, until * Here is a list of as many of Mr. Taylor’s Assis- tants besides thoss given inthe text,as we haye been able to get:—Messrs. John Scott, J. H. Campbell, J M. Purdon, E. 8. Anderson, W. G: Mackilligin (now of Coorg or Mysore), G. F. Traill, H. F, Danbar, Geo. E. Bowley, A. L. Scott, F. E. Waring, H. Bressy, Hugh Milter, A.C. Bonner, C. H, £ Wilkinson and J. G Forsyth. ' 3 j One of James Taylor’s little peculiarities w that when he opened a bottle ot See Which ‘he did pretty often in the old days, he always poured a little cn the floor. This was a good plan of clearing any dust from the cork out ot the neck of the bottle, but it would have done equally well if a little of the beer had been poured into a glass kept for the purpose. No amount of ‘“ chaif,” however, would make old Taylor alter this habit, and on a da: when he had a number of visitors at -his ieospsts. ble bungalow, the floor would ke very wet indeed.— Planting Correspondent, ; JuLy 2, 1894. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. _ 3 a EE eee aaa the price of quinine fell to a rate that left no margin for the Ceylon planters ; nor yet again of the rapid way in which “tea” be- came our staple, and its cultivation, an indus- try of importance as overshadowing as ever coffee was in the history of the island. Suffice it to say, that the first instalment of cinchona bark harvested on a _ Ceylon plantation was prepared by Mr. Taylor on Loole Condera in July 1867, and reached the London market early in 1868, when Mr. John Eliot Howard, the Quinologist, gave a favourable report upon it.* Both Sweeirubra (red) and Officinalis (crown) barks were repre- sented in this first consignment, and so satis- factory were the report and prices realized, that all the officinalis plants available in the Hakegala Government Gardens were at once got for Loole Condera, and early in 1870 a ton of bark was peeled and sent to London and sold well as also further shipments in J871 and succeeding years. But simultaneously with his attention to cin- chona, did Mr. Taylor engage in cultivating a far more important product, Tea. So far back as 1865, by Mr. Harrison’s orders, the Superintendent of Loole Condera began to get tea seed from Peradeniya Government Gardens, and early in 1866 he was able to put out tea plants along the sides of the roads or paths through the coffee plantation. At the instance of Mr. Leake, a special Inspection of and Report on the Assam ‘Tea Districts by Mr. Arthur Morrice was got in that year, and this led to an importation of Assam-hybrid tea seed for the benefit of Loole Condera. Mr. Taylor's first tea clearing of 20 acres was felled in the end of 1867, and this may be considered as about the oldest regularly culvivated and cropped field of tea in Ceylon, and as such it has been the subject of report, year by year, the account being still that the tea (26 years old) is full of vigour and _ yields erop at the rate of from 450 to 500 Ibs. per acre. We need say nothing as to the progress of the industry under Mr. Taylor's care from the early days when upwards of 2s. per lb. was readily got for the new Ceylon (Loole Condera) tea, and when Governor Sir William Gregory did so much to make its merits known, and to encourage the extension of the culti- vation. Mr. James Taylor’s experience and other incidental references are very fully recorded in the letter in which, in September 189], he acknowledged a letter from the Planters’ Association forwarding a testimonial that had * Mr. Howard wrote :—‘‘ There must _be something in the soil or climate of Ceylon peculiarly adapted to the perfect growth of this plant. been subscribed for in his honour. The Secre- tary’s letter was as follows :— * Secretary’s Office, No. 42, King Street, Kandy, August 31st, 1891. To James Taylor, Esq., Loole Condera. ; ‘“* Dear Sir,—i have to perform the pleasing duty of handing you on behalf of the subscribers the accom- panying tea and coffee service, On the silver salver is engraved the following inscription :— ‘To James Taylor, Loolecondera, in grateful ap- preciation of his saccessful efforts which laid the foundation of the Tea and Cinchona Industries of Ceylon 1891,’—and no words are needed to express the hearty and representative nature of the testimonial. * You are doubtless aware that a portion only of the ‘Fund’ subscribed has been devoted to the silver tea set; a cheque for the balance will be sent to you so soon as the accounts have been received and closed.—I am, dear sir, yours faithfully, (signed) A Purtrp. Secretary to the Planters’ Association of Ceylon.” From Mr. Taylor’s reply, we quote as follows :— “Tn acknowledging receipt of the Testimonial I feel that Ido not know how to express my thanks for the honour and reward it gives me for my original successes in Tea-making and Cinchona cultivation. It had been publicly mentioned on several occasions that Iwas the first successful tea-maker in Ceylon or in the beginning the most successful. I was fully satisfied with that, and it was a startling surprise to me when [ saw mention made in the newspapers of this testimonial. “The credit for the starting of the tea industry as well as cinchona planting im Ceylon belongs to Messrs. Harrison and Leake as Keir, Dundas & Co. who were my employers and proprietors of Loole Condera. It was they who allowed me to plant cinchona and ordered me to plant tea, and it was they who paid for these things and stood the risk of failure. I took much interest in these cultivations, for I had before thought myself that surely some- thing else besides coffee could be profitably grown on our estates. ‘“ With regard to the manufacture of tea I learned that mainly from others and from reading, but it took a lot of experimenting before I was very suc- cessful. About the time we began planting China tea from seed got from Peradeniya Garden a Mr. Noble, an Indian tea planter from Cachar, passed through to see a neighbouring coffee estate that some of his friends were interested in, and I got him to show me the way to pluck and wither and roll tea with a little leaf growing on some old tea bushes in my bungalow garden. It was all rolled by hand then. He told me about fermenting and panning and the rest of the process as then in vogue, showing me the fermenting and panning as far as circumstances permitted. After that I frequently made experimental lots as I got leaf to pluck. “ Afterwards when Mr. Jenkins of the Ceylon Com- pany, an old Assam tea planter, came to the country he called on me and I made a batch of tea under his direction. A sample of this and samples of seven lots that Ihad made before were then sent up to Calcutta together to te reported upon and valued. Mr. Jenkins’ sample was valued a littie higher than any of mine, but mine were also pronounced good except one indiffe:ent and one spoiled. With these exceptions both Jenkins’ sample and the rest of mine were said to be better than most of the Indian teas that were being sald in Calcutta at the time. From this I saw that Ihad been making tea rivhtly enough, but as I could not get it to taste like the China tea of the shops, I had been always varying my process and spoiling batches of itj.in various ways, sometimes purposely to see the nature of the results and throwing away lots that were no doubt really good tea, some of which was used by other people and pronounced good. Never- theless I benefited largely by Mr. Jenkius in various ways, and that sample of his being better than mine settled me as to the degree to go to in the different parts of the manufacturing process and aye me confidence. “ Up till this time all my makings of tea had been made with arrangements in the bungalow verandah and godowns. But I got a tea house finished soon after and regular tea making then became a neces- sary part of the working of the estate. Afterwards Mr. Jenkins put up a temporary tea house on Condegalla which I was surprised to find was a copy in ‘all iss working parts and arrangements of the one I had built which was according to a plan of my own and different from the style of eee tea houses, and Mr, Jenkins did not like it when he first saw it. “ But Mr. Jenkins did not then make as good tea as I did. On visiting his tea house I found his tea very different from the lot he made with ‘me and very different from what I was making; and his fermenting which I saw by ramming the roll as hard and tight as possible into a box was a plan that I had tried in the beginning of my experiments, but long before given up as a failure. The lot Mr. Jenkins made with me at Loole Con- dera was not fermented that way. One day I was in the coach going up to Nuwara Eliya with Mr. Parsons, Government Agent of Kandy, and some apparently stranger friend of his. Mr. Parsons did not know me, but I knew who he was. When we were passing the old patch of tea in Condegalla, Mr. Parsons pointed it out to his friend as being tea. His friend then asked if they made tea there. My. Parsons said: ‘ Yes, they make tea here, but they do not make good tea here, the favourite tea is made on another estate they call Loole Condera,” and from other quarters I heard the same. ‘©A My. Baker, a tea planter from Assam called, on me after my original field of Hybrid Tea was well grown up and showed me that I had not pruned it sufficiently in the pruning I had just then finished, and I pruned it all over again. I also saw light pruning and heavy cutting down of Hybrid tea in the Darjeeling Terrai in 1874 just before their plucking season commenced. After- wards when Mr. Cameron came and took to visiting tea estates I was pleased to find that his pruning so far as Isaw of it on Mariawatte seemed to en- tirely agree with what I had done. «But Myr. Cameron started finer plucking than I had been doing, and began to top the sale lists which I think we began to get about that time or very shortly before. When I found this I also took to weekly plucking and topped the sale lists for a time. What finer plucking largely increased the selling prices of my tea, and stili more largely the profit per acre. So I was greatly indebted to the example of Mr. Cameron, though I only met him two or three times casually about Kandy and Gampola. “ Regarding cinchona we were not the first to plant a few trees or even a small patch, but we were the first to regularly cultivate a few acres and to test the value of the bark in the market, and then to start the cultivation on’ a large scale. Our experiences as to raising seedlings in field nurseries, and that the bark of diseased trees if taken in time was valuable, andso on, must have been useful to others who planted later. Looking back to the beginning of our Cinchona and Tea experiments and recollecting how little they were generally thought of at the time, especially by some of my acquaintances whom I most res- pected as in various ways superior to myself, and now seeing this testimonial, makes me feel that the battle is not always to the strongest. The first person I believe who thoroughly appreciated our experiments and who really foresaw the neces- sity of new cultiy»tions in Ceylon was Sir Willlam Gregory; and Ceylon Tea is more indebted to Sir Wm. Gregory who so patronised it and gave it fame than we can ever know. “ Now I thank all who have helped towards this testimonial and the office-bearers of the Planters’ Association who haye taken trouble with it, and Mr, P. R, Shand who as I learned from the news- 4 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Jury 2, 1894. pipers took part in initiating the matter, and es- pecially I thank Mr. Wall who first proposed it to the Association in words which are of themselves a grand testimon‘al, and who has taken a leading interest in it all through. It made me feel con- fused and surprised that I should be thought worthy of such honour as wellas of the kind things said of me at that meeting by its Chairman and Mr. W. Mackenzie. “The Testimonial is not only a valuable one, but one of a kind to make me remembered after I am not here. It will make my name and that of Loole Condera live in the history of Ceylon. I shall be proud of it though abashed in the receiving of it.” We may mention that the only proprietary interest in land we can learn Mr. Taylor ever had, was in Lover's Leap, Nuwara Eliya, which he opened as a Cinchona plantation, Mr. John Duncan being co-proprietor with himself. But after a year or two when mereantile troubles arose in Colombo, the whole place was taken over Ly mortgagees at home. Little remains to be added. Forty years of continuous plantation work had told on James Taylor. The planters’ testimonial seemed to crown his labours ; but other disappointments due to a change in the proprietorship of Loole Con- dera told on his health and spirits, and he did not long survive, the end coming on the 2nd May 1892, when he had well rounded his fortieth year in the Island. His remains found a last resting- place in the Cemetery at Mahaiyawa, Kandy, rather than in the quiet ‘‘ God’s acre” attached to the little Deltota Church within sight of the plantation on which he had so long laboured, and with which James Taylor’s name will ever be connected : ‘“Now the labourer’s task is oyer.”’ Above the grave a memorial stone was raised bearing the following inscription :— IN PIOUS MEMORY OF JAMES TAYLOR OF LOOLECONDERA ESTATE, CEYLON _ THE PIONEER OF THE TEA AND. CINCHONA ENTERPRISES WHO DIED MAY 2ND 18592 AGED 57 YEARS. THIS STONE WAS ERECTED BY HIS SISTER AND MANY FRIENDS IN CEYLON. ~ So passed away a model Ceylon pioneer planter, anupright, industrious superintendent and good man. Relatives in distant lands had often got help from James Taylor who, for years, had made an allowance, among the rest, to the widow of a brother who died in America. But itis for the service rendered to the colony by a series of intelligent, careful, and successful experiments in the cultivation and preparation of both Cinchona and Tea that the name of James Taylor of Loole Condera will always be had in remem- brance and esteem among the planting community of Ceylon. a ay JULY 2, 1894.} THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 5 THE APPOINTMENT OF AN ENTO- MOLOGIST IN CEYLON. It seems passing strange that at a time when the Government of India has expressed a readiness to appoint not one Entomologiet, but two or three Buch scientists for the benefil of agriculturists throvghout the o-:untry including tea planters, Mr. Haly should virtually tell us—in his letter given elsewhere—tbat what has already been done in India removes the necessity for any appointment at all in Ceylon. We are, in fact, to go on de- pending on, and learning from Irdia! “ Annex— ation?’—wiih all its dreaded drawbacks—would at least bring us the divecé service of the Entomological and also of the Geological Staff of India. The deficiency that most marks the official letters before us, is the absence of any recognition of the needs of coconut as well as tea planters, and indeed of our native agriculturists generally. The accomplished Director of the Botanic Gardens writes as if only the tea planters were concerned whereas perhaps the question of insect pests is an even more vital one for the coconut cultivator. After the devastation (even though temporary) wrought on certain tea estat:s some months ago —and all that we have seen of the ravages of the coconut beetles—it scarcely does, in our opinion, to speak lightly of our insect enemies in Ceylon. But it is not so much in reference to lack of knowledge regarding local insect pests among the agricultural community, that the Government might well be requested to take action. We know that the hope of a great many planters in urging the appointment of an Entomologist was that the office might be aesociated with certain legislation by which careless agriculturists could be compelled—on the report to Government of a responsible officer—to do their duty in capturing or killing any pest, or in clearing away debris calcu- lated to sfford a breeding-ground, Our series of articles in reference to the effec’ of euch neglect on coconut cultivation will not be forgotten hy our readers, or the practical illustration atiorded in the case of Mr. W. H. Wright of Mirigama, who isin the habit of paying the owners of native gardens adjoining his property, for the privilege of entering on their grounds, and taking and burning beetle- infested palms at the rate of 50 cents per tree. Now, owners wko do their duty by their land ought not to have such a taximposed on them, andindeed very often native neighbours are not accommodating enough to sllow entrance to their grounds on a destructive mission, even for a consideration. And, moreover, natives are not the only culprits. From the Kelani Valley last year and early this season there came several complaints of estate owners or managers who seemed so inert or indifferent about capturing helopeltis, that their more energetic neighbours felt as if their labour was in vain, since the pest, multiplying on adjacent tes, flew in to the bushes which had been cleared. If we remember rightly, Mr. G. A. Talbot published a letter on the need of simultaneous and sustained effort in a campaign against the chief insect enemy of tea; but it is most difficult to seoure this desirable end; and practically impossible, save under official influ- ence, where natives are concerned. It will be asked then what should the Sub- Commi'tee or Committee of the Planters’ Association do in the face of the rather diccouraging letters from the three ‘‘ Directors,” and the evident disin- clination of our Government to follow the example of that of India? Well, if we were in their place, we should act on the principle—‘ Better half a loaf than no bread.” We would accept, and baok up, Mr. Haly’s recommendation that an Entemological Referee in the person of Mr, E, E. Green of Pundaluoya should be appointed by Government; but apart from fees for special work, we think the Government ought to pay a certain re- taining fee, of at least R1,000 per annum, to enable Mr. Green to deal with general inquiries from native as wellas planting and other correspondents, and to impart information in such cases. Mr. Green can ecaresly be expected to charge a fee for each letter, and yet references are sure to be made to him which can be dealt with by correspondence without any personal visit. Later on, and arising out of Mr. Green’s work as a Visiting or Inspeot- ing Entomologist, may come up the question of whether there ought to be any speoial legislation to enforce a prompt and uniform campaign against the insect enemies of tea, coconuts, paddy or any other produot, THE PROPOSED ENTOMOLOGIST FOR CEYLON. THE OPINIONS OF DR. TRIMEN, MR. HALY AND MR, CULL. Kanpy, June 29, Sir,—I enclose for publication copy of corre- spondence with Government regarding the appoint- ment of an Entomologist for Ceylon.—I am, sir yours faithfully, A. PHILIP. ' Secretary to the Planters’ Arsociation of Ceylon. Kandy, Feb. 28th, To the Hon, the Colonial Secretary, Colombo. S1r,—I have the honour to submit for the consider- ation of Government the arnexed copy of a resolu- tion pessed at a recent General meeting of the Plan- ters’ Association of Ceylon.—I am, sir, yours most obedient servant, (Signed) A. Pur. Secretary to the Planters’ Association of Ceylon. RESOLUTION REFERRED To, That the Government be asked to arrange for the appointment of an Entomologist to be attached to the Colombo Museum. Colonial Secretary’s Office, Qolombo, March 10th. Str,—With reference to your letter dated the 28th Vebruary 1894 submitting oopy of a resolution, passed at a recent general meeting of your Association, reques- ting the Government to. arrange for the appointment of an Katomologist to be attached to the Colombo Museum, I am directed to request you to ba so good as to state for the Governor’s information what class of officer the Assooia'ion desires, what salary shonld te paid to him whether he should be paid by the Association, cr by the general taxpayer, what should be his duties, what are the special objects to be served by the appointment in question, what are the present difficulties in now obtaining information on the subjects to be dealt with by the Entomologist, whether the officer should be permanently employed or for a term of years only, and any other inform- ation which in the opinion of the Associstion would enable the Governor to arrive at a devision on the subject.—I am &o. (Signed) W. Hay Cameron, for Oolonial Secretary. The Secretary to the Planters’ Association of Ceylon. Kandy, 20th April 1894, To the Hon. the Oolonial Secretary, Oolombo. Sir,—Having lid your letter of the 10th ultimo, on the subject of a Government Entomologist for Ceylon tefore the Committee of the Planters’ Asso- ciation a Sub-Committee was appointed to reply to your enquiries. 6 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JuLy 2, 1894. a Iam now requested by this Sub-Committee to submit for the consideration of His Excellency the Governor the following a3 embodying their opinions in reference to the various points mentioned in your communication. Waar Cuses oF OFFICER THE ASSOCIATION DESIRES? —The best Entomological Scientist available for the salary, the Government deems sufficient to a'tract such Be gatiane fly Saourd Be Par ?—The Com- mittee do rot thiok a first-class Entomologist cau be procured for » less 6 lary than R5,000 per annum with the usual travelling allowances. ; How SHovtp He Be Parp.—Thne Committee is of opinion that he be paid out of the General Revenue, as his services would be avai'able for all the agricultural classes of the community throoghont the island, native as well as Huropean, besides giving lectures to the students at the School of Agriculture and the nl College. Ro eepeuD BE His Dut1Es?—So far as the plant- ing community is concerned to investigate insect pests as they are brought before him by managers of estates, to visit the infected localities, and to eug- gest remedies for their prevention and extermination. The Government will no doubt make the best ar- rangements for his investigating the insect pests which so seriously affect native growers of paddy, coconuts, &c, WHAT ARE THE SpeciAL OBJECTS TO BE SERVED BY THE APPOINTMENT IN QUESTION ?—Although the pre- ceding psragraph partly answers this question a sentence from #2 recent work on “ The Chemistry and Agriculture of Tea” by Mr. M. K. Bamber, Calcutta, will better serve to explain the position, viz:— Although most of the blights, with ‘their life history, have been described, the information given is not always complete, and few planters know the changes undergone and the period at which such changes cocur. Such knowledge is very necessary in most cases to enable the planter to at'empt the destruc. tion of the blights with any prospect of success, as they must be attacked when in their most vulner- able condition. It is probable that the period of change is not exactly the same in a'l districts, being affected by climatic and other conditions but care- ful daily examination of suspected blighted bushes, with the aid of a microscope, or ordinary glass, aud recording observations would reveal the stages in the life of many of the minute insect blights and evable the observer to apply insecticides, or adopt other means of eradication at the most suitable time, WHAT ARE THE PRESENT DIFFICULTIES IN OBTAINING INFORMATION ON THE SUBJECTS TO BE DEALT WITH BY THH ENTOMOLOGI3T, &c.? At the present time when any particular blight or insect pest makes its appearance we have no official specialist to whom we can apply for information, Some few years ago serious attacks of Helopeltis ‘affected cacao to such an extent that the extension of this product was checked fore time, and the value of cacao property affected. Within the last year or so Helopeltis has seriou-ly damaged the tea elds in some parts of the low country, and has not been altogether unknown even upcountry. Ia India in the District of Dooars’ especially, whole estates were reported to ‘have been abandoned for 9 time at least on account of mosquito blight. Otheridi-eases in the Ceylon Tea Districts such as Rust and Red Spider ‘and the attack of a species «f moth are uot uncom. mon yearly and may increase as tea cultivation ‘becomes more extended andthe great area of young tea planted comes into full bering. WHEIHER THE OFFICER SHOULD BE PERMANENTLY EMPLOYED. We tbink that he should ke engaged at first for d period of three years. - ; 4 ending the observations of the Sub-Committce to the attention of the Government.—I am, sir, your most obedient servant (Signed) A. Purxip, Secrotary to the Planters’ Association of Ceylon, Copy. Colonial Secretary’s Office, Colombo, May 22nd. Siz,—With reference to your letter dated the 20th April 1894 relative to a resolution passed by your Association requesting the Government to arrange for the appointment of an entomologist to be attached to the Colombo Museum, I am directed to transmit to you the annexed copies of reports made by the Directors of the Royal Botanic Gardens, of the Colombo Museum, and of Public Instruction, embodying their independent views on the subject and I am to state that His Excellency the Governor does not feel disposed to make any addition to the staff of the Museum. 2. I am to request you to be so good as to favour the Governor with an expression of the views of your Association on reconsideration of the question after a perueal of the reports now forwarded to you.— ITam,é&c. (Signed) H. Wurre, for Colonial Secretary. The Secretary, Planters’ Association of Ceylon, Kandy. PROPOSED APPOINTMENT OF AN ENTOMOLOGIST. No. 29. Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, ith May 1894. Sir,—In reply to the request contsined in your letter No. 31 of 4th May, I have the honour to offer the following opinion on the subject referred to, 1. The request of the Planters’ Association would appear on the face of it to be made in the interest of the Colombo Museum, but from the views cx- pressed in the Secretary’s letter of the 20th April, this does not seem to be actually the cease. What ie desired is that the duties of the proposed entomo- logist shall be the investigation of insect pests, and that his services shall be available for all sgriculturists in Ceylon especially the managers of estates ; he is alto to give lectures (L suppose on economic entomolgy) at the School of Agriculture and the Royal Oollege. 2. If, however, an official entomologist, were to be attached to the Mugeum, his firet duty and prin- cipal work should certainly be the immediate care and arrangement of the Insect collections therr, though this need not prevent him from carrying out, under proper direction, some of the objects above specified, 3. Iam not in a position to say whether such @ssistance in that department of his charge be desired by the Director of the Museum, but I am of opinion that there is ample work for such an officer and that his appointment would relieve the Director and strengthen the Museum. 4. I feel strongly that, apart from sach Museum- work, the duties proposed cannot be regarded as affording sufficient justification for the proposed appointment. The occurrence of insects in such abun- dance asto cause serious damage is a somewhat rare event ; a8 amatter of fact crops inCeylon are by no means specially liable to insect ravages end tea —the principal Es'ate cultivation—may be regarded as remarkably free from them. Morecover,as a rule, the investigation of the life and habits of insects presents little difficulty to anyone with ordinary habits of observation, being in this respect very diffcr- ent from that of fungus parasites which are very minute, and require for their full investigation mech time and skill and familiarity with and experience in theuse ofthe micro-cope and other instruments, As things are at present, the restriction of the work of the proposed entomologist to the investigation of insect pests could not legitimately occupy much of his time. 5. [have had considerable experience in the matter as if his been the practice with many planters ani others to refer to me (though I have ne special knowledge of insects) specimens known or suspected to be harmfal to crops. A large portion of these are obviously harmless and I cannot but remark that a little observation would have revealed this to the senders. Mere curiosity of this sort might possibly be encouraged by the existence of such an official as asked for, and his time occupied unnecesearily, juny 2, 1894. | 6. The Committes of the Planters’ Association re- mark that there exists ‘‘no official specialist” to whom they can refer such matters. But in the Direc- tor of the Museum they have a skilled naturalist able and willing to give them all the information required in entomological work. He has, moreover, long had the generous assistance of a member of the Plantiog Community, itself Mr. E. E. Green of Pundaluoya, 8 first rate entomologist. If Government were to make the appointment asked for I would suggest no fitter occupant for it than this gentleman, who adds to his scientific abilities the experience of a practical planter. I may add here that I donbtif any trained entomologist specialist from England would feel in- clined to take the post on the lines drawn ou’ by the Planters’ Association. 7. I cannot therefore recommend the appointment of an entomologist for the agricultural community alone, but I would support the appointment of an entomological assistant to the Director of the Museum who would also pay special attention to injurious insects. 8. I think that, if not already made, a reference of this matter should be made to the Director of the Museum to whom a copy ofthis letter might also be forwarded.—I am, &e. (Signed) Henry TRIMEN, The Hon’ble the Colonial Secretary, Colombo. PROPOSED APPOINTMENT OF AN ENTOMOLOGIST VOR THE No. 37. COLOMBO MUSEUM. Colombo Museum, May 15, 1894. Sir,—With reference to your letter of the 4th iustant calling for my opinion on the proposals of the Planters’ Association of Ceylon for the appointment of an Entomologist, I have the honour to inform you that after due consideration and even after the careful perusal of the letter of the Hon. J. Buckingham, quoted in the Observer of the 12th instant, I cannot see the necessity of euch an officer for the smali area covered by Oeylor. 2. In the first place the whole of the results of the ento nological section of the Agricultaral Department of the Central Government of the United Stites are at our service and are in the Librery of the Koyal Asiatic Soc ety. Oeylon Branch. 8. The Indian Mugeum Notes are also supplied to us by the Trusteesof the Indian Museum. It is only last year thatin Vol. III p. 46 details are given of a most successful method cf treating red spider (Tetranychus bioculatus) by mears of a sulphur, and another at page 49 by means of a Tomato, concoction and tne whole publication is replete with inf rma- tion on every species of insect and the way of meeting its ravages. 4, An officer at say R5,000 per annum with R2,000 travelling expenses, peons and two clerks would do little more than read his Indian Museum Notes and apply the more or less successful treatments ad- opted therein and surely if the Notes were repub- lished and distributed (perhaps gratis) the planters conld do this for themselves. 5. Anobjection may be raised that in many cases the planter might not be able to say what it was that was affecting his crops. Inall auch cases I should be happy to do my kest to determine theinsect and to refcr him to the proper remedies, at the same tim, as Mr. Buckingham points cut (Para.9) it is yery undesirable that Museum cfiicersshould be called upon for this class of duty. 6. Iu my opinion the case would te fully met by the appointrent of an Entomological referee to the Ceylon Government who should not be paid a regular silary, but by fixed charges for consultation by letter or for visiting estates, &c. He must also have a good wicroscope with one of the best Glycerine immersion objectives, the publications of the United States and Indian Governments, and if needed other Governments, and such works of reference as he con— siders necessary, ‘7. I can heartily recommend Mr. H. BE. Green of Aton, Pundaluoya, for suxha post and feel confident THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST: 4 that be would be able to meet all the demands of either the Government or the Planters.—I am, &c. Signed A. Haty, Director, The Hon, the Colonial Secretary, Colombo. No. 34. I hsrdly think that there is room for the inclusion of a systematic course of lectures on Hutomology in the Royal College. Its curriculum is prescribed so exclusively by the various competitive examinations in which Hatomology hardly finds a place, any ex- tension on the scientific side of its curriculum must necessarily, in view of these examinatious, be academic rather than specialistic, As regards the School of Agrioulture undoubtedly the introduction of a competent instruction in Ento- mological reeearch would increase the utility of the echool, especially as regards the insect ravages in native produce, But the school is still in its infancy, the numbers attending it are small, the srea of ins- truction at present proposed is sufficient and cannot be extended without prospective loss of efficiency with. regard to subjects already included in the course of instruction, The special subjects at present included are:—(1) Agriculture,(2) Veterinary science,(3) A school of Forestry, it is hoped t» formulate under the direction of the Forest Department at an early date in connection with it, (4) and this will ieclude Land Surveying and its germane subjects, (5) The ordinary education in English, Mathematics and Chemical sciences. The programme seems to be enfticient ‘qua’ education gorthe present,—(Signed) J, B. Cunu, D. P. I 9—5—~’ 94. aa WATTLE AS A MANURE. (FROM OUR NILGIRI CORRESPONDENT.) Iam glad to see that this question is at last at- tracting some of the attention which it deserves, and am delighted to recozniza in Mr. Leslie Rogera of Dehra Doon a kindred spirit inthe ma't r of msr ur- ing experiments, He says he is himself trying various kinds of plant fertilizers to take the place of ordinary cattle manure ; it would be of interest to know whether there are chemicals, artificials or green manure. Regarding the latter he wishes to know where he could ges the wattlesced from ani how and when these could be sown out. I shail be delighted to answer his questionsas fer 18 I em able. To begin witb, an application to the Superintendent of the Government Gardens, Ootacamund ought to result in his getting as much seed as he required and at a not very probibi'ive eest. The variety of wattle is that known ag the common yellow Australian kind Acacig dealbata, and it grows freely—some think a great deal too freely—on was eland snd on the roadside. It seeds abundantly if left to flower, and moreover sends out suc- kers from its lateral roots iu all directions, so that once established ina placeitis not atall an easy matter to get rid of it. As it moreover spreads very quickly care should be taken from the first to keep the stuff confinod to the plot of land on which it ie. A shallow ditch drawn round the wattle when one or two years olj, and a cleaning ot its edges some three times a jesr should, however, amply suffice for this purpcse. A great deal of rot is talked by some planters on the Nilgirigs es to the awful curse the wattle bas proved to owners of Jand on these bills, and its bideous way of spreading all overan estate. This is absolutely untrue, save in thosa cases where the gardens receive no cultivation gave ayearly mamotie scraping, As these ‘‘ totes” barely give enough return to pay their Jand-cases they may be practically classed as waste or abandoned land. Where careful cultivation is carried on the spreading of wattle is utterly impossible, and where it is planted up for the sake of ma- nure, such simple measures as I have indicated are ample to keep the stuff within its proper boundaries, I would not have gone over this old ground again i 8 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [ Juty 2, 1894; but that I feel bound to give both sides of the question when it is proposed to introduce such a plant as a wattle isto a new district. To briefly sum up the foregoing: many on these hills declare from their experience of the Acacia dealbata that it is a curse to the country; » few others have very Opposite views ; these latter would recommend plact- ing it up all over the country, but the former heartily wish it had never left Australia. However, if after this warning, Mr. Leslie Rogers atill cares to take up the matter I will proceed to the next item—2<¢.; when you have got the seed how to sowit. I should say that to begin with an acre would be quite enough to put down in wattle, in fact a quarter of an acre—yie'ding probably enough green manure for two to four ncres—would be ample. Well, the Jand should be first clesred of all jungle, grass, etc., but roots, stumps, ete, can be left atauding, and the seed con be sown broad-cast and lightly hoed or harrowed in in the showery season. Before the end of the year the wattle will have grown up s2me two feet, when the first crop can be cut level with the grouni and subsequent cuttings may be taken every two or three wonoths. It is of importance to note that the chief value of the wattle lies in the nitrogen whichis found in its tender lesfy shoots ; the wood itself being of but little manurial value. As tothe quantity tobe applied to each tree, I would recommend not more than 25 pounds of sun-dried tops previously passed through a chaff- cutter—to each tree. I have mainly bscked up using wattle as a manure on account of its growing in such abundance on these hills, but probably any leguminous plant would doas well. Ido not know what kind of vetches you have upin Delira Doon or other tea-districts up North, but surely seed could easily be obtained of the hardier and more prolific kind:. The main point is I think, ot to grow them among the tea itself, but to plant upacertain portion of land and merely cut what is required, dry it inthe son for a day or two, and apply direct to the field. By the way, itisas well to remember that deep pits are certainly not advisable fo use for green manure, or in fact manure of any kiod. The best methed of allis to scatter the ferti- lizer broadcast immadiately preyious to a deep hoeing or forking, but if this is not practioable then long shallow trenches would do, covering the manure with only a very slight layer of soil.—IJndian Planters’ Gazette. Se gee MARAGOGIPE COFFEE, This is a large-growing variety 2f Arabian Coffee found in Brazil and iutroduced to this country by Mr. Thomas Ohristy, F.Us.. in 1883. ‘he plant has been grown ia the Palm MHouss at Kew and this year it has producad a god crop of fruit. It is large and vigorous looking, having, at first sight, much of the habit of Liberian Cotfee. The leaves though fully twice thesize of those of Arabian Coffee, have however, the pipery texture and the undulating char- acter cistinguishing that species. The flowers, also are the flowers ot CU. arabica, and s) are the cherries except in gize. Tho lattsr are nearly an inch long, red and sof6 whea ripe with a silky emoeth surface and a very small proportion of pulp. The charteceous injegumens kucwees the “parchont skiv,’ ia thin ag in Arakisn Ooffee aa not hard and horsy asin Liberian Coffee. The cleaned beens befora drying, from fully 30 per cent by weight of the cherries, aud in this respect Maragogipe Coffee is certainly very promisiog. From a culcure point of view the htavy whippy kranchos may be a drawback, as also the very 1ong internodes showing a corsiderable anpount of barren wood. When first introduced maregjgips Coffee was descr.bed as follows: ‘1t geows ‘with “‘extraordivary vigour, aud trees ihree to four yeura old were already eight to tei feet high aud full of fruit. Lhe tree seems to come into full bearing much ¢oouer then the ordivary coffee and the bean is very vouch larger ........ the weight of coffee per acre must be very much more than trom the ordi- paty coifee tree,’ Aithough Maragogipe Uoftee has been grown experimentally in Ceylon, Java Jamaica and T'rindad no reports have so far reached as to the results, In Ceylon and Java the fact that it was attacked, equally with Arabien Coffee by the coftee-leaf fangus (Hemileia vastatrix) gave Maragogipe coffee to special advantage in those islands apd possi- bly on tbat account it failed to receive attention. it is mentioned, however, in the Zyopical Agriculturist (Vol. IV., p. 494), that a large quantity of seed was shipped to Ceylon direct from Brazil in 1884. As regards the West Indies, tue Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens, Trinida 1, men*ions Maragogipe coffee as one of the so-ts cultivated at that establishment in 1887. At Jamaica seed was received ia 1883 and about a dozen plants raised from it were dis‘ributed for trial amongst the leading planters in the Blue Mountain district during 188% and 1885, The following account is extractei from the 7'rans- actions of the Queensland Acclimatisation Society for June 1893 (p. 56):— “The deman1 for coffee plants during the past year has been on the incresse, 5,956 plants having been sent from the gardens. These have been plented at various places along the coast, at Mackay, Bundaberg, Maryborough, Gympie, Maroochie, Mooloolsh, Cleve- land, &c. The kinds sent were varieties of the Arabian and a few plants of the Maragogepie, or Brazilian Coffee, have also been distributed. The important plant of this fine coffee, o iginally introduced from Kew [Zteport, 1890, p. 14] growing in the society’s gardens, is this reason bearing heavily, and a large stock of plants will be raised from seeds for next year’s distribution. Two hybrid coffee plauts are aleo in full bearing this seasov. One of these plants bas shown « distinct character; the cross was effected between the Mocha and the Mauragogepie, the pollen from tbe latter being used to fertilise the Mocha.”—Kew Bulletin. a Se VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. QuININE AT Post Orrices.— Up to the close of last year, over a million-and-a-quarter pice packets of quinine were cold by the Post Offices of Bengal. lf, it is announced, the distribution continues to be worked at a profit, it may te possible to allow alarger commission, or somes reduc:ion in price, to purchasers of large quantities. It is impossible to reduce the price be’ow one pice per packet, or to increase the dose above five grains; and 466 it is pot the object of Government to make apy profit from the industry, reductions calculated to encourage agents to push the sale of the packets are the only means of absorbing avy balance on the credit side.—Englishman. CorFen As AN ANTISEPTIO.—The experiments of Luderitz,of Vienna, tend to establish the belief in the antiseptic properties of coffee. Asirong solution of coffee, for example, erded the career of a bacillus of typhoid in about twenty-four hours, the active streptococcus of erysipelas in twelve hours, while not longer than from three to four houre was sufficient to kiJl the malignant comme bacillus of cholera. Strong cecoctions acted more quickly still ; the effects, however, are stated to be due more to the products of the recasting of the coffes than to the active principle of the berry. In this con- nection it has been pointed out by a correspondent of the Indian Medical Gazette that it would be worth while to substitute coffes for tea among the cases of enteric fever in the European hospitals in Irdia. Coffee also might be given a trial in the treatment of typheid fever in this country. As a beverage, doubtiess, it would be appreciated by the patient, and in the light of Luderizs :esearches there is just the possibility that it might haye some controlling influence over the discase.—Pudli¢ Opinion. JuLy = 2, 1894.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 9 CEYLON MANUAL OF CHEMI- CAL ANALYSES. “A HANDBOOK OF ANALYSES CONNECTED WITIL THE INDUSTRIES AND PUBLIC HEALTH OF CEYLON FOR PLANTERS, COMMERCIAL MEN, AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS, AND MEMBERS OF LOCAL BOARDS. 1By M. COCHRAN, M.A., F.C.s., (Continued from page 802.) CHAPTER XIII. DISINFECTANTS, ANTISEPTICS AND DEODORIZERS. DEFINITIONS OF DISINFECTANTS, ANTISEPTICS AND DEODORIZERS—EXPERIMENTS TO DETER- MINE THE AMOUNTS OF ANTISEPTIC SUB- STANCES REQUIRED TO PREVENT AND TO CHECK PUTREFACTION- CHLORINE AND CHLORINATED LIME—PERMANGANATE AND MANGANATE OF POTASSIUM—HARTMAN’S CRIMSON SALT—PHE- NOLS—CARBOLIC ACID—DR. CALVERT’S EXPERI- MENTS—LYSOL—CHIEF ANTISEPTICS USED AS FOOD PRESERVATIVES— CHIEF DEODORIZERS— DIRECTIONS FOR THE USE OF CARBOLIC ACID CRYSTALS, &C.—JEYES’ DISINFECTANTS. Disinfectants, Antiseptics and Deodorizers. Disinfectants are bodies which destroy disease germs. Disinfectants are also antiseptics. Anti- septics are bodies which prevent purtrefaction, but do not necessarily destroy living germs. Antiseptics therefore may or may not be disinfectants. Deodorizers absorb or destroy unpleasant odours; but do not necessarily act either as antisepties or disinfectants. In Thorpe’s ‘‘ Dictionary of Applied Chemistry,” in the article on Disinfectants by A. H. Allen, to which I am indebted for a number of the following facts and figures, the results of experiments to _ determine the amounts of antiseptics required to prevent and check putrefaction in a liquid of known composition are given. Pasteur’s liquid was used, consisting of 10 grams common sugar, 1 gram tartrate of ammonium and half a gram of phosphate of potassium in 100 eubie centimeters of distilled water. A number of tubes were filled with this solution together with different amounts of the antiseptic, and a few drops of a decom- posing infusion of tobacco. The following table 2 shews the smallest amounts of antisepties which prevent the development of bacteria :— 1 part in Corrosive sublimate ... 20,000 Thymol _... Soe sit, 523000 Sodium benzoate oh ». 2,000 Creosote .. s. =a 42 2:000 Benzoic acid ie ‘3. «818000 Methyl] salicylie acid Be 666 Eucalyptol Xe AB 666 Sodium salicylate... be 250 Carbolie acid are st 200 Quinine... AS od 200 Sulphuric acid OSE a 151 Borie acid... or ase 133 Cuprie sulphate 0 : 133 Hydrochlorie acid —... is 75 Zine sulphate a? oe 50 Alcohol... 50 The smallest amounts which would arrest putrefaction and render the bacteria incapable of further development when removed to fresh Pastewr’s solution, were found to be as follows :— 1 part in Chlorine ; 25.000 Todine os ae =a, 429,000 Bromine .. ree AR SSE B RI Sulphurous acid S08 530 666 Salicylic acid ou, abe 312 Benzoie acid af ae 250 Methyl salicylic acid ee 200 Sulphuric acid 06 ork 161 Creosote... ss ei 100 Carbolie acid am oe 25 Aleohol . 4:5 As a disinfectant or antiseptic, chlorine is mostly employed in the well-known form of chlorinated lime, or bleaching powder, which is often represented by the chemical formula Ca (OCI), + CaCl,, but better represented by Ca (OCI) Cl, seeing that in good bleaching powder nearly all the chlorine is available, a very small proportion being present as chloride. Thus a good bleaching powder has the following composi- tion :— Analysis by J. Pattinson. per cent. Available chlorine... west? 37-00, Chlorine as chloride ... i 5) Chlorine as chlorate ... i 25 Lime ae ae ws 44:49 Magnesia ... no 2 “40 Peroxide of iron an ae 05 Alumina _... oo Ry. 43 Oxide of manganese ... ... | trace Carbonic acid £03 ; 18 Siliceous matter “4 aah “40 Water and loss ie He lO AG 100°00 Total chlorine 37°60 Bleaching powder deteriorates by keeping even in closed vessels, part of the available chlorine passing into chloride which is not an available form. The properties of lime as a disinfecting agent are universally recognised. Its purity depends on the purity of the limestone or natural ecarbon- ate of lime, from which it has been prepared, and on the thoroughness of the heating in the kiln. The alkaline permanganates and manganates have for many years been in favour as disinfect- ants. Condy’s crimson and green disinfecting fluids are well known ; the colour of the former Lo THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JULY 2, 18y4, SO aa a is from the chief ingredient being sodium peyr- manganate, and of the latter from the chief ingredient being sodium manganate. Their value depends on the amount of available oxygen present. According to A. H. Allen’s analyses, (Year Book of Pharmacy 1871) the green fluid con- tains 3°883, and the crimson fluid 3°921 grams of available oxygen per litre. Hartman’s crimson salt is a mixture of sub- stances, each of which possesses antiseptic pro- perties. The compound as patented consists of potassium permanganate, 1 part; potash alum, 8 parts ; borax, 1 part; common salt, 6 parts, Phenols, Most of the substances containing phenyl C,H, have antiseptic properties. The best known of these bodies is carbolic acid C,H,OH, the synonyms for which are phenol, phenyl hydrate, phenyl alcohol, phenie acid, coal tar creosote. The best quality consists of almost chemically pure phenol; other qualities contain considerable quantities of homologons bodies, such as cresol, also called cresylic phenol, cresylic acid, and cresyl alcohol C.H_OH.CH.. Calvert’s No. 5 carbolic acid is mainly composed of cresylie acid. Cresylie acid is considered little inferior to true earbolic acid as a disinfectant ; but it is different with the neutral tar oils which sometimes con- stitute as much as 50 per cent of the carbolie acid sold to Municipalities and Boards of Health. Carbolie acid containing tar oils should he rejected, as the latter have almost no antiseptic value. Mixtures of carbolic acid and slaked lime are sold as disinfecting powders. They contain from about 1 to 18 per cent of carbolic acid. Carbolic acid is considered to be much less active in this form, and, when cresylic acid is substituted for earbolic, the powder according to Dr. Tidy is practically valueless. The source of ordinary car- bolic acid is gas tar. Phenoloid bodies of consider- able antiseptic value are now prepared from blast furnace creosote oil, which is much richer in phenoloid bodies soluble in caustic soda, than the corresponding coal tar creosote oil, the proportion in the former being from 29 to 35 per cent, as against 5 to 10 percent in the latter. The phenoloids from blast furnace creosote oil, when partially purified, furnish the ‘‘ neosote” of commerce, which is considered equal in anti- septic value to crude carbolie acid, although it contains only from 1 to 2 per cent of erysiallisable earbolie acid. It contains, however, a large pro- portion of cressols, and some of the higher homologues. Other substances besides lime have been used for the absorption of carbolic acid in the manufacture of disinfecting powders. McDougall’s disinfecting powder is a mixture of carbolic acid and crude sulphite of calcium; Calvert’s carbolic powder has for the absorbent of the carbolic acid the siliceous residue left from the manufacture of aluminous substances from China clay. Calcium sulphate, kieseleuhr (the spongy siliceous mineral used in the manufacture of dynamite) peat, ground blast furnace slag, limestone, gas lime, and dried borax have all been used in the manufacture of carbolic powders. Dr. Crace Calvert, whose name is more particularly identified with the carbolie acid industry, made several series of experiments with a view to compare the antiseptic power of carbolic acid with other substances. Dr. J. Dougall also made a number of interesting experiments. I shall quote here in tabular form Calvert’s series, in which he experimented with 1 part of antisep- le substances in 1,000 parts of a solution of albumen. The figures given represent the number of days before vibrio life (animalenles), putrid odour, fungi, and mouldy odour were respectively developed. | Lesults of Calvert's Experiments with Antiseptics, eglse| o le. Substance Used. ae £2 oe Iss Ge = = So a-~ |ao fe sz Acids : ; Sulphurous an ll lover 40 2h Nitric - 10, 50 10 oo res totes al 9) ~ 9 ll Car bolic - jover 40) over 40 lover 40 lover 40 Cresylic ... over S0 over 40lover 40 over 40 Acetic... me 30 — 50 Picric as 17 over 40 19|oy Alkalis : | tgs Lime... Le 13) 19 Potash ace 16) _— nips carted Soda ... a 23 31 18 Ammonia oa 24) 50 lovera Chlorine Gas it 7 21 2) a Chlorinated Lime _...| 7| 8 16 a Chloride of Zine ..-jover 40 over 40 5O0lover 40 Chloride of Aluminum 10jover 40 21 50 Bisulphite of Calcium, 1] 21 14 over 40 Sulphate of Tron Es 7over 40) 15 = Permanganate of Po- tassinm... ey) 9 50 22 Turpentine Oil : I4over 40 a2lover 40 It will be observed that turpentine oil possesses considerable antiseptic power. This property of oil of turpentine has been utilized in the disin- fectant known as ‘‘ Sanitas,” which is prepared by blowing air through warm oil of turpentine in presence of water. This treatment produces eam- phoric acid and other oxidation pro ucts, as well as the substance hydrogen peroxide, which itself is a powerful antiseptic owing to its property of giving off oxygen in a very active state. C. T. Kingzett is the inventor of Sanitas. Besides oil of turpentine other essential oils, such as En- calyptus and Cinnamon oils, also oil of pepper- mint, possess strong disinfecting properties. A comparatively new disinfectant, a product of tar oil, was introduced into Ceylon in 1891 by Dr. Kynsey, the Principal Givil Medical Officer. It is named lysol, and it is said to be possessed of remarkable properties which make it specially valuable for disinfecting surgical instruments. I extract the followine from an article by Dr. Val. Gerlach in Zeits. chrift fiir Hygiene edited by Dr. R. Koch and Dr. C. Fligger, vol. 10, part 2, 1891. _ Dr. Gerlach says :—‘‘ It is a most valuable dis- infectant, and in the destruction of bacteria is more effectual than carbolic acid and creo- lin.* It is valuable for disinfecting the hands This can be effected with one per cent. solu. tion of lysol without soap. For the disinfec- tion of sick rooms, sputa, and exereta it is more efficacious than any other disinfectant. By spraying walls with a three per cent solu- tion of lysol they will be effectually disinfected In comparison with such other disinfectants as canbolig anid creolin, ond corrosive sublimate which closely approach it in eff ‘4 i bya ee RE poianene? Rico yuo] ie e following are the chief antisepties ¢ have been used as food 7hrosehaseeee eee * A product of tar oil. \ JuLy 2, 1894.| THE TROPICAL phurous acid, or sulphur dioxide, (SO,) ; Potas sium sulphite (K,SO,,); Sodium sulphite (Na,SO,); Calcium sulphite (CaSO,); Calcium bisulphite CaH,2S0O,; Borie acid (H,BO,); Borax (Na,B,O,); Napthol or hydronapthol (C,,H,OH); Salicylic acid HC,H,O, ; Benzoic acid HC,H,O,; Saccharin C,H,, CO, CO,, N Hand. hydrogen peroxide H,O,. Salicylic acid is used in the pre- servation of wine, beer, and milk. 1 part of salicylic acid is said to be capable of presery- ing 10,000 of wine or beer. The antiseptic power of benzoic acid on food is also very great, in some cases exceeding that of salicylic acid. It is now much used for the preservation of such solutions of alkaloids as are used in op- thalmice surgery. The two chief deodorizers are charcoal and soil. The experiments made by Dr. Stenhouse in 1853 on the relative value of wood, peat and animal chareoal for absorbing gases may be quoted. Half a gramme of each kind absorbed the following proportions of different gases, expressed in cubic centimetres :— nD i] aos | Om» . a= et Q ~~ $1 Ae | Bars Ss a "3 ® | S$ pp O20 Q 4 | Ss J (S) Q ons Maal Sy eacealics or) . es [ees sop gas) 03 SSP ONS ~~ (5) = a al coe SS as rs =| S| as 2.5 MO Sans Sag Dr. Stenhouse thus fourd wood charcoal the most efficient absorbent for those gases that are usually met with as products of decaying matters. Charcoal is not a mere absorbent of gases, but it possesses the power of oxidising them by means of oxygen, which is condensed in its pores, and is therefore to some extent a disinfectant. Dr. Stenhouse turned his observa- tions to account in the invention of a wood charcoal respirator, which he further improved by the addition of spongy platinum, as he found that platinised charcoal had greater powers of oxidation than charcoal alone. Soil, especially in the forms of dry earth and clays, has strong deodovizing, and a cer- tain amount of disinfectant power. In_ the economy of nature, the soil plays an all-im- portant. part in conjunction with air aud water, as both a deodorizer and a disinfectant, hence efficient land drainage which enables the three agents to act in conjunction with each other is AGRICULTURIST. re the most effective means of disinfecting a coun- try on the laree scale. The soil soon deprives badly-smelling substances, such as may be apphed in the form of manure of all offensive odour. In passing throngh the soil, the soluble constituents are oxidised, and the drainage water passes off free of smell, while what is fertilising is, to a large extent, retained for the use of plant life. I may with advantage append to this short summary of disinfectants etc., the directions for the use of carbolic acid by the manufac- turers, Messrs. J, C. Calvert & Co. Directions for the use of Carbolic Acid Crystals. “The crystallized carbolic acid is soluble in water, and one pound to every five gallons of water is sufficient for deodorizing and disinfect- ing purposes. The bottle when opened should be placed in the water for about one hour (according to the temperature), 4, 8 or 12 of the bottles, which each contain a pound, being used for a tank of either 20, 40, or 60 gallons. The bottles should be cleaned of all adhering crystals, and the solution well stirred previous to use. A. solution of this strength is applicable for deodorizing of sinks, water closets, or where- ever bad odcurs exist, and being neither alka- line, acid, nor corrosive, no injury need be apprehended to wood, iron, metal or clothes. In a concentrated form the acid acts as a caustic; but its action on the skin. may readily be arrested by rubbing with sweet oil. In hospital wards, night asyluins, ete., to keep them in a healthy state and to prevent any spread of contagious diseases, dissolve I lb. of crystallized carbolic acid in 30 gallons of water, ,and sprinkle the floors with the solution, which may also be employed for deodorizing the chamber utensils. The solution may be used in fetid ulcers, eancers and all offensive sores ; it removes all disagreeable smell and putrescency, and renders the discharge innoccuous to the contiguous living and unaffected tissues. In its diluted state, therefore, it is a great boon to patients la- bouring under that class of disease. When small-pox, typhoid fever, ete., the spread of contagion may be proper use of this disinfectant. In such cases the acid should be used in the crystalline form, viz., 1 lb. of the crystal to 5 or more lbs. of wet sand, placed in shallow vessels, in various parts of the sick room. In case of any epidemic breaking out in a house, the same mixture should be used as a sanitary precaution throughout the same, Infected clothing and bed linen can be_ tho- roughly purified and rendered fit for use if well washed in the aqueous solution.” The liquid acid may be used in a similar occur, prevented by manner to the above. The disinfecting powder which contains 15 per cent of carbolic and cresyl alcohol is em- ployed as follows.— ** For sick vooms.—Placed in dishes about the room this powder gives off carbolie acid freely, it must be renewed once in twenty-four hours. Infected clothing and bed linen can be purified and made fit for use, if well washed in water into which 4+ lb. powder has been mixed with each bucket full. As a Disinfectanté—The powder may be used by mixing one Ib. in a bucket of water; or by sprinkling it lightly over the surface to be disinfected, 12 for Dead Bodies.—Spread over the bottom of the coffin 2 lbs. of the powder before putting the body in; then dip a sheet in a solution of the powder, 1 lb. to a gallon of water and cover the body with it; this will Bg ica any effluvia or disease being (lisseminated there- from.” Carbolic acid is conveniently used in the form of vapour by placing half an ounce in one of the heated vaporizers designed by K. Le Neve Foster, F.C.S. This quantity is suffi- cient to disinfect a sick room of ordinary size. . . . . . Besides carbolic acid another disinfectant prepared from coal tar by Jeye’s Sanitary Com- pounds Co., Ld., is extensively used. The form of this disinfectant which is of most general application has the name Jeye’s ‘ perfect pnri- fier.” It is sold in a concentrated form and for many purposes may be diluted with about 100 parts of water to one of disinfectant. In mixing, the water is preferably added to the fluid, not the fluid to the water. The manufacturers issue directions along with the substance for its use when applied to such varied purposes as the disinfection of water closets, urinals, sinks, drains, sewers cesspools ; for purifying the air of barrack-rooms, work- shops, schoolrooms, assembly halls, markets, shops, dairies, stables, ships, streets, hospitals. It may be used in the bath, and to remove grease from fabrics or furniture for cleaning metals! It may be used as an insecticide on domestic animals and as a medical and sur- gical disinfectant. (To be continued.) ——>___—_ COFFE LEAF DISEASE IN COSTA RICA. [Lranslated by A. M. FERGUSON for the ‘ Tropical Agriculturist.’”| National Physico-Geographical Institute. (Concluded from page 807.) Another coffee disease in Brazil produces a mi- crolepidopter (lachista cofeella Guérin-Meéneville), whose larva introduces itself between the two epl- dermes of the leaf and feeds on the parenchyma. The boundaries of the spots were neatly defined by the healthy green of the neighbouring parts and, in the spotted portions, the epidermis came away il 3 - . rates marks enabled one to distinguish without difficulty a spot of such origin, from those produced by the fungus. Yet it is not rare to meet with leaves with spots arising from both causes. The grub mentioned above (p. 7) as having been met with here, is probably the larva of a microlepi-— dopter of the same genus. In several leaves which I have preserved it is seen in conjunction with the yegetable parasite. ; Tt will be sufficiens to mention, as other guests of the coffee tree in Brazil, a coccid (Dactylopus adonidiwm) and a small acarid (Zercon coffee), which axe both harmless and, I believe, are met with also in the coffee plantations of Oosta Rica. As Mx, GOldi has well said, alist of allthe creatures that are casually encountered upon, around, or under a coffee tree, would be most interesting from a natural history point of view, but would hardly ad- vance our acquaintance with the epidemic diseases of the precious plant, as well as of the preventa- tive and curative measures that might be used gail hem, eae the disastrous disease of the thread-worm, which exclusively attacks the cotfee trees of Brazil, there is another, no less frightful, produced by @ fungus of the group of Uredines—the Hemilera pastatriz. This has wrought its havocs specially in Sumatra, Java, Madagascay and Ceylon. The THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ee ee Cale ey [Jury 2, 1894. enormous losses caused by it in the last island induced the British Government to appoint the well-known botanist, Prof. Marshall Ward, to make a thorough examination of it. his learned cryptogamist devoted no Jess than 20 months to his assiduous aid pro: found investigations, the results of which were condensed in a classical work, which is considered as an unsurpassed model’ of phytopathological studies. Dr. Ward describes in the following manner the exterior appearance of the leaves atiected with the “ coffee-leaf disease” : small yellow spots ee upon the underside of the leaf. Each one of them gains in width and grows centrifugally and concen- trically, at the same time that its colour also in- creases in intensity. Sections made across such a spot show that a young mycelium has spread through the intercellular spaces of the leaf, and that the discoloured portion corresponds to that occupied by the mycelium. In a few days small groups of orange corpuscles appear outwardly, which, rapidly increas- ing in number, shortly form a dust of the same colour on the underside of the leaf. This powdery deposit consists of spores produced by the internal mycelium. These rise in the form of rosettes from the stomata of the epidermis, which give free access to the filaments. What gives to the Hemileva its extwaor- dinarily disastrous character is the tacility and the rapidity with which it propagates itself. The leaves fall very quicily, and the venuded coffee tree is incapable of maturing its fruit. Mr. Lock in his Look on coffee says that “this disease was also made the subject of an official investigation by Mr. Danie! Morris, of the botanical gardens of Peradeniya, from whose report it appears that he has discovered a successful mode of treating it. Of the most lengthened experiments only one was invariably effective; a mixture of the best flower of sulphur and caustic lime in the proportion by weight or measurement of one part of the first to three of the second (1 to 2 gives better results, but with greater expense}, thoroughly mixed before using. ‘When only small areas have to be treated, the sulphur-bellows used in vineyards can be used to apply the powder; but it can also be applied by hand, taking care that it be spread over the bush, and that the trunk and branches are well covered ; a sufficient quantity will fall to the ground to disinfect the vegetable matter that may be there; over very leafy and wide bushes a few handfuls extra must be sprinkled. ‘This application should be especially made when green manure is buried, or when the shoots or twigs of the coffee tree areforming. Once the my- celium or vegetative part of the fungus has penetrated the textures of the leaf, no remedy can be employed, which would not also destcoy the leaf. “The exact time to combat the evil is when the fungus assumes the form of invisible filaments on the outside of the bark or leaves. At this time each tree ought to be treated with about five ounces of the mixture, not omitting to disinfect the earvh and everything in the vicinity. “Tt has been noticed that this treatment produces signally good effects upon the coffee trees in other ways; its appearance becomes more vigorous and healthy, the foliage better in texture and colour, the mature wood bears sooner, the blossom sets better, and the crop is fuller. The measure is singularly preventive. “The disease being infectious and the spores of the fungus easily carried by the wind, all possible precautions must be taken to destroy or extirpate them from the patches of abandoned coffee, or from the jungle trees, which ought to be rooted out and burnt, and the ground planted with some other product.” On reaching the end of these lines, the reader will observe that there is more than one character. istic common to the various cryptogamic diseases that we have noticed. It can hardly be otherwise, seeing that these parasites have a similar manner of living, and that not only on coffee, but on many we jas: JuLy 2, 1894. ] IE EOSESSSSS 'SSFFIFT THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 13 EE other plants cultivated and wild. The great difficulty consists in a systematic classification of those dimi- nutive organisms, whose generic and specific dif- ferences consist chiefly in the mode of forming the organs of reproduction, which unfor‘unately do not at any time submit themselve: t» the view of the observer. All this helps to demonstrate that the said studies are connected with the most delicate operations of histological technicality, as well as with the most intricate problems of vegetable biology. I know as well asany one, Mr. Minister, that the discussion upon which I have entered would not afford much utility or interest unless accompanied by proofs, drawings, and typical samples, and for this purpose I would attract the attention of your honour to the collection, such as it is, of dried leaves placed in the national herbarium, along with various vessels containing numerous samples of the diseased organs, preserved in spirits. I conclude this preliminary account, compiled in great haste, trusting that those interested in our national agriculture will keep a watchful eye upon the precious coffee trees which cover part of this beautiful country, so that, at the first signs of a disastrous epidemic, it may be combated with ex- pedition, and the principal source of the public wealth be preserved. Tam, Mr. Minister, with allrespvect and consideration, Your obedient and faithful servant, A. Tonpvuz. San José, 27th September 1893. APPENDIX. The preceding account was already being printed when 1 came to hear of an article entitled ‘‘ Disease of the Coffee tree,” written by Professor N. Saenz, and reproduced in the Bulletin of the Minister of Finance, Public Credit and Support, of the Republic of Salvador (No. 1, March 1893). The work of Mr. Saenz does not appear to have attracted attention in Costa Rica, and as it turns out from the descriptive details given there that he treats of the same disease that I have studied, I thought it useful tv reproduce here some extracts. Unfortunately the investigations of Mr. Saenz con- cerning the classification of the parasite are far from being conclusive. For instance, the author does not admit that the fungus belongs to the Stibum flawidum of Cooke, because his personal observations induce him to believe that it rather resembles a Peronospora (p. 6. loc. cit), Moreover. the same writet concludes his memoir by the reflection, truly strange from his mouth, that ‘ considering the observations that he had made of living specimens and the luminous labours of Mr. H. Marshall Ward, the idea had taken possession of him that our fungus might be the Hemilera vastatrix”’ (p. 12. loc. crt.) In order not to abandon the reserve I have put upon myself in this present account, with reference to the identity of the parasite, I will not take any part in this contradictory debate, until I know the opinion of the celebrated cryptozamist and micro- grapher, Doctor C. Cramer, of the Polytechnic School in Zurich (Switzerland), to whom I have just sent a collection of diseased portions of our coffee trees. However, I shall consider it a duty to devote to the investigations of Professor Saenz all the attention that they merit, and, should there te need for it, I shall not hesitate to recognise in my next account his right of priority in the discovery of the true parasite of the disease. Here are some paragraphs chosen from Mr. Saenz’s article :— “The disease of the coffee tree known by the different names of spot, dorp, frost, rust, black-rot and green-spot (2) has unfortunately sufficiently deyeloped already upon various coffee estates in the interior of the Republic, occasioning true and undeniable rayages in the plantations, and the con- sequent injury to commerce and agriculture, _ tts origin is a parasitical fungus whose classifica- tion has been discussed a little, while as yet there is hardly enough known about it. Observations made upon leaves coming from Costa Rica and Venezuela, reveal that the fungus, which causes the disease in coffee, belongs to the genus sfubun, investigated in a memoir, presented by Mr. M. 0. Cooke to the Linnean Society of London, upon the coffee diseases of South America, in which are found the following lines :— “this stibum, whieh has been called Stibum flavidum (Grevillea 1X. p. 11, 1830), has, like all the other species, a compound stem, formed by a bundle of slender filaments, parallel to each other, reunited in a shoot terminated by a globular head, made up of the free ends of the component threads, subdivided and terminated by small subglobular spores. This corresponds very closely with the description of the parasite given by Professor Saenz, who notices the circular or elyptical spots of an ochre yellow colour and the hard points rising in the centre, which are the perithecia of the sphaerella and the small fungi of a yellow colour, formed on a slender pedicle, crowned by a bundle of small fibres in which there are numerous oval corpuscles The only difference lies in the size of these cor. puscles, which is double mine, a discrepancy not very important seeing that the measurement of such small bodies taken together is under consideration.” The special cause of the development of the fun- gus is not known; the active agent of itis a lone rainy season accompanied by a relatively low temperature. It has been noticed that the mischief almost always begins on the high or cold portions of the estate, or on p'antations with more than 19° C., after some crops and very soon the disease spreads rapidly to the neighbouring estates or plots favoured by a hard winter. The infection shows itself in a sometimes very considerable number of spots, round or «liptical, more or less irregular, of an ochry yellow colour, scattered in great quantities over the branches fruit, and the whole or the greater part of the leaves, amounting to as many as sixty in a single leaf, Perhaps owing to the appearance of the diseased plant, to the shape and colour of the epot the name of drop came to be given, for it looks as if a shower of some caustic liquid had fallen. _ At the beginning of the outbreak, andif the plant is in good soil, there is nothing to fear for the time being; one and another leaf falls, and the crop suffers very slightly or not at all; perhaps from the mildness of the attack the planter is not suffi- ciently impressed with the idea of considering how the germs of the terrible evil may be destroyed neglecting it till it costs him very dearly. If the soil is not good, the outlook is much more serious and sometimes fatal from the very commencement, In the first case the spot disappears at the end of winter and the approach of the dry and hot season, but reappears with greater vigour at the return of the next rains; and immediately a'so the hea'thy plants unde-go a marked transformation, a species of poisoning, for a'l its functions suffer, the greater part of its leaves and fruit fall off, thus causing the loss of the larger portion of the crop since the appearance of the fungus coincides with the time when the fruit begins to mature. On the return of summer the bush revives, throws out new leaves, and attempts to blossom, but very feebly. But if the plant is weak, it will not stand one, or at the most, two attacks of the disease ; generally it dies unless after the first attack it is cut down to the collar or a little above, and then there is hope that the tree will return to its pristine vigour after three years at least, which is equivalent to starting a new plantation. It is not necessary to point out that the loss which the planter incurs is almost ruinous. It may be said that the spot is a very capricious disease, since it attacks one or several portions of the coffee estate, and indiscriminately all the bushes on a plot or only the half of a bush; it is present in the nurseries, in patches of coffee new and old. planted on slopes, on the flat, or in hollows, in soil manured and unmanured, in cotfee in the open or under the shade of plantations, muches, guanos, 14 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. eo Ser G [JuLy 2, 1894. curor, caucho, &c. &c; in fine, under all circum- stances and conditions possible; a fact which readily shows that none of them can be the cause of the eyil nor fayour its development. Sometimes the epidmic is so abundant that it not only infects the coffee, but ail the neighbouring plants also suffer from the destructive effects of the disaase. The disease reappears in the same plot every winter, and it has been observed that each time it spreads considerably, but less if the year is yery "Neither all the leaves nor all the fruit attacked by this disease fa'l to the ground; if the plague does not gain ground, the leaves that remain lose the infected portion and continue living; in the berries a complete mortification of the effected part of the sarcocarp is observed, a network of dead fibrous tissues alone remaining, and sometimes the evil effects penetrate as far as the seed, which ex- periences a check in its growth, and this is mani- fested by the crinkled portion of its surface. It appears that so far no efficacious means of combating this destructive disease has heen dis- covered in this country, In some localities the coffee trees have been cut down tothe ground, the shade got rid off, suckers allowed to grow, &c, &c., and the results obtained do not allow us to deduce any precise conclusion or certain success; which could be considered as‘an axiom. In other parts the sick coffee tree has been allowed to go on grow- ing, and it was noticed that the lower and older branches were attacked worst, the upper and newer ones not at all, and that from them was produced and gathered a good crop every one or two years. The application of some mineral manures has also been tried, but perhaps this operation was not per- formed with due care, and its results are somewhat re. err oneideritig the general causes of the development of the fungi, which may be excessive dampness, little evaportation, special temperature, abundance of nitrogenous material, &c, a system of treatment might be formed, taking also into calculation /os fondamentos aceptables de los medicaciones anteriores. Nothing can be done during the rainy season; but let us hope that at the approach of the dry weather thediseased patches will begin to revive, and then we should proceed in the following manner :— Jf the plantation should become too dense and with too much shad-, the drains must be slightly enlarged and the excess of shade be taken off the trees; if there are places liable to be overflowed the necessary drains must be cut, and lastly, during the beginning of summer and after the weeding of all the infected portions, a mixture of flower of sulphur and caustic lime must be sprinkled in the proportion of one part of the frst to three of the second, and in a quantity of 150 to 200 grammes as a medium dose to each coffee tree. It is very probable that in this way would be destroyed all or nearly all of the spores of the fungus, which had lived and resisted without any ivjury the season’ of dry and hot weather. If it is thought that the effects of the treatment are not satisfactory, the application of sulphur and lime can be repeated a second time. i As the consequences of a disease are so disastrons, that in a few weeks almost all the crops of the affected parts are lost, whose value is now-a-days so considerable, the remedy that I have suggested, whose cost is so small and its results so favourable, although it may not entirely destroy the fungus, yet it ought to be undertaken without hesitation, in view of the beneficial effects that the plants re- ceive from the action of those substances as manures; but if sufficient faith is felt in its results, it ought to be put to the test and a plot chosen for this purpose isolated from the rest of the plantation and free of the infection, taking into calculation the prevalent winds, the relative position, &c., &e. Let practical planters consent to clear up their estates as ntadki as possible, lessening the shade and destroying entire lines of coffee trees, leaying the next ones standing, so as to double the width of the lanes between, and cause the action of the sun to become more powerful upon the sickly bushes. Thus, although the estate is lessened by a half and the cost of weeding is relatively increased, the probability is that the crop will not be com- pletely lost, and that the isolated coffee bushes will grow stronger and will not sicken or will bear the disease better. It may be said that to start a coffee estate, which should run the least risk of suffering from the hayocs of the spot, a locality must selected whose temperature should be 23°C. at least; a sug- gestion well founded, for it has been observed that im lower temperatures the fungus develops with great facility. The coffee trees should be planted at a distance of two metres with the views of ob- taining crop from all during the first years, until the symptoms of the disease begin, and when that happens we must proceed to root out the alternate lines of bushes, leaving them a passage four metres in width. As I have also seen special symptoms under shade, let it be decided to haye either little or none at all, although the temperature of the place may be high. In this case, the result will be that the estate will yield abundant crops eyery two years. that they will generally come on with a rush, so that the planter will haye grest difficu'ty in gather- ing them and will most likely lose some. that these, crops will alternate with small yields, and finally that the estate will last relatively a short time, for after each large crop a general array of bare sticks superyenes, which compromises the life of many of the trees which have to be supplied, until it comes to the replanting of the whole estate. Under this system of cultivation it may be said that the spot attacks the patches of coffee in a less degree, and that the trees are able to stand it and peenphly, repair the ravages which it causes, although the soil may not be of the first quality, and if it is, the disease causes the plant either very little injury or none at all. a SE eb ise We Ss CULTIVATION OF COCA IN INDIA. The cultivation of Coca to supply the requirements of the Government Medical Departments in India appears to be in course of being established at the Government Cinchona Plantations at Mungpoo, Bengal. The fo lowing correspondence on the subject has appeared in the Proceedings of the Agri-Horti- cultural Society of India, January—March 1893 :— J. Game, Esq., Acting Superintendent, Cinchona Cultivation, Bengal, to the SrcrETARY TO THE GovERNMENT OF Berncan, Fivancial Department, Government Cinchona Plantation, Mungpoo, Kur- seong. May 20, 1892. Sir,—With reference to your office endorsement, No. 92, dated 6th January last, and your reminder, dated the 14th instant, concerning the manufacture of cocaine at the Government Cinchona Plantation. Sikkim, I have the honour to state that no experi- ments during the past year were made, as there are as yet no leaves to work upon. During the year the stock of plants and cuttings has been raised to 3,600, of which 1,270 have been planted out at an elevation of 2,000 feet above the sea, and ground is now being got ready 600 feet lower down for another experimental plot. So far the plants look healthy, but their growth is slow, and they suffer somewhat from the cold in winter. There is but one old plant of Exythrozylon Coca on these plantations, all the others being 18 months old or less, and few of them over a foot in height, so that some time must elapse before leaves are available for manufacturing purposes on even an experimental scale. A few seeds cf the. plant have been got from Ceylon, Madras, and Calcutta, and the plants raised from them show at least two distinct types. These types will be care- fully watched and compared with each other as regards hardiness, rapidity of; growth, and yet of | alkaloids. Juny 2, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTORIST. 15 A few Coca plants have been put out in different places by tea planters in the Davrjeeling ‘Terai, but I am given to understand that although the growth has been good, the leaves are so thin in texture that the yield in weight is not encouraging, and the prices offered have been so disappointing that no extensions are being made, which is perhaps an extra reason for the Government persevering with the experiment on these plantations. I have, &c., (Signed) J. Gamure, Acting Inspector, ? Military Department, Government of India, Fort William, December 20, 1892. Extracr paragraph 30, of a Military (Stores) Letter from the Right Hon. the Secretary of State for India, No. , dated the 24th November 1892. “30. The information contained in the enclosure to the Barscreph under reply regarding the culti- vation of the Coca plant for the manufacture of cocains in India has been noted. With regard to the letter from the Acting Superintendent, Cinchona cultivation in Bengal, No. 2EC/L, dated 20th May 1892, it has been ascertained from Surgeon-General Sir Benjamin Simpson, K.C.I.E., that the fine sample of Ooca leayes referred to in Dr. Macnamara’s Report of 7th March 1890, a copy of which was forwarded to your Government with Military (Stores) Department, No. 19, of 10th April 1890, was grown in the Meenglas Tea Estate in the Dooars. It is, therefore, thought that the plant would flourish equally well, and perhaps better, at a lower elevation than the Sikkim Cinchona Plantation, and it would appear to be desirable to make the experiment.” By order, &c. (Signed) J. M. Kina-Harman, Colonel, Deputy Secretary to the Government of India.— Kew Bulletin. — = Sana CEYLON COCA LEAVES. In the Kew Bulletin, 1889, pp. 1-13, an exhaustive account was given of the Coca plant, together with seme interesting chemical notes respecting the yield of alkaloids obtained from the different sorts under cultivation in different parts of the world. It was shown that leaves from the Huanuco, Lrythrowvylon Coca, Liam., the typical plant, yielded the larger per- centage of crystallisable cocaine, while the Truxillo leaves from /. Coca, var, novo-granatense, yieldednearly, if not quite, as much total cocaine, but a large pro- portion of it wasin an uncrystallisable form. Under these circumstances, it was suggested that the broad- leaved typical Lrythroxylon Coca was better for general cultivation at high altitudes to yield crystallisable cocaine; but that the variety novo-granatense, distri- buted largely from Kew up to 1889, was_ better suited for cultivation at low elevations, to yield large erops of leaves “for use in pharmacy and for Coca wine.”’ Leaves of the typical (Huanuco) Hrythroxylon Coca were received from Ceylon in 1888, and the best were found to yield 0°60 per cent. of crystallisable with no uncrystallisable alkaloid cocaine These leaves had been ,rown at Dolosbage, at an elevation of 2,300 feet. We have recently teceived from Dr. Trimen, F.R.s. Director of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Peradeniya, a further supply of Ceylon Coca leaves, and these are of the “ruxillo sort, and probably yielded by Erythrorylon Coca, var. novo-granatense. ‘They were grown at the Henaratgoda Gardens, in the lowlands of Ceylon. These leaves were submitted to Mr. Alfred G. Howard, ¥.c.s., F.L.s., who has been good enough ta furnish a result of his analysis. The dried leaves yielded erystallisable alkaloid, 0°56 per cent.: uncrystallisable alkaloid, 0°47 per cent ; total, 1°03 per cent. The total yield of alkaloid is larger than in any leaves examined by Mr. Howard in 1888 (see Kew Bulletin 1889; ». 8), but the large pro- portion of unerystallisable alkaloid fully agrees with the general character of ‘I'ruxillo Coca. The following correspondence gives further paxii- culars respecting these Ceyion Moca leayes :— Mr. Atrrep G. HowArp to RoyAu GARDENS, Kew. Stratford, near London, E., June 6, 1893. Dear Sir,—l now have the pleasure to enclose the analysis of the Coca leaves you sent me on May 1st, as follows:— Crystallised alkaloid ( 0°56 per cent. Unerystallised alkaloid ... 0-47 ” Total ... 1:03 ” You will notice that the amount of uncrystallised alkaloid is large, and therefore would detract largely from their value from a commercial point of view. IT am sorry that I have not been able to let you have the result before, but I only finished it yes- terday, as I was exceedingly busy all last month. Yours, &c. (Signed) Atrrep G. Howarp. John R. Jackson, Esq., A.L.S. Messrs. Burcoyne, Bursipcrs & Co. to GARDENS, Krew. 16, Coleman Street, London, E."’., July 25, 1893. _ Dear Sir,—In reply to our favour of the 2ist, inst., I cannot give you a very favourable report of the position of coca leaves at the present momento Stocks in London, Liverpool, and cn the Continent are large, and the demand at present is very slow. Good green Truxillo leaves are held for 81d, per ¥., and fair Huanaoco range from 1s. 4d. to Is. 6d., according to quality. Iremain &c. (signed) H. ARNoLD. John R. Jackson, Esq., Royal Gardens, Kew. SRO O15 Ses THE COST OF LABOUR IN PERAK, The information supplied to us by Wr. A. B Stephens, the Assistant Indian Immigration Agent at Perak, with regard to the cost of labor in the Straits will be perused with interest pb many here. For all practical purposes the dollar may be taken at the equivalent of two rupees so that 25 cents of a dollar is about the Sanne as 50 cents of a rupee. This will enable our readers to follow what Mr. Stephens says on the subject. According to him Mr. Wm, Forsythe was inaccurate in stating in our columns ‘that a Tamil cooly gets from 30 to 35 cents of a dollar per diem.” He receives a little over 17 cents in the case of the statute or indentured cooly, and 25 to 30 cents in the case of the free cooly. Mr Bor: sythe was no doubt referring to the latter and inasmuch as the price of labor seems to var ac: cording to the distance from “ anywhere’—as> Mr Stephens puts it—in all probability he spoke of the price in the particular district which he had rOs- pected for planting purposes. At the same ae we are pleased to hear that indentured labor is to be had at as low a rate as 174 cents per diem, equal to, say, 35 cents of a rupee; but we should "ike to have some information as to the ability of planters to obtain such indentured labor. Tf its cost is a much less than free labor, how is it that planters employ the latter? It can only be that indentured labour cannot be had in abundance or is unsatis- factory. The lowest price quoted for free labor by Mr. Stephens is 25 cents, say 50 cents of a ru me for a day’s work—a rate which the Ceylon fea to pay for a single day. Roya terprise could not afford Sir,—Some little time back I think j there appeared in the Penang Gazette ogee letter from your. paper, which had been ee by Mr. W. Forsythe, giving a description of a visit which he paid, t-gether with My. Fort, to Perak What I wish to point out to you is that the labor question is easier solved than Mr. Forsythe wo Td lead one to suppose when he says “A Tamil ¢ ol gets from the planter 80 to 35 cents of a doll a day, just double the rate given to a Ceylon is bourer. The average cooly receives 9$ to 10 ‘a month and grumbles at that.” As am inter $ a in statute immigration I would like first poronted you the cost of the labour pest i of statute j ig > who are brought into this State anders the years agreement and under the protection Goyerument, of the 16 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ee {Jury 2, 1894. The following statement, which is correctly based on last year’s Indian immigration return, gives the actual expenses incurred on Gula estate. Indian Immigration Office, Taiping, May 11th, 1894. COST OF STATUTE IMMIGRANTS LABOUR: PERAK 1893 ANNUAL REPORT. dols, BASED ON cts. 106 coolies cost 1,800 dols , less 600 dols. which is collected as passage mo- ney = 1,200 dols. divided over three years con on As This Gula hospital expenses, including apothecary, dresser, food, medicines, burials, &c , dols. 2,465°70. Depreciation of hospital buildings, dols. 234 30= dols. 2,700. This must be divided amongst 1,700 persons who are on the estate, which gives dol- 1:59 each per- son. If divided only amongst those who work every day, vix, 1,050 persons, it would be dols. 2°57 each per annum jes Deaths 3 7-100 per cent = Desertion 19 per cent. each cooly probably owing dols. 4 fa 400 257 00 40 00 *. 40 The average outturn per diem (310) working days was 86 per cent. in 1893 amongst the estate immigrants, so that the extras (as above) would give dols. 8°73 per head or an average of 2 82-100 cents per diem. Statute labour inelud- ing men at 14 and 16 cents,. and 20 per cent of women at 10 and12 cents = 144 cents., so that, including everything, statute labour cost3 per diem .-. 17 32-190cts Gula isa large estate of 6,000 acres, 1,612 acres of which are planted with sugar cane. There are about 1,700 Tamils on this estate, including women, with a daily average outturn of 1,050 labourers, 695 of whom were statute immigrants. Statute labour receive as pay: men 14 to 16 cents, women 10 to 12 cents a day; putting women down at 20 per cent., this gives an average of 14: cents wages a day. The hospital expenses, of course, are a dead loss, and you will observe that the whole expenses are only divided amongst the actual workers, who only worked on 310 days last year. This, I think, is more than fair; but, even with all this added, it only brings the cost of statute labour up to 17 32-100 cents of a dollar aday, orjust a trifle over half what Mr. For- sythe puts it at. To shew where Mr. Forsythe has gone wrong is I think, easy. He has been principally guided by what he saw and heard in the Kinta district, where no- thing but mining is carried on; there labour is 30 to 35 cents; but even this will, I think,as soon as the railways is opened, be reduced. At present the place is at least 50 miles from anywhere, and naturally food and labour is very dear. Free Tamil labour on Gula estate is 25 cents, on Kamuning coffee estate it is 28 cents, the reason for this being, that it is 12 miles off the nearst town—Kuala Kangsar. If other estates be opened in this locality no doubt labour would go to the price paid for it in Kuala Kangsar, yiz., 25 cents. In Taiping, the chief town of Perak, 25 cents is usually paid for day labour. All over the Krian district, where there is a very large number of Tamils, labour is only 20 cents (P. W. D. price.) On Waterloo,* Sir Greme Hlphinstone’s place, 30 cents is paid, and on Padang Rengas, also Sir Grame’s, 25 cents. * Note received from Manager of Waterloo :—Waterloo estate, 16 miles from Taiping by road, 123 from K.K. Men if working 20 // days per month 30 cents, other- wise 25 free labour, Women 15, children 10, no statute labour. Hospital free since about six months ago.— Artuur LuryeEns. To sum up, I would put free Tamil labour at not more than 25 cents and statute at 174 cents, and statute labourers once becoming free will generally stay on the estate they were brought to and work for from 20 to 22 cents willingly This, with the dollar at twoshillings, is by no means a ruinous rate.— I am, &c., A. B. Sreruens. Assistant Indian Immigration Agent, Perat. Six,—I see by an articlein your paper that you consider the terms on which tes can be held in Selangor are unsatisfactory, and not such a3 to attract plantere. This opivion is, I think, based on information given you by Mr. Forsythe. Now Mr. Forsythe is the best judge of what terms will suit him and what will not; and if he is of opinion that they are not favourable enough he bas every right to hold it, Bat as, in my opinion, the con- ditions of terms are favourable t> those who wish to plant there, though they may not be for those who desire to take up land and hold it with a view to selling it again, I give the terms on which I aod my partsers hold land there—namely, a quarter of the block to be opened in five years; quit rent 25 dollar cents an acre per annum, or $3 pre- miom and 10 cents quit rent. A permit to open is first given, and on fulfilment by the lessee of these terms the permit is cancelled, and a grant or lease of the land in perpetuity is issued by Government. I believe that the Indian terms of land tenures are leasehold, coupled with stipulations regarding acreage to be opened; the object of leasehold, with this provisio is to ensure the immediate development of the country as opposed to the taking up of land with the obje:t either of selling again at an enhanced rate, or of «pening at some future time; and I cannot say that the system is a good one to attain that object, and more favourable to bona fide plan‘ers than the Ceylon system of !and sales, which often enhances the price pai{ for land by the planter to a great degree. With regard to timber being a Government mono- poly, the timber belongs to the occupier solely ad absolutely, the Government no even having the right to cut the planter’s timber for its own requirements. There hive been many instances of prosecutions ending in favor of the planter in this connection. With regard to labor, there are difficulties in this respect inthe Straits, a3 there are in any new dis- trict which employs free labor; but our experience is that the Government is always most willing end ready to help planters in their labor arrangements; and, ns most of the work of the P W.D. and Govern- ment railway is done by contractors, and not dep irt- mentally, it cannot be «aid to erimp the planters’ coolies any more than the Government of (‘eylon. The rate of wages for these is 25 dol'ar ceuts, which at the present rate of exchange is equal to 40 rupee cents As a proof that the difficulties of getting labor are not insurmountable, Imay add that Mr. Carey has in less than two years collected a force of over 200 free immigrant Tamil laborers.—Yours, &c., G. A. Tarsor. —“Times of Ceylon.” ie Kew Burietiy.—The number for May contains n tices on Licorice, Ooca, Sugar-cane, Coffee, and o her tropical agricultural products, together with notes on the flora of the Aldabra Islands, north of Madagascar. The genera are substantially the same as those of Hast Tropical Africa, and the adjoining islands. Mr. Rolfe continues his D2cades of New Orchids, including D. Sanderianum, Rolfe Borneo), D. glomeratum, Rolfe (Moluccas), Thunia Brymeriana, Rolfe (Burma), Coclogye Mossiz, Rolfe (Nilghiri Hulls), Cattleya Brownii, Rolfe (Minas Geraes), Sorrastylis modesta, Rolfe, Nov. Gen. et Spec., New Granada, and others.—Gardeners' Chronicle, YY ; Juty 2, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 7 THE CEYLON GOVERNMENT DAIRY. We have to go to the official papers of a | neighbouring Colony to learn what is taking place | at our very doors! The Report which Mr, Bellamy has furnished to the Selangor Adminis- tration, on the Dairy in our Cinnamon Gardens will be perused with much interest by a large number of our readers. ‘fo planters especially who generally have milching cows on their estates, the information afforded ought to be of coasidsrable practical value. Oolombo resident; too—especially the ladies who as house-keepers, have most to do wi:h the cattle and milk supply—cannot fail to gather hints from the accounts of the cows, which do best for milking, the dietary scale, &a. It is very satisfactory to find that this local Dairy experiment besides securing for the Hospitals, the great boon of an ample supply of pure rich milk, is proving a profitable invesiment—indeed showing profits so large per mensem that the whole cost of the building, cattle, &c. will very quickly be repaid to the public exchequer. This being the case, we would urge that a similar experiment be commenced for the benefit of hospital patients in connection with all our chief towns. What has succeeded co well in Colombo, shouldsurely be a success at Galle, at Kandy, Badulla, Ratnapura, Trincomalee, Jaffna, Kurunegala and other of our towns and principal statione. We do not expect all th:s3 establishments to be set agoing at once. The “ Managers’? and attendant coolies should be gradually trained at Colombo, and the stock utilised from those bred in the headquarters premises, with an occasional cow from Scinde. If the Government plead that no more money can be spared, the public interested may well reply that it will only require the expenditure of the profits of the Colombo Dairy, to eeoure all that is required—the gradual establishment of Dairies at each of the towns named, for the benefit, primarily, of the hospital patients. We observe that Mr. Bellamy was so well satisfied that he strongly recommends the opening of a similar Dairy at Kuala Lampur. It may cesm strange to find our visitor pro- nouncing the site of our local Dairy to have been the bed of a considerable river. No doubt the Kelanigavga, at one time had its mouth considerably to the south of its present debouchure into the sea. Tho Colombo Lake is probably part of a lagoon or back-water at one time connected with the river and this lagoon no doubt extended through the Cinnamon Gardens, until the river gradually shifted Northwards. There is a marked difference in level now, however, between the river and the Golombo lake or Dairy site, although in a big flood, occasionally, the Kelanirises almost to the level of the lake at St. Sebastian, ---=-- —&S--- = REPORT ON CEYLON GOVERNMENT DAIRY. District Office, Kuala Selangor, 5th March, 1894- To the Acting Government Secretary, Selangor. Sir.—In accordance with instructions on your No. 333-94 requesting moe to devote a portion of my recent vacation leave to an enquiry into the working the Government Dairy in Ceyion, I have the honour to report as follows :— 2. I waited on His F’xcellency the Lieutenant- Governor, Sir Noel Walker, and explained the wishes oi the Selangor Goveroment. His Excellency offered every assistance in the matter and gave me @ letter of 3 | can be more rapidly distributed in this way. introduction to Mr. Drieterg, the Principal of the School of Agriculture, to which the Dairy is attached. On Wednesday, the 28th ultimo, I drove tothe Dairy and spent some considerable time inspecting the place and getting information. 3...The Dairy is situated inthe neighbourhood of the Cinnamon Gardens at Colombo, on a plot of ground which was evidently at onetime the bed of a consider- able river. The soilise: mpored entirely of fine loose sand with scarcely any vegetation in its immediate vicinity and judging from appearances the place seem: alto- gether unsuitablo for dairy purposes. It was started in Juce, 1893, principal’y with tne object of supplying Government Hosp tals and oth r public institutions | with fresh milk. Only a small qasntity of milk ig supplied to the general public, as there is a desire on the part of Government to avoid competi'ion with Private enterprise. A sum of R3,300 was voted for the construction of the building, R4,500 were allowed for purchase of cattle, while materials, etc, coat R1,000. 4. The building is of brick and tile, nnd while of the plaincst possible description it is con- structed on higbly sanitary pri:.ciples. In shape it is oblong with a large open space inside the four walle. At ove exd, aijoining the entrance, are the quarters of the Manayer and the offices. The cittle are arranged in the long sheds at the sides, which open on to the central space. The floors are of brick and cement, slight y sloping so as tu allow all objectionable matter to run off quickly into the brick drains which convey it to a cistern placed outside the further end of the building, where it is allcollected with a view to utilis- ing it as liquid manure. All droppings from the cattle are cirried away at oncs end everything is done to keep the placesweet and give it a tidy appearance. 5. The Dairy is stocked priacipally with cows from Scinde and what are usually known as Coast cows, obtained from Trichinopoly and Tuticorin. The cost is about R120 each, but the Scinde cittle are far superior to the other variety. The bulls, which were until recently used for stad purposes, numbered three, one being of the Sciude breed, another from Aden and a third, which proved an unsatisfactory animal, was a cross betweeu the Nellor aud Aden breeds. Contrary to the generally received ides, I found thit cattle of tne Nellor breed were not favourites in Oey!on. They appear to require a good deal more att:ntion and fodder than otber varieties of cattle. Of late the Government Dairy has had the loan of a very fi1e Oape bull, which covered twenty- six cows. The arrival of tha calves of this mired breed is awaited with considerable interest. 6. The staff engaged at the Dairy consists of a Manager, on R40 per mevsem, and eight c olies, on. salaries varying from R8 to R15 per mensem each according to their qualifications, The food-sllowance for each cowis 50 cents (Rupee) per diem. The accounts for the month of June, when the dairy was first started, shewed an adverse balance of R148, but only a few of the cows were giving milk. In July there was a credit balance of R83 for the month, and at the pre- sent time, when forty-two cows are in good milking order, the profits are noless than R580 per mensem. The actual receipts for Jauuary last amounted to R1,379:80, while the working expenses wera R798°67. These figures will of themgelves prove how profitable dairying work can be. 7. The routine of work atthe Dairy 1s as follows:— Milk is drawn at 3 a.m. and 1 p.m., and assoon as it is all clleoted itis weighed by the ‘“ Dairy Herd Ro- corder,” which shews pints and pounds, so that the richnessof the milk is at once ascertained. It is then poured into a large tin vessel inside which thereis a graduated scale and tho hospitals,etc., are supplied according to the amounts recorded on the scale. The idea being thst the milk usdergoes less handling and Sac milk as may be left overisthen passed through the cream separator, a very clever contrivance, but too well-known torequire description. 18 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURISY. [JULY 2, 1894. 8 A careful record is kept of the milk given by each cow thus ;— No. Name of Cow. Monday. Tuesday. W’day. cS hue cueion | Ce ea ea aes . ' =I dad ad 1 Daisy—pints « 5 6 see ee sas 880 2 Strawberry—pints .. ase sea ee lees Hic,, etc. Oy iiwidtcs deects Leen ey tree Th’day. Friday. Sat’day. ape aia = g iC) fod OY. Be Har 5 : A Aa dad ad 1 Da'‘sy—pints o pap oe a) ve . . . 2 Strawherry—pints .. on Bite.,etc. do «. ‘af tials aa taaeee and the totals are made up at the end of the week. As an instance of the remarkab'e milk-giving qualities of the Scinde cow, I may mention that one of them named Queeni, whenin good condition gives no less than pine piuts in the morning aud seven pints in the evening. 9. The dietary s ale is as fullows:—7 1b. poonas, 21b cotton seed, and 8 small bundles of Mauritius grass for good milkers, while ordinary milkers get 4lb, of yoonac instead of 7 lb. The poonac is made of “givgelly,” which is considered more milk-produc- ing and whiclesome than the ordinary coco cake. The cotton reed is ob/aincd from the cotton shrub, and be- fore being usej is soaked in water fora few hours and then crushed in a pestle and mortar. Ordinary rice gruel (kanjz) is sometimes given, but is not a favourite diet as, although it produces plenty of milk, there is a lack of richness init. The cattle are fed at 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. daily. but are rarely turned out to graze, principa'ly because the site of the Dairy offers no good grazing ground. ‘ 10. As a result of my visi! to the farm, I feel certain that the establishment of a timilar institution at Kuala Lumpur would be attended with satisfactory re:u't:, avd I trus: tha’ the information given above may p-ove of value tothe Governm: nt.—I have, ete., Georcre C. Bertamy, District Officer. — —<>—_—_—__ ——_ OTTO-OF-ROSE MANUFACTURE IN ASIA ( MINOR. Ten thousand rosc-bushes brought from Kazanlik have lately been pla: teat Karessi and the environs of Broussa (Asia Minor.) These plantations will serve as nurseries ; it is intendedto extend tbe plan- tation of rose-Lushea in the province ard make expeyiments in the manufacture of otto of roses.— Chemist and Druggist. ‘ Se INDIARUBBER. We have no‘iced with much interest that the item of india rubber is beginning to creep into the catalogue of our exports. Toe oustom’s returns from Tshiromo sbow that durng the year 1593 about £250 worth of indiarubber was exported from that port. The rubber chiefly came from the West Shire, Lower Shire, and Ruo Districts. B veverthielose researehes conducted by H, M. Commissioner at different times show that rubber yielding vines or {ress grow in almost all parts of British Central Africa below an altitude of four thousand feet. So far as we yet know, the main sources of Indiarubter in this part of Africa are ove or more species of Ficus (wild fig) aud perhaps two species of the Landolphia creeper. The Ficus trees producing rubber are worth cultivating for their handsome appearance, their rapid growth, and splendidly umbrageous foliage. Numbers of them may pow b3 seen prowing noend Fort Johnston on what merly a sandy waste. nee te rubber produced by. them is of an inferior quality they may be discarded from our present consideration because at the distance we are from the coast we can only afford to export the best rubber. Fortunately we have growing hera almoat universally ia every, bit of forest, in a!l luxuriant “bush” by the banks, of streams, one or two species of Landolphia, . namely L. ow.riensis and L. florida or kirku, - see see ee Landolphias produce some of the best rubber ip the world. Good samples of the Landolphia owar- ensis rubber from West Africa were quoted at two chilling and threepence a pound two or three years #go; though we believe prices are pow somewhat lower, Nevertheless it must be remembered that the cbief value of rubber lies io the way in which it has been prepared, Balis of rubber containing a large pro- portion of water or mixed up with dust, twigs, fragments of leaves or other extraveous sabstances are only half the va'ne of the tame substance pro- perly dried and kept free from dirt rabbish. At the present scale of prices lLiardolphia robber from this country prepared wih only average care should realise in the European market from Is 6d to ls. 2d. a pound. Weshould think at these prices planters might sfford to offer the uatives a yard and « ha'f of calico (say 6d) per pound of gooi rubber. The Yaos certainly know the Landolphia, which they like the sSwabilis cl! “ Mpire” (ratber)—Whilet prepairiog tbis ehors article a Yuo s-rvant was asked to go out and cut two or thres branches of Landolpbie creeprr. Lu half an hour be retarned with the b aucbes from which we have made the drawing overicaf. Unfortunately the creeper is not at presentio flower s0 we can ouly trust to our readers identifying it by the leaves and teadrils. The flour is white with a sweet scent and the fruit is pear shaped and the size of a small or:nge. A slight scratch on the bark produces the white t ick sap which soon coagulate into rubber.—Central Africa Gazette. ——————— Er “TEA AND SCANDAL.” I snd you thie time two more of the diatribes ugainst Tea that were published in America in 1774, Vne first is called A Lapy’s ADIEU To HER TEA-TABLE. Farewell the Tea-b ard with its gaudy equipage, The cups and saucers, cream bucket, sugar tongs ; The pretty Tea-chest also, lately stored With Hyson, C.ngou, ani best Double Fine. Full many a j yous moment have I sat by ye Hear ng the girls tattle, the old maids talk scandal, And the s:ruce coxcomb laugh at may-be nothing. No more shall I dish out the once loved liquor, Though now detestable ; Because I'm taught, (and J believe it true,) Its ue will fasten slavish chains upon my country, And Literty’s the goddess I would choose To reign triumphan! ia America, The next is entitled VirGiniA BanisHinc TEA. (By aLady. Pennsylyavia Journal, Sept. 14, 1774 ) Begone, peraicicus, baneful Tea, With all Pandora’s ills possessed ; Hysop, 10 more beguiled by thee, My noble sons shall be oppressed ; To Britai: fly, where gold enslaves, And venal men their birthright sell. Tell North and his bribed clan the news, Their bloojy acts were made in hell ; In Henry’s reign these acts began, Which sacred rules of justice broke: North now pursues the hellish plan To fix on us his hellish yoke. But we oppose, and will ve free, This great, gcod cause we will defend; Nor Bribe, nor Gage, nor Ncrth’s decree Shall make us at his feet to bend. From Anglia’s accient sons we came, Those hrrocs, who fur Freedom fought ; In Freedom’s cause we ’ll match their fame, By their example greatly taught. Qur King we 1 ve, but North we hate, Nor will to him submission own; If death’s our dom, we’il brave our fate, But pay allegiance to the throne, A “ Me:chant” in 1803, in a Dictionary of Mer- chendiz3, says :— - : _ ‘We know the Chioeze reserse the best Tea for themselves, and acul erate that intended for exportation; we know alto that since the exportation has becn so great they are not so circumspect is fhe choice of the soil, nor so careful in the pre- paration of the Tea, and that our manner ‘of uring it co hot,and strong, a ways mixed with a deal Of -ngar, frequently with perfumes and sometimes Juty 2, 1894.] Re Ne THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 1g with pernicious liquora, must contribute to lessen its virtues, Notwithstanding all this the frenzy for this Asiatic infusion has now become almost universal in the northeru parts of Europe. But it cannot be denied that since i's first introduction, if has con- tributed more to the sobriety of the nation than the severest laws and mosteloquent harangues of Ohristian orators, or the best trestises of morality.” I have just seen a Tea named ‘ Dulcemoza.’ IL supposo it is £0 culled, bing intended to be drank in every Dulce Domum. A. M. Fercuion. ————— BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN BORNEO. One of the most interesting papers read before | the Royal Horticultural Society was that delivered by Mr. F. W. Burbridge, u.a., curator of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Dublin. He prefaced his remarks with a graceful allusicn to the extensive social, political and commercial work which the late Sir James Brooke, better known as Raja of Sarawak, accomplished in Bornes. Sir Iiugh Low was the firet, however, to investigate the flora of West Borneo and to commence the introduction of plants which were new to science. It was in 1877 that Mr. Burbidge and Mr. Poter were sent out by a Chelsea firm to make botanical collections, more particularly in reference to the discovery of new species of ‘‘pitcher-plants ” known toexist in great varieties and numbers in certain parts of that country. Before starting, Mr. Burbidge received a pleasantly frank descrip— tion of the inhabitants of Borneo from the botanical traveller, Mr. Thomas Lobb, who had visited the place a quarter of a century before, and who Gescribed the natives as an unmitigated lot of thieves and liars. Mr, Burbride gave some highly entertaining accounts of the difficulties of travel in that remote country where such luxuries as vehicles were practically unknown, and, for the matter of that, impracticable. It took his party six days (o travel a distance of 18 miles. He succeeded in bringing home no less than fifty new species of ferns, besides several new pitcher- plants and orchids. Mr. Burbidge was enthusias- tic over the number of fine orchids—notabiy one with flowers with a spike exactly resembling a lily of the valley—and rhoiodendrons still io be introduced into English gardins. ‘ihe opportu- nities for bo:anioal exploration are yearly becoming so many that doubtless even Bornco willsoon be exhausted of its rarities. The paper was attentively followed by o large audience, and the author received a hearty vote of thanks,—0. Mail, April 27. Se 6 ee == VANILLA IN TAHITI. The cu‘tivation of vaniila hag receiveda goud deal of attention lately from our cfficial repr sentatives abroad. Tbe Britis) Consul in Tahiti (Poly: es a) bas just sent home an exbaustive report on the culture of the plant ia his district, from which we take the following p.ssages :— The cultivation cf vavilla has been carried on ia the Islend of Tahiti for several years, but is limiiedtoa few Gistri ts ouly, that of Papara supp'y more than half of quantity sent into the marke’. The native mode of culture is, a5 a rule, simply to pan: the outtings of the vine under the shado of treer, and then to leave them to grow and twine round tupports es b st they cau. Staie,theugh not dense, is neces- sary t» ensure a successful crop of beans. About ove year from the time of plautirg the vine com- mences to flower, and the iroculation, which then takes place, must be carefully attended t); this is gnerslly carried out by womeu and children whose Veitch | Oo — ie light hands are best suited for the delicate opera- tion. In from six to nine months from the time of inoculation the bean will be ripe for picking and curing. The method ofcuring isto keep the beans alternatzly indoors rolled in cloths, aud outdoors during the day spread on mats exposed to the gun, for periods of three or four days at a time, until they are dried and ready for the market, but many native planters now dry their vanilla in box:s with glasa covers, At the Temarua plantation, which is under foreign tansgement, great attention is paid to trimming the plants, and keeping the ground clear from weeds, and the vines are trsi. ed on wel'-se'ected supports invariably cirefully attened to. es The boxes usei for curing the beans ar hard wood with glass covers, and ete by 2 feet in depth, They are usaally filled three- quarters full, the beans beirg p'aced ona blanket in the bettom of each box and covered with a double thicknees of blanket at the top. The giass lids are then put on, and the boxes expcssd to the sun for about fifteen days, when the beaas are generally found to be sufficient:y sw.a'ai to admit of their remcval to the drying-house, which is co. structed of corrugated iron, and contaius threa t:res of wire shelves, The beans ere laid on the top tier first and are then movel to the second and ihird in suc: ces-ion ag they gradually dry, and remain on the latter until they are periectly dry and fit fir the market. The Temacua plantation consists of avout 5l acres The annual expenses with an experieuce: foreman receiving 2001 per auuum, smouut to about 4002 Tre cop varies trom 90 to 260 lb. per acre per year. An ayerage of 175 1b. at the medium priew of 43 per Ib, leaves a very fair profit: The Tahiti vanilla is iuferior to thet of Maxico Bourbon, and Msuritiu-, and the drawback ig not improved by the careless manner in which the native, aud even the Huropean, dries and tizs his bandlesoet beans fir export. The tollowiog figures show tbe exports of vauilia fr r i i showict oe om Tahiti durivg the 1883. 1834. 1885. 1886, Weight, ib, ... 2,726 5,454 4,919 8,403 760 Value, £ 818 1,636 1,475 2,522 3.044 re 1888, 1889. 1890. 1891. 1392, Weight, Ib. ...12,569 8,789 15,882 24,585 25,560 Value, £ ... 5028 1,758 3,258 7.456 4.418 —Chemist and Druggist. : eee STANDARD TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON: ON COFFEE AND TEA CULTIVATION. The third annual meotiug of this com at the offices, 25, Fenchurch Sireet, Oa Mined pa May. Tue directors present were: Mr. Alex Bro ri (tu the chair), Mr. Peter Moir, Mr. Robe.t Ka So, : ueworth anu Mr. Normin W. Grieve. aman those prerent were Mr. A. EH. Wright, Mr. Guorge Sonueton§ iir, H.L Stables, Mr, E. Formas, ir. Wilson, Mr il and Mr, epee J. Cuippin jal). bates ‘ne Secretary road tae notice calling th i Lhe report and accounts were Cineens Paria The CHAIRMAN said thatis was a pleasure for the Clrectors ts recummend tor a third time a dividend equal to 10 per cent. p-r snuum. Exchange had beeu tavourable, everaging forthe company 1s 3 7-32d The Indian Governmeut had been assaying to “im- prove excbange undeterred by the example of the United S ates Government and the hileoas troubles Cvs: qutut thereon in that country; out tue Calcutta officials ro far apparently had. dune jittls good or harm. C.ttee as s2en in the report bad continued to contrivute substuntiilly to proti.s. There were received irom all the estates in 1893 723 ewt., mcludiug 77 cw: from Gordon, the newest acquisition, aud noti 1t92 accounts, Exclujiug G rdon coffee tbe com = had in 1893 646 ewt agaiuet 1892 530 owt. List a lusion was madeto hopes e.tertuined by some in Ce lon of beuetiting the.r ovilee by planting among is urenens as shade trees. Vhis was brought home to Lim (tha chairman) when yisitiug in Fevruary vhe Liddesdalg 20 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. end St. Leonards estates. Coffee there was suffering @ good deal from bug. Away from the grevilleas the coffee bushes were black—hboughs, leaves, and such berries as there were. Under the full-grown grevil- Jeas, where tlley had show red down a thick covering of their foliage on the coffes bushes and the environ. ing ground, the coffee looked vigorous and thriving, boughs «nd Icaves ) ealthy, and berries plentifal ; in marked contrast to the buehes beyond the range of the grevilleas, All the coffee on the company’s estates un- planted with tea had been planted up with grevilleas. It was to be hoped that. a cure had been di-covered for st least one of the evils that coffee suffers from. The St. Licorards tea factory be‘ng now complete is a great comfort. It is a handsome buildiaog, and very perfeot of its kind, reflecting credit on all concerned, especially Mr. Bagot, and slso on Mr. Michie, who des‘gned it on! started the machinery. The paragraph in the Report about the leaf plucked before and after the comp’etion of the factory, though strictly accurnte, required modification. The quantity sold to neighbcunng estates was for a net price. For purposes of comparison there ought to be a charge added for making the tea; and it would be fairer tosay that the two-thirds crop sold in Uda Pussellawa realised a sum equal to £3,400, and the one-third in London £4,000. The produce of Eskdale used to be sold to the Kandapol's factory, where they treated the company well, paying for the tea on a sliding seale, giving a fair price as 4 minimum, and a shire in whatever over that the tea eveotually realised. Nothing could be fairer. The tea was now coming on, though there was still a great deal very young on most of the estates, It was so intermixed, tea and coffee together, that it was difhcult t» give exact acreage. Roughly Eskdale is the only estate without much tea not yet in bearing, Tea no dondt, the chairman contended, has its diceases; but it seems freer from disease than coffee and most articles of produce, owing probably to its periodico heavy pruning, when the plant is pretty well cut down altogether, and latent disease got rid of with the pruviogs—inceed, in some parts of the island the stumps Jeft are cleaned with a solution ribbed into them. The chief risk in tea planting, bar war or such calamity, seems over-produotion and jnadequate prices. Ceylon and Indian teas have dis- placed Chinain Great Britain, and doubtless in time will do so elsewhere. Native manufacture, whether by Ohina- men or a nigger, means some indiffere: ce to cleanliness: The Ceylon process of tea making in a well-c nstructed factory isa clean one at a}l events. In St. Leonards factory everything is scrupulously clean—anyons might eat his dinver off the factory floor. The export de- mand for Ceylon tess increases, It helped our market tingibly when lately the home trade held off, probab y frightened by rumoured heavy Colombo shipment+; and the demand will continue to increase, and the cleanly, though possibly the most expens vely made, tea of the British planter must more and more oust the pative product, both in Hurope and Americas. It must, however be borne in mind that it is a cheap: article that has to be ousted, and that it is difficult to persuade thess accustomed to buy a cheap tea topay doublethe price foran article even many times as good. The CHAIRMAN concluded by moving the adoption of the report and accounts, which was carried after remarke by those present, in which Mr. Grieve alluded to his plantiag the now mature’ grevilleas at Liddes- dale iu full expectation of be :efié to the coffee, now apparently being realised, and said he had not quite shared the fears that coffeein Uva Pussellawa would snylddeeudi out. A dividend of 74 per cent (making, with the jnterim 2% per cent distributed on October 20th, fen per cent per annum) was voted, and also the paying off the balence remaining of the preliminary expenses, and the placing £2,000 to reserve. Mr. Robert Kay Shuttleworth was re- elected a director, and returned thanks. Mr, Wricut said it seemed that there was a race for the coffee between bug ard grevilleas. That bug might win by killing coffee before the grevilleas [Jun 2, 1894. were sufficiently mature; or the more happy result be obtained of the grevilleas winting by coming to maturity in time to save coffee. It was a highly interesting race. He moved, in very complimentory terms, a vote cf thanks to the directcrs, to the managers of the ertate, and to the Oeylcn agents Messrs, George Steuart & Co., including Mr. Edward © 8. Grigs n. Mr, Johorton seconded. The CHAIRMAN, in acknowledgirg the vote, ex- presse p'easure st Messrs. George Steuart & Co. and Mr. Grigeon btiog ineluded init, and said be was sure he hed with him Mr. Moir, his sole coll:sgue in siart~ ing the Standard Tea Compary, when le ssid how much they had been, from tbe commencement, wisely, thoughtfully, thoroushly guided by Mesirs. George Steuart & Co., both in what they should kLuy aod what they should not, from the time when they commeaced with the purchase cf theSt. Leonards Estate and even before that. Mr. Morr bricfly but emphatically assented; and the proceedings terminated.—//. and C. Mail, M«y 4. ge ee THE ACME TEA CHEST, In one of his recent reports, the Inspector-General under the Companies Winding-up Act pointed out that avery large proportion of the losses incurred by investors in connection with joint-stock companies was due to their putting money into enterprises promoted to work patents. Notwithstanding this quasi-judicial utterance, which means a great deal, the enterprising patentee, or the syndicate farming his invention, is ever on the gui vive to secure the co-operatioa of the credulous investor. The latest exploit of this kind is the Acme Package Company, which appears to be a Glasgow venture, no less than five of the directors being Glasgow men, no doubt, of highly-approved respectability. THe company is formed, according to the prospectus, to acqnire the business and patent rights, together with the specal machinery and plant, of the Acme Tea Chest Syndicate, incorporated fof testing the prac- ticability, cost of production, and commercial value of an invention for the manufacture of tea chests aud similar packages. These chests are made of lead-coated sheet steel, under hydraulic pressure, and certain advantages are claimed for them which it probably requires an expert in the tea trade to appraise at their true value. We do not profess to any more knowledge on the subject than is possessed by the ordinary investor; but we have read the prospectus very carefully, and we fail to discover any good reason why the public shonld find £50,000 in hard cash for what, after all, is only an enlarged sort of experiment. The whole capital is fixed at £75,000 but shares of the value of £25,000 are to be allotted to the parent company in part payment of the purchase money, in addition to which it is to receive £3,000 in cash, “ to cover expenditure already incurred.” That is to say, the syndicate is to be recouped for the whole ofits outlay, to transfer the risk to the sharehold-rs of the public, and to receive five thousand £5 shares as the price of good.wiil and patent rights. Whatever happens, the syndicate will be all right. If it gets its £8,000 in money, it will stand “five thousand shares to nothing” as 4 sporting msn would put it. No evidence is forthcoming of the value of the plant, and, for all the investor knows, it may be worth wearer £800 than £8000; but, whatever it is worth, the proposed arrangement is an uncommonly good one for the Acme Tea Cheat Syndicate. The suthors of the prospectus appear to rely very much upon a trial of six weeks, when e’even thousand four hundred and eixty-nine chests were made and so'd, showing a net profit of £268. We do net suggest that there is anything incorrect in this statement of results; but it is as well to point ont the following clause :— * The foregoing statements in the separate sheet en- closed with the prospectus are fourded on information supplied by the managing director of the syndicate, and the directors Velieve them to bein al) respects true. It will, however, bs a condition of allotment that applicants agree with the company as trustees for Juny 2, 1894. ] the directors and all other partios liable, ‘ to waive any claim under the Directors’ Liability Act, 1890, for compensation in rspect of any mie- statement in the prospectus made by the di- rectors or others in the belief that it was true.’” That is certainly not a condition under any circumstances, fo which prudent investors ought to subscribe. The directors are, no doubt, acting in good faith; but they rely on the managing director, and the managing director is one of the inventore, and this anxiety to guard themselves against pos- sible future action for misrepreseotation does appear -to indicate that they have no sufficient means of testing the calculations put forward. Without im- puting the least bad faith, we caunot help saying that the introdactio: of this new waiver clause ig not the best of recommendations to the investing public. The Directors’ Liability Act was passed for the protection of investors, and, no matter how good the thing offered to them may be, they can hardly be cons‘dered wise if they voluntarily forego such protection as the Act gives them. But even if the figures quoted are strictly accurate, the deductions drawn from them in the prospectus are, to say the least. problematical. The six weeks pro- fit of £268 is ‘“‘ equil to a profit of £1,900 on the year of forty-five werks, after deducting on cost, which, on an estimated output ten times larger, will represent n surplus of £18,979, or sufficiont to pay 30 per cent. on £60,000 after allowing for dep eciation, Even though only half of tbe output should be reached, the ‘ profit would still be over 13 ; er cent.’ That sort of ealculation is altogether in the region of hypothesis. On whatbasis is the output estimated at ten times larger—that ie, at over eighty-six thousand chests per ennum ? There isno reason, s0 far as we cansee, why the proportion sum was not worked outon the basis of an output one hundred times as large. If the promoting syndicate ha sat stantial grounds for beliey- ing that it oan cell eighty-six thoueand chests at a profit of £18,979, why does it not take investors into its confidence and explain fully what these grounds are? Tha‘ the ealculation is of a very conjectural kind seems to be shown. by the qualifying sentence—‘‘ even though only half of the output should be reached.” It is siid that, conditinnaliy on arrengements being made for anadequa‘e future supply, p'anters re present- ing more than one-fourth of the etire trate have placed orders with the syndicate for packages to be used in the season of 1895. If we reid this cor- rectly it means that the commercial success of the enterprise depends materially on the size of tbe factory .and sufficiency of the plant. But these, again, depend upon the amount of capita invested, and it is a fair inference that if only a part of the required mouey be forthcoming only a part of the programme can be carried ont; and if only a part of the programme be carried out it seens quite possible that the necessary assurances cannot be given which would justify the planters in discarding their present sources of supply. From thii point of view, therefore, the echeme is veiled in uncertainty. Then, although this is an age of change, it remains to be seen whether tea traders will take kindly to the substitution of a sghvet-steel box for the old familiar woodin chest, with its quaint characteristics. The grocer, asa rule, likes togive a foreign character to his window display, and the Chivese or Indian hisroglyphics on his tea chests are not only picturesque, bat invest even infe:ior contents with a genuine appearance. He may not approve of metal sheeting manufactured in Glasgow, which does not promise to beeither e thing of beanty or a warranty of origin. This is, perhaps,a sentimental objection ; but even sentiment has still its place in business affairs, Inany case, the company can only be re- gardedas more or less experimental, and we do not think, after the experierce which thepublic has hai of experimental undertakings, that it is likely to contribute the £50,000 for proving if therix weeks trial of the Tea Cliest Syndicate does or does not justify the sanguine expectations upon which it bases its appeal for funds.—Finaneial News. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. aE PLANTING IN WYNAAD v. CEYLON. The following opinion of an old traveller, who knows both South Wynaad and Ceylon well, is interesting :—‘‘ What I baye seen of Wynaad as & tea-producing country I like; -it is a fine country with a grand future. The climate is glorious, hard, bracing, yet forcing, the sort that puts iron and grit into men’s bones and keeps the blood in the vein and the gastric juices in work. What it wants is more men and more money. Hpgland should send its capitalists to South Wynaad, and if they cannot go themselves, let them send their money—plenty of it. Things do not perhaps go so fast there as in Ceylon; but they are safer, and you are among men of the slow but sure stock and breed. Oeylon teas have fallen off so much in quality of late years, or such large quantities of comparatively spesk. ing ‘rubbish’ have been shipped from Ceylon, that the chief use to which Indian teas are put is that of supplying the deficiencies of the Ceylon produce. A low quality and a large quantity of Oeylon tea mixed with a high quality and small quantity of Indian tea results in a merchantable article that is consumed by persons who do not dream that India has given the flavor and strength that they find palatabla in ‘the cup that cheers but not inebriates’ them. South Wynaad can easily oust Ceylon, and with more ease than that little Island did (with the help of India) China, from the tea market.” Wo will not say that we are prepared to go the whcle length with our worthy corres- pondent, but there is truth in his observations enough to set Ceylon cogitating.—//. Times. SOME REFLECTIONS ON MR. BAMBER’S TEA BOOK. I do not suppose that every one will agree with everything written in this book, Mr, Bamber has certain y brought himself up to the present level of te. science (or knowledge) and probably has given us some new itema to goiioouc Note Bovks, It is unfurtuvate from my view ofthe matter that he bas not sterted with a defi:ition of good tea” He was employed to fiud out for us whatis best iu every way butin default cf a cefivition I presame thst he has taken as his standard the tea that“ sello’’ at the best prices. It doeenct follow tbat this is best for driuk:ng for taste for sustaining qualitias or ior apy virtus, but the ons of meeting the want of our ohiet market 2. é, Mincing Lane. I leaye alone all but \ kat concerns the mave tea: go 1 begin at page 150. Page 150 of Mr. Bambe:’s book — Essential oii ” the quanti y largely incr a-e3 wheu the growth of the leaf 13 partially checked either by cold” &c. &c. This could acccant for Hill tias beg flavoury. Plain gardens also might maken certain quantity of fla- voury tea in cold. weather, and when attacked by green fly (see page 249 of Mr. Bsiaber’s bceok) and when drinking {et is wanted this fine flavoury tea could be kept to bring up the quality ot the raing een fact to gain the benefit of blenaing for one’s self. Page 152. lésibid. “At the same time the tea With higher percentages of Theine would hayo a greatir beneficial effect onthe human system, only this fact is disregarded.’—Not of course by the consum.r, but asyet we have nothivg to do with him. Page 155 ibid. * This change wouldgo on in im- perfectly dried leaf, and the mellowing of the tea when kept for a long period is probably due to this.” Tbis won’t do for the traie, they waut the tannin avd the tea, fresh. But for this mellowing our tea would be valueless, but we don’t get the benefit of it, We could get the same result by pro- ceases Of manufacture. Page 158 ibid. ‘The y.ung leayee of cer‘ain jats of tea which are of a pinkish brown colouy up tg 22 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JuLy 2, 1894. the time of pluckiug probably contain less tannin for the above reason.” I haye often heard that heavy manuring rpoils the quality of the tea (i.e. its b tterness) and it was attributed to the flush being more succu'ent and watery; here, however, we have a better reason. Page 160 ibid. Legamin “and it is to ths that their intuitive value is chiefly due in tea, it also occurs up to 24 per cent.”—Ses also pige 229 az to the value of egumin. The possibiity of making this solube without spoiling the taste of the tea sh ud be keph in view an! experi- mented on—any how tea for certain purposes might be especially made with soda in order to get at the Legumin. i think that I saw afew days ago a patent for some combination of tea and soda. Perhaps the invention is on a good track. Page 163 ibid. ‘Tbe wax’’ in the leaf. heard of this before. The Chinese withering process is confusing. It has not the same meaning as our term ‘‘ withering,” but the gentle patting of leaf before rolling has a very good effect on the product (the tea, made). Years ago Mr. Gow patented a wilberer which attempted this process—patting the Jeaf while it was being softened with warm air. Tbe result was unfortunate, as the leaf turned red, and the machine never came into use. A more rapid patting and vo hot air would probably bave given the leat the desired softness. Tonce got # fairly- good result by puttirg leaf in » revolving barrel, and with it several beams of wood four inchs square, but I abandoned the experi- ment for want of means. Page 203 ibid tells uz that plantations in Obina ‘s will not yield profitally after they are teu or twelve yea's old, aud they are often dug up and replanted before that time.” This idea stounds something like w theory held by some plaut-re that old gardens will nct give good tea, it is worth discussing. Page 208 ibid. ‘‘ Two leaves ard a bud are now commonly pluckeiat atime.” It isnot so very long ago that four ieaves could be p!ucked and 16 yeare ago, as Many as sixsends.vyen leaves were (aken and made into tes. It is a di-puted point whether coarse plucking gives more tea per acre than fine plucking : this being a question of libour—but it certa'nly docs not pay now to make coarse tea. Pege 210 ibid, ‘*On comparing chemically the tea produced from fine aud coarse plucking it has been found that the f.rmerhasa higher total extract and More tanbin while the theine is-about the same.” Before the time wheu Indian te: wai wanted for its tannin we could pluck aud send cours: tea Lecause the theine Wasaboutthe same, Poople d» drink tea which is wasty, weak, and ulmost unpalatable be- cause of its ‘theine. For this chemical, people, the world over, hunt up any plant con- taining it—loka, coffee, kola—it does not matter what the shell is s0 long us it contains theine. Having 10st sight of what the consumer wan‘s, we caunot now use our coarse leavis. Pege 211 ibid—Lower percentage of tannin and is due “also to the presence of a larger proportion of cellulose aniliqucse matter.” In Aus'ralia they used to drink ‘‘Posts and rails” 2.¢., stalks, because they contained theine—but all that is done away with—so let it pass. ; ‘ i Page 217 ibid.—Witherirg.—I fiod nothing new— the Istest idea is to use boards instead of cloth for withering op, but this came out atter Mr: Bamber’s book was published, Page 225 ibid.—‘‘Oxida'ion prccess.”—The cool separats house, the water spray, are old ideas more or less believed iv, these are all plans for retaining the strength. of the tea. 2 adage Page 227 ibid,—‘‘ 4th.”—Experiment of supplying a limited quantity of air tor checking oxidation might have been used with benefit in former days when deficient accommodation was allowed, as a rule, for heavy flushesof leat. The roiled leaf used to lie about and get sour, whereas had it been placed under heavy weights it would have remaincd unchanged, The sbove being the simplest. meuns of allowing @ “limited supply of ax.” I never Page 228 ibid.— With sir and oxygen gas which gave a bright co'our the liquor was fisvoury but not very pungent.” Liquid oxygen is now supplied: per- haps we shall ure it when we want flavour and do not mind losiog excessive puugency. 1 think that Mr. Bamber found thet oxygen hastened the oxi- dation: in these days of haste this also may be of value. Page 231 ibid, ‘If therefore wet fuel is employed at this stage the air, although heated will be amost saturated with moisture from the wood and incapable of rapidly removing the moistare from the leaf.” There most ba some mistake here; bow does the sir from the wet wood get to the tea? The furnsce procucts go up the chimney, the beat from wet or dry wood is only used to heat the air chambers of the furnace. Same page (231) Jast paragraph, etates that the high emperature employed and the rapid esespe of moisture as steam carries away the ess ntial oil mechanically. Pape 232 ivid. The temperature employed for firat firing averages sbout 27° F.” This must be a mis- print for 270° F. However this paragraph tells ns of the harm done by driving off the final moisture by the use of too high a temperature and too great a draught. Now the down-drauzht sirocco reverses a'l the inrtructions given by Mr. Bamber. The wet lesf is put in the bottom and eupplied with compara- tively cool witair, the dried ta at the top gets the maximum of t*mperature and the greatest dranght. For this rexson probab'y this machine is not liked as @ finishing mechine and is generally u-ed only for half firing, Mr. Bamber remarks on the D. D. Sirocco in page 233, but does not seem to have detected the fault of doing exactly the reverse of what he con- siders right aud proper. Page 234 ibid. About “fat'y acids” and “ cheesy flavour’’ shooli be studied thoroughly; for un- doubtedly every pound of clieesy tea helps to give us @& bad name, Page 285 ibid. Final firing “in a temperature of 212° F for over tw.» hours.’’ Mr. Bamber shows us plainly the benefit of this, and it is probable that if his instructions were carried out universally, there would be much less bad tea seut to the break- fast table. When we work for the consumer, we chall have to atterd to such details, as under-curcd tea will be rejected, and rightly so. But as we make tea only to sell, it certainly is a great point to have it a3 heavy #s possitle up to the moment to its being knocked down, at say 5d, For a short perid tLe urd r-cored tea is not very bad, but the process of long slow fival firing will lore sou as much as 5 per cent. in weight. I: is argued that the loss of value through omittiog this fiual firng, and the loss cf weight by doing it thoroughly, just about counterbalince one another. Sowhy take the trouble ? Here again we bave the “market” in full view, but the consumer is lost sight of. Page (249) ibid—R2marks on the “tea made from bushes blizhted with green fiy.” The yield at such times is very small—the chemistry of green fly leaf might be carefully studied; perhaps such studies might lead to importunt resuits, aud reveal some ‘method of masufacture which would give the de-ired result of flavcur and aroma. The Chinese have some way of shading the busbes for. rom: weeks before they «re p'ucked, in order to bleach the leaves prtially, the result being a tea of peculiarly deli- cate flavour. But our market has no palate for shades of flavour,—so we will let it pass. I have seen green fly affected bush s of which the flush was stuoted. I counted sixty fully growa (four and five leaf aud a tip) shoots on one axil some ef which were more then two inchea long. It would be of value-to know whether this temporary check to growth has any effect on the succeeding flush (shen the bight clears off). I have found that this blight clears cff very suddenly, and thit an abnor- mally fine flush eprings out at once. Shoald this invariably be so, planters would make prepara-igns for the sudden rush of leaf, ; Juty 2, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. <6) The above is very much what I would have said to Mr. Bamber if 1 bad had the opportunity of discussing his book with him. The great thing to discover is, what has Mr. Bamber taught us which will be of value. Yesrsago Mr. Wocd-Mason studie i out cremy the As:am bug (or mcsquito bight). This enemy is still in possession aud very much to. the front. A planter once joking'y said, “Tho remedy is to catch the avimal between the thumb and firs! finger and squeeze his thorex until he succumbs.’ And th’s is still the only remedy. Many a trve word is s id in jest. Let ine joke and say that some day we shall study tea from the consumer’s point of view, Then we sha'l want another Chemical Expert.—The Planter, a ee eee NATAL TEA REPORT. Mr. G. W. Drummond, of Kearsney, sends us the followivg:—I shall have only one more report to send you before the present tea season closes, aboot mid-June. Considering everything, April was a good month, and, as compared with last year very good. We hope to have an equally satisfactory May, and I am glad to say that there is every _ prospect of this, as the plants on all the estates of this district are looking healthy and not too full of wood. The recent cold nights do not seem to have checked the sap so much as I anticipated, many of the shoots haying full solid stems, and the leaves are still quite soft, especially from the well sheltered parts of the estates. A gentleman of 30 years’ Mincing Lane experience has recently been visiting us, and he says that in his opinion Natal teas more closely resemble those of Ceylon than any other. This was my owa opinion when I first. came-here, coupled with the teas of South Assam 7e., of Cachar and Sylhet. Oar whole es- timate is now within easy reach, and it is possible that we may make a substantial increase. The report which we publish aboye from Mr. G, W, Drummond, of Kearsney, is not only of an in- teresting but highly encouraging character. The season which is now drawing to a close has been eminently successful, and there is every prospect of the year’s output exceeding that of any previous year. ‘he tea industry, no less than the sugar, has long since got beyond the sample stage, and this continual breaking of records speaks of a progress which cannot but be flattering to our colonial pride, The testimony of the visitor from Miucing Lane as to the quality of Natal tea is no less gratifying, aad it is to be hoped the day is not far distant when Natal teas will secure as world-wide a reputa- tion as those of Ceylon, which they are said to so closely resemble.—Natal Mercury, May 4. ee TEA AND SCANDAL. Most «f your readers, L suppose, kuow the astiriig tane and words of ‘‘Old Simo», the Cellarer,’’ and therefore o1 that account as well as from interest in our national product, [hope the following amusing parody will be scceptable. It is called OLD TIM, THE TEKTOTALER. at Old Tim, the teetotaler, keeps a rare store, Of black and strong green tea, Of Souchong—and who can tell how many more, For a thirsty old soul is he—e! A thirsty old soul is he, Of Petoe and Twaukay he never doth fail, Whichall the day long he drinks out of a pail, For he never ale-th, he quaint y duth say, While he sticks to his fifty-two cups in a day For ho! ho! ho! O.d Tim can't know Acuw much of birch-broom there isin Pekoe ! 2 His Landlady sits in her own svill-rocm, Alone with the c.tsits she; Exerpt when she asks in the maid or the groom, To j-in her in tasking Tea—e! To join her in taking Tea, Now Tim hasa Tea-chest, but isn’t aware, That his Landlady helps herself freely from there, Tho’ the maidand the groom of the Landlady told, Yet Tim held his tongue—it. was no use to scold. For ho! ho! ho! He now doth know Where a)l his Bohea and souchong doth go. 3 Old Tim he reclines in his high-backed chiir, And plays a few tunes on a fife: He blows it for joy he doesn”: care, Since he puzzled her out of her life, Yet his Landlaiy out of her life. For he’s gota lock on his Tea-chest so strong, And the andlady tried it for ever go long — With hammer and tongs till she fainted away, And was then handed over to Policeman ! A, And ho! ho! Old Tim will show _ His Landlady up in the Court of Bow ! Chorus of Teetotalers in their Cups :— For ho! ho! ho! Old Tim will show His Landlady up in the Court of Bow! —Punch, Feb, 4th, 1871, ho! Prices or T'pa (From Read’s Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer, Saturday, April 27th, 1734.) : per lb. per lb. Green Tes 9s to 12s Pekoe -. 14s to 16s Ocngou -. 10s to 12s Imperial... 93 to 12s Bohia -. 103 to 12s Hyson ., 203 to 258 —[Notes and Queries p. 36, Vol. vii. 1853. ] Tra Marks —Accident threw in my way lately a cata'ogue of a large sale of teas in Mincing Lane, and my attention was drawn to certain marks agains} the several lots, which appeared to indicate parti- cular qualities, but to me as uninitiated, perfectly iscomprehensible. In this dilemma I asked one of our principal brokers the meaning of all this and I was informed that te1s sre sampled and tasted by the brokere, and divided in the main into seven classes distinguished as follows :— No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No.4 No.5 No.6 No.7 F k ayia: la 1. f, a to te bo th > z oii mg nle uae a 3 2 ) ons = 3 = a ahs Og 8s 8 28 cS) Berea ere ated s) A A Can any of your correspondents tell us when thi clacsification was first introduced, or the origin of the first two characters ? Can they be Chinese, and the mames given from some fancied resemblance to the Gallows, or the letter T turned sideways? My friend, the broker, though a very intelligent man could give me no information whatever on these points. . : —[Notes and Queries p. 197, Vol. viii. 1853 | It ia sometime since I gave you a fanciful name of Yea. Here’s tho latest (suppressing name of grocer):—‘ You do not know what pleasare is possi- ble ia drinking Tea until you have tasted ‘ Liquid Joy’ Tva(Registered). It is the Luxury of the Day. None Bl nied like it. a SunrLrower O1n.—Now ihat the price of cotton seed oil has risen, sunflower oil is nearly half as cheap as that oil, and it is now taking the place of it for many industrial purposes, Cotton-seed oil can, however, be easily distinguished by the nitric acid test, and its iodine vaius. With nitric acid of sp. gr. 1:37, sunflower vil gives no brown colouration. Messrs. Jolles & Wild report that sunflower oil is taking the place of votton-seed oil asan adulteration of margarine.—J/ndian Nngineer. 24 THE TROPICAL AGRICUL.TURIST. (Jury 2, 1894. Sa ee ee CCFFEE IN JAMAICA. A Novel Auction.—Among the properties brought to the hammer at Tokenhouse-yard yesterday, was a freehold estate in the parish of Manchester, Jamaica, consisting in all of about 3481 acres of coffee growing, vasture acd orange growing Jands. Bidding was exceptionally keen, with the reeult that a sale was effected at £4,330.—Duaily Chro- nicle, May 10. ——S TEA IN THE WYNAAD. COLOMBO TEA MARKET AS THE MINCING LANE OF THE EAST. Now that the Wynasad Tea Company has com- menos oprrations, it may be soid that the cultiva- tion of this product has ben firmly established iu this district, which, it h’s b-en proved, is £0 w Ill suited for it. It is a matter for rgret that it was not taken up sooner and when c ffee Arabica showed unmistakable signa of dying bask in certwin loca/ities that its place was uot at once occupied by the Iidica, However botter late than never. Thisxew departure hag caused a good deal of attention to be attracted in one way and another to Wynaad, which is all the bet- ter if ovly it is followed by capital. Oeslon stands forth as @ great tea-producing country, aud so it is not surprising that comparisons have been made with that Island. Comparisons, said Mrs. Malaprop, are odorous; and we msy add they are cuite as often ridiculous, Nevertheless people will make them. It was only the other day that we pubished a kctt r from “Old Wynaadian,” a gentieman who tovk a jaundicted view of Ceylon generally, while boartiug in an unnecessarily extravagant tone, so it s emed to us, of hisown district; and now we see that & colres- pondent has wri'ten to a contemporary stating that Wynaad can easily oust Ceylon trom the tra-market. It is perhaps hardly necessary to remark that there is about as much sense in this observation as if he had said Mysore can easily oust Brazil from the coffe mar- ket. Not only will Wynaad not oust Ceylon from the tea markets of the world, but neither will Southern India. It would need a bold prophet to prophesy today that ten years hence the total exports of tea from Southern India amounted to ten million lbs. Ceylon, it seems to us, is creating anecessary bugbeir out of Suuthern India ; its own extensions are likely to doit far more harm than ever the latter will. So far as Wyuaad is concerued, it is to the advantuge of C:ylon that tea ehovld be cultivated there, for it hay been shown that this Indian District produces a leaf drawing strcng full-bodied liquor, which mixes well with Ceylon leaf of inferior quality and therefore creates au in- creased demand for the latter. We should like to see the import duty on Indian teas withdrawn by the Ceylon Goveroment,us there is no doubt that Travan- core also grows @ tea that mixes well with much cf Oeylon, and whenthe young fields of Wynaad come into bearing, as they will shortly, there will ba st Il greater supply of this quality. It is always an ad- vantage to an agricultural enterprise to havea good market close to its doors, and, so faras we are aware, it is mot to the diradvantags of the market-town to have fresh fields to draw its suppliesfrom. There is no reason why Colomboshould not become the Mincing ‘Lane of the East. The tea indus‘ries of Ceylon end Southern India ought to work more in harmony with one another than they do at pr sent for we feel certaia that itwould be greatly to tteir mutual adrantage.— M. Mail. J ———_—_e—_ — ——- A NEW COCCID FROM CEYLON. The latest number of “ Indian Museum Notes” is distinctly above the average and the notes gain much by being neatly illustrated. Mr.G. B. Buckton, F.ns., contributes a paper on a new Coccid from Ceylon, which occupies first place. The insect which he had seen and describes he believes to be a distinct variety and since they only live a few days the oppor- tunities for observing them must naturally be rare. Attention and address are therefore required in securing them, and it is desirable that this should be done without delay. seeing that the insect has proved very troublesome in the Botanical Garden at Peradeniya where it multiplies with great rapi- dity and attacks the most showy plants in the Gar- den. A new species of Fulgoride is next described by M. Lethierry. Whe specimen reported upon was taken from levies aaa is, it seems, to be found. in its various stages of growth, swerming within the clasping sheaths of the leaves of the Indian corn plant. In wet weather itis covered bya sooty fungue, which has :ot been noticed at othr times. It is also at- tended by ante. The eggs are buried in the tissues of the plant on the inside of the shrething leaver, the orifice being concealed by a deposit of white woolly s cretion. Thiir effect onthe plants depended much upon tke period at which they were attacked, the jounger ore: coming stunted and weakened, the older onts suffering in a sligttr degree. A new enemy of the custurd-apple ix next dealt with. Tha specimen upou which the genus ard syccics are founded was reared in the Museum frcm ca‘erpil'ars found tunnelling into the fruit of thecustard-apple in Caleuita. The icsect proved to be new to tLe Indien Mueeum collection, go it was forwarded to Lord Walsi: ghem, who snbmi ted itto Mr. F. Moore. Mr. Moore writes:— —‘ The moth from the custsrd-apple is also « phyeid, the specim n tent tome being that of a female. This has been kindly examined ond described for me by my friend Mons, Ragonot, who has charac- terised it es belonging to a new genas und species of Phycitide, to which he has giv n the name of Anoncepestis bengalella.” As the fewule only hus yet been described, it would be desirable to procure tie male. Mr. G. B. Buckton thea contributes some notes on Indian Apinidz dercribing particulerly and en aphie which infests the bamboo throughout Briiish India. The winged femsle, which is 1ow deteribed by Mr. Bucktor, and for the first time wes taken by Mr. E. E. Green, upon the cultivated yellow-temmcd bamboo in Ceylon. Mr. Grien notiers that although the sperons form is some’imes s» abundant as to completely cover the surface of the bamboo sbuote, the plant docs nt sppesr to be injured to any yery gecat extent. He adds that in !ife the wingless form is of a dull state grey colour el'ghtly obscured by a whitish blcom, the gravid females having a cashion of white meal upon the extremity of the abdowen. The winged form, on the otber hand, ig so dark in colour as to be slmost black, and is without any whitish bloom, Finelly, Mr. E. C. Cotes, Deputy Superinten ‘ent of the Indien Museum, ecntibutess eeries of miscellaneous notes for the Eutomological Section of the Mureum, which would alone render the number readeble.— Times of India, Oo - MixepD Forests.—We have before us a pamphlet ‘on Mixed Forests and their Advantages over Pure Forests by John Nisbet of the Indian Foreet Service. The argument seems to be that | “mixed forests have the great advantages of denser growth, larger and finer production of timber both as regards quantity and quality, and lessened danger from storms, insects and fungoid diseases.” We are told that, ‘‘in France where forestry is well understood and practised, although not quite ro scientifically as in Germany, mixed forests form the bulk cf the woodlands.” There would appear, therefore, to be. nothing novel in the question, but that it is not so well understood in Britain. Natural forests are of mixed growths, bu: in the struggle for existence shade-bearing species succeed in ousting trees that make greater demands on light. A conditon of things however which can be controlled by the forester in oulti- vated areas, The principle would seem to have only a limited value for application in Ceylon, yet its guiding principles already named might well be borne in mind where extensive areas are eet apart for the growth of timber trees, . JULY 2, 1894.1 COFFEE—TE A—CHOCOLATH. [A causerie of Dr. Joseph de Pietia:Santa, in the “ Journal d’llygiene;” apropos of what is said in Alfred Frauklin’s book, ‘‘La Vie Privéed’ Autrefois,” on the subject of the use of coffee, tea, and chocolate in the earlier days of their introduction into Hurope.] COFFER- The use of coffee was not intreduced into Paris without difficulties. It was not one ot those sudden, fashionable fads of which the history of our customs furnishes us so many exsmples. About the year 1660 some Armenians, cr par'ies calling themselves such, brought some packeges of ccffee from the South to Paris, and for awhile tried to get people to use it, but they could not overeome the indifference of the public. Indeed, very few Parisians of that day even euspected the existence of kave, os it was then spelt, and those who had heard mention of it took very little stock in it, as is proven by seme very bad verees on it, written and published by the advocate, Subligny (‘'La Muse de Oocur,’’ December 2, 1666).. One of them runs thus :— Its virtues uncqnalled, this Arabian balm (Everyone kuows it or thinks it), And)specially for women, it works like a charm, When the husband it is who drinks it. Our fathers did not take kindly tocoffee as a beverage, and an extraordinary event, one susceptible to striking their imagination, was necessary to make it the fashion. his came in 1669, when Mohamed 1V. rent an envoy-extraordinary to Lonis XIV. in the person of Soliman Aga Mustapha Raca, who pre- vious to this diplomatic mi:sion, had been “ Intended cf the Gardeas of the Seraglio’”’ (plainly head gardener of the harem). He was very hospitable and received in grand style, «specially welcoming the ladies who called in troops; and, following the custom of his country, coffee. was served to all visitors. Young and hardsome-slaves, dressed in the costumes, presented the ladies with demask rap- kine, embroidered and fringed with gold, and coffee served in cups, of the finest precelain, imported from Jepan. The liquid at first appeared detestable, abd it wasrarely ewal'owed without grimaces. All at once it kecame tke rage, as by enchantment, the enchanter being the Embassador, to whom it occurred to sweeten the beverage with a lump of sugar, 3 : Everybody who had the honour of having been received by Soliman, new in turn offered coffee to his or her guest, and thus it was that coffee became fashionable. From high society it soon spread to commoner folk, though only the richest of those could afford to yurchare the precious berry, the price of which was, in our money, 80fra, (about £3) & pound. It was on tale only in Marseil’es at first, and even there, the merchants not having forseen its sudden popularlty.|, had but little in stock. The Levant, Smyrna, and Hgypt bad lots of it and were eager to sell, so that in a very little time coffee was within the reach of all, Except, bowever,in the larger cities, there was not much demand for it. Its usereached the provinces about 1670. As for coffee honses—shops for its sale as a bever- age,—in spite of Paschal’s effort to introduce it aot the St. Germaio Fair, they did not make their appear- ~ ance until 1680. These were not much vieited, or were rather shunned by good scciety. ‘They were usually THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 2 dirty, Gark 1 ttle holes, where the frequerte.e sackeu, drank beer, and cupped adulterated coffee, The honour of having chorged al tiles belengsto a | gentleman of Palermo, F.aucesco Procopio dei C talli | by name, who bought svit.ble p sce snd bad it fitted up in the greatest luxary. Here astorised Parisians saw for the first :imea shop fitted up w.th costly and | elegant carpets and rugs, great mirrurs, crystal ehan- deliere, and marble tables, ou which they could te seived Lot merely with ex¢-ilent cotlee, but wish tea, chocolate, icos, jiquors of all k nds, bis uits, confitures, eto. The innovation instantly Lecame ite {.sh.on, audfrom it we may date the reign of the café in Paris, 4 | | | i = The we of ccffee toon became univerra), ara €ven a tyrannical habituze, a pa:s’on sufficiently sircng to resitt all criticism, and even prosecution for the berry bad its strong opponents, even very fable cnemier. Among these were tte physicians whe Cencunced it roundly, propbesying all manner of distases, which. they declared would follow the use of So dengerous a beverage. Such doctors are not all dead yet, though not very numerous. [Liebig, the great chewist, was a great lover of coffee, drinking it at every meal in preference to the finest wines, (which were always on his table—presents from c owned heads and thegreat vintners of the world). One day a physician said to Liebig, in the hearimg of the writer, that he (L’ebig)corsumed toomuch coffee ‘‘Ucffee,” siid he, ‘is a slow poisov.” “Yes,” retorted Liebig, ‘an exceedingly Flowone. I have been drink- ing quantities of it for fifty years, and it has not poiscned me yet.’—F. L. J.} According to some of these gentry, c'ffee taken fasting actcd most injuricusly in the stomach (cavsat des ravages dans l'estomac—literally, ‘‘caured ravages in the stomach’’), and as proof of the fact they cited a proverb, which they ascribed to the great coffee drin- kers of the world, the Turks, and which says:—‘'If you bave ncthirg to eat with your coffce, swallew a button from your vest, cv do not drink at ell.” Others being too politic to deprive their patients of what they Icved, deca: ted upon the powerful rature of ground coflee, and advised their cliéntele to boil the whole berry, being careful to take off the husk, which was déengerously strong. Some followed this advice, drinking a sort of tis ne of coffee, which was digni- fled by the namecf cu/é d la Sultane. It must, how- ever, be confecsed that there were many physicians who regretted this ostracism of c ffee by the profession and it was one of these who counselled the use of cream with coffee and suger, Under this form the doctors evdcrsed its ue. Cafe au lait, thus introduced es a medicine, hes bad a brilliant career. It wes recommended in 1856, by Sieur Monin, a celebrated physician of Grenoble, who ordercd it {to be prepared aa follows :--"' Take a cup of good nik and heat it. When it commences to boil throw into it a table- epoorful of ground coffee end a spocnful of cassonade (unrefited suger), and let the whole boil a little time. After drivkirg thie liquid it is necessary to fast fir four hceurs. Used in this way the effects of ecffce are ipappricable.” We should hipe so! Dr, Monin. dec’ared that café aw lait ** did not curdle in the stomach nor obstract the bowels. It stopped coughing and fattened the patient.” Good Dr. Mcnin! The Faculty cf Medicine of Paris covcurred in the advice, and have remained of this mind vp to today. A thesis, dated 1697, sounded the vir:ues and recom- metded the use of café aw lait; but another cated 1715 demcnstra‘'ed that the coistant use of coffee did not have much effect, for in the following year, the Faculty, in open school, ain itted that coffte favoured les travevx de Vesprit, or aa we wou d spy today, is of benefit to brain workers. In March 1718, a caudidate, in a thesis, demonstrated that ‘‘the Jong and babitual use of coffee in ro way predieposcd the user to apoplexy,’’ from which we mey irfer that it did £0 predispore was one of the many charges xgainst the prceless berry. At the sane time we find Daniel Duncan, ,r samably a Scotchmen, accusing coffee of being the cause of impotence in menand sterility in Women. The Perisian coffee guzzlers, however, dij not bother their beads about theses controversies, if we way believe the ‘‘ Mercere Galant ” concerning tke'r favourite tipple :— As they val egaicst weman, So they rail et this! brue, They curse it and danin it, Bat they driuk, of it too, They rail atthe ladies, But love ’em the came; With ccffee and wom:n, they Embrace what they blame, ete, 26 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. nares ecard pnalneemersessapmesipacen esd ete nena TLA. The use of tea az a beverage did not spread ip Europe as rapidly as that of coffee did. It was ouly well toward the middle of the reventeenth century that it made its first appearance in Pavis, Commissioner Delamarre, in his ‘ Traité de la Police,’ tells us that tex commenced to come into use in Paris in 1636, an essertion not backed up wi'h proofs, it is true, but one that I am disposed to accept. I find tes, bowever, first mentioned in a letter from Paris, written y Guy Patin, dated March 22, 1648, It ccst a pretty penny at that time, if we may belicve Father Alexander, of Rhodes, who rays:—‘* The Hol- landers carry tay [it is thus writt-n ino the original from which I would infer that Pere Alexander de Rhodes, like the “ Wild Man of Borneo,” of the dime museum, cime rather from Tippe ary then from Rhodes. Corcerning the price of the “ tay,” of which be comp!ains, I would say that 243 yer 1b. (a livre was, equivalent in va'ue to ebout ten pence of our morey, snd a sol was a twen'ieth part of a livre) would be considered very low even now for @ really first-c'ass article of te1, sush as Kussiavs of the better class use today. ‘Th3 writer has paid as high as 20 roubles (£3 23) the poud for the test tea, whch at thit time was brought overland through Asia by caravan. A specimen of tea from Crylon recently sold in Loudon at auction, at £8 the pound.—F. L. J.] from Ohina to Paris, a nd there sell for 30 livres the pound what cost them.in that country 8 to 10 s:ls, and yet I notice that, or the most part, the tay is very old and musty.” Chancellor Seguier, abont this time, accepied tbe dedication to him ot a thesig upon the virtues, medi- cinal and otherwise, of tea. 1t is very probable that the influence of this high dignitary had a marked effect upon the faculty of medicine, since the latter, so hostile, as we have seen, to coffee, silowed itself to ba eaily persuaded in the case of tea. In 1659 the learned Dr. Denis Jonquet did not hesitate to call tea the “divine herb,” in which he ‘found all the delights of ambrosia’ In 1685 Dr. Sylvester Defour deolared that tea ‘“infallibly cured” a great number of malalies; that it was such a powerful diuretic that, taken in quantity, it would cause diabetes in which there is according to the doctor, ‘‘a mighty copiona flax of urine, resembling the tea that one bas druuk.” Society followed the surrender of the faculty, and in epite of its high price tea was held in such honour in 1694, according to Apothecary Pomet, that “there were very few p2ople of quality and of well- to-do bourgeois who dij not use it.” Scarron com- merced to use texin 1659,and in 1680 Madame de Sabliere conceived the addition of milk to the brew. We lcarn that the Princess de Tarente, at this time, drank twelve cups of tea duly. She continued to use it though only inthe moroings, upto the time of her death. ' Daniel Huct, the learned bishop of Avranches, who died at the goodold age of 91 years, was a passionate lover of tea. delightful odour ssemed at once to clear away the mists from his brain, and hence he called it his brain- broom (le balai de Vesprit). . The Princess Palatine, ov the contrary, would use neither tea nor coffee, reserving to the laet her German passion for beer, and for chouwx au sucre (cabbage dressed with sugar). CHOCOLATE. First imported into Europe from Mexico by the Spanish C nquistadores, chocolate was long considered @® Medicine, and it was as such tha‘ it first made its way into. France It was at once accepted by the faculty of medicice with whom it has ever been a favourite. - ; In 1684 the biccalaureate Foucault took for hia thesis the subject, “An chocolate usus esalubris,”—Is the nse of chocolate healthy? His work was a pan, an enthusiastic evlogium on the Mexican bean. He declares, however, that if oue use; it for the pleasure it gives, he must limit hims+lf to two cups per diem. The bilious should pr. pare it with water of endives, and the constipates should add rhubarb He declared that its [Jury 2, 1894. to it. It should alwaye be avoided during the doz- days. It ia of great cervice to those who-e stomachs have become enfeebled by colics, diarrhoss borbori- (meteorism), and too copious ‘yaevations, It is so nourishing that :o soup or mest bouillon cap sustain life ro lovg or so well. Dr. Blegoy recommends its use in “* colde (rheums) aod fioxions of the chest, inflammations of the throat, insomnia, chorela morbus, diarrhoea and dysentery ” ; while io the eyes of Dr. Hecauet, Dean of the Faculty in 1712, ‘* chocolate was scercely to be con- eidered as having the quality or title of a driok, but should be pleced among the bouillons and conrommes, 8? nourishing is it and full of juice, being itself capable of sustaini'g the life and strength «f even the most robust.” Nich] s Andry, « colleague of Hecquet, in 1713, states that ‘ choco’ate cures even pbthisie, but,” he adds, as a taving elaure, “ not as a@ rule.” In this concert of praiseful song there is, of course, here and there a dircirdant wore, while checolate even hai its enemies ard detractors. The cvlebrated Englih doctor, Lister, in 1698, declares it to be “a «angerons aperient, tut at the same time a groas sort of food that migbt suit the stomach of an Indian”; and Dr. Duncen, in 1705, gave his condemnation to chocolate. Contrary toSangrado, m.p., of facetious memory, Duncan pre- ecribed only hot drinks. The Princess Palatine, along with tes and coffes, abhorred chox late, and accused it of all m. noer of diet: tio acd byginio malfeasauces, not to say felon’e:. In a tetter dated November 10th 1716, the even de- clared that chocolate had spoiled the teeth of Qacen Christine. Between two evils, itisa gocd rule to choore the lesser one. The |’arisians, wuo knew how to prepare chocolate in the mcst perfect mavner, were always passionately fond of choco'ate, and its pra ses were sung by everybody.—Good Health. a ESSENTIAL OILS. The Semi-Annual Report of Mcs:rs. Schimmel & Co, of Leipzig & New York, is as usual full of interest.—We make two quotations of Iccal interest :— CifRONELLA O1t,—Practical results have already acerucd from the measures taken by us to put a stop to the adulteration «f this oil with kerosene and fixe i oils, a malpractice which had been gradually gaining grouu?. As far beck as October 1593 the firm of E. ‘1’. Delmege in Point de Galle, Ceylon, informed us tiat'they were prepared to supply citronella cil answering the requircmeats presorited by us. More recently, also, the firm of Volkart Brothera of Co!omb» offered us citronella oil ‘* standing Schimm:] & Cu’s test,” and ulihough the consignmext of about 10 tons ordered by us as a retult of this offer has not ye: come into our poss‘s ion, it can hardly be doubted that it will be delivered according to the terms of the contract, These statements teem t» prove that up to the preeent everything has not been above board in ths manufacture of citrouella oil. Itis to the inte-est of e!limporters that in placivug their orders they should make it a condition thst the oil be gonform to our test, in order thit thefavourab:e result of our iaterve:t.ou may notere long be lost again. _ - The prices of citrovella oil have remained unchanged and it may now be stated that they have reached the utmost possible limit of reluction. The shipments have decreared, during the last ft w years, t> an ex'ent which appeirs to ivdicats a reduced consumption, a kind of ‘ citronclla-aversion,” (if we may call it by that name), in th: soap-industry. T ecx,o:tg from Colombo and Gaile, tke oly two Oeylo: ports from which citrouella o:t is sh pped were :— 10,696,481 oz. $03 ... in 1893, aga’nst. 13,512,026 --,,- tee | ron aE ~ 11,263,581 -,, “2 noe tes BON 14,559,075. ,, ove ws. », 1890 10,263,433 y pay ete see » ©1889 Juty 2, 1894. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 24 Theee figures show a fallirg-off during 1893, of 30 per cent compared with 1892, and 45 per cent com- pared with 1890. Tbis reduction lies simply in the enormous shrinkage in the consumption of citronel’a oil in the United States. The imports into that country during the last two years show the following contrast: — 1892 1893 5,878,938, oz. 2,602,368 cz. On the cther iard tbe exports to Germany, and especially to Ausiralis, show en iverease. The Aus- tralian eoap-indus'ry, by the way, bas ceveloped in an extraordinary degree during the last few years. The exports to Australia were as follows :— 1892 1893 45,280 cz, 1,126,288 oz. Then of new products, we have an experi- ment with the flower of a tree wellknown in Ceylon :— CHAMPAcCA OrLt.—Said to be the distillate of the fi._wers of Michelia Champaca L.A pale yellcw es- tential oil of thin consistency eomewhat resembling oil of orris in odovr. An oil distitled from tho fresbly- gathered flowers of the champaca, which we received frum Maniia many years ago was altogether different from the Jaya oil. Its colour was a reddish yelluw and it had an incomparably fragraut perfume sore- what reminding of that of cessie-flowers. Even at ordinary temperature considerab'e quantities cf crystals separated ovt from this oil. : The Java ci-tillate to which weare vow referring has a sp. gr. of 0914 ardan opt. rot, power of—13 deg. 14in. in a 100 mm tube. We did not consicer the perfame of the epecimen sufficiently fine and charac- teristic to warrant us in ordering apy of this. oil particularly as the price asked frit would have placed it among the costliest perfomes. It is not im- possible, however, that the quality of the oil may be improved by alterations in tne mode of preparation. We are now in correspordence with the manu- faoturer on this subject. SS JAVA. The Coffee and Oinchona Agricaltural Company Pagilaran has held its cnoual meeting, and from the report it is observed that there were on the under- taking on Dec; 31st 1893, 2,157,828 cinchona and 310,800 coffee treee. In congequence of the constant fall of the cinchona prices and the decreace in the ccffee production, the working gave a loss of fl. 28.143. Under the presett circumstences it was impossible to redeem bonds, which is provisionally to be stop- ped.—Z, and C. Express, Riir8S Wnt nont at*: BOLIVIAN RUBBER. The Freneh Obargé d’Affaires La Paz, writing from Santiago, states, that ecme new grcves of ficus elastica have becn discovered on the river Verde, Yaroo, Itenes, San Martin, Poragus, and their affuents. From Senta Oruz to Rio Paregua is a journey of 119 leagues, which would take fifteen days over a flat and traversable route, passing through numerous farms. But 22 leagues of the route would have to be through a desert which would bave to be -mrked out frcm a point called Riavés as far as Rainconadsa where the first acacias ‘‘so rich in gum” are found. Rincopada (on the Rio Paragua) woud have to be the cepot for the borvacha cakes, which would have toke exported through Puerto Saurez, distant 165 leagues. ‘his distance could be covered in twenty-five days, overa fair cart road, but witha poor water supply.—/ndiarubber Journal. ae Tar Cotomso TEA Markret—says the Editor of the Madras Mail—might well serve the Wynaad and Nilgirias well as Travancore districts if only the ‘import duty on Indian teas was withdrawn by the Ceylon Government,” andin fact it might become the ‘‘ Mincing Lane of the Hast.” | | THE AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES OF CANADA. Tho above is the title of a pamphlet, embcdy- ing & special report on the subject by Professor Wallace, and published by authority of the Gc- vernment of Canada. The Professor who occu- pies the Chair of Agriculture at Edinburgh Univer- sity is already known as a writer of sgricultural works. Besides his ‘‘Farm live-stock of Great Britain,” “Indian Agriculture.” and ‘The Rural Economy and Agriculture of Australia and New Zealand,” Professor Wal'ace bas written a large number of pamphlets. In the preface to the pre- cent brochure we reed tbat the High Ccommis- sioner for Canada believes that the report of Prof. Wallace will be read with much interest by the jarmers of the United Kingdom, and tbat its value is much enhanced ty tke fact that the Profeesor visited Canada in 1879 as-a member of the Tenant Farmers’ Delegation, and is therefore able to bear witness to the great progress which has teen made in the country in the intervening period. The following hints as to the land regu- lations in force in the different provinces may prove useful :— In Manitoba and the North-West, free grants of 160 scres are offered to eligible settlers—i.c., males over 18 years cf age, and females wkoare the heads of femilies ; furtter quantities may be purchased either from the Government, or the various Jand and railway compapies at prices ranging from 103 an acre. In Prince Edward Island, Government land may be purckased at from 4s 2d an acre. In Nova Scotia, the price of Orown land is £8 per 100 acres ; New Brunswick gives free grants of 100 acres, on condition of certain improvements, and on payment of £4 in cash, or work on public works totheextent of £2 per annum for three yerre. Residence and certain improvements are also required. In Ontario free grants of from 100 to 200 acres are made with tbe option of purchartirg mcre, if required, at alow rote. The grants in. Ortario are subject to certain conditicns. In the Rainy River Gistrict to the west of Lake Suprricr, frre prents sre also given from 120 to 160 acres, with the privilege of purchasing an additional quantity. In British Oolumbia, land can be obtained both from the Provincial and Dominion Gcvernments at frcm 4s 2d per acre, on certain conditions of settlement and improvements. For land free of conditions 20s per acre is charged by the Dominion Government; but no sale, except in special cases, is to exceed 640 acres to one person. Improved farms may be purchastd in all the provinces at reasonable rates. They are suitable for persons with some means who desire more of the social surroundings than can be found in those parts of the country in which Government lands are still ayai!- able for occuyation and settlement. Most things in America are done on a colossal scale. Professor Wallace makes mention of a farm he visited at Indianhead, managed by Mr. W. B. Sheppord, the total erea of which was 43,000 acres. He remarks incidentally tbat last season an excellent crop of wheat was reaped off 14,000 acres, oats and tarley occupying another 200 acres. Referring to the subject of immigration, the Professor makes the following observations :— The amount of capital which an enterprising emi- grant possesses ougbt to govern him in the selection of the district in which he jntends tosettle. A mau of limited means—say of £500 up to £1,000 of oapital —would naturally go to the north of Alberta, toths Edmonton district, where he could secure, say, 50 cows at $30 each, and rapidly breed a herd of 200 animals. He would take up a homestead at sa original outlay of $10, He cannot now secure a pre- emption, but hay can be got from Government land at 10 cents per ton, and can be put up at a costof $14 a ton. A small vumber of cattlecan be kept at home without straying into the general herd, aud 28 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. can be main’ained in excellent condition duting winter with 2 tons of hay for each, or one fecd of hay with another of etraw. Where mixcd farn- jug is uudertaken, it is believed that a more intensive meticd of managemenot, which invo'yed the growth of oats ani barley, and roots of a’) kinds for the support of sheep, cattle, and hogs, wonld have every prospect of succes: in the imme- diate fu'ure. All these crops grow well in the North-West regious, which, however, are ot suitable for the production of wheat to a greater extent than is required for home comsnmption. A settler with a limited amount of cipital might do yery will in the large ranch district to the south of the pro- vince, in the neighbourhood of McLeod, by investing in steers, which would run with the large mob of cattle of the district, while he engaged himself to work with someone who has b2en established for some time. The district asscciation may be safely left to attend to the cattle at the round-ups for a moderate fixed sum per head. A man with w capital of £2,000 or £3,000 ig in a different p::iivp. If he is confi- dent that he can undertake ti e management of a ranch on his own account and learn by the wav, he mizht start at once, a'though itis always ndv s.ple to gain g§)Me exp2rieuce, of a new conn‘ry before investing capital 10 a xy enterprise of this kind. He wou'd take up a homestead, and prevent his stcck from s‘traying apy conriderable distance froin home, The difference between “ chilled’’ and ‘* froz n” meats is not generally known, and the following explanation is therefore interetting :-- It is a fact that the method of preservation which is known by the vame of ‘‘ chiliny” does not injare the beef as it is injured when frozen througu—a process which till recently was contiifered neces-ary in tha case of Australian and New Zaland beef in order to enable it to orossthe Equator. The chilling proces’ only involves a reduction of temperature, in the c!.amber in. which the beef is preserved, of a few ‘degree below the freezing points of water, This moderately low temperature does not affect the int: rior of the caroass, a3 the juices of meat freeze at a lower temperature thau water, and the mass does not become hard and ice-like. In connection with this subject reference is made to the Canadian Cold Storage Agricultural Com- pany, which {freezes about 25,000 sheep and come 6,900 or 7,000 head of cattle. A regular trade is maintained by this Company with Vancouver and Victoria for the supply of both beef and mutton by the aid of refrigerated cars, which carry it over the Canadian Pacific Railway through the Rccky Mountains; but since the opening ofa market in England, Prof. Wallace believes that a considerable impetus has been given to the increase of livestock in this part of Uanada. The - Ontario Agricultural! Collegeis a well-known insti- tution, and the good work done by it is fully recognized in the agricultural world. It is, there- fore, not surprising to find Prof. Wallace saying in the course of adesoription of the institution— *«QOntario may well be congratulated on her posses- sion of one of the most perfect centres for instruction in agriculture {o be found in any part of the British dominions.’ The Dominion Experimental Farms, three of which were visiled by Prof- Wallace, from being at first igcored, are said to be now regarded by the most enlightened farmers of Canada as a boon to the country. These colleges grow various crops experimentally, dis- tribute seed all over the country, and are centres where inquiry and research, with a view to kenetit the agriculturist, are carried or. The following re- ferenc3 to Dr. Barnardo’s farm is specially inter- esting :— Dr. Barrando’s Industrial Farm, establisbed in April 1883, is the visible evidence of a successful enterprise audis well worthy of yisit of inspection. The erer eztends toabont 9,000 acres located between the Ag. (Juuy 2, 1894. niboive River on the west aed the Manitoba and North-Western RKiilway— he Risseil branch—on the ‘ast. Fifty youths are now kept in residence, but it ie Pp oporei to incresse the number to 100, the ebject being to train certain boys who have completed their school education at the Homes in London to the agricultural life of Canada and to prepare them firet to enter iuto the employment o' Canidian farmer ,who are asa ru'c, anxious to secure their servieevand whos pay them $5 to $10 per month with tvod; aid ultimately after a few vears of experience and after ascumlating a little e:pta', to take up homes'eads of their own. The staff covsistsof (he »g nt end manager (Mr. E.A. Struthers), a farm superivuteodent, » house master, bu:ter-maker ani euperintecdent of the creamery, a gardener, a cirje ter and four under foremer. The average length of time spent by the boyeat the iosti- tntiou is aout eight mon hs. Tiere are about 600 acres in cult va'‘ios, on -lifth being fallow, a-d the crops are the orlinwy grain crops. Whe garden forms 6 promin«nt feature and ext->nds to 25 acr.s, in which al! sorts of vegetables are produced. The dairy department ia perhaps oue of the mos compl: te ; about 60 cows are kept and cream is aleo bought rom ferm- era in the neighboorhood, who are allowed 15 ce: ts per ponn | for the butter produced. Tnetutter is cold in British Columbia and in Winnipeg direct to the wrolessla merchants, and the price reczivei iu 1892 was 243 cents per lb, _—_ ow ———— COFFEE PROSPECTS IN COORG do not seem to be very good, but as fer as may be judzed from the ccnflicting reports afloat, wiat blorsom there was seems t) haveset fairly well. Tie usual wails about the blossom having all gone‘ fut.” ‘ra being beard, of covure, but then ‘ bLioseom estimates "—as preprietors know oily too well—are apt to be ceceptive.—-South of India Observer, - - TEA AND SCANDAL, i The Tea! The Tea! The Genuine Tea! S:uchong, Young Hyson, Gunpowder, Bohea ! Wittout a leaf that was not found Growing on N qua’s famous ground, lt fills the Teap-t, an! from the spout The hand of beauty pours it out. I’m fer the Tea! I'm for the Tea ! No Chocolate, Coffee, or such for me; No sky-b}ue milk to blend with its flow - N: silence when round dosh the Tea-tray go ; If friends drop in, we will hail with glee Their preseuce, and quaff cur cups of Tea! 3 I love oh! how I love to sip The green, green Tea, with my willing lip, When the toastis brown, and the muffin’s hof, And there’s plenty of Tea in the China pot; And to talk some scandal snd how below Matters and things in, this world do g* 4 I never sat down wih a “dull, tame “ bore,’ But I loved a tea-party more and more, And I backward flew to the cheerful sup Live a bird thet nibbles its sugar up; And sugar it was, and more to me, For ’twas blent with the flavour of good green Tea! The clouds were dull and rainy the morn— So the gcssip say—when I wag born ; The keitle sang, aud the jeet was told, Ani the Tea-cups aud saucers wrre green and ‘gold ; And bever was beard sucha chattering wild -As welcomed to Congo the Ching child, 6 % ’ve lived since then upon “ heayy wet,” And all sorts of drinks which a maa can get, With splitiing headaches and purpled nose, With empty pockets and tattered clothes But V’ve signed the pledge, and when death seets me He shall find me cyer a cup of Tea, : (ANONEMOTS.) I have come across a literary curiosity among m collection of bookson Tes, Joseph M, Walsh, barack a Tea-dealer in Philadelpbis, bas written on this THE TROPICAL Juty 2, 1894.) subject, and although he says in his prefic., that ‘utility, not originality has been aimed at in the compilation of this work,” I do not think that justifies him in plagiarisiog wholesale without acknowledgment. I have another book written by S. P. Day, and I should like you to carefully observe the titles and dates of the two. ARICULTURIST. three realms obey,” (p. 64.) Brady, in his well-known me'rical version of the ‘Psalms,’ thus illustrates the advantares accruing therefrom :— &9. Anne whem the (sic !) realms obey,” &c. (p. 233.) While Brady in his well- known metrical versioa of the psalms, thus illus- trated its alvantazes:— ‘ Over our tea conversa- Tra: Irs Mystery AND History, by Samuel Phil- lips Day, Londo, 1878. Eminent writers, also, considered it no indignity to extol the precious beve- raga, What Bacchanalian and hunting songs, cava- lier and. sea-songs, rhapso- dioal treatises in laudation ef hunting, coaching, and 80 forth are to the litera- ture of Englaud. such was Tea to the writers, artists and musicians of Chi’ a andJapav. Ino'ber wor’s their D.ckense:, their Goldsmiths, inst-ad of haying awide variety of topics to treat of as was the case w th their Hoglish compeers were co fined to one subject—T a. Indeed each plantation was sup- posed to possess its pecu- Jiay virtues and exce'lences lke to the slightly varying vmeyardiof the Rbine, tha Khone, the Garopne or the Moselle. Each had ite poet to sing its paises in ruoning rbymes. In illustration one Chinese bard who seemingly wasan Anacreon in his way, maznifies the shrub that grows on the Mong-shan mountains in tho territory cf Yachew in words which Jit: rally tran- tlated mean: — Ons ounce doth all disorders cure, d&,, &c. However hyperbo!ie.l this testimony mey be consi- Gered it at least serves to show the high estimation in which Tea wes held. (p. 23.) Almost the first literary evlogist to espouse the cause of the new drink was Hdmund Waller. He recites how he became induced to taste Tea. , » . . In the poem which Jursiehes several references to tha infused loaf occurs the fo'lowin, pregnant al- lusion :— The Muses friend, Tea doth our fancy aid,” &c. Byron in later times be- came an enthusi in its favour averring t he “Must have recourse to black Bohea” while he pronouners Green Tea “The Chinese mymph of tears.” (p, 38.) That Queen Anne ranked among the votaries of the leaf is manifest from Pope's Couplet :— “Thou great Anne whom Tra: Its Hisrorny AND Mysrery, (illustrated) by Joseph M. Walsh, Phila- delpbia, 1892. * * * Hminent writers of all times and all coun- tries considering it no indignity ¢o extol the virtues of this precious and fiscivating baverage, What Bacchava'ian ani huotiug sopgs, cavalier and sea-gongs, raphsodies (sic!) and laudations of other subjects have been to our literature, such was tea to the writers, poets, ar- tists and musicians of China snd Japin, their’s being confinei to the sim- pla subject—Tea, Hach plantat:on was suppo:ed to porsoss its own peculiar virtues and excellences not unlike the vinoyerls of the Rhine, the Rhone and the Moselle, cach had its pot to sing its pra'ses in running riymer., One Chinese bard who seem- ingly was an Anacreon in his way magaifying the product of the Wov-c-shan woun'ains ia terms liter- ally translated as fo!lo #s:— One ounce does all dis- orders cure, d&., &o. However hyperbotical this testimopy may be coasi- dered, it at least serves to show the high estimation in which th2 plant wa3 held in China, (p. 232.) The first literary eulo- gist to espous3 the cause of the new driok in Europe was Hdmund Waller recit- ing how he becsne first induced to taste it Ina post containing several references to the leaf occurs the following prez- naut allusicn to tea:— “The Muses friend doth our faucy aid,” &*. (p. 233) Byron in his latter years became an enthusiist on the use of ter averring that he “Must have re- course to black Bohea,” still later pronouncing Green Tea to be the Chinese nymph ot teirs. (p, 234.) That Qaeen Anne ranked amongs’ its votaries is manifest from Pope’s celevrated couplet ;— “Though (sic!) great ‘When in discourse of Nature’s mystic powers,’ &o. The poet Cowper’s praise of the beverage has been sadly hackneyed, rever- theless as the laureate of the tea-table, his lines are worthy of farther repro- duction. (p. 65.) 234.) And s0 0a ad infinitum. An easy way of writing a book, but a certain way of getting caught if you steal tho very bluniers of your victim, Fancy Brady ex- tolling ‘Tea in a vers’on of the ‘‘ Psalms!” Nahum Tate wrote s ‘Poem on Tea’ called “ Panacea ”’: he also assisted Brady in writiog a poetical version of the “Psalms: hence the confusion by Day, p:2r- petuated to his own confusion by the false (K)neght Walsh. Truly the old adage verifies itzelf ‘* Taffy was a Walsh-man,” &e. &. The “Giri’s Own Papsr,’ or the Gop, as it is familiarly called, is giving prizes for the guessing of Lieroglyphic poems, and in the May number I ¢e3 the fvlowing announcement ‘ Tristesse. Foreign Award, JZonowrable Mention. E. Buaze, Kandy, Ceylon.’ A, M. Fereuson, tions we employ (sic!), &e, &e. Cowper’s praise of the beverage has bean sadly hackneyed, neverthaless as the laureate of the tea- tables, his lines are worthy of reproduc:ion here: (p. ———-——__ >-----—--— HOW TO RECOGNISE GOOD WOOD, Rankine cays that there are ccrtain appearances characteristic of good wood, to what class soever it belongs. In the sime species of wood, that specimen will in general be the strongest and most duradle which has grown the slowest, es shown by the nax- rowness of the rings, It should show no wooliness at a freshly-cut surface, nor should it clog the teeth of the saw with loose fibres. It the wood is coloured, darkness of colour isin general a sign of strength and-dorability. Thefreshly-cut surtace of the wood should be firm and shining, and should have some- what ofa translucent a»pearance. In woolofa given specie2, the heavy specimens are in geueral the stronger and the more lasting. Amoog resiuuus woods, those having the least resin in their pores, ani among non- resinous woods, thoss which have Jeist ssp or gum in them are ia general the stronge t and most enaur- ing. Timber should be free from such blemishes as cletts, or crackg radiating from the centre; cup-shakes ‘or cracks which partially separate one layer from another; upsets, where the fibres have been crippled by compression; wind-galls, or wounds iu a layer ot wood, which have been covered and concealed by the growth of the subsequent layera over them; and hollowed orspongy placesindicating the commencemea —Home Paper. ened PLANTING IN JAVA. Mr. Duncan D. Fraser, Actiag British Ooniul at Batavia, writes as follows in his report, dated Feb. 15 on the ‘rade, Commerce, and General Matters rela- ting to the Island of Java for the year 1893 :— Sugar.—Last season’s crop has b METHODS OF TEA MAKING. A wri'er to the Planter says :— “T myself believe that the increase in yalue of Nilgiri tea is partly due to an increased demaad for ligght flavoury tea, as tees of this class are preferred by the consumers to the heavy strong Asam, And as for “burnt” flavour, I know that you have to go very close to burning to get out the ful aroma if it isin the leaf. he only time I succeeded in getiing strong aroma, the outturn was darkened by the firing—a little more would have burnt the tea, It was in 1885 and my garden was supposed to be incapable of making good tea. I plucked fine and coloured lightly. 1 had just got up a‘ T” Sirocco, and I conid not get up any high temperature. I covered over the top with newspaper and sacking, and I got the thermometer to go as high as I pleased. I fired the kutcha tea on the old brick *‘ chula,” but -I final-fired for packing in the “TT” Siroeco. The temperature was about 350 to 370. I rushed the tea through as fast as possible and put it straight into lead lined chests—and left the chests open so that the heat could escape. At the bottom of the chests the tea was warm even 20 honors after. The heat of the tea after the warm bath was too great to kcep the hand in it with comfort. I sent down samples and they created an excitement —they had the fire strong Dzrjiling aroma, W.ich was supposed not to exist in vur district at all. But ths outturn was very dark aid dail, in fast only a ehade short of being burat. You -will say, ‘aad why did you notkeep it up-?” I suppose now because 1 was not abe to devote all my time to final firing and the shade was overstepped and some of theteas got burut. However, that year, what with fine plucking end anew garden, I got a 10 aanas6 pie average, which was very fine in those days for that district. I attributed the aroma to the high firiog, but a neighbour sent me a maund of dry tea to final-fire,and {£ could uot pat any aroma into his tea. Iam certain, however, that without the high firing he a So you must have it in the leaf to begin with, then you must develop \ Juty 2, 1894: | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 31 the aroma. Perhaps some Nilgiri planter fonnd this out ages ago, and in the endeavour to develop the aroma the piauters burn their tea. “Mention ig then mide of thecold water system. I wish it had heen stated whether this is Mr. Bam- ber’a ‘‘ spray of cold water’ on the rolled leaf. I remember that in 1881 @ planter watered ali his rojled leaf—not a‘ spray’ bat buckets full, I think the idea is very old. I don’t know its origins! disco- verer. I hnve mide very good tea from sflight'y over-withered leaf by mixing in a pailful of water through three maunds of rolled leaf; there is alto a ‘“Oold System” of manufacture: it is a very good system but you want reslly good, fine leaf. I was asking @ p'anter once whether he bad heird of a certain firm who spent 12 lakhs in starting a p'ant of Oold System Macbinery, ad he said, ‘ Yer: and slthough it fiiled there was a good deal in it.” I doo’t think the Cold System wiil make coars? acrid tea.”— S. of India Observer. : ae Ces IS COFFEE DRINKING ON THE INCREASE ? Certainly there is nothing inthe Customs returns to indicate that coffee is increasing in favour, but the number of coffee drinking resorts is certainly on the increase. People sip coffee. and at some cafés they know how to make it. With tea it is otherwise. The abomination served out and called tea in nine out of every ten of the shops or bars where it is sold is totally unlike anything but medicine, and unless more care is taken )n the use of tea in the pot a zeaction will setin. It is not surprising that medicine men condemn tea-drinking as it is known at present. The only wonder is that the consumer does not protect himself again t the stuff he is served with and abandon tea drinking. In many private houses itis much the same as at the public places. Planters take trouble. dealers blend judiciously, and grocers supply tea of good flavour, merely that some ignorant and careless user of tea may makea stew of it, and spread the idea that teais a form ofiriitant poison rather than a refreshing and invigorating drink.— Hf. and C. Mail. _— ei COFFEE AND TEA: THE EASTERN PRO- DUCE AND ESTATES COMPANY. The following is an extended report of the principal speakers’ remarks at the annual meeting recently held in London :— The Cuairman said: Gentlemen, i rising to pro- pose the adoption of the report | really have very little to say, but I think it is right to claim your congratulations upon what the directors consider is the best report we have yet presented to you; indeed, there ‘is almost a monotony about our busi- ne=s, for so far each year has been better than the previous one and has shown a great improve- ment in the position of the company. We hope that this may continue and that, as years go on, our profits w.ll show as large an increase as they have in the past year. If you will look at the report before you, you will see that our net profit. after satisfying interest on debentures, during the year own under notice is nealy double what it was in the previous year, and that is in the face of a _f«ll in the price of teato 8d. per pound. I must confess that if, six years ago, we, your board, had been told that the price would fall from some- thing like 1s. to 83d., we should almost have de- Bpaired of ever doivg any good, muh le sof bring- jug sbout the results that we ars1ow able to p are befere you. The-e have b en obtained through the great care which has been exercised on the other side, aud I way tel you that our only instructicns to cur managers there aie, ‘‘ quantity if you will, bnt above all things qulity.” (Applause.) I must say that in that we have been well supperted by our men there. Weare rpre:enter, es you know, by a Very able man in Mr. Starey, +n! in these days, wheo toe idea prevails that in the Hist evrything is so pro perous, it may nct be out of place to say that the Officials of this company deserve your warmest thanks, They work we'l, intellizently and z alcusly. (Ap- plau e)I think it is due that that shou!ld ecme from this side of the table, so that you may join us iv, and they may read of, this appreciation of their efforts. (Hear, hear.) If you will turn to the accounts for a moment I will not trouble you by going through each item, but I wiil take the assets, and first briefly refer to them. You will see that, under the head of outlay on tea extensions and acquisition of land, there is an addition of £3,733, owing to the purchase of some anew land for cocoa and some tea extensiors. A little lower yon wiil ficd that in our estates reserve account and realisation and a coveries there is a reduction of £5,427, and on the other har d, down lower, there is the iteny of coast advances out— s‘acding, £2,312 18s 3d, which rerha;s you may like to know are advayces ma’e fr procurirg latovr. Another item I would direct your attention to is produce on hand, £20,609; I may tell you that that has nearly all teen realired at good prices since the date of theee accounts. Tbe Jarge item of sundry debtors—£22,220--corsists of amounts due {rem biv- kers and others, and is all money ofa good and liquid character. Inves!mentr, representing £11,869 16>. are entirely in India three per cents, standing at a pr'cy lower than that at present ruling, and we con-ider that isa geod investment for the romeut. Ycu may, perhaps, ask why the cash on depcsit was +0 l.rge on December 31st as £22,940: Lf yculcok on tle other side youwill see we have to disperre £20,000 if this repor! ie alopte}. I donot think there is anything fur her which I need al ude to, except that we notify here that “the directcrs bave the satisfaction to inform the shareholders that they have succeede1 in renewing the debentures of the compiny for a further period of thre3 years, (Appleuse.) These debentures would have matured on December 31st rext. You are all aware that debentures are in a very few hends, aud are powerfully held, and: that the deben'ure-holders are also largely interested in the concern as shiare- holdere, We hope that at some future dite they may meet us, as they have met us in the preeent in- stance, not only in the renewal of those dbenturer, but pcssibly in some amelioration of the terms of interes', seeing how good the sscurity is. (Hear, hear.) [f can only s3y we feel satisfied that, realis- ing as they do that we are a!l in the same toat, they will ree that eviry saving they can give to the company is a saving also to the debenture- holders themselves. I will ask Mr. Cameron, our managing director, to. second this resolution, and I have the more pleastre in doing so because. if there is ove of his children, or it may be his only child, in which he takes a deep ané@ siccere interest it ia tke Hastern Produca and Estates Oompany. (Applause ) [ will now formally move—‘ That the report of the directuis dated April 12th, 1594, be re- c:ived and adopted, and that a dividend at the rate of 5 per cent per snuum on the capital paid on the preferred thare3, and at the rate of 3 per cevt per annum on the oid nary shares, for the year ending December 31st, 1893, be declared and made payable on May 2ud.” When Mr, Oameron his seocnted that I rhall be happy to answer apy question that may be pat. (Applaure. Mr. Rates A. Cameron, the managing dircetor, in seconding the resolution, said: In response to the suggestion of the chairman, I have a few remarks !o make cn poiuts whch I think decerviig of attention, and first of a!l I would speak regarding the lauded property, which of course we must all admit is the most important, in fact the all-importaat item in in our accounte, bec:use every hing hinges cn the ch:racter of that asset. Ifyou take into accoant that, atter adding ali we have spent on improvements and exter sicns in the last six year’, end ater deductiog rei- lisations and the debentures sivkiog-fund, the amount of the landed property account now stands at £15,0U0 leas than it ¢id in 1888, whilst I feel I am well within the mark in sayiug that the estates have donbled in value within that time—I think you willall admit that this is 32 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, [JuLY 2, 1894. a very satisfactory state of things. ‘This improvement in yalue has come shout by the extensions end de- velopments which have been carried on from year to year, the profitable result of which is shown by the fact that, whereas in 1888 the crop of tea was 986,000 lb.. and the profit amounted to £12,000, in the present accounts the ‘rop recorded is 2,638,000 Ib. of tea, giving a profit of £30,000. (Applause.) 1 think that is very good evidence of the improvement that has teken place. Further than that, I do not thiuk the whole of the improvement in value which we may expect has yet come about, because there are about two thousand acres of tea etill more or less immature, and we may reasonaly look for a further improvement as they kecome fully developed. With regard to the price of tea, uo doubt 84d is a low price, and we shall like to see it higher; but it isa matter of satisfaction to us that, while the price this year is pearly a penny less than last year, the cost of cultiva- tion has decreased to a larger extent, so that we have really made more profit per pound of tea than we didin the previous year, notwithstanding the fallin price, And that is not accounted for to any great extent by a lower rate of exchange; it is due almost entirely to a greater production pcr acre, which makes the cost per pound Jess, aud aleo to greater efliiciency and economy in management. This result is obtained, too, after writing more than £5,000 off the costof buildings and machinery, which is equal to a halfpenny per pound of tea produced, That heavy charge will continue for about two years more, but after that time the amount will fall considerably. Our machinery and buildings are practically completed, and we write them off in a very drastic way for the sake of the future so that we shall hereafter get the benefit to be derived by pursuing thiy policy. With regard to the debentures, I have nothing to add to what the chairman said, beyond this, 1 think it is a matter of satisfaction that we were able to carry out their revewal by friendly begotiation with the bolcers, for the mutual interest of all parties, and that it cost us nothing in commision or brokerage. (Hear, hear.) I throughly agree with what fell from our chairman as to the services of our staff, ‘We are indebted to them bothin Ceylon and at home for what they have done during the past year in bring- ing things tothe point at which wesea them. A ercat deal depends upon them, andI feel it a satisfaction to take this opportunity of recording our appreciation of their services. (Applause.) The resolution was carried unanimously. The OAIRMAN next moved that Messrs.C. B. Smith and E. Wabab, the ret‘ring direo:ors, be reappointed, Mr Smitb, be said, knew every acreof their property in Ceylon and every man employed there,so thet he was very valuable to the company. Mr. Wabab brought ‘to the board very great experience of Hastern matters. The motion was seconded by Mr. D. RED and carried. Mr. WELTON sa‘d tkat the connexicnhe had with the foundation of the company was not sowell known to the general body of shareholders as to himeelf, ‘but he thought he might fairly congratulate all con- cerned on the happy iseue of the terms that were ar- ranged at that time. Thc prospects he'd out as to the future of the company had been more than fulfilled, ard he might say that the great inter. sts that be re- presented in the matter were thoroughly saliefied with all that had been done. Mr, Cameron had taken an important part in the conduct of the compsny, and he (the speaker) felt that sometbing morethau a mere acknowledgment of the ssrvyices of that gentl- man was due. He therefore moved—“ That the sum of £250 additional remuneration be paid to Mr. R. A. Cameron, fs mavaging director of the company, tor the yeer 1894, acd in future years until further order. | ( Applause.) -for cultivation, The resolution was carried with acclamation, and Mr. CANERON britfiy replied, remarking that it was pleasant to prssess the confidence of those for whom one wae woiking, and that the vo'e just passed would be en incentive to him to continue to do his best in furthering the ivtt rests of the company. —— ES VARIOUS AGRICULTURAL NOTES. Tea Manouracrure.—The whole quettion of tea manufacture is now being argued both in the North and Ceylon in planting journals, and if the cor- respondence only continues as briskly as it hes begun, the student of the literature on the reubject, should obtain come “ tips’’ of use, be the many different syetems advocated.— Nigiri iVews. Listnian Corree.—Someone is trying to boom Liberian Coffes in Ceylon now. There is cer- tainly money and perhaps a fortune in it, if judiciously planted, it is esid, and specimen berries are being sent round to the local press to show what can be done. Liberian Coffee has certainly sometimes provcd a success where Arabica bes failed, in some parts of the Straits for instance —Pinang Gazette. Coconut CULTURE AND LuGIsLATIon.—Our correspondent ‘ Proprietor” while arguing as to the need of legis!ation in reference to the extir- pation of beetles and cepecially the red beetle (Kandapenuwes), cnemy of the coconut palm, dces not see how it is practicable to prevent the over- crowding of palms end cther fruit trecs in native gardens. He asks if a yourg clearing should be interfered with, Now, our idea is to allow a wide lati{ude in the definition of what is overcrowd- ing. Where there is a reasonable prorpect of trees bearing fiuit, we would not intaude and seldom or never is a young clearing tegun without such prospect.—It is afterwards the mischief is done through the owrer sticking in a tree here and a plant there until he has added 50 to 106 per cent to the original clearing. We had in view native gardens £0 overcrowded that it is almost impossible for any single tree to bear fruit, and we would, in euch cases, have a headman or Agricultural Instructor, witha cmall jury of the villagers to Gecide what should be done, to enable such gardens to bring forth fiu‘t in dueseason. AGRICULTURAL TEACHING IN THE ELEMENTARY Scuoons of Jamaics, scems to be going shead. We read in an exchange :— If the 90,€00 children on our school registers have their eyes directed to lessons from the plant life around them, and are taught to .see, the adult peasant mind of a new generation will, not in a merely appreciable degree. but by many degrees be far in advance of the present. From the very mature of the case there will on the part of the foremost be a demand for further advances in agri- cultural education. Young teachers have for years been getting instruction on physies, chemistry, physiology and botany on the same Jines as their English and American brethren, and the application of these to agriculture has also been introduced aud is now in force. The Code shows that they are required to know ‘the principles influencing the supply of plant food in the soil, the necessity and the circumstances making tillage more or less effective; the principles in- finenciug the more cz less perfect supply of plant i food; manures as supplementary sources of plant Mr. MAtcoim sezorded the resolution ia afew well- . chosen words, and Mr. Rozerrs heartily evpper'ed the proposal, testifying es we'l as to the ability «f Mr. Can/eron as menaging director, and to the uni‘orm Kindness and courtesy he had always r.ceivéd at the ‘hands of tkat gentleman when. seeking information with refexence totbe affairs of the compary. - These things sprad out food; the principles regulating the growth of crops. and t!e variations in their jsiela and quality.” in the simpie lessons that may be. given to children of twelve to fourteen years, as has been done in the rural schoels of England under the guiding inflaence of Tanner and others, are of the essence of all agricultural edu- cation and cannot. fail to work out a revolution in the habit of the peasant mind. “Aypenuue usredurey em] 0 oJ0Aep 07 pojoodxo sr wopkop qorgs (000'9s) 000‘0G% % O00‘OS oT} ysurede mek 8 000‘9gH Burpueds esodoid Ajuo saojueyd USIPUT 48Q} 998 OAK 4nq ‘104}990) FIOM 0} poyoodxa o1g wIpuy pus woke yey} Sulees ‘poeraprsuoo eq 0} 949n0 SINT, {8IIIeMY UI eoUpINd s,uep -ufqoolg ‘ayy 10} pojydops eureyos oem} jo szBynoi4 “ied 40d ‘y98 0} pouljour ere eM ‘90441mIMIOD-onG quiop uopded 04} eABET ‘UOBIoOssy voy GuipLy eq} JO duTjcom jenaue oy} 48 UBUAITeYD. ey} Jo sSerppe A1ojo esses pus PIVMIO}IYS2I48 AIOA 94} 09 mOr4u8}4e@ [[@o OM —VOIMANY NI vay, NVIGNT aan acl “MOIUD) T 09409901) — ‘AHINVIQ NVIGNI NY “syn1} £194 81N0 X—"pou199009 ]]'8 JO 4yaNIq 99} 0} BO) 4eT1 Ajddns 4{pa3qnopun pjnoo om ‘y4;a0q 04 Arnlut ofqissod 4889] 90} YIM Soytaunb ysesiv; eg} ul pomnsuoo oq UVP OIG %I4 JO SsRTO OY} AIAOISID OM PND ‘snormfar oq &[ains pjnoM BI0u0ss9 Baitnoary 6y) esneoeq ‘A[Iiep santjaenb oS1¥], ur ojdood 049 Jo HINq ey, Aq pammsaos eq you prnoo 03 oduaaojord oAID not ¥0} 04} GOAMT ‘048us pood puw anoaty Ysiq JO woiqsanb oy3 epise ynd owty w 10% yy Fru Nos ‘s4S070; TI Ino Ul 4eq} OG ‘“BatyyWUenb oFse; A1QA UL pavansuod 9q UPD 4OIP Fo OPI" painoany AyYdiq OU aq) 4IUApL yim nof gqnop ou paw ‘ouordns st A41jenb jo won -20nb 04} UoIssnosip on] Ul Opry ¥,aoqne[d oq} wor *y7709Y4 JO ENO Wor Tuy ajsp}? 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103 pafojdue aie ,, vutamyytie,, snueds yj Jo setveds om4 ‘ W700 do0ud TVOIGOUL YOR ATddNS JO FOUNOS MUN V ee ‘ISINALTAOINDV TVOIdONL AHL [r6gt ‘e atof : juny 2, 1894.) Koyyespondance. ————————— To the L£ditor. TOBACCO IN BORNEO AND SUMATRA. . Fassifern, Lindula, May 23. Dean Sir—Thoe accompanying article Financial News on the subject of Borneo and Sumatra tobacco is interesting to such of your readers who take an interest in the New Ceylon. Borneo’s export in 1886 was 27 bales. In 1892 it reached 10,255. The new London Borneo Co. paid a dividend in 1893. British capital in Sumatra ».» £700,137 601,343 Do do Borneo ats —Yours truly, W. D. GIBBON. THE SUMATRA TOBAOCO INDUSTRY. The second publis sale of the year for Sumatra tobacco took place at Amsterdam on Thursday last, when prices ruled very bigh, on American and Ger- man buying. There is aprospeot of prices continuing to be good during the whole of the season, as the supplyis much diminished, and the demand is greater than that of last year. Thisis an important matter or investors, since there is uo Jess than £1,301,480 of British capital put into the tobacco companics of the East Indies—namely, £700,137 in Sumatra and £601,348 in Borneo. It is well knowo that the pro- duction was small in 1892,and it does not appear to havo greatly recovered in 1893. The following table gives the figures for the last ten years :— Crop. Bales. Average price Total per Ib. value, 1864 ... 50 Os 94d £325 1874 ... 12,895 23 64d 240,000 1884 ... 125,447 28 od 2,304,000 1889 .. 161,507 2a 5k 3,049,000 #1890 ... 219,44 1s 3d 2,042,000 1891... 206,257 1s 6% 2,431,000 1892 ... 136,381 23 1d 2,165,000 1893... +160,000 — — 1894 ... 7153,000 — * Yeoer oftobacco orisis. + Estimated according to statistics to hand. ‘ In Borneo it must be remembered, the industry ia still in is infancy ; nevertheless, itsrapid growth is | The first crop in 1886 was twenty-seven | tea | remarkatble. bales, while that for 1892 was no less than thousand two hundred and fifty-five bales; and the average prico for the latter was as good asthat for | the former. The crisis of 1891 in the tobacco trade cost Holland about £1,750,000 sterling. were the MoKinley Tariff Act raising the duty from 75c.to 2, a large crop of inferior quality, and over- production through the rush of new concerns to partici- pate in the large profits which were being made. The effect of the McKinley Tariff is seen following statement of the American imports ;— Year. Bales. 1881... .00..0.6. 2,900 (about) 1885....00.46+ 620,900 ” 1889,,......50042,090 » 1890,,...6.+...62,000 (in anticipation of tariff) 1891........+6010,000 1892... 460400 +0002,000 1893... v0 -0»+18,000 The last importations show that even the high duty does not keep the tobacco out of the American market —a fact which says a good deal for its quality and the fayour in which it is held. With regard to the second of the ciuses mentioned as contribut- ing to the crisis it has to be remarked that io Consequeuce of the closing of many estates which this orisis brought about, a great quantity of land has gone bask to jungle. This has improved tho climate, which was advorsely influeuced by the destruction f the primeval forest, and better tobacco is, a8 o THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. in the } in the | | The United Linkat | £17,000 ‘The causes of the crisis | SOAR nO MDE NCre, Ai result, being produced. Over-production, again, has had its day. It would take several years before pro- duction could overtake consumption. It requirestwo or three years to open up ao new estate, ard cultiva- tion can only be extended gradually, Thereis very little probability that we shall cee the experience of 1891 repeated. Last season’s trade was characterised by prices such as had never been known before. The record price of 4.65fl. (7s. 9d.) was obtained for a parcel of one hundred and forty bales at the public sale of June 10; but when gales recommenced after the August vacation prices were very much lower all round, owing to the Americans ceasing to buy. Stringency of money in the United States was the only cause of this, otherwise the market there could have absorbed more leaf. The future prospects must be regarded as good, for three reasons: fist, on account of diminished production ; second, because the fall in silver has rendered cultivation possible at prices never known before; and, third, on account of the fallin price of labour consequent on the closing of estates through the cris's. In times past, the dividends paid by the great Dutch companies proved the highly-remunerative natare of this investment. It appears agif a recurrence of their prosperity were now in view, as the Arensburg Company has declared a dividend of 40 per cent., the Am:terdam Deli Company of 30 per cent., end the Deli Maate- chappy of 50 per cont. The crisis caused a suspension of dividends by the different British companies, and heavy debit balances were piled up; but some of these, thanks to Jast year’s results, have been already greatly reduced, and this year ought to see them wiped off entirely, and, possibly, a resumption of dividends. Netherlands India Sumatra Company’sa shares have risen within the last two months from 43 to 103-12s. This company made an excellent and novel arrangement for tiding over the critical period. A syndicate was formed amongst the share- holders to work the estate for a year, paying the company oue-fourth of any profit made. The loss which would bave been brought about by the closing of the estate and the dismissal of the staff and coo'ies employed was thus avoided. The shares of the syndi- cate already command 4 premium of 100 per cent. Plantations made a profit of last year. The crop coming forward is a very fine one, as is proved by the fact that the parcels of this company’s tobacco offered at the first two poblic siles in Amsterdam realised on both occarions the eecond highest prices. The British Deli and Langkat Company has also a good crop, aud its parcels of leaf bave sold at good prices. This company’s cigars are already becoming favour- through the agency of Messrs. Spiers and Pond and the different co-operative stores. To the New London Borveo Company belvngs the honour of having paid a dividend for 1893. The New Darvel Bay and the New London and Amsterdam Oompanies promise well. To make this information as complete and practical a3 possible we add a table showing the capital of the companies and present price of shares :— Q Company Capital issued £0) Prive 7) SUMATRA £ £ British Deli and Langkat ....134,263 Ordinary...... 1 3/6-46 100,000 7°/,Oum. Prefs 1 4-#% 50,000 6 ,, Dbuotrs. 100 840-90 Netherlands In- dia Sumatral23,000 Ordinary...... 1 10/-11/ 7,120 10°/,Cum.Prf 1 1-4 2,000 Founders .... — =_ Sumatra To- bicco Pintns. 58,316 OrJinary.. .. 1 2/6-5/ nom United Lan- kat Plotoe, 206,325 Ordinary... ., 1 11/-12/6 10,113 10°/g Oum, Pre 1 14-14 4a THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JuLy 2, 1864. . Boxknzo New London and Amater- ¢93,000 Ordinary....-. 10 — dam Boroeo New Lon- Vendors 80,000 don Bor- + 110,000 ¢ Share- hi B-4 holders 80000 10 Founders’... «. — = New Darvel Bay (Borneo) 90,000. .....66 ceccneces 1 Ga Tobacco Co. } of British $220,050 .0soenno Seaseas 5 — N. Borneo COCONUT CULTURE AND LEGISLATION. May 29. Dear Si1r,—I have seen old Planter’s letter on the Kandapanuwa. Trees can be saved, and have been saved here, after attacks of the Kandapanuwa; but the chances are against success, as generally the enemy is discovered only after serious mis- chief has been done. Only very close scrutiny will disclose miechief at the earlier stages. The absolute destruction of all trees attacked without giving them a chance would cauce widespread discontent, and even hardship, and induce opposi- tion to the proposed legislation, and evasion of the law thereafter. It should be required of proprie- tors or lessees and their agents that they should report to the local headman or “the local autho- rity’ to be specially created by law, the presence of Kandapanuwa. ‘The omission to do so, whether due to disregard of the law or neglect of the property, being equally mischievous, should be punishable by a fine. The headman or local authority, with assessors if mecessary, should decide between cure and destruction, and be au- thorized to act promptly. In case of destruction proprietor to be compensated for each tree according to growth, say from 50 cents to R2. As for regulating the distance between palms aud other fruit trees, however desirable the measure might be, it is not practicable I fear. Even if inter- ference with the liberty and judgment of the subject in the management of his own property be defensible—and except where such liberty in- juriously affects others interference can scarcely be justified—how is the machinery to be provided for so stupendous and inquisitorial an under- taking? What would the remedies besides? Would you root up and replant a young clearing and at what age? If a fine be imposed, how will that benefit the overcrowded plantation or the country ?! I do not agree with ‘‘W. B. hl.” as to the necessarily diverse operations of the Kandapanuwa and Kuruminiya. He is right as to their distinct operations generally ; but I have found them in the closest proximity in the came stem, practi- cally in the same hole! There is nothing im- probable in the suggestion that, if the weeyil finds the stem bark too stiff for his operations from below upwards, he should seek the succulent interior through. an aperture made by the beetle which generally begins at top and works hori- zontally, if not downwards. I have not assisted at any obsequies in three feet of earth after cremation, but I believe in the efficacy of a well directed fire, and there is little danger in first seeking to save a tree, becausa when the final edict of destruction goes forth, the eremy ought to be secure within his entrenchments. ‘There is greater satisfaction in slaying numbers than in extirpating a solitary foe! PROPRIETOR. THE NILGIRIS AND CEYLON COFFEE AND TEA. The Nilgiris, May 31. Deak Siz,—You are so well informed on Nilgiris topics now from one source or another that I find a difficulty in telling you something vew. There are not many things that this country is abesd of Oeylon in and for that reason I muet draw your attention to one or two thst it certainly can give you a “stone and ga beating” in. First and foremost comes the climate. The resi- dents on these Hills have, I am informed, no direct say in this matter, but even if they bad it could not have been better arranged. Nuwera Eliya can- not “hold the proverbial balf penny dip caud'e” to it. The atmosphere is much drier, but when it does rain it comes down “‘proper,’’ and bas done witb it. The rainfall would be looked on in Ceylon as rather short fcr tea, but about right for cofiee. The month just ended has been a grand ove for flusbirg and though we don’t ncar to 75 lb. averages (was thie on Kanangama?) the Jeaf bassimply “rowled in.’’ 1 am credibly informed by a resident of 12 years’ stand- ing that the Monsoon buret last night. The bursting consisted of some vivid lightning, loud peals of thuader and *85 of an isch in the rain gauge this morning. These astronomical phenomena lead me to believe the aforesaid resident who is a keen observer of things meterological and otherwise was correct in bis surmise. This letter would be of little interest to the Ceylon public if I failed to give them an idea of what the tea and coffee on the Nilgiris 1s like. Well, the tea is on a par with the climate of “very fine” and all I can say about the coffee is that if a Ceylon man had it, he wonld sit up all night to watch it. I must pow tell you bow these valoable tropical products are cultivated. But no! on second consideration, I wou’t. There are some big men up here, luckily they are a long distance off, and I am a Nilgiri planter myseif, Another thing in which this district is miles ahead of you is theirGame Laws and Game Association. I strongly recommend the former to the attention of those gentlemen who are ut present forming an Association for the protection of game in Oeylon. Some years ago this must have been a gsports- man’s paradise and is I understand good in some parts etill. I bad intended writing you on the subject of the Labor Laws here, but I find there are not any. The planter does not receive the paternal attention fsom Government that be does in Ceylon for several reasons. Red-tapeism is carried to an extreme, and a Forest Kavger, a highly paid native official drawing RS per month, ‘‘ has the honor” to inform you in an illegible hand on a huge sheet of official paper with about hbalf-turned down a3 & Margin, that you have transgressed section, chapter, and act of so and so. while he is quietly pocketing rupees from opatives who fiagrantly transgress Government regulations on all sides. Tne probability, however, is that the Foresters’ report never reaches the Oollector who is an unapproachable kind of being surrounded by obsequious myrmidons who sorape and bow to him but harass the planters about trivial matters and walk into your front veraudah with boots on (if you allow them). The combination amopgst the planters themselves is not strong encugh —what is wanted ie a Central Association such as you have in Ceylon with district affiliated Aeso- ciations all over Southern India. Representations to Government from such a body must car1y weight, and the Conference at Bangalore last year wasa step in the right direction. The districtis scattered and planters are at a disadvantage themselves in being unable to discuss mattere of common interest except on rare cccasions, but I regret to see there is dis- sentlon amongst the men themeelves ss regard; the undoubted benefits tobe derived from unity which a8 you know means strength, a Juty 2, 1894.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 43 Can you send me one of J.R.’s Tea Tabloils ? A friend of mine has just perfected a Whiskey Tabloid, one of which I will send in exchange; but be careful, Mr. Hditor, in the use of came. Asmall pieco will render you ‘isble to write libellous articles; if you take and consumes a whole one it will lay you under the editorial chair oblivious to your deadliest enemies’ scathing criticism. Remember me to the boys in tho Kelani Valley and to use an Irishisw, if you or they want a trip home come up here; it will do you more good than the Sprudel Well at Karlsbad at which { last had the pleasure of having a driok with you,— Yours, iT, CEYLON AND INDIAN TEA CULTIVATION: Tue SELECTION OF SEED. June 9. Dear S1z,—Reverting to the comparison of Ceylon and Indian Tea Cultivation, in the matter of the selection of seed, in recent years, the Indian planter has shewn far greater discrimination than his Ceylou brother. To anyone who has seen the difference of results between high-class Indian indigenous seed and the commoner sorts of seeds sold locally in Ceylon, it seems marvellous that there should be any question ag to which to plant. It is a notorious fact that in most instances Helope/tis (mosquito blight) bas appeared in Ceylon on tea of inferior jat, whioh was grown from logal seed, and that this terrible pest hag increased and spread with alarming rapidity, no one who has travelled about the country will deny. Two or three years ago its attacks were prac- tically confined to a few estates in the lowcountry. Now it mey bo met with throughout the tea dis- tricts and I have seen it scattered on an estate at a higher elevation than Nuwara Hliya. Catching the bug no doubt miligates the pest, but the cost is heavy and the result only tempocxary, For some years past in India it has been fully recognized that certain high jats of tea are practically mosquito proof as well as heavy crop-bearers and as a result the seed of this class sells at very high rates and is almost universslly used in India for extension, while thousands of acres have been uprooted to make way for this high-class plant—R100 to R200 per maund being freely paid for it on the spot. In Ceylon on the other hand the demand for cheap seed has been surprising anda large amount of rubbish has been planted throughout the island, the yield from which is so miserable that it barely pays the cost of cultivation and in fact some of it already has been abandoned while much more will soon have to follow suit, when it will act es a hot-bed to mosquito blight,— spreading the fell disease to the surrounding areas. I am indeed glad that the Director of the Bota- nical Gardens has already sounded a note of warn. ing and advice to plant mosquito-proof jats in his _ last annual Report,as, coming from such a scientific authority, it should carry great weight. In this connection, Mr. Editor, I like to ask you if a planter has no legai redress against a neighbour who forms a nursery for mosquito-blight by planting in- ferior jdt tea to the damage of surrounding estates? Or should he not be compelled by law, when mosquito-blight make3 its a ppearance, to take ordinary precautions for its destruction, at least till he becomes bankrupt, which I have no doubt he will be, when the district could subscrioe for the cost of firing the estate as patanais done upcountry, extinguishing both fea and mosquito blight together with very should completely destroyed and appearing exactly as if beneficial effects. It might be well here to con- sider how much ig saved in the first instance by planting cheap and therefore inferior jit seed and what the difference of profits per acre per anoum are likely to be subsequently. The cost of inferior jAt seed ranges from R10 to R60 a maund and taking the average of R40, one ' maund being sufficient for 4 acres, we get R10 per acre as cost of seed. The high, dark indi- genous seed ranges from R100 to R200 per maund (a considerable quantity of this latter has been sold for next year’s planting in Ceylon). Taking the averaga coat at R120, 4 acres to the maund gives R30 per acre, or a saving by using bad jat seed in the first instance of R20 per acre, oF £1-153 atpresent rate of exchange. Now as to results, I do not believe for an instant that inferior local seed averages over 250 lb. an acre, while seed of highest jai under same conditions would certaialy average over 400 lb. per acre. Indeed I can shew you fields adjoining in which the higher imported seed is giving more than double the crop of the local scei. Taking the cost of production for 250 Ib. crop at 33 cents per Ib. and the selling price as 50 cents we get a profit of 17 cents, equal to R42:50 per acre. A 400 lb. crop under same conditions will cost frcm 26 t>9 28 cents per lb., or say 27 cents to produce, selling at 50c, a profit of R92 per acre or a difference cf nearly R50 per acre per annum in favour of the higher jat tea on an initial expenditure of only R20 per acre extra. I am- presuming that the inferior jat tea is not ttacked by mosquitos : should this calamity occur, in most Gases the profit is turned into an actua loss on the working expenditure. No one who has not actually seen the ravages of mosquito-blight can have any idea of the ter- rible scourge it is to the industry and «ith pre- ventative means at hand, such as we have in the selection of seed, I cannot understand under the circumstances how the inferior seed is planted at all. Should any of your readers be desirous of seeing the difference in these two teas, when the attack of mosquito-blight comes on, I will be very happy to shew them it, when they will find the flush in one field week after week @ singeing machine had been passed over the bushes, the adjoining tea with no boundary whatever ba- tween, flushing Helopeltis on it. The importance of the subject and my desire to do what I can to prevent thofurther spread of this disease is my excuse for the inordinate length of this letter.—Youra feithfully EUROPEAN EMPLOYEE. luxuriantly with no signs of ELECTRO MOTORS FOR PLANTATION FACTORIES. Dear Srtr,—It is now some time since two leaders (see pages 813 and 839, Vol. XIII.) dealt with the question of the application of electro motors to the requirements of Ceylon tea factories. As far as I remember your paper rather threw cold water on the proposal, as being too imprasticable to be worth the consideration of the Planting Industry, But even omniscience may err, and as we all know, the leader writers in papers of standing are nothing if not omniscient. When it was proposed to cross the Atlantic with vessels propelled by steam, a leading scientific man of the day undertook to eat the first steamer that did so, ‘* because no steamer could oarry sufficient fuel to last the | voyage,” 44 It would b3 beyond the scope of a letter to a non- technical paper to attempt to enter into an expla- mation of what electricity is, but it may be worth stating, paradoxical as it may seem, that the mysterious something we call electricity perform; its duty to the laws of nature, not so much in the condusating wire as in the “ether” round it. Without this assumption all the marvellous phenomena of ‘induction’? would be quite ia- explicable. As far as the tea planter is concerned eleotricity yields aconvenient means of transforming the energy of falling water (to speak loosely) in a distant waterfall into mechanical energy in the tea factory. Now water power, pure and simple, in many parts of Ceylon costs abs»lutely nothing, The cost of maintenance of a turbine is only interest on first cost, repairs, lubrication and vyery little attendance. The maintenance of the conducting wira is purely interest on capital; and of the dynamo as the turbine; and we have the total Gost. Turbines and dynamos alike have no recipro- cating motions and are, therefore, mechanically speaking, very easily kept in order if conscientiously constructed at first. A boiler and steam engine, as I pointed out ina previous letter, have in them the elements of con- siderable expense for repairs and attendance and require fuel, Tho latter, when fallen timber is un- obtainable, is of course an item of considerable importance. Your article, among its objections to the pro- posed utilisation of electricity, dealt with the low efficiency of electrical transmission, Both turbines and dynamos are machines of very high efficienoy. A good turbine will go up to over 80 per cznt, a good dynamo to 90 per cent, a good motor over 90 per cent. The loss in the wire (which is ex- pended in heat, and cannot be spoken of as friction) depends on the distance and the system adopted. Assuming this 19 per cent, the efficiency of the system is 80% x 90% x 90% x 90% or over 58 % and all these figures are below what has been done. But even if the loss were considerably more, where the original power costs nothing the effici- ency is of little importance. It appears at first sight rather strangethat dynamo machines began with aslternating currents, and electricity made very little pregcess with them, Siemnes and Gramme introduced direct current machines, Swan sand Hdison produced the incan— descent lamp, (which had been invented but not made a practical success a generation befor), and electricity advanced by leaps and bounds. Then it was found that the transmitting of electricty over long distances on the direot current system brought to light a number of unexpested difficul- ties, and inventors turned their attention to alternating currents ugain. The great advaniage of alternating currents is the facilities they give for the economical transmission of electricity, but it is only witbin recent years that it has been found practicable to use alternating currents for driving electro motors. It would take a considerabie expenditure of time, ink and paper to try to explain how thisis done, but it may be worth mentioning that two years ago on the Continent about 100 horse power was successfully transmitted about 100 miles over 3 wires less than + of an inch In diameter. I regret that not having the necessary books of reference to consult I am forced to quote these figures from memory. Perhaps one of your cor- respondents may be eble to give the exact facts. In. this experiment the electricity generated near the fall was ‘‘ transformed " into “high potential” electricity, to pass over the wire. which was again transformed into electricity of manageable ‘ poten- THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JuLy 2, 1894. tial’ when the current was passed into the motors. As the high potential electricity might have been fatal to any injudicious meddler, the line of route was profusely embellished with representations of death’s heads and warning notices, A little of this and a few demonstrations ‘* encourager les autres”’ on pariah dogs, and 6 careful arrangement of oblique spikes pointing downwards on the supporting poles would proba- bly render the wires safe from the depredations of native thieves, a possibility quoted in one of your articles. Who would I should imagice be very chary of provoking the demon of the “ pisasi kambi?"’ If the direct current system were used the distance would be short surveillance easy. Besides if the possibilities of theft were «a matter of great impor- tance, it might be practicable to substitute iron wire of one-seventh the conductivity of copper and less than one eeventh the price. far as secondary batterics are concerned the planter in districts beyond the reach of ekilled Iabour would be well advised to keep clear of them, as a somewhat expensive luxury. Few contrivances of their class have so many different ways of unobstrusive shirking of their work. Yours, &c.,—J. 8. 8, Deak Sirn,—Your correspondent “J.8.8.” writes with the ease and fluency cf an expert on this subject, and now that electrical tramways have been sanctioned for Colombo and may scon be in operation here, the public will oo doubt take a greater interest in the subject; but as they are not technically posted and far from omniscient, I and probably others would be glad to hear again on the subject from your correspondent. I observe that in his second paragraph he just glances at the new theory of Electrical Transmission recently explained by Dr. J. Larmor F.z.s., io the effect that '* an electrical disturbance is conveyed by the ether just outside the wire with the velocity of light, andthe wire itself bas absolute negative qualities, merely guiding the disturbance from one end to the other as it prevents the ethereal vibrations from being dis ipated through space.” This theory I think, upsets much that has hitherto been taught in explanation of current leectricity through wires; but what the so-called ‘fether ” itself is has not yet been ‘earned and cannot be explained. We were always taught that it pervaded all space and all matter, and that it flowed like a breezes through the densest metal. If this were s0, I do not see why the electrical disturbance should not pass by the ether in the wire as well as by that immediately surrounding it, but | haye n-t Dr, Larmor’s full text before me, though ‘'J. 8. 8.’ probably could clear up this difficulty. In an article on ‘“‘ Motive Power for Tea Estates” (April 27th) you noticed Mr. Rutherford’s cup- posed objections to the distribution of power by electrical transmission from Gentral sources. These objections ‘‘J. S. S.” shows us how to overcome; and it would be well if our varicus Planters’ -Associations took note of thir, end fixed upon suitable places in the various distiicts where water power is available and central enough to supply as many estates with power by e ectrical transmission from a turbine av care to join in the cost of its installation and maintenance. Your correspondent also notices the objections to electrical motors on account of the “low effi- cienoy of electrical transmission ’’ as contained and JuLy 2, 1894.) THE TROPICAL ARICULTURIST. 45 Sree — ina paper in Wature by H.P, Bamber. satisfactory to learn that this efficiency is not so low as Mr. Bamber asserted, for the figures you printed were undoubtedly his , and as the subject is of importanee, it is worth while to compare them with the figures now fur- nished by “J. 8.9.’? Mr. Bamber was understood to say that ‘a turbine directly employed, trans= mits 60 per cent of the energy of the head of water, and that any intervening electrical motors would cause a still further loss of nearly half of this energy.’ But according to your correspondent ‘‘a good turbine will go up to over 80 per cent, a good dynamo to 90 per cent., a good motor to over 90 per cent resulting in a net efficiency of over 58 per cent..’’ Surely in this calculation ‘“J.S.S.” has omitted to deduct the 10 per cent he had allowed for loss in the wire. I take it also that by “friction” Mr. Bamber was referring to the ‘bearings, &c,, of the several intervening machines, and not to logs of electricity in the wires. If I rightly understand ‘“J.S.S.,” therefore, he claims a total net efficiency of 48 per cent of the fall’s energy against Mr. Bamber’s “ over half of 60 per cent” or, say 35 per cent. The discrepanoy is not very large and, as “J.S.S.” remarks, its import- ance vanishes altogether ‘‘ where the original power costs nothing,’ It becomes, however, of high importance where the original power has to be generated by the consumption of fuel, This question of Electrical Transmission of Power to Tea Factories is far from being dismissed, and I think “J.8.S.” should use the knowledge he possesses to urge its adoption first in some district affording tempting facilities for such a plant, to his own advantage as well as that of the planting districts, many -of which would doubtless soon follow the lead ‘ thus maade,—Il am, yours truly, ONE INTERESTED, “TBRA” AND “SMALL CAPITALISTS IN PROSPECTIVE.” June 3rd. Dear Sir,—Your most interesting and instructive notices and articles on ‘‘Ibea”’ have been read by me with great intcrest, and [am sure many more besides myself have done the same. Clearly Ceylon is no place now-a-days for the planting young man with no capital at present realizable, and he must vacate it, [ suppose, to those who can put their hands on the ‘“ available,” no matter what his qualifications may be. In pointing out where the former clacs of in— dividual might advantageously go, and where he would not be ashamed to work with his hands, you deserve the thanks of many. There are many I know in Ceylon, who at the present moment cannot command capital. These haye now been out here for say 3 to 4 and 5 years, learning their ‘“ trade,” and they look for- ward tothe time when they will be able to invest Some mayeven be in good positions, others working hard as 9. D’s, sticking into their hard work, but with the pleasurable thought and hope of being their own masters some day, By the time this day draws near, they ave earnest planters, with a thorough practical knowledge say. They have gained the experience at either anotber’s cost or profit. When they are managing their owo paces, they can _ utilize this Xperience gained, and they think, of course, to vheir own edvantage. But as days go on, a thoughtful man-cannot but see the useless- ness of investing in tea, which eyery one grants terdam the other day. It is | is being overdone (vide the average last week 734). At present estate owners try to get rid of their small estates or join them with others into 8 Company. Would it be wise of the small capitalist-to go in for one of these cast-off small propertics? He turns in disgust from tea to cacao, to find what good land there is for this product is all snapped up despite the assurances of those who have always land ‘‘suitable for cacao’? for sale. To buy a ‘‘ready made” cacao estate is almost im- possible unless for a sum much beyond the small capitalist. What other chance for this poor in- dividual but to turn to pastures new, If he has not come into his capital, hiv course, he deems is to leave Oeylon and start afresh in a new country in the same way as he began in Ceylon. But where, mayI ask, isthe employment to be found of a like nature to S.D. in ‘‘Ibea’”’? Must one work and wait here for capital to be realized, and when it is so, then start Jife afresh elsewhere with no experience ? What the ‘‘ Small Capitalists in Prospective,” if [ may so style them wish to know is if such em- ployment as a paid assistant or manager is to be found in ‘“ Ibea.’’ Surely one’s experience dear'y gained in Ceylon is not to be thrown away, but can find remuneration in ‘“Ibea ’? I am sure it would be a great satisfaction to the olass of young planters of whom I write, were you, Mr. Editor to inform us if this is within your knowledge. For the young planter I know you have every sympathy if one were only to judge it by the excellent publications for his help which you turo out, and the many articles you have written for his guidance. If you can enlighten us on the subject, I am sure many more will be grateful to you besides “SMALL CAPITALIST IN PROSPECTIVE.” ENEMIES OF TEA. Bogawantalawa, 11th June. Drar S§i1r,—Can you find out what these Tea leaves are afiected with? they were found by a neighbour of mine and I should be glad to know whether they are eggs of the MHelopeltis, Any nformation will much oblige.—Yours truly, F. M. L. [We referred the leaves to Mr. H. H. Green who kindly replies :— Punduloya, 14th June. The leaves received have uncoubtedly been punctured either by Helopeltis cr some allied bug of similar habite. I could not determine the species without seeing the insect or finding its eggs. These latter are usually embedded in the stalk of the young flush. ‘To find them I-should require for examination a pnumber of shoots from the affected trees packed so as to arrive ina fresh condition. After the shoots have once become dry it is diffienlt or impossible to locate the eggs. ———_—_~@— CoFFEE &c, IN JAva.—The annual meeting of shareholders of the ‘‘ Coffee and Cinchona-growing Oompany, Paligaran,” of Java, was held in Amg- The directors’ report, which was adopted, announced a loss on the trading during the year 1893 of 28,143 florins, the chief cause of this being the continued decline in the price of cinchona bark. The company, on December 31 last, owned 2,157,828 ocinohona, and 310,820 coffee trees.— Chemist and Druggist. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. — ee oe ee [JuLy 2, 1894. a ns stan pe nerenan ean TEA AND SCANDAL. Tea! Tea! only Tea! (Parody on Thee! Thee! only Thee! by esi Moore.) The dawn of the morn, the daylight’s siuking, Five's cosy hour shall find me drinking Of Tea, Tea, only Tea! When friends are met, and cups go round, ‘And scandals fresh have all enchanted, When butter’d toast is bravely browne, My soul, like Stiggins’s is haunted by Tea, Tea, only aes When crispy curls the breakfast bacon, Coffee by me shall be forsaken, For Tea, Tea, only Tea! Like ocean, which by light or dark, Gulps down the rivers, resting never, The cup that cheers when cares do cark I sip or sing of, doting ever On Tea, Tea, only ar I have no joy but cf its bringing, , And nerves themselves seem nice when springing From Tea, Tea, only Tea! Tea’s spell there’s naught on earth can break (Though Tes-cups can ulas! be broken) ; Bohea the toper’s sc.rn may wake; By me for aye the praise be spoken Of Tea, Tea, only Tea !—[ Punch, June 7th, 1884.) Lheve at last, after much huntiug and evquiry found the wonderiul Jetuer to a friend agaiost the uee of Tca, by John Wesley, to which Walter Besant refers in his ‘London.’ It 18 too long to give here, but I hope to send it to you efeparately for the 7, A, come time. M-anwhile J give you one result of it. Adam Clarke, u Lp. in a letter to a Preacher in 1812 thus writes:—“Shun tea driaking visits: these in general, muréer time and can answer no good purpose eithir to your body or soul. If you go ont this way atany time, let it be only where you have every reason to believe your vivit is likely to be useful to the souis of the people, But is it likely to be very useful where thereisa Ja'ge partly | Thirty years ago I met with Mr. Wesley’s Jetter on tea. I read it and resolved from that hour to drink 1o more of the juice of that herb till I could answer his arguments and objections. Ihave seen that tract but once since, yet from that day uutil now I have not drank a cup of Tea or Coffee. For these things I mostly fouud a substitute in the morning, and when I could not I cheerfully weut,without breakfast ; and in their piace I never took anything in the evening. By thia lice of conduct I have not only joined hands with God to preserve a feeble constitution, but I can demozstrate that I have actually saved who e years of time, which otherwise must have been irrecoverably lost, aud— perbaps my soul with them, for I have often had occasion to observe that tea-drinking visits open the flood-gates of various temptations, How can those exclaim against needlees self-indulgence and waste of time who go out on such occasions in the evenings! It is a mystery to me Which I never wish to beable to unravel, how men can act in this way, aud preach afterwards! I have often wondered that this matter is never spoken of to the young preachers wien they are admilted. But who can with propriety warn them against this evi? only those who are guiltless; and where are they? Alas! alas! do not we make a great outery against evils, however discreditable to as es Christiaus and ministers, which arein themselves and in theic consequences of little moment in com- parison of this epidemic and dangerous disorder ? But if our own conduct in this respect reproach us, should we, while honest men withhold the word of caution ond advice from our brother pe Writing liko the above tends to domore harm thau good, I should say,and bears out what George R. Sims complains of in his Ballads of Babylon under the title of THE DRINKERS DIRGE. Phexe’s death in the Teapot, there’s death in the jug ; Try a drain of cold water, death lurks in the mug. No drink unfermented from danger is free, There are death and disease in Milk, Water, and Tea. - 2 From the lead that in ‘‘ waters” is lurking I shrink— Oh, tell me, good dectors, what, whatcan I drins? From the worship of Bacchus a convert I’d be, Yet you bid me beware of mul, Water and Tes. How a total-abstainer’s to live isn’t clear, For his conscience forbids him Wive, Spiritsand Beer, ‘And science commands us from death he should flee From those poisonous liquids, Milk, Water aod Tea. a In trying from all things our lips to debar, Hasn’t science just galloped his hobby too far? Let the nervous go thirsting, they shan’t frighten me With this nonsense concerning Milk, Water and Tea. Sines quoting that wretched man, Walsh, last week, I find that he has cribbed another part of bis book from “The Art of Tes aud Tea Blending,” published by Whittingham & Oo. I need not give you samples as they are of the same bold, untwisted quality as the lest break. But here are some other amusing extracts which almost look like his owa composition. At p, 38 he says:—‘' By botanists it is termed Zea, this last name being adopted by Lianseus for the sake of its Greek orthography being exactly that of Oer— a Godders—a coincidence donbtless quite acceptable to those who use and enjoy the beverage as itdeserves.” Oex is the nearest approach .he American comporitors could make to the Greek form Thea (Gea). Again ot p. 117 be says :—*‘ Ceylon tess cerive their trade names from the estates or plantations on which they ere grown, being classed commercially as ‘Lvocanduris,’ ‘ Maiagalas,’ ‘ Ruspwal.es,’ ‘Kenda- loyss,’ (sic!), ‘ Rakuwans,’ ‘Madulsuma, the finet being produced in the districts of Dimbuls and Dolosbage.”’ On Tuesday I took my children down to Amersbam for a eprivg-flower huat. The balmy air was de licious, and we were smply rewarded by ermiuls of wild- hyacinth or blue-bell, yellow srchavgel or weasel- snout, bugle, cuskoo-flower, greater etitch-wort, violet, &c., &., and sweet woodruff, Of this last Anne Pratt says :—‘ Dr. Wallich seys that ite flowers, infused in water, make a tea far superior to the Chinese teas.” In Amersham village I saw advertised two pew Ceylon teas—Palmyra aud Sattewattie! Close to the Railway at Wembley Park we saw that the rival to the Biffel Lower had reached its first stage. The only indication that I have as yet discovered as to Shakespeare drinking Tea is in Julius Caesar, Act I Sec. I1I,, where Cassius says—evidently referring to Tea-leaves and Etna—“‘Why you sbsil find that heaven hath infused them with these spirits.’ No ‘doubt I shall find many more such references. A, M, FERGUEON. _ Repries :—(23,579) Gems (to Ceylon’’).—Bery] is the name of a family of mineral crystals, otherwise named in several varieties, according to colour, as under, end they are all the same stone :—lransparent and bluish (beryl) are the most numerous, not very highly va'u- able; sea-green (aquamarine), if large, areof cousider- able value; deep-green (the emerald) are very valuable, some priceless. No red ones are known,— EMERALD Isue.—Ibid. + COFFEE AND CACAO IN JAVA. The report of the Company Wonomerto mentions that the coffee cultivation suffered much from in- sects, but the cocoa cultivation has a more favour- able prespect, and will therefore be extended. The balance-sheet was approved, but no profit and loss account can be produced as yet. A proposal to issue a 6 percent bonded loan was adopted. The Deli-Batavia Oompany will pay 10 per cent, and the Senembah Company 6 4-10 per cent dividend. L, and C. Express. : ~ Juny 2, 1894. | PLANTING AND PRODUCE. Tar OFFiciAL Report of THE OHICAGO EXHIBITION —The Report of the Royal Commission tor the Chicago Exhibition, just published officially, makes the follow- ing reference to [udian and Oeylon tea :— Tnp14.—A special committee wasappointed for India of which Sir Owen Burne, k,c.s.1., was chairman, and Mr.S. Digby hon. secretary. On adviceof this com- mittee, the Commiecsion made several appeals to the India Office, and to the Government of India, through the India Office, but without effect. Failing official aid, it endeavoured to enlist the support of the various Indian Ohambers of Commerce, and other public bodies, with little better result. The Government of India did not at first propose to take any part in the Exhibition, but eventually they made a grant of 40,000 rupees to the Indian Tea Association, to assist them in exhibitung Indian teas, and a grant of 10,000 rupees to Messrz. Tellery, of Delhi, to eid in the ior- mation of a reprecentative collection of Indian art ware. Mr. R. Blechynden was appointed by the Tea Associa- tion to take charge of their interests, and that gentle- man, ion copjunction with Mr. Tellery, arranged for the erection of a characteristic Indian building on a site near Victoria House. In this pavilion, which was unfortunately not spacious enough to do jus- tice to its admirable contents, the collection of art ware was displayed and the samples of tea exhibited. Messrs. Tel’ery’s collection was valued at £26,000, and the exp’nses attendant om its exhibition are stated at £11,000. Permission was obtained for the salé and gratuitous distribution of the tea, which was served in the same building by native Indian at- teendants to Jarge crowds of visitors daily. This liberality was 2rea'ly appreciated,and the populsrity thus obtained for Ludiun tea can hardly fail to have a very considerable effect on its consumption in America, and to increase the future trade in it, ; Oxryton.—One special object in Mr. Grinlintou’s appointment was to promote the sale of Ceylon tea in America, end this he did most effectively by the sale of the tea, both dry and infused, in the Veylon Pavilion, and in other pavilions whicn he set up on the various spaces allotted to the colony, the tea being served by Cingalese at- tendants whom Mr, Grinlinton had _ brought over from Ceylon for the purpose. He was so suc- cessful in his efforts that he was able, before leaving Ohicago, to establish a permanent office in the city for the supply of tea from Ceylcn. Tra CULTIVATION IN Russta.—A telegram from St. Petersburg states tvat the department which has the direction of the Crown domains has decided to send parties of experts to India, Sou:h China, and Ceylon in December next for the purpose otf studying the oultivetion of tho tea plant in those countries, Tue Juts Crisis.—The condition of the jute trade in Dundee cails for reform. Among other proposals it is suggested by a writer in the Pall Mall Gazette that the Londou speculatora and brokers should uo longer be allowed to dominate the trade—that the Dundee consumers should initiate their own system of arbitration on the spot by a body of their own experts, and take the mat’er into their own hands evtirely. The men of Miucing Lane, says the writer, are blamed for much of the wild speculation which has been such a marked feature of the jute wusiness for some years. No doubt there is some boundation fcr this; but if Dundee should get its desire, wild speculation would be just as rife there as it is in London, As it is, we do not know that Dundeeis by any means blameless in this Particular. Tho great trouble under Which spicners and others concerned have all slong laboured is found, not in speculation, not in an unstuble currency, but in the present system of shipping and ‘ water- ing” the goods in India. Save for a few well- known marks, whieh bear their own guarantee of quality, the spimner is quite at the merey ot the baler gnd the shipper, The practice of watering has reached cuch q kvel that the water is deliberately weighed and introduced into the beles in open deylight. At least half the jute ship- THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 47 ped from Calcutta to Dundee is packed by native balers, and they all take care that a certain—some- times an uncertain—percevtage of moisture is intro- duced. To do away with this rank abuse a contract form providing for a home guarantee and quality would, it is claimed, be sufficient. Jute packed dry woulc mean that it would be received in good con- dition, that there would be few claims for short weight or internal damage, that the fibre would be better, and @ good yarn the inevitable result.—A. and C. Mail. oe ee RHEA, LIMITED. Capital £60,000. Directors: W. O. Clough, M.P. (Messrs. Clough, Armstrong & Ford), 89, Gresham Street, London, E.C.; Chas. E. Shaw, M.P., Queen Anne’s Mansions, Westminster, S.W., and Wolverhampton; Alfred J. Lusty (Messrs, Powley, Thomas & Co.), 150, Leaden- hall Street, E.C., and Cardiff; * Wm. Digby, o.1.5. (Messrs. Wm, Hutchinson & Co.), Trafalgar Build- ings, Charing Cross, London. * Will join the Board after allotment. PROSPECTUS. Subseriptions are invited for 3,000 Shares of £10 each inthis Company which has teen formed forthe purpose of acquiring and working the valuable Inven- tions of Mr. A. F. Bilderbeck Gomess, F.R.M.S., for the extraction of a textile fibre from Rhea, Ohina Grass, and other members of the urtica or nevtle family and from the cortex of other plants. Patent Rights have been granted for the United Kingdom, aud Patentsare in course of issue for the following countries:—Germany, France, Austria, Spain, Italy, beigium, United States, India, and Ceylon. Intormation has been received from Ger- many that the application has been examined and passed. The Company has acquired the sole Patent rights in the Inventions. The Company intend, for the present, to confine their attention to the pro- duction of material for sale to spinners, which can be one at a price leaving an excellent margin of prot. The inventions have been submitted to most ex- haustive experiments upon Indian Rhea, extending over nearly two years, which have demonstrated— 1, That, from the raw material, 70 per cent of fibre, ready for combing, is obtained; 2. That a textile from the fibre is produced which a competent authority declares, ‘‘in quality, colour, lustre, soft- ness, and freedom from gum,” is ‘‘ unapproachable”’ ; 3. That the fibre readily spinsinto yarn; 4. That the fibre assimilates, in the spinning machines, with silk and wool, producing a “splendid” result, and that, from these mixed yarns, a close, equable, lus- trous, and valuable, fabric is produced; 5. That the fibre bleaches well and takes dye in fast colours. Recent experiments by Mr. Gomess, in dyeing Silk and Rhea, and Wool and Rhea, together have resulted in complete success, the production of an identical shade in each fibre having been obtained thus opening up a large market for mixing with silk and wool. The process is a purely chemical one, and the plant used is of the simplest kind. At a meeting of textile manufacturers and others held in the Westminster Palace Hotel, London, on February 16th, 1894, a leading Lancashire manufacturer, referring to the following statements :—“‘ The fibre readily spins into yarn”; ‘The fibre assimilates, in the spinning machines, wlth silk and wool fibres, producing a ‘ splendid’ result ’’; remarked: ‘‘I can endorse what is here said. I maybe asked, ‘ Why, then, do you not use it?? My answer is: I cannot get it. li L can get it I will use it laigely.’” Samples of fibre prepared by this process have been piaced in the hands of leading Fibre Brokers, Woollen Manufacturers, Wool Combers, and others, who haye expressed the fol- lowing opinions :— a. “ Yarn for the Continent can be sold at 1s. 6d. to 2s. per lb., in unJimited quantities. The French manufacturers sell Ramie Yarn, in the white, aj 25, 48 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, [Juty 2, 1894. 7d. per lb.’ b, ‘ The samples are the best I have ever seen. Very, very, good: abig thing if the price is right and regular output can be relied on.” ¢, ‘‘ The combed and mixed spun samples are splendid. Ademand for Rhea fibre is springing up and we have no doubt Rhea will be the article of the future.” d. ‘fIcan use any quantity of this.” e¢. ‘ There is undoubtedly a good business to be done in the fibre. I believe it can largely replace Mohair, which is at present in great demand and very high in price.” The combed fibre, which sells in France at from is 24d to 1s 4d per lb., can, all charges included, be produced by this process for 7d per lb. ‘‘ Rhea fibre is the strongest fibre in Nature. According to the experiments made by Dr. Forbes, it istwo and a half times as strongas the best Russian Hemp.’ Experiments made for the peruse of testing the relative strength of Machine-Roping made from Rhea Fibre as. against Belting made from solid leather, has proved that the Fibre Begging stood, without breaking, more than double the strain at which the Solid Leather Belting broke. In this connection alone, therefore, a large demand for the fibre will arise when its strength and endurance become known. Answering his own question, ‘‘ What is Rhea good for?” the late Dr. Forbes Watson, for many years Reporter on the Products of India, at the India Office, London, in a paper which he read before the Society of Arts, on the 10th December, 1893, said :— ‘It is difficult to say what it (Rhea Fibre) is not good for.” Araong many other uses it can be em- ployed in the manufacture of sewing cottons, lace and other curtains, hosiery, handkerchiefs, muslin, sail cloths, upholstery, damask stuffs, plushes, and other similar goods. In France it is used for the Government Bank Notes, its adaptability for this purpose being unequalled. As to its general utility and value as a commercial commodity Mr. A, Sansone, Director of the Manchester School of Technical Dyeing, in an address delivered on the 2nd February 1886, said :—“‘ Having watched very carefully all that has been done in the last few years for the advancement of the study of textile materials, I have come to the conclusion, that there is a brilliant future in store for the fibres derived trom some of the varieties of the Urtica family,” [of which Rhea is a member] ‘‘ and my conviction goes so far on this point as to foresee, at no very distant future, a new and very important branch of textile industry.’’ The experimental works at Hast Row, Kensal Road, the plant and the raw mate- rial, are included in the purchases, and the services of Mr. Gomess, as Consulting Chemist, have keeu recured to the Company, The only contract entered into is one dated 2nd April, 1894, between William Digby, Sidney Albert Chalk, and Alfred Charles Colebrook Coid (Messr’. Wm. Hutchinson & Co.),ofthe 1st part, Alfred Francis Bilderbeck Gcomess cf the 20d part, and Frederick William Fowler, a Trustee on behalf of the Company of the 3rd part. A copy of thiscontract, and of the Memorandum and Articles of Association tcgether with samples showing the Fibre in the various stages of treatment, can be seen at the registered offices of the Oompany, and at the offices of the Solicitors of the Company. see A NEW TEA PaTENT. 789. January 12, 1893, Tea. Leechman, W. O., 92, Sinclair Road, Middlesex. TEA PREPARATION,—In the manufacture of the leaf the ordinary drying or firing is omitted and the cells of the leaves are broken, preferably by passing through a pair of rollers, one of which is driven faster than the other. The leaves are then pressed to extract the juice, from which the moisture is extracted by evaporation, a vacuum pan being pre- ferably uged.—Patent Journal, May 23. TEA BLIGHTS, At the instance of the planting interest in Assam the Revenue aud Agricultural Department, Govern- ment of India, suggested to the Trostecs of the Indian Museum the desirability of publishing in ao separate form the information already collected in the Museum upon the subject of Tea Blighte. The ides was favoursbly received by the Trustees, and Mr. Coter, the Deputy Superintendent, was deputed for the work. The compilation is now ready end in the press. As Mr. Ootes bas proceeded to England, ad- vantage will be taker of his presence there to have the illustrations prepared under bis supervision, - Indian Engineer. ———— VARIOUS AGRICULTURAL NOTES. “Rugs, Liurrep,”.—The prospectus referred to by our London Correspondent will be found reproduced in fuli on page 47. We give it not only on account of the way in which Ceylon is specially mentioned, but because we feel an unabated interest in any special improve- ment in the means of fibre ex'raction. No doubt Mr. Digby and his firm consider they have fuund the very process long sought after, but so haye felt many of their predecessors, more especially Messrs, Death and Ejlwood. There are two things, however, which require demonstration :— (1) that the process when worked on a large scale is likely to be sufficiently successful; and (2) that the prospectsof the fibre market as a whole are proportionately encouraging. No doubt the promoters have satietied themselyes on these points and they quote Lancashire authorities in eupport of their view. TEA-GROWING IN Tasmanrs.—In his lecture before the Royal Colonial Institute on “ Recent Economic Developments of Australian Enterprise,” our oid friend ‘“ Maori’? (Hon. James Inglis) makes one statement of fact which is quite new to us, We quote as follows ‘— Again, in eertain regions on the coast of Northern Quetnsland, we have a reivfell and conditions of vege- tation similar in character to those of Ceylov. On our northera rivers in New South Wales, we have cape-brakes as moist and luxurient as these of Jamaica, and maize fields as fertile as any in America. We have floods, i regret to say, assudden and strong as those of Lower Bengal, and forests as rank and thick as those of Brazil, In the west lands of the came Colony, it isnow becoming a common sight to see ao long katila or file of camele, laden with bales of wool or other merchandire, much as you would see in Sind or the Punjab. In Tasmania you may find good Assam hybrid tea-plants growing side by side with barley, maize, or potatoes. In New Zcalaud you have every variety of clime and condition,from the giant glaciers of Mount Oook, the rolling prairie lands of Otago and Canterbury, where farming is practised with a skill and euccess not excelled even in the Lothians, to the dense forest lands and rank Juxuri- ance of Tararaki and Wanganui, where from 80 to 100 bushels to the acre, of oats and wheat, is aby nomeaps uncommon yield. Still further north, in the Auckland district fruits and other products of the sub-tropics can be grown in the open air. We never heard of Assam hybrid tea plants being cultivated in Tatmania of all Oolcnies? Had Mr, Inglis said in Queensland or Northern New South Wales or New Zealand, we should not be at all surprised; but Tasmania is perhaps, the last of the colonies, we should have chosen for a tea growing experiment. However, the tea plant is hardy encugh to grow almost anywhere, though ot to “ flush’’ profitably. juxy 2, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 49 THA CULTIVATION : _- EXPERIMENTS IN MANURING. We sent Mr, John Hughes, the emingnt Analytical Ohemist, a copy of Mr. Kelway-Bamber’s new book on tea, published under the auspices of the Indian Tea Association, feeling assured that Mr. Hughes would take a special interest in the contents of community with his criticism on the same. our anticipation was well-justified, Mr. Hughes’ interesting, though only preliminary, letter (see page 57) fully shews. His ready sei- zure of the weak points inthe author's Manur- ing Experiments, his shrewd observations, and his keen, critical analysis of ths same, cannot fail to impress all carefulreaders. The Indian Tea Asso- ciation and the Assam planters who ars inclined to regard the new book as a standard authority—and yery valuable it is in many departments—should be obliged to Mr. Hughes for shewing them where the Experiments recorded therein, are deficient. For ourselves, we have all along regarded most of Mr. Kelway-Bamber’s deductions in respect of culti- vation, and in connection with some others of his experiments, as based on too limited a period of observation and record. We must have in Ceylon experience in manuring and results, more valuable, if not more trustworthy, than those recorded in the volume under notice, because carried on systematically, over a greater number of years. On Mariawa‘to plantation for instance, and on the **K,A.W.” group, and under the careful direction of the managing proprietor of Dambullagalla and Pitakanda, and again under the auspices of the experienced Manager of Great Western—than whom no man in Ceylon or India knows more of prac- tical agriculture or believes more in due cultiva- tion and ‘‘tiilage,’—manuring has been carried on for a long time, the record of which, if published, could not fail to prove of the greatest value for general guidance. But managers and proprietors in such cases often do not feel justified in going directly into print, though we feel sure that to an agent of the Planters’ Association, the results would be given for his guidance and for indirect reference. We mean that the time has come for the Planters’ Association of Ceylon to follow the example of the | Indian Tea Association and to institute experi- ments both by analysis of soils and experimental manuring plots, such as Mr. Hughes has so often pressed on the attention of the Ceylon planters. The experimentalist, if he visited our different tea districts, could pick up, from planters of the stamp referred to, a great deal of information bearing on his work, and without giving names, he could well utilize the results in his Report. Turning more particularly to the contents of Mr. Hughes’ present letter, it will be observed that he considers, in the Chittagong experiments, the manures—apart from results—were too con- centrated and applied in too large a quantity. So much was this the case, that ‘ wasteful and positively injurious’’ are the terms applied ; while Mr. Hughes is confident that judicious (that is moderate) and regular manuring of toa will be found to pay, inasmuch as it tends to permanently improve the fertility of the soil. In the case of 8 good many of our tea planters of the present day—who pooh-pooh the idsa of ap- plying manure to their tea so long as they see no appreciable difference in their crops,—is there not the danger of delaying too Jong? When a marked difference in the crops ccmes to be observed, if may be too late to apply manures after ‘* the moderate, judicious fashion” recommended by Mr, Hughes, 7 becauss both the soil and trees have been “ne- glected so long that they are nearly played out Of course, there are very great differences in soils, and full allowance has to be made for the effect of tillage in burying prunings and other rubbish, and for the benefit derived from our highly-charged tropical rains and atmosphere; but allowing for ; } all this, it cannot be right to go on taki the volume and favour-us and our tea planting ° : ane Boi ma ati et OB! TeOE That | by year, heavy crops per acre of made tea from OeyJon tea plantations without doing something by way of return, in moderate, ‘‘ judicious and regular meanuring.”’ —— eee ee COCOA AND COCOA CURING, JAMAICA AND TRINIDAD COMPARED. INTERVIEW WITH A PROMINENT TRINIDADIAN, Of increased importance has become in these latter days what are called “tne minor products” of Jamaica, ‘The declension from ita former status of the banana trade, the decadence of the sugar and the comparative failure of oranges, has led the agri- culturist of Jamaica, to devote more of hie attention than formerly to the smaller forms of trade. Of these minor products the cocoa or cacao is the chief and highest in commercial value. We in Jamaica have not devoted much of our at- tention to this most profitable product, and what attention wa have displayed, and the results arising therefrom, have not been of much material commer- cial benefit to ourselves. We can grow the tree better probably better than any country in the world; our seeds for plumpness and size come well ont of the comparison, but our methods of curing—in drying ani fermeating—are carried out with such a com- bination of carele+s-e33 and ignorance that our cocoa has neither @ name in the market, nor can com- mand a competitive price with the product of other countvries. _ Trinidad is the home of the cocoa. Here is it found in allits variety and excellence, and the cocoa seeda of the Trinidad exporter find a readier buyer and a higher price than those of their competitors. _A Gleaner reporter had the pleasure of an inter- view yesterday with Mr. Edwards George Kipps, a proMinent solicitor and planter, and one of Trini- dad’s most ardent champions of constitutional liberty, who is at present on a visit to Jamaica for the pur- psc of bringing to the attention of planters here the enormous possibilities of proper cocoa cultivation. *[T do not see why,” said Mr, Kipps, ‘Jamaica cocoa shouli not in the courss of a few years acquire as high a reputation and become so profitable a trade as itis in Trinidad at present. You have here the very clima‘e requisite forits growth, your extent of land is more and your country more populous. Cocoa will only grow within @ certain zone or belt of temperature, and youin Jameica have in my opinion & nea er approximation to the proper climate than we have in hotter Trinidad. It wou'd not grow well of course oa your bigh hill ranges, but in your temperate valleys and splendid soils it would find a lucrative home. Iu Jamaica you have besides the advantages of bananas asa trade. We plant bananas as shade trees for our cocoa, but we cannot utiliza them as a tradz and have simply to throw them aside. Here you can enjoin the two industries, and make a profitable trade of both, ‘““What is your opiviop, Mr, Kipps,-of the Jamaica bean as compared with the well kuown Trinidad varisties ? ” “Cocoa of cours3 is like mangoes, sugar cane, etc., ditferent epecies result from different ciasses of soils, under different conditions and with different climates. I think so far as the bean is concerned Jamaica variety will naturally oatstrip the Trinidad kind. It is larger, contains as much essential oils, is as rich and delicate. But where we have the advantage is that we have a proper and scientific system of curing. You have not 50 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JULY 2, 1894.) Our merchants also do not as here thip all kinds and qualities, however inferior, but select and endeavour to keep up the name of the Trinidad cocoa, It is also slipped to special housee, certain qualities are sent to one house, certain to another. Our trees are alto properly pruned; they are properly and scientifically cultivated ; and lockcd after wi'h a care ard aitention neceseary to their growth. Hereitis not so. Your trees are first of all not carefully pruned, their sitva'ion and necrssity of shade not considcred. Your precess of curing leaves the seedsin a bad and unmarketable condition and your trader instead of looking after the name and reputation of bis industry desixs but to bring in the present shilling, without foresight or look into the future. Were scme of the seeds I have ceen here exposed forsalein Trinidad the vendcr would b. come lable toa fi.e forexpo-ing unmarketable produce. IL am at preseut engaged in submitting cone of these beans to a processof my own which as you Gap +ce has resulted in amarked improyymcnt of the quality. Mr. Kipps ot this stage submitted seyeial sumplis of Cocon at various periods of the process of curing, the most interesting of these was the ordinery Jamaica bean as it is put on the market by our native growers in three etages of Mr Kipp’s process, First was the ordinary bean, second was tho inter- mediate stage, third the final and improved result of the procese. The completed stage of the bean was certainly a marked improvemert and tothe unsbhilled eye no difference between it and the famous Triridid cocoa detected. It had aequired a 1ich brown color, the cotyledons were full and plump, and the aroma delicate and pervading. The chance was great and would most certainly «add to the com- mercial value of the product. Mr. Kipps states that the process i3 entirely a natural one, is not ex- pensive or protracted, and can ke made available by every cne. We are glad to state that Mr. Kipps has consented to deliver a public lecture on the subject to which we chall draw attention.— Mauritius Gazette. a ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER IN CEYLON. So successful have been Mr. J. Torr Todman’s operations so far, that Mcssre. Boustead Brother’s are about to enter into scveral considerable contracts: the Grand Oricntal and Galle Faca Hotels are expected to follow the example cf the Bristol, and no doubt certain official con- tracts—for Queen’s House, part of the Oustoms premises and new General Po:t Office—will follow; as well as some of the local manufac- torics—oil-mills—whero night work is often no- cessary and the necdiul power is already avail- able. Meantime, Mr. Todman hes gone upcountry to see what can be done about utilising the pewer from waterfalls and streams to drive electric motors, and it is stated that he is also to sce Matakelle Factory supplied with electria light. Mr. J. M. Boustead deserves oredit for going into the matter so energetically; but he bas always displayed a great interest in electric “motors and appliances. It is quite time that the great amount of power running waste in our rivers and falls in the planting country should be freely utilized. —_____—_ PLANTING IN SOUTH SYLHET. The manager of a ‘' Fibre Concern’’ in this district of Northern India, writes to us :— “We are going largely in for Sissaland Fourcroya and other hemps at this garden as well ag ex. perimenting with cotfee, rubber, &c. I have been hitherto unsuccessful in procuring seeds of (he following plants:—-Cocoa, Brazil nuts, ( Bertholletia Excelsa) Kolanut, (ola Acuminata) Cogs, (Eryth- roxylon Coca) Gambier, (Uncaria Gambir).” This should be a chance for Messrs. J. P, William Bros, of Henaratgoda. ———_——__@____—_— THU JAMAICA COURT AT CHICAGO. In the report of the Hon. O. J. Ward, Honorary Commissicner of Jamaica at the World’s Fair, which wes presented to the Legislative Council on Tuesday, we have, for the first time and probably also for the last, a full authoritative account of the Jamaica Court avd some of the results atlained by the représinta- tion of the Island’s products at the great exposition. Part of the preliminary work was the preparation of the illuetrated guide-book and brecharcs, wh,ch was accomplished in the Island. Co!. Ward ment cns bis indebtedness. The guide-book a:suredly has o'bteined a wide circulation. It was giveu away in the Court, and was sent to the Governor of every State in the Union, to the Mayer of every importsnt city, to the leading mecical men in the cities of New York end Obicago, to every recognised university, to libraries aud school clube, to foreiga commissionerr, Goverrors of BritishOvlonies, &c. &o. Co'. Ward states that be has reason to belicve that the information thus circulated will nct fail to be productive of good to the colony. The remarke or the pioneer exhibits are of extreme interest. Much washoped from the banana meal and on this product the report ssys:—* The banana meal engaged the carefulattention of several of the lading grocers in Chicago. end elsewhere. Oxe large house in Chicago, Sp:azgue, Warner & Oo., after testing samples of this meal, was so pleased with the result that it cffer.d to undertake to introduce it as a food for infants ond invalids, provided tke producers would guarantee to supply the necessary amount to advertise it extensively throughout the Uni- ted States. Messrs. Spregue, Warner & Uo. estimated that a sum of not less that $25,000 would be necessary to launch this new product on the American market, and unless this sum were forth- coming they did rot see their way to dealing with it on the ground that no sales in avy quantity could be expected. This propceal was iu due course submitted to the exhibitors whose meal had been experimented upon; but unfortunately those gentlel- men were unable at the time tc adopt the conrse proposed, endthe matter is still in abeyance. Iam strongly of opinion thet with a judicious outlay of cepital, and with a reasonable certainty that no sudden changes will be made in tariff regulations there is a market open for banana meal in the United States. This would also benefit both directly, and indirect'y the growers of banauas here ; inasmnch as the quantity of iruit now rejected by the shippers as not being up to the standard, as regards the ‘number of hands on each bunch, could beutilised for conversion into meal. At present the cost of pro- duc‘ng banana meal is very heavy; but the cost would be appreciably reduced were large quantities mann. factured and the neccssary evaporating and grinding machinery introduced.” ‘There is less hope of a market for dried bananas. They do not stand the test of time. Perhaps as long as the ripe fruit is go popular—and it is becoming mere und more an economical staple fruit of the people—there will be no chance of this delicacy making its way. Col. Ward states that he has seen bananas eold in the streets of Chicago for almost the same price as in Kicgston but naturally of inferior quality. The kolsa Sa hibit reeeived some attention and the fupply of Machado’s cigars was easily disposed of, but there is no field for cigars unuer the existing tariff A corsiderableamount of dagger and Jace-bark work could be disposed of in the States if the duty were lowered. The cxpcritnes of the Commissioner wag that the Americans are attracted by this artistic class of goods. It is satisfactory tolearn that onr display of fibres was considered to be the finest in the Fair Samples of the sisal hemp, penguin, &¢., were asked for ef = Juty 2, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 51 by the Fibre Investigation Department of Agriculture at Washiogton and specimens were accordingly pre- sented to them. Ool. Ward truly observes that the great problem is the manufactnre of a good decorti- cating machine. So far as the Fair way concerned there was nothing new in this line of machinery on exhibit. The free ‘‘afternoon-coffees” prove a great attraction as has already been generally admitted, Appended tothe report is a statement showing the expenditure of tke £5,000 voted by the Legislature. There is a balence at the credit of the account amounting to £423, which may be slightly increasod by’the further scale of articles not yet disposed of. Tho compilation and distribution of the Handbook cost £964, the erection of the Oourt £1,182. It should be added that the Atlas Company conveyed the exhibits free of cost to and from New York, and Messrs. Macey and Dunham of that city acte! gra- tuitously as forwarding agenti. To the great credit of the Honorary Commissioner be it said that he has rot charged in the account a single item of expense incurred by bimself.— Jeane. —_——_—_ TEA SOIL AND OTHER ANALYTICAL EXPERIMENTS. A planter, who is not keen about-the As- sociation following Mr. Hughes’ advice, wrcte, before he had seen letter on page 57 :—‘* Why can’t the Government make Oochran or some- one else publio analyst, and if any planter wants his soi] or tea leaves analysed, send to him, and for a small fee get a report. What good was done by analyses of coffee soils, in times past! A decent clean-looking bean will fetch a good price, no matter where it has been grown. The same thing happens with tea, a fine flavoury tea wiil fetch & good prics wherever grown, and I think most planters of 10 or 15 years’ experience know what soils are suitable for tea. I would rather uss my own judgment in a matter of that than goto any analyst.” Our correspondent should not suppose that analy- ses of soils and manuripg experiments are the only steps (though these are very imporvant). He cannot have read Mr. Hughes’ letters in our columns during the past year very carefully. Take the very latest (before the one above referred to) and what did Mr. Hughes write (April 11tb) ?— ‘With avariationof climate und soil, there will naturally be a variation in the quality and strength of the tea made. But in what respects does the tea differ, and how far isthe difference due to the soi/, and how far to the climate; or still more how far is the differ- ence due to the mode of manufacture ? Thee are the points which I have put forward from time to time in your paper, with a view of exciting the interest and support of your Planters’ Association. It is therefore a matter of regret, and possibly of distinct pecuniary loss to the Ceylon tea enterprise, that up to the present time the Planters’ Associa- _tion have not considered it desirable to promote soientifio investigation into the prinoiples of tea mann- facture. As was pointed out in my Report upon tho ‘lea Analyses made last year in London, the market price of the samples examined, varied according to tho amount of the soluble ash contained, and tbe results certainly suggested furthor ressarch as being likely to yield useful as well interes'ing results. It is probably only a question of time; and very likely a large Tea Company will first lead the way in scientife reseirch and attach an experienced chemist to the Factory staff, who, if a good man, would soon be found most useful, for iustance in reporting on the qualily of the green leaf delivered from different estates, In saying this I feel sure I am not simp!y expressing ao opinion, but predicting a fact.” We sincerely regret that the enterprise of the Ceylon Planters’ Association in the direction pointed cut aboye, should have fallen so far behind that of the eister Tea Association in Ca!cutta. Hp DRUG REPORT. (From Chemist and Druggist.) London, May 24th. Cassia FistuLa.—Twenty bags of fair, but somewhat wormy, Jaya pods, imported via Amsterdam, were bought in today at 30s per cwt. They are said to represent the residue cf the recent imports. CocAINE.—Next to the drop in galicylates the chief feature of interest in the drug market has been the suc- den reduction of 4s per oz. (equal to about 23 per cent) in the price of hydrochlorate of cocaine. From a mini- mum of 18s per oz., the quotation for the article (n parcels of at least 100 ¢z) has been lowered to 14s per oz. Smaller quantities are being offered at 14s 3d to 14s 6d per oz. For 1-oz. bottles 3d per oz. extra is charged, Delivery must be taken within three months from date of contract. QUININE.—These has been no business af all in the article this week. In the whelesale market it would, perhaps, be possible to buy second-hand German bulk at 1ld per oz., but 114d per oz. is the asking price. VANILLA.—A fairly large supply, offered at auction to- day, was well competed f-r, ordinary and medium kinds realising full prices, fie beans ly per lb, advance. The following were the quotations :—Fine 8 to 9 inches, 20s to Zils 6d; 7 to 8 inches 1s to 18s 6d; 6% to 7 inches 12s to 14s 64; 54 to 6% inches 10s to lls 6d; 45 to 6 inches 8s to 9s 6d; pale oily and foxy,from 12s6d down to 2s per lb. a TEA AND SCANDAL, Mrs. PartincroN, Mrs. Ramssporrom and Mrs. Grunpy are «uch historical characters that it would be interesting to get their experiences of Tea. I have as yet only cme across those ot the firat-n«med lady, and I now hand them on to you. ‘They are thus described in “Mrs. Partington’s Tea Party :’— Mrs. P.’s first visit was to the Grocer’s. ‘I want half a pound of the best black anda quarter of a pound of the best green if you phase’ said ste. to the sharp yourg man bebind the counter. ‘I’m told Souchong bas tre bist savvur, but I don’t pretend to know: The real insignificance of the nimes pas3es my reprehension.” ‘ Perhaps you'd like to try Orange Pekos ma’am’”’ suggested the shopman. ‘It’s tea I want, thank you” was the reply. ‘I didn’t know that you were conveyors of fruitss well.’ The man grinned and packed up the black tea. ‘ Gunpowder I suppose ma’am?” he asked. ‘Lor blcss the man; does te think I am going to kill anybody, or have a corrosion in the house or what 2?” she exclaimed. The man explained that he merely mentioned a certain kind of green tea. ‘‘ Well” shesaid, greatly relieved; “if you’re sure it won’t blow uy, I don't mind. Ive often heard that it’s dangerous to use much green tea and if they put gunpowder in it. IT am sure it is vo longer a project of eutprise.” The green tea wus also packed up. eee eLnextea was made and passed roan, and no one present ever fasted 2 batter flavoured cup in his life. Mrs. P. bad a genius for tea-making; ‘an excellent thi gin woman,’ She did notgive you all the strength of the leafin the first cup, and the mere washings of the tea-pot inthe second. She did not send you a pale yellow infus‘on with the first, and a black decoction with the second.. She avoided both these faults and manage! to give just the right end pleasant degree of strength to botb, and even if you were unresson- able enough (as all her guests were) to ask for a third or even a fourth supply, you might be quite certain of finding the quality of the beverage uuim- piired. Her tea pot was like a conjuror’s bottle, and seemed inexhaustible in its supply of good liquor except that it continuedto pour tea only, and not variously coloured water like the bottle in question, ‘ Paul 52 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Se [Jury 2, 1894. always said I had a talon for it’ said Mrs, P. to come of her guests, who praised her tea-making. “ For my part I don’t think talons has much to do with it. It’s stinginess generally that makes bad tea. If you use plenty, the confusionis sure to be good.” . . . . Meanwhile Mrs. P. says, “ there was such jugular feeling all the evening, and every- body was so anonymous in praising her tea, that she hopes it won’t be the last time she shall ses her friends heaped about in friendly concave.” A BanLape oF 5 o’c, Tea (Arrer Austin Doxgson.) 1 Served in most delicate ware,— Dresden or Sevres,—where you spy Dainty devices and rare, Hues that enrapture the eye; Hands that are shapely and white Pour oub the fragrant Bohea, Beauty presides at this rite This is your 5 o’clock Tea! 2 Perched in the midst of the fair, Masher, resplendent, yet shy, Awkwardly shifts in his chair, He will gain courage by-and-bye, Beaux so antique, most polite, Prattle in garrulous glee, Here in their element quite, This is your 5 o’clock Tea! 8 Characters melt into air, Good reputations must die, Think you ‘ my Lady ”’ will spare For all that you murmur ‘‘Oh fy !” Colloquies vapid and trite, Slanderous tongues running free, Small emanations of spite, This is your 5 o’clock Tea ! ENvoy :—Sugar and cream can excite Envy and malice we see; Satirists cry with delight— This is your 5 o’clock Tea! Orchis.—E. B, DOVETON, We have got quitehardened now-a-days to hearing not only a few nourishing, but many wishy-washy, drinks dubb’d Yeas, such as Beef Tea, Hot Tea, &c.; but it is curious to note how very early this habit began. In 1699 John Evelyn published a little work calied ‘“‘Acetaria, A Discourse of Sallets,’, and in recipe No. 27 Ireai as follows :—~‘* Mowe7s.— Some of them sro pickled and divers of them make also very pleasant end wholesome Zheas, as do likewise the wild Time, Bugloss, Mint, &e. Penny-Royal.— Of this plant discreetly ‘dried, is made a most wholesome and excellent Zea.” I was amused to cee that one of the siove flowers, happening to come at the end of a line, was divided not into Bei-glogs- (ox-tungue) as it should have beon, but into Bug less as though gcod agains§ B. flats or Norfolk— Howards ! A. M. Frreuson. ed PLANTING IN NEGOMBO DISTRICT. COCONUTS AND CINNAMON. At last we are having the monsoon reins and the first half of June has been rather wet, 8°70 inches being the rainfall for the fortnightas against 6°37 inches in the corresponding period of the previous year. But this year April and May together only gave 6°85 inches, whereas in April 1893 alone we had 13:44 inches followed by 8:22 inches in May. During the past two months harvesting of cin- namon was much hindered and retarded and as the growth of the bushes has been very unsatisfactory, owing to diminished rainfall since July last. The crop of 1893-94 is likely to be a small one. From the same cause there will be a general short-fall in the crop of coconuts, but it will not be so gerious ss in the case of cinnamon. Among other advantsges which the one has over the other the coconut planter can generally count on the certainty of securing the crop on his trees, whereas the cinnamon planter is greatly dependent ‘on the weather for harvesting the produce of his bushes. INDIAN PATENTS. Calcutta, the 24fh May 1894. Applications in respect of the undermentioned in- ventious have been filed, during the week endirg 19th May 1894 :-— Withering or Limping Tea Leaf.—No. 150 of 1894.— Samuel Cleland Davidson, of Sirocco Engineering Works, Belfast, {reland, Merchant, for improvements inthe precess of withering or limping tes leaf in the course of ite manufuctureinto black tea aud in appa- ratos therefor. --Indian Engineer. —- --—-~— _ CROWN LAND IN JAVA. In the Amsterdam letter (May 30th) of the L. and C. Express, we read :— It is said that the Government intends to suspend the issue of waste yrounds in Jays, in order to direct miore attention to the working of the other islands in the Archipelago. " > _ —— JAVA COFFEE CROP. AMSTERDAM, May 30.—According toa telegram from the Governor-General of Netherlends India, dated May 26th the Government’s coffee crop in Java is estimated for this yesrat 306.980 piculs. Thisquantity is about donble as much as estimated last year, and the ont-turn of the private crop will also be consi- derably more, by which the agricultural companies hope to regain the losses sustained by the small crop of 1893. From the East of Jaya, however, reports are received that the great expectations are not fully realised, as the fruit seems to have suffered much from the heavy rains.—ZL. and C. Express. —_—_____ OVER-PRODUCTION: IN REFERENCE SPECIALLY, TO TEA. Many of the leading journals both in Europe and America have recently contained—or have reprinted —articles relative to the above subject. The consensus of opinion expressed throughout these is that the whole world is suffering, and muct continue to suffer, from the fact that the producing power of the present day is, as the result in part to the wide employment of machinery, in excess of that of consumption. It is hardly necessary for us to restate the arguments adduced to demonstrate this fact. They must be, we fancy, patent to every- one who considers seriously the pressnt depressed prices of nearly every article of food or of personal use. It is undoubtedly the disproportion between the two items mentioned, that is responsible for the difficulties that now beset ue. Population has not increased in any corresponding ratio to the enor- mous increase of capacity for raising food stuffs, Our own leading industry furnishes a strong illustration in favour of this contention. Where would our tea industry haye been, had we not succeeded in largely ousting from consumption the teas of China? What has most aided our planters in their struggle for existence, has no doubt caused some trouble, and possibly distress, to the Chinese tea-cultivators and middlemen. It has ever been the case that success in one quarter can only bs secured by a reduction in the prosperity of another. Hitherto, under the action of this imyariable law, the leading industry of Ceylon has. attained to a high point. The question to be faced 1§ a8 to whether the industry, so far a production is concerned, is fast reaching its prescribed maximum. Already, as we know, there are not wanting signs which ‘he who run may read” {lat the present demand is more than met juny 2, 1894.] THE TROPICAL ARICULTURIST. 53 Our daily endeavour is now to obtain fresh markets. But, since production has already outrun the growth of population throughout the world, these can only be obtained by restricting the chance at present enjoyed by the tea-producers of other nationalities. The question is now and again asked, whether the Chinese and Japanese will ba long content to take a subordinate place in respect of products which have long enjoyed pre-eminence ? It is when endeavouring to seek a reply to that question that the dicta of experts come into play. No doubtit is to the use of machinery that the planters of India and Oeylon largely owe their successful rivalry with the pionecring countries in tea-growing. But there are experts who think even now, that the day musi surely come when both China and Japan will avail themselves of this powerful aid, and that the competition of the future | will exceed that of the present and of the past. Where would our own position in a parallel com- petition have been, had we to rely on the primitive methods that have hitherto eupplied the producers of those countries! As yet we have achieved success. Qould it have been attained, but for that very agent now declared to be the prime cause of the evils apparent all the world over? The answer to this question ig too apparent to need demonstration. Therefore it is, that certain London experts call upon us, seriously to consider how far it may be for our future interests to extend the area now under the cultivation of tea. They say that if we push this much beyond the present area, and eventually deprive our Far Hast neighbours of the American snd Russian markets, the chances are we shall force the natives of Ohina and Japau into the adoption of those mechanical aids that have proved so useful to ourselves, and instead of mitigating, we shell thus increase the difficulties that we have at present to contend against. For such factory to reasons as thege it may be satis- know that the prospects of our outturn of tea for the present year are not largely in excess of the quantity harvested during 1893, All the world over—our men- tors inform us—“ there is now a demand for a res- triction of output. Economic reasons are said to impose this. The diffioully as to restraining this output is the annually increasing area of Jand under colonial settlement brought under cultiva- tion. Perhaps in the distant future, increase of population may overtake production. But it must be a long time before itcando so. Maschin- ery, which has hitherto been looked upon as an unmixed blessing, has not, it is evident, altogether maintained that attribute, It is no use having cheap food if the wage-earning power of normal labour diminishes in a larger ratio than the re- duction in its price, Ceylon teas may yet hold their place as the ‘best the world produces,’ but a limit in their quantity must be reached if you are not to overdo the capacity for their consumption.” Such is the gist of representations made to us by absent proprietors and others interested in the prosperity of our “ tea industry’; but there is one factor which they have overlooked in respect of our competition with China, namely, the readiness with which the Ohinese turn their tea-gardens into cereal or vegetable fields. When they found, in certain districts, that the demand for their tea among foreigners had fallen off, we have been assured on good authority, that this industrious and self-contained people simply made up their minds to grow tbat which served them as well, for their own sustenance, as the money of the foreigner, Our latest testimony ' to this effect came from a veteran Churth Missionary resident many years in China, who said, in his district, the process of superseding tea by other culture, had gone very far. We see no reason why it ehould not go much farther—and , therefore it is that we haye a good deal of faith in the program put forth by Sir John Muir’s Company, to the effect, that Indian and Ceylon tea planters have yet altozether to supersede the many million lb. of inferior China-Japan teas still used by English- speaking people. Surely, it stands to reason that the people of North America, Australasia and the Mother Country should drink the superior teas of India and Ceylon? That result alone, if achieved, would give us a demand for about 160 additional miitlion of lb. of Indo-Caylon teas ; while for the 70 to 80 million 1b. required in Russia and 20 million more lb. for the rest of Kurope, all we ask,in aompetition with the Chinese and Japanese, is a fair field and no favour ! SS A NOVEL IDEA FOR PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATIONS. Eacu Puanters’ AgscciatIoN T9 HAVE AN EXPERIMENTAL EsTAtTE. In a late issue of a planting contemporar 5 lished in Caloutta, a writer feats Southern Dodi advocates some rather novel ideas in the plantiog line. In the main they are sound enough, aud we agree with them more or Jess thoroughly, but we doubt whether the Associations of South India would care to go to the expense or trouble to carry out the metheds he advocates. Briefly put, he suggests that each Association should subscribe enough money to start and keep a sort of experimental estate, having for its basis the staple cultivation of the district, tes or coffee, a3 the case might be. The § staple’ would in a few years, be ;probably able to make the whole estate self-sustaining, but until then of course the Association would have to make a smal] monthly grant for the up-keep. The remain der of the estate would be ito try, as the writer puts it, the ‘various fads and new products recommerded from time to time.” Of courae such things should be taken up very carefully at first and extended on a commercial scale only when the soundness of the new yenture has been proven. Otherwise the strain on the funds of the Asso- ciation would be too severe and the whole thing “chucked up” in disgust. Apart however from trying new adjuncts, the succes: of which must necessarily be extremely problematical, s great deal of excellent work might be do: e in testing and comparing different methods of prucing, cultivating, ete, the staple pro- ducts, v.€., tea or coffee. A grave objection and aprima- facie one, is, granted the actual expenses for labour and ‘SO on are within the means of the Association, whois to direct the working and whatis the director to be paid for his troub'e? An able man would require a good salary, say some R300 to R400, and what body of p'anters could afford to pay this sum? The only way it could be done would be to ask Government to subscribe say 50 per cent of the funds raised by the planters themeelyes! then for the first few years devote the major part of the funds to planting up about half or more of the land in coffee or tea, utilizing the services of neighbouring plautersa for the work of supervisioy, or paying a monthly fee of R50 to a competent man to inspect account and generally direct tie estate work. ‘But we wijl not go much furiher into thesubject at present till the idea has been a little more ventilated. We will content ourselves with remorking, that in the lien of a Gov. enrment experimental garden—not of course of the farcical muster which pasees under that name on the Nilgiris—such a one ag sketched above, would be able to oarry out @ vast amount of good work.—¥s ‘ F —Kouth o India Observer, y 54 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JULY 2, 1894. —S— eee ANEW TANNING MATERIAL DESTINED TO SUPERSEDE GAMBIER ? Tue Genessn Scarcity or Tannine Marterrn ; “ OanalaRe ” 4s A SouBsTITUTH For Banks 1m TANNING. The Jatest number of the Board of Trade Journal Contains information respecting a new tanning material which is likely to affect, if not reyolu- tionize the present trad3. A Report on the subject has been made by an American Oonsul, who writes ;— “The first efforts to find out canaigre’s value for tanning in Germany failed because the tests were made from the green plant. Still, so good were the results, that a Scotch firm offered to take 10,000 tons yearly ifit could be sent for 40 dols. per ton, Nothing came of the offer. Herr Hitner, director of the experimental station for the leather industry at Vienna, took up the matter, made original experi- ments, and gave the facts to the world in a small pamphlet. He says camaigre is especially suited to upper, saddlers’, and fancy leathers. He said further, that 30 marks, delivered in Vienna, per 100 kilogrammes (2201b.), would be a moierate price. He has only words of praise for the new article. So, too, the tanning school at Freiburg ; although Director Haenlen stated he would like very much to get a large quantity dried, so as to make better experiments than he was able to make with what was sent him from Liverpool. The value of canaigre as a tanning medium is settled; the only question now is to get enough at satishactory prices. ‘Lhe plant is native to many parts of America. It has long been known in Mexico, both for its tanning and medicinal properties. | It grows well in Mexico, New Mexico, Texis, both Californias, Utah, and in the Indian Territory. , In these places it appears in February, just after the rainy season, ripens rapidly, and is ready to har- vest at the end of May. Sometimes it begins to grow in the fall, continues growing during the winter—of course, in countries where the winter is not severe— ‘and gives in the spring a very strong plant. The p'ant has seed and root, but isrepro !uced from the latter, because no experiments as yet have suc- ceeded in doing much with the seeds, ‘The roots yield the most tannic acid. Their growth depends mostly on soil and rain. The old roots, hard as wood and almost black, are especially rich in tannic acid. The stalks, stems, and leaycs have tannin material too— enough to pay for harvesting. The cell juice in roots and leayes gives a pronounced reaction when touched with iron sulphate or double chromic acid-kali, ‘ouch a thin cut in the root with cither of these reactionary agents and a precipitation takes place as soon as the cell juice ismet. Age aids to the roots an excallert colouring essence, as well as tanuing material. ~ Analyses of New Mexican canaigre gave about the same results. The one-year roots yield from 20 to “25 per cent., the older roots 25 to 40 per cent. Fresb; the canaigre contains (average) 66 per ceut, of water two months old, 58 per cent; one year old, 32 per cent.; dry 8 percent. Thus, 3lb, of fresh yield llo. ‘of dry—80 per cent. of tannin. One centner* of dry roots yields 45lb of extract with 66 per cent. of tannin; hence, 6 centners of fresh yield 2 ceut- ners of dry 66, per cent. of tannin. Further, out of 6 centners of fresh one gets 2 centners of dry or 1 centner of extract. By taking the extract from roots and leaves where it grows much money might be saved and losses due to transport spared. The yefuee conld be used to burn or as cattle fodder, for which purpose it equals wheat straw. In extract- ——_—. ® 1 centner=112 lb. . pfennigs. ing the tannia it is best to eut up the roots and to usé a defusion method similsr to that used in extract- ing sugar from cane or beets. It is necessiry to uee copper kettles, as the canaigre influences and is influenced by iron, It 1s good, also, when extracting by means of lyeand when steaming to nse vacum pang, otherwise th? tannic acid ruos the risk of going over into garlic acid. By steaming noder small pressure there isno loss of tannin, and one gets ap excellent extract of a bright colour, easily soluble in water,” Then further we read :— “The demand for tannin all over the world is very large. In every continent new tanoin-containing plan's are being sought. A fesr has been felt for come time that with the constantly increasing de- mand the present rources of supply must soon run out. Most American leathers sre tenned with oak acd hemlock barks and éxtracts. The supply cannot Inst for ever. It is ruoniog down fast. Europe buys large quantities of the cak and hemlock, the best known barks. Even Awerica, with its almost boundless forests of oak and hemlock, im- poits tannin in large quantities. In 1891 there were imported 15,000 tons of gambier (300,000 centners), worth 1,500,000 dols. A centner cf capaigre extract equals @ centner of gambier besides it has ecolour- ing and finishing qualities, as above indicated, fitting it for special needs, 1,800,000 cantners of cansigre could keep out the 300,000 centners of gambier. Many practical tanners fay gambier must go, that canaigre is destiued soon to replace it. Large quan- tities are already finding their way into the world's markets and are being warmly weloomed, Dr. Von Schroeder say that canaigre is rich in tannin that it dissolves aud gives out its acid, even in cold water: ani that which it does not give out can easily be got out by hot water or steam extraction. By gricding the dry roots or plant one getsa very good material to mix with tanning barks—oak, hemlock, &. Canaigre gives leather a soft, bright colour, often a clear, bright orange. The leather comes ont full smooth, and with a good grain. Dr. Von Schroeder agrees with the Vienna chemist that cauaigre is especially suited to upper, saddler, and fancy leathers. He says it is one ot the very best materials for uppers, and that it is also well suited to other kinds, He is very en- thusiastic about it. Its large nmount of tannin, the ease with which it dissolves in water, the presence of sufficient acid producing stuff, and the beaautifal colour, touch, snd grsin that it gives commend it. If it is possible to produce canaigre ia America in large quantities at fair pricer, it will certainly sell, not onty here, but all over the world, He says investigations made by himself resulted in showing that the centner (112 lb.) inclusive of freights, costs the tanner 15 to 16 marks. This, at an average of 28 per cent of tannin, gives it to the tanneries at 55 This is much too high, and prec'udes importation,” We referred to the Director of our Botanical Gardens for information respecting this new plant, and Dr. Trimen kindly replied as follows : — “None of our native tanning barks are of first- rate quality though always employed locally. The Mangroves (several species) are perhaps the beat, and I believe there is a small export of these barks to India where the native tanners employ them extensively; but it is a familiar fact that all Indian and Ceylon leather is soft and second-rate. ‘Canaigre’ is a Dock (unex) a large herb with a thick root, which is the part used. It is a native of Texas and New Mexico.” If ‘‘Canaigre” prove the success that is anticipated for it, the Gambier trade of the Straits Sattle- ments may be greatly affected. There are nearly a million ewt. cf Gambier exported every year from Singapore and adjacent ports. It is evident from what Dr. Trimen says that good tanning material is a desideratum in both India and Oeylon. JuLy 2, 1894. | PICKINGS WITH A PRACTICAL APPLICATION. the Hon. H. M. S. Mathews, Acting Director of the Lepartment of Land Records and Agriculture Rangoon, writing under date of February 12th, 1894, makes the subjoined statements of the rice crop prospects in Burma :— In the eleven chief ric2-producing distriots, which comprise the area under report, it is estimated that there are 4,727,488 acres actually under cultivation. This shows an increase of 8,376 acres as compared with last month’s estimate, aud an increase of 101,824 acres aS compared with the area actually cropped last year. Information obtained in the threshing-floors shows that in Pegu and Tenaserim the grain i3 de- ficient in weight and tbat the ears are not so full as expeoted. {thas therefore been necessary to reiuce the anna estimates (outturn per cropped acre) in Pegu, Tharawaddy, Bassein, Wakéma, Henzida, ard Shwegvin. This reduction of district outturns was partly anticipated in framiag last month’s estimate of the total amount available for export. A further reduction has been made on receiving the detailed reports for January, and the amount available for oxport is vow estimated at 1,320,000 tons of cargo rice, equivalent to 22,372,881 cwtz. of cleaned rice. The Florida Farmer and Fruit Grower states that the aunual value of the world’s coconuts is estimated at 60,000,000 doilars. The Horticultural Review states that Dr. Caldwell, in & paper on the PRESERVATION OF FRUITs, Calls at- tention to the injuriousness of salicylic acid so largely used in France in the preservation of fruits and vege- tables, also to the danger from lead poisoving, to which consumers of acid fruits put up in tio cans are subjected. In Germany the use of solder, con- taining more than 10 per cest. of lead, for soldering tin cans containing fcuits, is prohibited by a Fp-cia! law. The colder used in this c-untry otten lias as much as 50 per cent. of lead. Such solder is dsn- gerous, andits us3 should be abandoued. Sulphuring fruits is avother bad practice. Borax, salicylic acid, sulphurvug acid—all are injurious to digestion, The same paper 8a;s in regard to the question of PE.PLE’s PARKS thatit is gratifying to find that the ‘smaller breathing spaces, embracing no more than a square, or two, are receivirg considerably atteution : their being of tle greatest benefit, the more they are dotted right in the most densely populated parta of cities. An ideal city, it says, should contain four of these spots in every square mile, or a large central space in the same extent of land. The advantage of there containing only a square at short intervals over larger spaces that are less frequent, is that they do not jnterfers with street traffic and sllow a complete sweep of wind along their entire leogth. Notivg the tendency of people for urban residence, every possi- ble means should be used to reserve ground for the purposes indicated, The 'onger the question is put ae aie more costly will it be to secure the necessary. and. A German scieatist treats of the PEANUT as an article of fool rich in albumen, of which it contains forty-seven per cent, together with nineteen per cent, of fat and non-nitrogenous extractive matters. He recommends the use of roas'e! peanuts in the form of soup or mush. On account of their cheap- ness, peanuts are recommended ag a popular article of food, espocially in poorbouses and the like ; moreover, they are recommended as an urticle of foud for tho corpulent, for the diabetics, and for the subject of kidney disease, in the list neationed of which foods rich in animal albumen are to be avoided. According to Eastern tradition, the BANaNna formed the primitive diet of primitive man. From the time when Alesander’s soldiers, as Pliny says, invaded India, and found its sages enjoying themselves on THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. gs this luscious fruit, till the present time, the banana in iropical cimates has taken ita place in the first rank of the food of man. This fruit is typical of Eden. In the “ fruit of the tree,” says Moses ths hygienic lawgiver, *‘is man’s life,’ and did man live in accordance with reason under natural conditions, principally upon the fruit of the tree, érugs, doctors, nor hospitals would much longer trouble or destroy the inhabitants of its mundane sphere. To those who have not put the system to the test, we can truly say that such Edenicfruit a3 food will enable nature to cool and purify their system in the most effectual manocer, at ee a ee VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. LiseriaAN Correr, Cocoa AND Coconut Pas seem a curious mixture to have on one plantation but in Ceylon they find the combination pay. We wonder whether any rash planters in South ’ra- vancore would oare to try the recipe and report on results ?—S. L. Observer. New Java Corrres-—say Messrs. James Cook & Co. in their Monthly Despatch, 25th May— are only arriving in small quantitier, the crop is likely to be much later than was expected; rains have caused come damage, and the proportion of inferior is said to be large, as many districts are suffering from leaf disease. CocA-LEAVES AND Koxta.—The reports of the Chemist and Druggist for the week ending May 26th ore deserving of attention by Ceylon men :— Coca-leaves.~-Fourteen cascs good gresnish-brown leaves {rom Ceylon (Huanoco character) sold today at 10d to 114d per Ib. Kola.—No sales were made tocay, although come good bright kola was shown. It was bought in at 1s per lb. A Nrw Moprnt Farm.—Mr. A. W. B, Power, the popular Commissioner of, Burdwan, before leaving, laid the foundation stone, according to a Oalcutta paper, of the Power Model Farm, the sole gift of Babu Bonomali Kundu, a local zemindar and merchant, The farm and garden are to be placed in a piece of Jand of about 75 bighas, the property of Bonomali Babu, who is making arrangements to add to it another 25 bighas. Mr. Power, before laying the foundation-stone, mado a short specch in response to Bonomali Babu’s address, after which the Babu presented to Mr. Power a beautiful silver trowel. Mr. Power was a very popular and highly-esteemed Oommissioner. He went home carrying with him the good wishes of the people.— Pioneer. Tue CorrEE Crop.—Proprietors of coffes properties in your island, especially of those in Uva, sre jabilant over the prospre’s of the coming crop of the berry, the only drawback being the limited number of berr'es. Of course, the accounts receivei here by Haputale and Badulla coffee owners vary muchas to probable yield pir acre because the fields are in many cases ouly partially covered, so much having been rooted out to make wayfor tea. All thig is very remarkable, seeiig how virulent the disease has beev, but it b-ars cut what one of the coffee pioneers (R. D. Gerar.i) sail—that coffee would stand a deal of killing. I remember meeting him on the old road to the Ke'lzbokka Valley with a party of Kandyans armed wih catties. He had just bought the Oonoonagalle estate, which had beengrowa over witb javgle for years, aud he was then going to set about clearing it from the overgrowth which quite hid the coffee. Ho declared that in two years’ time he would gather 8 ewt an acre from it or more, and he did co, one field of 80 acres yieldiug 12 cwt! That was a wonderful field, with deep, rich soil amongst large boulders. Just now Ceylon peaberry commands 125s, while I remember it realisiug only 453.—' Times of Ceylon,” 56 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, LIBERIAN COFFEE AT THE Srraits.—We call attention to our old friend, Mr. 'T. H. Hill’s letter (on page 57) and very elaborate tables—surely Mr. H, could devise a more concice form for these, ‘lum- ping,” the fields a little more and giving total results which would be looked at by many more readers. The statistics now published are an extension of what we gave in the Tropical Agriculturist iv August 1893; and certainly returns of from 4 to 6 cwt. per acre are very encouraging. Mr, Hill would do well to give us a readable Report with- out so many figures. Kerrostine O1L AnD. Economy.—A large consumer signing himeelf ‘‘ Poor Joe” says:—l can give an opivion on the above subject seeing I haye made it a study for this last 44 years and burnit every night at the rate cf 43 gallons every night. A lamp running at its full power, will give off a stronger smell than a lamp runving at half power; a lamp inuniog under 4 power will consume less oil by a great ceal than when it is runviog under full power. I am aware that some Jamps when turned down give off an offensive smel), but that is not the fault exactly of the oi], but of having afoul burner. If your cham- bers are crusted with black it is easily removed by heating a little turpentine, say about a gill and apply while waria and then a very elight rubing will remove all dixt. If your burner is choked inside the dust recess With flies or trimmings you must expect your amp to give off an offensive smell when turned down, for the chamber gets a great deal more heated by a low light that it does at full power. FisrE oF AGAyp AmERicANA.—Mr. Thorston exhi- bited samples of Fibre prepared at Coimbatore :— (a) by scraping dry leaves; (4) by maceration ; andot the bamboo scrapes used in the former pro- cess, in illustration of a note by him, published as Bulletin, No, 30 of the department of Land Records and Agriculture, Madras. Itis there stated that ‘‘the Fibre of Agave americana (from Coimbatore) has bren very well reported on (in England), and is con- sidered to te nearly ns good as Manilla hemp. “The extraction of the Fibre is performed by hand and no machinery is used. Tho Vibre is extractcd by two methods, viz. (a) scraping ond ()) maceration. (aj Scraping.—The leaves are cut, the sharp spines removed with a knife, and about six inches cut ff from the top of the leaf. The leaf is then split longitudinally into four or five pieces, which are bea‘ea with a wcoden mallet and placel on a_ board 4'4 443" held firmly by the tocs. The pulp is then removed: by means of a bamboo seraper, one edge of which is shaped in the fo:m of a blade, and the Fibre dried by expsure to tbe sun. The fibre ob'ained by this simple prccess without washing or bleachingis very cleau and free from pulp. The staple is not, however, very long. It is made into thread, which is used in weaving grass mats. (6) Maceration.—As in tho previous method of Fibre-extraction, the leaves aro cut, and the spines removed. The whole leafis then beaten with a wooden mallet, and thrown in bundles into tivks or welle jn which it is left to macerite for a fortnight to twenty days, or until the pulpis quite decompoeed. The bundles are then taken ont dried and bleached iu the sun. “ The Fibre obtained by this processis longer than that obtained by screping but isnot nearly so clean. A very large supply of the Fibre could be obtained, if a demand for it arose. At present it is sold in the bazasr at the vate of 2 annas per Ib. but, if a regular trade in it was sterted, the prico would doubtless be reduced. With reference to his statement that ‘a very large supply of the Fibre could be obtained, if a demand for it arose, Mr. Thurston stated that the Agave is planted by the Madras Railway Company primarily as ® protective hedge, and not as a Fibre-producer; and tliat, in the event of a demand for the Fibre arising, the cultivation of the plant would probably have toke extended, Dr, Thurston is thanked for his interesting communication.— Madras Agri-Horti- cultural Society, (Jory 2, 1894. “ AN EXPERIMENTAL Estate” to be worked under tbe control of eseh Planters’ Asso- ciation is the novel suggestion propounded by a Calcutta contemporary. We should not go so far as an “estate”; but an ‘* experimental station” of some 10 or 20 acres, on which a good deal could be done in trying different menures cr different modes of cultivating staple or new products, ought not to be beyond the Ceylon Planters’ Agsociation. We will not urge the proposal for the present, however ; but reserve it until the captureof ‘America’ a year or two hence gives the assurance of a new lease of prosperity for the “tea industry” which, at present Jow prices, cannot be said to be in a condition cal- culated to encourage expenditure in a new direc- tion by the parent planting body. TropicsL VEGETATION.—At the gardens of the Royal Botanical Society, Regents’ Park, Mr. David Morris, oc m.G., delivered the first two lectures upon ‘ Tropical Vegetation,’’ to a crowded audience of Fejlows and visitors, illustrating his remarks with many limelight views of tropical scenery and vegetation in the West Indies and coaste of central America, He showed how the mangrove, one of the verbena family, had become almost amphibious. To enable the seeds to sow themselves in the mud in which they grow, they were kept upon the tree until a root of over 1 ft. long had grown, when the increase of weight sent them etraight down into the mud to a depth of 3 in, ond 4 in., with the first leaves laready formed, and the young plants able to take care of themselves. Thus was found one of Nature’s agents in forming dry land. Other instances were found in the orchids and ilandsias.—Daily Chronicle, May 7. InDIAN PLANTING AND AGRICULTURE.—We have to acknowledge the receipt from the De- partment of Revenue and Agriculture (Government) of India) of Returns of Agriculural Statistics of British India and the Native State of Mysore for 1892-93 with Appendices giving the estimated area, among other thingr, of the cultivation under different products throughout British India. The information contained in this Blue Book of 84 pages is indispensable to uz in revising our information for staple products. The main results are a total area uncer ccffes of 122,788 acres against 127,648 in the previous year; of tea 360,463 acres against 381,219, which is inexplicable except we suppose the figures for 1891-2 were ex- aggerated; and for cinchona 14,653 acres, against 13,862—an increase which we also consider to be ‘Very puzzling, if not indeed explained through an extension of the Government Gardens, Tue Cota Nur.—The wonderful endurance shown by the West African negroes, who habitually mesti- cate the bean when they have any specially hard work to perform, has long been known, and the drug seems now tobe coming into more general use for the preparation of a drink similar to cocoa or chocolate. A large copvsignment hes recently been sent to France, where the military authorities are taking it up for use inthe army. A demacd is alco said to be developing in connection with the preparation of artificial coffee, which ap- pears to be improved by the admixture ofa ceriain amount of the coarser qualities of the bean, Recent researches show that while cola contains but little of the astringent tanvin, which is so prominent a feature of both tea and coffee, it possesses about the same proportion of the refresh- ing theine as occursin these beyerages.— Rural Californian, — - Juuy 2, 1894.1 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 57 Garysspondenca. ge To the Editor. TEA CULTIVATION: MANURING EXPERIMENTS. London, H.C., May 25, Dear S§ir,—Thank you for the copy of Bamber’s book on the Chemistry and Agriculture of Tea. It aopears to be an interesting and highly suggestive work and I shall have much p'easure in carefully reading it through. As regards tha MANURING EXPERIMENTS referred to on pages 87 to 93, a brief sxamination is sufficient to impress one with the foilowing points:— 1. That the manures use were bo'h too concen- {rated and applied in too large a quantity. 2. That the increased yield from the application of such manure was naturally confined to the Ist and 2nd years. 8. That in calculating the profit due to such Manuring a ferious mistake has been made in treating the increased yield of tea as net profit, from which the cost of the manure only should be deducted, whereas it should kave becn treated as a gross profit from which the extra cost of manufac- ture, packages and carriage to place of sale, as woll as tha actual cost of the manure shou'd be dcduated before arriving at the net profit due to manuring. Thus on page 90 experiments with cotton seed ona garden at Chandore, Chittagong in 1882 and 1883 are given as follows from} acre plots :— COTTON SEED (FERMENTED), Plot A raceived 2 lb. per bush equp! to 68 maunds per acre. Taking a maund at §2 Ib. this would repre- sent 5,576 ib. per sere, an enormous dressing which not even a Jersey farmer would think pro- fitable to apply to raise a valuable crop like early potatoes for the London market. In Plot B, however, as much es 3 1b. of coiton seed per bush were applied, equal to 102 maund3 per acre. In Plot C the cotton seed was reduced to 1 Ib, and mixed with 51b, of Gobur per bush, making the full dressing up to 204 maunds per acre, on _ upwards of 7 tong! Now Jet us see what the returns extraordinary dressing were: RETURNS PER ACRE Ist SEAsoNn 1882. Plot A Plot B Plot C from theso Tea form manured plot Ib. 694 831 730 Tos from unmanured plot ,, 564 554 633 Inereare from manure » 130 277 97 Increase per cent FB 50 15 RETURNS PER ACRE 2ND Srason 1893. A B 0 9 Tea from managed plot Ib. 471 671 500 Tea from unmanured plot ,, 457 AQT 438 Increase from manure vs 14 144 62 Ineresse per cont ” 3 332 = 14 It is stated that the results from these plots Were not registsred after the 2nd seacon; but it was noticeable that the bushes were benefited through the third year, but (though it is much to be regretted) that no figures have been giver. Coming to the profits we find the following Statement :— Prorits FoR THE Ist Yuan. A B C R R R Manured plot—tea ab 8 anuas per |b. 347 415 36: Unmanured plot ,, 282 277 317 65 138 48 i] Less total cost of manure 48 71 40 Amount in favour of mans ured plot 17 67 8 Profit per acre per cent on cost of manure 36% 894% = 22 PRomt FOR THE 2ND YEAR. - 2B Oo R R R Manured plot—tea at 8 annas per lb. 235 285 250 Unmanured plot ,, " 228 213 219 if 72 31 Less total cost of manure nil nil nil Amount in favour of msn- ured plot 7 72 31 Profit per acre per cent on cost of manure 15 101 77 The above figures are accompanied by the following statement:—-‘t These experiments show that manuring in certain cases is profitable and that a comparatively large outlay in the first instance asin the case Plot B is more profitable in the end than the smaller outlay for plot A. This is an important statement to make, and before planters accept it as a fact the figures quoted should be inquired into. If wo assume the extra cost of manufacture, packing and cost of freight to place of sale to be 25 cents (RL) per 1b. we have to add tho following for the ist year :— Plot A 130 lb. at 25 cents = R323 Do B 277 do do = 624 Do CG 97 do do.—~ .245 And if these figures sre added to the cost of the manure it will be seen that the tctal exceeds the money realised by the sale of the increased yield of tea from manuring thug :— In Plot A R324 added to R47 cost of manure = R794 Do B_ 69% do 71 do do = 140+ Do C 24% do 40 do do — 644 And if these figures are deducted from those repre- senting the value of the tea yielded by manuring, there appears a loss rather than a profit for the first year. In assuming 25 cents as the cost of producing the extra yield of tea, I may be putting too higha figure; but that planter can make allowance for and only wish to peint out what appears to me to be a serious mistake in estimating the true value ofthe extra quantity of tea resulting from manuring. Judicious and regular manurivg no doubt will be found to pay, inasmuch as it tends to perma- nently improve the fertility of the soil; tut ex- cessive manuringe such as that referred to in these Chitte gong experiments must be regarded as waste- full and positively injurious by reason of the exhausting tendencies which must be specially marked in a hoi forcing climate like that of Tadia and Weyion In 3 ure oommucication I shall hope to refer more fully to these Manuring Experiments as weil as in Mr. > ol joints of interest Bamber’s book.—Yours faithfully, JOHN HUGHES. NEWS FROM BRITISH NORTH BORNEO, Kandy, June 16, Dear Str,—The Japanese Consul Mr. T. J. Nakagawa has visited Sandakan to make himself acquainted with the position of the Japanese who have emigrated to North Borneo. He has been struck with the capabilities of the territory for supplying what is likely to be much wanted in Japan, viz,, sugar for the proposed refineries they 58 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. mean starting there. Also the planting of cotton and the exporting of hard timber suitable for ship- building, and which is much wanted in Japan. The Japanese Government haye promised to en- courage emigration to British North Borneo, The population of Japan is about 40,000,000 and an- nually increasing by 40,000. So it is hoped Japan will prove a valuable source of labour for the tobacco, coffee, and cocoa plantations in British North Borneo, The Telegraph wire has been laid between Singapore and Labuan and it is now being extended to Hongkong which when completed will probably be eelected for messages in preference to the cable from Singapore to Hongkong via Saigon, as the former is completely uncer British Control, It is quite within the realms of possibility says the British North Borneo Herald that Labuan will once again bea Britirh military station to protect the coal industry and the cable. A service path bztween the British North Borneo coast opposite Labuan, and Sandakan on the East coast along the telegraph line, will be of immense benefit in the advancement of the intcrior. A fleet of ona hundred and fifty six depangs with 2 or 4 men in each arrived from Tawi Tawi aod the islands around, in search of sea produce during the calm weather. Sago is being worked in such quantities in the Padas and north to Papar that the shipping available at Labuan has been unable to take it away. The following advertisement in the Herald shows that British North Borneo is to be a field for Indian labour :— ‘‘Indian Coolies,—The emigration to British North Borneo of the above class of labourers having now been finally arranged, Orders can be sent to Messrs. W. Mansfield & Co., Singapore, or to the undersigned for transmission to Singapore, from whom also full particulars in regard to contracts can be obtained.—Mansfield Bogaardt & Co.” W. D, GIBBON, Agent, British North Borneo Government. FINE TEAS FOR AUSTRALASIA SHOULD BE IN 3} CHESTS. Colombo, June 18. Dear S1r,—Certain friends of ours write us as follows :— ‘©We think it would be better if all the fine teas were packed in half-chests of 50\Jb. on the estate. Weshould be glad if you would mention this to managers. You can state that after considerable trouble we have succeeded in practically knocking China tea out of this market, and we continue to push Caylon tea all over the Colony. We think therefore oursuggestions should receive some consideration from planters,” We ourselves would add to these remarks, that we think half-chests are better competed for in this market and thaf buyers here pay better rates for half-chests. That half-chests carry better than full chests and stand the many movings and rough treat- ment they receive between this and the retailer and get less broken, is well-known to every one who has had the handling of tea. As shippers we wish nothing larger than half- chests were ever used. We notice the use of full chests has been discontinued in Foochow. To expect that the use of full chests will be given up for some years at least is perhaps to expect too much, but we would suggest to planters that they should at least pack their different grades as follows :— Broken, broken orange pekoes, orange pekoes pekoes and dust in half-chests and pekoe gouchong [JuLy 2, 1894. and any lower grades in full chests of not exceeding 100 lb. nett.—Yours faithfully, Per Pro BATHGATE, PIM & Co., F, F, STREET. LIBERIAN COFFEK IN THE MALAY PENINSULA. Kanpy, 19th June 1894. Sizn,—At the request of the Committee I enclose for publication letter from Mr. Thos. H. Gill, Straits Settlements, giving particu'ars of a record of the crops grown of Liberian Coffee on the oldest estates in the Malay Peninsula.—I am, Bir, Youre faithfully, A. PHILIP. Secretary to the Planters’ Association of Ceylon. Buxir Nanas, Suncer Usone, Srrairs SeTrLEMEN TS. 7th May 1894. To the Secretary of the Planters Association, Ceylon. Dear Sir.—As some members of your Association are already interested in the Malay Peninsula and it is the general hope here that many others may become so, it may prove of interest to you to have a record of the crops grown of Liberian Coffee on the oldest Estates. It sbould be remembered that whilst our climate leaves little to be desired; at present, our soils often leave much; and the results shewn are those of systematic high cultivation from the 5th year. The falling-off of crop on the older fields is not in my opinion permanent. I have the honor to remain, Your Obedient Servant, THOS. H. HILL. aSans east FED hae , Tones g geo22 = SEE ae a -o RAS S fo} o ,s os 3 Aasge a = oF ws @ Ae =| _ = Do nme = DH OS ra BSc om Re oaw i= Come er = [ -‘eny | #2 j2 Pree Ol Bie die ~ S@Reseegic B¢ : - Pie? a & | seep pus| SSES|S e) 1 smog Ul Seed is BS Leegon uvag | BAN YR bo Af . fexay Se [2 A - Z | wed prix [as a s2e §ea a re o — ~ B \ some, pur SSS8 a ea oS 7: soorgu |raad|s soo fkoe : a 2 ole 6) an soe iy S) (eepop weap) | aa S 25 ae” 5 Aa on > { ‘aI0V iB Bm TAR ss eee Wie a8 Js = Bee i Fecce Qs | semey pue| & » 2Asanas mk sog ur = os 8 Fi eagog uesyg | lies G re ® Fa D2 = 5 shee fast A o 3 1 on = 5 oe o ra) Boos a 5S S AZ a 1 j= td = =e) Se OZ s Oo Hao | % ON PIela | |< 2 ac 7 o|aow = - on B Nn nS) < ~ Juny 2, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 5g ; res qed plex | © B | fc Se) : sH sH sH oO aq in) al ‘syeQ yp snorg | aes | | L Ul 9aTOH UBIT) rd % | cn ON ( | mH mi 1D ‘ora Vy tad pjet EGS ° ar egies te Ips N 7 g u e | $8225 | 4! -siv9 » sqnorg BSS ey BS Se. bi aayjog wea[9 | SMG | | a 8 a f ‘atoy tod pporx | ee | 3 2 | a laa © | S80 % sMmord mage l S ee aaoD weap | pif Ea ( sH =H _ * J ‘olay tod pyet x| eB ee > r=) a =) S909 Sioa z | | ee U UL 9ayoH uve{O a clade Is |S ‘s) ‘aaoy tod platy S | S a e ra o | $4 is Seed oom smd & | 4 as aogog wey | 8 (Con 3 3 8 : | aloy ted ppetn = ki Bs S as saad | 4 ON DIM | sans | | re) | A HAAS “ “aK0Y JO ON | (Continued on next page.) Om Fuev.—An interesting discussion took place at the Society of Arts on 23rd May on the reading of & paper on this subject (‘* Liquid Fuel’s) by G. Stockfleth. Mr. Edwin Henwood said he iderable experience of liquid fuel, and had some consi 3 A, for four months he ran his yacht ‘Ruby’ on the Thames day and night, which although not very big, was as large as the original ‘‘ Rocket.’ which was tho first steamer on the Clyde. . . . As carried out in the ‘‘ Ruby,” whereby one ton of oil was made to do the work of three tons of Welsh coal, coupled with {he exclusion of manual labour they found that only one man was required in the gtokehole, and he had hardly anything to do but git still and smoke his pipe.... Mr. Nelson Boyd said oil at anything over 2d a gallon could not compete with coals, but, in Mr. Henwood’s opinion he overlooked the fact thata vessel going a long yoyage, which had only to carry 1,000 tons of oil, instead of 3,000 tons of coal, would have room for an additional 2,000 tons of cargo, paying, perhaps, £2aton for freight; besides which, there was an immense saving inlabour, and in the delay and nuisance inseparable from ccaling. 60 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JuLy 2, 1894. RON |wRTeS Oa —) = Pe ‘smog SISSzE” | | z | w coyoy uva9 | B$8seh | | 2 oa a = : $I|582 oe? a1oy tod pparx re Bee ve s y ~DDed tt re _ 34 ] os || sng | at J88 | | og BS A i a et 9) Heeny | | tos Nad ~ ileal S \3 2 ‘oroy tod pporx | a | > on = |S Bo 2) 5 | Ub ies ay 7B +} | *synorg. de | a, % UL aazOH wes[D a aah Blak ni Ge 20 ile | aly aod Pier | = | aa a ro 8 | | Pe | S[Morg s a UL Doyo WLIO a | og iS ‘a «'E jo) I | S oo ‘O10 od plot ar an) S x V PIPEX } o 2 fe) 50 als | ‘SM Be | 3a z| . | UL aeyoO urelp H Dig < i ro | = Po & ee ae ‘dloy tod peta ae | i tt i = 1 I “s|MoL | = u ue + ro i [ T 22500 EPO 6 5 A | Zw ¢ o oD lo ily eloy tod pporz | Bay ciel | = A) 2 =| i) 18 Bake is Fla j “STO ns S L UL 9ayyoH wWeoTD mA a & S 2 “ se 2 ‘ato W 10 al ae = bi V PIPLA | ay 2 oo ‘ Jo} = alice *s[NOL ; 5 fy] [Mold a = i [ Sp EOC) 2H 0) 3 OO 1g zZ ete : n =) 4 ‘qaoW ted peta | Ee | 20 bl He 8 | | a a | *S[MoLg Poy & ate VOD WeIID x Ay I ae 2 . =k: a zl i) BSOr4 S 2 Be 237 Boy rd S Sse mo oOgee . a <4 7 aq q =| ae 2 oO a BA BRU 2 as Bpho . A a a byriect S Be |: . Ay Samo 8 os Si aAaAQ65z40 + Yoh 7 i ON ‘per | MIAN BOMm~Y 1 | S sH a . oO 2D ‘gaaoy JO ox | SaAaaaas | “* MANORING TEA”—AND THE CONSEQUENCH, Dear S1r,—For any sake don’t start the manuring fad unlese you want the price of Ceylon tea to go down to about 4d per lb. r We are told by people who have heen monuring that the crop may be increased 200 1b. per acre by application of artificial manure, Two hundred pounds per aere on 250,000 acres of tea already planted means 50 millions increase ! What are you going to do with it? We sre alco told that once begun, manuring must be continued, or else the tea dies out; so we have to face an increase of 50 millions, with an aversge price of Ueylon tea of abouts 44 per Ib. —result general bankruptey; or the alternative of leaving well alone.— Yours, MANURE. [What about ‘ gardens” giving 300 lb. per ecre or less with tea averaging 74d? Are their owners not to endeavour to better their position? It would be interesting, however, to have Mr. John Hughes’ opinion on the situation as a whole, He recommends moderate, judicious. manuring after a general fashion im order to maintam the fertility of the soil; but what does he say to the fear ‘of many Ceylon planters, yoiced above, that if gencral manuring set in, erops must be so increased that over-production would be accentuated with a yvengeance?!—Ep. 7,A | ——————<——__—_—______—_. VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. Correr CULTIVATION IN THE S2Rarts.—We have more than once remarked lately how rapidly the cultivation of coffee is extending in Selangor, whilst Perak is hardly doing anything in that direc- tion. The following extracts from the Pinang Gazette shew still further advances in the neighbourhood of Klang, and also that a gentleman who has been working for years in Perak in mining pursuits is leaving that part of the country and taking up land in Selangor :— Mr. J. R. O. Aldworth, the District Officer, reports that on the 14th November, Mr. Aylesbury, of Perak, put in a provisional application for a block of 1,000 acres of low-lying land for Liberian coffee planting. On the Kuala Klang road many acres had been cleared on both sides of the road, and coffee nar- series were being put in. The land is all taken up in small holdings under cus'omary tenure. The applications for land in the Kwala Selangor district for the cultivation of coffee continued to be numerous during the month of November, the applications varying fromblocks of 10 to 100 local.—* Times of Ceylon.” CoFFrEE ProsPEcTs IN CeyYLon.—1t is cheering to hear of any little revival in our old staple. Gonomatava is said to have the best cofice left in Haputale, though Roehampton is not far behind if its coffee got equal justice done toit. In the Badulla district, Nahavilla (the new Company) is said to have 100 acres of coffee that has never been troubled with bug and which may g3 on beating between 2 avd 3 cwt, per acre with liberal treatment. Gowrakelia and Mousagalla are also well off for coffee and there is a nice little crop on Namunacooly estate-—Perhaps the highest field now in Ceylon is the 45-acre one on Tom- magong in the Kandapolla division, Nuwara Eliya, This is between 5,06u and 5,500 fect above sea- level, looks very luxuriant, yielded about 300 bushels last season and is expected to give 450 during the present year, or about 2 cwt. per acre. Our rather pessimistic friend and correspondent “An old coffee stump” in a letter waich he subscribes as ‘‘ not for publication ’’ (because we suppose, of his extremely gloomy remarks about pyr tea) adds the following -paragraph on coffee :— “Will let you know later on what the result of the blossom (coffee) is going to be. At present green bug is increasing and looks as if it was preparing to be in force when the young berry is in the milky stage ; as for leaf disease, it is always on the spot.’ E We -shall bo glad to haye the latest report; but “old coffee stump’ should first make a round of Haputale, Badulla and Udapussellawa, ee < ie ’ ~ my Jury 2, 1894.] A Rezvurn to Oorrer Prantinc.—We are: io receipt of ean isterestiog commupication from a correspondent who furnishes us with information regarding the amount of coffee planting which has been quietly goiug on for some little time past. He tells us that some planters are supplying their tea with Arabian coffee stumps, and that an estate near Kegalle has just opened a clearing of 25 aores.—‘‘ Local Times.” PLANTING CoFFEE IN CEYLoN.—‘R.C.” confers an obligation on the press and public by the in— teresting information be communicates respecting the planting up of small clearings and fields in different districts with our old staple and Liberian coffee, We trust the process will go on: in our last Direstory up to 31st August 1893, we had in the island—2,438 acres of Liberian coffes and 30,096 of the old Arabian ox rather the Abyssinian kind. Pickinc TEA KNEE-DEEP IN WATER is one of the pleasant experiences occasionally incidental to planting lifein Assam. The floods in that district have been abnormal this year, and the diffculty in picking the leaf must largely affect the yields for the present year. This with the present out- turn below the average ought to influence the market in a fayourabdle degree. It’s an ill wird that blows no one any good, and short crops in Assam will be decidedly appreciated down here.— S. of India Observer. Erreor oF TeA AND Correz on DicEstion.—A German physiologist, Schultz-Schultzenstein, sub- jested ohopped boiled egg to artificial digestion with hydrochloric acid, adding in different Gases pure water, tea, and coffee. The percentage of albumen digested by the pure acid was 94, with the water 92, with the tea, 66, and with the coffee 61. Thus the addition of pure water alfs:ted the digestion little, but the tea and coffee lesssned it very materially. In this experiment the egg was choppd into millimeter cubes. In # previous trial], in which the egg was not chopped so fiag, the presenca of tea and cofise was even more unfavourable.—Zeits- chrift fur physiological Chemie. THe Tree Tomato in AuvstrRaLia.—lt is of interest to find that tho Australian Colonies are indebted t» Ceyloa for the addition of this useful addition to their fruit and food supply and primarily to that most obliging of Commanders, Capt. Murray, of the P. & O. Coy.’s s.s. ‘* Shan- non’, by whom the first two p!ants were taken over. Mr. J. H. Maiden, Consulting Botanist in New South Wales, writes as follows :— - The Vree Tomato tn Australia.—In the year 1834, Captsin Murray, of tho P.& O.’s R.M.S. ** Shannon,” brought from Ceylon, in a 4-inch pot, a plant, about 4 or 5 iaches high, of tha trea toma o, which had beeu attracting attention in Ceylon at the time. I6 is be- lieved that this plant was one of the 18St sowiags by Dr. Trimen, from seed obtained from Jamaica as above mentioned, aod th vefore Captain Sbhannoo’s plant and the Oeylon plaut3s were acclimatised together. The plant was presented to Mr. W.A. B. Greave:, -ot Bondi, and in eighteen mouths it fruited. In 1886 Mr. Greaves exhibited the fruit at a show of the New South Wales Agricultural Society and was awardeda special prize for it. Thenewspapers and agricultural jouruals took the matter up, and Mr. Greaves informs we that he, in reply to requests, distributed seeds and plants io all tue colonies, including the various botanic garceus. He has obtained large crops from tree tomatoes ever since 1886. Captain Shannon was also kind enough to brivg a plant the following sea- son to Mr. H. 0, Merewethier, also of Bondi, but I do not know to what extoat plants were propagated from this. Auyhow, the tree tomato is thoroughly well acolimatised in Australia in four colonies, and no diffvulty need be experieuced by anyoue who wants plants of it.—Zhe Agricultural Gazette, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 65 MULTIPLIED AND VARIED Propducts.—I[u no district in the island, perhaps, is ‘‘planting’’ at present so interesting, because of the variety of products cultivated, as in North Matale. It is, of course, specially a cacao district ; but there also may be seen the two kinds of coffee—Arabian and Liberian—in full crop, while, of course, tea is creeping on to be the leading staple here as everywhers else. There are minor products; for it would be difficult to say what will not grow in tha genial climate and good soil of the district. We have no authority from resident planters to say so; but we should fency Matale and some parts of Uva to ba pre-sminently tho districts now where young men can best be taught all about ‘tropical products” in preparation for work in East or Central Africa or other sub-tropical lands. “ AGRICULTURAL LAND OFFERED oN Lone Leask In Mapacascar.”—Such is the heading of an editorisl in the latest Madagascar News which opens as follows :— Mauritius hes for the last quarter-of-a-century forseen that Madagascar must eventually, by one means or another, become the field of enterprise for the rapid growing surplus population of that mag: nificent little island, whose fertility caused her to be rightly described as the Pearl of the Indian Ocean, Hor many a year have Mauritius waited for the Malagasy Government to say ‘‘ come over and help us” to develop the vast natural resources of Mada- gascar. But somehow or other, for one reason or another, the invitation has been long delayed. However, it has become at last, and ina most desir- rable form. Agricultural land to an extent almost equal in size to one-third cf Mauritius has been leased tc the Hon’ble John L, Waller, lately United Sttes Consul in Madagascar and who is a gentle- man with many close friendships with Moauritians, Mr. Waller, therefore, desired to make known to his Mauritian friends and acquaintances that is to Mau- ritius he will gives the opportunity of priority of selection of agricuitural holdiags, no maitsy hoy small ot how large. The land is moss alyantageously si- tusted in the District of Fort Dauphin, on the South-east coast of Madayescar. Farther on, our articles in the Ceylon Observer on * openings in Hast and South Africa” are noticed and we are advised for the benefit of emigrant planters, that— Madagasoar has a climate practically the same ag East Africa; and her soil is fax superior, being much batter watere1; but the saperior advantages do not end with soil, they extend to situation. The loca- tioa of the Jand-grant is practically on the coast, and but a very few miles from a good Port, which mail- stermers of very lerge tonnage pass, outward or homewards, and we believe, will callevery fortnight. Consequently, the carriage to port would be per- formed by the farmer’s or planter’s cattle or horges. But there is even another advantage. Thus a farmer or planter leasing land on this land-grant would, without the inconvenience of finding pur- chase-money be paying rent, for virgin soil, even in the eleventh ond subsequent years, less than one- half of what he would be paying in interest, even at the lowrate of 5 percent for soil needing high manaring in Ceylon. There is a great deal of truth in this; but then Bri- tish planters liketo be under British Government, Madagascar is now regarded as to all intents and purposes a French Protectorate; and ifeo, we fear it would not be long before itrouble was given to British planters who had developed valuable properties in that island. We shall be interested in watching how the American Consul gets on with his land-grant or lease, The ques- tion of labour for planters is one not so easily solyel in Madagaccar gs in Hast or Qentral Africa, 62 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, AMERICA FOR INDIAN AND CEYLON TEAS: HOW TO OAPTURE THE WESTERN OONTI- NENT FOR A SUPERIOR PRODUCT. LET THE ORY BE FROM NEW YORK TO SAN FRANCISCO :—"DRINK OEYLON TEA !” We call attention to an article from the American Grocer, given on page 39 which deals very fairly with the question of introducing our teas into the United States. Our contemporary advocates as, on the whole, the most likely p'an of utilising the funds to ba raised in India (and Ceylon) the placing of ‘large blocks of Indian (and Ceylon) teas in the auction room tobe f0!d without reserve” sothat the buyers of China and Japan teas would be induced to purchase when they found a better article going below value—the planters to bear the loss out of their fund. ‘‘This must force Indian (and Ceylon) teas into consumption’; but the Grocer seems to think the process would haye to be continued for some years, in order to cause such a displacement of China and Japan teas as would make it profitable to the producers, Our contemporary gives an illustration gained from the experience of American products in European markets; but we do not think sufficient allowance is made for the rapid way in which superior teas win their way to the taste of householders uring them. Both in the United Kingdom and Australasia, it has been again and sgain proved that after the use of a few lb, or packets of Ceylon tes, house- holders or other consumers have refused to go back to their old China brew, and have been permanently won over to the consumption of the new and supe- rior teas. The American Grocer in one sentence makes a big and encouraging confession, when the editor says :—‘' There are good reasons to suppose ‘‘ that fine Indian and Ceylon tea would gain a ‘‘ prominent place here ;’’ and in winding up our contemporary adds some practical remarks which are certainly calculated to stimulate the Indian and Geylon Tex Oampaign in America: ‘“‘ If,” he says, “ pood, sweet choica Indian (and Ceylon) tea can be sold at auction from 15 to 30 ceuts (of a dollar) per lb., it will in time cause a change in the character of the imports, approximating the change brought about in England. The experiment is worth trying, and the planters ought to pay the cost of introduction.” This, our contemporary must know, tbe planters are most willing to do so far as their self-imposed levy, or Customs cess, will permit. The tea planters of India and Oeylon are willing to expend 50,000 dollars per annum in promoting the introdustion of their teas, in the way that may best commend themselves to the special agents who are about to represent them in America. But at the prices named above, (15 to 30 cents of a dollar per Ib.), it may be asked whether good sound and even fine Oeylon teas—greatly superior to China at the same value could not be placed in the New York and Chicago auction rooms? If the above quotations may be considered equal to from 7d to 1s 3d per Jb,, we suppose there is not much to hinder the appearance of large blocks of Indian and Ceylon teas even now in the American austion rcom. Of course the payment of a bounty to the importers of such ‘‘ auctioned ’ tea would be one way in which the planters could make good any loss. But we should like to know what our American contemporary—who speaks in one part as if the work of advertising our teas had been already largely doune—has to say to the counsel given by some of the biggest American wholesale tea dealers to an Indian and Ceylon tea producer who inter- viewed them a short time ago, as narrated in our columns, They caid in effect,—‘‘Undeubted)y Indian and Caylon teas are bound to adyance into con: pumption in Ameriga because they are a good, [JuLy 2, 1894: superior article, whileChina and Japan teas so far from maintaining their old reputation are steadily deteriorating. Now, our advice to the planters is to advertise their superior article all over the country, and to send over batches of native servants to bs utilised by wholesale houses for their retail agents in towns all over the Union to attract attention to the new teas.” It would be interesting to learn what the American Grocer has to say to this mode of going tu work to promote the rapid introduction of Ceylon teas, while we thank our contemporary for the practical hints already tendered, In conclusion, we would strongly urge the Joint Committee to empower the Ceylon Agent to present to the editor of the American Grocer and to the conductors of other influential American Journals, a package of fine Ceylon tea (with clear instruc- tions as to infusion) in order to give them a pras- tical acquaintance with the product which we wish the people of the United States to consume as liberally as do the inhabitants of the Austral- asian Colonies—who areamong the healthiest and most vigorous of peoples in the world, At the Australasian ratio per head, North America ought to be consuming 50 millionslb. of tea (in place of less than 100 millions) and the proportion of “ Ceylons” ought not to be less than the present total export fiom this island! May the day be hastened then when ali through the United States and Oanadian Dominion, the inferior and ‘* rapidly deteriorating China and Japan teas” may give place to what experts in New York, Obicago, San Francisco, and Voronto as in London, Glas- gow, Belfast, Melbourne and Sydney all confess to be the cleanly prepared; unadulterated and superior teas of India and Ceylon. The great American Temperance party ought to lend a ready bard in this new campaign which Eastern producers of a sound superior article hope to carry on over the Great Western Continent, and if they want a goodcry with which to wind up platform orations, we cau recommend one which we found vastly popular wheo we ventured to give it at oe great gathering in South London, two years go, namely,—‘' Drink CexLon TxA ”! > —- DRUG REPORT. (From Chemist and Druggist.) Londen, May 3let. _CINCHONA.—An interval of four weeks haying elapsed Siuce the last bark-sales, the supply offered at Tuesday’s auctions Was unusually heavy. The eleven catalogues cou- prised a total of :— Packages Packages 703 of which 573 were sold isi! | Sey Bae Ceylon cinchona East Indian cinchona.. Java Cinchona “4 131 a 53 ” West African cinchona 228 er 268 ” South American cinchona i15 _ ,, 58s Cuprea bark 227 = 72 ” 3281 2511 The commencement of the auction was marked by a very dull tune, ani a decline in value of many of the lotssolu compared with the last auctions, but gradualiy the market ulderwent a disiinct improvement, aud at the endtie- result showed an average uuit of about gd per lb. Hol ders generaliy showed ihemselvyes very frm, and a fair preportien ot fine Hast Indian bark was bought in on Uhat account. One cof the chicf features of the auction lay in the offering of nearly 20) packsges of Ceylon bark impoertei between 1887 and 1859, the greater part of which was now sold. ‘Ibe total of amount sulphate vi quinine re- presented by the bara cfiferea was abou 22,U0. iv. “he icllowing are the approxim.te quantities \ftark pur- chased by the principal buyers ;— ; Lb. Agents for the Auerbach factory . 163,299 Agents for the Brunswick tactory o- -- 115,993 Agents for the Fraukfort-on-the-Main factory «+ 68,950 > oe JuLy 2, 1894.] Messrs. Howards & Sons ae Bo 43,786 Agents for the American and Italian factories 36,881 Agents for the Paris factory F Ad .. 20,836 Agents for the Mannheim and Amsterdam factories 19,060 Various druggists 4 s. «. 78,743 Total quautity of bark sold .. F46,443 Bought in or withdrawn . 158,079 Total quantity’of bark offered. . . 704,523 It should be remembered that the proportion of barx secured by a buyer is no indication of the percentage of the total amount of quinine in the sales represented by his purchase. The following prices were paid for sound bark :— Cryton CrncHona.—Original :—Red varieties: Ordinary dusty to good bright quilly stem and branch chips #d to 174 ; fair to good stem shavings 131lto 241; fine chips 2kd rer ib. Grey varieties: Ordisary dull to fair stem and branch chips 1d to 181; fair to good shavings 13! to 2d; good root at 274 per lb. Yellow varieties : Dull stem chips 17d; fair bright branch chips 43d; fine rich shay- ings 6$d per lb. Renewed :—Red varieties: Ordinary to good bright stem and branch chips 1d to 2d}; dull to good bright shavings 12d to 2#1; dust 1#d per ib. Grey varicties: Dull and dusty to good bright quilly chips 13d to 33d per lb. JAVA CINCHONA —Of 131 bales yellow bark (Ledger) 53 sold at 42d for good root, 24d for siftings, and 12 per 1b for quilly chips. WEeEs® AFRICAN CINCHONA.—A parcel of 288 packages cf West African cinchona, recently imported via Lisbon, scld at 3d per lb. for partly dull, har?, coarse open Succirubra quill 241 to 27d per lb. for fair bright ditto, and 131 to 2d per 1b. for chips. SouTH AMERICAN CINCHONA.—The auction comprised 115 bales of cultivated Bolivian Calisaya quill of which 58 sold at 44d per lb for fair bright quill, und from 33d to 4d per lb for damaged bark. CuPREA BaRK.--The old familiar parcels of cuprea bark of 1882-3 imports were duly offered once more on Tuesday, and once again the bark was bought in at nominal rates. Seventy-two bales however (partly damaged) sold at from jd to 12d per lb. The exports of cinchona bark from the port of Guaya- quil (Ecevador) amounted t 31,800 lb. (value £954) in 1892 and to 67,500 lb. ‘value £2,025) in 1893. CocAINE.—There has been no further change in the price since the Jast reduction. A big business is said to have been done in crude cocaine lately, and the importers are now inclined to ask somewhat higher rates. In hydrc- chlorate, also, there have been fair transactions at the recent reduction, CuBrBs.—The exports of cubebs from Java during the nine months from July 1st to March 3'st have been :— 1689-90 1890-1 1891-2 1892-3 1893-4 Piculs...-1,055 2,192 1,184 884 742 QUININE.—It is s‘ated that a few days ago a small busi- ness was done in second-hand German bulk at 11d per oz,; end it would certainly be possible, we think, to buy at that figure at present. The manufactures have lately received several inquiries pointing to the existence ofa report that they are about to drop their official quotations. We arc informed by one of the leading makers that he and his colleagues are as firm as ever, and have no in- tention of dropping their prices. These are now as _ fol- lows:—Howard’s in tins 1s 2d to Is 3d; in bottles 1s 3d to 1s 4d ; Whiffen’s in tins 1s 1d; in bottles Is 3d; Pelle tier’s, in bottle: 1s 5d to 1s 54d; Fabbrica Lombarda, in bottles 1s 34; inting Is 1d; Brunswick, Mannheim, Auer- bach, Zimmer and Jobst, in tins, all 18 1d per oz. - London, June 7. CocaInE.—There has been a further arrival of 11 pack- ages crude cocaine from Callao by the ‘‘ Orinoco.”’ QUININE.—After many weeks of quietness a little life has at last been infused in this article, though, unfor- tunately for the holders, at a decline in price. About 25,000 oz. second-hand German bulk have !been sold this week on the spot in different lots, the first changing hands at 10%d per oz., but 103d per oz being accepted afterwards. It would probably be possible today to buy at10}d per oz from the second-hand, but the manufactures quotations remain unchanged, The average richness of the Java bark which will be offered in Amsterdam on June 14th, is very high—viz , 4°86 per cent of sulphate of quinine. The ex- ports of cinchona bark from Java in May amounted to about 980,000 half kilos, which is considerably in excess of the shipments in May 1893. We understand that the exports from the i-land for the first five months of the present year exceed those of 1893 by about 30,000 half kilos, and are, in fact, the largest on record for the period. — ~~ THE DUTCH CINCHONA-AUCTLONS. Our Amsterdam correspsudent writes on June 5 :—"'* All tha analyses for the cinohona-bark sales on June 14 have been completed. Th3 manutactur- ing bark contsing about 332 tons sulphate of quinine THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 63 or 4:86 per cent. on the average. About 1 ton contains 1-2 per cent., 30 tons contain 2-3 per cent., 654 tons contain 3-4 per cent., 99 tons contain 4.5 per cent,, 126 tons contain 5-6 per cent., 41 tons contain 6-7 per cent., 164 tons contain 7-8 per cent., 2 tons contain 8-9 per cent., and 1 ton contains 9-10 per cent. sulphate of quinine.’’— Chemist and Druggist. See ere ee FORAGE FOR CEYLON AND THE EAST. Compressed forage is a line which is perfectly new fo Ceylon and the Hast, and has attracted as much attention at Colombo as all the other exhibits to- gether. The line has ‘caught on” firmly, as the orders forwarded testify. But these first orders are only trial ones, as prejudice is difficult to overcome in the horie world os well as amongst mankind. There is no customs duty upon this compressed. forage; therefore, if the Australian patentees include their royalty in a moderate charge for compressing. if none but the best material is used in the manu- facture, and if shipping and other charges are reduced 80 as to allow the commodity to obtain a firm foot- hold in foreign markets, there ig an absolute cer- tainty of an excellent trade being done, not enly in Ceylon, but through the East.—Australian Agri- culturist, June 1. CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION, 1894. RN Oen Ss TSt-7) . Ons 5 a oo ao a a cKO Slte | 3:0 10S 3N::moNat:::-: 6455 St m= iw to 3 sis m 3 33,6 Anadw alate re) nN ASH 2iA6 { mand Oy if ay a>7n & mea wWod OT Nsiwa ate = COs OND oo oa aot aw Dia {RP OD = sO ss SOW s03mH © s 1OoF RaW ta pelle s se Sie-eioa) 8) Sy eae: 6 lao ta a 0 a | Oa ia pees eee BEE: tA OD s4 PMONMM OM D~o Din ‘ Sssz gaint. DQ=NDS MOG =AND LO © Hime 5Z1OE SGQnatod ;oR s TOON 20 7) aoNe Zi, aE aBOom iw i e tae tA ef ar) ar a =~ 0} : Sal i l DiPTouMCCllons© a) Bain D n S&S S836 53 oo 1 S333 i=) 0 3D $DOD 19 * Best se ee SHA galeries © 78 Ings - . +N ORO OESn 2° 6a = DOD eA Nn Teor 3 oO AANG 3 S Oo IAOMMO mn, =) ‘ ala Qe Siciouno! 1o a> a aSon dio AO SN pO it se 2 HS sO . SHAAN iowa) 1 FeSO th fo ed . COrt Sie; eH Goliath ato | ~~ A AAR Q a ol win ATA) Lana | 7 & ar 4p 2005 | mame o onl a Wc =H omwS 3 i for) : 180 Odo . axon) ° ia) N Cpje = a) te *s em a OO mr a] — Nn Lon lanl Om QO : a al Maer Spill meh pane Pe oes a Te Rae 2 3 c OO Hom - 6 Now ow OO xH FI re] D wHa or) or OFS RaAoa S x Oe: 4 Pl iM” . mt SH SH rs) iA fon) : : mHND 8 S aN FORM NSHHNM SEeMHROCOn ps SREANROHON BSaASSSRSRS | Saloce . ToD AOMA Hie gD QSQormnvowmow wmaANne 3B {Ria OM DOD OD RONrAawoM:d Oo wx »> o= iva) ~ moet: mCOneaAw AN Noes ai oO > 190m ANH w 1s oD WN St 1 = jd SHO Paper en Er) S Beso dso 78 58.3 S228 Gl | font we 2)/me jain Mais J2us UipcUsiex g. sbeeaueN|. sevens es 4 We S Sot hem se hu Mtel tw \a’ad ett a, iateie SQre Lon 2 2138 | Srl ur $0, : 10 te HAND BwMondwo nv BANS ce eb 190° A BHO mw BSae Ss IDG +50 2 ASN tas RBS re) re) es . x . . AAW a . i= AON Ht rey iy foe) D> naw F | £ j as) TAR Be ete m Bea | RSS Q | = ia siiemesirates 3 . || SECTS | | - e ° Min Aka GC Boorno ~~ Lot Stas (ee oc oD Qo & Soss Cie Wh pA . am oaN i te wood} = 3 oO : . > ost . asa as aN Outiash Creo gs 8 oS eh Sie TION Seah ees eee > 2 BASaeR 5 | Swwwvo Raa Ae t » . a wo j = ral B ig ~ On. aha Losc™=eneridetins x x By Hep BPD RRP US RINE A er Bigs Bo oli) ~ ay a2 Zi a Be £5 2 4 = 3 en eo°o ) aA. es tes beets} o's 8s6Qq ast msesOoar v9 ee ones eed S orAZS a SA ae eRSawiS Ae SB pakamagosssSQshse Ae Pee et Saas BoZghsasa ABBDROI SF Boas 4 eS =a Ra4Qeony caemenddqoaada | 3 ~ mrserrssrrrasasssstste 4a E. & 64 * THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 4 {Jury 2, 1894. MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUCTS. (From 8, Figgis & Co.'s Fortnightly Price Current, London, May §lst, 1894.) EAST INDIA. Bombay, Ceylon, Madras Coast and Zanzibar. ALOES, Socotrine Zanzibar BARK, CINCHONA Crown) Renewed --.|Good aud fine dry liver.,., QUALITY. Qquor £4 a £5 éz Hepatic|Common and good .»./403 a £5 108 wa PY w(lkd a 4d Chip3 and shavings ida 4d Red .,.)Renewed ... see »/t2d a 4d Chipsand shavings «(Lia 44 Bees’ Wax, E, I. White... Yellow ... Mauritius & Madagascar... CARDAMOMS— Allepee Mangalore Malabar ree Ceylon. Malabar sort Good to .|£7 108 a £8 108 ..|£6 108 a £7 108 £6 78 Gda £7 fine eee eee ” ” Fair to fine ee Isa 28 6d 23a 33 2sa Qs 64 2s 31 a 3s ««|Pair to fine clipped te «..| Bold, bright, fairto fiue... Good to fine plump, cliped Fairto fiae bold bleached A », medium ,, j|1s 6d a 2s i »» Small ls als 6d Small to bold brown .../ls a 1s 6d Alleppee and|Fair to fine bold ..(23 3d. 33 6d Mysore sort} ,, ,, medium ...|ls 6d a 25 , a », Small iis a ls dd Long wild Ceylon...\Common to good ../5d a 23 40 CASTOR OIL, ists} White aes ae .../2gd a3i _ nds! Pair and good pale (244 a bd CHILLIES, Zanzibar ...| Pair to fine bright ../305 a 408 Ord’y. and middling .,,!253 a 3s CINNAMON, Ists|Ord’y, to fine pale quill.../6}d a 1s 5d ZOOS sch gt ey > ey ears OM LS 3rds ” ” ” ” Or spd a 101 4ths} ,, a a aA .jod a 9a Chips} Fair to fine plant [2h a 7d CLOVES, Zanzibar \ Fair to fine bright .../21 a 2}d and Pemba. / {Common dull and mixed|i#d a 2d » STEMS Commen to good (Fda Hd COCULUS INDICUS ...|Fair sifted .. 5s 9d a 6s 6d COF#EE coUoMBO ROOT... CROTON SEEDS, sifted...) Pair to fine fresh CcUTCH DRAGONS BLOOD, Zan. GALLS, Bussorah& Turkey GINGER, Cochin, Cut Rough... Bengal, Rough GUM AMMONIACUM ANIMI, washed scraped... ARABIC E.I, & Aden... |mid. Plantation Ceylon -»|Low Middling ,, », |9°S Od a 1033 04 +» |Good to fine bright sound|l4s a 20s Ordinary& middling .. |#s Gla 123 ..|208s a 2786d ../203 a 328 «!Pair to fine dry Ordinary to good drop ...|-Us a 503 fair to fine dark blue ..,/5)s a 57 6d Good white and green ,,,|45s a 50s «|Good to fine bold +.|698 a 853 -|Smalland medium ../458 a 653 Fair to fine bold [05s a 85s .|Small and medium .../453 a 553 Fair to good nom,,..|908 --.|Blocky to fine cleun.,,,/20s a 50s Picked fine pale in sorts,|£10 03 a £12 0s Part yellow & mixed do,/£9 0sa £1003 Bean & Peasizeditto .,.|/£5 a £8 10s Amber and red bold ...|£6 10s a £3 10s Medium & boldsorts ...|£503 a£7 10s Good to fine pale frosted one sifte a: .. [358 a 453 : Sorts, dullred to fair .../273 6da 303 Ghatti ...!Good to fine paleselected|30s a 45s Sorts middling to good.,./20s a 27s Amrad cha.}]Good and fine pale ,,,|308 a 453 Reddish to pale brown .,,|25s a 35s Madras ..-|Dark to fine pale ...{L5s a 39s ASSAF@TIDA Fair to fine pinky block OLIBANUM, drop... pick ings. a [NDIARUBBER East African Ports, Zanzi- i bar and Mozambique Coast| Unripe root anddrop ... _.../50s a 803 Ordinarystony to midling|20s a 50s .».|Fair to tine bright (£15 a £18 Fair to fine pale «.|69 a £7 Middling to good «(653 a 803 Fair to fine white «.|358 @ 603 Reddish to middling .,./253 a 323 6d Middling togoodpale .,./103 a 183 siftings ...|Slightly foultofine ,../103 a 133 ..|Red hard clean ball ..,/23 a 23 33d White softish ditto .../l9 7d a 23 499 . |l0d a ls 6d fiver om bb ». (fs 4d als 10d Sausage, ordinary to fine/ls 31a 231d '\ withoutsticks,,,|23 a 2s 3d Assam, Rangoon one Madagascar, Tamataye, Majunga and Nossibe \ Tongue. ISINGLASS or FISH MAWS {ls 7da 23 2d Common foul & middling/9d a 1s 5d Fair to good clean .[ls 7d a 23 Goodto fine pinky & white'2s 1d a 23 5d Fair to good black {18 6d a 1s 9d good to fine pale «ls 9da 23 8d ark to fair (9d a 1s 6d Bladder Pipe|Clean thin to fine bold...j/ls6d a 23 9d Purse «(Dark mixed to fine patej9d a 1s dd || Billiard Ball Pieces 2ha 3hin| ove oa ..|Sli, def.to fine sound soft|£55 a £44 10s 1033 0d a1053 6d, CITRONELLE LEMONGRASS | Cey!o2 WED Zanzibar ... Mozambique PEPPER— EAST INDIA Continued ATIONS: East Coast Africa, Mala- bar and Madras Coast, Bengal. Karrachee Leaf INDIGO Bengal | Kurpah Madras (Dry Leaf) [VORY--Elephants’ Teeth 69lb. & upwards... over 30 & under 60 Ib 60 a 100 lb, i Scrivelloes ae spit Bagatelle Points . Cut Points for Balls Mixed Points & Tips Cut Hollows Se. Horse Tecth —- 4 a lf lb. WY RABOLANES, Bombay Madras, Upper Godavery ” Coast ak Pe | Pivkings MACE, Bombay NUTMEGS, “4 NUX VOMICA Madras JIL, CINNAMON 5 Malabar, Black sifted .., Alleppee & Tellicherry fellicherry, White PLUMBAGO, Lump --/G@90d to fice pale ..|7airto good reddish violt/3e B4a 4s ..| Thin to thick to sd. sft |£81 a £45 .|Common to middling ...)#8a 5s 34 re Burnt and defective .../Dark. to good bold pale.../Is 6d a 2s ..|65's a 81's wef28 & 26 lid 90's a 123'8 . ass .,.| 8 44 @ 28 Small to fine bold fresh'#s a 103 ..|Fair to fine heavy ..|Bright & good flavour... * fd ” ” » slid ..|Mid. to fine, not woody 15s a 22s \Fair to fine bright boldjl2s a 18s TY, Or ALTES QUOTATIONS. 90d 28 a 238d Middling to fine violet ../5s Gla 6s 24 Irdinary to middling ...\ts21a 6s 24 Ordinary and middling ../as a 3s Middling to good ../2s 2d a 3s 4d : Low to ordinary . 10d a 2s . Soft sound £55 10a £62 108 + a £60 a £58 “| Hard ve op £37 a £48 10s Soft # % £19 10s a £38 ' Hard rf, oy £10a £138 Sound soft £63 a £80 Shaky to fine solid sd. sft/£60 a £70 10s Defective, part hard .,.\£36a £49 Straight erkei part elose|ls a 3s 64 Bhiwlies I, good & fine pale/ss a 103s » 4, tair pickiogs|4s a 4s 6d JubbleporeI, good & fine pale 6s 3d a 7s 6d » IL, fair rejectious}4s a 4s 64 Vingorlas. good and fine|is 64 a 63 Good to fine picked _,../63 3d a 7s 43 90 @ 5s 3d 1..|38 33 a 48 Fair W’dcom. darkto tine bold}44 a 10d ..( & 1864 Picked clean flat leaf w+ 128 a 18s on, WITY | sae an fe & B28 Fair to boldheavy . : a 5 good ,, } apd a 2} ., nom|l0d-a Is Middling to gooi small|l0s a 12s Chips Dust RED WOOD or . SAFFLOWER, Bengal SANDAL WOOD, Logs... i o”9 Chips.. 3EEDLAC is SENNA, Tinnevelly Bombay SHELLS, M.-o’-P. large vs) .|Ordinary to fine bright 308 a 90s .|Medium to bold green... ..|Ordinary to good ... Boupay—good to finethic|$78 Gla 77s 6d Sli‘tiy foul to fine bright/7s a 10s Ordinary to fine bright...|28 91 a 63 Fair and fine boid .,./£3 l0s a £4 Goodtofinepinkynominal 95s a 100s Ordinary to fair «.|703 a 808 Inferior and pickings ...|308 a 503 Fair to fine flavour .,.\£35 a £55 Inferior to fine + a £30 da 10d Small and medium green|2d a 4d Common dark and smalijld a 2d «Ald a 2d EG@yPTIAn—bold clean...|708 a 758 medium thin.and stout|79s a 873 6d chicken, thin andstout|753 a 82s 64 fg one medium part stout chicken part stout oyster & broken pe Mussel Lingah Ceylon ... [LAMARINDS s TORTOISESHELL [UR MERIC,Bengal ..|Leanish to fine plump x HOger wee - |116s @ 128 Madras ...|Fia. fairto fine boldbrgt|i7s a 230 ...(Mixed middling... .../15s a 16s a ..|/Bulbs ... we) Sens 108 “a 18s Cochin ...|Finger ... aed . 114s a 168 VANILLOES, Bourbon, lIsts ...|Fine, cryst’ed 5 to9ia.j103 @ 283 Mauritius, Qnds...\Foxy & reddish 5 to 8 in.!7s g 14s Seychelles, 3rds...|Lean & dry to mid, un- der 6in. we (49 a 73 Madagascar, ) 4ths.,..Low, foxy, inferior and ...{Sorts.good mottle, heayy|22s a 25s Zanzibar and Bombay|Pickings thin to heayy...|/S 4 los clein part good color!77s 6da 92s 6d ie F ” ” 303 a 903 2 . ” 65s a 80s bold sorts ~ we {298 a —18 small and medium sorts/718 a 32s Thinand good stout sorts|?2 a 133 6d Mid. tofineblacknotstony|3> @ 9s Stony and inferior .../48 @ 68 pickings «+ [33 & 63 AGRICULTURAL MAGAZINE, COM @pwes OF Added as a Supplement The following pages include the Contents for July :— Monthly to the “TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.” of the Agricultural Magazine Vol. VI. JULY, 1894. [No. 1. VOLUME. OUR NEW H&J present number commences the sixth volume of the Magazine which was started in July 1889. Our readers may remark that FCSN there has been a slight alteration in the title, but this will in no way affect the character or conduct of the publication, which willstill be true to the interests it has served for the past five years. As hitherto, the Magazine will have for its main object the development of the agricultural resources of the Colony, and specially of native agriculture. And while it will contain a record of the work and progress of the School of Agriculture, all useful information relating to cultivated crops : new products, man- agement of cattle and dairy matters, and in fact to everything having a bearing on the agriculture of the country will finda place in these pages. We take this opportunity of thanking our subscri- bers for their past support, which we trust will be continued to us in the future as well. Mr. W. A. De Silva, G.B.V.C., has assumed duties as acting Colonial Veterinary Surgeon, and the School of Agriculture might well be proud of one of its old boys having attained to so responsible and honourable a post. We do not doubt but that Mr. De Silva with his capacity for work and sense of duty will perform the duties of his temporary appointment with the utmost satisfaction. The Government Dairy which had so rough a time during the late outbreak of murrain has once more recovered its equilibrium. It has now adaily output of nearly 50 gallons, the whole of which is in demand. Mr. J. Weerascoriya, late of the School of Agriculture, has been appointed a Forest Ranger in the Badulla district. Mr. E. Hoole, assistant master at the School, was awarded the Government Veterinary Scholar- ship, and has already entered upon his course of studies at the Bombay Veterinary College. Mr. George C. Bellamy, District Officer, Selangor, has made an official report on the Ceylon Government Dairy Farm for the Govern- ment of Selangor, as the result of a visit paid to that institution a few months ago. In con- cluding his report, Mr. Bellamy says :—‘“‘ As a re- sult of my visit to the farm, I feel certain that the establishment of a similar institution at Kwala Lumpur would be attended with satisfactory results, and I trust that the information given above will be of value to the Government.” With this Volume VY. number we issue an Index to eS RAINFALL AT THE SCHOOL OF AGRICUL- TURE DURING JUNE. 1 Nil u Nil! s21 [oz ife003 2 2°39 12 ‘97 22.4. | “04 3 46 13 56 23 ts..0ob-col 4 26 14 1:26 24. .,, 18 5 68 1Slawewrol 2... 05 6 14 16...) Ol 26... 01 7 82 is Sechene. OT a4 4:08 g 38 Sing ctw BOT wa OS Nil 9 03 19? eal 29 Nil 10 ‘Ol 0a sea Ol 30 Nil Recorded by P. Van Ds Bona. ——————————————— AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. There can be no question that theimplements in use among our native agriculturists are of the most primitive type, but whether they can be satisfactorily improved or replaced is a another matter on whichit would not besafe to dogamatise since much has been said and written about it pro i oe 66 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” [July 2, 1894. and con. The native implements of husbandry in | circumstances, and careful study of the needs, of vogue in Ceylon have been in use from time imme- morial, and while every year sees hundred of new patents for improved agricultural implements taken out in England, America and the Continent, the implements of our native cultivators remain the same as they were a tliousand years ago. There are a great many things to be considered when the introduction of new or improved implements is thought of. The native cattle of the country are smal] in size, and by no means of great strength, and this is to be attributed to the negligence in the matter of breeding and to a want of proper attention tothe feeding and care of animals. Again, it is necessary that the cultivator should have implements of the simplest make, such as, in his present ignorant and helpless condition, the husbandman would be easily able to repair, when they get out of order, for there are no capable blacksmiths to be found in most villages, and even if there were, it is a question whether the cultivator would be in a position to pay the cost of such repair, Thirdly, the conditions and methods of culture among the natives are in many ways peculiar, and any im- proved implements must exactly fit in with these conditions and methods, The question, then, we have to faceis: isit probable that any new or improved implements can take the place of those which, albeit of a primitive type, have served their end for at least a thousand years? It is pal- pably' not good reasoning to say that because a method or fashion has existed fora long period and suited our forefathers, therefore it should still be retained and must be considered good enough for us, The conditions of life are changing every day, and though in this country the change in the agricultural surroundings of the people may be imperceptible, still there is no doubt but that it is taking place. The remoter parts of the Island are being made more accessible by roads and railways; and education, both general and technical, is being carried into all parts of the country. These measures are in themselves calculated to give a great impetus to agricultural operations and enlarge the sphere of the cultivator’s labours. If underthe pressure of increasing population and greater competition the native agriculturist is to maintain the com- paratively easy position he has occupied hitherto, he must endeavour to be up to date in his modes of culture. The work of the School of Agriculture, through its trained Agricultural Instructors, is no doubt slowly having its good effect, while the latest development of the school, in the Government dairy, may be expected before long to have an appreciable influence on the mind of the native cattle owner, by its lesson in the management and breeding of stock. On the other hand, the introduction of new plants and seeds is bound to enlarge the sphere of the native cultivator’s operations. With these changes in view, we are inclined to think that it is not too soon to carefully consider the question, as to whether some desirable improve- ments may not be effected in native implements of husbandry, and whether new implements, suitable to his changed conditions, may not be brought to the notice of the cultivator. Any in- novations will, of course, have to be but radually introduced, after close scrutiny of the those for whose benefit they are intended; but when we note the good results that have followed the improvement in implements of husbandry in other countries, in saving of labour and time, and in the production of good tilth and its incalculable advantages, we are induced to advise that the possibility of improving the ancient types of implements in Ceylon be taken into careful consideration and fully discussed. We do not specify any particular implement nor the direction in which its improvement lies ; this can only be done (and that with the greatest caution), by an expert mechanic. Nor do we approve of implements in use in other countries being transferred, without due consideration of their suitablity as regards form, size, weight and capacity for particular work, into this country. We only contend that the subject of the im- provement of implements of native agriculture is worth the attention of those who are inter- ested in the rural economy of the Island and in the development of its resources. Since writing the above we have seen Pro- fessor Primrose M’Connell’s interesting and ex- haustive paper on “Tillage Implements old and new,” which we hope to notice in our next issue. ——————.S___—____. OCCASIONAL NOTES. In the Administration Report of the General Manager of the Ceylon Government Railway for 1892, reference is made by Mr. A. E. Brown, Locomotive Engineer, to native wood sleepers sup- plied by the Forest Department, which he charac- terises as unfit for the purpose ; and from an econ- omical point of view as inferior to imported creo- soted pine sleepers. The latter has been in use from the inception of Railways in Ceylon, and has cost the Government 100 per cent more than locally-produced sleepers would have done, had the proper and more durable kinds of wood been used. The trials made were from (1) Mur- raya Exotica (Sin. Etteriya, not Etaheraliya, which is a misnomer); (2) Carallia Integerrima (Sin. Dawata) ; (3) Fveus Arnottiana (Sin. Alubo or Kaputu-bo); and (4) Nauclea Coadunata (Sin. Bak- mi) all magnificent trees growing in great abun- dance in the Western Province, but the last in the vegetable world, that could be used as timber for building purposes or underground work, much less as railway sleepers. How comes it that no trials made with the wood of (1) Bassa longifolia (Sin. Mee) ; (2) Meswa Ferrea (Sin. Na) or iron-wood ; (8) Mimusops Indica (Sin. Palu) or wild satin; (4) Vites Altissima (Sin. Millila or Milla), and a number of others too uumerous to name, all very hard grained wood, which are to be found in abundance in different parts of the island, enough to supply the requirements of our rail- way as long as it lasts? As damp and white ant-proof timber, creosoted or not, these are known to have very fewor no equals in other countries. It would not be exaggerating, there- fore, to say that each of these would outlast a score of pine sleepers. It is a common practise on old coffee estates which are now in tea, to obtain firewood for the machinery from dead za, milla and mee trees that had been cut down whilst July 2, 1894.] Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturst.” 67 felling the original forests 60 to 70 years ago- The Kandyan villagers prefer this dead wood to any other timber for building houses. These buildings rise like mushrooms to be soon lost sight of again, but the dead timber, like heir- looms, pass from generation to generation. In October last year a Reuter’s telegram appeared in the local newspapers referring to Sir Evelyn Wood’s report in the Autumn Manoeu- vres which took place in England at that time, where it was said that coca leaves, used with a small quantity of slaked lime by the men, answered admirably in allaying thirst during the trying hot weather then prevailing in Europe. This ought to give another impetus to the coca plant being more extensively grown in Ceylon, as our climate has been found to be very favour- able to its growth. After a time the leaf might possibly come into use among the natives in place of betel leaves. Where the supply of betel Raves, arecanuts, tobacco and chunam fails, I have often seen the Sinhalese make a paun of the bark of mora and _ illa trees, the tender roots of the coconut palm, ash obtained by burning the wood of kumbuk trees or the tender leaf buds of the doon trees. The two last are substitutes for lime. An important commodity in the commerce of the island, chaya-root (Hedyotis wmbellata) now almost forgotten, is referred toin the Indtan Industries (1880, p. 118) in the following words:— “Tn. Ceylon chay-root forms a considerable article of export, only a particular set of people are allowed to dig it, and at one time it was all bought up by Government, who gave the diggers a fixed price of 75 or 80 rix-dollars a candy; it being sold for exportaticn at about 175 rix-dollars.” The author, Mr. Eliot James, must no doubt have had some reliable authority for making the above statement, but to me it seems apocryphal. Since the discovery of chemical substitutes all vegetable dyes have been driven out of the markets of the world; but as the present generation is just beginning to learn the deleterious effects. of these dyes on the human body, a reversion to the old genuine articles will soon follow. Already anatto, indigo, sappan, orchilla weed, &e., all valuable dye stuffs of former days, are to the front again, a sure sign that aniline dyes are not being used now for pur- poses for which the vegetable dyes are wanted; hence I think Indian madder or chaya-root of which several species arefound growing wild in the island is likely to be sought for very soon. But not at such fabulous prices as dollars 175 per candy of 500 Ibs, ! The wild boar of Ceylon is to be found in every part of the island, and is a formidable enemy of the agriculturist. Be the produce grain, fruit or roots, woe be to the cultivator that neglects to properly fence his garden or watch his crop throughout the night with gun in hand, Scarecrows rattles and traps sometimes prove effective, but more often the boar is too cun- ning even for those who seek to capture or destroy bim. Ue is an animal despised by all When alive, but highly prized as a luxury at table! But I have a word in favour of the boar, for he does us great service by indulging his voracious appetite in destroying and con- suming every venomous reptile and snake that comes in his way during his nocturnal wander- ings in search of food. In the First Steps in Economic Botany published in 1854, p. 65, I read:—“ Formerly all the teas imported into Europe was exported from China; its culture was however some time since attempted in Java, Penang, and Rio de Janeiro. After many failures it has fully succeeded, and large quantities are now raised in the two former places, and its cultivation is extending in South America under the Brazilian Government.” Now this was 40 years ago. It would be interesting to know whether the tea that had fully suc- ceeded in South America at that time is still in existence; if not, what has been the cause of its failure ? ALL PRODUCTS. > GLANDERS. The disease glanders or more properly Equina claims many victims among horses of tem- perate climes. Till recently it was believed that glanders was rare in the East, but for some time past hundreds of cases of this malady have been met. It may have existed for a long period and escaped detection till after the advent of veterinary science, or it may have actually been non-existent at first, but introduced by horses imported: from Europe. There is much in favour of entertaining the latter view, for, up to now no cases of glanders have been met with in the chief horse-breeding centres of the Kast, Persia and Arabia; and such Arab horses as have contracted the disease have done so only after their arrival in India. The disease is fortunately still unknown in Australia, which if not the largest, is at least one of the largest horse-breeding countries of the world. Glanders is manifested in several ways. It 1s undoubtedly a malignant disease, contagious and infectious, communicated from horse to horse and from horse to man. The animals which are most susceptible to it are the donkey and the mule, though it is not uncommon in rabbits, guinea-pigs and even sheep, but it is an important fact in this country that cattle are immune from the malady» The usual form in which glanders appears is that in which the respiratory passages are observed to be afiected. The glands between the lower jaws become enlarged and adherent, and rather tense and hard, amucous discharge runs from one or both the nostrils, and often adheres to the sides like a starchy paste. The membrane lining the —nos~ tril changes to a dirty greenish colour and wleers of a peculiar nature (excavated) appear ; there is often a running from the eyes, The animal gradually loses condition, all the symptoms become more aggravated, and if the creature is not destroyed it eventually dies a miserable death. fn other cases the same disease appears in a form known as Farey, 68 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agricultwrist.” ‘July 2, when the glands of the groins enlarge bud-like formations appear along the course of the lymphatics, especially in the limbs and the groins. These suppurate, and the animal develops the usual signs of glanders and suc- cumbs. In some instances the disease runs a very chronic course. It has also to be borne in mind that certain other catarrh, nasal gleet and caries of the molars. These also show such symptoms as the discharges from the nose and eyes, and eyen enlargement of the glands between the lower jaws, but there is no discolouration of the nasal membrane nor do ulcers appear. Unless the last two symptoms are observed, a horse showing other symptoms simulating glanders could at the most be looked upon as only “suspicious” and nothing more. But one need not take long to ascertain whether such a suspicious case is real glanders. A brisk purge or hard exercise would often cause the disease to take adefinite course ; or, if still doubtful, two or three, 15-grain doses of Bichromate of Potassium would show the malady in its true character. There is yet another and an unfailing test resorted to of late :—The inoculation of the suspected animals with mallein, a preparation discovered by Mons. Pasteur of Paris. Mallein when injected, rapidly raises the temperature of uw horse haying glanders poison in its system, whereas if that poison be absent, no change in temperature is observed. Glanders at one time was supposed to ori- ginate spontaneously in crowded and ill-venti- lated stables, but like many other diseases it has been positively demonstrated that there is no such thing as spontaneity in this disease. It is either communicated by .contagion or in- fection. This fact is of great importance to us here; for since the disease is not so common in the Island, theonly possible source of communica- tion may be attributed to animals brought from India. It is also evident that it is not essential that a diseased animal itself should import it, for any tainted fodder or gear, or animals that have stood with diseased subjects are quite capable of conveying the disease from place to place. ; Glanders being not only a disease which spreads among animals, but one which brings on,a fatal disease in man, its control is of great importance, and in a limited area like Ceylon, it should not be difficult to stamp it out if only proper measures are taken at once. In India there is a special act of legislature enacted for the purpose of dealing with glandered animals, and the disease is now being controlled to a great extent in that country. In England, too, powers are vested in local authorities to devise measures to prevent its spread. A synopsis of these Acts and the byelaws connected with them will be giyen in another issue of the Magazine; in the meantime the following account of glanders in man would, it is to be hoped, be of some interest, : W. AvP Dies: 44th July, 1894. and © | GLANDERS IN MAN. By Dr, W. H. De Sitva, M.B.c.M. Although this disease has been recognized in the horse from the time of Hippocrates, yet it is only of late years that it has been satisfac- torily proved to exist in man. It was formerly > 5 | rely , 2 * 2 iseas i diseases sitnulate gianders, for example, chronic | entirely overlooked, and the disease considered to be one of a purely local character attendant upon unhealthy and unclean wounds, terminating fatally. Dr. Elliotson was the first who aecu- rately described the disease in man, and he termed it Equinia, as proceeding from the horse. The susceptibility of man is less than that of the solipedes judging from the few real cases of glanders compared wth the frequent exposures, yet when once established in the system it can hardly be said to be less malig- nant or fatal. The one known cause of glanders is contagion, and the bacillus of the glanderous deposits is the one essential cause of the disease. Man is rarely infected from any other source than the horse. The modes of infection, immediate and mediate, are the main points to notice in this connection. Those employed about horses are usually infected by direct contact of the poisonous discharges, blood or tissues with abrasions on the skin or mucus membranes. The inoculations received in giving medicine, examining the nase, performing operations with effusion of blood, dressing cutaneous ulcers, slaughtering, skinning, making a post-mortem, burying, &c., is not un- common. Again, direct infection is sustained through snorting of the horse, so that particles of the virulent discharge are lodged in the mucous membrane of the eye or nose. Closely allied to this is infection by inhaling the ex- halations of glandeied horses, and the bite of the glandered horse is a rare means of infection. From infection by eating glandered animals (sheep, goats and rabbits) man is usually sayed by the cooking of his food and by his inherent power of resistance. Among the mediate forms of contagion may be named drinking from the same pail, or trough after a glandered horse, using a knife that has been used to open a glanderous abscess, wiping a wound with an infected blanket or handker- chief, handling infected harness, waggon pole or manger with wounded hands, sleeping over glandered horses or in a stall or on litter pre- viously used by such horses. Conveyance of glanders from man to man has taken place through using or handling the same dishes, towels, or handkerchiefs, and through dressing the wounds. Fortunately the susceptibility of man is slight, only few out of the multitudes handling glandered horses becoming infected. It is essentially an industrial disease. A condition of ill-health doubt- less predisposes to this as to other inyasious of infectious disease, yet men apparently in the most vigorous health have succumbed to the poison. Glanders and Farcy in man usually occur together and run an acute course, although occasionally they may become chronic. The disease is communicated by inoculation which is followed by a stage of incubation, whigh July 2 1894. ] lasts from 2 to 14 days. The invasion is marked by fever and a sense of illness, there may be rigors, vomiting and diarrhoea and severe pains in the limbs. The seat of inoculation becomes inflamed and the nearest lymphatic glands be- come enlarged and tender. Inflamed lymphatics with hard knots (Farcy buds) may also be present. From two days toa week or more after znvasion a characteristic eruption makes its appearance, First, they are little red spots like flea-bites which soon assume the form of elevated yellow- ish tubercles. They soon soften and form small heemarrhagic abscesses, they then burst, leaving small yellowish ulcers. There soon sets in an offensive discharge from the nose, at first watery but afterwards puriform, and the lymphatic glands under the jaw enlarge. Finally, subcu- taneous abscesses form in various parts, which may be accompanied by homarrhages into the muscles andintermuscular tissue. Pneumonia or pleurisy may occur before death. The final stage resembles blood-poisoning in many respects. In some exceptional cases this disease may run a very chronic course. The disease usually proves fatal in a week or fortnight. Glanders is not to be confounded with an eruptive disease produced by the mor- bid fluids generated in the affection called «grease, an inflammation and swelling in the heels of the horse, from which at a certain period a very acrid thin matter issues. This, when applied to any abrasion of the hands, gives rise to a pustular affection of the skin and is termed Equinia mitis, in coniradistinction to glanders, which is often called Lguinia Glandulosa. It is not at all uncommon among coachmen, stable boys, farriers and other persons, who dress the heels of horses affected by the disease. The pustules in this condition are elevated, have a red, purple swelled base. They are about the size of a six-pence. The pustules become puru- lent about the third day, and begin to dry about the 10th or 12th forming thick scabs, which leave well-marked cicatrices. It was at one time supposed to be the origin of cow-pox. Its treat- ment consists merely in rest and mild local applications. The constitutional treatment of glanders should be supporting, stimulating and soothing. In external inoculated cases the wounded sut- faces should be early destroyed by caustics, ¢7., fuming nitric acid, sulphate of copper or the hot iron. The swollen surfaces may be treated by leech- | ing, followed by solutions of carbolic acid, ice, Xe. Abscesses and tumours should be laid open and cauterised. Of the greatest Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” aan aS SINISE importance is a | general tonic and stimulating regimen. A nutri- tious diet (including beef tea) abundance of pure air, alcoholic stimulants, quinine, tincture of perchloride of iron, and above all arseniate of strychnia have been used with advantage. Prevention.—The first step toward the preven- tion Of glanders in man is the systematic res- triction and'extinction of the affection in animals. Further measures are the following :—The avoid- ance of contact with glandered or suspected horses by all persons having any wounds, ab- rasions, or ulcers in their skins. The cauterisation of all such sores on persons necessarily brought in contact with glandered or suspected animals, or their products; the general diffusion of in- 69 formation as to the danger from glandered animals; washing of hands and _ tace in a solution of carbolic acid after handling in- fected animals or their products; the thorough disinfection or destruction (by fire) of harness, clothing, racks, mangers, waggon poles, buckets, troughs, brushes, combs, litter, and fodder that have been exposed to infection ; and finally, the exclusion from the markets of all meats de- rived from suspected or infected animals, That glanders has never been recognised as arising from the consumption of diseased sheep or rabbits, does not prove that it has never reached man by this channel, any more than the absence of all recognition of the infection of man from the horse would prove the non-occurrence of such infection until the beginning of the present cen- tury. The knowledge that some of the animals used for food are liable to contact and convey this disease ig an additionai reason for the systematic and universal suppression of the disease among the equine population. ——————————E ARSENIC AND ARSENITES AS INSECTICIDES. Arsenic is known to chemists as arsenious acid or white oxide of arsenic. It is consider- ed an unsafe insecticide as its colow permits of its being mistaken for other substances of similar appearance, but in its various com- pounds it forms our best insecticides. A dose of from one to two grains usually preves fatal to an adult, thirty grains usually prove fatal to a horse, ten grains to a cow, and one grain or less is usually a fatal dose to a dog. In case of poisoning, while awaiting the arrival of a medical man, emetics should be resorted to, and after free vomiting, milk and eggs ad- ministered. Sugar and magnesia in milk is also useful, It may be mentioned that though arsenious acid or white oxide of arsenic goes by the name of arsenic, this latter term belongs to a black metallic element which by oxida- tion produces white arsenic. Arsenites are compounds of arsenic in which white arsenic unites with some metallic-base. The principal arsenites used in destroying insects are Paris green and London purple. Paris green is an aceto-arsenite of copper. When pure it contains about 58 per cent of arsenic, but the com- mercial article usually contains less, often as little as 50 per cent. The following may be considered as an average analysis :—Arsenic, 47° 68 per cent; copper oxide, 27:47; sul- phuric acid, 7:16; moisture, 1°55; insoluble residue, 2°34. It is applied either as a solu- tion or in a dry condition, but in any case it has to be much diluted. For making a-dry mixture, plaster, flour, air-slaked lime, road dust or sifted wood ashes may be used. The strength of the mixture required depends upon the plants and insects to which it is to be applied. The strongest mixture now recommend- ed is 1 part of poison to 50 of the dilutent, but if the mixing is very thoroughly done, 1 part to 100 or even 200 is sufficient. Paris green is practically insoluble in water. When mixed with water, the mixture must be Kept in a constant state of agitation, else the poison will settle, and the liquid from thg 70 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” ‘July 2, 1894. bottom of the cask will be so strong as to do serious damage, while that from the top will be useless, For potatoes, apple trees, and most species of shade trees, one pound of poison to 200 gallons of water is a good mixture. For the stone fruits one pound to 300 or even 360 gallons of water, is a strong enough mixture. Peach trees are very apt to be injured by arsenites, and for them the mixture should be no stronger than one pound to 300 gallons. In all cases, the liquid should be applied with force in a very fine spray. At some seasons of the year foliage is more liable to injury than at others. London purple is an arsenite of lime obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of aniline dyes. The compositon is variable. The amount of arsenic varies from 30 to over 50 per cent. The two following analyses show its composi- tion :—(1) Arsenic, 43°65 per cent ; rose aniline 12:46; lime 21°82; insoluble residue, 14°57 ; iron oxide, 1:16; and water 2°27. (2) Arsenic 55°35 per cent; lime, 26:23; sulphuric acid, 22; car- bonie acid, 27; moisture, 5:29. It is a finer powder than Paris green, and therefore remains longer in suspension in water. lt is used in the same manner as Paris green, but is some- times found to be more caustic on foliage. This injury is due to the presence of much soluble arsenic. London purple should not be used on peach trees. The arsenites may be used in connection with some fungicides, and in this manner both insects and fungi combated at the same time. The arsenites may thus be combined with Bordeaux mixture or soap applications. The addition of lime to Paris green or London purple mixtures greatly lessens injury to foliage, and, as a con- Sequence, they can be applied in larger doses than ordinarily. The free lime combines with the soluble arsenic, which is the material that injures the foliage and the combination is a harmless ones. Cm roe ae STOCK ITEMS. A good nurse for a sick cow must be well acquainted with the management of a healthy cow. Although, however, each animal requires a nurse who is acquainted with its normal habits in heatlh, yet there are certain fundamental ele- mentary laws, that are appliciable to all sick animals,. The first consideration we have to deal with, especially with the large animals such as the horse and cow, is the provision of a suitable place wherein to nurse them. A place free from wind and rain, with a dry floor, an abundant supply of fresh air, and of sufficient dimensions to allow the animal to move or roll about without coming in contact with the walls is essential. As far as possible, itis a wise plan to separ- ate a sick animal from those that are healthy, and to nurse it in a place removed from all other animals. In contagious diseases this is one of the first essential conditions that requires at@pntion. In all diseases it is a wise precaution, as tending to the promotion of recovery of the ailing animal, and ip view of the disease qurn- Pn peas sunt ” ~@ bos 7 ing out to be more serious than was at first supposed. The following are the statistics referring to contagious disease in Great Britain during 1893:—The number of cattle slaughtered in Great Britain for pleuro-pneumonia in 1893, were as follows:—30 diseased, 1,157 incontact, and 86 suspected. In 1892 the figures were— 134 diseased, 3,477 incontact, 186 suspected; while in 1890 there were 2,022 diseased, and 11,301 incontact. The number of swine that died or were slaughtered for swine feyer last year were—6,133 died, 15,339 diseased or exposed to infection, and 93 suspected. In 1892 the number that died was 5,563, and there were 12,394 slaughtered as diseased or exposed to infection, The number of cases of anthrax in 1893 were—567 fresh outbreaks, and 1,294 ani- mals attacked. In 1892 there were 286 fresh outbreaks, and 638 animals attacked. There were 1,384 fresh outbreaks of glanders, and 2,127 animals attacked, against 1,632 fresh out- breaks and 2,954 animals attacked in 1892. The rearing of calves is a subject which should have special interest to stock-beeders in this country, and especially to the owners of milch cattles since so large a percentage of these animals succumb before they are a year old. The manager of the Ceylon Government Dairy has been very successful in the rear- ing of calves according to a method which his experience of cattle has taught him. The following description on this subject, given by a writer to the Scottish Farmer, reterring to Ayrshire (perhaps the best milking) stock will not be without interest to many of our readers :— There are three methods of rearing calves: lst, Allowing the calf to suck its mother. This isthe most natural way. It makes the best calf, but is very expensive. This system is seldom, if ever, followed with Ayrshires. The calf is apt to get wild by this method, un- less frequently handled. 2nd, Giving full milk alone, as it is drawn fromthe cow. This method is also expensive and not much practised. 3rd, The most prevalent method, and the one em- ployed by most people who breed for profit, consists in giving the full milk only for eight or tendays. Thenew milkis gradually reduced, and skim milk substituted, which is made up to the standard of full milk by artificial foods— as boiled linseed at a temperature not exceeding 100 deg. Fahr. One gallon of skim milk with linseed gradually increased from one pound, and then to one pound and a half, is enough for an ordinary calf before weaning. Mixed half~ and-half linseed meal and peameal is used by some, and considered good. Oatmeal is alsoa good substitute, but is very liable to cause acidity ifthe feeding is not regularly attended to. The calves should be learned to eat linseed cake before weaning, and may be allowed one pound per day on the grass through the sum- mer to keep them in good thriving condition. In the latter end they may be allowed a run on the young clover seeds. They should be comfortably housed in winter, and receive hay, a small quantity of pulped roots, and about 2 a ee ~ ~ = - July 2, 1894.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” re lb. linseed cake per diem. The treatment should be as liberal as to turn them out to the grass in good condition. In the following summer and autumn, they should be allowed to graze on good pasture, rich in phospates, so that their growth of bone and substance will not be checked in any way. In winter, they should again receive, in addition to turnips, hay and straw, a little extra concentrated food, such as linseed cake or cotton cake, at the rate of 2 or 3 1b. per day. If, by the treatment they have received, they be large and strong, we may have them in milk between two and three years old. The following is from a leaflet issued by the Royal Agricultural Society of England :— From the evidence which has recently been brought to the notice of the Society, it is con- sidered desirable to recommend to the special attention of stock-owners, in whose herds abor- tion has appeared, the system of preventive treatment which is described in the following quotation from the article on Abortion in the Society’s Journal, Vol. II., Part IV., 1891, page 738. The plan which Professor Nocard recom- mends to be used in cow-sheds and premises in which epizootic abortion occurs year by year is the following:—l. Every week the places in which cows are kept must be well cleansed, and especially the part behind the cows, and then disinfected by a strong solution of sulphate of copper (blue vitriol), or a solution of carbolic acid, one to fifty of water. 2. The under part of the tail, the anus, vulva, and parts below of all the cows must besponged daily with the following lotion which, is a strong poison :— Rain water or distilled water .. 2. gallons Corrosive sublimate .. .. 23 drachms Hydrochloric Acid .. 2% ounces During the first season of this treatment only a moderate amount of improvement is to be ex- pected, but after the next season abortion will cease entirely. It appears that in some districts no precautions are taken to destroy the fcetues after abortion. This should be done without delay in every case by burning or burial in quick- lime. Lime should also be freely scattered over the ground contaminated with the discharge. we S ON THE DURABILITY OF VARIOUS WOODS. EXPERIMENT In order to obtain some data on the durability of Indian woods, the Government of India in a Circular dated the 31st October, 1879, ordered these experiments to be started. Specimens of various species were Lrepared, the size and shape of a metre-guage sleeper being chosen as most suitable. These were placed in the ground of the Imperial Forest School, one-half of each piece being left exposed, the other half under ground: in all 39 pieces were thus treated, most of them having been put down in 1881, and a few subsequently at different times. The soil in which the sleepers were buried was a rich sandy clay, giving, on a rough qualitative analysis made by Instructor Mr. A. B Gradon :— Sand... is .. 85 per cent. Clay 5 ih ». 24 i Organic matter ., “5 i One by one, the weaker and softer kinds dis- appeared, under the effects of rof and the attacks of white ants: and in August 1892, just eleven years after the commencement of the experiment, the surviving pieces were dug up by the Deputy Director, Mr. Smythies, in the presence cf his class of Forest Utilization, with the following results :— Three species had their wood still perfectly sound in every respect, both above and below ground. These were (1) the Himalayan Cypress, (Cupressus torulosa) 10 years buried; (2) Teak, 9 years buried; and (5) Anjan (Hardwickat binata) 7 years buried. Both Deodar and Sissu after 11 years’ burial had their heartwood quite sound, but the sapwood has been entirely eaten away by white-ants. Next to these came the two species of Eugenia, Piaman (Hugentia operculata) and Jaman (Hugenia Jambolana) which lasted well for 9 years but are now beginning to show signs of decay. Sandan (Ougeinia dalbergioides) was much the same, as were also Toon (Cedrela Toona) and Albizzia procera. The Toon was almost untouched above ground, but the buried parts were unmistak- ably traversed by the mycelia of fungi. Sain (Terminalia tomentosa) and Albizzia Lebbek lasted 8 years; Phyllanthus Emblhca, Adina cordifolia, Cedrela serrata, Pinus excelsa and Abies Smithiana remained good for 7 years and then succumbed. Pinus longifolia and the three oaks (Quercus Semecarpifolia, incana and dilatata) lasted 6 years. Aegle Marmelos, Stephegyne parvifolia, Abies Webbiana and Schleichera tryuga remained good for 5 years. A Grewia lasted for four years, while Lagerstrémia parviflora, Anogetssus latifolia, Acacia arabica, Butea frondosa, Aesculus indica and the Mango gave way in 3 years’ time. It is as well to place on record that Dehra Dun is the broad valley at the base of the Himalaya, and between it and the Siwaliks, extending from the Jumna to the Ganges. The altitude of the locality is just about 2,100 feet, the climate is moderately cool and the average annual rainfall 73 inches. The most remarkable thing about these ex- periments is the durability of the Cypress, a fact which ought to be remembered in planting trees in the hills, for few trees are so easily grown, even down to the plains in the Dun and further still to Saharanpur. The wood is not unlike deodar, but with a quite different strong scent. The tree thrives best on limestone, but is not really very particular and it grows straight and well in close plantations.—IJndian Forester. eee ZOOLOGICAL NOTES FOR AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS. Next in order after the birds come the Mammals constituting the fifth and last class of vertebrate animals. The general character- istics of mammlia are that respiration is aerial : the lungs are not connected with air-sacs ; the heart is four-chambered ; the blood warm; the integumentary covering is in the form of hairs, the young are nourished by milk secreted by special glands—the mammary glands; the skull has two condyles, t 72 Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” [July 2, 1894. The non-placental mammals (in which no connection is established between the fetus and the mother) are represented only by two orders, viz., monotremata and marsupialia, The first contains only two'genera, both belonging to Australia, viz., the Duck mole (Ornithorlyncus) and the Porcupine Ant-eater (Echidna). The order marsupialia, so named owing to its members possessing a “marsupium” or pouch in which the young are carried, includes the kangaroo, opossums; bandicoots and wombats. ‘The order Edentata is the lowest of the placental mammals. The name is hardly a correct one, since it is only in two genera that there are ‘absolutely no teeth, though the development of the teeth is very imperfect in all. The toes of the edentates are furnished with long and powerful claws, and the skin often covered with bony plates or horny scales. In this order are included the sloths, ant-eaters and armadillos. Sirenia and Cetacea constitute the fourth and fifth orders of mammalia. The first-mentioned includes the Dugongs and Manatees, while the order Cetacea comprises the whales, dolphins and porpoises. The members of both orders are characterised by a powerful caudal fin which differs from that of the fishes in being placed horizontally, and in being a huge expansion of the integuments not supported by bony rays; the hind limbs are wholly wanting, and the anterior limbs are converted into swimming paddles or “flippers.” In the Cetacea the nostrils are placed at the top of the head, constituting the so- called ‘blow-holes” or ‘ spiracles,” The body of the Sirenians is covered with scattered bristles, but that the Cetaceans is generally completely hairless. The head of the latter is as a rule of disproportionally large size, and is not separated from the body by any distinct constriction or neck. The skin of the Greenland whale is underlaid by a thick layer of subcu- taneous fat which varies from eight to fifteen inches in thickness, and is known as the “blubber.” The blubber serves partly to give buoyancy to the body, but more especially to protect the animal against extreme cold, It is the blubber which is the chief object of the whale fishery, as it yields the whale oil of commerce. In the lateral depressions of the whale’s palate occur an enormous number of horny plates, constituting what is known as the “baleen” plates, from which the whale bone of commerce is derived. The porpoise, too, is often killed for the sake of its oil. Order VI.—Un- gulata.—The order of the Ungulate or hoofed animals is one of the largest and most im- portant of all the divisions of the mammalia. The following are the characteristics of the order :—All the four limbs are present, and that portion of the toe which touches the ground is always encased in a greatly expanded nail constituting a hoof, There are always two sets of enamelled teeth, and the molar teeth are massive, with broad crowns. adopted for grind- ing vegetable substanzes ; no cluvicles are present In accordance with the number of the digits, the order Ungulata is divided into two primary sections: the Perissodactyla, in which the toes or hoofs are odd in number (one or three), and the Artiodactyla, in which the toes are even in number (two or four). GUANOS. The term guano is properly applied only to the dung of birdsand some other animals; but the name hasbeen erroneously used to describe various other mixtures and preparations that are in no way entitled to be so called. Peruvian guano may be described as a general manure composed of the excrements of fish-eating birds, and containing nitrogenous compounds, phosphates, and potash. High-class Peruvian guanoisrich in nitrogenous matter, a large proportion of which is soluble. As formerly exported it was capable of yielding from 8 to 12 per cent of ammonia, part of which was derived from ammonia salts, and part (less than 1 per cent) from nitrates, Phosphates were low, seldom exceeding 30 per cent, but from one- quarter to one-half of the phosphates were soluble. The amount of potash was usually from 8 to 5 per cent. It cannot be now had of this quality. Low-class Peruvian guano, as now offered in the market, is comparatively poor in nitrogenous matter, yielding from 3 to 5 per cent of ammonia. The phosphates are correspondingly high, viz., from 30 to 50 per cent, but the proportion of soluble phosphate is much smaller than in high- class Peruvian guano. Potash occurs to a very small extent, viz., about 1 to 3 per cent. Low-class guanos are formed originally from high-class guanos, by the washing out of soluble constituents by rain, &e., and their composition varies greatly according to the amount of washing they have undergone. Genuine Peruvian guano frequently contains a large proportion of stony insoluble matter. It ought to be riddled before purchasing. Fortified Peruvian Guanos, also called by various names, such as improved, equalized, &c. Such guanos are mixtures, with low-class Peru- vian guano for a basis. Sulphate of ammonia is added, and perhaps also other nitrogenous matter, to bring them up to the guaranteed analysis, say from 8 to 10 per cent ammonia. Dissolved Peruvian Guano.—That is usually Peruvian guano dissolved in sulphuric acid, and fortified with sulphate of ammonia so as to make a strong, active manure. Ichaboe Guano.—A true guano, but of recent formation. It is very rich in nitrogenous matter, which yields from 10 to 16 per cent of ammonia, but a large partof the nitrogenous matter is in the form of feathers, which are insoluble and of low manurial value, otherwise it resembles high- class Peruvian guano. The total phosphates vary from 18 to 380 per cent, of which from a fourth to a half is usually soluble. There is seldom as much as 2 per cent potash present. Other commercial guanos are the Patagonian (2 to 3 per cent ammonia and 30 to 35 per cent of phosphate), Bolivian guano (2 to 8 per cent ammonia and 20 to 50 per cent of phosphate), and Maldive Islands guano (a trace of ammonia and 70 to 75 per cent of phosphate. Fish Guano.—Derived from fish-curing yards, and consisting of the heads and offal of fish, dried and ground. Properly speaking, it is not a guano. High-class fish guano contains nitrogenous matter, yielding from 10 to 12 per cent of ammonia, but it is in the form of insoluble albuminous compounds, which only slowly de | July 2, 1894.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” P73 compose and become available as plant-food. The phosphates range from 18 ‘o 30 per cent, and are all insoluble. Low-class fish guanos are subscances like the preceding, but containing less nitrogenous matter, and more phosphates. They are simply fish-bone manures, with somewhat more ammonia and less phosphate than ordinary bone-meal, and having no real resemblance toa guano, Fish guanos are usually impregnated with fish- oil, which detracts from the value of the manure. The oil should not exceed 3 per cent. Frey-Bentos Guano.—Vhe dried and ground residue and débris of animals after the extraction of *‘ Liebig’s Extract.” It isnotaguano. ‘Ihere are various grades of this manure. One contains much bone mutter, another a good deal of horn. It is a slow manure. ‘The best manure is derived from muscular fibre, yielding about 14 per cent ammonia and about 4 percent phosphate. lt is a stroug nitrogenous manure, variously named. The manure known as native guano is prepared from sewage precipitation. li is not considered of much value. Kuropean guano is on the other hand consi- dered a tolerably good manure. It consists of partially decomposed wood, horn, urine etc., brought into a powdery condition. a | GENERAL ITEMS. In every 1,000 parts, potato tubers contain 750 of water, nitrogen 3:4, ash 9°5, potash 6°8, and soda °3; cauliflowers contain 904 of water, 4:0 nitrogen, 8:0 ash, 3°6 potash, and °d soda; cucumbers: 956 water, 1°6 nitrogen, 5°8 ash, 2-4 potash, ‘6 soda; sugar beets: 815 water, 1°6 vitrogen, 7°] ash, 38 potash, and -6-soda. The influence of nitrogen in its various forms upon plant growth is shown by at least three striking effects. The growth of stems and leaves is greatly promoted, while that of the buds and flowers is retarded; the colour of the foliage is deepened, which is a sign of increased vegeta- tive activity and health; the relative propor- tion of nitrogen in the plant is inereased in a very marked degree. To rid potting-mould of any vermin it may contain, fill the pots the day before they are used, and water the soil in them with boiling water. Harthworms, however, call for some consideration since they, for one thing, ventilate the subsoil by boring in it channels for the admission of air. They may be ejected from pots or lawns, however, when they become troublesome, by means of lime-water; and the remedy will at the same time benefit the plant. The Journal of Horticulture mentions that in addition to the leaves of Mimosa Indica and Dioncea muscipula, hairs of sundew (Drosera ), stamens of Berberis and Sparmannia Africana, the stamens of Mimulis and its allied genus Diplaens, the following plants have sensitive organs: Oxalis sensitiva, O. stricta, Averrhoa bilimbi, 4schynomene Americana and Cassia nictitans, That it is easy to find microbes in the soil capable ¢f assimilating atmospheric nitrogen, if culture media, devoid of all combined nitrogen are employed, was pointed out by M. Winogradsky last summer, and in a recent number of the “Comptes Rendus” an account is given of im- portant progress made by him in this most interest- ing subject. By progressive cultivation of a mixture of microbes derived from soil, in a nutritive liquid from which all traces of combin- ed nitrogen were carefully excluded, Winogradsky reduced the varieties present to three bacilli, of which one was finally separated out ana dis- covered to be endowed with this function of assi- milating atmospheric nitrogen. This organism, we learn from “ Nature,” is strictly anaérobic, and will not grow in either broth or gelatine. It ferments glucose, producing butyric, acetic, and carbonic acid, and hydrogen. The amount of atmospheric nitrogen assimilated is propor- tional to the quantity of glucose contained in the culture material, and which undergoes decomposi- tion in the presence of this bacillus. Winogradsky concludes his paper by suggesting that this phenomenon of the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen may be due to the union within the living protoplasm of the microbial cell, — of atmospheric nitrogen and nascent hydrogen, resulting in the synthesis of ammonia, The Kew Bulletin for May hus the following note on the Agriculture of Jamacia :—-The fruit trade, which was referred to in last year’s report as being in a depressed state, has somewhat re- covered its former healthy condition, and the in- crease there spoken of in the crops of sugar and output ofrum-has been fairly maintained during the year under review. The export of cocoa shows an increase of 3,010 ewt. in quantity and 8,896/. in value; coffee an increase of 10,378 cwt. in quantity and 3,726/. in value; bananas, 676,280 bunches and 76,8437. in value ; oranges, 3,806,526 in number and 11,5267. in valne. The area of land in the island under cane and coffee cultiva- tion has varied very little in recent years. There were during the year under review 32,466 acres in cane and 21,450 in coffee. The cultivation of bananas has increased to 14,860 acres from 9,959 in the year 1890-91. The total area under cultiva- tion in theisland was 666,741 acres, of which 499,053 was in guinea grass, pimento, and common pasture, against a total area of 1,958,678 acres of the whole islandon which the property tax was collected. Dr. L. Gebek, of Bonn, has published an ela- borate research on the subject of coconut cake and meal.—1l. Preparation.—The meal and cake are the residue of the kernels after the oil has been pressed out. This residue may be imported as such, the best coming from Ceylon, or the oil may be extracted in Hurope. What is known as “ copra” consists of dried pieces of kernel.—2. Digesti- bility.—The average composition of the cake is— Water, 10°66; albuminoid, 19°06; fat, 11-05; carbo-hydrates, 41:06; fibre, 14:12; ash, 4:05 Feeding experiments show that on the average 78 per cent, 95 per cent., and 8&0 per cent. are respectively digested of the albuminoids, fats, and carbo-hydrates. It also appears that the fat does not retard the digestive action of the gastric juice.—Influence on Fattening and Pro- 74 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” duction of milk and Butter.—Cocoa-nut meal and cake compare very favourably in these res- pects with other concentrated foods, such as earth-nut cake, oatmeal, pea meal, cotton-seed meal, rape cake, and oil-cake. The following are two useful ‘suggestions for preserving eggs:—The eggs are first thoroughly cleansed, then dipped for some time in a solu- tion of common salt, and finally packed in peat- dust and stored in ventilated wooden baskets in a dry, airy place. Of 100 eggs so packed in autumn, and used during the winter, only three were bad. The peat-dust checks the in- crease of the bacteria which penetrate the shell. Another method is to soap the eggs well and soak them for an hour in a solution consisting of as much permanganate of potash as will lie on the point of a knife added to half‘a gallon of water (or in dilute Condy’s fluid), They are then thoroughly dried, wrapped in clean paper and after packing in a basket or box, kept in a dry place free from frost. Eggs so preserved will keep for six or seven months without losing their fresh taste, as is’ quickly the case with those packed in lime, straw, or chaff. New trades in this country have . developed with such surprising rapidity as ‘that in earth or ground nuts, or, as they are termed in Ame- rica, pea nuts: an account of which is given in one of the “ Handbooks of Commercial Products.” The crop was first officially made mention of in the Madras Presidency, only as far back*as 1851- 52, but it now constitutes:a most important item in the exports of Southern India. Harth-nuts were not introduced into Europe until. 1840; but owing to the many useful purposes to which the oil is adaptable, its consumption has increased 2 a ee [July 2, 1894. to an enormous extent, estimated a year or two ago at little short of a million tons annually. The bulk of the nuts exported from India goes to France, mainly to that great seat of the oil- manufacturing industry, Marseilles (whieh port now absorbs more of this than any other oil-seed) where it is largely utilised in the preparation of salad oi]; West Africa and China being the other chief sources of supply. Ground nuts afford an excellent substitute for olive oil, which they much resemble in taste, and the principal emporia of this branch of the trade are naturally, after the town mentioned, Barcelona and Genoa, be- cause of their reputation for supplying pure Lucca oil. Easteru and western commercial morality are probably about on a par, and the produce of the earth-nut is sold largely as genuine olive oil, or mixed with the latter, in the same way that in Madras it is made to pass for gingelly oil (put through a mill, in which the latter seed has been crushed), and where it is also employed as an adulterant for ghee. The oil is also ex- tensively used on the Continent in soap-making and for lubricating purposes, as an illuminant and for dressing cloth. There is a large local trade in earth-nut oil, in connection with which— the raw and manufactured material being alike produced and consumed in the country—the ques- tion of exchange does not arise; there is a not inconsiderable export business with the Mauritius, Burma, theStraits, &c.; the oil cake also appears to finda market in the latter settlement, London and Ceylon, and it is therefore somewhat singular that more vigorous efforts have not been made to establish large steam mills in India for the manufacture. The Horticultural Review recommends the fol- lowing for getting rid of ants; one pound of alum dissolved in two quarts of boiling water. Se z44 G. H. K. THWAITES, F.R.S., F.L-S, PH.D, C-M-G., 1849-1880, CEYLON, DIRECTOR OF THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, (From a wood-engraving republished from the ‘‘ Gardeners Chronicle.” ) Tropical Agriculturist Portrait Gallery, Ln x4 Vol. XIV.) COLOMBO, AUGUST 1st, «{ MONTHLY. be Hr 1894. No. : 2. “PIONEERS OF THE PLANTING ENTERPRISE IN CEYLON.” G H. K. THWAITES, ESO., FRS., F.LS. PH.D. OMG, DIRECTOR OF THE CEYLON ROYAL BOTANICAL GARDENS, 1849-1880. late Dr. G. H. K, Thwaites, F.R.S., as a Pioneer of the Planting Industry in Ceylon, but, for over thirty years, he watched its development with much interest and was ever ready to render the planters all the aid in his power. In respect also of some new products, Dr. Thwaites did a good deal to encourage their introduction and extension. Indeed, new cul- tivations received all the stimulus and help he could render. Still we must always think of this veteran Director of our Botanical Gardens as a thorough savant and a very different type of humanity from the pushing “practical 22 pioneering Colonists who form the rest of our series. Dr. Thwaites’ fame, of course, did not in any way rest on his ‘ economic ” work which he must have regarded as purely official and by no means specially congenial. He presided over the Peradeniya Gardens from December 1849 to January 1880 or just over 30 years. When Dr. Thwaites arrived here at the end of December 1849* (Lord Torrington being still Go- vernor) things at Peradeniya Gardens were at a We cannot find that before this very low ebb. * Ho left Gravesend on 27th August, and, coming of course round the Cape, reached Ceylon on 26th November. time it had ever been contemplated that the Gar: dens should bear any very direct relationship to- wards the European planters, though a good deal of Coffee seed was grown at Peradeniya and some plants sold to them; though more was cured for Government. Vegetables for the Kandy market seem to have been the chief production, and Co- conuts and Cinnamon for Government. Dr. Gard- ner’s short administration had somewhat improved this state of things, but after his death in Mareda 1849, expenditure had been greatly cut down and the Gardens brought to a condition of uselessness, Dr. Thwaites in his first Report, suggested ex- periments in new cultures, but like most new- comers to this country he seems to have thought that the cultivations of Central India and the Gangetic plain could be successfully carried on in our quite different insular climate. Time was consequently thrown away over Indigo, Jute, Cotton, Tobacco, Cochineal, &c., and it was not till after a few years that these were abandoned for more suitable products such as Vanilla—which Dr. Thwaitesalways strongly urged—China Grass, Manilla Hemp and other Fibres, as well as the resuscitation of the old cultivations of Nutmegs and Cloves and Cacao, But at the time we speak of—in the early <‘fifties’—no one seems to have paid much at- tention to anything but Coffeee growing, and Dr. Thwaites met with little encouragement in 76 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. his economic efforts, and so devoted himself more and more to his purely scientific Botanical work. There was, indeed, in 1854, a vigorous effort made in the Legislative Council (Sir G. Anderson be- jng Governor) to put down the Gardens alto- gether, the attack being led by Mr. Andrew Nicol! We cannot find that Dr. Thwaites wrote anything about it; but the Gardens were powerfully backed by Prof. Lindley and others in London and by the late (Mr. Wm. Ferguson in the Ceylon Observer, It is interesting now to find that so early as 1860, Teaseed was advertised for sale at Peradeniya from a small plantation made there in 1845, and Dr. Thwaites was even then—34 years ago—ad- vocating its cultivation. In 1865 he drew up an elaborate paper of instructions for the Commis- sioner (Mr. A. Morrice)* who was sent to India by the Government at the motion of the Planters’ Association, and 200 lb. of tea seed were dis- tributed from the Gardens in this year. This was, of course, China seed ; for the “‘ Hybrid” was - first obtained in 1867 and the distribution of its seed began in 1870. Iti is, however, with Cinchona that Dr. Thwaites’ name is chiefly tobe remembered in connection with, planting. This industry, so profitable while followed in moderation, was almost wholly the creation of the efforts of Dr. Thwaites as head of the Botanical Gardens. We have told much of the story in the introduction to our “‘ Handbook and Directory” and a great deal more in our volumes of the Tropical Agriculturist. [There was also given a full account ‘of Cinchona introduction in the Hand- book” to the Calcutta Exhibition of 1883-4, pp. 16-23.] Hakgala was chosen by Mr. Clements Markham and Dr. Thwaites in 1859 as a suitable site and opened under Mr. MacNicoll early in’ 1861. Dr. Thwaites had much diffi- culty’ in early days in getting the planters to utilize cinchona plants although offered for the taking. Mr. Win. Smith was very anxious toplant out 150,000’ plants on Craigie Lea, Dimbula, when he’ first’ opened; but his two partners would have nothing to do with the ‘medicine plant” and so they threw away (counting half of the lot to grow and valuing at 10s per tree which many realised in Dimbula,) no less than £37,500! The South American Rubbers were received in 1876, and Heneratgoda was founded to re ceive them, being opened by Sir William Gregory in June 1876.. There is an account of the acqui- sition of these given in Dr. Trimen’s ‘‘ Memor- andum ” attached to the Report of New Products Commission (Sessional Paper 13 of 1881) and indeed there is a good deal relating to Dr. Thwaites’ workin the island ‘in that same Memoradum. * Mr.’ Morrice’s Report is reprinted in the Tropical ih hg ie [Auc. 1, 1894. With regard to Coffee-leaf Disease, Dr. Thwaites republished extracts from his Annual Reports 1871-74, referring to it and this formed Sessional Paper 25 of 1879. He took a serious view of the disease from the commencement. In his Report for 1872 he says that “ though there is probably little hope of the disease quite dis- appearing from the Island,” yet “it seems to me probable that in some years the disease may appear in avery light form, indeed, whilst in others it may be more pronounced;” and in 1873 he, remarks that ‘‘it is difficult to see how leaf-disease can wear itself out and entirely dis- appear whilst Coffee trees remajn for it, to subsist upon.”* Along with these reprints Dr. Thwaites also published an official letter to Government dated 27th September 1879, on the complete fail- ure of the sulphur and lime treatment to check the disease. In this letter and, more evidently, ina subsequent one dated 5th January 1880 (Sessional Paper 1 of 1880) Dr. Thwaites expresses views as to the nature of the disease which cannot be maintained in the light of Mr. Marshall Ward’s subsequent researches. Liberian Coffee was in- troduced in 1875, and like all new products re- ceived a good deal of attention from Dr. Thwaites. It will be seen from the foregoing how inti- mate was the relation between Dr. Thwaites, in the Economic Department of his duties, and the Planting Industry. But his heart was, of course, in his scientific work and his beloved Gardens. His visits to Colombo were few and at rare intervals, the chief being on the occasion of an Agri-Horticultural Exhibition where he was naturally the centre of authority. On these occasions there was always some rivalry about who was to act host. The only “Fellow of the Royal Society” in the island was highly ex- teemed in days of old. Learned Sir Charles Mac- Carthy and cultured as well as genial Sir William Gregory always insisted on Dr. Thwaites finding quarters at Queen’s House. Sir Hercules Robin- ‘son took less interest and it was during his term of rule that, at a Showin the Racket Court, two leading ladies—the late Lady Layard (wife of the Government Agent) and the late Baroness Corbet were found to be rivals for the honour, of entertain- ing the savant—and Dr. Thwaites with his stiff white hair, ancient look and old-world ways was a typical philosopher, but he was equal to the oc- casion. Making a sweeping bow to each of the ladies and looking from right to left he responded in the words of the poet :— ““How happy should I be with either, Were t’other dear charmer away.” The courtesy in acknowledgment of the Baroness as well as her Ladyship—all three being well advanced in life—was a little picture in * This must be the origin of the idea that Dr. Thwaites predicted the entire destruction of Cottfce in Ceylon, which he never did. Auc. 1, 1894. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 24 a the centre of the Racket Court Gardens, never | (Memoir written in 1882 by Dr. Trimen, F.R.S.) to be forgotten by those who saw it! We have not entered on details of Dr. Thwaites’ career, because we have two sketches fromthe pen of his accomplished successor, Dr. Trimen, F.R,5.— one of which (accompanying the engraving which we reprint) was given in the Gardeners’ Chronicle, and one appeared in the local press. Both of these we now append verbatim et literatim:— (‘‘ From the ‘* Gardeners’ Chronicle,” April 4th 1874.) This distinguished botanist began life at Clifton as an accountant, during the intervals of business applying himself to the pursuit of botany. In conjunction with Mr. Broome he made great accessions to our knowledge of fungi, especially amongst the Tuberacei, being quite indefatigable | in the search for these curious productions. His attention was not, however, confined to Fungi. He made many interesting discoveries amongst Algz,the result of which appeared in the supple- mentary numbers of Hnglish Botany. An intimate study of the more obscure Algze led him to the brilliant discovery that each tribe of Lichens is represented by some particular Algoid form, which appears to be the true interpretation of what has lately been brought forward respecting the con- nection of Algz and Lichens. The most important observation, and one perfectly original, which was the reward of his studies, was the discovery of the mode of propagation in Diatomace, which would alone give hima very high place amongst botanists. He also made many important obser- vations amongst Desmidiacez. In Phzenogams he made the curious observation that from a single seed of a Fuchsia containing two embryos, two. entirely distinct varieties might be raised. His skill and ingenuity in the preparation of micros- copical specimens for preservation are not the least valuable part of his services, though apt to be overlooked by the rising generation. His botanical studies while still at Clifton had become of such importance, that he was selected to sueceed Dr. Gardner in the important office of Superintendent of the Botanic Garden at Ceylon, The duties of this office were such as to confine him principally to the Phenogams, in which line he has discovered many newgenera, and he has contri- buted many interesting plants to our collections, ag well as an enumeration of the plants occurring wildin Ceylon, the frst complete modern tropical Flora. Though necessarily called off from the study of Cryptogams, he made a very large collec- tion of Fungi, causing most accurate drawings to be made of the greater part. Messrs, Berkeley and Broome have described these in the Journal of the Linnean Society. Nearly 1,200 species have been already described, and there are still more in hand for a apy tenia y report. The diseases to which cultivated plants in the island are subjected have been the object of Dr. Thwaites’ careful investi- gation. Thwaites has also rendered important service to horticulture and agriculture in his capa: city of Director of the Paradeniya Garden, by meatis of which a large number of useful tropical plants have been cultivatedand dispersed, as, for instance, Chocolate, Tea, and Cinchona. The first seeds from imported plants of Cinechona are supposed to have been raisedin theCeylon garden. During his twenty-four years’ tenure of office he has never left the island, and has seareely taken a holiday un- connected with his professional work. Those who are best acquainted with Dr. Thwaites have not only a very high opinion of him as a botanist, but as amost amiable, excellent, and devoted friend, q By the recent death of Dr. Thwaites, Ceylon loses one of its most eminent men. Perhaps, indeed, there was no ‘person in the colony whose name was better known beyond its limits than that of the unassuming savant whose sudden departure from. among us (briefly chro- nicled in a newspaper paragraph) seems scarcely to have arrested public attention. Yet itis but a little over 24 years since he retired’ from a public. position, intimately connected with the most important interests of the country, which he had held with great distinction to himself, to the benefit of the public and the prestige of the colony for an unbroken period of more than thirty years. Truly, ‘“‘a prophet is not without honour,: save in his own country.” His friends had hoped that, freed from the numerous and petty worries of an official life which had for some years been pressing hardly upon him, Dr, Thwaites would in his pleasant reé- treat above Kandy have continued his favourite studies ; but the infirmities of age gained on him, the stimulus to work was gone, and he did none, Some of this mental lassitude was due to cireum. stances attending his retirement. All that could be said of him with propriety at that time was that an old and eminent public servant clung too closely to the office which had become part of himself—a tendency so natural that it is generally to the young alone (to whom it is of no personal interest) that it is obvious as a fault. Ina sense, however, he may be said to have livéd too long, for, sudden as his death seemed to us out here, in the world of sciencee—where meén’s names are coeval only with their work—surprise may perhaps be felt in learning that the man who was taking the lead asa microseopist when many of the now leading biologists Were in’ the nursery, has been living so recently. To those who have known’ Dr. ‘Thwaites only during the latter years of his life, it may perhaps be news to learn ‘that, long as he lived here, he was, before he came out to Ceylon, a man of mark in science. Among the small band of ads vanced workers with the microscope at that time in England—of whom Carpenter and the vener- able Berkeley are now the chief survivors— Thwaites was prominent, Then a young man living near Bristol, he devoted all his leisure to the investigation of the lower organisms. In 1841 he began to publish papers in the ‘‘ Annals of Natural History,” and previously to that his reputation as a biologist was such that he was employed by Dy. Carpenter to revise the second edition of the “‘ Principles of Physiology,” the standard book of the time on its subject. He paid special attention to the fresh-water Algee, and was in constant correspondence with the chiet English and foreign cryptogamists of the day. His discoveries in this group were notable, and were embodied in papers in the “Annals” for 1844 to 1849. Of these the most important was on the discovery, in 1847, of the fact that the Diatoms (then considered animals) were true Alo an immense step forward in our knowledge o these minute organisms, which finally settled their position in nature ; and his papers generally though few and dealing with special points, were of that kind which point out the way to im- portant generalizations. They gave him an European reputation. In 1846, the great French cryptogamist, Montagne, dedicated to him a senus of zygnematous Algie, Thwaitesia. e, At this period Thwaites was a Lecturer on Botany at the School of Pharmacy in Bristol and afterwards at the Medical School there; and in 978 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Aus. 1, 1894. ae 2 1847 he became a candidate for a Chair of Science in one of the new Queen’s Colleges in Ireland. This application was powerfully supported b such men as Robert Brown (‘‘ botanicorwm facile rinceps”), Sir W. J. Hooker, Lindley, Montagne, ieigane and many others, but it was unsuccess- ful. Sir W. Hooker, however; still kept Thwaites in view, and when Wr. Gardner’s death here, in March, 1849, became known at home, the vacant post in Ceylon was offered by Earl Grey to Thwaites. This he accepted, and eras sailed round the Cape arrived here on 28th November 1849 during the rule of Lord Torrington. Thus was Ceylon so fortunate as to obtain, as superin- tendent of its Botanic Gardens and at a salary of only £300 a year, a scientific man of established reputation; and it is needless to say how abundantly his appointment has been justified. Ceylon’s gain, however, was England’s fag the Renctal feeling of regret on the part of botanists at hwaites’ departure is expressed by Mr. Berkeley at p. 117 of his classical work, the ‘‘ Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany.” To this day, in England, upon no onehas Thwaites’ algological mantle fallen. With his arrival in Ceylon commenced a new stage in Mr. Thwaites’ scientific life. He at once turned his attention from the lower organisms to the varied and beautiful phanerogamic flora of the island. At that time the duties of the Superintendent were almost wholly of a scientific character, and he was undisturbed by other claims on his time. For the first ten years of his incumbency Thwaites was able to deyote himself exclusively to the investigation of the flora of Ceylon. His predecessor, Dr. Gardner, was an indeiatigalle traveller and had made large collections, both in South America and India as well as Ceylon, and his sudden death had left everything in confusion. The first work of Thwaites was to separate the Ceylon plants from the others, for all were mixed together ; Gardner’s collections were to be sent home and sold on behalf of the family by auction in London, and little was retained at Peradeniya.* After this work was finished, the sorting, arranging, and naming of the stores, accumulated and continually “being brought in from the jungle and mountains, was proceeded with, and Thwaites made numerous excursions collecting. During this period a number of interesting novelties was detected, principally in the districts of Ambagamuwa, the neighbourhood of Ratnapura, the Singhe Rajah Forest, and other parts of the wet S.-W. of the island. Many of these were described by Thwaites- in a series of papers published in Hooker's *« Journal of Botany ” from the year 1852 to 1856, wherein some 25 genera new to science were defined and illustrated, most of them peculiar to Ceylon. These papers are characterized by the terse accuracy noticeable in all the writings of their author. At the same time Thwaites worked indefatigably at forming a numbered series of Ceylon plants (now known as ‘‘C.P.”) from the stores of unarranged specimens in theher- * There can be little doubt more was sent to England than should have been, including some Government property. It is impossible otherwise to understand how it is that the Peradeniya Her- barium now contains so few of Gardner’s plants and scarcely one of his tickets, very little indeed of Moon’s Herbarium which Gardner had in 1844, brought back from Madras where Dr. Wight had the loan of it for 8 years, and which is said to have been a fine collection, and none of the speci- mens of Gen. and Mrs. Walker (a most valuable collection) of which Gardner had selected a fine set at Kew, for the Ceylon Herharium, before he came out. cryptogams, returning thus to his first love. worked out and arranged all the Mosses, barium and those collected under his own direction, Numerous sets of these series were made up and widely distributed among the principal herbaria and museums in Europe in exchange for other dried plants, or for botanical books, and in the course of afew years Ceylon plants for the first time began to be generally well represented in collections. In 1857, with an increased salary, the title of Superintendent was altered to Director; and in the next was commenced the publication of the book by which Thwaites is most widely known, and which up to the present time is the only modern catalogue of the indigenous plants of Ceylon. This book, the ‘‘ Enumeratio Plamtarum Zeylanie,” was printed in London at the risk of a publisher there, and received no assistance whatever from the Government. It proceeded steadily, part 2 appearing in 1859, part 3 in 1860, and part 4 in 1861 ; and then, after a pause, part 5, with copious additions and corrections, in 1864. Each partcost 5 shillings, the number printed was small and the book is now difficult to procure. This important work first reduced into order the chaotic state of knowledge and the confusion in nomenclature of our flora. In its preparation Thwaites was greatly assisted by Dr. (now Sir) J. D. Hooker. To the writer of a systematic botanical work who lives away from the great stores of books and specimens, a collaborateur who can readily verify names, synonyms and references and consult original authorities and specimens, is necessary, if he would avoid numerous errors, omissions, wrong guesses and misapprehensions. The ‘‘Enumeratio” is, of course, essentially a botanist’s book, and is of use to botanists only ; descriptions are given only of the new species, which are very numerous, and these in Latin; for other plants references are made to various books, thus presuming an access to a good library. Dr. Thwaites never regarded it as other than a ‘“‘prodromus” or forerunner of a full descriptive and illustrated work; but the latter could of course never be undertaken unless large help from Government were forth- coming. But whenever such a Flora is written, the ‘‘Enumeratio,” in spite of additions and changes due to the discoveries in European collections and in India and Ceylon, and numerous publications upon them during the past eighteen years, will form a very sure foundation. The publication of this book secured its author’s reputation as a systematic botanist, and acknowledgments of this were received from several quarters. In Germany the Imperial Leopoldo-Carolinian Academy granted the hon. degree of Ph. D. to the author, and a far more gratifying and substantial honour was his election in 1865 into the Royal Society. The custo- mary compliment of dedicatinga genusto a natura- list of repute had, as already noticed, beenlong be- fore bestowed upon Dr. Thwaites; but the obscure little Algze Thwaitesia, was supplemented in 1867 by the foundation by Dr. J. D. Hooker of Kendrickia, this name being given to one of our most beautiful Ceylon flowering plants, of the order Melastaomcew and which had been referred in the ‘‘Enumeratio” tothe purely Malayan genusPachycentria. _A very poor figure has since been published by Beddome of this splendid epiphytic aheaber which he found to grow also in the Anamallay Hills. It had always been Dr. Thwaites’ intention to publish a further part of the ‘‘ Enumeratio” em- odying the additions and new ‘‘C. P. ” numbers, but this he never accomplished. Indeed, after this time he devoted himself almost entirely to the e Fungi Auc. 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 79 and Lichens, making them up into numbered sets in the same manner as the flowering plants. Dr. Thwaites did not, however, himself publish the result of so much labour, but submitted his collections, drawings, and notes, to specialists at home. The new Mosses were brought out by Mitten in 1872, the corticolous Lichens by Rev. W. A. Leighton in 1870, and the Fungi by Rev. M. J. Berkeley and Mr. Broome in 1870, 1871, and 1873. These botanists all acknowledge the great help they derived in their work from the labour already expended on it by Dr. Thwaites. Mr. Mitten remarksonthenew mosses:—‘‘ As many of the species had already been clearly distinguished by Dr. Thwaites it has been arranged that our joint names should be attached to them, which appears tome avery small tribute to the energy with which he hasinvestigated the Flora of Ceylon.” I believe, that with the exception of a short note, printed in 1877, on Schwendener’s then recently propounded theory of the nature of Lichens, which Dr. Thwaites could not accept, he contributed nothing further to botanical literature. A sufficient reason, apart from advancing age, for this partial cessation in scientific activity, is to be found in the steadily increasing change in the character of his official position. ‘The scienti- fic officer was becoming more and more foreed to address himself to the application of botanical knowledge to practical agriculture, Dr. Thwaites had never neglected this, witness the foundation of Hakgala Cinchona Nurseries in 1860-61, but he now threw himself into the new and_ less congenial work with as much enthusiasm as could be expected. In his Annual Reports of the Gardens there will be found much information on vanilla, cinchona, tea, cardamoms, cacao, Liberian coffee and other cultivations, all of which he at different times urged upon the attention of planters. Though but little heed was paid at the time to these recommendations, Dr. Thwaites lived to see them all adopted, and these various products become of very great interest to the colony. In connection with this change, it is natural to refer to Coffee-Leaf Disease. 1t was in 1869 that Dr. Thwaites’ attention was first called to this, and it was from specimens sent by him in that year to Mr. Berkeley that Hemileia vastatrix was described. His views as to the character of of the disease will be found in his reports from 1871 to 1874 (which were reprinted in 1879, with additional observations) and in a final letter to Government so recently as January 1880. Though his scientific views underwent considerable change ~ during these years, and some expressions in his later utterances cannot be scientifically justified, he consistently maintained in all his published re- marks, in spite of much unpopularity and opposi- tion, the inutility ofexternal “cures,” and the para- mount necessity of enabling the trees to bear the disease by liberal cultivation, the use of manure, &e., if any sufficient crop was to be matured. In Sir W. Gregory, who governed the colony from 1872-1877, Dr. Thwaites found a firm friend, and one who with characteristic enthusiasm fur- thered all his plans for the development of his department. An assistant was granted in 1874, with the object principally of helping in the work of the herbarium and the preparation of « A Popular Flora of the Island,” and Mr. Hartoe, a purely scientific botanist, was appointed. The growth of new products for loweountry districts was stimulated and greatly assisted by the foun- dation in 1876 of the Branch Experimental Garden at Heneratgoda. Atter Mr. Hartog’s retirement in 1877, Dr, Thwaites’ wishes were consulted by the appointment, in the person of Mr, Mortis, }_of a practical reformer as Assistant Director, to en- able him to cope with the increasing work of the department. By the representation of the same powerful friend the distiaction of C.M.G., was bestowed upon Dr. Thwaites in 1878. is After Mr. Morris's acceptance of a superior post in another colony and his departure in Sep- tember 1879, Dr. Thwaites remained but a few months in charge of the Gardens, resigning his appointment in February, 1880, when he retired on a well-earned pension. Having a great disinclination to leave the colony after so long a residence here, he purchased the pretty bungalow of Fairieland above Kandy, where he qnietly passed his time in the cultiva- tion of his garden and the reception of his friends, His death occurred somewhat suddenly on the night of the 11th September in Kandy, whither he had proceeded en route for the sea coast for athe restoration of his health which had for a few weeks been indifferent. His funeral was attended by many Kandy friends including his successor at Peradeniya, and nearly all the staff and labourers of the Gardens over which he had ruled for so many years. Thwaites was a naturalist pure and simple ; by temperament, by long habit and determina- tion. Henever attempted any other character than the savant, which was his by right, and he had a perfectly genuine contempt tor the ‘* popu- Jar scientists” of the day. A keen and aceu- rate observer, of great industry, quietly enthu- siastic and with reasoning capacities of a high order, he possessed many of the attributes which go to gles a philosopher and man of science of the first rank. Though he published compara- tively little, he was an elegant and fluent writer, and his large correspondence with botanists was carried on in the most admirable manner. Per- haps amongst Eastern botanists, many of whom were accustomed to consult him in ditticult cases, it is as a letter-writer that he will be best remem- bered. Ever ready to help where he knew that help would be well and properly bestowed and appreciated, he spared no time and trouble in the investigation of points referred to him ; he was also most liberal in the distribution of his speci- mens and his stores of information in quarters he deemed suitable. Nor was it only in bota- nical science that he was so helpful to others 3 he was an ardent entomologist, and collected most extensively, paying special attention to the habits and life of insects. His notes on the families of butterflies in Moore’s ‘‘ Lepidoptera of Ceylon” are the best part of the text of that disappointing volume. He early adopted the views of Charles Darwin and ‘announced his adhesion to them in the preface to his ‘* Enu- meratio” (1864), and, though he never re-visited Europe, kept, till the last three or four years, well on a level with scientific progress. In form- ing @ correct judgment of ‘Thwaites, it must be remembered that he suffered all his life under the enormous drawback of a delicate and ex- citable organization and constantly feeble health ; and continually found it necessary. to spare himself fatigae and worry. He was forced to live by. rule ; his habits were extremely sim- ple. and his diet very frugal and monotonous, This tropical climate suited him well, and doubt. less prolonged his life; but that he accomplished so muchas he did shows with what zeal he de- voted himself to his work. He leaves behind a worthy reputation as a diligent and conscientious Servant of the State and a very successful stu- dent of Nature. 7th October 1882. * H. T. 80 DELICIOUS ABOUT TROPICAL OULMI- VATION. This is tho heading cf a lengthy article contri- butea to the July number of the Nineteenth Century by S.r Wiliiam Des Voeux, @ome. The burdco ot the writer’s remarky is luleuded to apply to Tropical Ausiralia, for as he adiaits in the early part of tbe paper, he was induced to write the articie after the perusal of a paper entitled “ The Australian Outlook,” written by Miss Saaw and lately read before the Royal Colonial Institute, so far #8 this rezion of the tropical world is con- sidered Sir William no doubt writes with the authority of a man who speaks only of what he koows and undersiands; but when he seneraliz:s from his partial experience there are many wo will be inclined to cry ‘**Hold!” ‘Whe following is the opening paragraph of the article refexred to:— “The uncu tivated regions of the tropical world afford a wide field for the indulgence of imagination. Though the soil is probably not more fertile on the average than that of temperate climates, the greater rainfall and more powerful sun produce a compara- tive wealth, brilliancy, and rapidity of vegetation which make a vivid impression upon eyes accustomed toa less prolific nature, andcommonly lead to trans- ports of enthusiastic prophecy. Whenever there isa question to taking possession of a new tropical couuntry—whether it 1s Fiji, Borneo, Madagascar, or Central Africa—we are presented with the same pic- true of a not too far distant future, when the yast y acts hitherto subordinate to an unaided Nature shall have been brought under the dominion of Man. The luxuriance of the virgin forest, with its fower- ing trees and its profusion of tangled leaves, so dear to the esthetic sense of a Uharles Kingsley, appeals to the colonising enthusiast chiefly as indizating possibilities of its succession by equal luxuriance of human plantatious; and that which with a certain contempt be calls ‘bush,’ or ‘jungle,’ or ‘scrub, is seen in his mind’s eye replaced by vast fields of isu,ar, Cotton, rice and bananas. Now it is, no doubt, within the bcunds of possibility that each of thesé forecasts may be realised some day; but, While each enthusiast regards that day as ‘within the region of practical politics’ fur the country in which he is especiaily interested, that which they all ignore entire'y, and what the rest of the world is apt to forget, 1s how extremely distant must be that day for all but a comparatively infinitesimal portion oi the total of ‘uncultivation, and that, as a matter of iact, the very profusion of growth which so excites admiration is destined, for the most part, t0 deteat the aspirations based upon it.” The delusion uLd-r whiou some ignorant people Yabour, viz, that every tro,:cal Jungie is convertible into. estates in Wwhish the crops will be as luxuriant as the foresi g:owth that preceded ihem, canoot, with fairness, be laid to the charge of agricuiturists with spy commonsense. The ordinary agricalbural ‘““p cspector” of the presen day is not 8° light-heaued as to purchase land —however vivid may be the impression of ‘‘ the wealth, brilliancy and rapidity of vegetation ’— before carefully weighing a hundred and one con- siderations relating to character of natural growih, soil, elevation, aspect, rainfall and other matters, which are always borne in mind by him, though they may escape the observation of the casual critic or impressionable globe-trotter. No, Sir William de Voeux does injustice to the “ pioneer- ing planter’ of the present day when he classes him with such people as thuse. Our planters are now pretty well able to decide what lands are guited to tea, what te cacao, and what to coco- nuts, and we are notlikely, in this enlightened age, to indisoriminately and ruthlessly clear forests and plant anything anywhere. We are not aware that there is any reason for calling the cacao tree a THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, > ae (Aus. 1, 1894. vine, but Sir William de Veux go dubsit cacao, he says, requires a combivation of heat and moisture found only in very low latitudes. ‘In he Northern Hemisphere its cultivation has never, I think, met with commercial success in higher latitude than 14°, and as the Scuthern Hemisphere has a lower average temperature, it may bo doubted whether the cacad-yine could be anywhere pr.fitably cultivated in Australis, except, perbaps, in the extreme north of York Peninsala ” “Coconuts,” we are told, * though they g ve @ profitable return to cnitivation ouly ia the neighbourhood of the sea,” &e. If this statement is intended to be applied to Tropical Australia good and well; but if to the whole tropical world, we, at least in Caylon, cannot accept it as cor, rsponding with ovr experience. **T hive graye doubts,” cays the writer again, ‘whether any tropical country can become a prosperous white man’s colony. I mean a colony where white men are labourers as well as employers, end are able to rear a healthy progeny, tmelived to, and physically capable of, work with the hands. . . . . My somewhat varied experience, and what I have read of the experience of others, have caused mb to believe that there is something in tropical latitude which, independently of temperature or elevation, operates ogainet the ‘ physique’ and the ‘ morale’ ofthe whiie man; and thet, apart from this, the mere presence in large numbers of sn inferior race, czuses manual labour to be regarded as a degrada- tion, and thus sffects, if it does not preclude, the energy which is sco abzolutely necessary to the pioneers of new countries... It would be inter- esting to have the opinions of veteran planters on these points. (1) How far the reproach againet tropical ccuntiies applies to the “Eien of the Eastern Wave,” (2) what there is in this latitede (not in the men themselves!) that operate against their physique and morality, and (3) to what extent the alleged causes precluded (if, indeed, it did preciudée at all) energy in the grand old pioneers of Ceylon? There are pioneers and pioneers and plauters and planters, and ove should be csreful to distinguish between the worse types (for in- stance the ex-criminal who has been tranformed into the Australian bush-ranger) and the better, honourable and educated agriculturists who are to be found in our own planting community. ———— EXTENSION OF TEA PLANTING IN TRAVANCORE. From enquiries instituted by us we find that the in- formation supplied by our London correspondent with reference to the sale.of an enormous tract of country in Travancore for tea plantivug is substantially correct. It appesrs that Mr. 4. M. Knight bes for some time past been workiog in conjunction With one of Messrs. Finlay, Muir & Co.’s representatives to bring about the purchase of a tract of Jand 120 miles square from the Nor:h Travancore Ascociation, who hold the land fromthe Trayincore Government, and it is believed ‘that all difficulties have now been arranged satis- factorily [although we understand that the purchase has not been qaite comp'eted yet.—Ep. C.O.] The land is des::ribed to us by one who has recently been in the neighbourhood es magnificent forest and ‘crass land possessing soil of greater richness than anything we are acquainted with in Ceylon. It iswell ‘suited for the cu'tivation of tea, But it has one draw.back—co:utuvicalions are very imperfect, and transport bas ito ba carried on by means of ‘tayalams, 1t. is believed that Messrs, Finlay, Muir & Co. are acting on behalf of the North and South Sylhet Tea Company, and they intend to 4 Lek ae Aue, 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 8x Open about 1.000 acres avery year as they are able to secure labor gradually. The tract of land is said to possess a beautiful lay, aud its purchase for tea cultivation isa most importants fact to. be borne in mind by those already iuterested in tea. The tract ig about the siza of the district of Dimbule, and itis hoped that ab least two-thirds of it may soon bs placed under tea, The land lies some distance from the coast, but, when opexed up by good roads, will be no worse off in this respest than the. distriot: of Badulla was, a fow yeara ago. Altogether the naws is most serious for Ceylon planters. eect eres eee THE LATEST FROM BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA: NUMBER AND AREA OF COFFEE ESTATES’ We have files of the B. C. Africa Gazette up to June 41h. The issua of May 23th contains an account of the Mlanje Districi aad gives a gool report of the roads now under construction ani how a planter has put up a bungalow utilised as a resthouse. The first coffee estate was opened here, we learn, in 1890. Tho population is given at 18,000. Ws quote as follows :— The prica of native produce is fairly low, and the following is a fair indication of current rates; ufa $1 per !b, maize and ‘ mapira’ (ian grain) $d, beaus 44, rice 3d, salt 44, goats 33 to 43, fowls 2d and sheep 6 shillings: . Besides vegetables and grain, the natives have fruit :— i Such as custard apple, (poza), bananas, (sukari and mbingu) “masuku,” ‘“‘maula,’” lemons, limes, black- berry, (mkanda nkuku) mbimbi, tevza katole, and ukuyu (fig). In regard to planting io the Mlanje district we have the following interesting report from Mr. J. M, Bell, tha Collector of the district :— Coffee Culture —Five planters are now actively en- gaged in this industry anda few statistics regardiog the local estates will be found in ths following table. Total Oulti- Division of Area according to Acreige vated age of plants. of Hstates. area 6ms. lyr. 1k yr. 24 yr. 3 yrs. 7550 576 W764 plea d20g.. 170% 13* * Ali bearing heavily. Most of the plants appear to bein a very healthy state in spite of the reported ravages of grab, borer, the insect wor'd at large, lack of rainiall and strong wind. The plantations on the hiliside probably suffer slightly from the violence of the wiad, but this is being remedied by planting belts of banana and other trees to break its force. No definite opinion of Mlanje coffee seems yet to have been expressed as the. estates are all in a young stage and no fair samples have been submitted to experts. One planter is at presont busy erecting all the ueed- ful machinery and hopes to treat the crop from several acres very soon. The prospects of good crops of coffee this season are satisfactory. In all the different districts the crops sro said to be fairly heavy. Tho question as to what proportion there may be of light berry, can neyer be decided till the crop is picked; but as far as can bo judged from reports from Mlanje, Zomba, Blantyre, Tsholo, &c—the present crop promises to be a sound one, In addition to coffee, some efforts are being made to grow fruits, chilis, and ojlseeds, about twenty acres being devoted to their cultivation, The oilseeds grow very well indeed avd promise a good returo. A few vegetables are also grown but barely suffice for home consumption, In regard to Natural History, we read We hav. recently seen the horas of a bushbuck, which was netted by natives on the top of Zomba mountain a year or soago. Lbhey measure 14% iuches from the base of the hora to the tip, in a atraight lins (uot fo!lowiug the curve of the horps). The largest pair on record are given by Mr. Selous as 16% iacheg. s Hisswhera we find Mr. T. H. Lloyd giving the distances between points hear Fort Andergon 2,180 feet above sea-level and tha junction of the Blantyre road, We are told that the desire of the Lake nalives to come to the Shire Highlands to work oa the coffea plantations is steadily spreading— and the labour: supply. is described ag ‘* practically inexhaustible.” From the paper of June 4th we take a para- graph indicating the terrible destruction of Exn- PHANTS i— Mr. Teixeira de Mattos writes to ug, from Tete S‘ating that, at the rate at which elephants of. alj ‘izes are at present bing killed off, ia South Central Africa, there is little doubt that in afew years they will bs practically exterminated in those regions He states that from ete and Zumbo alone the traders annually send out fully 3,000 hunters to the countri.S north of the Z.mbezi, who mob the eleph- ats and shoot them icdiscriminately, regardleag of theic aze or of the size of their tusks, Our corre- spondeit is Of opinioa that the only Way of preven. tiug this, would be an egreement between all the Powers having territories or spheres in Africa iba they would prohivit the exsportation of all tuskg nndas 10 ib, in weizht. He believes that if this were done the natives w.uld soon cease the slaughter of small elephanis, as they would thereby be Wasting thive powder to no purpose.—He states that a large pro- portion of the ivory which now comes to Tete and from the Zambezi regions generally is small and worthless. Of drawbacks—in the lowcountry, at least, —we have the following :— _ Locusts have done much damage in the lyiug immediately behind the Pass to Hae country. Several of the Head-men there have asked 'o be allowed to settle on the N. W. sida of Mlanje Douttless the locusts and consequent scarcity 7 foud have had som«thing to do with Mkands’s hayins coma into Fort Lister, = A list of 11 Consular Judicial Officers for ag many separate districts 1s published, and to show how Civilisation. is advancing, we have the following anoouncement :— hee June lst 1894, R.S. Hunter, Bsrrigster-at-law, hus been authorised tO practise as a Barrister and soli- citor in Aue Oonsular Courts within the Local Jujis- diction kKoown us the Britis pichony! British Sphera north of tha Winally, here is a ¢onsinet summary of the in the New Review for July by MEaIonERee eee aa oz Governor of the Centrai Afrioua ate ;— The native population of the eastern half isis* Central Airica numbers about three ae April there were 247 British and 18 other nationaii- ties, defended by 200 Sikhs and 40 Arabs. . Phere are vow fourteen steam vessels plying upon the waters of British Central Africa, and over a hundred sai'iog boats, barges, and steam launches. The ex- ports and imports in 1890 were £20,000 a year: the are now £100,000. The revenue of the Protectorats has gone up trom £1,700 to £9,000. The missicnar societies have increased from four to seven and the area under Huropean cultivation from t 250 acres to 7,300, There are three newspapers in the country and a literary society at Blantire, There are, however, no hotels or banks. There are Bixt miles of good road between Katunga and Zan with bridges. There ore four million coffeo trees planted _ in the Shite province all coming from a sickly litile coffte tree which was brought out from Huinburgh, Cvffee-planting is very profitable, planters waking a&s much as a haudred per cent. Living 18 cheap, sp ort isample, the scenery is maguificant, labour plentifar, but the climate is not good. LwWo-wnd-a-halt per ceat ot the Hucopean juhabitauts die every year of malarial fever. Blackwater fever is especially to be 82 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Auc. 1, 1894. dreaded ; it only differs from yellow fever in not being so deadly, and not being infectious or contegione. Tsetre fly is disappearing as cultivation spreads. Horee sickness is a more ecrions difficulty. Mcre then reventy-five per cent of the natives are friendly and supporters of the Britit-h edminirtration, but the slave-traders hste us. As forthe Arabe, they must go, every one,andrever be readmitted. The negro willdo mostcf the heayy work; bot for intelligent labour which nerds to be executed under British pba b Mr. Johnston would import ccolies from ndia. See SS eee COFFEE LANDS IN MEXICO. The Burean of the American Republics is informed that the Mexican “otton-Coffee Colonization Society has purchased 2,500,000 acres of land in the State of Coahuila on the Mexican Central Railway, which will be colonized with both white and colored people. It is reported that coal has been found. Mr. J. S. McNemora, of San Antonio, Texas, is President of of the company. Another company, The Mexican Land and Improve- ment, having headquarters at Kansas City, Mo., has brought a large tract of coffee land in the vicinity of Taucaubuitz lying near the line of the Mexican Railroad. They will commence colonizing at once, —American Grocer. <>. -___ SISAL HEMP IN THE BAHAMAS. A correspondent writes converninz sisal hemp in the Bahamas as follows:— Our fibre industry continues to advance rapidly, A rew company with verv larre capital hes commenced eprrations on L'ttle Abaco, and employs 300 men. J. S. Johnson has turned his business into a Limited Company with £80,000, capital. They have about 3,000 acres already planted. Chamberlain has 2000 and commences clearing next yeer. Monroe has about 2.500 and has just nut up a Tod machine, and is only waiting to finish bis railway to bring the Jeaver to it to commence steady cleaning. Albee Smith has two machines in the Colony now, but the only one I have heard from (at Rum Oay) is a failure, as the second grip (cutta- percha over chain) gave out after very little work. Menendez in this island is cleaning steadily now, using Van Buren’s machine, until he can find a better, think we shall have a large export in 1895, and very fair one in 1894 ’—Planters’ Monthly. —_— i —~ VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. LinrRran Corrze is taking a stronger hold year and year in the coffee-districts. ‘Phe Travancore Government are realising more than ever the impor- tance of the planting industry, and are distributing Liberian seed free of cost for experimental cultiva- tion. If only experimental gardens had taken up the question a decade ago, the question would have been practically settled by this time. It is not too late now to start them if only a little energy could be imparted to all concerned.—4S. T. Observer. TEA 13 Now successfully reised in China, Japan, eylon, India and Java, and experiments are being made with it in the United States, the Azores Fiji, Mexico, Hawaii and perhapsother countrier, A recent Scotch paper states that a chest of the new crop from the Azores had been received and was found to be very supericr, though hardly equal to that raised in Ceylon and Japan. The experiment, however, shows that yood tea can be produced _in the Azores, and if there, why not here. It will cost more no doubt, but still it can be cold here at a profit, as compared with the Asiatic teas, and, still bstter, guaranteed to the pure article.-Planters’ Monthly. PLANTING TREEs.—This is, I am sorry to say, practi- cally a failare: They will not grow neer the sea, and where they are planted in the interior, notably; near Matara, the natives ruthlessly destroy them ; they will rot grow in the Hambantots District except near water.—Mr. Ormsby'’s Report for 1898. A Noraste SALE oF Giascow TrA.—The sales in Colomto went exceedingly well tofay (let August), teas selling from 4d to 3d better than last week. A fine invoice of Glasgow estate in the Agras realized splendid prices. The eale is so rotable that we re- prodace it here:— Glasgow 30 Chests bro. or, pek. 2,400 Ibs R111 25 Hf-chests = 1,500 ,, 80 22 Chests pekoe’ 2,200 ., 63 Average one f6cte Sanitary Qrauities or Warrroress.—The Wai‘er- cress is a plant containing very sanitary qualities. A curious characteristic of itia tbat, if grown in 6 ferruginous stream, it absorbs into itself five times the amount ofiron that any other plant does. For all enwmic constitutions, says the “ Scientific American,” it is therefore specially of value. But it also contains proportions of garlic and sulphur, of iodine and phosphates, and is a blood purifier, while abroad it is thought a most useful condiment with meat roast or grilled. The cu'tivated plant is rather more easy of digestion than the wild one.—Journal of Horticulture. A PiongzeR or THE TEA JNpDustTRY.—The death occurred last week, at Brighton, of Mr. G. Treutler, a pioneer of tea planting in Darjeeling from 1862 to 1865. He was a Prussian by birth, and, we believe, went to Darjerling more than balf a century ago asa missionarr, Having secured some experimertal plots of land in 1857, Mr. Treutler planted tea on a small scale, ultimately disposng of his gardens to the Himalaya Tea Company. He returned in 1866, having made 4 fortune by his exrperimentsin tea and trade.—H. and C. Mail, July 13. CoFFEE IN QUEENSLAND.—Mr. W. J. Thomp- son writes to the Australian Agriculturist that ‘when the plants have matured the work of an expert will become necessary. A knowledge of the re- requirements of the market, and the best and quickest modes of curing must be given. Thena knowledge of the various habits of the tree, com- bined with the art of handling and pruning to obtain the greatest possible crop; and the addition from time to time of suitable manures to any patches that do not come up to the proper standard will be necessary. I think you were much under the mark in estimating half a ton to the acre as he return. I have 70 or 80 trees under my charge hat are giving from four to five five lb to the tee, and they have been much neglected and in tor soil. With 646 trees to the acre, 41b. to the. tre, would be 2,484 lb. or 1 ton 2 ewt. 20 lbs value £124 4s, Evcatyprt.—The Calcutta Exhibition of 1883-84 lent a stimu!us to the introduction of the Hucalyptus tree in India, its timber having some economical value, though not to the same extent as the maho- gany, teak or a score of others which cou’d be named in this connection, The planting of that foreign tree has been continued in the Northern Division of the Ganger Canal. Eucalyptus robusta is found to be the most suitable variety for the work for which they are intended, supplying timber for the cribs required for the head bunds. Eucalpytus rostratus grows quickly and well, but does not yield sufficiently straight logs for rib work. Col. C. W. I. Harrison, 8.z., Chief Engineer, Irrigation Works, however, recommends that it would be as well now to suspend the planting of Hucalytpus until it has been ascertained if the wood is really a suitable one, and if it can be grown and delivered at Bhimgoda at a lower rate than the timber supplied by contractors.—/ndian Ingineers, Aue. 1, 1894.} THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 83 CEYLON MANUAL OF CHEMI CAL ANALYSES. A HANDBOOK OF ANALYSES CONNECTED WITH THE INDUSTRIES AND PUBLIC HEALTH OF CEYLON FOR PLANTERS, COMMERCIAL MEN, AGRICULTURAL AND MEMBERS OF LOCAL BOARDS. By M. COCHRAN, .A., STUDENTS, F.C.Ss5 (Continued from page 12.) CHAPTER XIV. CLAYS, CEMENTS, HYDRAULIC MORTARS, CONCRETES, PLUMBAGO. CEYLON KAOLIN AND OTHER CHINA CLAYS— CEYLON BRICK CLAY—VARIOUS KINDS OF CLAY —CEYLON CLAY USED FOR MANUFACTURE OF HYDRAULIC CEMENT—PORTLAND CEMENT— HYDRAULIC LIMES AND MORTARS—CONCRETES VARIOUS—DECAY OF CEMENT—INFLUENCE OF MAGNESIA ON QUALITY OF CEMENT—PLUMBAGO —ITS VARIETIES—ANALYSES OF CEYLON PLUM- BAGO DUST—TABLES OF ANALYSES OF PLUM- BAGOS OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES—CANADIAN AND CEYLON GRAPHITES—PROPORTIONATE AMOUNTS OF GRAPHITE USED FOR DIFFERERT PURPOSES IN THE ARTS. Kaolin or China Clay. The following is the analysis of a sample of China clay from a railway cutting at Beruwala. Considering that the clay had not been subjected to the process of levigation or washing, its com- position compares well with that of superior qualities of washed China clay as will be seen in the accompanying table :— é j o a a N+teot we f) a oa SrAPH Co | ow 3 Fa OD a fer) fe| i) sot qo (=) ° | : — oO Hee} (ex 3 4 S <7 m9 oalo ~ ie ® = | SON), SH O1S 2 LCA Qiks : cnt San 7) a a ion # mIlS R 43 jhess | z BS = S CS) Ss =| | d 4 ooo oo So S ru = g | DrO, DOA Sh ini iite et) mtulios s oO | ae 1D oD ala ”» S&S Eerie wee 8 = | ~ o : a x : de S| €g | 240,38 § 2/5 - S ah ac |S 5S aloe ) =o wd oD Pp zo 7) in. Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry, include an analysis of the clay used for cement making, also of the mixture of clay and chalk, which, when mixed in the wet way, is called ‘‘slurry.” The third column gives the analyses of the mixture after being dried and burnt, and the fourth column the analysis of the cement after it has been treated with water, and has had seven days to harden -— ‘Cement manufacture, Cliff, Kent, Messrs. Francis & Co.—Table showing the pene aie composition of the materials and products, and the changes due to burning, grinding, and mixing with water.” | cos ha wo 2 Clay. |Slurry.|Cement., ¢ = = ~~ OS ~~ ot Sand... «| 0°87 -,- 1:24 | 0°98 1°16 Silica 54°14 | 11°77 | 20°45 | 18°77 Ferric oxide 7°76 | 2°13 | 4°37 3°08 Alumina «| 1468 | 4°45 | 8°05 7:04 Magnesia re -- 1:48 1°52 Magnesium carbo- nate wwe) 4°48 | 2°87 1:48 1°52 Lime cof oe — | 62:13 | 54°89 Calcium sulphate — = 2:13 1-73 4 carbonate} 2°01 | 69°97 — -- Water and carbo- nic acid .»:| 15°03 | 5°29 — — Water and organic matter ef oo _— — 9°45 98°97 | 97°72 !101°07 | 98°96 [Auc. 1,- 1894. The same authority informs us that cement is in a proper state of division when not less than 80 per cent, passes through a sieve of 2,500 holes per square ineb, Some impure limestones, when calcined, form limes which harden under water, in periods varying from 20 days in the case of feebly hydraulic limes, to as little as 1 day in limes that are highly hydraulic. ‘The following is E. O, Lanrie’s table of hydraulic limes :— Proportion of clay to 100 parts of calcium carbonate in the limestone Lime feebly hydraulic contains 53 to 82 », fairly - = 82 to 14°8 » hydraulic ¥, 14°8 to 19°1 » highly hydraulic ae 19'1 to 21°8 Limit of hydraulie lme “ 21°8 to 26°7 A strong hydraulic lime is made from Aberthaw limestone, which has the following composition :— per cent. Calcium carbonate an cas 86°2 Clay oe is a aor 11°2 Water alkalies, Xe. par 2-6 100-0 This lime, when mixed with pozzuolani alone, or with sand in addition, forms hydraulic mortars. The following example of hydraulie mortars, as also the above analyses of limestone, are trom Thorpe’s Dictionary of Applied Chemistry :— Composition of Hydraulie Mortars. Aberthaw lime Slaked powder Pozzuolani. Sand. Description of Mortar :— The following are some other examples of analyses of Portland cement, also Engineer of 1882:— l4aqaonraco w xt AS & a ig | DHOOM 31 | + 4 6m > oh oR a THOT S fer) Pty One) cost pt Ne) r) 3 ~1S8aSsas SEERA Pet | PIONS SID HENS & Ho S ry Loma! Tr "oO co SD Aro! rm as) SSSRSR ABAIS PS ccs | Ged Stes a at Sas ST b SS sS AaoMos Ll i= 2 a oO ites! S 7 i=) oD lave! aS ls & Saco QS!) iS | a WOE HHO Pa =) S GI do G0 HN 4 S — 3 | on 16 =| .|e22as8 82, |§ SYA | NDPOPDSD DD =) s NO OSS ~~ as gk : cap ey te Ss 4 a > o o ~ H Ss i uh auch tanbacles aS Sh Bie nb Glos 2-228 renhs eae Ss oto ones SPer oss as SSRHs wma s Qaee so gacoeys gms Onsale 6 SAthHen On from the (>) os Ee +» 4 a 8 ex gore ZR S3es ae > os ° a3 Sbus 20 mm ee Eien) ako =| Seo aaa = > on wm wel a S AOS ane tee 2,0 mo. Sai g CSR 8” ofo0H°eC. Oe, sels gE aos oF =. CO es -Oh many woed a H@eedao SS © {R8SSR a s2agHa Dor ae eo) OS 6285 o So nage q Sea) 5} ie} a eonae Ww Rl AsaSS © HoSa- Oa 24, OFS Sos Ole Sora OSs [copies 8S Sag Se0ag g Shsecu SG mages? a 26 Not Sig 5 2 Pee Ke) osaoce dhe AAA Proportions of Stones, (1) Eddystone 24 2 (2) Stone Mortar 2 1 1 (3) do 2nd quality 2 1 2 (4) Face Mortar 2 1 3 (5) do 2nd quality 2 4 3 6) Backing Mortar 2 3 3 Concrete. When cement is mixed with sand, gravel, or broken stone, in such proportion that, in presence of water, the mixture solidifies to a hard arti- ficial stone such a mixture constitutes what is known as concrete, so much used for marine buildings, water-works and other purposes. Sand, and Cement in various Concretes. The following are the proportions by volume of the materials used for the concrete of the Colombo Breakwater, viz., six of stone, two of sand, one of cement. For the Labugama and Maligakanda reservoirs, the concrete was made by mixing stones and sand in equal proportions, and then adding one part of cement to six parts of mixed stone and sand, The concrete for the floor of the Maligakanda reservolr was composed of four parts of sand and one of cement. For foundations for tea machinery in Ceylon tea factories concrete is often employed. The follow- ing isan example of the proportions, viz., four of stones, two and a half of sand, one of cement. These, along with some other coneretes men- tioned in the article on Cement by Professor W.N. Hartley already referred to, are put into tabular form for the sake of ready comparison :— ~~ i Aue. 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL Bway lee) (2 a gi! }8 5 SH, 42) 2 34! RB s Bg lo|s + mo max oo (| 5 hot bt = AS ie ins B 6Q I = 3 — f Ko ae By : 1 oO Ps Vv m S18 | a I ih 38 2 1° By Ge a 5 |e3 2 Be A es Os UN > laaials + FF ANG POga|* Soh — O38 BI oS Ld tise = ; 3 Je |e S | aieng |e LO Mi) « . SS) (265 S fs S |5R ge 7 |S oe 24a|- a ee ee sai SPL q S ae s 3 S | =| 5 a z C=hso . - oe x8 Hen od 38 BG) fal S20 BZ op B 2 oO o = io) + eae =! a yo Sa f| oS HS py s eso ss EB Seec heres BS Ag g 5 > tA mr +x le re J ~ i | aa oe By Sr lesa ies 3 S Mdm ov x 50 50 a S toed R op tre, id a4 i oo S Sl >) Elen! at Hm = o/as SSH Ss ns 2S oF = Seems Sa 8 SOP! SS Aaod : ao PA oo CAS RH ORE Daz g BRHSOOPREANESE ~ |O x apn & m Key 2) SO d o as MOM OO ie rtvera DM EI ore ert ony I Rae Ged aaseSHomec — Dn 3) Sa e Sse ee SS lee Sep SASF mt a3 Oo, 1S EE lin O44 Eee A ao - A) ik * Kx * =I Decay of Cement. The decay of cements exposed to the action of sea water is attributed to the replacement of lime by magnesia. Professor Hartley would condemn cements used for harbour works which contain more than 1 per cent of magnesia. According to Lechartier, cements containing a considerable proportion of magnesia undergo a change in volume and disintegrate. These views, referring the decay of cement to the action of magnesia present either in the cement or in the sea water, are recent, and as they are no doubt based upon careful observations are probably correct, though they appear to be opposed to the older views which regarded the magnesia in well-made cements, as adding greatly to the hardness and stability of the cement. It is easy to understand that the stronger affinity possessed by magnesia, as compared with lime, for siliea, may gradually lead to the first of these metallic bases replacing the second in the case of cements exposed to sea water; but it is evident that this action of sea water would rather be a reason for originally replacing the lime in the cement as far as_ practicable with magnesia ; but if Lechartier’s view is also correct, it is evident that the presence of magnesia in the cement itself is a souree of weakness. The older view regarding the part played by magnesia in mortars and cement is well put in an article on “Cements” in ‘‘Chemistry: Theore- tical, Practical and Analytical,” from which, as the subject is one of great importance, I quote the following :-- “ Magnesia.—When minerals chiefly composed of silicate of magnesiuin are brought into contact with lime they have no tendeney to unite with it, and, therefore, form no cements. If, however, the magnesia is present in excess as in dolomite, then it contributes to the formation of a powerful mortar. This behaviour of magnesia owing to the great affinity whieh exists between it and silica. In the first ease, where lime and natural silicate of maenesium are brought into contact, there is no combination, because the silicic acid is wnited more energetically with the magnesium Is i‘. ma AGRICULTURIST. 85 | than it could be with the calcium, and, therefore, no chemical change is produced which might give rise to a silicate of calcium when the powdered mass is mixed with water. But in the case where there is an excess of magnesia, not combined in the natural state with the silicic acid, then, on slaking, the magnesia and silica rapidly unite, and a very firm compound results. Indeed, so powerful is the affinity of silica for magnesia, that the dolomite limestones always afford a better and more binding compound than, if the metal were wholly calcium, Dolomites containing only carbonates of calcium and magnesium, after being burned, will yield a mortar that will set under water; and if silicic acid be present in the proportion of 6 to 10 per cent. or more, a very superior hydraulic mortar results from the formation of a double silicate of magnesium and calcium. Hence, when magnesia is one of the components of the hydraulic lime, and is not combined with the silica in the natural state, the setting of the mortar is afterwards to be attributed in a great measure to this body. The degree of compactness which mortar assumes is, however, to some extent dependent upon the molecular state of the silica, and also upon the amount of the bases combined with it.’ PLUMBAGO. Plumbago is a mineral mainly composed of eraphitie carbon. In some places, this form of carbon is undoubtedly due to the alteration of coal formations by heat. It occurs in various different forms. Dana enumerates (a) foliated, (4) columnar and sometimes radiated, (c) scaly massive ond slaty, (¢) granular massive, (ec) earthy amorpbho =, without metallic lustre, except in the strea | ) in radiated concretions. Plumbagy occurs abundantly in Ceylon, particu- larly in the Western, Southern and North-Western Provinces, and is the most important mineral export of the Island. Its chief uses are for the manufacture of curcibles for metallurgy, as a lubricant, a polishing material for metallic surfaces, and for the manufacture of lead pencils, although it is commonly asserted that Ceylon plumbago is unsuitable for the last purpose. It is at all events used in conjunction with the graphite of other countries for this purpose. In analysing plumbago for commercial purposes, it is important to determine the total percentage of graphite and of sulphur, the latter being re- garded as an objectionable impurity. The follow- ing shews the amount of carbon and of sulphur in a nunber of samples of Ceylon plumbago dust. Lump plumbago has not hitherto been analysed locally for commercial purposes. Analyses of Ceylon Plumbago dust. 1G 2. 3. 4. Carbon per cent. | 99° 99 98°05 | 98: Sulphur am trace.| trace. 02 06 5. 6. Uo 8. Carbon per cent. | 97'S |95°3 | 95:9 | 91°35 Sulphur 5 09 59 $3 wi) 9. LOR | 1h. 13. Carbon p. ¢. 90°65 | 88°6 | 88°6 | 88°75] 87°4 Sulphur ,, “02 WD) 88] 72 wh) The preceding analyses were made by the process of J. B. Macintosh, the object of which is to get quit of the impurities, and to leave thg ———————————— = 86 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Aue. 1, i864 carbon, which is weighed. I found the process answered for the purer samples ; but, when much evitty matter was present, a portion was apt to be left, making the carbon appear too high. In my subsequent analyses I reverted to the older peer e in which the carbon is estimated by the oss of weight, when the mineral is burned in oxygen gas. The following samples, analysed in this way, were inferior in point of percentage of carbon to those already quoted :— Analyses of Ceylon Plumbago Dust. per cent. Loss on ignition in air) 3°] | 2°2 35 | 18 Ash is voe| 22°4 | 22°6 |28-4 | 16-2 Graphitic carbon _..,| 745, 74°8 -| 68-1 | 82'6 Sulphur tat «SEF | 07 20) 45 The following are a few more analyses of Ceylon plumbago dust in which the percentage of iron, as well as the other ingredients was determined :— Le | cok 19 Oe E~ 2|a° — i>) icin ull ation 3 | BSS |F | SF = ano |S in Q ane S aly Bilsoliget S| ¢seoleies = rale|a: ee Smid ~— RY je ie.2) = Agel oe SS Amo Lo = “al | = | o > 1D alee < a~-S |S qa wn ee) = = > | NX Seal a LS & mi S 8 | 5 ual Saltese se AS Gs) = Bose fe 5S) ace, sae st ‘6 & og eee! ey CH 26) Pee) mR It will be observed from the above figures that, although the sulphurin whole or in part exists in plumbago as sulphide of iron, these two elements sulphur and iron do not bear any fixed proportion to each other, there being always excess of iron in other forms than sulphide. i following are analyses o _ grap nites oO hee eee by V. Regnault, C. Wheeler, and by C. Mene, quoted from Dana’s Mineralogy :— Country. | es Canada (I) som (LETS Siberia Albert mine, Siberia Do Alkalies anc loss. and lime. Oxide of} Magnesia iron. Composition of 100 parts of Ash. Alumina. (Danas Mineralogy. ) Silica. \Percentage composition, PUOMKNFIA) (SSS nd 2 53°7 58°6 62: 19°70 | 65: 62° 25 | 64 11°62 5 3°00 10°90 10°80 1 matter. Specific Carbon,|Volatile} Ash. ravity. Analyses o7 Graphites by C. Mene. 2 7°30 1 82 gland ... 1a 18... emia gerita, Sweden Cumberland 5 » eee ’ 1 , Bo i , Bohem , Lower Austr Mt. Alibert erland, En b Mugran ptan Sevarbocl Fa Passan, Bavaria Ural Cum Za Buckin f Hydro- | Ash. gen. | Authority. 126 iV. Regnault 23°4 do 2 do 10°4 do 53 |C. Wheeler 2°83 do ae Ninormiqoo odd \* - ans” me Ae — , Canada Nantes-Alpes eham and Cumber ‘| Ceara, Brazil ... Pissie, Passan, Bavaria Madagascar Ceylon In the preceding table of analyses, Ceylon plumbago must have been represented by poor sample. a very In his article on plumbago in the Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Soci ety, 1885, Mr. A. M. Ferguson, C.M.G., quotes from an article on plumbago in the ‘‘ Mineral resources of the United States,” by Mr. John A. Walker some analyses of Canadian and Ceylon graphites which do full justice to the Ceylon article. These Aue. Iie 1894.| analyses must be regarded as representative of the best qualities of Iump plumbago in both cases. I reproduce here the table of analyses:— | +4 2 Bo Pr) HORE! aps om of (UD — o =H D i or pin} eal = Z) UG a rade res en ue Se Nie Nino + ROKK OAS —) au a re COUN AGA IES ~ oo : S ES) BS BG gy Oh 10, Od) ah) emt) OO KS iT, BS) Cot rie) urate el aoe tent a ie wil Px F in Raspes 1a Soy oor 100) tod is 5 | x aD Oo OB 2 & oO & x Domes = mOlE wo w 2 © ® Dw Oo => on S Oly be Oy NORIO BESO iQ te =x | 9° = Ten) co a Loa! eo > we s Sh epi SiS 1S) oS) 3 o J) len Dy oD act SST HN psu = Nica Sass eee oe ees S ; = Signs ic a a2 aan a aaa aia S a | A wai) Quasar yen! or Far > 1 oN on" . rs &S oo : s Giisiig : 2 Elle rgien) taies ipelesl we 3 SOMONE Telewest sciun city > “tof H ~ a a = = ak = eat =" als gan a 3 omar « oI aa oa - > dD o o om i=} Paintable oY ARES AUPE cak cs D Sel earch : Ss | poo e A Oo, o ° oO oS : . a) Gel tal Ie EE pst segei post nae * a Sh Te SS. cae es tel pete SUM ie TES eww Guia Bes SS = (om ap2 wo o af S : H SS Pols ra ap op G 50 aD s SOb eee |e Laie cias Be 8°) : ; os S 3s) SeSOORR AES =¢ s s BaSHPSLOOLS G'S Bm Po Spicy OF sim Re Pid Pe iss east oalend Hiatt aes NON nan KS AS ONE OOD MG on D CPOPOROTCDO pa gpP He nd SH tHe UAH Bon we Bis Riis H Reo 4 m = O53 9-4 OF Om f Cem ece aces iit a Sesctse ct seteonsepenws b | Pak ade Bebo me ho re | Oy LB OPA) BOON Ore) t I reproduce from the same source an interest: ing analysis of the uses to which the minera plumbago is put, Proportionate amounts of Graphite used for different purposes. Purpose for which used.| Source of Supply.|per cent. Crucibles and refrac- tory articles as stop- pers and nozzles ...|\Ceylon, American] 35- Stove polish... ...|Ceylon, American, German Snelat3 D> Lubricating graphite American, Ceylon} 19: Foundry facings We. ... Ceylon, American, German dalle ats} Graphite greases __..., American coc er Ge Pencil leads .., .. American and German val Py ABS Graphite packing .|Ceylon, American} 3: Polishing shot and powder... ...|Ceylon, American} 2: Paint ae .../ American ies 5 Electrotyping ,...Amerzcan, Ceylon 25 Miscellaneous :—piano action, photograph- ers, gilders’ and hat- ters use, electrical supplies... 553 “25 100°00 COFFEE IN GUATEMALA. It is reported from Guatemala that President Barrios has sent M. Laugier as special emigration agent to Yokohama with instructions to contrast for 10,000 Japanese labourers for six yeara to work on the Guatemala coffee plantationg.—L and CU. Eupress, THE ‘TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 87 THE CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF FARM- MANURE IN SOUTH INDIA. The manure obtained from his cattle 1s almost everywhere the chief stand-by of the farmer for manuring his land. It is only by manuring his land well and tilling it properly that the farmer can hope to secure good crops from it; and how greatly his success in this respect depends upon manure is a matter of common experience. With sufficient manure and abundance of water, there is scarcely any limit to the productiveness of the land in India. Manure and water are in this respect interdependent ; the supply of water being that obtained in the falling rain or from irrigation works or wells. The matter at present to be considered is, however, the manure supply. Unfortunately the amount of manure which the ryot finds at bis disposal is usually but small. It is often also of but poor quality. Owing to want of proper care of the supplies available and to bad management, the stores of manure are generally small. Similar reasons explain the low quality of the manure. in some places where wood fuel is scarce and near large towns, a very large proportion of the cattle dung is made into cakes and used for fuel; only a little «shes remaining for use as manure and even these, in cases where the cakes are sold into towns, being lost to the ryot. When his cattle dung is burnt by the ryot himself, the ashes are generally thrown into a he:p in the open, where they become leached of much of their valuable matters. That the practice of burning cattle dung is a cause of great loss is known to every one. By using the dung of his cattle for fuel, the ryot makes only a very petty saving in expenditure, whilst he coud b growing fences round his fields, as is done in parts of Coimbatore ad Salem, or by setting apart a small portion of his fields on which to grow trees for fuel, easily provide himself with fuel sufficient iov his wants. By such means the very wasteful practi-e of burning cattle dung may be avoided. Near jarec towns, the price of fuel is so high as torender the growth of fuel trees generally a_ profitable undertaking. The more general practice of the ryot is, however, to accumulate the dung of his catte ina loose heap in the open air. The dung there dries into hard Jumps, and is thoroughly washed by any rain that falls. It suffers lossin every possible way, and the ultimate result is a small heap of very poor, almost yalueless, stuff left to be carted to the fields. With the dung is to be seen a certain amount of straw and jeaves. Hach material is left to itself, the dung to lose its value, the stalks to become hard and desiccated. Because in India no litter is supplied to the cattle, not once in a thousand times is avy attempt made to saye the urine of the cattle wheu they are kept in the houses or sheds of their owners. Wasteful this process is, because the solid manure is exposed as described. Still more wasteful and injurious is it, because the liquid manure is not oily not preserved, but is allowed to sink into the ground, and especially into the hollows made by the feet of th» cattle. ‘The soil on which the cattle stand is saturated below by the urine, and the air of the house or shed becomes foul and contaminated. Every one has noticed the strong and_ peculiar odour found in these sheds in the morning, This is due mainly to the evaporation of valuable matters contained in the urine which drops on the floor and is lost. The value of the urine of his cattle as manure is not, it is to be feared, appreciated fully by tbe ryot, even if the value thereof is not totally unknown. The urine, as a matter of fact, is richer in fertilising matters than the solid excreta of cattle, and the loss involyed in letting the urine go to waste is very large. This loss may be avoided by the use of litter to absorb the urine, or eyen by sprinkling the floors of the cattle-sheds with dry earth, if litter be unprocurable. By the latter process, much of the 88 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Auc. 1, 1894. urine could be saved; the earth being allowed to accumulate in the sheds till required for use as manure, or being removed as scon as it becomes galurated and carefully preserved in a manure pit as is described below. In cases where cattle are tethered or penned in the fields, the urine soaking into the land is not lost. f If theryot be asked why he does not use litter for his stock, he usually says that he has not enough fodder to feed them properly, still less has he straw for use as litter. The appearance of so much waste straw, wc.,in the manure heaps is, however, often evidence that this is not ‘he reason, for these matters, as well as coarse grass, weeds, leaves, and rubbish of all sorts might be used as litter, and the quantity required, especially if dry earth be also sprinkled over the floors, is not large. As has already been said, the most valuable por- tion of farm manure consists of the urine of the cattle. The manure comprises also, when preReLy made, the whole of the solid dung as well as the litter used for bedding the cattle. As it consists of litter andthe voidings of animals fed on the preduce of the soil, it forms in itself a complete fertiliser. In the making of good manure, it 1s of importance that all these matters should be thoroughly and intimately mixed and that they should be preserved carefully after they have been collected; so that the whole mass may ferment and decompose slowly and thoroughly. The value of farm-manure lies probably as much in the mechanical effect it has on the soil to which it is applied as on the fertilising matters it contains. The mechanical effect depends greatly, if not chiefly, on the state of decomposition in which the manure is when applied to the land. An excellent method of managing farm-manure suited to the conditions of the ryot is described below. In this method the dung and the urine are not removed from the shed except at intervals of several months, when the manure is required. he litter used absorbs the urine. The floor of the cattle-shed should be made 2 or 3 feet lower than the surrounding ground, and the sides and the bottom of the pit plastered with clay. On the floor a layer of ashes should then be spread once for all, and every day a layer of yegetable rubbish should be spread over the surface as litter, that is, for bedding. For this purpose leaves, coarse grass and other vegetable rubbish may he collected and stored during those parts of the year when they can be easily procure and wh n the ryot and his cattle have plenty of leisure. Waste fodder and various refuse portions of crops, such as the ear- heads from. which corn has be n threshed, &c., may be used as bedding. The shed may be 1 feet long and 6 feet broad for a pair of cattle. It is best that the cattle should te left loose in the shed so that they may tread on every part of the manure and press it down. If the manure is nit pressed, it will rot too fast and become much heated and sive off bad smeils and the health of the cate will be injured. Every morning the dung dropped by the cattle in the previous night s ould be evenly distributed and a tbin layer of litter spread over it. In this manner the manure may be colle.ted until the pit is filled, which may take about three months. Too much bedding ehould not be supplied; otherwise the manure will be too dry and not decompose with sufficient slowness, and thus lose in value. The manure in tke pit should always be thoroughly moist throughout its buik. Ifthe manure has an ash-colored appearance anywhee when it is being removed that is a sign that it has not decayed properly; this appearance beng due to the great heat caused by the manure. being too dry. Tf the straw, &c., supplied as bedding be long and hard, the manure will not rot proper y; such litter should be cut up into short pieces. Unless the manure is well rotted, it will not be of much use 'o crops, as it will not act quickly. Is will also make the soil too open, so that the crops thereon may suffer much from draught. The manure, if properly managed, will be of a black colour and of mellow eubstance, thoroughly rotted thoroughout so that it may almos he cut with a knife. In removing | manure from the pit the unrotted portion near the surface should be placed on one side, and after the well-rotted portion has been taken out, shonld be put back sgain at the bottom of the pit, and manure may be coliected again as before. Gy this method vf managing manure, about 5 to 7 tous of good manure may be obtained yearly for each head of cattle kept, whereas if the dung be thrown out in loose heaps in the open air, only about half a ton of very inferior manure will be obtained in the year. The only objections raised to the system are :— (1) Vhat it is supposed to amongst the cattle housed. (2) That it requires a large amount of Jitter to be supplied. In reference to the last, it may be noted that in some parts of South Canara the ryots take great pains to collect leaves and gras:, and supply bedding to their cattle; but they remove the manure at intervals of a few days, and throw it out in a hollow place where itcan be compressed by the carts tra- velling to and fro over it. In reference to the first objection, experience has shown that it is groundless. If, for any reason, it is inconvenient to a ry t to collect manure in the above-mentioned manner, the following method may be adopted:— The floor of the cattle-shed should be made smooth and compact with a gentle slope towards the back, where a small channel should be placed so that all the urine falling on the floor may be carried by the channel toa pot placed outside the shed at one end. The dung can be removed every day and thrown into a pit, the sides and bottom of which should be plastered with clay, and over which a low thatched roof has been erected. Whatever veget«ble refuse is ayailable on the farm may be thrown into the pit, and the urine coll: cted poured over the heap daily. The whole mass of dung, urine and vegetable rubbish should be kept uniformly mixed and well trodden and ;ressed down so as to make the mass decay uniformly and slowly. If the manure pit last “escribed cannot be prot c- ted by a simple shed the heap should be covered with earth. It has in all cases been found very useful to cover manure heaps with earth, as this prevents the loss of valuable ferti ising matters into the air. This practice is fully -dopted in some places, ¢.y., in Tinne- velly, with the best results. If the upper portions of a& manure heap become dry, the heap should be turned overso as to mix the moisture and the drier portions together, and if there be any tendency for the heap to dry up generally, it may be watered slightly with advantage. The covering of the heap. with earth to a great extent prevents undne drying. ‘The great aim should be to maintain the heap ina moist state, so that the whole mass may decay s'owly and com- pletely, and thus the fertilising matters of the manure may be preserved abd rendered more immediately useful than as they are found naturally. —Official Report, Madras. OS a ee PLANTING ONCE MORE IN CEYLON. Old coffee planters—and there are some of them stil to the front in Ceylon—will be pleased toread the particulars given in another column of the result of certain experiments carried out on old Kondesalle estate, Dumbara, with the replanting of coffee Arabica. Such fine prices are now realized for c2ffee—the current quotation for parchment in Colombo is R19 per bushel—that, if only a good maiden crop can be secured, it would eyidently pay well to plant it in conjuction with cocoa or tea, especially in localities Where the growth would be rapid. Whether there is any probability of success resulting from a clearing of cottee planted -1 n= in o!d land may perhaps still be doubted, but, given a fairly rich soil, there must be less chance of disease in future now that so small an area is covered by coffee, and that it has almost entirely disappeared from the villages—the home of so much of the disease which once atfected estates. Planted in conjuction with cocoa, howeyer there is cause unhealthiness COFFE Aus, 1, 1894. | 89 no reason why the success attained |y Kondesa!le should net be possible in most cases provided + uffi- cient care is taken in the selection of the soil. We believe that complete failure resulted from an atte pt of a similar kind made by Mr. Farquharson with the same seed, the soil in his case evidently not being suitable or so long abandoned as had been much of that on Kondesalle. It is p'ain, therefore, that, without great care, snecess is not to be looked for; but, given a good soil, long abandoned and well covered with Jantana and jungle growth, coffee will make a valuable feeder to cocoa whilst the latter is coming into bearing, and without affecting it in the least. We should also like to see an attempt made to grow coffee again for its own sake, both on old abandoned land in some of the lower-lying districts end in new Jand. With prices as high as they are at present—and there is no probatility of any serious decline for many years to come—very small crops would pay handsomely; but it would be better to try coffee under lizht shade at a very low elevation. Anything like extensive clearings we do not now advocate, but those who have really good land ata low elevation might do worse than experiment with 15 and 26 acres in coffee. If, h weyer, this be thought too risky, it might be planted in alternate rows with tea and taken out, after it had borne one or, say, two crops, to make way for the tea. No great loss could possibly follow such an undertaking, and, with reasonable care and foresight in the selection of the soil, such as any old coffee planter would use, it might be very remunerative. Planted in conjunction with cocoa, as has been so successfully done on Kondesalle, it evidently provides a valuable adjunct to the premanent cult.vation, so much so that we can quite believe that the superintendent of that estate will sacrifice the coffee to the cocoa—as the latter grows—only with great reluctance, as befits an old experienced coffee planter. However, although it would not be prudent to open up large and un- supported clearings of coffee at any elevation, we are distinctly of opinion, from infvrmation reaching us from several sources, that it would be well to make small experiments in selected areas and under varying conditions such as those we have suggested. Care, of course, would haye to be taken in the selection of seed, for it would be a great mistake to plantuup Ceylon seed again. There ought to be no difficlty, however, in obtaining good Coorg seed, and we do not doubt that Mr. Hamlin—who has had a Jong experience of coffee planting in Southern India—would gladly be of assistance in ende.vouring to get down only the best, from trees supposed to be free from disease than any others His experi- ence and knowledge in such a matter as that would be very valuable, for it is certainly remarkable that Southern India can still export 300,000 cwt. of coffee annually in spite of leaf-disease whilst our export has fallen from 1,000,000 cwt. to some 50,000 cwt. Whether that isdue to the greater isolation of estates in India or to the general use of shade, we cannot say, but some estates in Coorg and in the Ouchterlo- ney valley are yielding large and highly remunerative crops to this day, and promise to continua doing so for many years to come.~— Local “Limes.” TEA GROWING IN TONQUIN. -Sir,—There are several slight inaccuracies in your paragraph of the 21st headed ‘ Over-pro- duction with a vengeance,’ as wel as in_ that commented on ther in and taken from the J/, Mail This paper has made a hash of the name of the new tea district. It is, I expect, Phu-Lang-Tuong— not“Phu-Tuong’”’ Ths place is in Tonkin, not Annam, and only eight hours’ steam from Hai- Phong, the commercial capital of that country. I should haye heard or read in the local papers if there were a “considerable area’ under tea culti- vation vither in Annam or Tonkin. There cannot be. What has happened is likely this—M. Mepe de Vilers, the political officer who negociated the late Franco-Siamese 'lreaty, is) now, or was, Acting Goyernor of Indo-China, which, perhaps, [ had better AGRICULTURIST. state comprises what I will call the fonr Presiden- cies Cambodia, Cochin China, Annam, and Tonkin. lie has very likely started tea pianting; but, if so, it is only within the last six months, and he is a very clever chap if he has put ‘‘a considerable area” into tea in that time. There would be no forest or heavy chena in or near Phu-Lang-Tuong, and the soil would be poor and worn-out with ages of chena cropping—for at this ruinous system of agriculture the Tonkinese can give their Sinhalese brothers long odd. The rainfal would be small—probably 50 inches—same as at Hanoi. From this place the Government has been mak- ing for the last 24 years a light railway to Lang Son, the French Metz of Tonkin. This place is close to the western frontier of the Chinese Em- pire, and only a day’s march from the Sung-Chi- Kiang, or western river, which ishere navigable all the way to Canton The object of this railway is obvious. About half, or fifty miles, is now fin‘shed. Near to the place where the engineers have got, it crosses mountain ranges 3,000 feet high, and the land is all heavy forest. M. Mepe de Vilers may haye started his plantation in this neighbourhood, but I doubt it. A short time since two French- men were seized by the pirates here, and they still hold them, I believe, Government declining to pay any more ransoms. The last given away was for the chief engineer of the railway, seized in 1892, and kept several months in ‘‘safe custo'y”. He did not like it, for when he returned to quieter scenes he was almost off his head, and his hair had changed from fair to grey. In this place an estat= could only be opened cloze to a military post, and the superintendent would have to live within this (there are posts from five to ten miles along the railway for its protection) or start one on his own account. This would mean the keeping-up of a smoll native army not always to be depended on. The factory, too, would haye to be inside the post, so as to save the expense of two garrisons. The super. ntendent and his assistants would have to take all care when in the fields that they did not share the fate of the engineer, with this d'fference —that they would have to find their own ransoms. There are no Black Flags pirates in Tonkin now. The present pirates on the eastern frontier are nearly all Chinese, and many are regular troops from that country. I remember reading of 2,000 Chinese regulars, well-armed, having joined the pirates here; but thiswas in afewdays contradicted by the officer commanding at Lang-Son, who stated that the number was only about 800. China deserves a sound drubbing for her perfidy in connection with pirate supplying, and she will get it one of these days; but not before the railway to Lang-Son is comple ed and French steeds have sniffed or drunk the “sweet waters’ of the Spree. I was planting on the Black-river—not the Red— but I never saw Black Flags pirates ‘‘hunt the es- tate laborers.” In the first place, as I have already stated, there are none now of this description, and if there were, they would not be so foolish as_ to chase common coolies, who had nothing worth tak- ing except their lives—a form of “spoil,” which would not substantially help towards the support of a gang. I was not allowed to plant tea, coffee, or cocoa, only cotton, and on land almos: as swam- p* as the late Mr. Venn’s rice fields near Colombo. For my amusement, however, I was permitted to collect tea seed from the villagers and start a small nursery. The jat seemed all right. Tea is indi- genous to Northern Tonkin. The natives there grow it in much the same fashion as the Sinhalese do, or did, ¢ ffee; but I never saw more than a f w trees round their houses, and the greater number had none at all, It never flushed, and th did no- mind in the least, when plucking, taking off coarse a d bangy leaves. This was sold to market women, boiled green in large pots, and ladled out in cups to the thirsty wayfarer. I was often, when traveling, precious glad to get a cup of this bever- age, though s songty suspecting the water was not is}e) of the cleanest. In my inner keart, too, I cursed the exaggerated tales of travellers about the road— side tea-houses of China—the prototype of Tonkin. Many of these were no bigger thana railway con- tractor’s cooly lines with a square hole dug in the middle of the floor, on the bank of which the visi- tor sat down, his legs ee a over, or resting on the bottom. The tea-housekerper’s purse was always a hollow bamboo. When trade was brisk it was very amusing to watch the airs that this moon-eyed barmaid gave herself. Our pruvings would fetch a abla of money” in China and Tonkin, but probably we have got far enough on this line in our export of dust and red leaf. There was no trouble bringing up the ‘“ leaden discs’”’ or sapegues, a few of which Iam sending per this post. They came by steamer (Shallope), tied in U-shaped bamboo strings called ligatures. Each ligature represented ten tiens or 60!) sapegues. A ligature (1-16th of a dollar nominally—in out-of-the- wiy places %) paid two coolies for one day's work. It was not much trouble handi g it to them after we had got the money to the paying place properly tied into ligatures. A good cooly’s load of sapegues only paid 40 labourers, and, having some days 400 to pay, I required ten loads, say 120,000, weighing, I suspect, from five to six cwts. For a month's supply the ‘‘balance cash’ ran up to seven or eight tons, and required a fairly-sized room to store in. The mo-t annoying feature about this wonder- ful currency was the easy manner in which the bambo strings broke away when a bundle was lifted, sending the coin in showers over the floor or roads. In this way we generally lost 5 per cent. ‘The ways that are dark and tricks that are vain’’ ofthe natives accounted for a lot of this. Cochin China is a pucka French colony: are held under a protectorate. Until this away with, the French, I expect, will have to return the sapegue currency. In conelusion, this nation can never do us much harm in tea-planting. “ce the rest it | is done | They drink very little tea | THE TROPICAT. AGRICULTURIST. and are merely planting—I should say—to keep out | the vile Chinese rubbi-h from their colonies. In this they are right. I saw many new things in Tonkin—one, silk rais- . ing, particularly struck me. I donot see why we should not beat the Chinese here i: this ‘ cultiva- tion ’’ as we have already done in tea. I do not think it is more difficult than the manufacture of the leaf of this shrub was supposed to be. The introduction of silk-worms and mulberry is the duty of Government. Let them show in their botanic gardens that Ceylon can raise silk, and the planters will do the rest. Better begin now than wait until it becomes an absolute necessity. Apologising for the length of this letter.—Iam &c , P. O. Macmanon, Deanstone, Rangalla, May 237d, 1894. cee sae gy ee ue INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT NYASSALAND. Mr. E Woodhouse has placed at our disposal the following information received from Mr, H. P. Johnston in a letter dated 5th July:—- In regard to Nyassaland, land is ye y cheap at present ranging from almost nothing in the border districts to 2/6 in thesettled country. The average rain- , fallis 55 inches annually. The country is exceeding y © well timbered and well watered by running streams. The morality at present among Europeans is 65 per cent, though this proportion is cousiderably reduced when the deaths of people killed in warfare or hunting accidents or in infancy are deducted. The deaths from malaria fever and dysentry—the only two diseases of any seriousness—amount to about 3 per cent. : The natural aspect of the country is exceedingly beautiful. The soilis nearly every where fertile. Na- tiye labourers are very abuudant and very cheap, wages [Auc. 1, 1¥%94. ranging from about 2s 6d to 3s a month besides food which costs 1s per week. Customs duties, taxes, &c. are very low. Some of the planters reckon that with ordinary good luck and with present prices, 100 per cent profit may be made on coffee directly the trees come into bearing. There is a direct line of steamers (the German mail line) between Bombay and Tshinde (‘ hinde) at the mouth of the Zambesi. At Trhinde you change into small river steamers by which you are conveyed to Katunga on the Shire and thence you ride up 25 miles to Blantyre which is to all intents an{ purposes the capital, though the seat of administration is at Zunba, 40 miles near to Lake Nyassa. There are about 265 Europeans settled in the country.—Local “Times.” jos es gs 3 ee IMPORTANT TO PLANTERS. OrcHarps PLANTED ON THE SEPTUPLE SysTem. The following table will show the advantage of the a te over the square system. The minimum distance between the trees is the same, but about 15 per cent more can be planted :— 0 6 0 O'S OID L ° z oo 0 0's oO a ° oo 2 3° 0, 2 DD ° = 000000 - = = o o 3-0 0. 0 os 5 Z 0 0 0D O's 2 > 0000000 ° Square Septuple Feet Plants to Plants to Distanee in Check apart an acre. an acre. Rows. 8 680 782 6 feet 114 inches 9 529 619 (ake 95 # 10 435 500 Lae 8 43 11 360 514 Qc, 00) pied ro 12 302 347 Uae dt - 13 257 295 | ee 8 1) 14 222 255 a2 ies | gael 15 193 222 184%, 0 s 16 170 195 19? + OES» 22 17 150 172 14 -eo Mpk ei 18 134 154 1 I 7 4 19 120 138 1 a 53 - 20 109 125 Wee 3g ia 21 99 114 is (7a ae 22 90 103 1%, i 23 82 94 1s, ll + 24 75 86 op" ae 25 70 80 4 ee 7k x 26 64 73 BZ 6 27 59 68 Za 4 28 55 63 a 3 29 52 60 3 ,, rt ged 30 48 55 26) ee Site Trees grow much better when sheltered—a single tree will not grow nearly so fast as if planted in a clump or belts. This was well illustrated in the olive plantation at the Dookie Agricultural College farm, Victoria, where single trees did not make half the grouth that those did which were planted in clumps, as the one sheltered the other. Never plant badly formed or unhealthy looking trees, such trees are dear at a gift.—J. L. THompson. - —Austrelian Agriculturist, ee Prospects oF Tea.—An experienced planter wriits:—* Our chief reliance must be upen better quality «nd a decrease of 10 per cent, that s‘osks may fail. This for the present; but meantime work up America.”’ Undoubtedly, the latter advice is what every planter should take to himself; for, if promptly attended to, the Fund now started, would grow rapidly ard a start be made in work- ing up America which might mean an increased price for our teas, before the year is out. Avc. 1, 1894. ] “ OVER-PRODUCTION ” OF TEA—AND NEW PRODUCTS, COCONUTS, LIBERIAN COFFEH, CACAO, RUBBER, ce. We callettention to a letter ia another column as goal planters are illustrating tho way in which thou considering how to insuze the £ yisks involved in ‘* Overproduction prices for tea. One exceedingly p: —already acted on to our knowledge 1 of cases—is for lowcowntry estate owners coconut palms to their tea fields, to add Ii is stated that the palms, even when grown up, do no harm and the Peradeniya estate is offered as evidence. But our correspondent forgets that Peradeniya has an exceptionally rich soil—co rich that in olden times it was specially selected ag tha site of a sugar estate, We scarcely think that in the generality of the lowcountiy, coconuts and tea would continue for any long period to prosper well together: we should expect the bushes immediately round the palms after a oertain number of years rather to suffer. Nevertheless, we are quite clear as tothe wisdom of the experi- ment in very many instances and it is a matter of very great importance indeed that the low- country tea planter shonld know he has other and profitable .“ strings to his bow’ besides an overproduced stapie. Indeed, there are several more products besides the palms to be considered : in the Polgahawela district there are fieids where cacao, Liberian coffee and tea seem to grow and crop fairly well together. In the Kalutara district, some of the richer rubber-yielding plants have been added freely to the tea fields, If therefore lowcountry tea plantations do not occupy so strong 4 position—in consequence of the quality of their teas—as those in the higher re- gions, the diradvantage may be balanced by the greater choice of other products which may, in certain eventualities, be cultivated along with tea. Some of these—rubber, Liberian coffee, cacao and even the palms—may flourish up to 2,000 feet above sea Jevel : under favourab‘e circumstances even higher. But there is a limit and then we may ask what can be added to tea in the higher regions, especially from 4,000 feet upwards ? Our correspondent mentions the planting of cinchona. There is not much hope in that direction with Java holding sway through her very rich barks. For the improvement of the tea fields themselves, to diversify their appearance and to secure a stock of fuel if not timber, there is nothing better, we suppose, than to plant the fields all over—at proper distances, say 30 to 40 feet apart ?—with ‘ gre- villeas,’? Practical men are very strong that these trees absolutely benefit the tea,—that their shedding of leaves alone is as good as a ‘‘ surface manur- ing.” There are a great numbor of plantations throughout the hillcountry, already well covered with greyilleas and from none have we heard any complaint ; while two cases especially, have been held up to us as special illustrations of the great advantage of the process. ‘Those sre Mount Vernon estate, Dimbula, and Dambulagalia and Pitakanda estates, Matale Hast. No doubt there are others, equa!ly well planted up; but we name the first placea we think o!, for the benefit of any sceptical estate owners; for, we feel sure, that Messrs, Cantlay aod Waser will not objcet if such choose to go and sse for themeelyos. We havo not referred here to experiments with minor or newer produots otmore or lees interest, aud which individual planters —studying the Zropical Agricultwrist from time to 12 to the tea, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. gt fime—will no doubt carry on as leisura or op- portunity offers, There may any day, through some discovery or change of habit in Hurope, set in a phenomenal demand for Coca, Kola or some other product more ox less tried in Ceylon, but for which at present the market may seem very limited. Tea i n and preparation i and in neither ha eso meang ly, or to cesse from further experi- ments both with the old and with new producis, “QVERPRODUCTION” OF TEA AND NEW PRODUCTS, AND GOOD ADVICE FOR LOW- COUNTRY TEA PLANTERS, 22nd June. Dear S1r,—Your (see above) on ‘* Overproduction,’ was to the point and very ably demonstrated what must appear the inevitable result of the present anxiety to add more acres to ths already large tea area. Yours seemed the voice of a prophet, and methinks your own words alarmed you, and you tried to comfort yourself and others by quoting the testimony from a Church Missionary, and then hug youreelt in the belief that it is quits safe to go on until India and Ceylon produce 160 additional million Ib. of teal Glad you think so, but you cannot too strongly press on all owners of lowcountry tea estates the necessity and advisability of planting all their tea lands with coconuts. They have only to go and look at that fine field of tea and coconuts near the Peradeniya Railway station, to convince them how well both cultivations thrive together. The problem is a more difficult one so far as the higher estates are concerned. Cinchons at present prices doe3 not offer much encouragement here; yet I have seen young tea fields regularly planted throughout with this now (so far as Ceylon is concerned) elmost defunct produsat, If there is nothing else we can turn to, we must use every endeavour to push our teas in other markets, and the question is, are we con- tributing enough money by the continuation of this 10 cts. per 1001b.? Would it not pay us better to double this amount and give our repre- sentative a free hand to advertise and push our teas in the way he thought best amongst the wholesale dealers, and render to the thirty a monthly statement of the result of his labours ? Would this be interfering with private enterprise ? Would he not be helping merchants here, by in- troducing new buyers to them? Are our interests and those of the Colombo merchants, not on a par with the Indian tea growers and the Calcutta merchants ? Why then cannot we work on similar lines ?—Yours truly, OLD PLANTER, —____¢—____ A CEYLON CINCHONA COMPANY. Tho twelfth aunual report of the Patiagama Cioshona Company (Limitad), of Casylon, has just besn prassnted to theshareholders. The directors regret that the report ig notso favourablea as had been hopad at the commencement of ths seazcon. Astual working of the year showa a small margin of 1,263:28:. Tha directors recommend that the total balances now at eredit of profit-and loss account, say 9,123 1dr., should be appropriated in reduction of suspense account, which represents the loss incurred in working the estate previous to 1890, whilst tha tea (which is now tbe estuple product of the company) was coming into bearing. —Chemist and Druggist. leading article 92 INDIAN AND CEYLON TEA: Tur Annuan Review By Messrs. W. J. & Hy. Tompson OF MincrnG LANE. The well-known Mincing Lane leading firm of Tea Brokers slways furnish an instructive and interesting Annual Report on the market and prospects, and the one supplied on the present occa- sion is no exception to the rule. It is full of suggeslive remarks, and practical hints which ought to be turned to account, at least by the more careful and thoughtful among our planters. We see how clearly seasonal, climatic causes are recognised as affecting the crop, quality of leaf and even the manufacture; and the evidence that the planters and Factory managers were not to blame is afforded in the fact that the properties which were wanting in Indian tea, asarule, last season, were those that must be “in the leaf when plucked.” The result was found in lower prices, and the average for 1893-94 as well as the crop are likened unto those for 1891-92 and contrasted with the finer crop and better prices of 1892-93. The comparison is as follows :— Indisn tea—average price :— 1893-94 35 «. 965d, 1892-93 ... ee 11°30 1891-92. vee 10°17 1890-91 ew op LD But there is one fact brought out in the figures appended to Messrs. Thompson’s Report which deserves some consideration: the average yield per acre is wonderfully the same in the two years of high, as in the two years of lower, average prices, Thus in 1890-91, the crop per acre averaged 413 lb.; in 1892-93 it was 4061b., and the prices approximated (notwithstanding increasing exports) to within 45 cents ofa peony; while in 1891-92 the average crop per acre was a8 high as 441 lb. and last season it was 439 lb. Now, surely, here we have a close connection between fine plucking and a high average and between heavy crops per acre and a lower average ? What we are told ebout the wide diversity of typo in tea required to meet the varying de- mand of different districts and towns in the United Kingdom, is very interesting; and the nature of the water in the various localities chiefly accounts for the variety. Moreover, in this fact we have the reason why Ruseia, the United Sta'es and Canada are slower to takeup our British grown teas; but it seems thatin such directions ‘Ceylon has # considerable advantage over India, as it is her ‘“ clean sweet liquors ’ which are most in request in both America and Russia. But then we are glad to see that the Mesers. Thompson most emphatically—and more than once—insist that there can ke no rivalry between Indian and Ceylon teas in respect of new markets; for, whatever quantity of the one is re-exported by so much must the other bevefit in Mincing Lane. It would be well if Ceylon planters more cicarly realized this lesson with reference to the Tea Campaign in America projected for both countries. —Finally our planters are urged, if possible, to arrapge for greater variety in the character of their teas and more especially to see that their ** Broken Pekoes’’ have the distinctive liquor and leaf associated with that favourite grade, Turning to the Statistics appended, it is satir- factory to find how well ‘‘Ceylon” keeps up in home deliveries and re-exports ; but the steady fall in average price from 104d and 11d to 944 and 8id is far from being equally satisfactory—even though India during the past season has suffered in equal if not greater proportion. Meantime we THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ee ee ee a re en {Ausc. 1, 1894. commend this very full and able Annual Report —reproduced below—to the careful attention of our planting readers. _ Since writing the above, we have seen an article in the Indian Planters’ Gazette on the ‘* prospects of the tea season,” which contains a good deal of advice for the plantere of Northern India. We make o few extracts of the more telling passages :— It is, we believe, generally understood thet fine plucking is to be the rule, and looking to the in- creased yield from fresh jlantings and greater maturing of bushes, this is a wise decision. All must realise the injudiciousness of throwing a lot of ccarse, weak tea, on the market, that but realices barely enough to meet expenses. The first two eales held in Caleutta emphasise the necestity of confining mavufacture to the choicer varictios aud, though possibly, owing to the rate of exchange, more tea is likely to be shipped to Europe on garden eccount, the idea of imagining that purchasers here will take anything, asa remitting medium, must no longer be indulged in. It must be patent to most people that the time has arrived when none but the better classes of tea will pay, and those proprietors who, from poorness of goil of their lands, inferior jat, difficulties of communication or other causes, cannot pot their teas down here to realise an average of at least five annas, will have to seriously consider their position. The days for showing a big out-turn regardless of quality are gone, and coarse teas will no longer meet with attention at the hands of purchasers.* * ad In co far as outturn, strength and flavor the tess, of 1894 will hold their own againet any previous season, and we have dwelt at length upon the only rock ahead, which should be earnestly studied, ere too late. The United Kingdom reckons upon re- ceiving from India some 118 million pounds, but it would be far better forthe grower to send but 100 million, though of solely good qnaliics. One year’s diminished supply to Loudon would prove to the trade that we are vot prepared to be satisfied with a mere fifth of the profits of our industry, and it is certainly time that the annually increusing downward tendency of the auction prices should be arrested ; restricticn of out-turn is the only way in which this can be accomplished. From the present date the season is promising enough—if the great mie. take of flooding the markets ie not committed. The tea interest hss the command of affairs entirely in its own hands, and if it fails to steer clear of the shoals and quicksands we have pointed out, will have but itself to blame for the consequences. Since the foregoing was written we notice that Indian tea is more in favor in London, several samples of Ceylons shewing a marked inferiority not only being thin in liquor but sour, If this is correct our planters should strive their very utmost to retain the position, It is worth remarking that our opinions as to the market heing in the hands of producers is endorsed, and we earnestly hope that this consensus of views will be laid to heart, by those responsible for the conduct of affairs. We cannot, however, in face of what we have written, share in the anticipations of The Indian Daily News that stocks are likely to be lower by the end of August than in any previous year,as we have shewn the amount in steck, and onr advices from the districts indicate heavy con- signments en route. If any proprietors can afford to hold; let them doso. —>—_—_— INDIAN AND CEYLON TEA: ANNUAL REVIEW. 38, Miscing Lane, June 1894. Publication of the figures for the 12 months ending 31st Mey, completes tie statistical record of the gea- sor, and gives au opportunity for revi-wing the year ee 1s past, and of examining prospects for the near utu ., , > AUG, 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 93 Progressive movement is the prominent featuro in the retrospect——and progress neither spasmodic nor exceptional, but systemuaticand regular, in pro- duction ; in consumption at home and demand from abroad; and in the application of skill and re- Source in solution of difficulties which the planter hasto face at all times, and the merchant in periods of general trade depression. ‘The outcome of the studious attention givenin past years to the develop- mont of the great tea interest of India and Ceylon is——that the industry remaing remunerative and prospering notwithstanding the decline in the market value of produce, As regards InpDIA—the season was one of exceptional difficulty owing to incidents, climatic in origi and out of contro}, in some places lessening the productive- ness of the busb, or affecting the quality of the leaf; in others interfering with the process of manufacture. Although some few parts seem to have been specially favoured, others were at a disadvantage during the whole year; itis, therefore, not surprising that while there are instances of distinct improvement the entire crops from a considerable area have failed to main- tain their full standard of excellenoe. That the deficiency, where shown, was mainly due to the cause indicated, and not to lack of care or to undue eagerness for excessive yield, finds confirmation in the tact that the teas in questionhave beeu fairly good in appearance, andin the colour of infused leaf (the surest index of quality), though wanting the fullness and pointin liquor characteristic of the typical InJian tea—properties which experience shows must be in the leaf when plucked, and are not to be acquired by subsequent treatment, though easily lost by want ot skillaud care. In respect of its composition aud character the crop closely resembled that of 1891, presenting a marked contrast ta the finer interme- diate crop of 1892, which accounts for the altered range of quotatious, end very different movements in the market compared with last season. AS one cannot foretell the variations of climate, which combine to lower or raise the geueral character vf the crop, it would be impolitic to forecast the Pirticular direction in which prices here may move but recollection of other yeata warrants tbe conolusion that o re-adjustment in the range of value, with distinct benefit to the average price, would follow the receipt of a finer crop; whereas anotber large one, not plainly marked ss good, may alill further accentuate the depressicn in the lower sorts, bringing Serious hazard to those who mske them, with compensation in the form of high prices for the best. Tuere is a policy, however, that we think without question those should pursue whcese estates oan give tea of distinctive character and quality——for whilst others may possibly find it safer to rely ona heavy yield at a low cost, they sbould aim at making a speciality, aud not be diverted from doing so by temporaray fluctuations in the market seemingly adverse to fine tea. This more especially applies to some parts of Darjeeling and Assam, but we fail to under- stand why more persistent eudeayours on theses lines are not made elsewhere, for fiue tea will be appre- ciated here wherever it may come from, and in times past some of the choicest tea came from Uachar, Lerai, acd the Dooars. It is true that the reduced retail quotation current all over the country would seem to endanger the future of fine tea; but agaiust this we set the fact tbat the grower has only borne a fraction of the loss incidental to the cheapening process ; the greater part of it has been taken out of the middlemen’s pocket by those who, followivg the modern teudeucy of trade deal as near as may be directly with the producer, and ere thus able 1o mcet the demard for good tea at a lower retail price than used to be paid. The importance attached to “quality”? as distinct from “obeapness ’ by those who are trading successtully on these lines, is the sign-post for producers in doubt as to the direction they should take, Yo the ever-reourrivg question, * What sort of teas should we make?” the unswer today must be what it has been in the past—viz,, the type that experienc shows to be the mest suitable to your soil, plant, and appliances, A wide diversity of type is required in order to meet the varying demands of the Trade in different parts of the Kingdom, which do not change from year to year because the cause is constant— viz., the difference in the water used in the various looalities. As the proportion of China tea used lessens, there is, it is true, more enquiry for soft and flavory kinds from consumers who prefer them to those with strong and pungent liquor; but Ceylon, Sylhet, and the Dooars can supply this want, aud care must be taken elsewhere to provide the variety that has been sucha valuable factor in the popularity of the Indian product. This question of water mainly accounts, we believe for the slow progressmade in trade with the United States and Canada, possibly also with Russia, which indeed is the most diappointing feature of the year; whereas Ceylon Tea. many yearsbchind India in point of time, is making headway more rapidly. That the export will expand as years go on, seems patent—but so far, from one cause or another, neither the Oontinent nor America have appreciated the inherent good quality of our finest tea, and when trade is dono the margin of profit isso narrow that there is no special induce- ment for any who are not personally interested to engageinite The sustained efforts of Planters and others concerned should, however, take effect; for the thin end of the wedge hasbeen driven in by the London Dealers who for years past have worked quietly on a mercantile basis—co far perhaps with little profit—with a view to the future. By gra- dually accustoming consumers abroad to the taste of our teag—as was done hete in the infanoy of the Indian trade—the way should be prepared for a larger businees in the future. That foreign markets should call for our low priced teas with clean sweet liquors in preference to the finer qualities is not wholly a disadvantage, for Oeylon can give tho supply if Todia cannot; it is with such kinds that the home market if often over-stocked, and the relief will bo the same whether Oeylon or Indian be taken. As regards Ceylon Tea, though from its marked individuality it is sometimes treated as an ivterest separate from that of Indias, or even as antagonistic to it, that is not really the caseas far asthis market is concerned; for the trade inthe two growths moves on parallel lines, and whatever affects the value of the one eventually re-acts upon the other, Taken together they practically ocoupy the attention of the Home Trade to the exclusion of other kinds, and they meet each other in competition very much as teas from the different parts of India do, being appraised by the buyers from the standpoint of relative quality and value, allowing, of course for the special enquiry for Oeylon, Darjeeling, Assam, &0., as sucb. Our Comments under the head of India, as regards the general tendency of trade and the outlook for the future will, therefore, be more or less appli- cable to Ceylon; but | summary of the past year would be incomplete without recognition of the uniformly good tea produced in the Island, and the small proportion showing faulty manufacture. The opinion often expressed that quality has greatly fallen off, arises from the memory of those few teas specially fine in grade as well ag liquor, made years ago with a definite end in view, which certainly made the reputation of Ceylon. The system now generally adopted, and pro:umably the more profitable alters the grading of the leaf, and gives flavour or pupgency in place of the deep rich liquor that at first constituted the special distinction of Ceylon tea; | but the greater portion of the teas that now come before us are of fairly good quality, though often of low grade, and, as a whole, are superior to some of the intermediate crops received during the past eeven or eight years. While expressing this view, we should like again to impress upon Planters that a greater variety in character is desirable, as the uniformity which now marks eso much of the crop lessons the elasticity of prices, and, as a& matter of fact, prevents tho use of Ceylon by some Who only buy tea with thick liquor, and will not take the light pungent yariety now principally made, 94 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. {Auc. 1, 1894. The gradual change in the essortment of the leaf has somewhst to do with the lower d yalue of * Bro- ken Pckoe;’’? mach now so classified seems mainly composed of Pekve Leaf reduced iu size by mechanical process, and has not the liqaor pec iliar to the Broken Pekoe tbat makes itself, 8» tospeik, in the course of minufacture. This applies to the Indian crop as well asto Ceylon, andis a m tter deserving attention becsure the process tends to creats small Faonings and Dust, which are ursealable when plentiful. Toe majority of English buyers prefer whole leal tea, which they can reduce by their own machinery to suit the rpacial requirements of their trade ; while the Irish buyers r. quire Broken Pekoe with its dis- {inctive I'quor and leaf; aud sxportr3 will rarely take a mixture of leaf ond broken. Resu'ts of some of the INDIAN TEA CROPS sold in London, season 1893. Acreage Per Average Price Yielding. Crop. Acre. Realized. 1893-94, 1892-93, lb. lb. d. d. Total .. 91,800 40,083,000 439 9°65 11:30 which included most of the showed the following re- Previous tables, estates named above, sults :— . Acreage. Quantity. Per Acre, Price lb. per lb. 1892-93 85,780 34,900,000 406 0 11°30 1891-92 78,500 34,640,000 441 0 10:17 1890-91 71,600 29,600,000 413 0 11°75 The following figures taken from the Board of Trade Returns, show the continuous moyement by which British-grown teas are displacing those pro- duced elsewhere: Duty payments for the twelye months ending May: 1894. 1893. 1892. per cent. per cent, per cent, Proportion of Indian 5450 51°51 50°80 Do Ceylon 32°00 30°52 28°15 Do China & Jaya 1350 1797 21:05 100 100 100 Exported from the United Kingdom for the twelve months ending May: 1894; 1893. 1892. f percent. per cent, per cent. Proportion of Indian 10°30 940 11°30 Do Ceylon 13°30 10°32 8 20 Do China& Java 7640 8028 80°50 LOOM 106: 100 _ The progress of the Ceylon trade isshown by the following statistics :— 1 ~ see & = . =] Wear endiog S. os zs ge oF > S, = nq < , Ib. pkge. per 1b. 3ist May 1894 724 million 850,000 83d (exclusive of (approx- reprints) imate) do 1893 64 million do 790,000 do gid do 1891 474 million do 605,000 do Ilid do 1889 26% million do 381,500 do 103d Wm. Jas. & Hy, THOMPSON, Brokers. The TOTAL EXPORTS FROM INDIA during past three seasons were :— 1893, 1892. 1e9ol. « To the U. K, 113,660,000 106,655,000 109,623,000 To Australia and New Zealand 6,325,000 3,850,009 5,130,000 To America 227,000 89,000 187,000 To other places 3,500,000 1,531,000 3,819,000 123,712,000 112,125,000 118,759,000 Re-Exported from Eivgland 8,321,000 3,340,000 3,761,000 _ eee —= bi-metallism organs. The TOTAL EXPORTS FROM CEYLON during the past three years were :— 1893. 1992. 1891. To the U. K, 75,500,000 64,815,000 63,744,000 To Australia and New Zealand 6,969,000 5,166,000 8,211,000 To other places 1,937,000 1,181,000 1,319,000 84,406,000 71,162,000 68,274,000 Re-Exported from Eogiand 4,066,000 3,447,000 2,093,000 LONDON WAREHOUSE RETURNS for 12 months ending 3lst May. Import. 1894, 1893. 1892. 1891. lb. lb. lb. Ib. Indian 114,048,000 108,003,000 110,933,000 99,879,000 Ceylon 72,626,000 64,162,000 64,142,000 47,405,000 China 54,217, 00 54,296,000 60,224,000 69,756,000 Java 2,700,000 4,553,000 3,121,000 3,781,000 Total 243,591,000 231,014 000 238 420,000 220821000 —E Delivery. : Indian 115,683,000 107,187,000 108,177,000 100,708 000 Ceylon 71,076000 64,983,000 61,359,000 42,616,000 Ohina 50,679,000 58,676,000 68,461,000 81,381,000 Java 3,053,000 4,017,000 3,341,000 3,995,000 Total 240,491,000 234,863,000 241,338,000 228,700,000 Of which Home Uon- eye 206,000,000 199,863,900 204,338,000 196,200,000 Of whic Export 34,500,000 35,000,000 37,000,000 82,500,000 Stock 1st June. 28,493,000 30,129,000 29,305,000 26,661,000 18,491,000 16,940,000 17,761,000 14,975,000 19,697,000 16,150,000 20,360,000 28,341,000 832,000 1,185,000 798,000 851,000 Total 67,513,000 64,404,000 68,241,000 70,828,000 WM. JAS. & HY. THOMPSON, Brokers London, June 1894. Indian Ceylon China Java (ee OVERPRODUCTION AND Prices.—We long ago made up our mind as to the folly of attempting to dogmatize (and argue by the editorial column,) on # question which divides the very first currency and financial authorities of the aga in the Oity of London. Our morning contemporary is there- fore welcome, so far as we are concerned, to continue till the Greek Kalends his essay- writing on Gold, Silver and Currency topics. We do not know that they will do any on2 harm, while those who seek the highest authorities will scarcely give them the pre- ference over the utterances of the metropolitan But if there are to be local ex- positions at all, it seems to us they ought to have more of a distinctively local bearing. Now we should like to know how the cases of coffee and cocoa—io name but two of our products— ean be taken, in their range of prices for ten ox twenty years back, to illustrate cur contemporary’s theory. There has certainly been no “ overpro- duction” of Ceylon or other coffee : nevertheless has the price fallen in consequence of the appreciation of gold ? Ave. I, 1894. | EXPORT DUTY ON COFFEE FROM SELANGOR. A notice dated 7th May 1894, has been issued to the effect that a duty of 14 per cent will be levied on the gross value of coffee exported on and after the Ist day of July 1894. This duty will be collected at Kuala Lumpur, Klang Kuala Selangor, Sabak Bernam, Kuala Langat and Sepang, as is now done in the cass of other exports; and the usual chargo of two cents per pikul will be made for weighing, Until further notice the average value for all coffee will be taken as $40 per pikul, and duty at the rate of 60 cents per pikul will be levied. Each parcel of coffee exported must be accompanied by a certi- fioate giving the name of the produccr and the locality where grown; and the amount of the duty collected will in every cate be credited to the district in which the coffee was produced. Receipts for the duty and weighing charges will be issued from counterfoil books, to be obtained from the Government Printer, and each receipt will give the name of the district ia which the coffee was produced.—Selangor Government Gazette. oe INDIAN PATENTS. Calcutta, the 21st June, 1894. Applications in respect of the undermentioned -inventions have been filed during the week ending 16th June 1894 :— Oil, aud Gas Engines.—No. 170 of 1894.—Hugh Thompson Reid, of 9, Mill Street, Conduit Street, London, England, Mercantile Agent, for improve- ments in oil and gas engines. The Keeler Seeder.—No. 174 of 1894.—Hlisha S. Keeler, of Topeka, Kansas, Agricultural Implement Manufacturer for a seed drill and planter, to be known as the ‘* Keeler Seeder.” The fees prescribed in Schedule 4 of Act V of 1888 have been paid for the continuance of exclusive pri- vilege in respect of the undermentioned inventions :— Stoves or Air-heating Apparatus.—No. 69 of 1889. —Samuel Cleland Davidson, of Sirocco Works, Belfast, Ireland, Merchant, for improvements in stoyes or air-heating apparatus, (From 25th July 1894 to 24th July 1895).—J/ndian Engineer. ———--—- > " THE GUTTA-PERCHA INDUSTRY. (From the ‘' Revue des Eaux et Forets,” extract from “Te Bois” of 10th Jan, 1894 ) Gutta-percha is almost exclusively obtained from Malay, it is the sap of the Jsonandra Gutta, a largo tree which is fairly abundant in that region. The tree does wot produce gutta-peroha until it ie full grown, ¢.¢., after about 30 to 35 years. Its height is then as much as 100 fect and diameter about 3 feet on an average, The mode of extracting the gutta-percha as practised by the natives is very simple. The tree is first felled aud allowed to remain for some time, then a trip of bark is cut off longitudinslly, and from this cut the gutta-percha slowly flows. ‘Tapping of standing trees has been tried, #318 done in the collection of resin, in order to prvlong the period of production, but without success, the eap refuses to flow until ofter the tree is dcad. The material obtained as above is in a more or less pure etate, but from the natives it passes into the hands of the Chinese, who mix various other substances with it in order to incresss the weight, aud it is only available for use after it hus further passed through the hands of a series of traders whose business it is to boil it and increase the volume at the expense of the quality. Asa result of this, for some years past the quality of the gutta-percha commerce has been steadily deteri- orating,and to obtain the same offect a large and larger quantity has to be used, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST: 95 THE VALUE OF THE COFFEE IN. DUSTRY IN SOUTHERN INDIA. From a careful study of the exports from the different ports of shipment we have set down *‘ Planta- tion” coffee at two-fifths and ‘‘ Native” at three-fifths, We have with set purpose taken the f.o.b. price of coffee, as this represents the sum of money spent en the production and preparation of the bean in India, plus the gross profit to the planter at the time it leaves these shores. The following table will show at a glance how our calculations are arrived at:— Total F.0.B. F.O.B. Season. Exports percwt. percwt. Total vaue. incwt. Plantation. Native. 1888-89 ... 304,300 ° R57 R55 R1,69,79,940 1889-90 190,100 R65 R58 R1,15,58,080 1890-91 200,700 R61 R58 R1,18,81,440 1891-92 ... 270,000 R65 R60 R1,67,40,000 1892-93 255,800 R73 R69 R1,80,59,480 Taking now the average value of these five years, we find that it reaches the sum of W&1,50,63,788 or to put it in other words that during this quinquennium the average annual value of the Southern India coffee crop when it left the country amounted to one crore and fifty lskhe of ropees, According to these figures the average annual crop amounted to 244,180 owt. lf we ees down the average yield per acre at 2 cwt. it would shew that there were say 125,000 acres of coffee in bearing during this quinquennium. But we are of opiuion that the acreage in reality is larger then this though not co large as the statistics, issued officially, would make out. The season of 1888-89 was by never the best, the total exports of that year haying never been reached during the four succeed- ing oves though we tbink it is likely that the chipments last year ‘did not fall far short, if at all, of the 15,000 tons, while in the coming season from all accounts we ought to see thia figure past. Taking into consideration our previous statements, we do not corsider we shall under-estimate the annual profit that tbe European coffee-planter takes out of the country if wo put it down at £375,000, which means that half-a-million sterling is the money which the coffee industry puts in circulation each year through- ont Southern India.— Madras Mail. ee eee COTTON GROWING IN MEXICO. Recent advices to the Bureau of the American Republics show that there are in the entire Republic of Mexico, about 84,000 hectares (24 acres each); dedicated to cotton growivg, producing 30,000,000 kilograms (66,138,000 pounds), in value about $15,000,000. The quantity of cotton raised is far from being sufficient to supply the demands of the country, For this reason there are imported annually from the United States about 4,500,000 kilograms (9,920,700 pounds), worth $3,000,000. The cotton zone of today includes all the Guli aud Pacific States with the exception of Yucatav, but the region best adapted for cottoh growing is La Laguna, situated northwest of tte State of Durango and southwest of that of Coahuila. —Amertcan paper. —___.g——___—__ A NEW COFFEE. Of substitutes for coffee there is no lack, and they range from roasted acorns and date-seeds to chicory and horsebeans; but a brand new variety of the well-tried old Arabian sort is a novelty worth record- ing, and such as has not been heard of since the Liberian species was brought to notice twenty years ago. ‘The new coffee, unfortunately, has a very ugly name, but this may be fully compensated for by its superior quality when that part of the question comes to be tested, for at present no actual examina- tion has beon made of its properties or aroma when roasted and ground. Our information, so far as. it goes, on this wonderful coffee is based onthe high authority of the botanical bureau of Kew, and appears in the number of the Bulletin of that establishment for May, The plant, under the 0 ESSOSSS'S = 96 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURISTI. [Auc. 1, 1894. a name of Maragogipe coftee, was introduced to the notice of planters by Mr. Thos. Christy, of 25 Lime Street, who obtained it from Brazil just ten years ago. The Kew plant, which is growing io the great palm-house, is some10 or 15 feet high, and has this year produced a good crop of fruit. Itisa vigorous grower, prodacing leaves fully twice the size of those of Arabian coffee, and the fruits or cherries Bre quite an inch long, or double the size of those of the old Arabian sort. They are soft when ripe, red in colour, with a silky smooth surface anda very small proportion of pulp. From the fact of the plant being a very vigorous grower, attaining a height of 8 or 10 feet in three or four years, aud prvducing large crops of fruit at that age, it has been cstimated that the weight of coffee per acre must be very much more than from the ordinary coffee-tree. Although Mara- gogipe coffee bas been grown experimentally in Ceylon, Java, Jamaica, and Trinidad, no reports secm to have reached Kew as to the results. It would appear, however, to haye taken some hold in Ceylon fer a Jarge quantity of ceed was shipped direct to Ceylon* from Brazilin 1884, It has also been cultivated since 1887 in the botanic gerdecs, Trinidad, while in Jamaica about a dozen plants were raised from seeds received in 1883, and these were distributed for trin] amongst the leading planters in the Blue Mountain diztrict during 1884 and 1885. In the gardens of the Quoensland Acclimatisition Society a plant originally introduced from Kew bore heavy crops of seeds last year, from which a large stock of plants were to be raised for distritution this year, so that we may expect, before long, to hear of a gen ral demand among coffee planters fur this new . kind of coffee, and ultimately to see it in our grocers’ chops a8 a competitor with the far-famed Mocha.— Chemist and Druggist. —_————————_. DRUG REPORT. (From Chemist and UDruggist.) Leondou, June 14th. CINCHONA.—Tuesday’s bark-auctivns were of moderate extent, the six catalouges c-mprising the whole of the bark offered. The circumstunce ihat the entire cuntri- bution of Ceylon to the cinchvna-auctions consisted of 7 packages, or about one-third of 1 per cent of the total effered, is an indication of the position of insignificance to which island has been reduced as a fauchr in the cinchona-market. ‘he bark at auction iepresented an equivaleut of about 12,000 1b. of sulphate of quinine, The total quantity of bark included in the auctions was as follows :— Pkgs. Pkgs. Ceylon cinchona fs 7 of which 7 were sold East Indian cinchona ... 1978 co 1928 do Java cinchvna Ass 69 do 46 do Cuprea bark we «827 do 1i3.—s do 2381 do 2154 do The tone throughout the auctions was firm, and good barks were weli competed for, the unit being from jd to ld per lb. ‘he following prices were paid for sound bark :— CEYLON CINCHONA.—Fair original Hybrid shavings 3d; small bought renewed Succirubra shavings 334 per lb. East INDIAN CINcHoNA.—The East Indian tark included a considerable quantity of Officinalis quill bark irem Southern Inaia (Nilgiri Hills.) ihere was also a fair pre=- portion of grey and yellow chips ameng the Indian cinchona. JAVA CINCHONA,—Ledger chigs iid; dull dusty root 3d good rich root 5$1 per lb. ; CUPRKA BARK.—Of 327 bales cuprea, imported in 1882- 84, 172 suld wt prices ranging from i3d to 1;d per 1b. see Heatruy Corree SEED AND WHERE To GET 1T.— We hear that Mr. T. H. Stephens, son of Mr. John Stepheus, of Gampola, is importing Burmah coffe seed, which he tells us is supposed to be the true Mocha, is very prolific, and is entirely free from leaf disease and other diseases. Hy- brids of the Arabian and Liberian variety haye been raised, we believe, and ought also to be very hardy and suitable for experiment in Ceylon. * We kwow of no speoial clearing or field of this cofice—who has got any of it in Veylon?—Hp. 7. 4. TEA AND SCANDAL. CaMOMILE TEA (After —_ Poe's ‘ Annabel Lee.’) It was many and many a year ago, In a cot by the Irish sea, A decoction I knew of, which you may tnow, By the name of Camomile Tea; A stuff which was brewed ~ith no other end Than to plague and be drunk by me. 2 I was a child—a mere bit of a child— VE I pits that cot by the sea, But ated with hate which was more tha: » That horrible Camomile Tea ! ays A hate which was visible, I have no doubt, To the eyesof my Aunt Magee. 3 And this is the reason, I happen to know Why she always was down on me, Whenever I hai the least malady filling A poms with Camomile Tea And dreaching me three times a day wi _ The horriblest bore that could bee ‘beams And shuttiog me up in my bedroom for hours With a tract and more Camomile Tea! 4 Even now, strange, itscems I have hideous dream Ot that bornins ‘Camomile Tea! fe Ms Of its taste when I think, I still shudder <5. At sue Benee Ie Camomile Tea! hl And I muse in amaze at that old woman’s craze; Oh! the loathing, the loathing I felt in those aie When I lived in that cot by the sea, In that cot with my Aunt Magee! [Punch’s Almanec, 18¢3.) “There is no nation and there are very few in- dividuals who do not mske daily use of some substance to which the term Stimulant or Nareotic may be applied in strictest accordance with what we koow of the action of drugs. Von Bibra (Narkotischen Ge- nussmitlel und der Meusch) puts the matter roughly but strikingly :— : Coffee Leaves are taken in the form of iafusion by 2,000,000 of the world’s inhabitants, Paragnay Tea is taken by 10,000,000. Jase by «8 mauy. icory cither pure or mixed with coff 40,000,000. arg Coca either as Choculate or by 50,000,000. Haschisch is eaten and smoked by 300,000,000. Opium by 400,000,000. Ohinese Tea is drunk by 500,000,000. Finally all the known nations ef the world are addicted to the use of tobacco jchiefly in the form of smoke, otherwise by snuffiog an chewing. Professor Jobnetone (Chemistry of Capmon Life) completes the picture thuedrawa by an ingenions map io which it is sufficiently shown that no considerable tract of the earth’s surface is without some special indigenous narcotic plant, of which the natives freely avail themselves, not merely for medicinal purposes but for every day use.”’ [Stimulants and Narcotics. Francis H. Anstie, u.D. 1864 p. 14.] in some other form A PROPHEcY. When Mother Goose a Fly is Reast Pig an Ounce of Tea, When daub’d with Paint the Sky is Then London, wos to thee! [The Argus, 6th Oct. 1832.} _, ‘In the article of Tea s great saving may be made if the process of making it was altered. Make a tincture of tea by pouring boiling water on it in a metal pot. Le’ it stand twenty miuutes and pot no more water in it than is necessary for the company to fill their cups a third ora half-full without the necessity of adding more water. Then when tea is to be served, fill each cup a third or half fall accord- ing to the strength of the tincture, and fill the cups from an urn or kettle. By this mode the tea will always be hot and equally strong to the end, and one tea-spoonful will be found sufficient for three cups for each person; whereas according to the pre- sent mode of making it, three times the quantity is often used. There are fourteen tea-spocnfule ip Ava, 1, 1894.] an ounce; of course two ounces a week is sufficient for each person morning and evening. Those who drink tea use on an average % Ib. weekly.” [ihe way to be rich and respectable, Rey. Dr. Trus'er, 796. p. 27. note.] A OounTRY DIALOGUE, Good b’uye to the Ohange Where Rantepoles range, Farewell cold Tea, And Rattafee, Hide-park, too, where pride In coaches do ride, Altho’ they be choak’d with Dust. [p. 6. Vol. I. Witand Mirth: or Pills to purge Melancholy. Thos. Darfey. London 1719.] —_——_—————————— THE LINNAGAN SOCIETY. At a meeting of the Liunzan Society in their rooms in Burlington-house, on Thursday, the president, Mr. Charles Baron Clarke, F.R.s., taking the chair, Sir John Lubbock, M.P., F.R.s., reada paper on “ Stipules and the Protection of Buds.” He said that the paper on that occasion was a continuation of one he had previously read there. Stipules were the small leaf- lets at the base of the pstiole of many plants. Vancher, in his History of Plants, many years ago called attention to the fact that some species of rockrose had stipules, while others had none, and suggested that it would be very interesting to attempt to ascertain the causeof the difference. To this, Sir John Lubbock went on to say, he would give the onswer. Stipules served for several purpores in the esonomy of plants, one of the most general being the protection of the young leaves in the bud. The various plans adopted by nature for the protection of buds were a very interest- ing part of botany. The young leaves were very deli- cate; they suffered much, as gardeners knew too well, from frost, afforded a tempting food to insects and other animals, Moreover, their development was a slow process, the bude of the following spring being formed in many cases during the preceding summer, even a8 early as June or July. These delicate structures were in some cases protected by leaves, in others by scales, by hairs, by glands, gum, by mucus; in many cases they nestled between the stalk and the petiole of the leaf, and lastly, in very many cases, they were protected by the stipules. This was not, however, the only function of stipules, which ion some species were developed into spines, in others into glands, while in some they ageisted in performing the function of true leaves. Sir John Lubbock described the form and arrange- ment of the stipules in 4 great many species and the purposes they served in the economy of the plants. He pointed out that when stipoles were absent there was some other arranz;ement for the protection of the bud, and in regard to the special problem suggested by Vancher in thie case of the species of rockrose, he showed that in those which had broad petioles the petioles served for the protection of the bud and there were no stipules; while when the petioles were narrow stipules were developed and served the same purpose. This, then, seemed a complete and satis- factory answer to Vancher’s problem. A_ vote of thanks to Sir John iubbock for the paper was cor- dially passed. There were two exhibitions in tho leoture-room—one by Dr. John Lowe, cf flowers punctured by insectiyorous birds forthe purpose of attracting insects, and the second, by Mr. Raymund Dowling, of dwarf glaucous pine aud remarkable nuts from Japsn.—London Zimes, ———(~>—_——_ > WASTE TEA SEED. Very many attempts have beea made, from time to time, to find some use for the tea seed from those gardens planted at the commencement, but so far without avail. So great is the quantity of socd an- nually produced, especially in those abandoned planting’, that sttention should be directed to its a LE Ee ees SS See THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 97 utilisation, As a general rule it is unfitted for use in the planting line, being chiefly of the least desi- rable jat, a hybrid but little removed from pure Ohina ; the oi!, which at one time was thought to afford a telerably good lubricant bas been found quite unsuitable either for that or any other purpose being far tco acrid for any domestic purpose and clogging too much to permit of being used in machiuery; as an il'umisant, also, it is useless giving but a feeble light and emitting more than the usual quantum of smoke. The cake ig unfitted for cattle feeding, and though it might possibly be used as manure, it would, if prepared for thig purpose merely ravk with thet of other cake the feriilising qualities of all of which are cf a very low order It might probably be utilised as fuel in lieu of goba but even this is doubtful, hence we arrive at no other con- clusion than that, apart from its characteristics aa a propagating ceed, pure and simple it is an unutilig- able product. We have then, until chemistry discovers some economic value in it, to think over what can be done with it. In 186364 a couple of planters seeing that the large speculative clearancea under= takeao could not attain the requisite amount of seed to fill them, made early arrangements and purchased as much seed as their means permitted, establishing purseries upon the banks of the Barak at Luckipore and Katigora with a view of raising seedlings for sale. The scheme, 50 far as they were concerned proved tolerably successful, and a large number of plants were disposed of at remunerative rates, but at the former place a considerable area was left on their hands; Luckipora at that time being too re- mote from the speculative gardens; secing this they ses to work manufacturing, from tipping the nurseries, and though the plants bad been packed too clozely, a8 was the custom in those days, enough tea wa3 made to give a remunerative return. These proceedings gave rise toan idea of close planting of six inches making nothing but fine teas from tipping and rather extensive operations in this line were oon. templated but the price of seed rose too high and in 1865 people elected to raise their own plants instead of bringing them from a distance, thus the idea waa sbelved but it might be revived, for both land and seed are abundant; the method of raising the plants would be very inexpensive, the operations con- tracted within a ring fence snd for two yeara the quantity of leaf obtainable should come up at least to between 25 to 3 maunds per acre. Interlacing of roots sitcer the period mentioned would induce choking, aud as it is improbable that the plants could be sold, they could be pulled up and thrown away and the land resown. Of course we are aware that exhaustion of the soil has to be reckoned With and it is wel!-known that o!d nurseries, when incorpors ated with the rest of the plantiogs make but a poor show, but heavy manuring would rectify this draw. back, and such could be carried out for more effectu- ally over a restricted area than over a plantation laid out in tho orthojox manner. We do not ade vocate aay departure from the present method of planting, but merely throw ont the suggestion so as to utilise the vast amount of tea seed that now rots on tho abandoned bushes. There is no reason to go to any great expense, the seed need not even be shelled but showa in the capsule, and we have an im- pression that, a very large area of bheel plantings that have turned out too low for permanency might be profitubly utilised in this manner. It is certaiply a pity that hundreds of maunds of seed should ran to waste on the bushes, as at present, when some- thing, however sma!l might be msde out of it— Indian Planters’ Gazette, ——_---——__—_____ CHEAP GOVERNMENT QUININE IN ALGERIA, M. Bogelot, counsel to the Association of French Pharmacists, writes to the Union Pharmaceutique of Paris, calling attention to a couple of circulars issued by the Prefoot of Constantine, in the colony 98 of Algeria, to the Mayors and other officials of his district, informing them that the Government are anxious to place cheap quinine within the reach of all colonists, ‘‘ who are ncw ofien compelled ” (the circulars say) “to pay for that remedy at the rate ofafranc per gramme. ‘he Algerian Government are therefors prepared to cupply any commune with cuiphate of quinine to be retailed to con eumers who ate able to pay at the rate of 0’85 fr. per 10 gremmesr, or about 23 1d per cz. and distributed gratuitously to indigent appli- cants. In every Gase where ii can be shown that 75 per cent. of the quinine applied for bas been given away to the poor the depariment will only charge half-price, or about 1s. per oz. for the next batch of quinine ordered. M. Bogelot ascerts that the circulars are illegal, inasmuch as they run counter to Act 25 of the Law of 21 Germinal of the year XI., which is still the pharmacy law of the Republic, and which prohibits any persons other than pharmacists from preparing, sclling, or distribuling medicaments. ‘‘Ilf the suthoritice,”’ says M. Bogelot, with much force, want to dis- tribute cheap quinine to the million, why not employ pharmacists as sgents, and allow them a commission on the gale of the drug ?”—Chemist and Druggist. —_——_—~ BRAZILIAN COFFEE DUTIES. The Brazilian Government has decided that the export duty on coffce now being levied by the Govern- ment, shail in future be wholly collecte} in gold which will increase the benefit to the Government about three times. This wi!l doubtless be done by Act of Congress, and it is believed no difficulty in carrying the measure will be experienced. Coffee represents fully one-half the exports from Brazil, and in the new year it is estimated that the ex- portable surplus of that erticle alone will amount in sterling value to betwen +£25,000,000 and £30,000,000.—American Grocer. 4 Ae Seer eee INDIAN AND CEYLON TEA. The question of water accounte, itis said, for the slow progress made in the Indian ‘trade with the United States and Canada, and, possibly, also with Russia, whereas Ceylon tea, many years behind India in point of time, 18 making headway more rapidly. That the export will expand as years go cn ecems probable; but, £0 far, neither the Continent nor. America bave appreciated even the finest Indian tea and the task of educatirg them to teke it in pre- ference to the China article seems, a difficult one. Although Ceylon tea is stometimes treated as an in- terest separate from that of India, or even as an- tagonistic, it is not really the case es far as this market is concerned ; for the trade in the two growths moves on parallel lines, and whatever affects the value of the one eventually reacts on the other, They really meet each other in competition very much «és teas from different parts of India do, ani, together, they practicaliy occupy the sttcution of the home trade to the exclusion of all others. The only conclusion which can be drawn from the statistics 18 one which ought to be eminently catis- factory, namely, the remarkable progress made by British-grown teas in public favcur, and the absence of anything epproaching a glut in the market. We have not space to deal today with the dividends paid by the companies that are known in London ; put, asa proof of the prosperity of the industry, we may add that out of a list of seventy companies which we have before us, there were only eight which feiled to pay dividends in 1893.—Fimancial News. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. TR A RR A RR a (Aus. 1, 1894. FOOD SUPPLY: CHILAW DISTRICT. The food of the people consists principally of rice, supplemented by fine grains, fish (both fresh and cured), cassava, plantains, pumpkins, jak-fruit, &e. jread is more extensively consumed than formerly. The greater portion of the rice was imported, the guantity of locally-grown paddy end fine grain being estimated by the headmen to have been only 43,730 bushels. Neither of the harvests was succeesful ; but the headmen’s estimates are extremely low. The actual produce was, I believe about double the quantity given. This would have sufficed to feed the whole population of the district sixty years ago, which was theu 13,575, while it is now 63,859. The yield of coconuts in the district during the year is estimated to have been 318,513,600 nuts, as against 820,734,800 in 1892, the productiveness of the trees haying been affected by the drought; but the value was greater, the average price being R35 per 1,000 instead of from R25 to R80. The supply of fishwas abundant.—J/r, Noyes’ Administra- tion Leport. ———_---—_ > -— --— LAND IN NORTH BORNEO. fhe British North Borneo Company bas just issued new land regulations of a muchjmore generous natureto holders than those hitherto in foree. The main point is that those who held land—for which they hed paid— were after twelve years liable to have some part taken back by the Company, if s certain proportion bad not been cultivated. They now become virtually freeholders, for a 999 years’ lease may be considered as equal to @ freehold. In the cese of those who received free grants they can now pay 20 cents an acre per annum, 4nd retain Iand that was liable to forfeiture by their grant after twelve yearr. A feature of the new terms is that they are irreyoeable. —L. and C. Express, ’ —-—___-@- TEA PATENT, Jannary l0th, 1893. Tea. Gilbert, W., 2, Mount Pleasant, Eim Street, Gray’s Inn Road, London. Tea combined apparatus for mixing, sifting, and cutting.--The tea is charged into a series of oscil- lating hoppers the mouths of which sre opened or closed by a register plate movable between a pai of fixed plates. Fish-head valyesoppositethe openings in the lower plate serve to adjust the rate of feed from each hopper. The tea falis fromthe hoppers on to a eeries of rotating discs by which it is thrown on the conical shelyes passing finally into the receptacle. The sifting apparatus consists of a hopper and a flat sieve operated by an eccentric. The cutting apparatus consists of two bhoney-combed rollers rotating against a fixed knife. The combined apparatus is driven from one handle or pulley.—Patent Journal. je es) os ee a Inpran TEA Companixs.—In the Home and Colonial Mail of June 22, is published the usual abstract compiled by Mr. Ernest Tye of resulis of the working in 1893 of 23 Indian Tea Oompanies, representing a total Capital of £2,435,936 and a planted area of 64,994 ecre3. The aggregate income from all sources had been £775,828 for the year, while the expenditure amounted to £613,136, leaving a net profit of £163,995. The dividends paid ranged from nil in the case of 4 Oompanies to 23, 34, 4, 5, 6, 7 for others and then 10 per cent for the Dooars and Lebong Tea Companies respectively, to 101 per cent by the Doom Dooma, 12} per cent by the Brahma- pootra and highest of all 15 per cent by the Chandpore and Mcabund Tea Companies respec- tively. Itis to be noted that the figures for the income and expenditure of the Dooars Tea Qom- pany are not furnished in the list and not therefore included in the above totals. - Auc. 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. HORTICULTURE AND EXPERIMENTAL GARDENS. (From Administration Report for North-Central Province.) In this Proviuce there is practically no horticulture. Thero are the experimental girdensa, but these being watered from ‘Tissa tink searcety afford a fair test of adsptability of new introductions, They might, however be easily worked into a valuable institution, though at p:esent they may be characterized as smal, well laid ont and pretty when not eatea dowa by the cattle I usually seein them. Eucalyptus alba promises wall, aud as it has bal- Bamic qnalitics ought t» be largely planted round the batoing, drinking, and washing tanks, and in similar damp and unhealthy spots in the town es a protection against malaria. Cacao exists here precariously without being watered, but only in favourable places, and can scarcely ever be of economies value except in Tamankaduwa, where I believe a large area is suitable for soma of its varieties. OocoNuT is proved to thrive here by the oue coco- nut grove of the Province—a plantation made in Anuradhapura by tho enlightened enterpris3 of Godage Mudsliyar. Ooconut irees exist in most villages, and afford enough young nuts for the hospitality exercised by the villagers to their visitors, and very little more. Jak Trees exist in the moister villiges below buads of tanks. The experimental garden ought to be supplied with seeds of many varieties, and specimen planta established there, whilst the others are distributid as widely as possible. Seeds procured from the drier Malay States might afford arace of jik that would suit the conditions of this Province better than the Ceylon varictieg, but all those als» should be intro- duced and tried. The Peradeniya Gardeus have done almost nothing for village gardens as yet, und the Anuradbapura branch might easily be made to redeem this one deficiency in the record of that invaluable institution. I myself observed that the jak of Perak is a fruit very superior in flavour when ripe to tbe best I have esten in Oeylon. It may possess other qualities diffvring from the trees grown here. Aga vegetable, cooked while half ripe with a little coconut juicy, the jak ia as wholesome and important to the Sinhalese peasant as the potalo is to the peasants in England. BreaDFruit.—This grows here and there as a single tree. Two closely allied varieties ara found in Ceylon, intreduced long ago from the Maldives, and probably prior to Hucopean rule. Thee are a great number of disiinct varisties in the South Sea Islands, and several in the Malay Archi- pelago. A German official from Samoa, who tasted the Ceylon fruit, assured me that it was one of the worst varieties he knew. Ags there is steim commun'cation between Samoa and Sydney it would be no great task to introduce new ysaricties, some of which might prove adeptable to the villages here where the Maldive variety fails to thrive. Vines.—As grapes grow well at Kalpitiya, Trinco- malee, and Jaffna, they certainly would thrive here. The experimental gardens ought to make a special feature of viticulture and introduce new varieties. The grape grown at Jaffna, &c., is of a most inferior uality, and it is probable that selected vines from Persia and Syria would succeed better than the variety now grown, and afford a good quality of fruit. ‘lhe grape at present grown appears to be identical with the outdoor grape of England, formerly grown in vineyards there and is presumably the variety least likely to succeed in North Ceylon. Vine culture is well adopted to native habits, and the villagers would soon learn how to train, prune and cultivate the vine and thin the fruit, if an example were made «at the gardens, ‘Those who elsewhere grow a vino or two gain a considerable profit from it, and tho caro required is a wuolesome and educational effort. MiGs would probably grow very well here, though at Galleand Oolombo the fruit is poor. Ido not see a single fig plant in the gardens. ‘Chis treo, if a 13 variety could be selected that adapted’ itself here, would be a pleasant addition to the vil- lager’s little compound, which at present has only its pomegranate tree, and its bilimbi bush, and pcr- haps a guava of the old and inferior yariety, or an orange tree. To sum up, The Gardens here, if to be of any use to the Province, should introduce and test the vevie- ties of well-known fruit trees and vegetables grown elsewhere or in Ceylon, as well as infroduce new kinds. Little nurseries should be made of treeause- ful for food or affording, by profit or luxury, an incentive to careful home-culture by the peasantry. Sonrsop*, pomegranates of bettor quality than now exist, oranges, limes, even country damsons, uguressa plums, West Indian papaws, and all such fruits could be sown in small plots of erousd for distribut on to the village:s. Mahogany, eucalyptus, and cther such trees might be experimentally intrcduced for orvamental planting in the district with advantage, Vegetables suited for village growth, such as improved vericties of beane egg-plant, chilly, bandecai, gourd, sams, &e., should be systematically grown to stimulate the peagant’s curiosity and emulation. At present none of these economical branches are taken up, and yet the Director complains that no local interest is taken in the gardens! A few scor- ched selagine's and sun-bleached foliage plauts, five gardenia bushes, a score orso of trees of botanical interest, and some cow-browsed palm plunts, adled toa thriving row of mandarin oravgo trees, is my own present impression of the Anuradhapura Gardens. AGRICULTURE. The usual rice cultivation exis‘s here, and chenas ara sown with kurakkan or gingelly. One or two Tamils have small plots of tobacco in the Proviuce. I believe cotton might be grown with great success somewhston the Egyptian system, over a large ese in Tamankaduwa, but at present no cotton is produ- ced here. In regard to chenas the policy was initiated in 1892 of diminishing this was‘eful and unsatisfactory system, so far as Orowa lands are concerned. Owing however, to ths exceptional distress of the year, and uncertainty in regard to the expected Trains, it was thoucht best to allow chenas in i893, car fally vestrict- ing them to serub jungle under ten years’ gruwth, gee TEA: AND ENTOMOLOGIST FOR CEYLON. F Lonpon, June 15 Mr. Francis Long, of Mesars. J. S. Lonz & Co. Tea Brokers, of 10 and 11 Mincing Lane, whose interview with myself on tho eubject of the sale of SMALL BREAKS CI TEA was mentioned in a former letter of mina, hag written me taking exception to some points in my report of that interview. Mr, Long thinks that in some respocts I unintentionally. misrepresented the meaning of what he ssid to me, Of course under such circumstances, I can do nothing lesa than reproduce here his written remarks to myself as to the points on which he conziders me to have misrepresented him. His attention was called to tha extract of my letter given in the Overland Observer of the mail before las‘, (seo page 828 of Vol, XIiL.) by Mr. Leake, as Sceretary to the Ceylon Associa- tion in London, The last mentioned gentleman tbinks that what I reported Mr. Long to have said reflects upon the procedure of the Tea Com- mittee of the Asrosiation, as well upon himself in his capacity of Sceretary. | If you refer to my letter of April 20th you will, however, see that I wes careful to stale to Mr. Long—conjointly with Mr. Roberts, who was presant—that we both knew that communication had been made by Mr, Leake of the result to the Commitlee’s consideration of the Brokers’ proposal. Mr. Loake’s letter ta Mr. Long reads in part :—" Tho statements imputed BREAKS OF Il 100 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [AuG. 1, 1894. to you couvey 80 wrong an impression of what has passed on this cubject bstween the Brokers’ Ascociation and my Tea Commitice, that I am obliged to send by ths mail tomorrow an accurate statement of the facts.” The recent correspondence was opeted by me, not by the Brokers at all, ina letter dated 10:h October last. To this Jetter I received areply dated 28th December, which was submitted to my Tea Committee on 15th January, aod a reply sent on 19:h January containing the proposal of which it is said that you never heard. In reply to that letter the Brokere made tke pro posal for increasing the limits for sma!l breaks- On that subject Mr, Price came and saw mp», and on my saying that we were not likely to have a meeting till May, he replied that as any change would date from 1st July, the May meeting would be quite soon enough for us to consider the matter. Had hs wished it £ was prepared to call a meeting at once. I write, as you may wish to put yourself right before I write to Veylon.” MR. LONG’S letter to myself contains the following observation in reply to my suggestion that he should offer them to me for the purpose of communication to yourselves :— “The first error that I wish to draw your attention to is that you make me say—-‘As for the proposal you tell me of the Tea Committee of the Association, of which I now hear for the first time, that small breaks should be sold on Tuesday’ &, &c. This was the point raised in the letter sent to the Brokers’ Association by Mr. Leake in January last, and on which the Brokers were invited to give their opinion, and it was as an amendment to this proposition that I moved that the small breaks be sold on Thursdays—this is a point which Mr. Leake mentions, I enclose you his letter, and with regard to his second point, I have nothing further to add except that I did ascertain after seeing you that a verbal message had been sent to Mr. Price saying that merchants did not care for tbe Thursday plan, however [ may add no official reply was sent till the middle of May last. My remarks about the buyers not wishing for an alteration in the sale are a little misleading as reported, inasmuch as I was referring to the present system of selling small breaks, which arenow in the hands ofa very few buyers, and who naturally did not wish for an alteration that would tend to throw open their Sales to better competition. With regard to the buyers generally, I believe they would hail with great satisfaction any change that would prevent such a large amount of tea being forced off on one day. So far the results of the arrangemeut that the quantity should be divided between the Tuesday and Thursday are as follows: — Tuesday May 22 .. 20,567 Thursday 24 5,884 iM 06199.) Sm QtOTO: EW ISL 5,089 » dune 8 .. 19,880 5 7 1,150 ‘ att 19 15,656 oe AT 2,400 Thanking you in anticipation for your kind atten- tion to these alterations.—Believe me, yours faithfully (signed) Francis §. Lone.” I would suggest that, if possible, you should allow the above reference to this subject to be given in full in the next issue, The information given above by Mr. Long as to the result to date of the arrangement egreed to by the importers to attempt to equelize their offerings between Tuesdays’ and Thursdays’ gales, is interesting. The evidence the figures given afford is not fully satisfactory. For two wevkr, it is certain the Thursdays’ entries showed improvement in the direction sought; buf in the subsequent two weeks there would seem to have been a relapse towards former low stan- dards of offering. Rome was no: builtin a day. however, and there must be difficulty in forcing trade out of the course to which it has beon long aceustomed. Having read with a great deal of mterest your edito:ial remarks and connected correspondence relutive to the desirability of engaging the serviccs of an ENTOMOLOGIST to enquire into the insect pests that attack TEA bushes and the C°CONUT {ree, I took an opportuoity occurring to me to enquire of Miss Ormerod if she would feel dis- posed to go out to Ceylon in that capacily. Miss Ormerod replied to me that it would be quite beyond her power to undertake the office. In the first place, ehe informed me that consideration for her health must form a paremount obstacle ; and in the ;econd place she tells me she is so cecupied with the “really enormous” amount of agri- cultural entomologist work referred to her here, that she could not possibly spare the time that would be required to make the full and complete investigation needed. Finding that there was vo chance of obtaining the rervices of Miss Ormerod, I proceeded to enquire of ber if she knew anyone who wou'd be capable of taking up such erquiry and would be likely to accept an offer to do 0 ehould it be made. Miss Ormer.d replicd that a very ‘‘ trustworthy ’ person would be neede?, and proceeded to remark that PROFESSOR WALTER BLANDFORD would, in her opinion, fu'fill all the re- quirements needed for the quest mentioned. She bas obliged me with the Prolessor’s address at 48, Wimpole Street, Cavendish Square, and has suggested my communicating with him upon this subject. She tells me that Profersor Blandford ‘“‘has a good knowledge of Entomology—a very perfect knowkdge (so as to be a chief authcrity) of one department of beetles; and while his learn- ing and taste is for careful scientific research, he also works in reference to agricultural and forest bearings of the subject.” Mies Ormerod further informed me that this gentlemen is on the Ccuncil of the Entomological Society, andis the Lecturer on Entomology at the Royal Indian Engineering College at Cooper’s Hill. She believes that Professor Blandford formerly spent come time in the West Indies, and that he might like to have the oppor- tunity of studying ithe Estomology of Ceylon. Miss Ormerod concluded by ob erving that she did not know if the Professor would wish to accept the du'y if offered to him; but that what- cver he might deci¢e she would feel that anything he undertook would be both ably and thoroughly, and honestly cone. Miss Ormercd bas kindly invited me to visit her sister and herself at St. Alban’s, Herxtfordshire, and as soon as I am tolerably free of many other engagements now pressing upon me, and which will probably occupy all my time to fulfill until about the 20th July, I hope to be able to avail myself of her inyita- tiov, and so to have the opportunity of more fully discussing the various entomological questions in which Ceylon is interested with her. 1 forgot to ask her if she sees the Tropical Agriculturist, but must do so on the next opportunity. She would doubtless obtain muck speciai information from tuat publication that would indicate to her the line of enquiry needed in Ceylon. ———__— -———. -— —~ INDIAN TEA SUPPLY COMPANY. ‘© A company for fostering a taste for tea among the masses” is something far beyond anything attempted yet in Ceylon :— The report of this concern for the year ended 31st March is issued. The company was subscribed to Aue, 1, 1894.) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ror pu RS about six years ago by a number of people here interested in tea, for the purpose of fostering a taste for tea among the masses. The intention was not for direct profit as can be understood. There can he little doubt that much good has been done in retailing the article in fractional packets among the very poorest classes, and although the shareholders have lost over half their capital they can have nothing to regret in the knowledge that tne taste has so spread as to make tea an article of occasional or daily diet among castes that were previously ig- norant of it. The Managing Agents entertain hopes that’ the current year’s working will show that operations can be continued and a profit nevertheless made. “On 31st March there was with a paid up capital of R100,960, a balance of R60,572 at debit of profit and loss account.—J’voncer. ee CUORG PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION. Proceedings of tho Annual General Meeting held ab the North Ooorg Clu» House, Me:cara, on Monday May, 31st 1894, at 2 p.m. Precent:—Messrs. C. Appiab, W. M. Ball, H. F. Devy, E. A. Fenrell, H. Mann, J. VY. Mor,an, J. R. Pearse W. H. Spro t, G. KK. Martin, Presideat, and A. Lambert, Honorary Secretary. The Annual Report was read and spprovd of. We make a few extracts :— The great event of last year was the Planters’ Oon- ference assembled in Bingalore durng Augus*‘, but, as the doings of this assembly and the be- nefita derive’, or likely to be derived there- from have been so well ventilated, £ do not feel cslled upon to dilate upon this subject, bat will merely add that the C.nference, as far as it went. was & complete siccese, and has, in my opinion, had the effect of placiug the Planting Industry mcre thoroughly in touch with Government than it had hitherto been. The ‘borer’ question, which owing to the very heavy losses caused by its ravages last year, attracted a good deal of attention, has bren Fa'is- factorily disposed of, and 1 trust that the information contained in the printed notices, pointing out the jwportance of removing aud destroying all affected frees, which were wid«ly circulated by Government thrvughout the Provirce, more especially amongst the Native Panters, have had the effect of causi: g the ‘borer fly’ t> be more carefully looked after a.d destroyed. With regard ‘o the live specimens of the beetle in a'l its various stages of existence required by Government for the purpose of making illustra. tions thereof for use:in the vernacular schools in Ooorg, the Rev. G. Richter hss kind!y undertaken to supply the same to the Indian Museum at Calcutta and I have uo doubt but that this work will te thorougbly well carred out under his able and ecientific eupervision. Ooffce stealing has I hope re- ceived a somewhat severe blow by the formation of a Ooffee Stealing Prevention Fund, the object of which is fo offer suitable rewards for the detecticn of coffee thieves, and to provide funds for prosecut- ing reoeivers of stolen coffee. The scheme was hardly in full working order during lost coffee seasov, but Goubtless by next crop time the Committee of the Hund will have everything tho ougtly well orgaized and will be prepared to meet all bona fide cases with suitab'e rewards, avd to provide funds fer prosecuting ‘‘yecoivers” should the necessity for doing so arise. t~-- 25 Sewn eS ae TRINIDAD BOTANICAL GARDENS. From Mr. Hart’s Report for 1893 wo quote the Heonomia Section as follows :— CaLaTHEA ALLouya has yielded under good culti- vation a fine crop of tubers mnch larger in size than any hitherto seen, and nearly twice the size of the tuber as ordinarily seen in the markets. Supplies of this were successfully sent to numerous Botanic Gardens, and information has been received in several instances that the plants ave thriving well. Manranra ArnunpINACEA.—F'rom tubers obtained direct from Bermuda, we have manufactured a small quantity of starch or arrowroot. This is certainly a finer sample than any previously grown and fully proves the constant need there is for change of plants and seeds from one district to another, as the quality of the product and the yield is much better from the imported plants. Lemons.—Our plants of these raised from seed of imported Sicily Lemons grow fruit of large size, and of excellent quality, but they are not much sought after, as the ‘Lime’ is in most cases preferred. Crrrons-—We have proved that Citrons can be grown of a fair size and ofa good quality; but there appears to be no demand. Pirer Nicrum.—One of our plants this year pro- duced good fruit. At the Convict Depdt a nice crop was harvested which has heen reported as of excellent quality by the London brokers, a report being obtained through the favor of the Director Royal Gardens, Kew (see Kew Bulletin for March 1894). This culture is reported on fully in our Garden Bulletin, No. 21, and Kew Bulletin for February 1894. UncariA Gampir.—Plants which we reported last year as doing very poorly have taken a turn for the petter, and one plant especially is growing freely and hopes are entertained that it may now be acclimatized. VANILLA.—Our cultivation of the species mentioned last year has been continued with a view to testing which is most suitable for extended cultivation in Trinidad. Elsewhere we give the part referring to cacao. We notice that the average rainfall fir 32 years is 67-5 inches; but 1892 end 1893 had given over 92 inches. The temperature in 1893 ranged from 65° to about 90°, i CACAO IN TRINIDAD. The system of drying C.cao artificially by hot water, which was introduced at the local Exhibition of 189) by a model made at our Gardens, has gained mich approval during the threa years which have since elapsed, and two or three large sets of appa- ra'us are at work and others are now being put up | on several of our largest estates. We have made attempts during the year to find out whether any of the trees of the original type of Cacao, which is recorded as being formally cultivated were still in existence in Trinidad (i.c.) that type grown beforethe introduction of the Forastero varie- ties. The evidence from Nicaragua and Ceylon tended to show thet this type of Caeso poasessed n scod with uacoloured embryo and cotyledons. Nearly all the Caczo on the estates of to-day, proves to be of that kind which produces a bean coloured in the interior ; which appears to be a characteristic of the Forastero type. Towardsthe end ofthe year a pod was kindly sent tothe gardens, gathered from tho high woods in the interior, which produe2d the un- colour. d bean, and was of the form which common coneent eccords to ‘Crio!lo” Cacao, and there ap- pears thusto be little doubt that we have still the original variety with us. Whether it would pay to give more attention to its cultivation on account of ita quality, ig a matterto be proved by the planter, but it i: fairly evident that if grown there would be no trouble in producing a fae simile of Ceylon Cacao in Trinidad, as if appeara to be clear that the colour is not due to the influenca of climate or cultivation, but to a difference in the variety of plant cultivated.— Trinidad Botanic Gardens Report. ——--_- >__—__————_ Tra Prantina 1x Assam,—In spite of low prices and keen competition in other parts of Asia, tea cultivation in Assam continues to expand at the rate of from six to ten thousand acres per annum. About & year ago, the total acreage approached a quarter of a million, and if the average rate of increase has siuce been maintained the tea area probably exceeds that amount at the present time. In Bengal, official figures show considerable fluctuations in the acreage unter fea. In 1890-91 the total was about 81,000, a year later 115,000, and in 1892-93 about 89,000,— Indian Engineer, 102 BRITISH CENTRAL MSH -OENTRAL. AFRICA, 4)... NEWS OF OLD FRIENDS, Our file of the British Central Africa Gazette, ex- tends up to 30th April and contains a great deal of interestog information. Before leaving tor Burope, Mr. Johnston o.B., the Commiesioner war, oa the 4th April, entertained at Innehcon by the Shire High- Jand recidents, at the Court House, Blantyre. At the meeting held afterwards, the following subjects (inter alia) were discugsed : :-The fulure prospects of the country ; Regulations dealing wiih native jabourers; the protection of Garavang on roads ; the route to be taken by the proposed railway, Import duties; measures to prevent the intro- duction of coffee leaf diseass into this couniry, etc. The meeting was & satisfactory one, and has been of much astistence to H, M. Commissioner in enabling him to ascertain on the eve of his departure for England, the views of the European residents on various questions.—Mr, Vice-Consul Sharpo who acts for Mr. H. H. Johnston, H M. QGommigsioner and Consul-General, during hig absence, returned in the middle of ‘March from a journey round Lake Nyasa.—As evidence of how the people seek British protection we learn, that the native population clustered round Fort Maguire now numbers over twelve hundred. We read that April was to witness a considcrable exodus of Adminietration offi- cials gciog home on leave of absence. Mr. Alexander Whyte ¥2z.S., relurne to England after three years’ bard work in Britigh Oeniral Africa. During his abrence his place will be taken at Zomba by Mr. McOlounie who will be glad to receive and acknow- ledge Natural History Specimens. Messrs. King, millier, Whicker, Bell, and Hoare are all leaying during April for a visit to England. Vice-Consul King will be replaced during bis sbsence from Tshiude by Vice-Oonsul Belche who has arrived there from Delagoa Bay. Another Oeylon man’s work is referred to :— Mr. T. H. Lloyd is surveying the Central Shire Oataract region) a part of the river which has been left untouched by the map maker since Livingstcne’s first rough survey. Mr. Vice-Cousul Sharpe has fixed by latitude and longitude tho positions of all im- pertant places from T'shikwawa on the Lower Shro to the stores of Lake Mweru aid to Fort Rosebery the north end of the Johnstone Falls on the river Lunapula. The Commissioner has made surveys of the Shire from Tshiromo to Tshikwawa and from Matope to Lake Nyasa and has besides laid down on the maps» good deal of the country round Zomba, Mianje, ‘shiromo, and Blanty:e, Tho late Mr. Peile surveyed the whole of the Lower Shire Pro- vince, Cap'ain Sclater R. FE. mapped out the Mwanza basin, Mianje, and other Shire districts. Other work has been cone by Mr, Crawshay on the North Weet of Lake Nyasa end is being dona by Captain Edwards on the South Hast and South West of the same Lake. In addition Oommander Carr R.N. has surveyed the Lower Shire frem Tshiromo to Pinda. All this wo k is being forwar ed to the Royal Geo- graphical Society andjit is hoped that in’ time a really accurate map of the Hastern part of British Central Africa may be produced. NOVELTIES FOR ENGLAND: MR, WHYTE’S COLLECTION. Amongst the 4 Natural History collections recently sent to Mngland there were many novelties in beasts, birds, reptiles, fish, molluscs and iusccts. It is a very rare thing n w a days to discover new mammals: nevertheless in the last consign- ment of specimens despatched by the Commissioner there were a new antelope from Lake Mweru and a new species of Cercopithecus Monkey from Mt. Mlanje. Lhe Antelope—a handsome water buck— was discovered by Mz. Crawshayi and has been named after him~-Colbus Crawshayt Mr. Whyte’s jouruey home will be no sinecure. He has in charge an extensive managerie of unruly beasts and querulous hirds which he hopes to deposit ' THE TROPICAL Minette Sip iia [Auc. 1, 1894. safely, living or dead, in the Zoological gardens. Among them is a larce Wart Hog, orginally from Lake Mwern- By a facon de parler this aan) | is described as“ tame”; that is to say he will not run away from his native attendants who however not infrequently have to yield place to his impetuous charges. The lower incisors and cannes of this wart hog can be used on timber with the effect of a sharp chisel: it is therefore merely a matter of mathematical calculation to those that know him how long he will take toeat his way through the planks and beams of his travelling cage. A native carpenter travels in attendance to build up and repair as the pig destroys. In this way it is hoped that he may reach the dock of the ocean steamer still in his cage. Mr. Whyte conveys to England at least a dozen creatures which have neyer been exhibited before in tke Zoological Gardens. We therefore wish him good luck and warm weather between Madeira and London. The English Channel is a sore trial to tropical animals. We must warn our readers against the riek of confurion between this division and that of Britieh Eastern Africa or ‘‘Ibea’’ as it used to be called— between Nyassaland or Blantyre, for instance, and Uganda. About the latter Lord Stanmore has been holding forth in the House of Lorde, and it is quite evident that attractive as the country is from Kinkiyu to Uganda—and we have more to say about it—some time must elapse before it is ready for planters. At. Blantyre, on the other hand, great progress bas been made in settlement and planting, and the London correspondent of an evening contemporary —who, however, seems rather mixed over Central and East Africa—shows that Mesers. John Gordon & Co., formerly of Kendy, and still of London, have been forwarding pulpers to Blantyre. This firm could not give the correspondent the infor- mation which has repeatedly sppeared in our columns from Blantyre correepondente—ex-Ceylon residente—as to coffee fields and crop; the yield of young ccfies being 5 cwt. per sere. The pioneer planter is Mr. John Buchanan, c..1.c., (no connection of any gentleman of the name in Ceylon or Assam,) who went out asa lay Mission Agent and began planting coffee 10 or 12 years ago. The area now planted altogether, we should sey, must cover a few hundred acres, and the cost of labour is very fayourable, while land is got on very easy terms and good sport must be readily available. We are thus answering our correspondent “ £5,000” offhand; but in a few days we shall be able to give him more definite information, on most of the points raised by him, Meantime to resume our notice of the latest African Gazette, an interesiing aceount is given of Tete, a townin Portuguese Hast Africa :— Lientevant Commander Carr, R. N. has recently paid a visit to Zomba to see the Commissioner, He left Tete after the middle of March having landed most of the Tele:raph gear safely. Captain Oarr enjoyed his visit to Tete and msde some very interesting jour- neys about the Central Zambezi. penetrating as far inland asthe Jesuit Mission in Buroma (beyend the Juebrabaco Fatis), This was the first time British Gunboa's has ever visited Tete, but it evidently will not be the last judging from the ease with which ihey got there (never touching bottom) and the pleasan'ness cf their stay. Captain Carr speaks warmly of the kindness an4 hospitality received at the bands of the European Portuguese, prominent among whom is the widely-known Serher None, the friend and guide of Living-tone. [Senhor Nunes is the brotker of thelate ex-British Vice-Conenl Nures at Qrelimans]. Captain Oarr pooh pooh’d the idea of a quarrel te'wern the English aid Portuguese at Tete in the maticr of the Telegraph and poinied out thata great dis‘tine- tion should be drawn between the Portuguese of Eu- ropean birth and the half Oastes and Goanese. ; Auc, 1, 1894.] European Portuguese like Senhor Nunes who plant all imaginable trees, sbrubs, and vegetables, who make bricks, tiles, and cement, construct water whecls, turning lathes, and sugar mills, who feed cattle and dress hides ere ideal colonists for Central Africa and areas welcome onBritish Territory as on Portuguese. Fruit is available at Tete in abundance. Mangoes, which are famous everywhere for flavour, guavas, pite- apples, custard apples, oranges, and lemons, etc, ete. The mangoes were planted by the Jesuits, who appear to have done more for thecoun'ry than anyone else and whose reward for their work was expulsion. No native of the Zambezi can be persuaded to plant a mangoe seed as they have a superstition that tho3e who plant aseed of the mangoe inevitably die; but for this stupid idea the who!e country would have been covered with these trees by this time. Wheat grows well in the Zambezi valley and bread is mede at Tete bv Senhor Teixeira’s people, pombe making the yeast. The flour is ofa good white quality and makes as good bread asthe English variety- Coconut planting has begun to attract attention in good earnest in Fast and Central Africa and a great deal of information from recent articles of ours in the Observer and Tropical Agriculturist is given, but by a curious perversity is credited to the Madras Mail (which had also copied from our publications). We quote as follows to show the great scope there is for palm oultivation in Central Africa :— COCONUT PLANTING. Perhaps it is not known to allovr readers how suc- cessfully the coconut palm has been introduced on the west coast of Lake Nyasa by Jumbe, the Arab Sultan of Mariamba. Jumbo furnished the Administration 8 year ago with some young planta which are now thriv- ing at Fort Johnston. Makwira, ao Makololo chief, haa coconuts growing and yiciding fruit on the Lower Shire just above Elephant Marsh. There is no reason why millions of coconut trees should not grow here and there along the shore of Lake Nyasa and on the banks of the River Shire. The writer of these lines has seen coconut palms growing luxuriantly on the banks of the River Kwanza inSouth West Africa, two hundred miles from the ses, and it isa mistake to suppose that thecoconut requires seanir for its well being. It evidently prospers better for the presence of certain salts in the soil, but these are abundantly found on the low lying shores of the Lake and onthe banks of the Shire. A very suitable district for coconut plan- tations would be the neighbourhcod of the salt Lake Tshilwa. In Zanzibar the yield is excellent, the aver- age being from 100 to 200 nuts per tree- A description is given of Mlauje district, of British Central Africa :— The total area is about 1,250 square miles, a large proportion of which is occupied by the Mlanje range of mountains, their area perhaps being about 300 square miles. It is the most easterly collectorate division of the British Central Africa Protectorate and adjoins the Zomba, Blantyre and Ruo distric's. It has three Administration stations, namely Fort Anderson, Pan- gomani and Fort Lister. Forest and Fruit Trees.——The invaluable cypress forests on the plateau rank first both in appearance avd utilily, the only drawback at present being the difficulty of access. These tracts of forest are all on Crown land and every effort is made to pre erve them from damage by fire and other means of destraction Quantitics of this useful timber have been used for building purpores at Blantyre and Zomba wth most gratifying results, Mr. Whyte, in whose honour the tree is name! (Widdringtonia Whytei) bas collected Jarge quantities of seed and is endeavour ng to intro- duce the tree {to other districts, On Mlunje, it is seldom ceen below 3,500 feet elevation. The Mananja name is “‘m'nguni’’, The most useful forest trees are Mula” or ‘‘mpemba” (Parinarium mobala) a prettily grained wood. ‘* Mpindimbi”’ ( Jitex umbrosa) “Mialala” very tough and olten used for bows, * Meuku ” (Wapaca Kirkii) a dark red wood and very common, * Nsops” close grained, and ‘ Mbawa”’ THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 103 (Khaya senegalensis) and “ nkunguza” both a species of mahogeny, ard making most beantiful furniture. Bamboos are to te seen at all altitndes, those on the higher slones cf the mountain being very small. Varieties of Euphorbia rrow on the Tshilwa plain. Indiarubber is not tanped to any extent by the natives although the vine (Landolphia) is quite common. Several orange trees are prowing in the southern division, thoseat Tshipok+’a vielding fruit of a superior guality. Lemons and refreshing limes are also plen- tiful the latter however coming chiefly from around Monnt Olarendon. Fish.—Are fonnd in neprly all the streamsand the people make weirs and set nets and fish traps at every suitrble locality. ; Of ead news we have the following :— It is with mneh regret that we announce the death at Rhodesia, Mweru, of Mr. F. G. Bainbridge, the Collector for the Luapula District of British Central Africa. Mr. Brinbridge originally came to this Coun- {ry in the employ of the African Lakes Company, and was for some time engaged in carrying on their trans- port service between Lakes Nyasa and Tanganyika. He entered the service of the British Oentral Africa Administration 16th May 1893, and proceeded with the late Mr. John Kydd to form the new station of Rhodecia, on the Kalungwizi River (Lake Mwern). Upon the death of Mr. Kydd at Rhodesia Septem- ber 24tb, 1893, Mr. Bainbridge took charge of the station, pending the arrival there of Dr. Watson. At the date of bis death, Dr. Watson had reached Mkola, onlv a few daya diatant from Rhodesia. His death was due to bcematuric fever, this being the second death from tbat cause in the Mweru District. Of progress again :— Two iron boats for the British Oentral Africa Administration are now on their way north, one for Tanganyika, the other for Mweru. They will greatly facilitate and shorten the journey to the countries sonth (or west) of Lake Mweru. The stretch between Abercorn and Sumbo, which takes, by land, five daye, esn be done by boat in one to two days. From Mputa (N.E. corner of Mweru) to Katanga (Mshidi’s) takes by land three weeks, whereas with the help of a boat on Mweru it can be done in eight days. Moreover, from Mputa to the new s‘ation, Fort Rore- bery, on the Luapola, oan be done by boat in eight days, whererss the same journey bv land with a caravan could not be accomplished in less than fifteen days’ actual travelling. Captain Jacques paid a short visit to Zomba and Blantyre on his way fron Tanganyika to the coast. He hag, as most peop'e interested in Africa are sware, held, with much gallantry, for some time past the Oongo Free State station ‘Albertville’ on the west side of Lake Tanganyika. His journev from Tan- ganyika to Tshinde bas been accomplished in five weeks. Previons to Captain Jacques’ departure from Albertville, Captain Descamps, who passed through Blantyre on his way north some few montha sgo, had arrived there. Captain Jacques expressrii his astonish- ment at the substantial progress made in the Shire Highlands. he INDIAN TEA DISTRICTS ASSOCIATION: The following is from the fourteenth annual re- port:—The committee of the Indian Tea Districts Association have the plensure tosubmit to the mem- bers the fo'lowing statement on the conclusion of the fourteenth vear of i's operations :— Shortly after this Association was formed in May, 1879, efforts were mado to ectablish branches both in Calcutta and the various tea distric!s in India. Two years later, viz., in May, 1881, the Indian Tea Asso- ciation was formed in Calcutts, It has from the first heen the erdeavour of your committee to bring about as closa a union as possible hetween the two Aaso- ciations, which have but one end in view, the promotion of measures tending to the advantage of the tes industry. With this special object communioa- {ions have been made to Oalcatta during the last two or three years, and the following resojntions 104 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Auc. 1, 1894, were unanimously paesed here at 4 meeting of members held onMay 29th :— 1. “That in order to ensure unity of purpose and combination of strength, it is advisible,in the opinion of this meeting, that the Tea Agsociations of Calcutta and London be formed into one Association, to be entitled ‘The Indian Tea Asssociation’ having its branches in Calcutta and London,” 2 ‘That the London branch shali deal with questiors arising in England, having especially under its control measures fer promoting the interests of Indian tea in the public press, and in Parliament end with tha Home Authorities, and for pushing aud increasing sales in the Continental and American markete.’’ 3. “That the Calcutta branoh of the Association shall deal with questions arising in India, and shall have under its control matters which bave heretofore been conducted by the Indian Tea Association of Oalcutta.” 4, ‘* That eyen in matters within ite special pro- vince each branch shall work in close association with the other branch.” f 5. “ That a sufficient annual rate per acre of oulti- vation shall, after consultation between the two branches, be fixed to cover the cost of the operations of both branches of the Association, and that the rate so collected shall ba received and dealt with as may be settled between the branches.” 6. “That until further arrangemen's, the Office expenses in London shall be met as at present.” It is hoped that all members will signify to their representatives in India their desire and intention that full effect should be given to these resolutions. The Calcutta Association has already been asked to give due effect to them, InDIAN TEA IN AMERICA. Asstated in the last annual report, Mr. R. Blechyn- den, the delegate of the Calcutta Association after visit- ing London and discuesing arrangements and plans with the special committee returned to Chicago to snperin—- tend the erection of the Indian Pavilion in which the exbibit ofthe Indian Tea Association was to be placed. The necessary stores for effectively bringing the teas to the notice of visitors—both dry samples and tea for drinking purposes—wee subsequently despatched to Chicago by your Committee. They also arranged for the constant supply of suitable teas through a ficm ofbrokers. The following is ® memo. of the tea sent to Chicago:—l5l packages from Oalcutte, weighing 6,2881b. ; 300 packages from London, weighing 25,251 !b; total, 451 packages, 31,539ib. Of this quantity, 2.986lb: were used by Mr. Blechynden in copnection with his work at the pavilion, and 25,6991b. have beea disposed of by Mess:s. Reid, Murdoch & Co., the agents in Obicago appointed by Mr. Blechynden, stan average net price of thirteen pence farthing a pound, leaving 2,854lb. in their haude. Messrs. Reid, Murdoch & Oo. have remitted altogether the sum of £1,431 9s 1d in payment for the tea they have sold. Small shipments of tea of the special brands infroduced at the Indian Pavilion are etill being made to Messrs, Reid, Murdoch & Co. On the return of Mr. Blech- ynden from Chicigo, in February last, the Special Oommittee issued a circular to the memters, in which they stated that in their opinion steps sbould be takin to ke p Indian tea before the American public for another year or two, 8 otherwise the expenditure already incurred (£7,000) will be toa great extent wasted, The Oalcutta Association re- solved tc reappoint Mr. Blechycden, and have sent him to the United States and Canada with a staff of native cervants to promote the sale and consump- tionof Indian tea, and to follow up the work done at the Chicago Exhibition, asking your Committee to super- vive and centro! his work in America, The fellowing reeolution on this subject was passed at the meeting held on the 29th May :—“Tbat this meeting approves of the appointment of Mr. Blechynden to America, andappoints the following five members as a special committee to be called the American Tes Commuiige to control bis work—viz,, Messrs. A, Bryans, R. Lyell, A. G. Stanton, W. H. Verner, and C. W. Wallsce.’’ Mr, Blechynden is now on bis way t) America with his vative staff. Ocean FRreiGHTs. Arrangements have been made for running a special lice of steamers srom Calcutta to London, on @ gusrantee of e sufficient amount of support to mainiain a strong and permanent competition with the combined lines of ocean ctcamers which have hitherto practically possisied a monopoly. It is hoped that, in their own iaterests, planters will support the new line, a8@mceazure of protection against the exaction of arbitrary rates. f sea freight on their produce—profitiog, in fact, by the lessous of the past. BMALL BREAKS, With a view to enable the sales of In lian tea to be completed within a reasonabletime without sacrificing the intereste of growers, andalso to eucouraye grater competition for smali breaks, your committee re- solved, on the recommendition ot the Brokers’ Asso- ciation, that the limit of emal! breaks should be reised toany number under 20 chests, 30 half chests, and 50 boxes, such rule to take effect on and after July 1, 1894, INDIAN TEA IN WHRANCE. It is matter of regret that farther funds for carry - ing to an issue the operations of the“ Palais Indian Tea Houses, Limited,” were not forthcoming, aud, in consequence, it was found necessary to close up the business with a loss to the partics inter:sted of the money which kad been enbsoribed. It my besatis- factory, however, to those concerned to know that the money spent has rot been thrown away. The effect of the competition on the retail tea trade throughout Peris by the company’s efforts bas un- douktedly been to bring tea at a mederate cost within the reack of the Parisian population, while the «x- ample set by the attractive salon in the Rue Auber has given a stimulus to and increases, it is believed, the fashion of afternoon tes drinking ie the French capital. INDIAN TBA IN RUSSIA. No organised effort appears yet to have been made by the Indian planters to capture this practically uvlimited market for their teas on the lines which have been co well initiated by our Ceylon rivals through their representative Mr. Regivue. Various suggeetions have been made fcr effecting this cbject, end the matter is still engaging the atteation of your committee. INDIAN TEA IN BELGIUM. Arrangements have been made for the exclusive supp'y of Indian tea, both infused aud in pack t-, at the British Section of the Antwerp Ixhibition. Protograpts illustrative of the gardens and of tea manufacture are also being exhibite¢d.—H., and C, Mail. er PLANTING INDUSTRIES. (From Administration Report for Province of WUva. Corrgu.—The returns supplied to me by the Plan- ters’ Association indicate a tlight inerease in the acreage under coffee, but asa matter of fact fhe srea under cultivation is diminishing, and may now be computed at 18,000 acres, which is slightly below the estimate for 1892. There was no serious manifesta- tion of disease during the yesr, and both plantation and native coffce have been bearing well and giving large profits. Liberian coffee is attracting more attention, and its cultivation is being extended inthe Monaragala Dis- trict and in other directions. it can be grown at lower elevatiors than theordinary \ariety, anda great deal of the csuntry atthe bie of the Monaragals rangeand along the banks ot the Kumbrkan-oya is believed to be suitable to its growth, andis uow hing surveyed for eale. Tga.—The erea under tea has incressed enormously and 1s now estimated it to be 82,444 acres, with a yield approximately of 10,000,000 lb. of manufactured leaf. When the rem ining available land has been planted AuG, I, 1894.) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 105 up the extent ultimately under cultivation will pro- bably not fall short of fifty thousand acres, with a yield of close upon 20,000,000 1b. leaf, This develop- ment will, however, ba the work of some years. Cacao is doing remarkably weil in the Badulla Dic- trict at an elevation of 2,590 ft., and there is little doubt that it can be exteusively grown both in the hill districts and in the low-country, now that con- ditions under which it should be cultivated are tetter undersscod. Tt is well established in the Monaragala Distriot, 1nd a small p! ntation hes been started in Bintenna. The prices ra’ zed for this product have been somewhat disappointing, but a large margin of profit is s il left even though the market value has depreiated. The total acre-ge under cultivation is 1,702, but only a small porton is yet in full bearing. CincHona is rapidly going out of cultivation, and in a few years thr re will be scarcely any left. Fur. TreEs—I have not been able to secure reliable statistics in respect to the acreage planted with fuel trees, but the estates generally are now independent of the Government reserves, and the question of fuel, which at the outset of tea enter’- prise gave rise to much discussion, no longer causes any anxiety. eee ARABIAN AND LIBERIAN COFFEE, PEPPER, TAPIOCA &c. IN 'THE STRAITS, The Selangor Resident has been on tour and from tho interesting Notes of his journey we quote as follows from the Selangor Government Gazette of June 22 :— A considerable amount of Liberian coffee has been planted on the small holdings in this part (Klang) of the district, but, with the exception of the plots held by Chinese, the appearance presented by the trees is much less satisfactory than that of those growing along the Telok Menaghan Koad. The planters are chiefly Javanese settlers, holding their land under customary tenure and who insist upon taking the utmost out of the soil by planting amongst the coffee such products as Indian corn, kladi, klidi, sweet potatoes, padi, plantain and tapioca. A feature of the country round about the town of Klang is the extensive cultivation of kladi and klidi by Chinese, These crops mature, the former in eight months, the latter in four months, so that two crops a year at least are obtained from the latter, An acre yields about 14 and 20 pikuls, respec- tively, and the price obtained varies, according to the kind planted, from 85 cents to $1:50 a pikul. The principal market for this produce is Kuala Lumpur. Mr. Hiittenbach has neirly completed his coffee works, his intention being to buy up native coffee and prepare it for the market. his should prove a boon to the rapidly growing number of native coffee’ producers and be a factor in the progress of the dist. ict. On the morning of the 18th the Resident was driven by Mr. Hemmy, Surveyor, along the Telok Menaghan road (3 miles), followed by the Acting District Officer, the District Engineer, and Peng- hulu Mohit. It was along this road that H. EH. the Governor droye on his visit to Klang on the 2lst Ajril, when he was so favourably impressed by the flourishing appearance of the native coffee gardens along each side ofthe road. About 500 acres of land are under coffee in this part of the district and 200 acres are being opened by natives and Chinese, 50 or more acres by Mr. T. H. Hill and 40 acres by Mr. Forsyth, under the direction of Mr. P. Stephenson. Several applications for coffee land, by Europeans, have recentiy been sanctioned. The history of the coffee industry in the dis- trict may brifly be given as follows :—In 1887 Haji Mahomed ‘lahir, a Javanese, known in pre- Residential times as the Penghulu Dagang or heai- man of the foreign settlers, obtained an advance of $4,000 from the Government, ho being the owner of 95 acres of land, vow held on customary tenure, and 700 acres under lease or agree- ment, and commenced planting up with arecanut pa'ms, duriens, mangostins and coconuts. The de- mand for, and consequently the price of, sarecanuts has of recent years keen much depressed, and the cultivation is no longer a paying one in Selangor. In several places many acres of fine areca palms have now been cut down to make room for Liberian coffee, but the wey was shewn by Haji Mat Tahir, who with extraordinary energy, for a native, hss drained his land, and pleated up a portion with coffee, which has proved so successful that he bas been able to cut up most of his laud iuto blocks, averaging from three to five acres, which he sub- l‘ts at 60 cents an acre for coffee gardens, to Chinese and foreign Malays. The land is low and wet and for a long time it was considered by Europeans that so soon as the roots of the coffee reached water the trees would die out. This theory has been disposed of by the results of the Haji’s enterprise, his oldest trees having been planted for seven years and presenting now the most flourishing appearance. ‘The result has been that applications for coffee land are coming in rapidly from Europeans, Chinese and natives, and the quit- rent for the District has been raised from 25 to 50 cents an acre for coffee estates. The history of the European coffee enterprise in the District remains to be written, it would be premature and perhaps dangerous to forecast it. ‘here are already premonitory symptoms of demands by the European would-be p'anters for roads and drains and “‘ facilities” never put forward by natiye and Chinese planters, and it would be lamentab'e if, in the long ruo, the Huropean planter, who prides himself on hig pluck and sturdy independence, is beaten by the bative and Chinese holders of what may ba termed garden coffee lots. There can, however, be no reason to doubt that the Selangor planters wi!l shew the same pluck and go-aheadedne:s as their coaofreres in India, who contribute toa public cess which is u ilised in tbe construction of accommodation roads, Grains and di- tobes, aud by the planters in Sumatra, who combined to make their own roads for common ure, and gocdenes too Piloted by Mr. Hemmy, tho Residentani his party, after discussing the question of the continuation of the Telok Menaghan Road, walked to the boundary of Mr. Hill’s land, hada look at Mr. Forsyth’s new clearirg ‘and flourishing coffee nuteeries, and then proceeded across country to .Tremelbyr Coffee and Pepper Estate, the property of Oaptain Trewceke and Mr. Melbye. This estete comprises 515 acres, of which 35 acres have been planted with pepper, some of which is reven years old, and 7d ecres with Liberian coffee, ranging from four years aud a half to one year in age. White pepper only is exported, and is prepared from the ordinary pepper by soaking it for about a fortnight in water, with the object of remov- ing the outer skin, In the case of black pepper the berry is plunged into hot watsr and then dried and smoked the outside skin being retained. With b'ack pepper at $9 a viku), white pepper would fetch abont $15. Pepper isa pretty cultivation, but it has been passing through hard times of late, owing to over production and the consequent fali iu price. There are not, however, wanting signs thot stocks are decreasing and production falling off, and that those who have ‘‘held on” may yet reap the reward of pertivacity. Great care has to be exercised in the culture of the vine and in the operations of “turning down” and tying up to the posts, and it bas been said that 25 acres of pepper r.quire as much supervision and labour as 100 acres of coffee. A well-looked-after vine, in favourable conditions, is said to bear for 20 years. ‘The vines are not al- lowed to bear until they bave fully covered the posts and are of a uniform diameter from top to bottom. The selection cf the posts on which the vine is borne requires considerable care. In the Klang, District there is a wood known as brumlong whioh,; while useless for other purposes, is apparently unattected by either bux’al in the soil or exposure to weather and itis consequently admirably adapted for pepper Eee 106 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Auc. 1, 1894. posts. It appeara to be known in Proviuce Welles- ley end Per ang uncer the nme of sarong katula. Much of Tremelbyr Estate was in Jalang when first acquired by its present owners, and the con- sequence, as regards some of the coffee, is not entirely satisfactory. The land is hilly and includes some Jarge and beautiful forest trees. It is hoped that the proprietors will be public spirited enough to preserve some of their fine timber on the ridges and along the Kuala Langat Road. After partaking of the kind hospitality of Mr. Nisson, the Manager, the Resident walked and drove along the Kuala Langat Road to the point where it crosses the Sungei Aub, a tributary of the Klang and one of the chief drainers of the Klang Mukim. The road from this point, right on for seyen miles, passes through very low-lying country, with the rich black soil which is proving to be so well suited for Liberian cofiee. Iostructivns were given for the deepening of tLe dreins on each side of this portion of the roid and for clearing the Aub acd Sie Jingkong Riy:rs. he Kua'a Langat Road is a section of the ‘‘Const Road,” to which reference has been made in previous ** Notes.” Tt forms one of the boundaries of a large freehold property comprising 3,000 acres, belonging to Lim Swee Keng & Oo., and acquired by them from Gov- ernment at auction for 5,810, formerly the property of the Sago Company, Limited, who faie) to pay their premiam and so the land was sold. Recently 600 acres of this holding have been scld to Mr. W. Bailey, of Jobor, at $6 an acre, and 500 acres are now being sold to Mr. Tambusami Pillay, of Kuala Lumpur. Both are opening in coffee. Of the rest of the property, scme 30 acres are under £ago, 1CO acres are let out to Ohinere ond Malays in small lots, plant:d up wilh kladi, klidi, ccffee, and fruit-trees, and the remaineder is uncultivated. On the way, on the left-hand side of the road, some 60 heal:hy-looking nutmeg-trees, in bear- ing, were passed, the property of a Malay. . After breakfast the Resident and Mr, Robson took their horses across the Klang River, by the Government ferry, and rode cut two and a talf miles on the Knpar Road, another eec ion of the ‘Coast Road.” The natives are planting coffea on their roadside holdings, but in a somewhat desultory mauner calling for the ‘advice ” of the Dictrict Officer. Thesoil though cufficiently go-d, is not equal to that ofths Klang Mukim. - Later op, accompanied by Raja Hassan, the District Officer and Mr, P. Stephenson, the Resident walked for about a mile and*a half along thé remains of the old Klang-Batu Tiga Road, on the right bank of the Klang Kiver, which, before the railway, was construc ed, wes used as the rcute to Kuala Lumpur, joining the Domaneara Rvad at Bato Tige. On this road H H, Tunku Dia Udin., the former vice-Sulia , holds 2,000 acres of ieaselhold land, which has hitherto remained uncultivated. The Tunku is now clearing some 150 acres, aud has entered into arrangements with Javanese for opening in coffee. Retracing their steps, the party visited Mr. Stepher- son’s pepper estate known as Beverlace, This is one of the oldest estates in the conntry, haying been opened in 1882. It contains 250 acres, of which 28 acres axe planted with pepper, in bearing. The land is held under lease subject to quit-rent at the rate of 10 cents an acre, and is specially exempted from payiog an expvrt duty on the pepper produced. The estate was opened with assistance from the Govire- meut. Black pepper only is prepared. The owners are now Plantiug up with Liberian coffee. The labour employcd for the pepper is Chinese, on daily wages at the rate of $1U a mon'h, the headman rectiving $18 monthly. “askwork is not adopted. Not far from hers Messrs, Hill and Rathborne some seven years azo, establiched a steam sawmill, which has had a somewhat melancholly history, After pessiog through several hands, it has recently, been acquired by Towkay Lok Yew and removed to Kuaia Lumpur. ; ; Rajah Hossam told o dismal tale of the destruction of hia flourishing coconut plantation by the ravages of the beetles bred in the refuse stuff at the sawmill. He received no compensation for his heavy loss. The experience of many sawmills in the East inaugurated with estimates conclusively ehewing an assured margin of clear profit, has provided that the Evropean mechipery cenuot compete withthe patient Jabour of the (Chinese siwyer, who, in piace of mseking the log to be op rated upon come to him, at great cost, himself goes to the Jog, end camping alongside, in a modest hat erected at the cost of # few dol'ars, works away dog- gedly, spends little on food, luxuries, and amuse- ments, abd in due time receives the recompense of his labour. An unlovyely life, but it pays. Oa Sunday, the 20ih, the Resident, Mr. Robson aud Mr. Stephenson left by the 9 a.m. train for Batu Tiga, pine miles, where they were met by Mr. Harth, the Manager of the Enterprise and Gienmarie Estates. The Resident and Mr. Robson drove slong the old Damansara Road to the Jeavg Heng Hin Tapioca Estate, about two miles, The road is only upkept for ooe mile from Batu Tigaon this side. The tapioca e:tate comprises 2,998 acres and stands in the names of Neo Swee Gam and Neo Sun Long. It is held under lease with ao quit-rent of 20 cents an acre, and with no conditions as to the mode in which the cultivation of the {apiocs is to be carried out or the number of crops to te taken off the Jand. About half of the ares has been used up by this destructive crop and the remainder will probably be exhausted in avother six or seven years, when there will remain a plentiful crop of lelung, which will sup- ply seed to the neighbeuring estates. In return- ing, a visit was paid to Mr. Stephenson’s pepper estate, Ebor, consisting of 100 acres, of which 25 are under peper in full bearing. Near this land, Mr. Stephenson owns 850 acres, not yet opened, which it is proposed to plant up with Liberian coffee. After inspecting Ebor and breakfasting with Mr. Stephenson, the party drove to the Glenmarie estate, two miles. This estate of 563 acres, of which 35 acres sre planted with pepper, has recently been ac- quired by the Messrs. Hiittenbacb, who are also the proprietors of the adjoining enterprise es'ate, on easy terms. The estate seems to have suffered seriously from bad management ia the past. It is now pro- posed to plant up gradually with Liberian coffee, Statute immigrants are employed by the proprietors, and the estate appeais to be free from serious sick- ness and the coolies to be contented. An estate hospital is to be sapplied. The Enterprise estate of 123 acres, of which 40 acres are in pepper and 25 in coffee, presents 8 mo:e flourishing appearance. These two estates lie on either side of the old Daman. sara Road, which was fomerly the only route from Klang toKuala Lumpur. Before the completion of the railway visitors to the State took lunch at Klang and ascended the river as far as Damansara, whence to Kuala Lumpur, by a road which ayoided no hills, the distance was 15 miles. The road is now only upkept for two miles from Batu Tiga, where thereis a Police Station. After enjoying the hearty hospitality of Mr. and Mrs. Hurth, the Resident left bythe 2°55 p.m, train for Kuala Lumpur. There is or was & notion that Klang is moribund, but such is far from being the case, As the chief port of the State—the most commodious port on the west coast of the Peninsula—and posses- sing the best coffee land in Selangor, with several estates opened and more in prospect, and with 4 con- siderable native agricultural population, this District has a very favourable outlook. Houses are scarce and in demand in the town, and it is strange that more buildings are not erected. Theextension of the railwsy to Kuala K!ang—five miles—will do no harm to the town, but the contrary. Port Dickson has not taken the place of Seremban, nor Port Weld of Taiping. ee Ivcny TrapE In Cutna.—The Belgian Oonsul- General at Shanghai has recently forwarded to the Bru-:sels commercial museums a sample of Siamese ivory, such ss is used in manufactaring Chinese articles de luxe, The ivory used by the ivory workers of Shanghai costs them on an ayerage about 43 6d per lb., but the price varies according to the gize of the tusks.—Board of Trade Journal, AuG. I, 1894. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 107 PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF BRITISH-GROWN TEAS, Mesars. Gow, Wilson & Stanton’s Diagram- QGircular arrives at a most opportune moment, when the whole community ig being ap- pealed to in the interests of a Campaign to win a new market for Ceylon teas on the North American Continent, For, in this docu- ment we have put together the very information requisite to convince the most scsptical of the serious position of the industry unless a further adyance is made in ousting China and Japan ieas, At the very outset we may notice the encourage- ment offered to such a campaign in the figures which are found at the very end of the ciroular before us. It is there shown that, in 1892, the total consumption of tea, outside of Asia, amounted to very nearly 443 million 1b, and of this, only 193 million lb. were British-grown, leaving 250 million of Ohina, Japan and Java kinds as still in use in Europe, America, Australasia and Cape Colony. Now surely, there is encouragement here to fight a campaign on behalf of Indo-Ceylon teas and against the Ohina-Japan article. But as the Rood Lane Firm shows, the closing of the Indian Mint has imposed a differential duty equal to a penny a lb. against British-grown teas, as compared with China and Japan teas, and this telly in attempting to drive the latter out of North America, the Continent of Hurope and Australasia. Never- theless, the clear duty of producers ig to make the attempt and we are told that money would be spent more wisely in this direc- tion than in extending cultivation and go inoreasing produstion. In their Diagram, Messrs, Gow, Wilson & Stanton take Indian and Ceylon teas together and they show how the price has fallen from 1s 6d in 1881 when 48 million of (Indian) tea were con- sumed to 94d in 1893 with a consumption of 172 million 1b. This for the United Kingdom; but in contrasting this with the falling-off in Ohina kinds from 112 to 36 million, the fact is omitted of the necessity for giving greater weight to the figures representing British-grown teas in view of the superior quality and strength of the latter. We are fairly well-pleased with the increase in the total consumption of the world, outside Asia, in the past ten years or from 359% million lb. in 1880-84 to 443 million in 1892. But if only we could get the Anglo-Saxon-Celtic people in North America to drink tea at the rate it is consumed in the United Kingdom, or, still more, by their brethren throughout Australasia, our difficulties would be at an end. The Canadians do fairly well at 41b. a head per annum, against 5'lb. say in Great Britain and less than 14 |b. in the United States ; while the Australians drink at the rate of over 741b,!_ If North America did as well, the whole of the present production of tea would not suffice to cover the demand! But with ‘ perseve- rance, pluck and promptitude,” we do not at all see why the Ceylon planters (fighting shoulder to shoulder with their Indian bretbren) should not cause @ great rise in the total tea consumption of the United States and, still more, a notable supercession of China and Japan kinds, in favour of the purer, superior teas of Oeylon and India. -~ -_——-_p—___-——- INDIAN THA SALES AT CALCUTTA. (From William Moran & Co.’s Market Report,) Cauourra, July 3rd, 1894, TEA.—During the past fortnight 22,500 chests have been sold at the usual Thursday auetions. The chief feature has been the strong demand 14 for the very fine quality teas arrived frem Dar- jeeling, Assam, and the Dooras. Following are given particulars of the highest average obtained, with their equivalents in sterling at current exchange and freight. Several fine invoices from Cachar also met with keen competition and realised very satisfactory prices. There is no doubt that in almost every instance, these high prices have been justified, as the quality has been finer than for several years past. Pkgs. Average s. d. Ting Ling Tea Co., Lid. Darj. 60 R2 4 8 = 2 10} Ghyabaree do do do 55'5;2) 3 O%,, 2 8} Nagri Firm Estate do 53 ,,110 6 ,,2 02 Sam Sing Estate Dooars 145:.,,1 9 8,,2 0 Teesta Valley Tea Co., Ld. Darj;) -984,,°h 9a Un -Wbt Balasun Tea Go.,Lid. do DOR Or eke LT Hattibaree Estate Assam Wy -k 9 O,, 1 11; National Tea Oo., Ld. do LOOs len ool Ole obs Le Singbulli & Murmah Tea Co., Ld, (Sing- bulli) Darj. Ds el oO eal LO: Tumsong Hstate do dts; Leak Ops 19% Gielle Tea Co., Ld. do 63) 55) Ly Gey Or 5 clrOe Ring Tong Tea Oo., Ld. do ifhers hin Onn less Le Tarajullie Estate Assam 105,1 4 5,,1 7 Other teas were firm on the 2ist ultimo, but on the 28th, there was a decided fall, especially on neat leaf pekoes without much liquor audon ordi- nary pekoe souchongs. Judging from musters now arriving, Assam and Darjeeling are still making fine quality but not so excellent as that of invoices arrived. Dooars and Terai samples generally show a marked falling off, and in many instances must be characterised as “ rainy.” On Thursday next about 15,000 chests will be offered, including some fine invoices for which high rates may again be expected. Toran Quantity of TEA PASSED THROUGH CALCUTTA FRoM Ist Aprit To Ist Juty. 1894, 1893: Great Britain AO 10,826,135 9,055,005 Australia and New Zealand 782,107 149,850 America Js 4,625 18,368 Bombay and Persian Gulf 131,956 196,683 Sundry Ports oss 73,020 61,395 11,817,843 9,481,301 ee THE LAGALLA LOWCOUNTRY PRODUCT EXPERIMENT. Mr, Ross-Wright hag taken charge of Pallegama, on the Laggalaside, the property (now of a Company) that Capt. Gordon Reeves obtained from Govern: ment to experiment on, in growing lowcountry products, The soil is very fine, and with a Manager who thoroughly understands Sinhalese labour, we hope soon to hear that this experiment is a great success. woe CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA, Dr. Trimen is good enough to write in answer to our inquiry:—‘‘The best method of orying our wares to catch American buyers is a subject on which [I find it quite impossible to take any in- terest; though no doubt it is very important com- mercially. Something in the way of a gratuitous distribution of samples to the right people is the kind of action that seems to be most dignified and proper. The expenditure on this could be easily reckoned and regulated according to ciroum- stances. Our tea should find its way by its real merits,” a 108 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Auc. 1, 1894. SINGULAR VARIATION OF RAINFALL ON CEYLON ESTATES. A striking instance was shown of the variation of rainfall lately. Two estates in the came district and within a few miles only of each other, measured respectively in June, inches 44:43 and 21:22, there being no apparent reason why one estate should be s0 much wetter than the other.—Cor. [Was there no hill or ridge between the estates? On the Wilson’s Bungalow and Haldummulla roads, the traveller sometimes passes from pouring rain to a dry, dusty roadway within a few yarde during the South-west monsoon; and in Laggala and Hantane we have seen rain falling heavily on one side of a ridge and the sun shining out on the other,.—Ep. 7.A.] ment so far has done nothing to remedy this dis gracefal state of affairs, all attempts to make it fulfil its bargain having been met by shifty end evasive answers which would do credit toa pettifogging at- torney, but which are bighly disoreditable to sny Government. If this is Low the employment of British capital and enterpriee in the direction indi- cated isto be met avd exvcouraged it is small wonder that progress is so slow throughout the Island. Not that the experience is novel. Far from it. It is the same old story which we bave had to repeat when- ever Europeans have attempted to improve the condition cf the native agriculture of the country. Mr. F. Blatherwick had to abandon the sttempt to grow paddy ia the Southern Proviace below Tissa owing to his inability to obtain water from the irrigation work “restored” at great public expense ; and a few years later Mr. Thomas North Christie's experiment beluw the Elabers Channe! met with the same fate. Mr. Pole-Osrew, however, wae bold enough two years ago to disregard these warn- Se COFFEE AND TEA IN UVA. A oorrespondent in Haputale writes ;—Last week I had a ramble down to Badulla, round by Passara, over the hill by Tonacombe down to Demodera and hack by coach to this. The weather was most propitious, and somewhat dry, only a few flying showers having fallen about Pascera, end one heavy shower after my return here. The 8. W., never very severe on this side, has been a failure this year end notwithstanding, tea and coffee bushes were looking in excellent health, especially old King coffee with any amount of crop, from 2 to 5 cwt.an acre, in good heart and very free of leaf-disease or reen bug. Even such coffee as I passed at the ebedde Gap, part of Wewesse estate, allowed to grow at its own sweet will into clusters of suckers and all kinds of gormandizers, the lucky Parsee pro- prictor told me, had given him last year 8 cwts per aore of sound good coffee. This does not look as if the “old King’ was dying or defunct. On East Gourakelle and Namanacully, I saw coffee looking and bearing as good a crop as it ever did in the past—and I speak as you know with some knowledge of coffee, after 38 years’ experience in Uva and never a day out of the Island. Everywhere the rapid strides of progress in tea cultivation strikes one,— new clearings, new roads, new tesa factories, spring- ing up like mushrooms on the hillsides, and what were called by a facetious writeras ‘the bleak and barren patanas of Uva.” Floreat Uva and long live the old King Ooffee and young Prince Tea and Mr, Fisher as Rajah of Uva! ————— i HOW THE CEYLON GOVERNMENT EN- COURAGES PADDY CULTIVATION. It is nowabout two years since our colamns con- tained a notice to the effect that Mr. Pole-Carew, of Hatton, had purchased a large block of land at Hambantota for the purpose of cultivating paddy thereon. The land was about 800acresin extent, and was sold as fit for paddy cultivation and under a new irrigation work. That was, as we have stated, two ears ego. Our readers will perhaps hardly believe it, ut, in spite of prolonged efforts on the part of Mr. Pole-Oarew, and much correspondence between him and Government, not one drop of water has been oarried to those parts of the land referred to as suitable for paddy cultivation. The land in ques- tion is, or, we should rather eay, ought tobe, irrigated from the Welawaya ganga by an anicut and channel; but the latter, it was discovered after the purchase, was not cut as far as the land! Unable to get this work done by the authorities Mr. Pole-Carew asked to be allowed to cut the channel himself, Government paying him for the work, as he thought he could doit for considerably fess than it would coat Government. This was permitted, and he has been paid for the work, but still no water reaches his land, be- cause it is diverted on its journey by claimants fo the land through which it runs! Govern- ings of the Government meets out to Earopeaus who wish to invest British capital in native agriculture ; but he has met with no better success thau they did. —Local ‘' Times.” ee BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA: NYASSALAND. INTERVIEW WITH COMMISSIONER JOHNSTON. ENCOURAGING NEWS FOR INTENDING PLANTERS. In the St. James’s Budget there is @ report of an interview with Mr, Johnston, some farts of which will be of interest to ‘‘£5,000"’ and others of our correspondents. Referring to the recent defeat and final collapse of a Native Obief who, from time to time, gave a good deal of trouble, Mr. Johnston mentioned,— He also cut off the invaluable labour supp'y which comes down preven | from the west coast of the Lake to work in the coffee plantations of the Shiré Highlands. It is true that some of these men could be brought down by steamer; but in tens rather than in hundreds and thousands; and this method of transport is expensive. Makanjira used also to drive away from the south-west of the Lake numbers of labourers who had their homes there, and who, at no cost to the white planter, used totramp to the Shiré settlements and do six months’ work. The customof the Nyassaland natives is to work for six monthsin the coffee planta- tions, return for three months’ rest, and for the other three months cultivate their own crops.” ‘Ts there an abundant labour supply ? ” Ne Yee fat is ee gest beolge in ie future of yassaland—an abundant and willing labour supply.” “ What is their race ? ” od Some of the best of Africans—Zulu hybrids, Angoni. Then as regards Nyassaland, its colonists, coffee, minerals and transport service, we have the follow- ing interesting information :— ‘“Now, Mr. Johnston, what is the practical use of Nyassaland to the British race ?” ‘Inasmuch as the soil seems to be remarkably adapted to the cultivation of coffee, why should not the British grow their own coffee on their own terri- tory, under their own laws, rather tkan get it from Brazil? As regards climate there is not much difference between Nyassaland and Brazil; that is to say, ifa Huropean can support the climate of Brazil he can equally well support the climate of Nyassaland. As Nyassaland becomes opened up it will probably be much healthier than Brazil The only serious disease with which one has to contend is malarial fever. The risk in going to Africa is no more than that of going to tropical South America, to Singapore, or the Malay Archipelago; and there is no yellow fever in Africa as there sometimes isin tropical South America. The presentratio of deaths among Europeans in Central Africa, is 6°5 per cent. AUG. 1, 1894. ] It israther high; but it includes the large ratio of deaths incurred in warfare, in hunting, and the deaths of infants. The actual percentage of deaths during the last three years from malarial fever is per cent.” “How many Huropeans are there in Nyassaland now ?”’ “ At the commencement of '94 there were just 230; recent arrivals have brought this total up to nearly 270. Some of them are Australians, who, instead of going to Paraguay, are desirousof seeing whether they cannot profitably cultivate the kindlier regions of Nayssa.” “What are the chief places of European settle- ment ?” “The Shiré Highlands (No; they are not much healthier)—the little loop of country south of the Lake; the healthy plateaux of the Angoni to the south-west and west of the Lake; the north-west end of the Lake; and the south end of the Lake Tanganyika, which appears to be remarkably healthy for Europeans, considering that it is so near the Equator and not at a very great altitude.” “ Suppose I goto Nyassaland tomorrow, Mr. John- ston, with £250 inmy pocket. Should Ibe able to make money out of theland?” ‘No; unless you had some means of existence there—employment with a planter, say. But if you had £500, and especially if you associated your- self with a planter already there, you could do very well. You should not go with a capital of less than £500.” I should start a Nyssaland edition of the Sz. James’s Budget. Have youa newspaper yet?” ‘“No ; but we have a sheet for official notices and the like, and the mission stations have printing presses.” ‘© Suppose Igo to Nyassaland with a sound constitu- tion, an average head-piece, willing hands, and empty pockets : of what service would the country be to this item of the British race?” “T should be delighted to see you; but you had better stay at home. Emigrants to Nyassaland should havecapital. Ifa man have capital and can give up alcohol, save asavery rare tonic, he ought to live in health and do well in the region.” “What can one get out of the country, Mr. Johnston, besides coffee? Is there mineral wealth ?” * Yes; I have brought home some specimens of Nyassa coal, from the proximity of the Lake, but have not yet had expert opinion upon it. There is gold, too, in therocks, but we have not yet found any alluvial gold. It is anopen question at present whether the gold in the rocks would be worth the cost of working and of transport.” ‘ What are the transport services and charges ?” ‘The transport service as regards steamers on the Lake and rivers is rapidly improving. The freights within the last twelve months have actually fallen 50 per cent. The steamers are owned locally. There are the African Lake Co,, Sharrer’s Zambesi Traffic Co., and the African International Flotilla Co But the list of natural resources is not exhausted. There is everywhere iron of ox- cellent quality, and already being used by us. The ~existence of petroleum is suspected. In the regioa of the Upper Shiré there are quantities of marble bills which furnish excellent lime. There is plenty of good building-stone, which is being used at Zomba; but the majority of the European buildings are of brick, the soil making capital bricks and tiles. Timber is also good and abundant, the cedars particularly furnishing building-timber of the finest description.” * Altogether a fine dominion, evidently, which you have secured for tha Rmpire, Mr. Johnston ; and L hope the Empire means tomake your hands strong enough to keep it and develop it. Recen*!y we m-ntionad for ‘£5,000"’s in- formation that we feared tha voyaga and journey from Caylon to Blantyre would oceuny the better part of three months ? But we ees that Mr. Johnston leaving on 4th April wags in England carly in THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 109N June, if not before May closed. If steamers served conveniently between Colombo, Port Louis, Zanzi- bar and the Shire River, no doubt 8 month might be knocked off our estimate. em ee ee JAVA AND THE DUTCH PRODUCE COMPANIES. The reports of some of the leading Datch trading and financial conceros directly or indirectly interested in Java produce are issued. The Netherlands Trad- ing Company, it is announced, will pay a dividend of 9 per cent for the past year, the extra reserve fund, however, being drawn upon for thia purpose. The Netherlands India Agricultural Company, which is in relation with 26 sugar manufactories, will pay a dividend of 49 per cent, The Amsterdam Credit and Trading Company Bonk will pay 10 per cent, although it is admitted that the sales of produce in Amsterdam were unfavourable last year owing to continually falling; prices. The Java Agricultura] Oompany will pag a dividend of 8:15 per cent.— H, and C, Mail. ee TRAVANCORE PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION NORTHERN (SHENCOTTAH) DISTRICT, Minotes of meeting held at Colatoorpulay; at noon on 16th June, 1894. Present:—Messrs. H. M, Knight (Chairman T.PA.), T. Clarke, J. Stewart, R. T. Miller, R. J. Berry, and A.C. Williams, Mr. Knight haviug been asked to take the chair the following resolutions were passed :— STOPPING CARTS LOADED WITH TEA AT CHOWKEY, Mr. Berry proposed and Mr. Mitier seconded.— A statement of tea exported from Travancore during M. E. 1068, having been called for by the Government and submitted through the T.P.A, this meeting protesta against the action taken by Government, in stopping cirts et Chowkeys’ and calling upon bandymen to unload their freights on the road, wheo particulars of the loads are sent withthe bandymen. BONDED WAREHOUSES FOR TEAIN 8, INDIAN PORTS, The copy of letter from Madras Government haying been read, giving consent to euch a warehouse in asouthern port, Mr. CLarke proposed :—‘ That this meeting records its cordial support to Mr, Knight, and asks him to carry this matter to a successful issuc.” Mr. Berry seconded and it was carried nem. con. AMERICAN MARKETS, After considerable discussion the following was moved from the chair and adopted. This meeting ap- proves of Travancore subscribing on same terms as any other Tea growing District in Northern India, it being clearly understood that Travancore be represented as a District, and not merely as a contributor.— Carried nem. con. KuLTHuRRITIY VALLEY HospitaL.—H. H. Govern- ment having agreed to assist the planting commu- nity by giving them an anual contribution, equi- val'nt to a sum which could be raised by the Planters themselver, up toa maximum of R1,000, Mr. Berry proposed that, the Hospital be at once started, the Venture Bungalow and kitchen to be acquired for the purpose, and that Mr. Knight to ask the Government to grant the siteon which the bungalow and out- buildings now occupy, and give another site for Medioal Officers’ residence—and that Messrs. Wi'liams, Berry, and Knight next to settle preliminaries. Se- conded from the chair and osrried nem. con. Mr. BERRY proposed the Government be asked to refund ba'f the amount expended by Nagamallay estate since November last, till end of May, amount- ing to R530. Mr. Writt14Ms seconded, and the proposal was esrried. ImMperR?FATION oF Lasoun.—Mr. Olarke and the Obairman spoke at some length on this #tb- ject. The latter declared it would cest no m re in the shape of advances to import forciga labour ee 110 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. tiie ee [Auc. 1, 1894. than the present most undesirable system does. and he said R10 per head might fairly be reckoned upos a8 the maximum advance, to put coolies upon the estates from a District North of Madras, end the labour being permanent, the advances would. be recoverable; whereas at present he believed the outstandings on some estates amounted to quite as much per head of available labour, and were practically irrecoverable. It was, therefore, proposed that a subscription list should be again circulated to provide funds to send a delegate to the Congested Districts of Madras.—Moved from the chair, and carried nem con. DELEGATES TO OOTACAMUND AND BANGALORE.—A debt having been incurred in sending a delegate to Ootecamund and a sum being required to send a dele- gate to the ocnference at Banyalore, Mr. Miller proposed avd Chairman seconded :—That the funds to meet delegates’ expenses to Ooty, or eleewhere, be collected from members on a basis of tax, on cultiva- ted area,—Mr. Berry argued that although it was most important that Travancore was represented at the late Deputation to W.E. Lord Wenlock, he did not approve of the Chairman of the Travancore Planters’ Associstion’s action in sending o delegate, knowing there were no funds of the Agssociaticn in hand to meet the expentes. He said it was a bad precedentas there was no limit to such action.—Mr. Knight replied that it was a case for prompt action, and after reference to their Secretary, Mr. J. 8. Valentine, only time remained to telegraph the name of delegate. He also commn- nicated with Peermaad Planters’ Association which cordially agreed to pay a share of the expense, and approved ofa Delegate being sent. The motion was then agreed to. With a vote of thanksto the Chairman the meeting terminated. (Signed.) H. M. Knicnt, Ohairman. — TEA CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURE: We oall attention to Mr. Hughes’ fuller review (see below) of Mr. Kelway-Bamber’s new book on tea, which is full of discriminating criticism and sugges- tiveness. It will be seen that Mr. Hughes is by no means wedded to indiscriminate manuring. He re- oneniaes cases where manuring is almost superfluous where there is a sufficiency of organic matter, or as in dark peaty soils where at most a little lime is requir- ed; while in other cases again some castor-cake or cattle-dung may well be applied. It is for each tea garden proprietor to decide for himself according to his returns and circumstances; but in s0 deciding, there can be no doubt that he will get valuable said both from Mr. Kelway- Bamber’s book and Mr. John Hughes’ review of the same, MR. KELWAY-BAMBER’S NEW BOOK; ANALYSES OF INDIAN TEA SOILS. By Joun Huaues, Agricultural Chemiet.) Nearly 40 pages of the above work are devoted to @ consideration of the Chemical and Physical properties of soils upon which tea was being grown, and a great number of analyses are given in order to represent the greatly varying quality of the soils upon which the tea shrub could be grewn. Unfortunately these analyses are not set forth in definite tabulated form, some of the results being given for the soil in its natural wet state, others in the air-dried condition, while some re- present the perfectly dry coil. In order therefore to allow of better comparison the following 27 analyses have been caloulated into the perfectly dry state, and give the proporlions of the four chief constituents of plant food per cent. The variations are certainly very great and one can easily understand that the natural fertility of these soils must vary accordingly. : The great deficienay of lime is perhaps one of the moet striking features of these tea soils, for, with a few exceptions the amount of lime present is reduced to a mere trace, the surface generally being poorer than the subsoil — Inpi4N TEA Sors (Pages 59 to 75) Contain in the perfectly dry state the following :— No. District. Nitrogen. Potash. Phos- Lime pboric 1 Dam Dam in the Acid. Dooars surface *283 1°02 “09 07 do do subsoil 156 “20 “07 16 2 do do surface B00 1-91 “09 "17 do do subsoil ‘110 “71 “05 “15 3 From another district in the Dooars surface "107 “Ba 10 “06 do do subsoil *082 “41 (5 “06 4 do do surface notdone 1°40 ‘17. 1°67 5 Nowgong (Assam) do “B71 “Bl not dene trace 6 éo do do *208 “41 ‘5B so braee 7 do do do ‘211 notdone 52 “BO 8 Jorehaut do do "B36 28 «02 01 9 do do do *B60 “22 “Ol “ol 10 de do do *988 13 v! “45 11 Hailakandy (Cachar) do *181 1°85 "24 14 d do subsoil "118 “71 “08 bot i] o 12 North Cacbar surface ‘051 20 “04 trace 13 do do do "107 *B1 16 trace 14 Central Cachar do 102 “21 *20 06 15 do do do *880 56 "50 “O07 16 do do do "187 *27 49 trace 17 do do do “822 “40 “B5 trace 18 do do do "507 “41 “B4 "03 19 Kurseong ‘Darjeeling) do *440 2°50 "27 *25 21 Kangra do ‘057 not done *J2 38 23 Chota-Nagpore do 164 “41 24 «=-OL 24 do do 3 do ‘131 notdone °20 “01 do do (2 do 173 ‘18 "06 do There is a great variation in the potash, from 2°50 per cent. in specimen 19 Darjeeling, to ‘13 in specimen 10 Jorehaut, Assam, in which Mr. Bamber remarks that tea did not flourish, though he ascribes the failure rather to the excess of nitrogen than to the deficiency of potash. It would be interesting to know whether these figures for the potash reprerent the quantities dissolved out by acid, or obtainable only by fusion ; and if by the former process whether the soil wag treated with acid in its natural state or after calcination at a moderate heat. Phosphoric acid appears to be nearly as searce as lime and where the figures rise to over ‘50 (4 per cent.) we are told that most of the phosphoric acid was combined with iron and alumina forming an insoluble Phosphate. In the case of No. 6 soil, however, which contains ‘56 we are informed that tea had been grown for years and was doing well, 80 thatiit is quite possible that in the presence of sufficient organic matter and a favourable climate as regards mois- ‘ture and heat, the phosphoric acid may be much more available than might otherwise be concluded. Relatively compared, phosphoric acid is much more easily dissolved and rendered available as plant food than potash. In other words the vegetable acids resulting from the decomposition of organic matter are a much better solvent of phosphates than of potash compounds; so that provided the soil contains naturally a good supply of phosphoric acid, it is only necessary to apply an organic manure such as castor cake, or cattle dung in order to render such phosphoric acid available. As regards the figures for nitrogen a glance at the tabulated results at once shows what a great variation exists; the higher figures being indi- cative of dark peaty soils very hygroscopic and retentive of moisture and capable of being ren- dered with careful treatment valuable tea gardens. On soils such as that represented by aneeim-n 15 the application of lime would certainly be attended with beneficial re=nlts as it would re- move that sourness and acidity which act like g poison to certain plants, c Ave. 1, 1894. | These analyses of soils are accompanied with interesting notes from which planters may gather many useful hints and practical information as to the composition of soils best adapted to tea. Tea must be remarkably hardy and capable of adapting itself to a great variety of soil and climate to grow 93 it does, and apparently to flourish under tho varied circumstances referred to in Mr. Bamber’s book. Again as to the benefit of manuring, the autho- rities quoted appear to hold in many cases very strong and opposite views. The author himself opens the subject with the following statement, page 79:—‘ The use of manures for tea appears to have been long understood and employed by the Chinese and Japanese. manuring being the most important operation in the cultivation of tea with the latter, although in the interior of Japan where fertilising material may be scarce and transport costly, a great extent is cropped without much being returned to the soil.’ Again:—‘‘ It is aleo stated that the Chinese restrict their area of tea (green ?) cultivation rigidly to the amount of manure available, their principle being, that without continuous manuring there can be no continuous harvest.’ Further on we find the following—*‘ According to Ball (Cultivation and Manufacture of Tea) the Chinese used to water their tea bushes in dry weather with waterin which rice had been washed, and manure them often with manure in a liquid state, or with the dung of silk worms.” This treatment probably refers to ‘ Green” and not to ‘* Black” tea as the Ohinese generally agree that the latter is not manured being more fragrant when upmanured: “The inferior Hyson teas known to the Chinese as ‘ Hill Tea’ and the common Singh or Twankay shrubs receive no manure, beyond the grass and weeds, which twice a year are hoed upand placed about the roots to rot.” As opposed to the ubove we find the following:— ** Colonel Money speaks of manuring having been carried on with great success in Chittagong, and says he was struck with the frequency and abun- dance of the flushesand the strength and flavour of the tea, and that although manuring was con- demned by Chinese as having a tendency to spoil the flavour of teas, it wags greatly approved of by the Calcutta brokers and the manured tea fetched high prices in the market.” As a fitting comment to the above we find on page 83 this statement:—“‘There seems to be a widespread Opinion that it will never pay to apply manure to tea, because if once commenced, it will always have to be sontinued at intervals, or the plants will deteriorate more than ever.’’? Again:—‘‘ Many planters especially in Assam hold the opinion that manuring isnot required, as the outturn of some of the o'dest gardens is stated not to have diminished eince the gardens were first planted from 20 to 30 yoars ago.” “This opinion is held by Dr. Berry White, who states in lecture on the Indian Tea Industry in 1887, that manure was used to some extent both in Assam and Chittagong; and certa‘nly in the North West Provinces, and the Kangra Valley; but in nearly all these cases they were not virgin soils but had teen used by the ryots before to grow crops of rice and dhall. In such places ordinary farmyard manure was very uce‘ul and he had known it to treble the crop.” Now in reference to these strongly expressed views surely with the tabulated results of the 27 analyses befora us, we oan readily understand that _ the character and composition of the soil must be taken into congideration before arriving at any THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. IIt practical conclusion ag to the economy of manuring. Soils naturally rich in the important consti!uents of plant food, as many of these specimens are and at tre same time porsessirg a phys eal character capable of retaining such, cous ituentsz, wiil continue to yield good crops under favourable seasons for & great many years in succession, the actual amount of crop depending on the weather ex- perienced. On the other hand poor ssndy spils of @ porous character, and with a low rtentive power will naturally require some help in the form of manure, and such help must be contirued if the crop returns are to bekept up. The success and permanency of a tea garden depends upon the soil, situation, season, and the ekill devoted to the cultivation of the shruband the subsequent treat- ment of the green leaf. These analyses, therefore, furnish a useful and practical standard with which to compare those of tea soils from Ceylon and other tea-producing centres, a Sas THE LATE OUTBREAK OF CATTLE DISEASE AT CEYLON GOVERNMENT DAIRY. _ Mr. A. Lye, the Colonial Veterinary Surgeon in his report on this subject to the Director of Public Instruction says with regard to tke last imported Dairy Stock that he purchasel these cows (twenty-three one of which was drowned in Kurachi owing to the boat having been capsized) ia Kuracbi on December 12th and 13th, and left Bombay per ss, “Qulna” with them on December 22nd and arrived in Oolombo on December 31st, all animals being healthy; and onthe same day he handed them over to the Superint« ndent Five out of the eight sick cows died, the first-named from diarrhoea and weakness consequent on the exposure they were subjected to, through not having been landed on their arrival, and the two last of abortion, which is not an uncommon cause of death, These cows were sufficiently quarantine), and the post-mortem ex- amir ations made on two of them showed that none of them suffered from or died of murrain. Regarding the old dairy stock he says that disease first showed itself amcengst these cows on January 14th, on wh'ch date two were reported off their focd. He prescribed for them and they wore reported well on the followinz morning. On the 17th January these two cows were again reported sick, as also another which recovered the others dying. The chief symptoms which had exhibited them- selves in these patients were acute dia-rliea and rise of temperature, and he was of opinion that the disease had assumed an infections form; as under certain conditions bowel complaints would do, Ons recovered, and after the second day the most urgent symptoms of the two were accute congestion of the lungs, which was the immediate cause of death in each case. On making @ post-mortem examination on oe he found the faintest lesion in the intestines, which might pos- sibly have led him to suspect murrain but as there was an absence of all other indications which would point tomurrain, and as similar lesions are found ia dyseutery, he formed no Cefinite opinion on that point. The other died the followiug day, and the post-mortem appear- ances did not present any indications of a suspicions character. Six cows were reported sick onthe 24th January, ix onthe 25th January, two on the 28th January, and three on the 31st January, besides which sixtecn calves at various dates during that period were admitted to the infirmary. Of the above seveiteen cows be was succcssiul iu saying eleven; of the sixteen calves eight recovered. Two iuffa'ces died on the 24th ani 27th January respectively aod he then reported: “The diseases now appears to be identical with that knowo ia Ceylon as murrain.” These were the first animals which died of murrain—On the 8th day of February he accidentally learnt that murraia had broken out amongst the cattle belonging tothe Superintendent, and located on the premises, He 112 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ray [Auc. 1, 1894. Ca a a RET OCT" RR DEORE i a isi these cattle, and as he found they were not id isolated he had them removed to the infir- mary shed, Of these five one was sick, which had since recovered, and there were also three calves of which one died. The r‘port then proceeds :— It is a difficult matter to account for the intro- duction of the disease (murrain), and 80 far as I can see there are four ways in which it could bave i vViZi— : ana) That it was jorge age through contact with i d animals in Colombo, 3 a5) That it was introduced with the cattle last i rted. m3) That it originated spontaneously. (4) That it was ReBoiOHly introduced. I may reply :— 7 ri That ie) fee a ‘i am aware no diseace has existed in Colombo ae ape district for some months i this outbreak. , q PY) 1 He convinced that it was not iotroduced with the cows last imported. As previously explained, nove of the animals exhibited symptoms or died of murrain, They were shipped at Bombay on the 220d Decem- ber, and those which were in milk were removed from the quarantine shed to the dairy on January 6th, being six in number—‘ Bola” and ‘“‘Koomaris being amongst them. They bad _ therefore fifteen days’ qusrantine, being five days beyond tie average period of incubation of murrain, which is from four to eight or ten days, Farther, there was no outbreak of murrain or rinderpest in Bombay until January 24th, being a period of thirty-three days after I left Bombay with the cattle, nor hal there been any in Kurachi or in the district where 1 purchased the cows since December, 1892, _ (3) The highest authorities state that it does not arise ously. : “omsrt Ped) This 43 merely & hypothesis, bot in view of the fact of the known autipathy of the native to the dairy it is possible that the disease may have been maliciously introduced, which would not be a very difficult matter. PRECAUTIONARY AND REMBDIAL MEASURES. The first aud most important point in outbreaks of infectious and contagious diseases is to take ever possible precautionary measure to prevent its spread, and the stock must at once be divided into three heads, viz. :— { . iseased cattle. (2) Cattle which have been in pepe the disease and, although they may not show signs of pianEs, mane be regarded as suspected. alescent cattle. A) cel thee batches must have separated and thoroughly detached quarters: each must have separate utensils, and no communication must be allowed between one ane the other either by the employed or others, ’ tre chanct Ne tod strongly enforced, as the mic: tion can quite easily be conveyed from the dissaned to the healthy cattle by au utensil from the BaneBEe quarters being used. for ihe healthy, or even on the feet of the coolies. Bosra to be freely used in all the enclosures. Refuse, fodder, dung, &c., soraped up and burnt pice daily, The system of isolation for outlying distric ss which I suggested ia my report of May, 1892, I sti consider best, viz-, a double ring fence to be erected for each of (1) diseased. (2) suspected, (3) convalescent. For remedial measures the follow:ng prescriptions which were used with success during the Becca outbreak at the Government Dairy, will be four useful when procurable. Prescription No.1 to be given to animals showing the least signs of illness, and to be continued until purging commences, when No. 2 should be adminis‘ered and continued until the animal is better or commence?, to pass blood with foeces, when No. Ss shauta be given until the i igs convalescent or dead. Serre ei piion No.1. ‘Tinc!ure of aconite 1 drachm, or aconite leaves 1 drachm. Nitrate of potash 2 dracbms. Chlorate of potash 2 drachms. Sulphate of maegnesia 2 ounces. Carbolic acid 1 drachm.- Tinc- ture of quinine 15 ounce, or quinine 1 drachm Gruel or water 2 pints, To be given twice a day. Prescription No. 2.—Tincture of aconite 1 drachm, or aconite leayes 1 drachm. Carbolic ecid 1 drachm. Tenio acid 2 drachms. Tincture of belladona 14 ounce. Gruel or water 2 pints.—To be given twice a day. Prescription No. 3.—Powdered ipecacuanha 2 drachms. Powdered opium 2 drachms, Acetate of lead 1 drachm. Powdered gentian 1 ounce;—To be given twice @ day ina quart of gruel or water. Diet.—Rice, canary seeds, bael fruits, congee, bovinia and bras. 11. Convalescent cows were allowed good bay (when procurable) damped, ora little grass partially dry, and an increased supplyof bovinia. The foregoing rules are equally applicable for the Government stock as for the protection and saving of the cattle of the general community. 12. In addition to this I would suggest thet the Government Dairy be properly enclosed by a permanent ring fence erected, where possible, at a distance of 200 yards from the extremities of the dairy buildings and various exercising euclosures. This fenee to be of sufficient height and material to prevent access tbrough it of avimals to the dairy, and to have two properly secored gates, one fer access to the grass lands at the back and the principsl one at the present main entrance to the dairy, situated at the top of the School drive. I would suggest that the key of the back gate be in charge of the Manager and that of the front gate be in charge of a watchman who would, besides watching the entrance, take delivery of all sundries for the dairy at the gate. This watchman to allow no messengers or carts inside the gates. I wonld aleo suggest that a eubstantial shed capable of holding 40 cattle be erected se far as possible from the dairy and from the high road, and t» be surrounded by a fence at the same dis- tance from the shed as that of the dairy fence. This shed to be used ag an infirmary and as « qua- rantine sh:d as occasions may require. I also have the honour to suggest thatin futore cases of sickness amongst the dairy stock the Mansger be relieved of his supervision over the sick cattle immediately they are removed from the dairy. I am glad to be able to report that the stock still continues in gcod health, and that, unlers snything unforeseen occurs, the whole area of the School of Agriculture can be declared free from infection on the 17th of March. > VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. CatcuttTa Botanic GARDENS.—From the order of the Bengal Government on the Annual Report of the Royal Botanic Garden, Caleutta, for the yeer 1893-4, we learn that,— Dr. King’s report gives an interesting account of the operations during the past year. A severe storm occured in May, and though in the conservatories little damage was done; several trees outside were ‘completely uprooted. Among the principal improve- ments effected during the year may be mentioned the repairs to Colonel Kyd’s monument—a beautiful urn and obelisk—raised in memory of the founder of the garden. Attention was given as usual to the cultivation and distribution of plents having an economic value, which are suitable for cultivation in the plains of India. Of these the principal were plants of the rhea, of sissal hemp, of the cola nut, seeds of bhabar grass (Ischemum angurstifolium) and coca. Dr. King remarks with reference to the latter that this alka'oid can never come into general use, and that the demand is at present greatly below the supply. The Lient.Gcyernor shares his. regret that his efforts to extend in Bengal the cultivation of the Japan-paper mulberry tree have met with so little success as this tree (of which a small stock still is available) provides an admirable fibre for paper. Th2 collection in the Herbarium was increased by mcre than 16,000 specimens. During a portion of the yeir Dr. Prain was depuced to undertake am enquiry into the onltivation and storage of ganja, and he eub- mitted an interesting and valuable report, the final orders of Government upon which have been post- poned till the report of the Indisn Hemp Drugs Commission has been received, eS ee AuG. 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 113 Vaninta Crop is just beginning; some small lots have arrived in town for preparation,—Mada gascar News, June 9. Oup Trezes.—In Upper Tonkin material for coffin boards, of which many are exported, is obtained from tree mines instead of fron ordinary living forests. Thetrees are a kind of pine, very pitchy and very durable, and they are found buried in a sandy soil at a depth of 7 to 25ft. The trunks, some of them more than 3 ft,in diameter, sre in good preservation. Such evidence as can be found indicates that the trees grew in a large forest and were buried at no very. remote time by ano earth- quake or other similar catastrophe.—/ndian Ln- gineer. THe Waste or WATER PowER.—While he was away Mr. Todman noticed that thera was an immense quantity of water running to waste in the Dimbula district, and he said thas no doubt the same sort of thing weut on in other districts, ‘‘ It seems to me’, he remarked, ‘ a great pity that factories in the near vicinity of such fine waterfalls do not use the power of electrical trausmission instead of the steam-engines that at present exist—aud which are gradually denud- ing the country of forests. Firewood isterribly dear now on some estates and thereisno need, with such plentiful water, to iucur tne expense. In the trans- mission of electrical power 75per cent of the actual power obtained atthe fall can be developed at the factory, and, as the prime cost is nothing, it is prac- tically got for nothing but interest on capital and depreciation of the plant—which is very little, Mr. Todman says it is probable that Mr. W. Sandys ‘Thomas will shortly adopt electrical transmission as a means of utilising the water onhis estate at lindula, where there is a good fall. Mr. Thomas questioned him about the matter whilehe was up-country, and seemed favorably impressed with the idea. “‘ PIONEERS OF THE CoLony.”—It will be seen from the announcement in a special Supplement (issued with the last issue) that we purpose intermi'- ting this series of biographies and portraits in our monthly periodical—to be resumed (D.y.) at a later date. Already in the first series, we;have dealt with Sir Edward Barnes, c.o.B.; Major Skinner, ¢.M.G. ; A. M. Ferguson, o.m a,; O, Elliott, m. p.; R. B, Tytler; Andrew Nicol; Joho Walker; John Gavin; Gabriel and Maurice Worms; and Wm. Rudd, senior ; and we have yet to give Jameg Taylor of. cinchona and tea tame; Thomas Wood of Spring Valley as representing Uva; and perhaps Alex- Brown, one of the earliest and staunchest sup- porters, of the Planters’ Assosiation. We have also portraits ready of Alex. Campbell White, one of our earliest and most extensive proprietary planters and G. H. K. Thwaites, whose career as Director of the Peradeniya and Hakgalla Gardens was very closely identified with our Planting KMuter- prise, more especially with the beginnings in Ginchona and tea. But these we may reserve along witb, we hope, among others, F. R. Sabonadiere, Capt. Payne Gallwey, Capt. John Keith Jolly, F. Hadden, W. B. Swan, John Brown, of En- gineering as well as Planting and Uva Com- pany fame, R. B. Downall, Wm. Grant, and others of local fame in a bygone day, for a second series of Pioneers. The first volume— and a handsome if characteristio illustrated book, the separate collection should prove,—will thus consist of either 13 or 14 biographies and portraits. We regret being unable hitherto to obtain photo- graph or portrait of Geo, Bird or Major Rogers to collotype and wemust therefore in the cecond series, give biographical notices of them without portraits, —The District Planting Gazetteer and Maps that are to follow should interest and edify every planter in the island ag well as afford in- teresting reading to retired Qolonists aud other friends of the Qolony, Toe Trea Ovuteut in Natau.—The tea report for the current season supplied by Mr. Drummond, of Kearsney, (see page 119) is, says the Mercury, highly satisfactory, The output from Kearsney alone totals 450,0001lb. and the total output for the Oolony is calculated to reach the original estimate of 699,000 lb. This is a substantial increase on las’ year’s output, and as two new factories will be established next September it is very likely that next year the increase will be even greater. As Mr. Drummond points out, however, there is ® mucu more important thing to consider than a mere increase of quantity. Improved quality is the greatest of all desiderata and to this end every effort should be made, Quantity is a useless aim if the quality is inferior, and if the improvement in the output is gained at the expense of quality, so far from the tea industry progressing it will assuredly go back and finally be run out of the market by the superior quality of the imported article. This cannot be too strongly impressed upon our planters, and they will be wise if they banish from their minds all idea of the present protection they enjoy and work to improve the quality of their teas as conscientiously ag they would if the imported artiole were free of duty. CorrEE IN CENTRAL AFRICA: PULPERS SENT OUT By Gorbon & Co.—The interest taken in the future of Central Africa by your readers will not be lessened by the active part taken by your late Governor ia the House of Peers, in discussing the Hast Atrican railway projeot.* Feeling this to be the nase I have placed myself in communication with Messrs. John Gordon & Oo., coffee merchants, who, I[ learn, have forwarded pulpers to the Blantyre Mission, and other parties located in the great Central plateau along which the African Lakes ‘Trading Company of Glasglow is carrying on operations. Thia firm of engineers gladly informed me ofall they knew in re- gard to coffee-planting operations in that as well as in other parts of the world, for the senior partner is brother to Wm. Gordon—formerly of Berradewella, in Matale—with whom I made a voyage to London in 1850-1, under the care of Captain Linton, so that I needed but little introduction to the firm. Yes, they replied in answer to my euquiry they had shipped a number of pulpers to the African Lakes territory; but they were unable to give me any information as to the number of coffee planta- tions under oultivation. With regard to the age of the oldest coffee under European supervision, the first patch of coffee opened experimentally is now fully a dozen years o'd. It was planted by a member of the Blantyre Mission, mainly in order to supply their own wants, as coffee was better calculated to enable them to resist attacks of fever than tea; but as a matter of fact fever wag scarcely known in the Lakes district, though there had been cases in other Iccalities during the rainy season. They had no in- formation as tothe yield of coffee in the Blantyre dis. trict; but it should be very liberal now that a regular system of cultivation of the bushes was being carried on both there and in the adjacent districts. There did not appear to be any want of labour on the estates. Of course the question of transport was aserious matter over sucha long distance; but the Shié river had now cargo steamers on it, and beyond that roads had been cut,7.e, fairly passable tracks for porters, but not for vehicles, The state of things compelled them to make their machine oastingsof small size eapable of be'ng carried by one or two porters. Ina reply to my enquiry whether any peeling machinery had been forwarded tothe Lakes country, I was informed that none had as yet gone, ali the crop being carried to the coast in the parchment, as it would be risking damage to the coffee beans to send them on such a long and uncertain journey without the protection of the skin. ‘here is a good deal of business doue in London in cleaning Central African coffee for the market, and the article now commands upwards of a hundred shillings per owt, for ordinary samples. —Local “ Times.” * East and Central Africa—Uganda and Blantyre are very wide apart.—Ep, 7,4. Ii4 Tue Price of Liberian coffee has risen to $44.50 per picul, whichis three times the price of Liberian coffee when it was first planted in Malaya.— Straits Budget. CaucuTtA TEA SALES.—We call attention to the Market Report of Mcssrs. Wm, Moran & Co dated the 3rd ult. (see page 107), The splendid range of priccs—1s 74d to 2s 104d—realizod for Darjeeling, Assam and Dooars teas, is enough to make the mouths water of Ceylon planters even in our high districts. Tea from the Dooars realizing 2s per |b. for 145 packages is very notable. A Broker in calling our attention to the Calcutta circular and the fine prices, remarks :—‘‘ Very little doubt about /ndia going in for quality this year.’ A merchant on the other hand remarks on the very backward place now taken by Ceylon teas in prices in the Lane. Clearly, improvement in quality must be looked to, or ‘‘ Ceylon” (as a whole) will become a name for inferior teas. Coconut Bristte Fipre.—A_ considerable degree of activity has marked the demand for bristle fibre of late, and we hear that enterprising natives are going in freely for the preparing in- dustry. One such is reported to have erected works at Veyangoda on quite an elaborate scale, with iron tanks for the steeping of the husks, machines for clearing and cleaning the fibre, &c, ‘The worst of it is that there is so little guarantee for permancncein the demand for fibre of any parti- cular description. Hither the fashion changes, or there is such a rush to meet an encouraging demand tiat the supply is overdone. We trust in the present case that the demand may keep fairly well up.—In this connection we may remark that we hear nothing now of the use of ‘coir’ or ‘‘goir refuse’ as a backing of plates or boarding in shipbuilding, about which so much was made a short time ago. ELEcTRIc LIGHTING IN OEYLON: INSTALLATION ON MATTakeLLis Hstate.—Mr, J. Torr Todman, the electrical engineer connected with the firm of Messrs. Boustead Broz., kindly gave us some information relat- ing to hisrecent trip upcountry for the purpose of put- ting up an electric installation on Mattakellie estate. The installation in question consists of two arc lamps, and thirty incandescent lamps, and, whea Mr. Todman left, the work was nearly finished. There are two arc Jamips placed in the tactory main building, which they light up very brilliantly; while Mr. Todman says that a portable lignt he has invented for enabling the factory hands to examine the tea on the withering tats has already been found of use on Mattakellie. He will, return there later and finish the work, which is at present in the hands of the carpenters on the estate working under Mr. Todman’s instructions. The power used on Mattakellie is steam, and the two are lamps and thirty incandescent lamps absorb about 4% horse-power. Correr PEELING 1x Hamsure.—The mention of coffee peeling in London led to my informant re- marking that there was a large and growing business of coffee peeling in Hamburg, where several firms had extensive mills for the work. These were for cleaning coffee from Southern and Oentral America, such as from Mexico, Brazil, Costa Rica, Guatemala, &c., the produce being shipped direct to Hamburg in German steamers. The firm of Gordon & Co. were large shippers of pulpers to all these coun- tries; the difficulties of transport and the scarcity and high cost of labour have hitherto prevented the importation of peeling mills, at the same time necessitating the construction of pulpers in small sections, which inyolyes an additional charge of £40 or £50, which is willingly paid for the additional convenience. For one machine sent to Central Africa a dozen are shipped to Central America, in addition to which better prices are obtained from planters in the latter country, where there is evVi- dently more money than amongst Hnglish settlers in can countries.—London Cer. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Aus. 1, 1894. Tue Suevaroy Corrze Brossom does not seem to be getting on so well as was expected. The continued drought has resulted in a good deal of burnt spike, aud loss of youag berries.—S. of J. Observer. Liperian CoFFEE seems to be going ahead with a yim in the Mauritius. Mr. E. H. Edwardes, an old Ceylon planter, expects to get two tons per acre from hie plantatioos!—Ibid. [Thatisin the Bey- chelles.—!p. 7.A.] An Insect Pest.—Uis Excellency the Governor has formerly proclaimed the Selandria cerasi, or pear and cherry slug, to be an insect within the meaning of the Vine, Fruit, and Vegetable Protection Act, and prohibited its introduction into the provinces. —Adelaide Observer. Cuina Tea In TisetT.—An interesting article appears in the Glasgow Hera/d dealing with the arrangement just completed with the Imperial Chinese Customs by which during the first five years of its operation, Indian tea willnot be allowed entry at allinto Tibet although after that period it will be admitted into Tibet under the same duty.as Chinese tea will then be paying on entry into Great Britain. ‘ This" it says, “is em imporiant re- servation, and it argues considerable astuteness on the part of the Ohinese officials who made it for the Libetans are probably the largest con- sumers of tes. in the world. Lhe markets o: Tibet— hitherto monopolised by the ‘ brick tea’ of Wes- tern Ubhina—bave for many years been regarded with longing by the Indian tea-planters, among whom the failure of the Macaulay Miseion a few years ago was acutely felt, The Chinese have evidently a keen appreciation of the same markets,and are not disposed to yield them without a quid pro quo.” It then proceeds to say that the exports of Ohina tea are increasing afier a long term of steady decrease under the pressure of the competition of India. and Ceylon, and that the fall in silver has given a stimulus to exports of all sorts from China ; and discussing the question whether chea- per silver (a8 wellas lower exchanges) will still leave it possible for China tea to be landed in larger quantities in London at lower prices than heretofore, but yet with a profit on the operation, says all the evidences are in support of the affirmative. It is the competition ofall Indian and Ceylin tea that has driven down the price of China tea of late years though the Ohinese were the first to put their product out of fayour in our maikets by shipping 0 much rubbish when prices were good. Had it not been for the present supplies _from India itis quite certain that as exchange fellthe silver price of China tea would have besn put up in proportion to the decline in the gold value of silver. In conelusion it is said ;— Ta So long, as China has no serious competitor in the Russian market, the probability seems to be that she will go on producing larger quantities of the cheaper teas at still lower prices— even now the price of common tea in China is from 25 to 30 per cent. lower than it was15 or 20 years ago, On the other hand, the supplies of the very low grades from India and Ceylon last year were not up to expectations, a laudable desire to improve the quality and reputation of Indian tea having actuated many of the planters. For some years past China tea has been in our markets not much more than a make-weight. Many dealers do not keep it at all, and many more only to “blend” with Indian and Ceylodteas. We say nothing here about the comparative merits, but it is probable that few people now a days in this country ' ever taste genuine Uhiua tea, or would recognise the flavour of the “Bohea” that our grandmothers loved. But, according to present appearances, the wheel of fortune is revolving backwards and the closing of the Indian Mints seems destined to familiarise us ae more with the uwumixed leaf of the Flowery and. AuG. 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 115 i Eoyysspondanca, od To the Lditor. MR. T. CHRISTY ON COFFEE; INSECT PESTS; SOLID PETROLEUM; PLANTING 1M MEXICO, London, H,C., June 15. Dear S1z,—You will see in this week’s Chemist and Druggist a letter from me respecting Maragogipe. You may have copied the letter in the paper of the week before last on the same subject. Some of my friends have given me further information respect- ing this Maragogipe. It is as follows :— “ The experiments that were made in Brazil with this giant coffee which is a spevies of Coffea Arabica did not always answer, and it is only in certain soils that it yields this very large coffee. One friend of mine tells me that the Brazilians, thinking that they would have such splendid crops were very much disappointed when only perhaps a part of an acre on the estate would yield this large-sized coffee, all the rest reverted to about the ordinary size of Coffea Arabica.” I have been trying lately some very interesting experiments with preparations for destroying Inseots on plants, not only on the leaf, but also on the stems. A gentleman in the drug trade, of the name of Whiffen has been permitted by the Hoglish Government to treat the tobacco on the same principle as tea has been treated for Caffeine by denaturing it, He has two preparations; one which is used in copper saucers and vapourized by heat from a small epirit lamp, This I found very effective in the hoihouses. Then the mixture or ingredient, the composition of which I am not well acquainted with, I mixed in a water-can with water, and syringed the plants with it. I found it was completely successful as regards mealybug, green fly and scale. I also applied it by painting the stems of the trees that had blight upon them, and there kas been no return io three weeke. Of course it is a question whether it could be painted on to the coffee plants and also on to.the coco-palms which are diseased with the boring beetle. Another experiment I have been trying with materiel sent me, whichis solid Petroleum. {t has been discovered by s chemist that Petroleum could be solidified and then mixed with water and it dissolves perfectly. I painted many of the trees with this solution with a brush and I found it most effective against the boring caterpillar, also the young caterpillars and when syringed on to the plants, it formed a lather just like soap, and no stain was left on the plants. It is too carly to say much about this yet, because up to the time of writing I have not heard at what price it oan be purchased, As Mr. Ross is shortly re- turning to Ceylon I have suggested to him that it would be very advantageous if he took back with him some of these preparations. Seeing by the reports in your periodical how many people had gone to Ceylon, I thought I would send my third son Peroy out to the River Grijalva in Tropical Mexico. He arrived safely after a Journey of 64 days, and reports very favourably on the position of the estate at Las Palmas. He thinks tho quality of the coffee is excellent as a_bever- age, although freshly picked and cured, The oli- mate is most agreeable, being cold at night. In comparing it with Constantinople he says that after a hard week’s work he did not feel co much depressed as he did in one day’s work at 15 Constantinople. He speaks about there being any quantity of land of virgin soil, with trees from the river’s bank up to the tops of the hills. I may perhaps be able to send you some more information later on,—Yours truly, THOS, OHRISTY, THE MARAGOGIPE COFFEE. (Prom ‘' Chemist and Druggist.”) You are perfectly right that I did introduce Mara- gogipe coffee many years ago, but I found out from a triend of mine in Brazil that it was no use taking the coffee-berries for a plantation from young plants. I received from ove of the original growers of thig special variety several bushels, aud I have no doubt I should have been able to get more. The demand for this special seed of coffee was so great that my friends here urged me to telegraph to my correspondent for more. I did so, and my telegram arrived at its destination in the middle of the night, It caused the receiver such a shock, owing to the Government officer declaring that it was necessary that the telegram should be received, and the proper time recorded of its arrival. My friend expostulated from the window that he had better leave it till the morn- ing. We said that the Englith were co exigent that it was absolutely necessary to record the time of receipt and obtaia tie signature. Suffice it to say that this pative gentleman wrote us saying that he would have nothing more to do with collecting and eending us the Maragogipe seed atter the shook his nerves had sustained from receiving this telegram during the night. Knowing the history of this Maragogipe seed, with the assistance of friends here I obtained two or three other shipments, varying from one to four bushels each ; but they mostly proved disappointing, because the seed had evideatly been gathered from very young trees, aud not from the old standard trees which I had previously received it from, and although my friends wanted more seed, I declined to supply it. Your indefatigable collector of material for the Chemist and Druggist will remember that some months ago I showed him a sample of coffee-seed, remarkably small, that came from Sierra Leone, on the West Coast of Africa, and I also informed him that Mr. G. F. Scott Elliott had found as many as fourteen new varieties of coffee oa the West Coast, The information I gave to your representative was that I believed that tbis coffee fetched a high price on account of its being small, and resembling the coffee, known as Arabian mocha. This very small- grein coffee, called mocha, is got from India, and the bags are left in the hot sand to shrivel up the grain, which takes time and cosis money. This small reed from Weet Africa I thought was to be palmed off as very old mocha, but time has shown me the mistake. It fetohes, however, a very high price in Paris; and when carefully roasted it has a peculiar bitter taste, which greatly improves the flavour of the best cotfee-mixtures (I allude, of course, to genuine coffee). In the London market where it has been sent after being collected by owners of caravans, the brokers not understand- ing it bave sold it at 6d. and 83. perlb. I traced ont what became of this coffee, and who were the buyers here, and Ifound that the same people who buy the very higkest class of coffee—namely the Blue Mountain coffee of Jamaica—bought this coffee, and they well knew what they were about. This coffee igs used in the Blacx Country asd the north of Evgland, avd for this reason: that a small quantity ot this coffe put with ‘ rubbisb,” composed partly of the commou coffee and other materi:], fetohes up the flayour, aud is the cheapest in the end for this object. Poor Mr. Espeut of Jamaica, who grew tke fiaest Jamaica coffee, used to lament tue fact that all his coffee went into the hands of these people instead of coming into the London market and being appreciated at its valne for flavour. It I have not trans_ressed ou your space too much I would like to add that an almost equally valuable coffee is found on the East Ooast ot Africa, neat Iphapbane, From this place I have also obtained 116 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Auc. 1, 1894. seed, and I caa testify to the coffee being ef the yory highest quality, Mr. Hornung, who lives on the Zrmbesi informs me that they always try to get tome of this emall-grain coffee to mix with tbe ordinary. Coffee arabica because it fetches up the flavour. These small coffée-seed I have introduced into Ceylon and into India. I am collecting large supplies of seeds fer other planters who have got plants from my firat seed, These facts will show you that there ig plenty of work left for collectors and introducers of new food product; to do, and the con- firmation by the Director of Kew ia very valuable to planters,—Yours truly, THos, Curisty. June let, TEA IN CHINA AND JAPAN, Upcountry, June 25. Dejn Stn,—Re leader on page 53, did your mics.onary friend from China say what prc- duct was supereeding tea? Is it not probable that some other product is being cultivated to renovate the eoil and to prepare it for another spell in tea? I understand that the Ohinaman re-plants his plot of tea in from 10 to 30 years, according to the riobness of the soil. A friend who has been recently in Japan informs me that the tea bushes thore baye often a flushing ‘surface of 8 feet across, and have pandals erectua over them, not to protect them from the sun, but from frost (they are not troubled with too much actinism there more than we are in Ceylon); he also caid that 8 Obannel Island market gardener would. enyy their style of cultivation. —Yours. truly, AN OLD COFFEE STUMP. (Dr. Bigg of the CG, M.S, reported that owing to the falling-off in the demand for tea from the foreign: ports; the Chinamen in his district were turning ‘their tea fields into vegetable gardens, growing food prcduots for themselyes instead of for export,’ The Japanese are certainly the most careful of cultivators; but they turn out very poor tea all the same.—Hd. 7,4, ] MANURING TEA AND ITS CONSE- QUENCES ? June 26th. Dear §1n,—I should be grateful if ‘Manure’ would answer the following questions suggested by his letter: © ity Is it not admitted that any man deserves well of his fellow-men who makes two blades of corn grow where one grew before? ‘Can he cite a case where a cheapening of pro- duction failed to benefit the producers who availed themselves of it? Is not overproduction tested by an undue accu. mulation of unsold’ stocks? Js this the case with tea at’ the present time? j Is’ it’ fair’ to call manuring a. “fad,” and to ask you to bring down your editorial denunciation on those who propose to try it? ‘will ‘Manure’ kindly quote irrefutable. figures to substantiate his argument ?—Yours &c, YOUNG PLANTER. ENTOMOLOGY—AND ITS LOCAL APPLICATION. Dear Sin,—Re the question of an Entomologist for Ceylon, if there is no way of securing the services of an’ expert who should both teach and practice in Ceylon, our Agriculturists could not do beter than become members of the Royal ———— SS scence Agricultural Society of England, the annual subscription to which is only £1. The members are entitled to many priveleger, and anent the question of the day [append a cutting from the last journal :— , MEMBERS’ ZOOLOGICAL PRIVILEGES. The Council have fixe] the charge of Is for information respecting any animal (quadruped, bird, insect, worm, &c.) which, in any stege of its life, sffects the farm, or rural economy generslly, with suzgestions as to methods of prevention and remedy in respect to any such animal which may be injurious. r In inquiries concerning injuries, specimens of the injury cone shovld accompany the animal supposed to cause it. All specimens should be sent in tin or wooden boxes, or in qdills,so as to prevent injury in transmission, and moust be accompanied by the prescribed fees. Psrcels or letters containing specimens (carriage or postage paid) must be addressed to Mr- Cecil Warburton, u.a., Zoological Laboratory, Cambridge. Tue ENTomoxoaier. He’s coming o’er from England across the foam- ing sea, And with him comes a cargo-load of poisons That he used against the weeyil, the beetle and the bee, Who will bless him, now he's gone, in their orisons. The paddyflies start groaning and the caterpillars moaning; And Helopeltis shivers on the Tea, The Coconut beetles sigh and redspider wipes his eye When they hear the talk of En-to-mol-o-gee— There’s that Kerosine Emulsion that’s warranted to burn, And horrid London Purple, Paris green, And many other nostrims that will give us quite a turn. We must keep a sharp lookout but not be seen, Good Planters! do desist; why would you thus persist In plotting to exterminate our race ? But whist | whist ! whist ! here's the En-to-mol-o-gist So let’s lie low and never show a face. BUMBLE BEE. CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA: THE CALL FOR PRIZE ESSAYS ; AND HOW TO WORK IN AMERICA ; THE SERIOUS CRI6I8 APPROACHING IF THE PRICES CONTINUE TO FALL, Upcountry, June 28, Dear S1p,—If you think my offer of a Prize not likely to be productive of any good or as now too late, you may withdraw it, provided you can satisfy yourself with a sufficient reason for doing so. I will then contribute the amount to help to push our teas in America as may be decided upon. * I am quite of your opinion that the bounty of about £2,000 is a farce, and I am not in favor of ‘drummers’ who take orders or cadge for such, unless directly employed by private firms or individuals. As a planting body our work should be through Shows, Leciures and Pregs articles. The Show we might accomplish through Mr. A. E Wright; the Lectures, however, would be weak (ail are not born lecturere) and the Press untouched or un- influenced to any good purpose. Sir J. Grinlinton would meet the first two requirements. Yow alone are able to meet all these conditions. Is it out of the question that you can arrange to go? I fear you cannot find a substitute here, to manage the Observer, Tropical Agriculturist, &e 2 ® After this was written, the first “Essay” from & planter, reached our correspondent’s hands and he telegraphed :—‘‘ Essay received; Prize stands if: Essays are forthcoming.”—Ep. T.A. : AvG. 1, 1894,} _ My idea was, fuiling a man able to work through the ‘Press,’ that we should spend R100,000 during six (6) months, in starting three separate Agents with Shows. Better make a strong attack in various places at once, than one larger one moving tcdiously from one large town toanother. A year’s beds, with special subscriptions, would pay for all. It is becoming serious, this steady fall in the Home market, especially as it really does not frize from any réal glut of tea, Produce every- wheré, and of every sortis tumbling; but in the case of tea, the middleman’s prices and profits have not come down for three years, On the contrary, their prcfits have ricen—bccause, take Lipton for instance, his prices still are ls, 1s 44 and ls 7d— the rates fixed when Indian and Ceylon teas were. 8d higher in Mincing Lane, Cavyil exs notwithstanding, his teas are worcerful for tho money, but not better than they were three years ago, It would be invidious to quote names of estates ; but let any one cony.rsant with our industry during the last five years, oast his eye over the prices by the last miail’s sale list, and mark how the dozen stand-out-marks have fallen. Another significant portent is the rush to import uw creepers,” whose premiums aro needed . to prop. dwindling profits, keep up bungalow credit with the bazaars, and help meet remittances for children’s education. That wave cf matrimony, which has been flowing for five years, has had results, which must make men pause, and faco their responsibilities. ‘* Creepors” may ward off the pinch for a time; but unless prices improve, there isan evil day looming for Superintendents with families whode places can bo filled cheaply, and let us be just to creepers,—equally efticiently— by the young deluded boys who are now being imported in dozens. ; Already one hears ominous and unreasonable frowls against managers whose crops and prices fall short of expectations, similar to the Agents’ ‘“‘stiokers” of the -early eighties—when coffee Superintendent3 failed to ward off the effeots of the Hemileia Vastatriz. Reflect on the miseries of those years, and urge ALL to put down their mites to Open New Markets. Why should owners alone pay acess ? Are they the only interested parties ? Money is easily found for Races, Balls &o., by men who hold no acres. Why not divest some of it, for a season, to more serious matters ?— Yours truly, PLANTER. AN INDIAN TEA PLANTER ON THE COLOMBO THA MARKET AS THE “MINCING LANE OF THE EAST.” Dear §1rn,—On page 27 you quota the Editor of the Madras Mail about tha Colombo Tea Market. He cays that Colombo may well become the Mincing Lane of the East. Thig would foward my views as to getting at the consumer round the ‘‘Market.’’ And certainly if we are to get America and Australia and other markets by suiting the taste of the consumer it would be much more convenient to have our sale-rooms oloze at hand, For we could then be in touch with the Brokers and Dealers who might even go so far as to go into the tea distric's and make more sure of gotting suitable tca made, und keep the proluce up to the mark. Now it seems to mo to stand to re son that if badiy made, badly kept and almost unsaleable tea is made fit for selling by the help of good tea, the makers of the good tea must suffer; for the con- sumer will not pay as good prices for a mixture | of good and bad as he would for intrinsiaslly good ea, Some Indian and Ceylon planters make bad THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 21y tea but the reason of this is that our lower clac8 teas are handicapped by the low-class Ohinas. Ws must undersell to get them gold, for not only are our low-class teas poor in quality but also not suited to the consumer, And consequent on low prices comes the enforced economy, in manufacture in final firing, in boxes; so that as prices fall the tea becomes actually poorer. Our leaf is good, we don’t send away tea which has been once infused and refired, we do not adulterate with foreign substances; but some of us save money by imper- fect manipulation, careless packing and so on, and the result is that a good deal of really bad tea ig gent out. And in order that this may be handled (which means profits to the dealers) our good tea is bought at low rates to mix with the inferior stuff. But I assume that no Indian tea carefully made is so poor that it would be undrinkable by itself if only made to suit a certain class of con- sumers, consequently there ig no necessity to blend in order to make it good enough. And if mixing for the purpose of raising poor tea to a desired strength is done away with then any poor tea which is bad from imperfoot curing or manufacture, would be unsaleable. And we shall make no healway until such time 84 really bad tea is unsaleable. For this méang that bad tea will not b3 made. And if the consumer can get only good tea, we may reat assured that he will increase the amount of his consumption. The present market is simply devoted to passing off all and every gort of tea which comes to its net ; but the ideal market would exclude any tea which was not really good and suited to the partiéular country, for which it was made. Now it is possible that Colombo may become this ideal market, and that India and Ceylon will supply teas of various characters suited to the various markets. And if Indian planters will cease to make teas so strong that they can be used to bolster bad tes, and which in themselves are undrinkable (or injurious) then really bad tea cannot be made, as it will not be saleable. But our really good tea, made tosuit, may fetch the fancy prices of the really good China teas. The new Mincing Lane might also be the foster- p3rent to Compressed tea, to Tablet tea; these are ‘fancies '’ which would suit America, but it would have to see that only good tea went out in these new forms. Why should Américans take a strange looking Brick, which rouses suspicion by its novelty and backs up the dislike by being of unsuitable flavour? The greatest benefit to be obtained from Compressed tea is that it is of small bulk, and so could be supplied cheaper to the consumer at no extra cost to the producer. Then this tea would keep better, and this means that. the consumer would get less damaged tea, and he might even be inducad to lay in large stooka of a tea he fancies knowing that it will keep for years and only improve by keeping. Every ounce of bad tea supplied to a consumer probably loses us 8 ounces of tea sold, as he goes for coffee or other drinks. The biggest new market is the maximum con- sumption by our present customers. We sell 200 millions pounds, but this might easily be doubled if we gave only good suitable tea. With our present style of tea and the great mass of absolutely bad tea sold, it is rea- sonable to think that no one drinka more than he can help, and that each one could easily double his consumption if we help him. OGompressed tea would do away with one difficulty which is of no benefit nither tothe producer or to the consumer, and that is appearance; and the endeavour td. spit ‘* appearance” is the cause of heavy expense to the 118 roducer, and consequently to the consumer. When . tea is judged by its liquor only it will be cheaper to make and to buy. Each Factory could not com- press its tea; this would have to be done by the dealers who would buy up large quantities, and be able to supply the same tea at all times, of one quality, in fact of one brand. The establishment of a new Mincing Lane in Oolombo would probably begin a new erain Tea, in which we could abandon our old course of making unsuitable tea for the benefit of our rivals. And to those who point to the glorious progress of Indian tea, and from that argue that our course must have been right, I would point to the fearful cost, the crores of rupees sunk and lost, which we have paid to oust China. No nation but England could have afforded to rival China in Tea planting, or have faced such heavy losses; and besides the losses, many of us haye supplied tea year after year at cost price. How is it that Ohina can make euch very cheap tea? The answer is that it is made by individuals in their spare time, off waste land, with no expenditure for fuel, establishment, build- ings, &o., &c, It is probably simply picked, rolled and dried in the sun: This economical method of manufacture must produca bad tea, but it is very cheap; it would probably chow a profit ata penny a pound; and it can le sold because India Supplies the means. 1874. [Tbree cheers for the ancient Tarshish!!! (whether it tish or tishnt !] ARABIAN AND LIBERIAN COFFEE. June 29tk. §1z,—An advertisement for Arabian coffce plants for New Peradeniya estate seems to have caused some surprise, It will be interesting to know how many acres of Arabian coffee have been opened out for the last two years. In one of the oldest districts —Kegalla—about 25 acres have been planted on Andella,8 20 years’ abandoned coffee estate, and the coffee seems thriving fairly. An upcountry notice appeared eight or ten months ago offering coffee stumps for sale. On the proprietor of Andella writing for them to fill in vyacancier, he received a reply that these were not for planting but for firewood! The re-planting of Arabian coffee has been going on quietly on a Small gcoale, those doing so basing their reasons chiefly on the fact that 5lb. at 2s equals 10 lb. at 1s. Liberian coffee as a hardier plant is, however, receiving more attention than Arabian coffee, and the cultivation is looked upon now asa sure and paying matter. On Mr. Strachan’s property— Mousa—30 acres have in 3 years cleared expenses, and the field is in magnificent condition. When exploring for land I saw near Polgahawellaa bit of Liberian coffee on a place I believe called Edella, equally good but needed a coffee planter’s treatment. Many old coffee planters there are not. and tho few available are the men to secure for coffee planting. Tea planters will gain experi- ence in four years at some cost. It will take more time to write and give more reasons than I could spare now. Foran example, it is not all who Enow what soil will grow coffce, and though L berian coffee thrives in low warm districts it will not give ample returns in cabook and certain soils with deficient supply or no lime init, &e. It will take a long time before the world’s markets are over-supplied with any kind of coffee, and with the supply on the decrease for the last eleven years, good prices will prevail for years to come yet. For Liberian coffee the American market THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. et y ~ . - [AuG. 1, 1894. has been open for the last six years, and another exbibition at Ohicago or anywhere is not needed to create a taste for it there or even in Europe. BR CO, COCONUT SUGAR. Deak Siz,—In “Young Ceylon” (vol. i. page 20) I see ® quotation made as follows :—“ Ceylon, says the Oolombo Observer, is par excellence, a coconut country and every good man we (rust would rejoice to see the sweet juice of this palm converted into wholesome sugar, instead of being as at present fermented aud distilled into the mogt pernicious of liquids, epread- ing 08 it does moral rain and physical degradation over the land,—and L, N. (the initials being well- known in Ceylon) proceeded in the same paper to say: “hence, if the mavufaciure of suger from the coconut tree promises even to diminish that of arrack the new experiment must be hailed as a blessing to the land, while it will increace its wealth and commercial prosperity.” _ It also appears that according to Dr. Marsbali’s little work on the coconut tree, 309,955 lb. of jageery estimated at £4,946, was exported from Ceylon in the year 1825 and on export duty of 10 per cent. ad-valorem levied by the regolations of 1813. Would some readers of your valuable journal tell us ebout jaggery now and the figares of the exportation of late years would enlighten the public whether the manufacture of jaggery psys or not? Now that Ceylon is well-known all throughout the world for the finest tea why should we not also turn out the sugar to be used alovg with the tea? If this done and the arrack distillerics diminished what s grand thing it will be!—Yours truly, CEYLONESK. _ [test year, the export of “ Sugarcandy, pslm and jaggery” from Ceylon was 7,510 cwt. valued at R27,731.—Ep, 7.A.] COCONUT PALM JAGGERY. Dzaz §12,—With reference to the above letter, I do not think it will pay to turn out jaggery in place of arrack! At page 120 of that most useful compilation ‘* All about the Coconut Palm ” there is reproduced copy of a letter addressed to Messrs. Lemarchand & Co., Jaffna, by Mr. J. Glanville Taylor, Batticaloa, dated November 27th 1849, relative to the experimen- tal production of sugar from both coconut and palmyra toddy. The paper mentioned in the letter as having been forwarded, together with samples of the sugar, to the Asiatic Society for rcport, no doubt contained useful information on the subject and if it could be reproduced in the columns of the 7.A. it _would probably be of interest to your readers.— Yours truly, _ PLANTER. A CEYLON PLANTER WISHES TO KNOW WHETHER HE SHOULD INVEST £5,000 HERE OR CARRY IT TO CENTRAL AFRICA. DEar S1r,—Referring to your various notices about coffee planting at Blantyre in British East Africa, will you or any of your correspondents kindly give me the following information, viz , what line of steamers run from Colombo end how long does the yoyage take*—ihe distance to Blantyre from the Coast and how reached; the erea cf land at present under affee culiivation: cost of lator whether jlentiful or otherwise; general elevetion ; feasoo and so on—upon what terms lend can be obtained—is big game shooting to be had ard would it in your cp:nion be more profitable to invest there rather than in Ceylon. £5,000. RE _ * There are two routes :—yia Aden or Siauritius to Zanzibar: to get to Blantyre from Colombo would, ean occupy the better part of three months. Au, 1, 1894.) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 119 CHINA TEA; PLANTERS STRONGLY AD- VISED TO MAKE FINE TEAS; COLOMBO BUYERS WARNED TO SEND NO RUBBISH TO AUSTRALIA. Central Province, July 5th Dean Sir,—I see by Messrs. Gow, Wilson & Stanton’s circular of June 15th, that the quantity of Obina tea on which duty was paid in the United Kingdom, from 1st June 1893 to 31st May 1894, was 29,160,326 lb. The quantity ex- ported during that time was 25,770,233 lb. Does this mean that a total of 54,930,559 lb. was sent from Ohina +o Britain; or that the total sent was only 29,000,000 lb. odd, of which 25 million odd were exported, leaving only 3,000,000 lb. odd for; home consumption ? In our local market, the difference in prices between what our buyers consider good tea and what they consider indifferent, is becoming more and more accentuated. For fair teas the prices are really excellent, when compared to recent prices at home, While admitting that it is not always so, and perhaps never so is the case of some estates, I think it is clearly evident that it would pay most planters at present to reduce their quantity, and improve their quality. I sea it said that over 50 chests have recently been returned from Australia. Butis this not the fault of the Colombo buyer, whose duty it is to see the tea is sound, before purchasing it? Whether the fault be with buyer or planter, the fact must equally tell against our staple in our most pro- mising new market. With stocks rising, and quality in many cases very inferior, why should we not ‘go for’ a season of better teas, as the Assam Planters did two years ago. PLANTER. THE CEYLON CHICAGO AWARDS. Oolombo, July 5th. Dear S1r,—1l. It gives me pleasure to forward herewith for publication copies of the ‘‘ wording of awards” received (through the Ceylon Govern- ment) from the Chairman Executive Committee of awards, World’s Columbian Exposition. 2. I shall be happy to forward the original papers to the different Exhibitors named in the attached list on their application to me at Colombo, I am however sending the papers to such of the Exhibitors named in the papers herewith, of whose addresses I am certain. 3. Farther lists will doubtless follow, but these are the only papers which have as yet reached me. According as the dosuments arrive from America, I shall have pleasure in publishing them. 4. Will you oblige me by forwarding proofs of this letter and the ‘‘ wording of awards” to each _of the othor daily papers, and to the Sinhalese paper ‘‘ Dinakaraprakasa.’—Yours faithfully, J. J, GRINLINTON, Special Commissioner for Ceylon World’s Columbian Mxposition. WORDING OF AWARDS REFERRED TO. Oeylon—Department H.—Manufectures. Exhibiton Hon. J. J, Grinlinton (for Ceylon Government Colombo, Group 96, Class 598. Exhibit: ‘‘ Oarved Ebony and other woods” Award. The magaificent and euthuriastio response of the Island of Ceylon to the invitation of the United States to participate in the ‘‘ World’s Oolumbian Expositiou,” emphasized by the erection of four Separato courts of honor, thus placing before the people of other nations the best exampies of anci nt Oeylon architecture and constructive and ornamental wood carving.—It shows simplicity and purity of the ornamental forms employed; the interesting and artistic carving of pillars, beams and bas-reliefe, and unique and artistic collection of carved?commercial pieces exhibited, consisting of elephants, furniture boxes and pedestals. DEPARTMENT A. AGRICULTURE.—Exhibitor, Charles de Soyea, Colombo, Ceylon. Group 6, class 37—Ex- hibit, Poonac (food preparation) and esiccated coconut,—Award. Poonac.—A carefuliy prepared by-product of coconut in the manufacture of oil and is of great importance in Ceylon. One grade is pressed into cakes and ia used as B cattle food. Another grade is in fibrous form ard loose, and is largely used by the natives as a food, Desstcated Coconut.—Superior preparation. DepaRtTMent A. AGRIcULTURE.—Exhibitor, Vavae- seur & Oo., Colombo, Oeylon. Group 6, class 37— Exhibit, Desiccated coconut.—A ward. Excellent preparation and condition. Department A. AGRICULTURE. — Exhibitor, The Orient Company, Limited, Colombo, Ceylon. Group 6, class 837 ~Hxhibit, Desiccated coconut.—Award. Excellent preparation and condition. Department A. AGrRicuLrorr.—Exhibitor D. P. Dias, Kandy, Ceylon. Group 6, class 37—Exhibit, Food Preparations. Award—An Excelent Exhibit of the various fruits of Ceylon, well prepared as pre- serves, DeEpaRTMENT A. AGRICULTURE.—Exhibitor J. A. Gauder, Colombo, Ceylon, Group 6, class 37—Exhi- bit. Food Preparations. Award—This Exhibit includes various specimens of the fruits of Ceylon well prepared as preserves. DeparTMENT A. AGRicuLtuRE.—Exhibitor, Julian Heyzer, Colombo, Ceylon. Group 6, class 37—Exhibit, Sauce and Condiments. Award—A highly seasoned table gauce of excellent quality. DEPAKTMENT A. AGRICULTURE.—Exhibitor, Com- missioner for Ceylon Government, Colombo, Ceylon Group 16, class 36—Exhibit, Agricultural Imp!eme nts aud grass-cutter. Award—Simplicity and efficiency of design; Excellence of construction. The collection comprises @ press for Extracting oil end Implement or cutting grase. DepaRtTMENT N. Forestry—Exhbibitor, Leechman & Company, Colombo, Colombo. Oil Mills Group 19, Class—Exhibit—Coconut wood and boards—Award. For a collective exhibit showing unique forest pro- ducts valuable for special purposes. DepartMENT N. Forestry—Exhibitor, the Oolonial Government of Ceylon, (Hon. J, J. Grinlinton, Special Commissioner), Group 19 Olass—Exhibit—Collection of woods—Award, For showing lucidly the riches of the hardwood resources of Ceylon. DrpartMENT H, ManuraActurtes.—Exhibitor, O. P, Hayley & Company, Galle, Ceylon. Group 87, class 549—Exhibit—*‘One case Hssential Oils.” —Award. For fine quality, Cinnamon oil being especially noticeable. DEPARTMENT H, Manuractures,—Exhibitor, the Oriental Bank Estates Company, Colombo. Group 87, Class 547.—Exhbibit—One case ciochona. Award.—For very fine quality. DEPARTMENT H. Manuractures.—Exbibitor—Jalian Heyzer, Oolombo Ceylon. Group 88, Ciass 552.—Ex- hibit—* Ink,” Awarcd—For advancement evidenced by its good color and easy flowing qualisics. It does not appear to suffer from alteration throush chanze of climate. DepartTMeEntT H, Manuracturres.—Exhibitor, Orys- tal Hiil Estate, Colombo. Group 8&8, Olass 552.— Exhibit, **One case anatto.” Award.—For a casa of anatto seed, very pure and brilliant in oolor, of great strength, especially whon uted for coloring leather, oils, butter or cheese. Department H. Manuracturges.—Exhibitor,—J. J. trinliuton, (for Ceylon Government,) Colombo. Group 91, class 676, Exhibit,—Earthenware.— Award, in quality and 120 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Auc. 1; 1894. _ The clays are compact, well fired and decorated in the style of the Sinha'ece andare unglszed.—The ware is shaped by hand and turned on a potters’ wheel. Department H. MANvFACTURESs.—Exhibitor,—S. lL. Omer Lebbe Marikar, Colombo. Group 97, class 607. Exhibit,—“ Silver box.”—Award. | Fine design, carviog and chasing in silver. DepartMENT H. MAnoracturés. — Exhibitor,—The Ceylon Government, J. J. Grinlinton Oolombo, Group 98, class 612. Wxhibit,—Jewelry.—Award. Go!d belt, very fine work in etruscan gold; also eight etruscan gold necklaces, all of different end unusual designs. The gold carving is well done and the designs particularly good. DzpartTmMent H. MaNnuractores.—Exhibitor, M. J. Perera, Oolombo. Group 98. class 612—Exhibit, Jowelry.—Award. Sinhalese Lady’s head-dress in five pieces; the gold being carefully and artistically carved, indicating superior workmanship. -DeparTMENT H. MANvrActurEes.—Hxzhibitor, D, D. Silva, & Oo.; Colombo, Group 98 class 618—Exhibit, Jewelry.—Award, | Blue sapphire combining excellence of cutting and quality of stone. Department H. MAnuracturgs.—Exkibitor, O. L. M. Mohoma Macén Marikar, Colombo. Group 98, class 618—Exhibit, Necklaca cf precious stones.— Award, : The cat’s-eyes in necklace are of fine quality and very evenly matched. Department H. Manvracturr.—Exhibitor, A. H. Ismail, Colombo: Group 98, class 613—Exhibit— Jewelry.—A ward. Antique etruscan gold necklace set with rubies; the workmanship is exceedingly good. DeparTMent H. Manuracturrs.—Exhibitor, A. T. Mohammed Baaby, Colombo. Group 98, class 613— Exhibit—Precious stones.—Award. Great variety of coloured gems and for the un- usual size and pirfect quality of Aqua-marine end Chrysoberyl. JEPARTMENT H. ManuracturEs,—Exhibitor, P. T Méera Lebbe Marikar, Colombo. Group 98, class 613—Exhibit—Precious stones.—Award. Great variety and quality of coloured gems. DEPARTMENT H. ManvuracturEs.—Exhibitor, A. L. M: Mohama Mohammed, Colombo. Group 98, claes 613, Exhibit—Jowelry.—Award, Ruby and Cat’s-eye bracelet, the Rubies and Oat’s- eye are particularly well-matched and the workman- ship, particularly the setting of the stones is very good. DepartMeNT H. Manuracrures,—Exhibitor, Ceylon Spinning and Weaving Company. Group 102, 638, Exhibit—Oottou Fabrics.—Award. Good workmanship of drills and Ceylon coatings. Department H. Manuracrures.—Exhibitor Hon. J. J. Grinlintcn for Ceylon Government. Group 102, class 638. Exhibit—Cotton Fabric.—Award. The material used is excellent, andthe weaveand finich are good, DEPARTMENT H. Manuractrukes.—Hzhibitor, Ceylon Government, Colombo. Group 118, class 744. Hx- hibit—Brass art ware (trays, pots, flower vases and cuspidors) pewter plates.—Award. For good workmanship in hammered brass-work, TRINIDAD AND CHYLON CACAO, The Grove, July 6. Dear Sir,—Under the hesding of ‘‘ Cacao in Trinidad,” the Botanic Garden’s Report, (ses page 101) has a reference to the discovery in Trinidad among the Foresteros of a pod, ‘‘ which produced the uncoloursd bcan and was of the form which common consent accords to Criollu cocoa,” ‘Sand there appears to be little doubt,” the writer adds, “that we hive still the original variety with us.” I write to tell you that it may not be the original variety in its purity ; because with us it is quite a common occurr- énce in Ceylon to find the white or colourless intarior in the bean of the Forestero hybrids planted by us, Especially among the red varieties are the modifi- cations, and the tendeney to revert to the Crioljo apparent. For, while the tree retains all the robust habit and appearance of the Forestero, its shape, size and luxuriance of growth along with pods of large size and all pointing to its origin, yet the bean has lost its tint. In some cases the dark lilac has shaded down to light pink end in others the curious phenomenon of tinted as well ae altogether colourless beans occur in one and the same pod, I send you three pods from different trees of ihe red hybrid variety now eight years old, You will notice that the shape of bean also approaches that of the Criollo. This, in fect, ig what we desiderated for Ceylon some years ego, and I think we haye it fairly cstablished now especially in the new clearing as there are few who plant the Oriollo now-a-days, although it may fetch 10s per cwt. more in the Lane.—Yours troly, AS (We are indebted to “J. H.B.” for bis note and also the specimen pods out of which, as he said, there could be taken seeds of different shades of colour—some white and others pink or even purple from the same pod.—Ep. 7.4.) ELECTRICITY AND MOTORS, Colombo, July 9th. Drak 81n,— I presume that what your correepond- ent wishes to know is: ‘‘ What amount of electr.cal work can be performed by the spare power evailable in a Factory, or eleewhere; also the com) arative cost of producing a certain amount of l ght either by Electricity or Coal Gas. Although for some centuries subsequént to the researches of the Greek Philosopher “ Thales” (B.C. 67), Electricity was more or less a ‘‘ Fairy Tale,” at the present day it isa power which can be utilised and megsured by units in the ctame maiiner as aby other power (which is estimated epee hee to the amount of work done in a given ime, With regard to electric power, it is not a diffi- cult matter fora ‘‘ Planter’’ or any other person who uses power either from & steam cngine or turbine, to get at the cost of production, and it i3 an easy matter to calculate what can be done in the way of utilizing pare power, and the consc- quent cost of producing Electric light. As che . mechanical horse-power is represenied by 33.000 foot pounds of work done per minute, one electrical horse-power is represented by 746 “watts” pcr mirute. The two units in estimating eleotrical horse-power are potential or electromotive force terfsed the “volt,” and the current (or mass of electricity) termed the ampere then, volts x empercs= watts. _ In estimating electrical work, encther wnit cores into Consideration ie, resistance which is termed an ohm, and a simple formula, enables apyone to calculate electtical work. C = e meaning that the quantity of the current cquals the electromotive force dividcd by the resistance of the circuit when C = Amperes E = Volts R = Ohm A 16 C.P, incandescent lamps working at a differ- ence of potential of 100 volts absorbs -5 to -6 amphere. Taking it at *6 a 16 ©. P. lamp requires 60 watts, therefore one electrical H.P. (746 watts) will theoretically light about 1216 CP. lamp, but in actual practice a8 & safe margin it is usual to allow about 80 per cent.—efficienoy in calculating the xrcquisite power- Therefore one B. HP, will light 10, 16 O.P. incandescent lamps. AucG, 1, 1894. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Lighting by means of are Jamps is much more economical, #3 will bo readily seen by the fol- lowing data although, of course,itis not always practicable, An aro lamp of 1,000 C.P, absorbs about 500 waits, or about H.P. Therefore in practice we may reckon that one B.H.P. will give 160 C.P. in incandescent lamp, or 1,000 C.P. in aa are lamp, ‘be initial cost of an iastallation varies as to its losation. and requirements, but an in- stallatioa of say 50 incandescent lamps, or 5 are luiuy3 could be erected at @ cost varying from £150 to £200, this amount not providing for Diotiye powers, “With regard to the saving in incandescent lamps as they can now he supplied of guaranteed efli- ciency at R150, and it is soarcely worth while to run them at a lower potential than their nominal E.M:F. as 1,000 hours may be taken as an average life. A 1,000 C.P. Ara Lamp consumes about 2 inches of carbon per hour, this size of carbon costing about £5 per 1,000 feet. The depreciation on plant may be reckoned at 5 per cent on the initial cost of the installation as being ample. With regard to the comparative cost of producing Hlectria light and, Gas, as far as Gas is concerned, I think I must refer your correspondent to the Gas Company in Colombo, if they care to supply the information as to the actual cost of manufacturing gas which is sold at so much per 1,000 cubic feet. For the purposes of comparison an ordinary gas burner, which is supposed to give 16 C.P., burns 6 cubic feet of gas per hour. An equivalent electria light nominally is a 60 watt lamp, but virtually a 35 watt lamp would illuminate the same area more eflioiently. One thing which is very important your corre- spondent must remember is, the perfeat immunity from fire in using elestrio light (especially valuable in withering lofts) ag against kerosine lamps. I think I haye given all the information necessary for your correspondent’s caloulations; but if he or any of your readers interested in the subject desire further particulars if they will commuai- cate with me, [ shall be pleased to give any information in my power. There is one other matter, however, I must refer to, that is the transmission of water-power electrically, and this isa matter which every one who has available water-power should carefully consider. Apologising for taking up so much of your space.—I am yours faithfully, J. TORR TODMAN, TROPICAL QUEENSLAND: WHO CAN TELL ABOUT IT ? Dear Str,—I would feel greatly obliged if any of your travelled correspondents would furnish me through your columns with information in regard to Tropical Queensland, in the nature of that sought in the following questions :— An intending settler accustomed to coffee and coconut cultivation, and who has lived many years in Ceylon, desires to move to Tropical Queensland, He has about £600 stg. as capital and an income of £200 per annum from home. He has a wife and family of boys and desires to get general information before moving, especially as to the Landlaws, &o. Are lands allotted on time payments as ig other part of Australia ? Is any additional allowance in acreage made for wife, sons and danghters? Isthere malarial fever on the lands between the Burdekin and Fitzroy riyers? Are the blacks still troublesome ? What 8 the range of the thermometer during the year ? 121 How many inches of rainfall? Is _ there any pastorol land, i. ¢., suitable for horses and cattle. Presumably the climate would be too hot for sheep. Any general information would be gratefully received, also names of any books (and their publishers) bearing on thig subject. Begging the favor of an carly insertion.—I remain; yours truly, ALIQUIS. (We could tell about some parts of Queensland as we saw them in 1869; but cui bono? Ten years in an Australian Colony makes as great a change as 50 or 100 in Kurope. For much the same reason, books get very quickly out of date. Our adyice to ‘' Aliquis’’ is to write by first mail to “The Secretary to Government, Brisbane ’’; also to the same officer in Sydney ; for some parts of New South Wales are among the most attrac- tive in Australasia—vide ‘ Old Colonist’”’s letters to us last year about the country beyond Bathurst. In any case a would-ba colonist with a family; £600 cash and £200 a year, will be most readily furnished with official Handbooks and all necessary information by the officiala mentioned above,— Ep. 7,4.] ee eee NATAL TEA REPORT. Season’s YiEe~D: 690,000 ta. Mr. G. W. Drummond of Kearsney, sends~ us the following report:—Herewith my lsst tea report for thecurrentseason. Pruning has already commenced in this district, and I have no doubt it will become general before the closs of this month. Since the 4th of January, we have had good weathcr on the whole for tea manufacture. Previous to that date it was altogether too wet, and cold, and sunless. We corsider tbat this season has been a great improvement on last season. An advance bas been made in the righ direction. The total outturn from this district will bé 580,000 lb. The outturn from the Kearaney Factory ouly being, in round figares, 450,000 lb. We think, therefore, that we shall’be well within the mark when we put the entire outturn of the Oolony at 690,000 Ib Our original estimate was 650,000 1b. (or 700,000 lb. i€ weather favourable.) In my February report I stated that probably two new factories would start work on their own account next September, That statement I now corroborate, Mr, Adrien Oolenbrander of Hummelo, will make his own tea, and also Mr. T. EH. Peachey of Sprowston, our near neighbour. ‘Che latter estate has mado great progress during the three years, the total outturn of Sprowston having gone up from 900 1b. in 1891-1892 to 40,000 1b. this season. It has an estimate of 70,000 lb. for next season, and therefore Sprowston now ranks third in its out-turn among all the tea estates of Natal: The improved quility of tea made, hes been a, particular feature of the past eeason, We ourselves, have picked for quality throughout the whole nine months, thereby relinquishing an extra out-turn of fally 30,000lb. of dry tea, We sincerely hope, that in view of the yearly in- creasing competition with teas from India and Oey- lon; in view of the fsct that the merchants of London, Calcutta, and Colombo, in their eager search for “pastures new,” are ready to sell at a large sacrifice to obtain a footing; and, in view of the over-production of India an1 Ceylon enabling them to do this, that all Natal tex planters will be most careful not to commit the short-sighted and almost irretrievable blunder of sacrificing quality for quantity. — Natal Merewry. _-————_—_—_.——_____. VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. CorrEeE Buiossom.—We learn that a nia® 80ssom is out on the coffee near the Haputale station and along the road to Bandarawela, the Rochampton fields especially making a good show. 122 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [AUc. 1, 1894. CorreE PLANTED wiTH TEAs.—We are much obliged to the practical planter signing ‘‘Cinchona”’ for the encouraging information he gives as to the planting of ocffee slong with tea and the success which has attended his own efforts—we may add—in a district situated at a medium altitude. Our wish is that many more may follow our corres- pondent’s example, SyLvAKANDE.—Had any one hinted 25 years ago that this es‘ate would be cold for £2,000. he would have had the finger of scorn pointed at him at that time. I baveitcn the authcrity of the then Superin- teudent—ten hundredweights an scre was not an unusual crop tobe despatched from the estate, This was good epougb, but Jicton to what my infor- mant added, ‘“ and sometimes I never put a coolic into my back fielde at all, as it took all my force to pick the bungalow ficld only.” These were glorious days, end it is sad to think how the mighty Sylvakande has fallen. Quinine in AmERICA.—In Ceylon, the question of the hour seems to be “how to compel Ameri- cane to drink Ceylon tea,” and this has so ‘engrossed erevy one’s attention that subjects of minor im- portance have been lost sight of entirely. Have planters given up exporting cinchona bark, else why did your Commissioner omit pushing the sale of it also, when at Chicago? We know that nocountry is more in need of a regular supply of tonics, and there must be a limitless market for that drug when we read of such experiences as that, in a certain village in Michigan, so many people have the ague that the Ohurch-bell is rung at specified hours for the inhabitants to take their quinine. THE Faure oF THE Monsoon is likely to mean ‘dear rice’? but ‘‘ abundance of coolies ” to the Ceylon planters. Coolies always flock over during & bad season in Southern India. The fol- lowing editorial note is from the Madras Mail of the 17th inst.:— The Sesson in Tinneyelly is causing Government some apxiety. The Collector of the District, it is understood, has sent a special report on the unfavourable character of the season and bas asked the sanction of Government to deepen the tanks in the villages and towns which are said to contain water just sufficient for driuking purposes. The merobants in the District are also understood to be sending large orders to Ooconada and Rangoon for supply of rice and grains, 88 & precautionary provision against expected scarcity. : INDIARUBBER.—The adulteration of articles of com- meroeis the down-draught of the present tie and those of your community who have planted rubber trees, in the hope of a rich reward, will read the following with as depressing senrations as the merchant did who, having purchased several tons of whalebont at £2,250 per ton, read in next morning’s paper that a process of forming artificial whelebone from avimal hair, consieting in subjecting the hair to a softening bath, then to a bath of acetio acid, and finally placing the mass under great pressure has been invented. Artificial indiarubber from cotton-seed oil is one of the lates: industrial products, and claimed to possess commercial adaptations of peculiar practical value, gays the Tradesman. The manufacture inyolyes a rocess not yet given cut to the public by the iscoverer, who states that, while experimenting with the cotton-seed oil to produce a varnish for painting, he obtaineda substance entirely foreign in its make up and properties to what was sought—not a var- nish, but rubker. So simple is the process, as alleged, thet itis not within the protection of a patent—the ovly sefeguard being, therefore, in the cecrecyof the process, by tbe use of which, it is asserted, only 15 per cent isrequired of the genuire rubber to produce an article which can in no way te distinguished irom the ordinary crude india-rubber even by experts in the handling of the latter article. Arrangements have been made for its extensive manufacture and its ap- plication to the various purposes so long peculiar to the natural material, Tus Upvucama Trmper Company Saw Mitts at GinToTTe.—I peid a visit to these mills and wes much interested in what I saw. This mill lies on private land taken by the Company ona long lesse about half a mile fiom the Gictotte tol'-bar and adjoining the river. Two large buildings covered with Bangalore tiles have already beeu erected, and the machinery has just becn fixed up under the supervision of Messrs. Jemwpler and Pace. A number cf logs ready for eawing have already been heaped up on the premiees, aud I learn that the mill will be ia full sewing this time next month. Amongst other macbin- ery the mill porseeses a huge boi'er of 200 horse-power end a circular saw six {cet in diameter. It is expected that the mill when st work will te ospable of turning cut 500 tea-chestsa day. The approach to the mill presents a lively epprarance, everyous being buey, men, women, and boys, I was extremely surpriced to see some Moorish women working in tbe open with other men and boys at twisting coir-yarn—a very uucommon sight.--Cor. “OVER PRODUCTION AND GoLp Prices.”—Our evening contemporary of the local “Times” should really mind his own business: we had not the slightest idea of addressing an inquiry to him in reference to ‘‘ Bimetallism,” the last place we should look to for information of any weight or concequence! He took up our paragraph addressed to another quarter in order to tell us,— In the case of coffee the falling-off in production has beeu most marked, and this scarcity of the article has been such as to maintain prices in spite of the increase in the purchasing price of gold. The other day, our contemporary endeavoured to prove his “ bimetallic ” ergument by reference to ‘*tea’’ statistics as follows :-— China India & Ceylon Total Avge Ib. Ib. lb. 1885..,113,514,000 68,895,000 182,409,000 1/3} 1891... 52,287,304 150,169,538 202,456,887 jlv 1892... 34,483,408 172,630,296 207,113,704 /94 1893a 27,900,235 142,244,630 173,522,345* /9 a 10 months oniy. But he took care not to trouble himeclf with a fact repeatedly pcinted out to him, namely, that one lb. of India and Ceylon tea should ke counted as equal, at least, to 14 lb. of Ohina tea. This fact was brought out very prominently by Mr, Goschen in a Budget Speech some years ago and has often been referred to, since, and yet our contemporary persistently ignores it, The proper comparison of the above table (as against average prices) will thus show a very different result, working out as follows :— REVISED. Ohina India & Ceylon Total Avge. lb. Ib. Ib. price b (Revised 1885...113,514,000 103,342,500 216,856,500 1/3} 1891... 652,287,304 225,254,300 277,541,604 /10 1892... 34,483,408 258,945,444 293,428,652 - /94 1893c 33,480,282 256,039,254 289,519,536 /9 6 Counting 1 1b. Indian and Ceylon equal to 14 lb. China. c Adding 1-5th for the two months not in- cluded above, although, possibly, more should be added. In this connection we may once again notice the curious result brought out in Messrs. Thompson’s Annual Report, namely, how the average price of Indian tea, therein quoted, rose and fell during the past four seasons in exact correspondence with the quantity of crop. A big average yield per acre in 1891-92 end 1893-94 meant a lower average price: a smaller average yield in 1890-91 and 1892-93 resulted in a much’ better average price, * We leave this total as given by the local‘'Times” though the additions make 170,144,265.—Ep. 7.A. Aue, 1, 1894. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 123 THE PALLAGAMA EXPERIMENTAL PLAN. TATION, IN NORTH-EAST CEYLON. We are wrong perhaps in calling it an “ experi. mental’’ plantation; for the managing proprietor, Capt. Gordon Reeves, and his colleagues are as much assured of success ag if they were investing their capital in any of the old, well-established districts instead of pioneering many miles beyond the recognised limits of our planting zoue. Never- theless, when we learn that in the Pallagama region,. well developed coconut palms begin to bear fruit in five years, that fine coffee and cacao shrubs of 24 to 3 years of age are found in the native gardens, while jaks, tamarinds and arecas are seen to flourish, it must be confessed that Capt. Reeves did not go into “ Pallagama” without sufficient experience to warrant his con- fidence in its future. In the first place there can be no question as to the soil—that is of a quality only rarely to be equalled in Ceylon. * But what about wind?” has been a question often put by men who have heard of, or experi- enced, what that enemy of planters can do in the Laggala regicn. It ig reassuring therefore to learn on good authority that the wind which Sometimes tears everything before it in the height of the monsoon on the upper Laggala slopes, and is so strong on the patanas, that coolies cannot travel with loads (this is not the Pallagama outlet!) dwindles to a light, pleasant breeze long before the altitude of 600 faet above sea-level is reached, while lower down it is most heartily wel - comed as a relief to a high temperature. As to wind at Pallagama,the character of the forest at once showed the professional planter there was no risk. But then there was the inevitable difficulty about ‘‘labour” foretold; but so far, we are assured, there has been an abundance of village labour available and that a good deal of work is being done, may be judged from the expeotation that 300 acres will be planted with Coconuts, Liberian Coffee and Cacao, before the close of the year. All the nurseries are doing exceedingly well, although there is some trouble with elephants which rather superabound in the neighbourhood. The only drawback we can think of is the risk of drought; but that risk is not greater on Pallagama than it is in Dumbara which is a rich and prosperous planting valley. Then as to opening an outlet, the official promise is being kept and bridges are being put in sufficient to carry o heavy timber traffic. Mr: Ross-Wright, who recently took charge of Pallagama, is recognised by his Directors as the right man in the right place, his familiarity with Sinhalese as wellas Tamil labour gained at Labugama. giving him a special advantage. There can be little doubt, therefore, that Pallagama, as an established plantation and as the nusleus of a Planting District, will shortly have to be added to the long roll of divisions rescued from unprofitable jungle in Ceylon through the enterprise of Huropean Colonists. The fate of pioneers has become almost proverbial; but the proverb is far more applicable to the opening of a new country alto— gether than of a new district in an established Colony. The pioneers in Dimbula Fe’ix, in tha new Valley of Dikoya, or in the Maskeliya Wilder. ness, or even in distant Uva, by no means made a loss: some of them continue to own the valuable properties they pioneered twenty-five to thirty years ago. And in the case of Pallagama we sincercly hopo that Capt. Gordon Reeves may be richly rewarded for his enterprise, while his supporters eharo in that prosperity eccording to the risk they have run by inyesting their capital, 16 PLANTING IN NYASSALAND: B, C. AFRICA, Mr, Edmund Woodhouse is certainly very en- terprising—he igs ready to go anywhere on any mission, within reason, to any region within the tropics! He advertises his willingness to explore and report on land euitable for coffee. planting purposes in the Shire Highlands, Mr. Woodhouse is a very experienced coftee-planter and if our correspondent ‘' £5,000” and two or three friends chose to form a Syndicate to employ Mr. Woodhouse, we feel sure they would get the worth of their money in reliable and yaluable information, indispensable to any intending investors, a FREE GRANTS OF LAND IN NORTH BORNEO. The British North Borneo Company advertise through their Agents in Ceylon the offer of free grants of land to young men with a capital of £2,000 and upwards, for the cultivation of coffee, cinchona, coconuts in their territory. The land offered is available up to an altitude of 10,000 feet, and 6500 acres is mentioned as the extent to ba given to each applicant. This ought to be a capital chance for enterprising youngmen with the means at their disposal. oe THE INTRODUCTION OF GAS ENGINES TO CEYLON. We notice an advertisement in the Ceylon Observer giving some of the advantages of using gas engines in place of steam. These advantages are clearly stated in the advertisement, and they are such as commend gas as ® motive power, some- what more preferable than steam, especially for engines of moderate power. In places where a supply of gas may be had we have noticed these evgines are fast supplanting steam as both more economical and handy. Colombo has been till re- cently bebind hand in this respect, becange we believe the opinion was preyalent that with gas at the price it is, both steam and cooly labour were much cheaper, and the experience and knowledge of steam power prevented ex- perimenting with 4 motive power about which con- flicting statements were made regarding the re- liability of the ergine designed to apply it. It was better to bear with whet was known than to perhaps get involved in the worse unknown, which ie better expressed in the common aying, that it might bea case of “jumping from the frying- pan ioto the fire.’ This cannow uo longer be said of Colombo for the gas engine bas -been imported and tested and has been found to fulfil all that ig claimed for it. This teat has proved that instead of constant care avd concern attachirg to the correct handling of steam engines by native att«endavts, the gas engine may safely be left in charge of any person with a quarter-of-av-hour's instruction. No special attencant is necessary. We bave put this to the test, Asour reavers already know our machiery in the Zropical Agriculturist and Observer office bas been driven by a4 gas engine for some time, and we bave had our machinemen acting in the capacity of engine-drivers ever sivce its intro. duction. This they have done with no hindrance to their work or any trouble as to handling the engine, On consivering the advisability of introducing a motive power into cur offise other than cooly lavur, we e.texed into the cost as compared with band power. We have always conridered steam to be objectionable in cur office, and fer many years looked forwar! to the d y when water power cr gis cud be utilised, Unfortunately, the Water Supply 124 ee could not give ua the requisite pre*sare and for some time we were afraid the seme would be the Oar objection to, steam was owing to the constant supervision neces~ sary for efficient working, as well as the risk of fire, the dust, smoke, &c., as referred in the advertisement, Mr. Ingrams, Manager of the local Gas Oompany, on our application, supplied us with necessary data to ascertain the probable cost of ‘4 gaa engine, gad and water pipe’conncetione, &o., dnd’ with these particulars we found that there would bé a saving of money on labour with much ipstior 'dicteney, on the average of working 50 hours per week: ‘Where we paid from R90 to R100 for hand labour per month the gas engine using per week 2,500 feet of gas even at R7 prr 1,000 feet would cost just about R70, giving the engine the full working time. This shows a most remarkable paves but the actual saying has heen more remarkable still. Ourgas consumption for June, with quite our asusl amount of work,amdunted to only R39°90; add rent of gas and water meters and cost of supply of water, say R8 ¥ total 47-90, or a saving of between 40 and 50 per cent. And this is in addition to—as the adverticement puts it regarding the engine :— ‘© No tedious prepsration before starting; cleaning required, almost nothing}when compare! with scaling boiler and cleaning fines ; nochimney to build—no smoke nuisance; no coal.to get in, or ashes to cart away ; no dust—no boiler, with risk of explosion ; no water gauges or safety valves to watch; no fires to slack down or draw at stopping time—only gas to turn off and no regular attendance required beyond oiling, cleaning, and starting.” All thie is worth record- ing, but we must state that the pay, of one or two coolies has meantime to bea deducted from the above total; which we expect will not be chargeable later on. Yet when it is under- stood that the engine has only to have a match applied. to light s» Buneen burner, to stirt it in about three minutes, to stop it by turning off the supply of gas, if may,be credited that the engine is equal fo the most axacting economical requirements and is cf extreme advantage in® the case of work which may require short stoppages. But even in continuous runving it ia quite equal if not superior to the older motive power. One of the old pattern gas engines, with the troublecome slides,—which are not in the latest designs—have been known to run continuously night and day for ten years, with short stoppages for clean- ing and repairs and is still working. The total cost of repairs and renewals for this period was only £25 or £2, 103 per year, Ordinarily the life of a gas engine based on this experience would be twice or three times ten years as few have to run so continu- ously—eyen for a, third of the time per day. Other instances of cost have shown that engines in every- day use for,10 years have only cos! for repairs, “a few shillings per annum ”! case’ with Gas. One of, the great advantages of the gas engine is its cleanlineas. It might, it has been remarked, almost be run ina drawing room and with less dust than comes from an ordinary grate or stove! This saves having a separate compartment for it. The comparison is between thecleanliness of the gas engine and the con- dition of a place with a stesm érgine. The result is eutirely in favour of the gas engine ; and this advan- tage itself bas commecded it apart from its economy otherwise. There are none of the usual risks atten- dant on, steam power, and, as to cleaving, five minutes ev'ry evening to wipe it down and about 10 minutes, or eo every week to clean out the valves is almost all that is required. During the time we have been running our gas engine, it haa worked with the. greatest smoothness and efficiency. It is placed in the centre of,cur machine-room, having machinery entoth sides. This is for handiness in starting and stopping, but which also relieves to a slight extent the torsion strain on the shafting. It is of the vertices] type, occupies a floor space cf about 4 feet square, with around water tank behiad occupying say 30 Fq. inches, Both are raised on concrete on: brick founca- tions, the former about a foot, the latter about-18 inches, The top of thia brick and oonoreto work is neatly THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURST, ~ La =. we {[Auc. 1, 1894. finished off with beaded polished teak boarding, and ou these the engine and tank reet. Thetank of water ig simply used for the purpose of keeping the cylinder of tke not be ina sound position until among other things We are exporting 250,000 cwt. cf Liberian coffee, | INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT NYASSA- We should certainly like to see that day ; but much LAND. fear the export of a// kinds of coffse from Ceylon will not reach that figure again before the close of the present century, At the same time, every little helps, and we are much in favour of careful ex- periments in smallo!earings such as ** J. M.” and some others of our estate proprietors have initiated. > - ———— PLANTING IN SOUTHERN PROVINCE. (From Mr. Tevers’ Administration Report for 1893.) it is difficult to estimate the area under Téa, it was cstimat:d iast year by Mr. LHiliott to ba 5,000 acres ia the Galle an: 4,C00 in the Matara Districts. Th:re has certainly been au increase in the acreage, because Siubalese ace now open- ing up s.nzll gardens all over the dista'ct. I have collecied the fojlowing iatormation regarding the The nutuial aspect of the country is exceed native growing of tea, but I csnuot guarautce | ingly beautiful. ‘The soil is nearly everywhere the fgu.es, I am told is cosis a native RLUO fertile, Native labourers very abundant and very to clear and plant au acre of forest, and R30 tor cheap, wages ranging from about 2s 64 to 3s an annnal upkeep, and (that an annual profit of | 2° ‘month besides food which anskae ls per pe Bt acre is obtained when the tea comes into week. Oustoms duties, taxes, &3, are very low, CINNAMON.—The arca has increased in the Galle | 80me of the planters reckon that with ordinary good luck and with present prices, 100 per cent District from, 3,340 arces ia 1892 to 3,875 in 1893. It is said tuat an acre of cianamon land does not | Profit may be;made on ooff:e direotly the trees now give a profit of more than R8 peranunom. The come into beariag. ¢ cultivation ceems to be carried on more from sup- There is a direct line of steamers (the German timent and strong caste fevling than from its being | mail line) between Bombay and Tshinde (Ohinde) luorative. at the mouth of the Zambesi, 17 Mr. HE. Weoihouse has placed at our disposal the following information received from Mr. H, P. Johnston in a letter dated 5th July ;— In regard to Nyaesaland, land ia very cheap at present ranging from almost nothing in the border districts to 2/6 in the settled country. The average rainfall is 55 inches annually. The country is ex- ceedingly well timbered and well watered by running streams, The mortality at present among Europeans is 6°5 per cent, though this proportion is considerably reduced when the deaths of people killed in warfare. or hunting accidents or in infaocy are deducted,, The deaths from malarial fever and dysentery—the only two diseases of any seriousn( 3s—amount to about 3 per cent. 132 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. At Tehinde you change into small river steamers by which you are conveyed to Katunga on the Shire and thence you rideup 25 miles to Blantyre which is to all intents and purposes the capital, though the seat of administration is at Zunba, 40 miles near to Lake Nyassa. There are about 265 Europeans settled in the country. of ins ee THE NEW SEASON'S (CHINA) TEAS. Our own Mincing-lane correspondent reports that business has been more active in the tea market through the arrival of the new season’s Black Leafs. Samples were shown on the 4th inetant, and sales to a comparatively large extent were effected at a range of prices which must be satisfactory to im- porters. The highest pricee so far is 28 6d per lb. The general ron of quality proves more on the useful olage, but of finest thereare not as many parcels as could be desired, though it isthe grade most wanted. At current rates merchants will do welito at once quit their holdings. It may perhaps be noted as a rather melancholy fact that not a single London paper specially noted the arrival of the ‘‘ Moyune”’ with the first of the new sesson’s teas, The run of the ‘‘ Mcyune” from the Red Buoy at Woosung to Gravesend was 34days 9hours 40 minutes or a few hours shorter than last year, when the time, was 35 days. Messrs. Wills & Co. (Limited), the agents of the Ohina Mutual Steam Navigation Company at Port Said, state that the “‘ Moyure” took in at Port Said 570 tons of coal in one bour and twenty minutes,—Z. and C, Lxpress, July 6. ee TEA ADULTERATION., Thanks to the wise regulation by which teas are analysed by the Customs Department, tea adulteration bas been practically made impossible in Englane. It is not so, however, in Sydney. According to our go-ahead contemporary, the Westminster Gazetie, at a recent sitting of the local Parliament one of the members, Mr, Neild, ‘‘ drew from his coat-tail pockot a sample of tea, and handed the same to Sir George Dibbs for the edification of the authorities,’ Ten days later the Premier arsured the Assemb y, upon the authority of the Government analyst, that the tea contained “distinct traces of lead and antimony, to say nothing of wooden chips and shavings, and war, 10 fact. quite unfit for consumption.” The sample, it appears, came from a bulk shipment of nearly a thousand chests, most of which had found its way into the “festive teapot” before the Parlia- mentary exposure. The lead discovered by the analyst has been described by a Sydney merchant as ‘‘ colour- ing matter,” and he says that if you picked out from the teaa piece of stalk you could write your name with it, almost as though you had a blackiead pencil in your hand. It seems that the common pian of colouring on the plantations is to “involve an infusion of lamp-black into the leaves, or else churn the leaves slong with lumps of blacklead in a revolving barrel.” A great deal of this mixture is we learn, landed in Sydney every year. Does any of it ever re2ch London? s.The Westminster's inquiry if avy of this reaches London is answered by the fact that we are protected from such adulteratioos by the Customs chemist’s examinaticns of allimported teas. There is, however, a swindle practised with teas which we exposed some time ago, aud which is still being carried on by :ome of the largest of the much-advertised packet tea firms, who use a ‘‘tea-faking’’ machine. The large refushment oaterers and hotels have a great quantity of exhausted tea leaves. These,on being dried and passed through the ‘‘tea-making’’ machiue, can be, and are. made to have the appearance of the finest teas, and when mixed off in moderate proportions with genuine tea may be sold to the public without any risk of detection. It igs only a few months since an offer was made to the Aerated Bread Co., by a gang of persons anxious to further developjand exploit this gwindle, to collect {Auc. 1, 1894. the waste leaves at # ceria‘n price from the whole of this company’s establishmests. We understsnd, however, the offer was declined. The company would not lend itself to any tuch practices, aid it is a pity that a similar high sense of honour dces not sfflict some of the largest packet tea firms, who have been lately freely indulging in this swindle.—Tood and Sanitation, ——_———————E—E SEASONING TIMBER. The timber, after cutting (koown as felling), should be placed in a dry position, so that the air may circu- late freely round it. It should vot be placed in the sun or wnd, or it will be sure to “ crack” and “warp” very much in ¢rying. If the timber is roughly squared with the axe, it will not eplit to euch én extent as though it were left in the round. [f the tries sre large, they may with aivantage be cnt ‘‘on the quarter,” after a period of drying in \'e whole estate. A good plan is to set the timber upright, as it will dry much more rapidly. After remaining in the “ quartered” state some time, it may be cut up into the desired size. The boards, as now cut, will require careful atteution before being in a fitstate to use. They should be placed in drying- sheds, with the ends open to the air, avviding, if possible, positions in which the wind will act directly upon them, The floor should be of some hard mate- rial, such as cement, and should be kept perfeotly dry. Bearers mus: be placed horizontally between the uprights, lesvying a space between each equal to the width of boards; these bearers should be piaced about four feet apart. The boards are placed on edge with strips between them, a nail being driven into the top of each strip to prevent its falling downwards. An alternative arrangement is to place the boards one upon the other, with strips between each piece, taking care to place the strips one exactly over the other, There are many methods of hasiening the drying of timber, one of which is to p'ace it com- pletely under water for a time, afterwards placing it on end. This will prevent to a great extent the “ warping” of ‘stuff’ when used by the joiver. Nothiog, however, equals natural drying, which makes the “stuff” more durable, For timber used by the Carpenter, two years may bestated asa reasonable time for it to season, but for the parpose of the joiner it should not be used under three years, unlees artificially dried.—From Work for July. ————»~_—__ Mr. D. Mackay on Perak.—In a conversation I recently had with Mr. D. Mackay I gathered that he had a high opinion of the future of Perak for both kinds of coffee, aud, moreover, that there would be a splendid opening for coconut planting as there ia a grand market for the product in Ching, where the gcowers of tea as well as the crowds in the cities are eager buyers of the nut, which realises a good price in the bazaars. His opinionof the Waterloo estate is that it cannot fail to be a profitable iuvest- ment, the soil aud the climate being both in its favor. It is already yielding good returns, and I shall not be at all surprised to learn that the current report of a coffee plantation in Perak being converted into a limited company has reference to this pro- perty, though I cannot be certain in regard to it; but the names of those mentioned to me in connec- tion with the enterprise would point to it. My informant thinks that, so long as fins and suitable land oan be had in the Straits for R10 per acre, few will care to take up land in Ceylon at R100. For some time labor and the Government land re- galations stood in the way of planting in the Malay Peninsula; but these things are now changed. The land regulations are now modified, and Ohinese will make as good coffee cultivators as Indians, and far more reliable, for these latter get too much pay, end a3 a rule soon go tothe dogs; whilst, if John Chinaman has equally good pay he does good work forit. As regards coconuts in Perak, it seems that the trees come into bearing sooner and bear more heavily than in Ceylon.—London Cor., “Times of Ceylon.” xt THE TROPICAL Auc. 1, 1894. ] Korydapondancs. —EEE—E—EE To the £dttor. LARGE EGGS FROM AN ORDINARY CROSS-BRED HEN. ti Dolosbage, July 13, Dear Gir,—lt may interest you, or come of your readers, to know of a very unusual forma- tion of eggs, laid by #n ordinary crocs bred hen. The first of them was laid on the 10th, and was Jarger than the avereg> goose egg. Tho shell was slightly broken, 80d on being opened further, a complete egg W&S Seen enclosed within it. This egg was of the Ordinary gize, with hard shell, and on being broken had the usual yolk and white. Again on the 12th she laid another egg equally large ; but on the 13th one of the ordinary size ; and seems well 804 healthy; I send you the egg that was laid on the 12th to make asy use of it you like. It weiShs 5}0z.—Yours truly, L. R. (Unfortunately, althongh carefully packed in two cases, the egg got broken en route: it must have been a very fine specimen: it would certainly carry off the prize at a Poultry and Hgg Show. The chick- ens from such eggs} should be valuable.—Ep. 7. A.] THE PALLAGAMA COS PLANTATION: THE OTHER SIDE OF THE SHIELD. July 15th. S1r,—Having once before addrecsed you on this matter, I have been naturally much interested in the leading article on page 123. And I agree with you that you are wrong in calling it an ‘‘experiemental’ plantation, Ergo why the grant? You were not able in reply to my last letter on the subject to give me the partioular terms of the grant, and I am still in ignorance on this point, but I take it that the land was conceded by Government on other and more favour- able terms then those in force at an ordinary Kachcheri gale. And I want to know why, Was it because—as you say—in that fertile region well developed coconut palms begin to bear fruit in five years, and that “fine coffee and cacao shrubs of 24 to 3 years of age are found in the native gardens,” that it has been though necessary to protest this{part ofjthe country at the ex- ponse of growers who have probably paid R20 to R30 per acre for their land, and find that their coconut pslms don’t begin to bear fruit till nearer ten years ? After all, one might view with equanimity the prospect of another 5,000 acres of coconuts, Libe- rian coffee and cacao coming in, within a measur- able time, and under protected or subsidized condi- tions to swell the already bloated exports of Oeylon produce; but it doesn’t mean thac. It means tea. One of the avowed objects of the Pallagama Grant Association (see Memorandum) is to plant. tea, and the chances are they will and with that as a product in chief—no matter what they begin with. Excellent business for the grantees — not bad for the Company who will doubtless get satisfactory divyidends—but rough, very rough on the poor devils who still in many cases have to pay 8 per cent or more for their money, and who are in danger of being ruined by OVER-PRODUCTION. PROSPECTS OF TEA: THE BRIGHT SIDE. Lawrence, Norwood, July 17. Dean Srr,—In there times of rampant pessi- mists, re future cf tea, it is refreshing to read Mr, Bury White’s speech which I enolose for | AGRICULTURIST. 133 reproduction in Observer if you consider it worth while doing so.—Yours faitbfully, WALTER AGAR. [We quote the portions of Mr. Berry White's speech as Chairman of the Joksi-Assam Company which are of local interest.—Ep. 7'.A.] We imported during the year over 1,500 coolier, and the cutlay under this bead formed a con:iderable portion of the Indian expenditure. I am yery hopeful that this bas now very nearly come to an end; for although, no doubt, we shall have to go on importing on a smaller scale for some yrars t) come, wa hsd most gratifying evidence when my colleague and I were out last January and Feb:;uary tht in the near future our labour requirements would, in a grent meesure, be supplied locally. Large numbere of time-expired coolies have s:ttled down on or nei the company’s properties, aud, ag far as we could judge, have regularly taken root in the country. When we can once obtain sufficient labour without the expense of importation as a drawback, we in Upp r Aseam must inevitably stan] in a superior position to all the other tea districts of the world. We mate by far the finest and most valuable ta, ani our outturn per acre is larger than thit yielded by any other tea district except the Bheel lands cfthe Surma Valley. The only disadvantage we have to contend with is the cost of labour, and I am very sanguine that this draw- back is rapidly disappearing. It appe-re that a great increase in the consumption oft-a took place between June 1 and May 381 last, the deliveries for thit period being 112,000,000 1b. of Indian “tea, instead of the 109,000,090 1b. given in the report for the calevdir year ; so that on June 1 last there was an increas d consumption of nearly 6,000,000 Ib. over the previous year, and stocks were diminished by nearly 2,000,000 Ib. Although very little tea hisyet arrived, and it is slways hard to forecast the quality of a season by the first arrivals, still, the reports and valuations we have received from India indicate that there is an unmis- takable improvement in quality, and, without being unduly sanguine, we may look forward to considerably better prices ruling this season. Surgeon-General de Renzy and I inspected the estates in January and February lis*, aud we were greatly pleased with all we saw. { had not intended referring to the prospects of the Indian tea industry on this occasion; but on Monday last I received a most interesting circular, illustrated by a diagram prepared by Messrs. Gow, Wilson and Stanton, to whom the tea industry i: indebted for much valuable statistical information ; bat although I admire and appreciate their indus ry and enter- prise, I entirely dissent from their cor clusions. It is shown that in the decade ended in the year 1892 the consumption of tea in the world (exclusive of the Chinese Empire) had increase’ by 94,000,000 Ib. while in Great Britain along during the same period the increase was no less than 37,000,000 lb. or sbout 3,500,000 1b. a year. Thie, I think, isa highly eatis- factory increase, especially when it is considered that the increase bas been wholly in British-grown tea, which, aczsording to the late Chancellor of the Exchequer’s estimate, should be put down at 33 per cent. more, as the same quantity of Indian tea gives one-third more, bevera-e of the tame st ength than China tea. I have just returned from India and Ceylon, andI think it very doubtful that the incre- ased production of the next decade will amount to 94,000,000 Ib. and probably will be much less. I think there is very little doubt that the next decade will see the last 4d. per round customs cuty on tia re- moved, as the advocates of o free breakfast table gain strength annually. Free tea would mean much more than u reduction of 4d per pound in the re‘ail ¢ell- ing price, as it would then be released from al) the many costs and charges involved by customs sup(r- vision. This would immensely increase the consump- tion in the United Kingdom; so that I consider the foar of over-production a mere phantom, and not worth discussing. Messrs, Gow, Wilson and Stanton are also greatly alarmed at the continued fall in the value 134 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. oot — of fea since 1881; but if they consulted Sauerbeck’s tables they would find that tea had not fallen in greater proportion than any other known .commce- dity, the fact being that the fall is altogether « ie to the demonetisation of silver and the conseqnent appreciation of gold, the on'y differenc) being that tea happens to be ons cf the few commo’ ities where the fall in silver gives far more than it takes away. I cannot agree with them either that the closing of the Indian mints is any giievance to the Indian planter so long as it affects Ceylon, the only tea growing country that comes into any real ecom- petition with us. The taste for Ohina tea, eo far as Great Britain or the colenies sre concerned, is as dead as Queen Anue, and I venture to predict that before many years any person requiring a pound of that commodity will have to hunt through the length and breadth of this city before he can obtain what will then bo @ rare curicsity. The next paragraph of the report refers to the proposed issue of preference shares, which we have to ask yon to sanction. Ags I meutioned Ja*t year, we had then trenched upon our reserve fund on acccunt of new extensions and other capital expenditure and Tintimated as that all the ordinary Capital had been issued, we bad, after much thought, decided to make our next increase of capital in cumulative preference shares, and, as far as I could judge by the remarks made at the lime, the general feeling of the meeting was in favour of the propo- sition. Although about one fifth of the entire capi- tal of the Company is held by the board, we do not wich to take such an important step as this without the concurrence an approval of the shareholders as a body, and to obtain this we, for the first time in our history as @ company, issued proxy forms. The response to this has been very remarkable, there having been cnly two dissen'ients, hold the in-onsi- derable number of 140 share between them ; while, on the other hard, the capital approving of the proposi- tion amounts to no-less than £75,000. One share- holder writes suggesting that debentures at 4} or 5 per cent would be a better mode of increasing capital than the iseue of preference shares, but we could not issue a redeemable four-and-a-ha'f or five per cent. debenture onless at a discount, or, if at par, it would necd to be redeemable inten or fifteen years, at a premium of 6 to 8 per cent. “We should then be sadd'ed with a mortgage creditor instead of a fellow shareholder, and if it were made an irredeemable debenture we shouid have this on our backs for life. We now propose to issue £50,000 of the sinctioned increment, and to make good the drafts on the reserve fund for new extensions, &., already put out. As I have said before, we do not intend to put out one additional acre for some time to come; but we hold it to be a matter of the most vital importance that cur reserve fund should be. in tact. We propose to issue the new shares at 10s_ premium. We bave put on this nominal preminm so as to cover any cost of issue, and leaves something to be carried forwerd to reserve. The calls will be made easy avd convenient, having an intervalof two months between each ; but the whole will be called up before March 31st next, for, elthough the money may not be needed, we think it is desirable to get a Stock Hxchange quotation as soon as possible, and, being such a small amount, we could not spply for such with any degree of confidence until the whole amount is fully paid. Like former issues, it willbe offered rateably to all share holders in proportion to one toevery five ordinary shares held. MARAGOGIPE COFFEE IN CEHYLON. Dersr Sizr,—I had hoped to have had another year to continue my experiment, and wait and watch for any verification ‘of my cxpectations from Maragogipe coffée, before speakirg or writing about it; but the attention which has been drawn to the subject by your publishing’ Mr. Christy’s letter to the Chemst and Druggist (on page 115) ‘seems to make a few remarks desirable, "coffee thoroughly, no matter what variety. ‘the export of Arabian ovfice getting yearly lecs, there [Auc. 1, 1894. Mr. Christy s;eeks of its introduction in Ceylon ae if it had been taken in hand hy come planter feriously, and on a large scale; bot we have rot hesrd of any, and it would be very advantageous if you could induce the importer of the seed he mentions to give us the benefit of his experience. I regret very much the scantiness of {he infor- mation I can sfford, and the very limited scale of my experierce; but the collapse of Arabian coffes was so complete that, except experimen- tally, attention wes given to other products than coffee though the hybridizing of kinds bad been looked for, My idea originally was to get a hardy variety of ccffee possibly lees liable to disease, but principally I kept in view the idea that this variety might give us in the lower elevations a finer c'ass of coffee, and even if it diminished in size some- what, or degenerated, still there was ample margin left, seeing that it was a splendid bold bean and our lowcountry ccffee very smal), I; was when our crops became 60 reduced in quantity that we felt more severely the great dif- ference in value between low-grown and high- grown coffe>, and size hai mora to do with it than elevation. I hoped also that hybridizing might be more effective than it had been with Liberian. Mr. Christy’s speaking of the degeneratiog of the plant, or reverting to the ordinary size of Arabian, 1s Interesting. The following experience does not bear out that. Some few plants were put out by my conductor two or three years ago amongst Arabian coffee in cacao fields, and he forgot the ezact locality and the trees could not be identified. The coffee began to give crop in April last and my Superintendent sent in some exceedingly large beans picked out of the Arabian, fully assured that at last I had got a Liberian hybrid, They had nothing of the Liberian character in any res- pect, and as the beans were about five times the size of my small low-grown Arabian I was forced to conclude they came from young Maragogipe planted by the conductor and now first bearing. I shall wait w.th interest for their next crop ; but the whole matter is experimental, and there is co far nothing that I kuow of, to induce a Jarg3 venture with this a pres:nt rather expensive “ garden” plant. At the same time, ba it said, we never know, how we may be rewarded for a little care and watchfulness in the direction of second strings to our Low. All our swans may not turn out gerse, nor all our fodders Prickly Comfrey, and any one interesting himself in coffee, should give this species a trial even if only horticulturally. The few old trees I have are badly situated and Were very much neglected for a period. fe shall have more to say on the subject here- after. TEA, CACAO, LIBERIAN COFFEE, AND OTHER PRODUCTs. 80ME OBSERVATIONS ON THE PRESENT SITUATION. Dear 81z,—Oi what a few years a Oo we new products, the cullivalion of ae is oe tae established, while that of Liberian coffes is alter all now steadily progressirg. It was in troduced into the island when the sister Vaticiy was failing to yield the usu:} quaniity per acre, and was fetching low prices. “At tha: time the credit of the island was really nil, and no one would risk his money or lend any to carry out any enierprise in With is every probability of Liberian coffe taking ‘its place. Avyield of 4 to5 owt. with pioper Manage- AuG, 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 139 ment 13 certain, and the price will not for years go below R6 per bushel and most probaly for ten years it will average R10 per bushel, With the failure of Arabian coffee came the cultivation of cinchona, along with tea in a sma!! way and as an experiment, and to many then a very doubtful one. It is now the etaple product, but though the plant is not troubled with many enemies, the pro- fits from its cultivation is lessening, end before another five ycars are over further extcnsion will almost cease, Ths opening of new markets will some years henco meet the excessive suppiy. The benefit in a small way will be for the future pro= prietors, but as for the profits in future being as much as it is even now, that is a very doubtfulmatter, Ceylon ig not the only tea-yielding country. When Arabian coffee failcd the cry was: ‘‘ Serve the plant— ers right, why did they put all their money into one product.” It was then sheets and sheeis cf coffee wherever you went in the Central Province chiefly. Itis now ‘sheets and sheets’ of tea in several provinces, With Exchange improving even slighily some day, scarce Tamil labour costing an advance of about R30 per head and _ the price of tea gontly dropping what will be the pro- fit isa sum that can be easily worked out. The only remedy sgainst smail profits is planting other productsin places where ij is feasible. Why have cardamons been neglected? At & much emaller rate per lb. than they now fetches, they pay. Then again the market for croton hag not been over- supplied. Thoss who have the means would do well io open in_ suitable soil and climste with the certainty of a very fair profit for years to come both Cacao and Liberian Coffee or even Cacao, Arccanuts and Coconu!s at once. Libo- rian Coffee begins to yield early enough and the first three years’ yield if it does not leave a margin of profit will leave amply to cover the cost of its cul- tivation and of Cacno together leaving the property unencumbered and worth at least R400 to R600 per acre. Tea Oompanies are plentiful now and geacrally provide in their Articles of Association for the cultivation of other products, but very few of these Companiis have as yet ventured to open special estates or even portions of existing estates with other products. The Ceylon Tea Plantations Oompany has set a good exsmp'e in opening a large property of Coconuts and Liberian Coffee and cleariags of other products. By so doing it will weather any storm that may come and not as the late Ceylon Company, Limited, did not, with its auxilliary of eugar estates, not in Ceylon but in a land miles away! I am not try- ing to increase the alarmabouttea. It will,hold out for a long time yet; but the profit will be far from what if has been and its extended cultivation must not only be stopped, but many acres of it abandoned as yielding too little per acre to make it pay and as only increasing ihe bulk to be ex- ported. Many who started with this cultivation -arrived at a certain income from a certain acreage. Low prices reducad the possibility of this income and, o secure it, tho acreagais boeing extended, and matters are getting from bad to worse by thus adding ore chief item contributing to re- duced prices, Surely many have the means to lcok about and try other products and that promptly on their own piopertics besides acquiring other places singly cr in company. As matters stand now an acre of anestate of Cacac, Liberian Coffee and general producis is likely to yield as much profit.as 3 to 4 acres of average tea, The move (o deter Government {rom selling land is 8 foolish cno. R-strietion of Government land rales will seriously injure the advancement of the cultivation of other produats, whieh Osylon ig eginving to need yery much now, The condition might be made that such lands are not to be planted with tea. ‘There is a stretch of land from the Western sea coast to the Ceatral moun. tain range available for other products; bat with such revenue officers and Government Agents and more especially Assictant Agents cs we have, the sales of thousands of acres of small blocks of Government land lying inand bctween lands belonging to private parties cannot be easily and promptly effected for the bherefit of all. The prompt appointment of Crown Land Commissioners is much needed and these Assistant Agents must be relieved of much oftheir present work and be employed otherwise in ihe police and o:her de- partments. Thoy are, as a rule, stumblingblocka in the way of in‘cnded cultivation of any rroduete, The moment Ceylon’s present «xpori cf Cocoa is quadrupled snd 250,000 ews. of Liberian Coffee finds its way out, then and there alone. will then bo some sound prosperity such es Ceylon had be'ore, but has never had in the best days of tho tea enterprise. ADIDAH. THE EXTENDED CULTIVATION OF TRa.: A. WARNING. Sir,—I regret to seo that still many aores of Crown Forest and chena land are every year being bought for the extended cultivation of tea, in the face of falling pricesand the lik-lihood of supply soon exceeding demand: ard this apparent reck- lessness and short sightedness is due primarily to the following cause. Planters, be they proprietors or cuperintendents residing on high elevation estates, opine that hoa estates by reason of the better flayour and higher prices obtained, will be able to survive apy period of depression longer than those of low élevation or which have less advantage in goil. In other words that the latter in any coming crisis will go to the wall first, leaving, after the horizon has cleared, & freeficld to the former ag survivors. And on the reverse side of this picture are the low- country planters, who imagine it is they who have the advantage, and stake their hope in their superior yield and consequent leza cost of produce- tion, to pull them through the goming crisis. Hach party, though not desirous of seeing the other go under, yet are confident in their superior position. So this reckless and fatal guamecontisues, Asland is offered possessing in the purchasers’ eyes somo peculiar advantages for tea cultivation, i ig Scecdily seized and opened in feverish haste, on the off chance that these presumed advantages will enable them to hold their own in the coming trial of strength, and rising out of the scramble victors like lusty cocks to flaps their wings and crow defiance to the world. But I would warn them against hugging this delusion to their breast, lest one day they wake to find they have been nourishing a serpent and it has bitten them. And each party would do well to weigh all fasts fairly in the balance, before they make theimsalyag quite sure of the truth of their deductions. = Leaving out of account those estates their published dividends prove themegelv far and away above the ruck, Ict us compare say the Dimbula estates with those in the Kelani Valley. As far as the geners] public can surmico from published accounts and brok rs’ statistics the advantaje is neither with one nor the o haps for every high country estate which shows a big dividend, a Jow country one con be pnt acpive: it with ore equal. The former haye gocd Prices with a.yield of about 400 to 450 lb, per aor , aod also a dearer transport than the latter, which havo lower prices but a yield of 500 to 600 1b. por aore, which by e3 really 136 To the objection which some hold that in the Jowcountry there is no depth of soil, and that the estates will coon be worn out, I have only to put forward the argument that Ceylon planters have proved themeelves too clear-headed and businese-like to neglect the obvious remedy of manure which, when suitably applied, will generally make up for what the soil lacks in depth or richness. I take no objection to the clearing up and felling of the few reserve acres belonging to estates already in cultivation, but to the buying and felling of large tracts of Orown forest or native chena land for the purpose of planting tea. (Since penning the above I have seen the Report of the Kelani Vailey Railway Commission, ani the state ment there made of the immense increase of yield expected in 3 years’ time, which lends additional force to my argument.) Another fatal practice is that of hungering after large profits by coarse plucking and large yields with low prices; in truth an unwise short-sighted policy! It is this hunger after speedy fortunes that is helping to hurry the market down, down, down, and losing for Ceylon her once fair name for superiority. How much better will it not be in the longrun for tea planters to pluck good medium leaf (not necessarily fine leaf) and get good prices even though at first smaller profits! And though smaller, are they not likely to be more permanent, or is it even a fast that they are smaller?, for the difference in price bke'w. en good and poor liquoring teas is now probably large enough to counteract the former advantage of “quantity.” It is this inferior stuff, with ‘cooty- sack’ leaf and ‘ posts-and-rails’ which is undoing us and may eventually prove our ruin, — A great deal of energy (with which I am in sympathy) is now being expended in gaining new markets in North America and elsewhere ; but no amount of new markets will compensate for the evil done by selling rubbishy tes, and it is the superior article which will be the most likely to capture them. The enemy is at the door, and it behoves planters to se’ their houses in order and prepare for the fight, the way to commence which is to foreswear coarse plucking and the making of common teas. I had intended to add a note upon the vexed question of overproduction, but ss my episile is long enough already, I will close; though perhaps I may make that the subject of a future letter — I am gir, yours faithfully, OUDEIS. AN INDIAN TEA PLANTER ON “NEW MARKETS FOR THA,” Drar §S1n,—Regarding the advisability of making tea to suit new markets, up to now I have seen this policy advocated only by ‘‘Siward,’’ by msself, and by the writer of the article on page 744 of Tropical Agriculturist of May ist, 1894, and he states that the planters ‘‘ must pander tothe public taste.”? I don’t like the word “ pander” asit hes usually an unfavourable significance. Is there anything derogatory in suiting the public taste? The whole cry now is that Indian teas are “ too” bitter and strong; but the slightest refer.nce to past records, such as the Indian Tea Cyclopedia of 1881, will prove that Indian tea has become so from the strong pressure exerted by our ‘‘ market” to obtain the maximum of strength, And the result is that cur medium teas go down on their ows merits, our poor teas and our rivals are supported by cur stroug tes. Our best teas go for very moderate prices consider- ing their status; they would obtain more favour if taken for consumption pure, ¢,e., if made THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ve [Auc. 1, 1894. fit for it. There may be many ways of getting our teas better liked—which alone would increase the consumption. One method is simply maturing the tea by careful keeping. If every estate could be made to keep one per cent of its tea for one year, and this matured tea could be bulked (in several grades and qualities and prices) and offered to the consumer, I have no doubt that such tea would rapidly gain favour and get good prices and lead to an increase of consumption. There would be no adveree criticism as to bitterness, in fact it would come es a surprise to the coneumer. This maturing is done by circumstances, that is to say the delay in distributing the crop; but once it leaves our hands, no special care is taken to keep it airtight. So, again, one way of terting the possibility of making tea to suit any market would be to induce each estate to make one per cent of its crop on samples supplied. One per cent even if sold at low rates would affect no particular estate very grievously, but the macs of tea would be sufficient to test the scheme, In imitating any particular sample one most important fact is overlooked; it is that the experi- menter attempts to make ‘“ oxnp THA,” and failing to do so throws up the spong’. You get a sample made in China and it is probably 5 or 6 months old by the time you get it; it has been opened and closed several times, and yet one expects to make a similartca, I very much doubt the possi- bility of getting the peculiarities of old tea into newly-made tea. I have some Orenge Pekoe three years old, and I would defy eny one to imitate it, So either we must wire to Chinaend get samples posted with the utmost dezpatch, or we must taste our imitations several months after making, and try and recollect the flavour and taste, &c., of the sample which we try to copy. Your Associations talk seriously over the various schemes leid before them as to the conquering of New Markcts, but I see that the scheme of making tea to suit pul lic taste has notas yet been discussed by any public body. I believe that mary planters hold the views given above and they should now declare themsslve:, Any leading planter who will give his opinion with the force of his own mame might start the movement. And if sufficient force is brought to bear, it might be taken up by the Associations. We have to fight China, Japan, Java, and we mu:t combine to do so. No emount of anonymous writing will get anything done, It looks ominous that so far only the Jndian Planters’ Gazette, ‘The Planter” and myself in your columns bave advocated the making of tex with the deliberate intent of suiting the consumer. I argue from this that Ceylon takes no interest in the matter. But what guide have you that your present style of tea is the best suited to anyone out of the market, and out of the mixing, blending and hocus-pocus business. If you are convinced that you cannot change with benefit to yourselves you will naturally go on with booming and bonussing, as that seems to be your last resource. But “ Siward’”’ said let us ignore small men and small things— apparently you think that there is no greater measure than handing rovnd tea in cups, and putting up big posters with pretty pictures on them. At home those who koow cry out atthe harm cone by our teas. The increase of lunacy io Ireland is attributed to our teas; America has refused our teas for many years. What need to say more except that where Chine tea can ba got good it is the national beverage; witness Ohina and Russia, ; = — by the principal buyers :— Aue, 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 137 I happencd to get tho Hnglishman of May 29ih, and the Ceylon Observer of the 22nd Mey on the sime day. Regarding theinerease of Lunacy im Ireland the Znglishman ssys:—‘ The tea commonly used in Treland is the cheapest China rubbish.” The Cbserver says:—‘' In nearly every case the extending use of Indian teas ts assigned as the leading contributory cause,” Would you kindly refer your own London cor- respondent to the sbove-quoted para in the Englishman, and ask him to have the matter settled definitely at home, before we become alarmed.* 1874. eee DRUG REPORT. (From Chemist and Druggist.) London, June 28tb. CincHONA.—A moderate quantity of cinchona-bark was cffered for cale at Tnes“ay’s auctions. There were six catalogues altogether, divided as f.llows :— Packages Packages Ceylon cinchona ste 205 of which 189 were gold Hast Indian cinchona.. 392 a 358 yD Jayan cinchona ate 318 an 318 5 West African cinchona 414 mn 414 Cuprea bark 56 211 ‘ — A 1541 1289 The assortment was no!. remarkable in any way, save, perhaps, for the fact that the Ceylon bark, in point of number of packages offered, again siood at the bottom of the list. The supplies of Hast Indian bark will pro- bably keep up for some months Jonger, and _ occasional consignments of West Africancinchona may help to make up a decent show at the fortnightly auctions; but prac- tically the London market, s> far as cinchona-bark is con- cerned, now derives whatever importance it still possesses from the old stocks store here, which are still fairly considerable, although shrinking rapidly. The bark offered today was fairly well competed for, principally by two German factories who, between them, secured nearly two-thirds, by weights of the bark sold. The tone was firm throughout the sales and the unit may be put at fully jd per lb, or quite equal to thit of the previous auctions, The following were the approximate quantities purchased Lb. Agents for the Auerbach factory ne +. 18,492 Agents for the Brunswick factory s. 71,975 Messrs. Howards & Sons nD we MA wS1EV70 Agents for the Fraukfort-on-the-Main factory and Stuttgart-works Ae bo Hie 165 L6L Agents furthe Paris factory .. ie 14,348 Agents for the American and Italian works .- 18,420 Agents for the Mannheim and Amsterdam works 1,225 Druggists a) a6 27,046 Total quantity of bark soli . 253,840 Bought in or withdrawn 49,740 Total quantity of bark cffered.. .. 294,580 It should be remembered that the proportion of bar secured by a buyer is no indication of the percentage of the total amount of quinine in thesales represented by his purchase, The prices paid for sound bark were as follows :— CryYLON CrNoHONA.—Original:—Red varieties: Poor woody to fair bright quilly stem and branch chips 1d_ to §d; rather dusty root 2d to 23d per lb. Grey va- rieties: Low dull thin to fair bright strong stem and branch chips 1d to 28 per lb. Renewed—Red varieties: Small thin to good bright stem and branch chips 1{d to 2d; fine stem shavings 3}d per lb. Grey varieties: Or- F roe aera bright stem chips 2d to 7d; good shavings “ per lb. JAVAN OIrNCHONA.—A parcel of 318 packages (all declared to be of directimyort) sold readily at the following rates :— Original yellow branch and stem chips 13d to 3d; renewed ditty 4d to 54d; root 3d to 34d; fine quilly chips 7d to Thi; god 53d to 64d per Ib, Wks? AFRICAN CINCHONA.—Several cousignments of re- cent import via Lisbon, aggregating 414 packages, found ready buyer3. Pair medium to bold, somewhat irregular, quill of succirubra character at 2d to 24a; chips, more or less quilly 14d to 2d per 1d, Cupré#A BarkK.--The usval small assortment of Cuprea bark of 1882-84 import was brought eub again today, but not a single acceptable bid could be obtained, and the whole was bought in, fair quality per lb. * Oertainly.—Ep, 7.4, QUININE.—Very dull. There are sellers of second-hand German at 1(21 per oz., but no business is_ reported. The manufactures’ quotations remain as follows:—Ho- ward’s, in 1-0oz. Vials, is 3d to 1s; 4d in ting 132d to 1s 38d per oz ; Whiffen’s in vials Is 3d; in tins 1s 14 peer oz.; Pelletier’s, in vials 1s 51 to ls 54d percz.; Fabbrica »ombarda, in viais is 8d; in tings 131d per oz.; all the German brands, iu ting ls 1d per oz, Se ere nemenereenereeed “© TropicaAL AGRICULTURIST,”’—Your Hditor’s de- parture in supplying District Maps and descriptions lo the coming year is attracting much attention, and I expect a very large increase to the present subscribers —every estate ought to have this Magazine—for it contains so much of interest. So many people fancy they do better by selling tea in the local market. Let them study local sales and Mincing Lane’s which are so carefully recorded in the Tropical Agriculturist, and I think the Loudon market will carry the day. The way to do this is to note the prices of say Dolosbage or Lowcountry tea in the local market sales as recorded in the June Tropical Agriculturist, and then study the July number of Tropical Agriculturist containing the Mincing Lane sales as recorded in Gow, Wilson & Stanton’s Circulars therein embodied—allowing on these cheap tes 1d oF 13d for London charges which jnclude the Brokers’ charges, not, however, included in Colombo averages. CHYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION, 1894, 1 Fa +e S ono ro} : 2 DP Md a aor) CARES: te | Hat N 3:0 3x0 MN: :OQo ; . SNCF 3 Se G3 tai : 3 C1) s} =| fsile OO — fe S|Sz a ~ ONDA = maaan Ay . >. omnm NX = = (ca 45 OAS a Sea <33 CS j 1 Os S20OE sud rH ss sOMN 30D « s Pine j Rad 30 r-Alis) sis COMA ONL Sie Gol ets z |~=9 Hac) sO a BMOR =] TOMARN HO a N19 69 S/H +AUMDADA gee Sax BS t 63 bud eo S| a ASnwn na * tin 1m 6 O65 a1OE Onn wo © S01 tam ARNG 5 ris) ot ol Cato is) 3\ DOL VOOlomnO o | = S 5 $38 83 =s , S828 At hier k- ;o aon iD 8 © SOatH « ee te De 3g -} DO srNNO ¢ ee eON © © eo wo omwo> saa OD WW wre Nn Qasa S he i NM zi =) a Se z sain ie, Sam oo .o 8s Ss S52 Aa}, o }Annerw~ 19 tae sso so eee Baan sims QD StS frm 8M © 8 IND FO fe OAM Dyas DO Mae Of a aa SHins [=3] oF Lal qo DOQe et Ste [LOM obo lier s= 2 1S on ne] S83 asad 2 is (> 6 SoS) Goth 3 7° -OMOD 3s: Rox 3 a 5 > (SH eo maea ss NO co FI ee ° tl BANA w f AANA 2 => = ~ : ‘ Host te om Hud 6 Z{¢ [9 .8=Ya © F SSE SS B26 3 . @: or : tain ax : Baad s 5 S . = . NOD OD 10 5 mNriced NOAH&eS-O S q oy a AMON DOHDE SAESSARSS | CSRS a a BAGS VPANMOMD OinDioore-nnorn a hel a ont Wwe SH OHeCNMNMIDAND Onm-d 2 Qe ao a man MOMNDHAINNA Wai a 3 oS SADDH 1g x ADSON : = = am zs = 1D 10 St XH aj/e@8 jm aw nN = SEND =| ay in Aw =) Nn omwog Dilvancest «(PML AEN CSc) Albay hs :| 22233 4}]A5 |S im cee uiShisers isi spisicuime en shite sil) Eicoicreciee rs) sR Ss . eee ee Sao Apoe 3 5 51|Sa | I1LASs pas : NM HON a el S = im] NE mio SAeracta naan Pai We 1d 23 omic rt Clr. AmeOoD o eo) : balers) . onus 3 ra OD 62 1 > D iD nN = 5| 6 Py Be Ss ro Sa58 alan | im sisi izyoshieeetly sh 50 (22 9) a SOS > hie 7 se ees : oF ob de mario 2 re f D AD ROH SoH ic ~~ o)/a8 INe2 &S 3 CSS © 60 oo at as aoON Sheltie 3 Co ie IGS ere pee SON yen him : owe : rd ss BARA | BHODDD ! : Paaeet : | 2 FA 7 = 1g Ba Weta tre Oe eth es ean Be oa To Ses specs taisieteen ce ciara cals 22s] nb o se) ws a A mr ~ td Prey Sy 23 Enooo eset a . S geooae Se 4S. 38 | 83aqa o OR S05a eAsSOghtpaa kcal pe | es Bies baa SS aa Sages Sie om SS a mM ~ ce Y rn ABS EDCRSERETAAES GSS |} 4gnOHS £aans§4 108 BARK, CINCHON4 Crown Reuewed ... 3 .(L§d a 4d \Chips aud shavings ...|id a 4d Red .,.|Renewed .,. re ./igd a 4d Chipsand shavings [Lia 44 ’ Bees’ Wax, E. I. White,..;Good to ijine .|£7 108 a £8 1a Yellow ... ww \G6 103 a £7108 Mauritius & Madagascar.../Fair to fing’ “186 Osa £6 158 CARDAMOMS— Allepee tee »|Bair to fine clipped —_,,,/4s a 28 6d Mangalore ... «..|Bold, bright, fairto flue.,.|Is 101. 23 8d Malabar + +-|Goodto tine plum; vlipedj2sa 23 61 Ceylon. Malabar sort) Fair to fiae bold |) cached|2s 31 a 33 ” » medium ,, (|is td a zs » »» Smatl Is « Is 6d Small to bold brown ...jis a 1s 6c Alleppee and/Pair to fine bold (253140 38 6d Mysoxe sort) ,, >» medium ls 6d a 2s ’ » Small {18 & ls 5d Long wild Ceylou...\Common to good ,jod a 28 40 CASTOR OIL, Ists}White 4. ae we (PEL BL _ Qnds|Pair and good pale _.,/244 a 28d CHILLIES, Zanzibar ...|¥air to tine bright .».|/308 & 353 | Ord’y, and middling .,,/248 a 283 CINNAMON, 1sts|Ord’y. to fine pale quill,,,/670 a 1s 5d 2nds ” ” ” ” oo 61a 1s ards}, Ap - 4 oda 10d 4ths| | ks i + «od a 9a Chips} Fair to fine plant ... [24d a 7d Fair to fine bright ..,|48 5-161 a 2gd Common dull aud mixed|2d a 2fd Common to good jada fd + | Bair sifted... J 589d a 6s 6d »|mid. Plantation Ceylon|!043 0d a 1068 0d “ --|Low Middling vs Od a 1033 Ou CLOVES, Zanzibar } and Pemba, aR STEMS COCULUS INDLCUS COFFEE «. ooo Say $ ” , 7» COLOMBO KOO... --|Good to fine bright sound lds a iis 61 Ordinary& midding ., }95 Gla 12s CROTON SEEDS, s-fted...| ®air to tine fresh {208 a 27560 cULcH ree ies -|Pair to tine dry ..|208 a 328 DRAGONS BLOOD, Zwn.|Ordinary to good drop ,,,|-US8 a 5Us GALLS, Bussorah& Turkey | air to time dark blue ,,,|2/8 4 57 od D AND NEW PRODUCTS, ae INDIA Continued | ist Coast Africa, Mala-| UALITY, bar aud Madras Coast, . UVOTATIONS. Bengal. Karrichre Leaf ,,,|@20d to fiae pale 2s 3 2s 6d INDIGO Bengal Middling to fine violet ..\5s 4d a 63 Ordinary to middling ....3-8ia 68 ..| “airto gvod reddish violt\|3s a as Ordinary aud middling ..|is 20i a 2s 10d Madras (Dry Leaf).|Middling to good «/48 a Bs 3d 2 Low to ordinary -»(J0d a is 04 Kurpah {VORY--Elephants’ Teeth- 6) lb. & upwards ,,| off sound £55 10a £62 108 over 30 & under 60 Ib. ” ” £60 a £58 60 a 100 Lb. ..|4ard ,, * £37 a £48 10s Serivelloes vee DOLE “ . £19 10s a £38 Hard ,, “i £104 £13 Sound soft . ’ ie «- £658 Sli, def.to flue sound soft|£55 a £64 10s Shaky to tine solid sd. sf1/£60 a £7 10s Defective, purt hard .,,/£28 a £19 Thin to thick to sd. sft a £45 Straight erkei pait closelis a 3s Gd shinlies [, good & fine pale|7s 6d a 95 31 »» II, tair pickiugs|3s Gda 4s 3d JubbleporeI, good & fine ” soe oe Billiard Ball Pieces 2} 4 3}in Bagatelle Points Cut Points for Balls Mixed Points & Tips... Cut Hollows ‘sad Sex Horse Teeth —- $a lg lb. MY RALULANES, Bombay ._ «pal » IL, fair rejection Vingorias. good and fiue)is a 5s 9d Madras, Upper Godayery|00d to fine picked .., e » .../20mmon to middling .,./38 3d a 4s 6d Coast = sp [EBIE,, 040 a .../ds Od a ds iva Pickings .,,|Burnt and defective ..,|48 a 3s 6d MACR, Bombay .,,,|Dark to good bold pale,,,|ls 6d a 2s W’dcom, darktoiine bold|4i a 8d NUTMEGS, be (098 8 8l’s a. + A6 Lid a 26 Joga 90'sa 1258 .., 28 4d 1s 10ju NUX VOMICA Madras|S™all to tine bold fres! a l0s LL, CINNAMON _..|Eair to fine heavy «(Od @ 1864 CLTRONELLE _,| Bright & good tlayour,.. a id MUNGRASS F ” ” Pye be CHE Ceylon ,,, Mid. to fiue, noi wood, 15s a 22% tag { Zauzibar ,,,|?icked clean flat leaf .,,|125 a 183 J) Moz wmbigue} » Wiry soe w+ 1228 a 324 PEPPER— Malabar, Black sifted ...)°air to boldheavy .. ||, Alleppee & Tellicherry | » geol ,, =e 24d a 24d Tellicherry, White o» a .»» nom 6d Fair to fine bright bold!lls 4 j75 oe e@LUMBAGO, Lump " ia ee THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Good white and green ,,,|495 « 50s GINGER, Cochin, Cut ...|dood to fine bold Pe, 70s a 753 » +/Smalland medium ,..228 a 653 Rough...|Fair to fine bold .|228 a 653 --|Small and medium ,,|228 a 4u3 Bengal, Rough |Fair to good GUM AMMONIACUM. ...| Blocky to fine clean nom. nee tee 30s 203 a 50s ANIM, washed ...|Picked. fine pale in sorts,|£10 03 a £12 0: Part yellow & mixed do,|£9 Usa £9153 Bean & Pea size ditto Auber and red bold scraped.,.! Medium & bold sorts ARABIC E.I, & Adeu ..JGood to fine pale frosted sifted E4 10sa £8 10s £5 Os a £8 Us £4 10s a£7 0s ibs a 453 xED WOOD on . SAFFLOWER, Bengal SANDAL WOOD, Logs .. “|Middling to gooa small'9s 4 118 ..|5li'tiy fyul to fine bright\7s 4 10s ,.{Jrdinary to fine bright.../25 94 a 63 fair and fine boid .../£3 10g a £4 dood tofinepialcynominal’g5s a 10,3 Ordinary to fair 1703 a 80g \{nferior and pickings .../30s a 50s Fair to five flavour 4,./£35 gq £55 3 Chips,,|{uferior to due sorts, dullred to fair ,,,|273 6d a 30s good to fine paleselected|30s a 40s 3orts middling to good,,,|208 a 2is Amrad cha.JGood and fine pale ,,,|308 a 45s Reddish to pale brown ,,,|225 @ 39s Ghatti ... Madras -»|Dark to fine pale {L038 a 30s ASSAFGTIDA Faw to fine pinky block and drop ae ...|008 a 803 Ordinarystony to midlin.|20s a 00s KINO ra ..,| air to fine bright |£15 a £ig MYRRH, picked Yair to fine pale we |£0.0 La Aden sorts} Middling to good (098 & 803 OLIBANUM, irop...| fair to fine white [308 & 553 a3 reddish to middling ,,,/195 a 25g pickings...] Middling togoodpale ,,,|103 a 143 siftings ...| slightly foul to fine .{LO3 a 135 INDIARU BBER ..,{ded hard clean ball ,,.|23 a 23 4q East African Ports, Zavzi-} White softish ditto ,../l8 7d a 23 bar and Mozam!nque Coast; Juripe root ae ..{L0d a 1g 6d uiver 400 ww. . %.jl9 4d als 10d jausage, ordinary to fine|l04 a 231d ‘| withoutsticks,,.|23 a 2s 3d Assam, aoe ...| Good to fine 187d a 25 24 Common foul & middling|9d@ a 1s 5d Rangoon ‘pe ...|Hair to good clean |S 7d a Qg Madagascar, Tamatave, | |xoodtofnepinky &whitel2s ld a 23 44 Majunga and Nossibe j|#air to good black «(18 6d a Js 9d [SLNGLASS or good tofine pale ,,,|Is 9d a Qs bd WISH MAWS STOSUC: | (Gort to. fait "l94 a 1s 6d Bladder Pipe|Clean thin to fine bold,../!36d a 23 9] Purse, ‘park mixed to fine pake|s a 1s 31 +0 / £9 ./Ordinary to fine bright}39. = eng Medium to bold greem™../54 4 104 Small and medium green|2q a 4q Common dark aud smalijid g 94 JEEDLAC im JENNA, Tinueyelly oe Bombay ... Urdinary to good «Id a 2d SHELLS, M.-o’-P. ... EGYPTIAN—bold clean.../67s 6q a 708 medium thin and stuut!70s g 53 ehi_kea, thin audstont|g9, 4 large qe ...|BoMBAY—good to liietire) 7s gia 723 6d medium partstout; clesnpartgood colori77s 644 275 6d chicken part stout ” ” » 75sa 823 6d oyster & broken pes: a ” » |60s a 75s Mussel i \bold sorts 3s a 47s small and medium serts!)75 g 3s Linzgah Ceylon ..,/Lhinand good stout s irts|53 _ 135 64 CTAMARINDS Be ...|Mid. totineblacknotsto1y|g5 a 93 Stony aad iuferior |. 4s a 68 TORTOISESHELL __ ... Seris.good mottle, he vyia3, a 2is Zanzibar and Bombay Picking thin toheavy...j4; 4 igs DPURMERIC,Bengal .;, Leumsh to tine pluay [a finger... Js a lis Madras .\Fia. fair to fine bold b -3t)125 a 145 ns ... Mixed middling ... se 108 @ 12s es Bulbs oo nee “(28 a 9s Cochin... iager ... one {is a 13s NILLOES Kg Bourbon, Ists ...'Fiue, cryst?el 5 toJin.jlisa 238 Mauritius, | 2nds.,,/Foxy & reddish 5 to 3 in./93 a 163 Seychelles, }3rds...|Lean & dry to mid. ui- le : der 6 in. oj 53a 6a adagascar, J 4th3.,. Low, foxy, 1olerior aud] i ie |: met (3s) 6d 8 Js RISES a AGRIGULTURAL MAGAZINE, COLON BS. Added. .as. a Supplement. Monthly, to the “TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.” The following pages include the Contents of the Agricultural Magazine for August :— Vol. VI] AUGUST, 1894. [No. 2. TILLAGE IMPLEMENTS. ea) ROF. Primrose McConnel contributes a most interesting paper on this subject to the last journal of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland. He tells us that the origin of tillage husbandry is lost in the mist of ages, though we are able to infer from ancient Egyptian monuments that some forms of imple- meuts were in use more than 5,000 years before the Christian era; and though these were com- paratively rude in, construction, they contained the germ and principles of most modern forms. The origin and evolution of the plough are first, traced by the author in an ingenious man- ner. The modern plough—the implements for turning over a furrow slice—is of comparatively recent evolution, and was preceded for ages by the use of a manual tool resembling a sort of large hoe or pick. ‘To this the Romans gave the name of sarele. Jethro Tull was of opinion that men must have got the first idea of cultivation from the rooting of their hogs. Antedelavian swine had enormously long snouts, and prehistoric man noticed that where the pigs rooted.around, there seeds after- wards sprouted and grew best. Thus he came to think that if he due up the soil witha stick and planted seed, the same results would follow; and in this way arable farming began. The sarcle was an improved form of stick, used exactly like a pick, and it broke up and pulverised the soil most efliciently. Work with it could, how- ever, only be done on a small scale, and it became necessary to find some way of working the sarcle with less trouble and in a more ex- peditious way. This led to the lengthening of the handle of the pick orsarcle, yoking an. Ox to it, and making the animal drag the “digging point along through the ground. For the pur- pose of keeping the implement steady in the soil a handle was fitted on to the heel or anole of the implement,—and thus became evolved the first plough. The material of the first plough was undoubtedly the forked branch of a tree, cut to the form and size desired. At the best, hoyvever, a plough of this description could only tear out a jagged rut along the ground. The ancient implements known as the Caschromwas simply the branch of a tree sharpened at one endand shod with iron. Beyond this point 1f 1s unnecessary to trace the evolution of the plough so far as our native implements are concerned, for after this came the attempts ata mould-board or wrest which turned over .all the torn-up or cut-out soil to one side—this state of development the Sinhalese plough never reached, It is remarkable, says Prof. McConnel, that to the present day the most primitive forms of implements are adhered to throughout the East : and, he asserts, “though the progress of agricul. ture has undoubtedly been slow, it is doubtful if it had been left to those Eastern peoples, whether it would have progressed at. all!” ‘ We have already indicated our views with regard to native implements in Ceylon. Their improvement, as we then stated, must be taken in hand after carefully considering the matter in allits bearings. It is just here that we feel the need of an Agricultural Department in Ceylon or even of a properly organized Agricultural Association, for deliberations on all matters econ- nected with the native agriculture of the country, That agriculture is in a backward condition among the indigenous population no one ean truthfully deny, but the pity is that it has not yet been thought fit to appoint even a re- presentative Board of Agriculture, that should have a well-thought-out scheme, for fostering and improving the methods and means, of cul- tivation among the natives of the Island 140 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” [i . (Aug. 1, 1894, FODDER CROPS AND CATTLE-KEEPING IN CEYLON, “ Warm stock ” in Ceylon consists mainly, indeed we may say only, of cattle and buffaloes; and though in advanced farming animals are kept for draught purposes, farm labour and the production of milk, meat and manure, the native cultivator of Ceylon does not seem to keep cattle with any definite object in view. He may sell a few animals for draught purposes, especially as trotting bullocks, but the majority of our cart bulls are brought from India, In farm labour, he generally uses buffaloes and sometimes black cattle in ploughing and puddling the paddy fields, but hardly in any other form of cultivation. There is no desire in him for utilizing the milk except in the vicinity of towns, where there is a regular demand for the article. Moorman traders often travel in the villages and buy a few animals for sale for slaughtering purposes, but the idea of fattening stock for the butcher seldom or never enters the mind of a cattle- owner. As for manure the ordinary cultivator hardly thinks it worth his while to collect the dung. It is also a noteworthy fact that our cultiva- tors are very fond of owning stock, though they are Sadly ignorant of their proper manage- ment or of the methods of obtaining the best profits out of them. They complain that they are not encouraged to adopt better methods, because they cannot see their way to obtaining remuneration for extra trouble. One cannot but be struck by the utter absence of system in the treatment of native cattle, andthe only way of impressing upon the cattle-owner the need of system is by force of example. If it can be practically proved to his satisfaction that the proper management of cattle will be to his benefit, thereis some hope of his adopting a better method. But first and foremost the Ceylon goyiya should be made to see the absurdity of attempting to keep a large number of animals than heis able to manage. As things go, henever waits to think how he can feed, graze and shelter his stock, and his one desire seems to be to increase his herd at any cost, even at the expense of his own and his neighbours’ crops. The question of profitable cattle-keeping will be more likely to be solved if native owners can be made to keep only such a number of animals as they can properly manage; and in this connection the quantity of fodder he could supply, the shelter he could provide, the legiti- mate pasture at his disposal, and the attention he is able to bestow, should all be taken into con- aideration. It need hardly be said that the present careless method of cattle-keeping among native owners is a ruinous one in many ways. We have lately read a good deal, in the local press, in condemna- tion of the nuisance caused by cattle trespass. If certain restrictions were placed on ecattle- owners, whereby they may not keep more animals than they could attend to, this nuisance, too, will in all probability be repressed. The necessary decrease in numbers which would be caused by such restrictions will no doubt result in the better treatment of the reduced herd and in an increase of the capabilities and improvement of the produce of native cattle. cows and sixteen calves. of such a size and of such condition, that they can As an example we may take the case of a villager owning a herd of say forty neat cattle. Of these he will have about ten ploughing cattle, four draught animals, ten The plough cattle are hardly doa day’s work if used continually for a few weeks, ‘Two pairs of good animals would do more work than all the ten put together, The four draught animals could be replaced by two good ones, which could in addition be used in the plough. bottles of milk a day, whereas two good cows The ten cows would hardly yield ten would yield the same amount or more. Thus instead of an ill-fed herd of forty it would be more profitable to keep a herd of twelve,—six bullocks, two cows and say four calves. When the number is less more attention could be paid to them, better shelter could be given, and above all, a fairly large supply of fodder will be available. How can all this be attained ? In what way can the restriction as to numbers be practically enforced? It seems probable that the restriction would come of itself, if cattle own- ers are forced to shelter all their stock and prevent them from grazing on their neighbour's properties, whether fenced or not, uncultivated or in crops, under penalty of heavy fines. Such a course would bring many other advantages in its train, as for example a diminution of the ravages of cattle-plague Xc. Again, it is very probable that when res- triction as to grazing is brought about, a mecessity of growing fodder crops will follow. This is as it ought to be. Thereis perhaps no other county in the world where the cultivator totally neglects to grow food for his stock or utilize extra supplies of natural fodder for future use. Ceylonis cap- able of growing a variety of fodder crops, not only with advantage to cattle and their owners, but with a decided advantage to the soils. According to the present system of cultivation, hardly a single soil renovating crop is grown, and with regard to almost all varieties of fodder crops, but specially leguminous crops, it is a well-known fact that they not only tend to make land fit for more profitable plants, but also actually increase their fertility. Before we proceed to consider what fodder ‘plants could be profitably grown in this country, we might enquire what the present sources of the scanty fodder snpply here are. These may be summed up in a few words,—they are the natural grasses and paddy straw which is very poor in quality. Even in the case of natural grasses, no attempt is made to utilize them for future use, where an abundance is met with after a favourable season. The natural grasses in Ceylon are many, but the principal ones are comprised under the genuses Paspalum, Panicum, Cynodon, Andropo- gon, Heteropogon, Eleusine Ischaemum, Chryso- pogon, anda few others. These either grow in cultivated grounds as in coconut lands, on the borders of gardens, the ridges of paddy-fields, and more often in the paddy-fields themselves, during the time they are not under cultivation. Natural grasses are also met with in the jungles and the owttas. The other source of fodder supply—rice straw —is obtained wherever paddy is grown, and is Aug. 1, 1894.] Supplement to the “Tropical Agricultursst.’’ 14! much used in feeding draught bullocks, but in the vicinity of towns rice straw has a certain demand, and hence many a cultivator instead of using it for his own stock converts it into money. Inany case, rice straw is a very inferior article of diet. The following is the average of chemical analyses of rice straw according to a report of the Department of Agriculture, Madras :—Moisture 8122: Ash 16°873; Woody fibre 30:025 ; Fat 2:187 ; Albuminoids 1:750; Non-albuminoid Nitrogen 362 ; other nutritive matter 40°648. W. A. DLS. (To be continued.) h CHINESE AGRICULTURE. Liebig and Eckeberg long before him, have drawn the attention of western farmers to the astonishing industry ot the Chinese as cultivators of the soil. An account, which appeared a few months ago, on Chinese Agriculture (based upon a report by the Secretary to the American Legation) would tend to show that the people still maintain their character as industrious agri- culturists, who, with many difficulties to face, and under particularly trying circumstances, make the most of their small opportunities. In some respects there is a similurity between the con- ditions, (for instance as regards implements and crops) between the natives of China and Ceylon, but there are many lessons which the latter can learn from the former race. It is, for this reason, that we would draw attention to the account (or rather certain parts of it which are of particular interest) referred to above. The agricultural implements used by the Chinese are, we are told, very simple, and this is shown from the fact that a complete farm outfit can be purchased for from £5 to £6. This would consist of a plough with two plough- shares, two harrows, wooden pump or water- wheel, donkey, threshing-flail or roller, hoes, sickles, baskets, and a few smaller tools. The size of farms varies. In the south, two acres are sufficient to maintain a family of five or six persons, while seven or eight acres mean great wealth. In the north five acres mean comfort, while ten to thirty acres are owned by wealthy families. 1n some provinces, however, there are exceptions to these rules, and in Manchooria 500-acre farms are not uncommon. The use of manure and the systems of irrigation are the two most characteristic features of Chinese farming. Manure is gathered from all conceivable sources. In the cities the night soil deposited on the sides of streets and alleys”is gathered by men and boys in buckets, mixed with clay and dried in the sun, and sold to farmers on country roads. Boys, and often girls and women, are seen at places where large numbers of pack horses, camels, and mules pass, gathering the manure into baskets, which is sola to farmers and spread on the fields. Marth from the canals, rivers, and city streets is also carted for the same purpose. The quantity of these fertilisers used and the importance the Chinese attach to them are proved by the immense number of people whose livelihood is in their collection. lor irrigation, numerous devices are used, more or less rude, and adapted to the locality. When running water is at hand, the farmer turns it to advantage by directing it over his land in large channels banked in with clay, and sub-divided into smaller and smaller streamlets, until every part of the ground has been reached. If no running water is found, wells are dug and water drawn up by hand and poured into the main ditches, which are sub-divided into numerous smaller ones. The wages of hired farm-labourers vary con- siderably in different provinces. In the south, £2 5s. to £3 per annum, with food and lodging, is the rule; but in one or two favoured districts in the north they go as high as £6 a year, also with food and lodging. These amounts are very small, but so are the needs of a Chinese agricultural labourer. Nearly all his garments are home-made by the women from home spun cotton. In each case the labourer also receives straw shoes and free shaving—the latter being an important item in a country where heads must be shaved three or four times a month! The profits of Chinese farmers are, as a rule, small, and are said to be generally only sufficient to enable them to live in greater or less comfort, and keep their families. In spite of all drawbacks, the Chinese peasantry are happy and contented. And by this method of cultivation, no less than 450,000,000 human beings in China depend for their daily sustenance! STOCK ITEMS. Dr. T. W. Leather, Agricultural Chemist to the Government of India, in his first annual report, makes the following reference to two Govern- ment dairies visited by him in the course of the year :—Of the dairies which have been started within recent years under Government auspices, I visited those at Aligarh and Poona. That the value of these dairies is appreciated is, I believe, well recognized by both the Governments of Bombay and the North-Western Provinces and Oudh. The butter there made is of excellent quality, and keeps so well that its sale extends to very long distances. Aligarh supplies butter, for instance, to the Central Provinces. The question of the introduction of European dairy appliances into India has been considered by Dr. Voelcker in chapter 11, paragraphs 262 to 268, of his Report on the Improvement of Indian Agriculture, and whilst he expresses the opinion, in paragraph 266, that such improved machinery for butter-making is hardly likely to replace that with which the people make ghee, he points out in the following paragraph the advisability of introducing improvements in the milk-supply. This naturally includes better fodder for the cattle, good supplies of water for them, and above all cleanliness in the dairy surroundings and in the methods of milking. That there is room for such improvements no one will deny. Moreover, it seems to me that a well-conducted dairy forms as excellent an object lessons in cleanliness as could well be devised, and indirectly improved dairying will doubtless prove an aid in the direction of sanitary improvement. Several samples of the gained | butter made at Aligarh, Lucknow, and the Military Grass Farm, Allahabad, have been analysed. Those from Aligarh and Lucknow were all that 14982 Cs on ine could be desired ; those from Allahabad were good but ¢ontained rather much-water. But they are all arvery) great! advance on what is generally made and sold as butter, chemical analyses show- ing that the latter contains very much more curd and water than well-made butter, and in the matter of cleanliness there is no comparison. Vet. Capt. Mills, Principal of the Bombay Veterinary College, and late Inspector of Cattle Diseases ‘in the Madras Presidency, gives the following ‘advice:—* Young animals which have not» yet completed thew growth, must not be allowed to. breed. The small size of many Indian breeds) has undoubtedly been brought about by a neglect of this rule, Young stunted progeny is the result, and in due course produce still) smaller animals. There is much danger of this under the ordinary method of cattle manage- ment in this country. Directly the young female feels inclined to» breed, the: male covers ‘her, and thus she becomes’ big with young! before she has strength to support the calf, or to give enough milk for itafter birth: Consequently, the growth of ‘the mother is prevented, so that the unborn young may get nourishment to keep it alive. Much harm is'done to males by allowing them to cover too early and too freely; they become uncertain. getters of young, and are very early worn out and unfit for breeding. They, too, become thereby stunted in growth, and apt to beget small and unhealthy offspring. If young bulls, unfitted for breeding were castrated before they were 6 months old, instead of at the age of 5 or 6, much good would result, as only the selected bulls could then be used for breed- ing.” The hardships which native cattle often suffer during, the hot season are well known, but the remarks of Capt. Mills under this head also deserve to be; quoted as applicable to the state of affairs in our Island ;—‘‘ Most Indian cattle select. their own, food) from the grazing grounds of the village during the day time, and when they are brought in at night some are given paddy, straw, and other food. Instinct usually enables animals to deciae what is good for food, but often want of water las so dried up | the herbage that cattle have to appease their hunger by eating whatever they can find. When all grass is dried up, they may be seen eating the bark of trees, prickly shrubs, and poisonous plants, such as at other times they would refuse. This.is a. frequent cause of disease, such as indigestion and poisoning. When the rains set in, all along the edges of rivers and tanks, coarse grass and. rank herbs grow in abundance. and are very dangerous to cattle, because when eaten, they may produce colic, gas in the stomach, or diarrhoea, and, some. of these rank herbs are yery poisonous. ‘Thus, we see that too little or too much food many cause disease; therefore the supply should be so managed as to insure enough in dry weather, and not too much in the rainy season. The best way of regulating this is by storing fodder when it is plentiful, to make up for deficiency in dry seasons and tamine years. This ts one of the most tmopor- tant means of preventing cattle disease in India. Outbreaks of disease prove much more serious Supplement to the Tropical Agricultwrist.” [Aug. 1, 189% among badly-képt and weak animals, than amonipst those which are well fed and eared for.” Mr. Kipling, author of “ Beast “and Man in India,” thus describes a case that eame under his notice, showing the great importance of fresh air to cattle:—‘1 remember being told that our’ cow which had recently calved, was ‘suddenly taken sick and like to die. The éow ‘man had decided ‘that she was suffering from an ‘unusual form of deadly fever. So in the’ fierce shot weather he had her shut up ina close byre, istuffed the window with rags and straw, care- 'fully closed the door, and wrapped her in thick clothing. She was very likely to die indeed, jbut recovered’ promptly on being ressued from ‘heat and suffocation.” nay OE THE SALT MINES OF KHEWRA, The salt hills of the Punjab are not usually found marked on the atlases used in schools, but the range is understood to extend from the town of Thelum eastward to Kalabagh onthe Indus. There is a salt range extending beyond Kalabagh, across the Indus, but the salt is of a different age and position, The Cis-Indus Range lies between 73° 30’ and 71° 30’ East Longitude, and between 32° 23’ and 33° North Latitude,—histori¢ ground, famous alike in ancient and in modern times, Khewra is the name of the village where the most important of the mines are worked. These are called the Mayo Salt Mines in honour of Lord Mayo who visited them when Viceroy of India. The only inhabitants of Khewra are those whom the work connected with the mines renders necessary, but a railway makes communication with Thelum and Lahore easy. The depot where the salt is collected and despatched is called the Warthganj depot, after Dr. Warth, who was once the Collector of the Salt Rang district, and to whom the development of the mining industry is greatly indebted. In 1889, there were two European officers working in this depot; there may be mere now. Another officer was in charge of the mines, and above these was the Assistant Commissioner, with judicial power. The Mayo Salt Mines are not mines in the sense of being far beneath the surface of the ground, like a coal mine, for instance. At the base of a high ragged hill there are two or three openings like the mouths of tunnels, and through these tunnels we walk or are trollied along, accom- panied and guided by miners with torches and little earthen saucer-lamps called dhivas to light up the encircling darkness. When the first sen- sations of novelty and bewilderment are dimin- ished, we look above and around us, and see nothing but salt,—salt floor, salt walls, salt roof, all blackened and begrimed with the soot from torches and dhivas. Sometimes we come upon large recesses (called stations) where salt ready for removal is collected; sometimes we meet trucks passing by us carrying salt to the depot, or returning empty for another load; and some- times a dark patch on the wall marks a passage leading upward, downward or in some horizontal direction to the different ** chambers” ee work, where the A Aug. 1, 1894. Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” 143 The salt,it may be noted, is rock-salt, and is obtained first by blasting, and then by cutting with a rough pick. The miners are so accus- tomed fo the work that the little dAzvas are all the light they require, and it is astonishing with what regularity and neatness the walls of the chambers are’cut. These chambers are immense rooms—one of them being 320 ft. long and 150-ft. high. ‘They are seen at their best when a small paper balloon is sent up and the surrounding space is thus lighted up. There are several “Show Rooms” of this kind into which visitors are taken. The salt obtained is generally of a pink or pinkish colour, Sometimes a dirty or muddy pink. Natural salt is said to be found in almost every colotir—red, brown, green, blue, &c., but here the prevailing colour is pink, The trans- parent crystal sal is also found. ______ FEEDING STUFFS—THEIR COMPOSITION AND CHARACTERISTICS. These are concentrated forms of fodder, whose value depends upon their albuminoid matter, oil, and carbo-hydrates (such as starch and sugar). Linseed (seed of Linum usitatissimum, com- mon Flax).—Bombay seed large and pale ; Baltic seed smaller and dark brown, more liable to impurities than Bombay seed; should be crushed and plotted before feeding. Useful in calf fodders, also for milk-giving, and in the last stage of masting. . Quantity, 1 to 3 lb. per 1000 Ib. L. W.* Linseed cake.—Much approved feeding cake; merits well known. Home-made cake usually softer and more oily than foreign. Very hard- pressed cake is low in oil, and not so easily eaten and digested. Linseed cakes usually impure. Chief impurities: locust beans added to give flavour and relish, rape seed, less frequently chaff, and weed-seeds from badly-screened seed. Should be broken to small pieces before feeding. Quan- tity, 2 to 6 lb. per 1000 1b, L. W. Rape-cake (seed of Brassica napus and B. cam- pestris).—It has a greenish-mottled appearance and a bitter taste, which renders it distasteful to cattle at first. Should be given in small quantity to begin with. Not suited for calves. When given to milch cows, the quantity should not exceed 2 or 3 lb. per head per day, or it will give a disagreeable taste to milk and butter. Sometimes very impure. A dangerous impurity is mustard seed. May be detected by steeping in cold water for some hours, and noting smell , quality, it is a valuable bye-fodder, Supplement to the * Tropical Agriculturist.” ‘Aug. 1, 1894. per head per day to milch cows detracts from flavour of butter. Hemp cake (seed of Cannabis sativa).—Not much used for feeding. Not so digestible as the above, owing to abundance of woody fibre (25 per cent). Fed chiefly to horses and sheep. To milch cows not more than | lb. per head per day. Apt to grow mouldy in summer. Sunflower cake (seed of Helianthus annuus). —Relished by stock, and well-digested. Cotton cake (seed of Gossypium hirsutum, &e). Undecorticuted.—Best quality from Egyptian and Sea Island seed. Inferior qualities are woolly, and to be avoided. Husk has astringent pro- perties, and is a good cure for scour, Should be ground to the size of linseed. Not very digestible, owing to abundance of woody fibre (28 per cent). Should be used freshly made, because liable to mould on keeping. Decorticated —viz., cotton cake deprived of the husk, A very concentrated and powerful bye-fodder. Should be given with caution, crushed fine, and mixed with Indian corn, oats, or other farinaceous food. Large quantity is injurious, and may even be fatal, very variable in composition. Frequently very hard pressed, and therefore indigestible. When freshly-made, softly pressed, and of good Oil very bland and digestible; used to adulterate olive oil. Gingelly or Sesame cake (seed of Sesamum , ortentale).—Seed imported from India. Excellent ' kinds of stock. of mustard. Danger may be avoided by steeping - the ground cake in boiling water. Poppy cake (seed of Papaver Somniferum).— Contains a savoury and easily-digestible oil. May be fed to cattle in considerable quantity — 5 to 81b. per head per day. More than 5 Ib. ® ly W.=live-weight, bye-fodder, easily digested, much relished by all Favourable for milk giving, and also for masting. Oil bland and digestible, and much in favour for making margarine. Rice meal (seed of Oryza sativa).—The meal is a bye-product obtained in preparing rice for the market. A very good, safe, and acceptable fodder, but less concentrated than ordinary oil cakes. Varies very much in quality, and frequently adulterated with meal derived from rice husks. Much relished by stock, and useful for milch cows as well as for fattening animals. Rye meal,—tis the bran of rye, and rather more concentrated than wheat bran. It is very good fodder for cattle and sheep, but not for horses. Palm kernel or Coconut cake.—An excellent, pala- table, and easily-digested bye-fodder. Especially good for milch cows. Increases the proportion of fat in milk, Puts a finish upon flattening stock. When ground to powder and most of the oil extracted, it is sold as palm kernel meal, a much-relished and digestible bye-fodder. A useful addition to calf-meals. Earth-nut or Ground-nut cake.—The pressed seed of a leguminous plant (Arachis hppogeoa). The most concentrated of all cakes, containing from 45 to 50 per cent albumex and 6 to 9 per cent of oil. It is very palatable and digestible. A nutritious fodder when giyen in moderation. Apt to be contaminated with hair, and liable to rot on keeping if badly made. Locust Beans, Carob Bean—A sugary fodder, most palatable and acceptable to all kinds of stock. Used to mix with oil cakes and meals, so as to improve their flavour. Dried Giains.—The draff from distilleries and breweries dried so as to contain only about 10 per cent water. It is a first-class feeding-stuff if of good quality, but the qualities differ con- siderably, | B a ae Aug. 1, 1894.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” 145 The following is the average composition of genuine cakes and meals in common use :— Albumi- Carbo- Noid. Oil. hydrates. Linseed .. .. ih oT 37 20 Linseed cake .. bones OF) 11 32 Rape cake , ral 10 30 Poppy cake ye tOD 10 22 Hemp cake .. tha (30) 4 17 Sunflower cake ree too: 9 27 Cotton cake .. eee ae 3 30 » (decorticated) 44 15 20 Gingelly cake dip ua 13 21 Rice meal .. nhawaersL Alt 10 50 Rye meal .. . 142 3y 60 Palm kernel cake .. 17 10 4] Palm kernel meal .. 19 3h 44 Earth-nut cake 50 (shelled) Beane 73 25 Locust bean meal .. 4 2 74 Dried grains .. id bea 8 50 Bran ae 133 33 56 ~ -<>—- THE LACTOMETER IN ITS TRUE LIGHT. The lactometer, or lactodensimeter, as it has been called, to distinguish it from another simple instrument, the creamometer, was at one time a great favourite. In France, a few years aga, if not indeed now, the Police would take action at once ona reading of that instrument, and turn milk out into the gutter if it were con- demned. And in London, the lactometer is ex- posed for sale in shop windows, and both the public and milk dealers trust to it. Even in. some recent manuals intended for the guidance of medical officers of health, the use of the lactometer is recommended. In one of them in particular—Dr. Edward Smith’s—which claims a sort of pseudo-government sanction, the lacto- meter is very prominently put forward, and commended as being for milk what the kydro- meter is for alcoholic fluids. But, although it is so very popular, and al- though it has been so implicity trusted, the lactometer is a most untrustworthy instrument. There hardly ever wasan instrument which has so utterly failed as the lactometer. It confounds together milk which is exceptionally rich, with milk which has been largely watered; and many a poor french peasant, bringing the best and unadulterated produce of his dairy into a French town, has been ruthlessly stopped by the Police, who have dipped their lactometer into the milk, and forthwith sent it down the gutter as if it had been milk and water. Very curious things, too, are done in this country by reason of trust in the lactometer. There ig a prison not far from London, and the prison authorities are specially particular about their supply of milk. They allow no milk to enter the prison unless it comes up to the M. mark on a certain lactometer. The M. mark is pitched very high, and the milk purveyor reaches the M, mark by skimming the milk. A very little consideration will suffice to make intelligible the obliquity of the indications of the lactometer, and to show how untrustworthy it must be. The lactometer, as, of course, will be understood, is simply the hydrometer applied to milk; and readings of the instrument are neither more nor less than specific gravities. The more milk-sugar and caseine and mineral matter there is in a given specimen of milk, the greater (other things being equal) will be its density or specific gravity, and the higher the lactometer reading, If, however, fat globules (as happens in the instance of milk) be diffused through the fluid, then, because fat is lighter than water, the effect of the other milk-solids on the gravity of the liquid will be more or less neutralized. The density of milk-fat is about 0:9 water being 1:0. Now, if a solution of caseine aud milk-sugar, of specific gravity 1°030, be sufficiently charged with fat globules, its specific gravity may be sent down even below the gravity of water. How much would be required to bring about such a result is a matter of simple calculation, This being understood, it will be obvious that if the specimens of milk differ in specific gravity, there must be two distinct and equally valid ways of accounting for the difference. The milk with the lower gravity may be milk let down with water, or let down with fat, ze, milk let down by being enriched, By way of example, I would just refer to the specific gravity of the so-called strippings, which are the last portions of milk wrung out of the udder at the termination of the milking. These are richer in cream than the average mass of the milk, and they have a much lower density than average milk, I have myself examined strippings with a specific gravity of 1020, and a specific gravity of 1:025 is by no means uncommon. In the instance of stippings of the latter gravity, I found the percentage of solids to be 18°74, Now, if all we knew concerning a sample of milk was that its gravity was 1-025, we might with equal reasonableness conclude, either that it contained fifteen or twenty per cent. of extraneous water, or that it was surcharged with cream. If, by adding fat to milk, the specific gravity is lowered, it follows that by substracting fat (z.e., by skimming) the specific gravity is raised; and hence the explanation of the reaching of the high M. mark by skimming. A certain trick of the milk trade is fostered by the employment of the lactometer. The milk is partially denuded of cream (accomplished conveniently by adding a certain quantity of skimmed milk to the fresh milk), and thereby raised in gravity. That being accomplished, it is dosed with water, and its gravity is thereby lowered to the normal standard. Let no one think that he would discover such a trick by making an estimation of cream; for watered milk throws up its fatin the form of cream more perfectly than unwatered milk, Another objection relative to the lactometer (which, however, pertains to the application of the hydrometer to organic fluids generally) is drawn from the circumstance that a comparatively small change in density corresponds to a great change in composition. Making tu.al abstraction of the difficulty and uncertainty dependent on the cream, and regarding milk as a solution of caseine and milk-sugar, it will be seen that where- as the specific gravity of water rises only from 1000 to 1:032 in passing into milk, the water 146 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” [Ang. 1, 1894. receives ‘9'2 per cent. of milk solids, In other words, whilst the density goes up only three per-cent., the solids go up nine per cent. It is, therefore, disadvantageous to estimate rise in solid content. ‘by -rise in density. Mineral sub- stances, when they dissolve in water, raise the density far more rapidly than organic substances. The contrast in tls respect is very well shown when chloride of potassium is compared with milk solids. Thus a ten per cent. solution of chloride. of potassium has a specific gravity of 1*065 at 15° cent., whereas a ten-per cent. solution of caseine and milk-sugar has a specific gravity of about 1:035, To ‘be ofany value at all, a specific gravity determination in the case of such a fluid as milk must be taken with extreme accuracy ; and, as is’ well known, ithe taking of specific gravities with great accuracy is not by any means one of the most facile of operations, and is certainly not easier than the taking of solid residues directly. From a careful consideration of the whole sub- ject-1.am convinced that one of the most-necessary steps to be ‘taken in milk analysis isto abandon the.use of the laectometer. DR. WANKLYN. KOUMISS. Many people donot know the real origin of the substance known as koumiss. Koumissis a sort of milk wine got by the fermentation of milk. In Tartary, where mare’s milk is used for the purpose, the beyerege is of great im- portance as an article of noyrishment for the people, The use of koumiss is said, moreover, to impart immunity from phthisis. In England, where the substance is believed by many tobe at least as_efficacious as cod-liver oil, koumiss is to some extent made from coyw’s milk, but inasmuch as mare’s milk contains a larger pro- portion of sugar than cow's milk, an addition of a little sugar is made to. the milk before it is set to ferment, “Full koumiss” forty-eight hours old, which had .a specific parity of 67° F., was found to contain ‘in two"parts by weight :— Water .. ‘ye f 87:32 Algghol. .. fe,s 1:00 Carbonic acid... 0-90 Solids .. fo ms 10:78 The, 10-78 parts of solids. contained Caseine .. pe Bs 2°84 Lactose and Jactic acid 6°60 Fat or oe 0:68 Ash ae a At first, when fresh, koumiss contains about the same precentage of solids asskimmed milk; but, as it grows.older, it. loses;sugar.and total solids. It is claimed for. koumiss that it presents the caseine ina form specially assimilable by in- valids, and that. it will nourish. persons when nothing else will. ; There is more than.one recipe given for making koumiss. OS BREEDS: OF INDIAN CATTLE. ‘The vast ‘continent of India has such a variety of climate and soil, that-it is. no wonder that we ‘there find so many distinct breeds of cattle. In some districts the Indian cattle are taken good care of,and hence are of a superior type, but, dn others they..are apuch neglected and are therefore poor specimens. Two factors help to keep up the quality of the breed of Indian cattle, one of which is the religious yeneration in which cows are held by the Hindus, some of whom consider it sin even to sell an animal. Cattle are thus well fed and. taken care of; they are the pets of the children and women, and are, in many instances of a .yery mild disposition. The second factor referred. to is, the general esteem in which milk and butteris held as articles of diet. A Hindu does not take meat in any form, but ghee or clarified butter he must have, and milk and curds are im- portant articles of diet, be he ever so. poor, There are however other agencies at work which tend.to check to a great extent these. desir- able influences, such as the want of pasture in many places, the ignorance of the peasant, who often neglectsthe first rules of breeding, does mot concern himself much about the selection and mating of proper animals. Up to recent times wild cattle were abundantly met with in some places of Hindustan and are even now to be seen in the large forests of Assam, the vicinity of the river Brahamaputra and in the forests of Deccan. The domesticated animal is met with in every district, for without cattle an Indian will have to starve not only — because he will be without milk and butter, but because he will be unable to grow his crops, without animals for ploughing, irrigating, threshing, and carting. The principal varieties of cattle that deserve notice on account of their special characters and uses are, the Nellores, Gujerats, Sinds, Mysores, Hissars, Deccanese and the Nepalese breeds. The Nellores are met within the Nellore district of the Madras Presidency. They are of aheayy build and measure on an average 60 inches from the tip of the humpto the ground. These animals have a broad head and face with short horns inclined backwards ; their eyes are large and prominent and their ears droop. The neck is short, chest deep and wide, and the back short with a well- developed hump. The dewlap is as a rule of conspicious size. In temper the Neilores.are mild, slow and hardy, and in gene1al good milkers and powerful draught animals. Gujerat cattle are also known as Girand Kathia- war, and are met with in Gujerat and the hilly districts of the Kathiwar Peninsula of the Bombay Presidency. In build they are heavy with a short head and abroad prominent forehead, the horns are crumpled and inclined backwards and the ears large and pendant,—-a special characteristic of this breed. The Gujerati cattle are deep-chested and short-legged, and have comparatively thin tails and prominent humps. They are on an average about 58 inches in height and are very good draught animals and fairly good milkers. The Sinds are a neat-looking breed of cattle found in the Province of Sind, a district bordering on Beluchistan, where there are extensive pasture lands, though not favoured with an abundance of rain. The Sind animals have a tapering head, a straight face, short horns and comparatively large drooping ears. Their hind quarters are well deve- loped and the limbs fairly proportioned with 4 Aug. 1, 1894] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agricultwrist.” 147 straight back and a small hump. The Sinds are their satisfaction with a sigh of resignation usually of a red colour. be the best milkers in India, and are noted for their mild temper, The Mysores are a historical breed of strong draught cattle found in Mysore in the Madras Presidency. At one time there had been regular breeding establishments in this province for supplying draught animals for Military transport purposes. The Mysores have a well-formed body and a long tapering head with a prominent fore- head. The horns are long and curved and their ears neat and tapering, whereas their eyes show a characteristic fiercenessand are coloured reddish. The chest is deep and the back and limbs well proportioned. On the whole these animals are known to be the best for draught purposes, but they are known to be bad tempered. The Hissar breed of cattle is met with in the Punjab. The animals are of large build averaging about 56 inches in height. They have a long body and a broad head with long curved horns. The back is well-formed witha high-set hump and the chest is fairly broad. The Hissars have stout short legs and a thin and long tail, These ani- mals are reported to be good draught animals and very tair milkers. The Decanese cattle take their name from the district in which they are found. They are at the present day in many places, losing their typical characters on account of the introduction of other breeds of cattle to the district. They are well-shaped and straight-faced and have strong upwardly inclined horns. The Deccan animals are long in body and well proportioned in their limbs ; they are active and admirably adapted for draught purposes. The Nepal cattle are met with in the Hima- layan regions and are also known as “ mountain cattle,” as they thrive best iu the hilly country. The Nepalese are small in build with thin limbs, very active and are good climbers, They are mostly used in the hillcountry. W.A.D.S. ---—_—_e——_- — -— NOTES FROM A TRAVELLER’S DIARY. There has been, and is a differeuce of opinion among leaders of thought in Ceylon as to whether any benefit has occuried to the native cultivator from the abolition of the grain-tax, but the more one travels about the country and studies for himself the real condition of village life in the interior of the island, he cannot help thinking that, if all the facts of the case were known, there would have been no opponents to abolition. After having read much of the literature on the subject, and having seen and studied for my- self the real state of affairsin most parts of the island, I can say without hesitation that the removal of the tax is about the greatest blessing that the British Government could ever have conferred on the poorer classes of natives of the island. In some cases the abolition About the time that the news of the repeal was spreading about the country, it was touching to see how many of the villagers received it. | While some invoked blessings from Heaven on the Rajah, others were only able to express was | tantamount to freedom from great bondage. ' They are considered to | \ since their lands had already been sold in default of payment of the tax. I have seen paddy fields springing up rapidly in some parts of the island. Thisis the case in Tumpane, Dumbara, &c. The paddy lands which had been covered up with Lantana for years, and which were not disturbed for fear that the harvest may be poor and that there might be trouble about the payment of the Goy- ernment share, are now being rapidly cleared and brought under cultivation. It was a pleasant sur- priseto me on several occasions when some villagers came up and asked me whether there was any real truth in the report that the Paddy Tax was abo- lished. They were anxious to know the truth, so that they may put new lands under paddy, for, said they, if they were bound to pay the Gov- ernment share, if was not worth their while to go to the trouble and expense of cultivation ; so great was their dread ofthe means by which the tax was collected. Some unprincipled headmen were much dis- heartened at this “foolish act of the Govern- ment” as they called it, and one of them who is supposed to command some infinence in his district, confessed to me that the abolition of the tax would only tend to lessen their influence over the people, while the Government would suffer by the loss of so much revenue. ‘“ The headmen,” he said, “will have very little hold on the people in future.” The bondage under which the poor villagers were labouring is clearly demonstrated by the words of this local magnate ! Those of the poor villagers who still possess any suitable lands for puddy are now becoming emboldened to bring them under cultivation, and as I have mentioned, most of the available land is now gradually being put under cultivation. A planter of great experience tells me that he finds it very difficult to procure village-labourers since the abolition of the paddy tax, the people having turned their attention altogether to the cultivation of paddy. I have just had a look round the lands that have been granted by the Government to Messrs. Gordon R. Reeves &Co., for experimental cul- tivation. The extent of the lands is five thousand acres, aad they are situated in Palle- gama in Matale East. The lands are very rich, consisting much of soil of a loamy character, and the country around is com- paratively-speaking well watered. The work of clearing the lands, putting up nurseries, &e., has already been commenced in earnest under the able superintendence of Mr. C. Ross Wright, a gentleman of great experience in the planting line, and one who is thoroughly con- versant with the habits aud customs of the natives. To begin with, the Company has been very fortunate in securing the services of this gentleman, as it is the opinion of many that they have the right man in the right place. It is the intention of the superintendent first of all to try all sorts of products to as- certain which will succeed better. 2 =e |S teen || Ere ath Ih pe 2 i = cam = | el ca al al S| el | one (2a) Cat- tle man- | Ue No 3./ 8,306) 66 | 29°9 [20,248 16-2 | 78-9 are 160 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. en (Serr. 1, 1894. a a Phosphoric Acid Table. For two years’ crops For two years’ crops r and prunings. only 800 lbs. \ Soro in manure. Weight of manure in £ bs. in manure, Ibs. in manure. Weight of potash in lbs. in manure. ] Weight of potash in Ibs. phosphoric acid. Weight of nitrogen in Ibs. phosphorie acid. Weight of nitrogen in Weight ot manure in Ibs. which contain 6°08 Ihs. which contain 13°63 lbs. | | (2a) Cat- tle man- ure No 3.| 7,600 | 35-62 Potash Table. | | 80°07 | 61°33 274 | 17,037 les 4 For two years’ crops For two years’ crops only 800 Ibs. and prunings. F oeeeetteeteteel = ——$—K Tos) eet) ni wh | (if Aa | (2s aa | es = 5 | om | 55/28 FB | Bs] se = we ae lon | Seles BAe) ©5) we |keS 6 =| es Saag) se | 6S ies |) EE] gE Bia Aa ele ee ees Lom = ABS) Re | FA ia.84| RE] Ee MmSEl SE ley |B ES] & 7s ° og S59 12.20) SS < Plies ‘= = See — 2 POD] » S “ »- aoe = 2 = 5 oY =u a tos | coe | oe te | Ee | Be bo 4 3 KE. Eiigs: 2 eed Pa |e |Be |S |e | 3 og: | ee ageta be (2a) Cat- | tle man- © . Lei . - tire No. 3] 5,600 | 26°32 | 4:5 |12,789! 60-11 | 10-2 ’ 8,306 lbs. of this manure applied per acre supply approximately the theoretical amonnt of nitrogen and of. phosphoric acid and 14 times the theoreti- cal amount of potash required to replace what is removed by two years’ crops only ; While 20,248 Ibs. applied per acre supply the theoretical amount of nitrogen, 1} times the theoretical amount of phosphoric acid and about 1} times the theoretical amount of potash required to replace what is removed by two years’ crops and prunings. Cat- tle manure of this composition thus supplies the elements of plant food in relative proportions not so very different from those in which they are re- moved by crop, approximating much eloser to the theoretical proportions than is the case with the two richer cattle manures referred to in the text. In the same manner to the tables ot Coffee Ma- nures on pages 156 and 157, Vol. XIII. may be added after Cattle Manure No. 2. Nitrogen Table. x & Ao be g + [50 o Orn & . ee ela a2 = ae gSc ee elas see els Oo| sg Socks Ss, 5 Ss FOR aégs oes et Ble SS = i) SCH AIS eg Fl Ho o i=} os { om -|Pee & = ‘o PE nla ne aie Sl ae = OD" “= oO =.5 re 1 Oe 39 RD a) Se = o a = Ceylon Cattle Manure No. 3. 8,893 | 7:1 | 32°01 a Phosphoric Acid Table. of manure in Ibs. in the manure. phosphorie acid. Weight of nitrogen in Weight of potash in lbs. in the manure \W elgnt Ibs. which contain 7 “4 Ibs Ceylon Cattle Manure No. 3. | 9,250 | 43°5 | 33-3 Potash Table. = atl ers ee [an lee gz | BE 23 ae = —_—— een) se a gee 22/25 ace oe te his Samp eS leg re Zz Ze 2 wo —| ee | Se 3? Lee \37 = s a a L | Ceylon Cattle Manure No. 3. |12,944|) 60:8 | 10°4 8,893 Ibs. of this cattle manuie applied per acre supply approximately the theoretical amounts of nitrogen and of phosphoric acid and “7 of the theoretical amount af potash required to replace these ingredients removed hy two years’ ci If, on the other hand, sufficient wmanare, viz., 12,944 lbs. per acre be applied te furnish the theoretical amonnt of potash required, then there will be supplied 1-5 times the theoretical amount of nitrogen and 14 times the theoretical amount of pho phorie acid. Here again as in the case of tea this cattle manure supplies the ingredients of plant food in proportions approxi- mating closer to those represented by loss in crop than the two richer cattle manures referred to in the text or the various mixtures of bones and poonac usually employed. ANALYSIS OF CEYLON GUINEA GRASS, The following exhibits the composition of a good sample of Ceylon Guinea Grass after being dried in the sun. The grass was grown near Kandy :— Moisture i «. 9°06 * Albuminous compounds 8-10 Fat (ether extract)... 2-80 Sugar ... Si 4-70 + Mnueilaginous compounds, ) 41-07 digestible fibre, Ke. J / Vegetable fibre ++. 22°30 ** Ash oe da: ove L7G 100-00 * Containing nitrogen 1-295 s “Spey se: | dae Total nitrogen _.., oe L“Fa0 ** The Ash contained Potash eee ia Potassium chloride ee ~ Sodium chloride ove Lime on ate Magnesia Sot vee Ferric oxide... = Phosphoric anhydride _... Supr. I, 1894. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 6x Suiphurie anhydride A gL Bess 94 Carbonic anhydride trace axe Silica Me we 4°35 36°95 Sand and Carbon Ui a uP AB ne Nes rea) 11°77 100-00 The fat obtained was of a dark green colour rom the presence of chlorophyll in the ether eXtract and not readily separable’ from it. In order that the above analysis may be teadily compared with that of other fodder crops, have calculated the results to grass coutaining 15 per cent of moisture and all the nitrogen into albuminous compounds, as is cus- tomary, although some of the nitrogen exists | in other forms. The results are thus in a form in which they can be directly compared with the analyses of a number of fodder crops in an_ interesting table in Johnston and Cameron’s Elements of Agricultural Chemistry and Geology. It will be observed that in the matter of albuminoids guinea grass compares favorably with the average results of other grasses, although of course the percentage is lower than in the clovers, trefoils, most of the vetches, lucerne and sainfoin which all belong not to the grasses but to the legumi- nous order of palnts. ral Sie ET SSIS Bie Sie ain? < ie ID 19.6919 919 1H 62 FP 2 SCS BODErEAY os SH © HAtNMWsS VA i te AN SBANANATIAAAMN el Sra @ of | 6 OQam on] Fem HE) aay Le ali) WE SIGN ee Ce ee ASSB 1S &» HALSHOHHSS ~—IREBE | H FO CH 6d TOO 20 oo 22 00 20 Sp SCMy AR @ |A__% ari) 5 al x ae) KOT SOF) TRO 6S) KO Oi ist Se & AQ A ANTMMAANANMA a| & Fy s | = SS) IS <= § 4 | = iS B4 1A + SONA MwSSw S a D> & Lhatmb4HHnaa > S Ho . 6 « . S oP ID 1 191919.91029191910 8 3 es = ct ee Mes eee oes Ol oe oe eee Be Ss iS Ss - | s 2 8 we eS 6% B® .SEESSoe?e v1ger - © SI!DDSANHAAN A Sioa ~ OD MH Vm OOHE-Ir- OO - Boy AD = Yi wn oA : us 2 MOUS TAs ; syne > abaras | Yes ya) 2S 00 is Sit gts Sisal entaliy py ranignn - ° tsi Shishi oe t G4 =A sr net amie sie nN eats © Bai Bio 68s Bs > og Ba A2258 Se OS Fee amamean nN meas 5 . Boer ee es om eka o> OM Nag YPoOs OH ae TOS Boe sya Soma as Ra oa SIS OP O.n nS } ON A ey Jt OO Sid . PUY VY RAP RPA The nutrient ratio or ratio of nitrogen to non nitrogenous digestible substances calculated after the same manner as for cereal grains is 1 ° 4:56, while the mean of Way’s analyses of 18 species of grass indicates a nutrient ratio of 1: 4°82. In meadow-hay it is 1: 5°21. The nutrient ratio in this sample of guinea grass is thus higher than is indicated by these analyses of grasses and of meadow-hay. In making this comparison it is to be remem- bered that the analysis of meadow-hay is the mean result of 50 analyses, while in the case of the guinea grass a single sample of well-grown erass of a rich green colour was analysed. As regards mineral matters guinea grass is very rich in potash and has also a considerable proportion of phosphoric acid. THE DANGER OF TROPICAL OVER- PRODUCTION. (From * Delusions About Tropical Cultivation” in the ** Nineteenth Century.”’) But evenif all these difficu‘ties shoul 1 in some unfor- f£een manier be oyercom’, and Australia should beable to oltain Jubourers iu pract cal y unlimited numbers, there wou'd s.ill rem:iu the greater difficulty, which consideration will quickly show to be insuperable, of selling at a remunerative price the enormous quantities of produce which would be necas:a-ily involved in the contemplated development. In order to appreciate this ani other economical dficul'ies, lot us suppose cu'tivation extended over 6,006,000 acr 8 or jess than 1-100;h part of the total area of Tropicel Australia, And tet uain the first p’ace consider of what this suppored ertent of cultivation would be most lik-ly to consist. We have seen that at present in Queens: land, the only part of Tropical Australia where there is any agriculture of appreciable extent, the area of land 10 sugarcane is twice that of other cultivation, Asit isncw more than twen y years since the com- mencement Of tiopical agriculture there, it is probable that AustrsJiam enterprise and energy have by this time made considerab'e pr gress tuwaids the discovery of what kinds of tropicat produce and what proportion ofeach kind hold out the best prospects of profit in cultivation. But besides this, there are otter and stronger re:aons, which will be indicated in connection with the particular producte, why the above pro;ortion is not jikely to be disturbed by the increase of other cul ivation re'atively t» that of sugar. Indecd in view of the dclnirg production of maize and bananas, which occupy areas in extent second cnly to that of sugar, indications would seem to point rather in the other direction. Let us supposa, however, that the proportion remaius the same ; in which case 4,000,000 acres of the above area would be in cane and 2,(0U,000 in other cultivation. According to the present yield in Queensland (oneand a half tonto the acre) which the progress of ssience will probably incresse, the abova area of cane would produce 6,000,000 tons of sugar, this quintity been ccnsiderably more than double the whole of the canesugar consumed by the civilized world (2,805,733 tons per annum according to the returns of 1687) of which, moreover, 139,168 tona came from temperate climates (Louisiasa and Egypt). It thus appears that when the above point ot develop- ment Las been reached, tle consumption of cane-sugar will have more than doubled even if, the production of tho rest of the world being extinguished, Australia were monopolizing the whole supply and more than trebled if merely the incresse of corsumption were supplied from Australis, production elsewhere having re:nained stationary. Even if very larve ellowance be made for possible eventualities, the above corsidera= tion would seem to defer the supposed develojment to anextremely distant date ; and there are alco others, to beadverted to presently, which appear to indicate #0 even more indefinitely prolopged postporement. With a view, however, to estimate its effecte, let us in the fixst place suppose that this deyelopment hag 462 fotually taken place. Six million acres would require at mest 2,000,000 labourers, As witha few exceptions white mendo not remain in the topics atter they have atteined competency and ere specially unlikely to do so in Australis, where they have a tempcrate climate on the came continent within easy reach, the number of them as compared with the labourers will be very small. The proportion of white to coloured varies greatly in different tropical countries under European Govern- ment, being one to 600 in Ceylon aid one to ten in Barbacos. It is abnormally large in the latter case because of the survival in a degraded condition of many dercendants of the white slaves imported thither two cecturies ago. Apart from Australia (where the mines have attracted a large and contivually shifting population of whites, while the great extent of pasture svpporta a cousiderable number of whi'e shepherds) no other colkny inthe tropics bas a propor‘ion nearly 60 large a8 Barbedos. In order, however, to be sgain on the safe tide, let us euppose that the white population counected with agriculture should be double that high ratio, or 20 per cent which for the above number of jJabourers would be 400,000, or less than one-eighth of the present white inhabilan’s of Temperate Austra- lia, Considering that the miving and pastoral popu- lation, whatever it may be, is much more lik: ly to be in sym} a' by with the democracy of the South than with the aristocracy of the North, I regard the probability of the former b-in appreciably effected, not to speak of * profundly modified,’ by the latter es scarcely greeter than that of the United States being affected by the future development of Labrador or sence 3 Bea tbat there are still other economi- oal difficulties thaa those already indicated in thie way of the supposed d.velopment. In order to appinn.e these, i¢ wil be useful to take a separate glance at t le case of each of the leading tropical products, begiu- nivg with an article which is at least as important as any other. ? hough largely produced in the tropics, douenin ae eee ona from temperate climates. Ip 1891 the Untied Stat:s exported in quantity §.907,359,000 Ib., valued at $290,713,000 or nearly 60 000 youd, and Egypt exported @ quantity of the ‘ie of about 9,000,00(7.; while the export of Tropical UR! 6,390,512 lb. valued at ; in quantity only 53 tone Mead mcopearibull a8 of the rest of the world ie comparatively insignificant. During the civil being North Am:tica which caused a partia! failure we the world’s cotton supply, many attempts wore 3 de elsewhere to fill the vid thas created in the ma ket, and several tropical countrics (within my own marke ce Fiji and Guiana) showed that they could experie tton equal to the fivest sea-islund of Oarolina. grow kbtines as the war was over the Unitel States ui bl regained iis former supr. macy 1 product on, me Vee result above indicated. As the available lands Pr Scuthero States are stilllargely uncultivateJ, and at e ro population which euppiiis the vecessary 1 1e neg is. rspidly increasivg, the advantage thus de oe is likely to be ma‘ntained with the reeult that a Bane ortion of apy inc.ease cf the world’s cossump- lerke Py pe thence euppled. Faiing the United tion We eee are large tracts stil urcultivatd in peaie where Jabour is cheaper than in any other part ’ of the world ; and there is an immeasurably larger s ivation’ in Burmab, the Malay Bat ate ae Sumatra, Borneo and the other z ae of. the Eastern Archipalago to each of which apne Indian labour will either fluw naturally, or ans der the contract s,stem at considerably Le cariei on ia; and several of which to Australia; and & 2 be Ger aa: or are bkely to have the advantage of 3 i neeforward to be denied to Austraiia Chinese ape eid, there are still uncultivated all sors infinitesimal portion of Tropical South America, ane far the larger portion of the West Indier, Indies, which supply 8? large a pcrop- H E Ee tropical produce, though th: y occupy ea aoe on the map, might be s»pposed to be fo uemost part guitivated, Bat in fact (hey ars se THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Serr. 1, 1894. Fiji and the Pacific Islands, which, though are more distant than Australia from the Eastern labour markets, baveall to a greater or less extent the more than compensating sdventage of local labour: Io 1re- spect of every one of these countries we have heard at oce time or another, probably with truth, of ite great fertility and its capability of growivg successfully sll kinds of tropical produce; and it would thus seem that all things considered, they bitween them leave but little opeviog for cotton cultivation to Tropics! Australia, Sugar, which is of importance next to or equal with cotton, comes aleo largely from temperat; climates. For of the 5,532,545 tons (beet as well as cane-suger) which spyesr in the retur: 6 fur 1887 as the total of tLe world's supply, less than balt came from ihe tropics. However, in th- small »gricultural d.velopment which bas bitberto taken place in Nvuthern Australis, the cultivation of the cane cecupics, as we bave seen, large pluce. ‘T'bis industry has b th rto hed not only the advantage of the low-waged Polynceian Jabour, which, for reasons given above, will Lot continue long, tut also another which is likely to be equally ephemeral, viz. t! at of a protected market for a large portion of its produce. Of the 61,368 tons of sugar produced in 1892 only 36,914 tons were exported, so that apparevtly 24,454 tone were consumed on the 8, Ot, this consumption of the home product being encoursgéd by a duty onimported sugar of 5s a ton for ‘raw, end 6; 81 ton for refined, It is evident, however, that this advautage will be rapidly lost as increate of production ovutstiips incr.ase of corsamp- tion, and would dwindle almost to vanishing point when the production become really large or say, equal totbat of the comparatively small island of Ouba (646,588 tons’. Hencs the progrees which has hitherto been msde in sugar cullivation would be altogether miskading if it were regarded as a measure of the further deselopmest of the future: though this procuce is always likely to retain its present relatively promipvent poaition, not only for reasons prey ourly indicat d, but also b: cause, owing to the great onthy require i for works and machinery, the cort of wages bearsa less than ordinary proportion to the to‘al cost. Of other articles of tropical prodJuce there are a considerable number unnecessary to be specified in detail, which as rprcally requiring cheap labour, are rarely, if ever growa fcr export elsewhere than in the cheap labour couutries of the East. If their cultivation should ever spread beyond such countries, the cavses indicated in connection with cotton would prcbabiy carry it into places presenting much more favourable conditions than Australia. In this category the im- p rtavt articles rice, tea and quinine may almost be iucluded. For though the rice grown io the United Stutes is protected both by duty and by comparative proximity to marke‘, while it is of a quality which gives it a epecia!l bigh intrinsic value, yet I observe from an article by Mr. Chsuccey Depew in this Re- view of February jast that the American planters are crying out cf more prot: cticn ag-inst the rice of the East. And in fur'her proof of the strength of the Eastern position as regards the production of this article is the fact that British Guiana and Trinidad which have shown themselves able to grow rice equal to the finest of Carolin:, and require very lerge quantities for the food of some 200,000 coolie immi- gracts, yet find it cheaper to import from the East only to avery small extent and thus afford an illus- tration of the narrowness of the area required for tropical cultivation. For instance, the island of T:i idad exported in 1890 51,000 tons of cane-suger or more than one-fiftieth of the world’s supp y produced in the tropics, and 21.552,593 pounds of cacsuo which I know to tea much larger: part of the general total, and yot of its area of 1,754 square miles under 200 square miles are cultivated. Except two or three of the smallest islands, such as Barbados and Antigua, all the rest are equally or more un¢ultivated. Cuba, the largest, besides tobacco and other articles exported in 1887 646.588 tons of cane-sugar, or more than ong. fourth of tle world’s tropical supp'y. : Sept, 1, 1894.] than tocultivate on the spot. Thus in the yearg 1890- 92 thess two colonies impor'el between them 193,115,415 lb. or au average ot 64,371,8051b. per an- num, Te, again, though it has been successfully grown in vari:us counties, has not, I bel’eve, proved profitatls elsewhere than in Ceylon, Java, Assam, Chira and Jayan, the cu'tivation in the last thre countries being, moreover, almo-t enircely extra- tropical. In F\ji, where the cimate and soil proved specially favourable, the ev TRADE’ IN ‘AUSTRALIA. The Melbourne Argus of the 12th ult. in reviewing ‘the tea trade for. the season 1893 says the most striking feature was the comparative absence of ‘the disturbance which so seriously affected ‘almost all the channels of commerce during the financial troubles of the past twelve months. ‘Importations were heavier than usual, owin ‘primarily to’ the low state.to which stocks ha ‘fallen at the end of last season. . This increase had not tended to benefit the small section of the com- “munity, composed of importers and dealers, but almost exclusiyely the Sn who, through the whole year, had reaped the benefit of a fully-supplied “market. The blending trade now tooka distinct lead, ‘the great bulk of the year’s sales havipg been effected by those houses that had paid the closest attention te the details of this interesting branch. Ib °Melbourne and the country towns the exclusive t-« “shops had made rapid progress as direct supplieis and it only required a few more seasons to conquer the trade of the country and fair iniand distiixts, ‘where at present Foochow teas were in the miuin ‘gold as imported. The expansion of the trade, both “in Indian and Ceylon teas, bad been yery rapid. ‘The consumption of these now exceeded that of “the product of China, and.this expansion was cer- tainly dueto merit. No doubt the finer, Foochow : Kinds had flavour and better. keeping qualities, but they lacked strength ; while both Indians andCeylons ‘had a great advantage both in strength aud color - ‘the qualities that, so far, the public appreciate. At “present consumers were not educated up to. fine ‘qaality, and coniequently there. had been a marked “absence througbout ul the colonies *of . really fine tea. ‘“Oeylon ‘sent quite a surfeit of comnion teas, end consequently all concerned in this trade reaped but little benefit from them. They bad also received a larger proportion than they. cared for of faultily- cured better class leaf; in fact a great blot in this trade had been the apparent belief of buyers io Golombo that any tea would suit Australia, and, ‘acting upon it, they had caused heavy losses to all concerned; but latterly some. realy good quality ‘had been sent, and‘ all of it had found a ready sale. » Indian paid very well for the first three months, held their own for another three months, and had gradually tended to more or less severe losses as the -season closed. Ceylon also commenced well, but gradually lost way, excess of supply and their. in- different keeping qualities having led to some of the smartest losses of the season ; s0 severe, indeed, had these losses been upon some of the “held over” - shipments that it would be a bold importer who again held for a better market. Dealers had been more fortunate; there had always been plenty of etock, and therefore no occasion to speculate. —____—_<>—- COFFEE, PALMS, RICK &c.1N SOUTH CHINA. It is an orthodox economical dootrine in China, for the agriculturist, that the man must plough the _rice-fields, and the woman must rear si’kworms and weave cloth, or starve. The officials sometimes take laudable pains in extending ecrioulture, for’ instance, in. Kwapgei province in 1891, and,”at the date of this report, in thie district. But it would probably be'emsy for people less opposed to novelties pr “the Chinese to. grow many other things in the neighbourhood, screened by the existing bamboos and pive- woods from the violent winds which make euch protection necessary. The ricinus, or castor-oil plant, grows all about here and in Sonth China as a wild weed. In Tong- King, when exploited, it is said to be almost at once remunerative. Areca and coconut palms and cdffe¢e would probably do well. In the same Jatitude and climate @ little west, in the Frer'ch territory, the traveller steaming up the Red River to Hanoi ires sn interminsble panorama of ‘arecas reising their elegant crests above the bananas; snd near Ta-Kow and Tainan, in Formosa, are flourishing plantations of this tree. The’coconut grows abundantly in Hainan, quite close. Coffee grows well in Tong-King, et least 6s far north, and in the little island of eichow, only thirty miles south of Pakhoi, it thrives in ‘the grounds of the Catholic Fathérs of the Missiéne Etrangéree.. Of this, last, however, it must be said that ithas not yet found its way to favoer with the Chincse as an article of Beer pair, Soa Report. PLANTING ON THE SHIRE HIGHLANDS. Mr.,.A, J. Swann writing from) the Zambesi River, says :— Whatever prospects there may be offered at Johan- nesburg, Port Salisbury, or Barbuton; the Zambesi and Shire Highlands must:be con¢icered essentially e field for capitalists. Let no young man, led away with the glowing prospectuses ‘of this company and the other, launch cut from home for these parts wnless be has an engagement before leaving. I parted with my fellow-passengere at Cape Town, Natal, Port Eliza- beth and even Beira, all on spec, but bound up country, where doubt!«s« situations will be obtainable-almost at once for steady, truetworthy men. But that does not apply to Chindi and the Zambesi; there- fore op no account emigrate here wnless ‘with capital. Providing one has capital—say,’ £1,000— he can commence operations either as a coffee or cocoa planter,and if one may judge by the present crop®, be certain of success. _ The country immediately adjoining this grand river presents all sorts of induce- ments to the man eager and willing to work, butthere is one fatal condition to be faced—viz., it belongs to Portugal. ‘No one would qnestion ber right tothe land, being the first pioneers, buy it’is a fact beyond contradiction that she will neither make use of it nor allow others. Capitalists are eager to start all kinds of legitimate undertakings, to rent their land, toim- prove their revenue, and make nse of the finest East African waterway, bat they invariably. find that as soon as capital is expended, plent fixed. up; anda concern set running, all kind of hindrances are thrown in their way, they are burdened with: increasing taxes beyond reasonable bounds, their industry, is. crippled in itsearly stages and collapses, bringing ruin to the sbareholders and dead loss to the Portuguese officials, who get little or no salary except what can be made by a diegraceful system which could only be ‘tolerated in a Portuguese colony, and thus these out-of-date people, who. pretend to be a civilised race, block the way of millons who are clamouring for room to. work and live. No sane person who has studied the world’s history and marked the ever-inereasing rush of business competition in Europe, America and elsewhere can question the certain fate of such a race, providing they continue to stand in the way of progress—Christian World —————_—___———____. PLANTING TEA IN RUSSIA. An ¢xperiment alreaty tried without success has been lately repeated. Tea plants have been sentfrom bere to Russia to be planted on the slopes of--the Caucasus. It isa private enterprise on the part of Messrs. Popoff, Freres, but the ground is granted by the Government. About 2,000 plants have been sent Sept. 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 171 4s at greot expense, in obtaining which there was a | certain amount of difficulty, the people ia some dis- | tricts destroying the pla.ts on their way down to Hankow. It is uot generally considered that tre ex- periment will prove more successful than the former one. I have, however, heard that the platuts ariived | in Russia ii of Hankow. excellent condition.—Consul Warren ope ee PLANTING PROGRESS IN NORTH BORN«O. We are half way through 1894 and can male a fairly correct forecost of the near future. ona re-auctiou'ef those let for 6 mon'hs only. portion of North Borreo 1893 crop :— Guilders, Bandau: Marudu. Bay. 1st ‘parcel 2°75 Ranau do, do. 2.50 Lamag Kinaba‘angan sats ae 30 Batu Poteh do. 1°52 Th2 managers deserve our best thanks for the plucky way they have held on and pulled their com-! panies out of their difficultics. We also congratulate the latter on their profits whch we understand will run as high in some iustances as 15V per cent. They waited long, but have reaped their reward which is likely to be maintained every year. Coffee is not od enough to piy a dividend, but the first crop looks very promising. We leave the man. agers to seltle their disputes about who will have the beet crop and pay the first dividend. Muanils Hemp only requires cutting and drawing into fibre. As previouely reported Mr, Pryer has sent a consigument to Hongkong. The gambier and pepper~ gardens atKabun China are being extended, the Ohinese’ owner being gatisfied that he has done well andcan do better. The demand'for labour in North Borneo-and their determination: to go ahead in developing te resources of the country hava lead the Court of Directors .to appoint a Protector of Chinese. They have secured the eervices of Dr. Dennys whose long experience in China aod ‘the Straits will be utilized in settling. the labour question and in promotiog immigcation. Ilis first step after visiting most of the Estates here was to. pro- ceed. to: Deli and. consult with tue employers there with a view to common action and co-overation as regards advances to be made- for coolies in China, A telegram has Leen received to say he has been successful in this~mission. The-track for the telegraph live across North Borneo: is being prospected and surveyed from both ends as fast: as ciroumstances will permit; offers have been already received to plant on the track, and local enquiries are being made for land. That more tobacco estates will be opened within the present year, espzcially where the soil and climate have been proved, seem very probable. It is also certain that the Governmeut will find it necessary to increase their staff and forces within the near future as industries develop just as they, found it expedient to reduce them durivg thei receat period of depression. The Gold Fields only wait exploring, oud ar- rangements are being. made lo bave them ex- amined by a thoronghly qualified gold prospector or mineralogist, During the month of Juve two coffee planters arrived in the country and more are likely to follow. A gentleman writing to the Ceylon Observer regrets that be is not twenty years SUnEeE, in which case he would plant coffee in orth Borneo, ‘Lo the readers of the Lerald, especially ta those who think of coming to the country end are anxious to know sumething about it and what they mat te taxed, these noles may be useful.— 2. N. Borneo Cr alds f The revenue | farms, which were gvld for the year, realized a latye | increase over 1893, a seco:d increase ha3 been realised | The: followir g prices ‘have been: realized in Amsterdam for. CHEMICAL ANALYSTS, It is said that the Government of India has under cousiseration a scheme for the constitution of @ teparate Cuemical De;ertment for tbe whole of I.dis, fir tie purpose of training medical officers ag chemical analysers.— Western Star. my a aa ed = INDIAN PATENTS. Caleutts, the 9th July 1894. The fees prescribed in Schedule 4 of Act V of 1Sss have been paid for the continuance of exclusive privilege in respect of the undermentioned inven- tions :— Construction of Light Ploughs.—No. 28 of 1888— Ambrose Shere Massey, Engineer and Partner in the Napier Works, Madras, for the construction of light ploughs. (From 18th July 1894 to 17th July 1895.)— Indian Engineer. SeEE ND Te gp fit ie ask PLANTING AND PRODUCE, Oryton Tea In AvsTRIA~-HUNGARY.—In his report upvn ‘tiie traie of Austria-Hungary Consul-Genera Von Schocller’ writes from Vienna; ‘Som attention was attracted here bythe introductio of Ceylon tea for the first time into - thi country on a mercantile scale, and also by th establishment here of direct Ceylon agencies, an of houses in London possessing establishments { Ceylon. I have since heard that the rapid growt of this tea has, like all over Europe, found a ver god footing here; the Ceylon merchants hav en Ouraged this trade through a system’ of sendin ou oonsiynments, and have not failed to oreat ‘great intere*t in’ their teas here, if they have no at once quite seized the market, There is no,th slightest doubt thats this olass: of tea has ee received favourably, and that ‘Ceylon will alsofin here cne ot her chief outlets and a growing mare. CoFFEE IN British CENTRAL Arrica.—Coffee prog pects are’ said ‘to be excellent in British Centra Afiica, whichis likely before long to'become one o the chief sources whence Europe will. draw hercoffe supply: It is calculated that some five millions o coffee plants have been set outin.the Shiré districts This fact tends to show that the African Lakes Oom pany, together with some half-dozen other planters have faith in the future of the country. Native labou is cheap, and there is plenty of it, the country itsel charmingly picturesque. The dreaded malarial fever, however, very much discounts these advantages.—H, and CU, Mail, July 20. ee SPRING VALLEY COFFEE COMPANY, LIMITED. Crop :—1892-93, In last) year’s Report, Shareholders were informed that the Coffee Crop of the above season was esti- mated at 1,200. owt., and it will be seen that the actual weight sold amounted to 1,346 owt, 2 qrs, 23 lb., exclusive of Clean and Refuse Coffee. ‘his crop realised £6,799 8s 8d, the average selling price in Longon being 993, as compared with 102s 7d per cws: obtaiued for crop 1891-92. The ‘yield- of Tea from the Company’s Estates amounted to 189,300 lb., the estimate in last Report being 193,000 lb., and this together with’ 33,38L 1b., brought from neighbouring estates and manufactured at Spring Valley, sold for £8,747 lls 8d, or an avere aga of 94d per lb., the average selling price last year being 11d per |b. Cinchona Bark to the extent of 22,117 Ib. was also sold for £128 73 3d, the average selling price being 1jd per lb. The tutal proceeds from the sale of produce amounted to £15,657 7s. 7d., and deducting from this the total expenditure in Oeylon aod London, there remains a profit of £3,190. Lls. 2d. on the year’s working. 172 To this hag to be added the sum of £1,527 43. 9d. brought forward from last year, making a total of £4,717 15s. 11d. at the credit of profit aud loss, Oa the 16th January last an interim diyidend of 14 per cent. was paid on the capital of the Company, and the Directors recommend that a further divi- dend of 24 per cent. be now declared, making 4 per cent. for tue year, and leaving £1,517 15s. 11d. to be carried forward to next account. crRop 1893-94. The orop of coffee for this season ig to be short, aud it ia uot thought that it will exceed 720 cwts., this is ocly at the rate of about 1 cwt. per acre, whereas crop 1892-3, which was considered a poor one, pro- duced over 14 cwts, of coffee to the were, The coffee area on Spring Valley has no doubt held out remarkably well, but it is teared that the gradual pkrinkage in the yield of late years is a sure sign that is may not hold out much longer, It may, however, be stated that at the present time there ‘are favourable blossoms for the following season, but ‘wnder present conditions it is impossible to judge how they may mature. The estimated crop of tea from Spring Valiey for 1893-4 1s 200,000 lb. being at the rate of 385 lb. per acre, agaiust 169,000 lb. or 325 lb. per acre for crop 1892-3. Taking into consideration the above small Coffee crop and the large area of Tea not yet in bearing to be maintained, the profit for season 1893-4 must necessarily be small. Uonsiderable expenditure will also haye to be inourred on the furtner extension of Tes, and for these reasons the Directors think it mecessary to ca:ry forward a subs'antiel balance at the oredit of profit aui loss. It will be seen that 2.8 acres have been planted up during 1893-4, ana it is proposed to bring the Tea area on Spriog Valley up to 1,000 acres during the following season. It baying been found that the Company could not work Oolanakande estate to advantage, this being an outlying property and vot in the same district as Spring Valley, it has been leased to a neigh- bouring estate. Tra. The area under Tea on Spring Valley is as follows :— Over five years old... a 621 acres, Planted Noy./Dec., 1890 ne 100 A : rs alll Seidiac: ara Total area under Tea ... 839 i Total area under Ooffee... 672 2s The Directors regret to report the deaths of their esatesmed Colleagues Mr. John Brown, the late Mana- fing Director, and Mr. Edward Oonder, aud they have filled up these vacancies on the Board by the agpoint- ment of Mr. Alfred Brown aud Mr. Norman Stewart. Mr. N. Stewart, a Member of the Board, retires on this occasion, and, being eligible, offers himself ” for re-election. . Messrs. Deloitte, Dever, Griffiths & Co., the Auditore, also offer themselves for re-election.—By order, 19th July, 1894, J. ALEC. Ropekts, Seoretary. ——_—_—_—__>___——_——- GAULTHERIA FRAGRANTISSIAMA, was made by a firm of gees # h Arcot, as to whether the flower of this plan ene proourable on the Nilgirie. They believed they could distil an oil from this flower which they could advantageously substitute for that obtained from rubber for purposes of diluting their mothylated epirits. Mr, Lawson, however, states that the oil is not from the flowers but from the leaves of the plant, which could be got in large quantities on the hills. He then goes on to say that the oil s0 obtained could not be substituted for that obtained from rubber, a8 instead of making the spirit nauseous, it would render it pleasant to taste and smell-—Nigir News. An enquiry THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 77 et (Serr. 1, 1894, FINE VS. TRASHY TEA. It is becoming a matter of iscreasing interest to us to note what is eaid abvut tea in America, especially by the large distributing houses. Hera, for instance, sre extracts whivia we fiad ia the American Grocer from an admirable cireuler letter lately issusd by Reeves, Parvin & Co. Phila- delphia :— We all will admit that there is a» i.finite number of gceades of tea, aud that the diff -renoce in quality are not wholly discernabla to the eye. Style counts for wuch io tea, as in cve-ything else, but beyond (he appesrauce of tea in the band, its inherent value in the cap, comprehended by the term “ flavor,” is brought to lightovly by most careful and expe 6 test- ing. Besides the flavor et first steeping, » good tea wiil develop strength and a lasting sroms, so that at table the second cup will be as good as was the first poured out. Iv these times of business depression, when competition sets people wildly astray in efforts to beat the world io prices, we fiud many deslers mak- ing a great ado in print about teas at absurdly low prices, some at less than half the import cost of good tea. No argument is required to prove that such prices always mean extremely poor qualities, It can- not be said that it pays the grocer to sell such tes to his customers if it prejudices them against tea in general, and eets them in particular against the goods of the grocer who eells it to them. The users of such tea are likely either to stop drinking the bever- age altogether or go elsewhere for their supplies afterward, Dealers who permit themselves to be inveigled into a hope of reward by the notoriety which an adver- tisement of trashy tea brioge them will probably find ere long, that the bird that once was in their hand bss taken to the bush; their tea trade has “taken the wings of the morning;” other and wiser grOcers are supplying their customers. As to profit, the low grade article msy show the largest i nmediate percentage, but the best ultimate reward comes to the man wuo sells the finer quality and wins the smile of bis customers. It is not inconsistent with these geaeral principles to have iu stock fair tea at a comparatively iow price, to meet the demand trom a ocertsia class of people whose means require them to look to the price rather than to merit. Hvery grocer may judge for himself how best to cater to thie ‘class of buyers, without impinging upon his good rule to establish # reputa- tiou tor satisfactory qualities in everything he sells. Te THE AMSTERDAM CINCHONA AUCTIONS Our Amsterdam correspondent telegraphs that at today’s (July 19) public sales of Java cinchona 2 Amsterdam 3,012 packages were sold at an average unit of 430 (equal to 4-5ths d. per lb.) per 4 kilo, showing an advance of quite 10 per cen’ upon the June sales, the present unit being the highest reached during the current year. Manufacturing barks in en- tire and broken quills, and crushed bark realised from 4io to 3940 (equal to 2d to 73d per lb.); ditto root from 630 to 344¢ (1gd to 634 per Ib.); druggists’ bark, in quills and broken quills, from 10c to 51je (equal to 1fd to 934 per lb.) Whe principal buyers were the Amsterdam, Mannheim. Frankfort, Brunswick and Auerbach factories, and Mr. Gustay Briegleb, of Amsterdam.—Chemist and Druggist. ae ee SAMPLING OF CINCHONA IN AMSTERDAM, Four of the principal Amsterdam cinchona-bark brokers have issued a circular fo tie effect that, after the next Java bark sales, they will revert to the old system of samplivg, which is similar to the London one, the new process of supplying samples of the bark in ® ground state not having proved in all respect satisfactory.—Chemist and Druggist, July 14th, a ee ~. ~ Sept, 1, 7894. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 173 —— OUVAH COFFEE COMPANY, LIMITED. Capital £100,000, in 10,000 Shares of £10 cach, Directors. Alfred Brown, Eq. Managing Di- rector, H.H, Potts, Esq., L. Famin, Esq , Norman Stewart, Hsq., Report to be presented to ths Thirty-firat Ordinary General Meeting of the Oompauy, t» be he'd at No. 5, Dowgate Hill, London, on Friday, the 27th day of July, 1894 at 12.30 o’clock p.m. The following Annual Accounts are now prescnied to shareholdere, viz :—Profit and Loss Account for Crop 1892-3 Balance Sheet made up to 31st May, 1894. Crop 1892-3. In the Director3’ Jast Report tha Coffee Crop of the above season was estima'ed atabout 1300 cwt., and it willbe seen that the actnal weight sold in London amounted to 1,348 owt. 2 qra. Tbe proceeds amounted to £6,687 43 7]., giving an average of 9932d per cwt. againat an average of 100s 7d obtained for the previous Orop. Coffee sold iu Ceylon realizad £189 3s. The Crop of Toa wasestimated at 365,000 lb. and the actual weight sold from the Oompany’s own estates wags 410,0001b. Bosides this, 369,902 lb. of Tea manufactured from leaf bought from neighbouring es‘ates were sold. The value of Teasold wai £32,596 143 10d, or an average of 101 per lb. ascompired with 103d for the previous season. The weight of Cinchona Bark so!d was 1,949 lb. and the value £8 i63 11d or 1d per lb. against the former year’s average of 23d p r lb. Cocoa, weighing 86 cwt, 2qrs3. 3 Ib. realized £308 153 1d, the average selling prcs being 71s 4d per cwt. against 91s 4d for the former year’s crop. It wil thus be seeu that the total value cf all produce sold amounted to £39,790 14s 5d: The total Expenditure for tho year ia Cey'on and London, amount d to £30,944 11s 94, aud deducting this from the value of the Produce, a Profit is shewo on the season’s working of £8 846 2s 84. An Interim diviiend of 2 per cent on the capital of the Company was p2id onthe 16th January last, which absorbed £2,000 of the above-named sum, and the Direc’ors now recommend that £4,000 be applied to the payment of a further dividend of 4 per ccnt, making 6 per cent for the year, and that tue balance of £2,446 25 8d be dealt with as follows :— To write off Balance of Machinery Account £364 17 5 Tobe written off Cost of Ledgerwatte 1,150 0 0 To be credited towards Cost of Badulla Town Tea Factory ws 1,000 0 O To be carried forward to next Account 331 5 38 £2,846 2 8 The Board consider the above result for Season 1892-3 satisfactory, especially when the small Crop of Coffee is taken into account. The Coffee came off an area of about 858 acres, thus giving an average yield of little more than 14 cwts. to the acre. The Crop of 410,0001b. of Tea was obtained from an area of say 1000 acres, being equal to an average yield of 410 lb, per acre. crop 1893-4. The Coffee Crop for this season will be very short, and it is estimated that the weight to be sold will not exceed 600 cwte. The Tea area, however, is maturing well, and the yield for Season 1893-94 is expected total 540,000 lb. Speaking generally, the views of the Board ae, that the future of Coffee must be regarded with great caution, although it is possible that from time to time a fair Crop may be secured ina good season, should the pests which attack the bush lie dormant. At the present time good blossoms are reported for Season 1894-5. : With regard to future Tea Orops it ceems possible to ftpeak with more oertainty, and in view of the area yet to come into bearing on the company’s Estates, and the facilities thoy poasess for manuring here seems every reason to believe that the returns rom this product will continue to be satisfactory. It is proposed to plant up 160 acres of Tea during the current year, ' 22 The Company’s Tea Factory accommodation being already overcrowdsd, it has teen found pecesrary to extend it, and a new factory is now in oourse of cor- struction in the town of Badulla. This factory is de- sgeed to relicva the {hres existing factories from the undue pressure, and further, to provide for tke leaf from the area yetto come into bearing. The arca now under Tea is ag follows :—= TEA. Acres Over 5 years old a. nA 999 Planted Novemhber/December ... 1889 18 Do, do. 1890 283 Do. do, 1891 109 Do, co. 1892 45 Do. do. 1893 115 Total araaunder Tea 1,569 T.tal area uoder Coffee... 765 The Directors regret to report the deaths of their esteermed Cellcagnes Mr. Jobn Brown, the Jate Manag- ing Director, and Mr. Hiward Conder, and they have filled up these vacancies on tke Board by the ap- pointmest of Mr. Alfred Browa and Mr. Nerman Stewart. Mr. H. H. Potts, a Member of the Board, retires on this occasion, and, being eligible, offers himself for re-electicn. Mesers. Deloitte, Dever, Grifnths & Oo., the Audi- tcrs, also offer themselves for re-election. By order, J. Atrec. RoBerrs, Secretary. 19th July, 1894. ———_—__——______ COCOA PRODUCTION IN ECUADOR. Ths cocoa crop for the year 1893 is the largest on record, but the increase oyer 1892 has not been evenly distributed over the various cocoa producing districts. The followiag figures ill serve to show the origin of the excess: Recsiptsat Guayequil durisy tne yeara 1892-93 1892. 1898. Arriba coe 10,966 13,093 Machala ia eee 2,232: - 3,077 Balao con 1,752 1,782 Total tons ... 14.950 17,952 From tha foregoirg it will be seen that nearly the whole of the increase is due to the Arriba or up river crop’, owing doubtlessly to the extersive in- crcase in the cul’ivation of the cocoa tree, as men~ tioned in former reports, and to exceedingly favorable climatical causes. Machala was fairly abuodant if we take into con- sideration the permanent injury dane to many planta- tions by flood the year before. “But Balao, though showing an insignificant increase upon 1891-92, fell considerably short of the average for former years. Prices were well maintained despite comparative high rates of excbange, Oommenciog in January at arate of about £3 7s per cwt., they gradually rose to £3 125 6d per cwt. in Maroh, and in April reached £4 4s per cwt., after which they began to decline, felling to £3 10s 64 per cwt. in July, and fina'ly as low as £3 33 10.) per owt. in August at which rate theycontinued with very little variation to the end of thayear. The mean average value for 1893 is slightly under £3 7s 3d per ewt. As the greater part of the cocoa crop finds its way to Gunyaquil, whence it is shipped by s'eamer for Europe and the United States, the receipts at this port may be taken as fair standards of the entirs quantity produced throughout the Republic. ; Beyond olimatical causes, no reason whatever can be advanced to explain the variab!eness of the cocoa harvests. The absence of a few weeks’ rain will cause a notable decrease in the yield ofan estate; and the same result may be apprehended fram a fow heavy showers; the young fruit in either caso becoming blighted.—British Consular Report, 174 QRIENTAL BANK ESTATES COMPANY, LIMITED. Directors.—Quintin Hozg, Chairman; Alex. William Crichton, Norman William Grieve, Jleury Kerr Rutherford. Report of the Board of Directors to be presented to the shareholders at the Higth Annual Ordinary General Meeting, to be beld at Wivcliester Honse, Old Broad Street, London, E.C., on Thursday July 96th 1894, at voon. The Directors have pleasure in presenting to Share- holders their Repo-t of Proceedings together with tle accompanying Accounts for the eighth year of the working of the Company. In the course of the year 1893, the Directors found that, owing mainly to the depletion (by the hurricane of 1892) of the workiog capital of the Company, and to the absence of any Banking facilities in the Island of Maaritius fron which they could obta‘n the usuel financial assistance they had always peviously received towards the up-keep of the estates during the five months prior to the harvest, come fresh fivancisl arrangements would have to be made if the operations of the Company were to be efticiently miintsined. The New Oriental Bank Corporation, Limited, bad furnished the balanca of the funds required for the above up-keep and cultivation expenses before its suspension, and it was, after considerable negotiation, arranged with the Bank in liquidation that the who'e of the Oompany’s liability (thoreto represented by the 4k per cent Debentures bell by it to the extent of £182.600, and the floating indebtedness in London and Mauritius) should be consolideted and Cischarged by the issue to the Liquidation of 6 percent Deben- tures tothe amount of £150,000, secured by a mort- gage over the Ceylon properties of the Company, leaving all transactions with the Liquidat on, sub- Bequent to 31st December, 1592, to be settled in casb. This arrangement does not interfere with the rights of the holders of the remaining 45 per cent. De- bentures, amounting to £17,400, but they are at liberty, should they so elect, to exchavge thes3 Debentures for the new 6 per cent. Debentures, at the price set forth in the above arrangement, viz., £100 of the former for £65 of the latter. It was stipulated by the Liquidation tbat the sur- plus of £46,410 in the Compapy’s favour, resulting from the arrangement nbove described, should be applied to s'rengthen the position of the Company by writing down the values of various assets, which owing to the prea’ fall in exchange, tho loss sus- tained through the hurricane, or for other reasons, required adjustment. The above amount of £45,410 has therefore been so dealt with in the annexd Balance-Sheet, wherein the rate of exchange is taken at one shilling for the rupee, and the Profit and Loss Account of the Compavy remains unaffected. The arrangement above described has reccived the sanctionof the Oou:t, which is exercising supervision * over the Liquidation, and also the assent of those interested in the Company who are conversant wi'h the position of affaiys. The fact that the New Oriental Bank Corporation Liquidation was largely influenced in assenting to the scheme by regard for its interests as holding shares of both classes enables the Directors to report it with sa‘is‘action to the Shareholders generally, as it not only frees the Company from heavy floating liabilities (exchanging them for debentures for a Jong term and reducing the total indebtedness of the Company), but by increasing the working capital, adds largely to itsetability. The net profits of the Com- pany, being released from the obligation to repay the above floating indebtedness, arethus left free for the benfit of the Company itself and of its shareholders. In Oeylon the Oompany’s tea crop, during the . riod under review, amounted to 1,485.295 lbs, as aga'nst 1,363,714 lb. in the previous year. The gross average price was 83d per pound in London, and ths cost f.0.b. at Colombo varied with different cs'‘ates from 4:53 pence to 6°67 pence ver pcund. The Ceylon cocoa crop suffe:d much frcm drovght during the year, and only 826 cwts. of cocon were harvested, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Serr. t, 1894. realizing gross 783 per owt. as against 1,417 owls realizing gross 1103 per ewt. in the previous year— a total dimiou'ion in value of the crop for the year of over £4,000. Mr. H. K. Ruther‘ord visited the Ceylon Estates of the Compiny duriog the months of November, Decem- ber and Januay last, aud recommended certain changes in the Jocil administration, which heve been carried oat, including theappointment of Mr. J. N.Cawpbell as General Manager in the Island. In Manritius the crop of tugar dealt with b the Company on its own eatates and those in whic it is int-rested smoavuted to 12,876 tons, as agsinst 6,783 tons in 1892-8, and 11,201 tons in 1891-2 end 10,100 tons in 1890-1. The results ot the work- ing of the Oompany’s Estates in Ceylon and Mauritius respectively ere given to the Profit and Tozs Accouut, calculated st the average rate of exchange for the year, viz., 1/3}. Tae ocst of all machinery, plants and buildings supplied during the year in both islands bes been paid out of the profits for the same period. After makiog provision for the payment of in- terest on the Debentures, there remains a balance of £14,483 2851, outof which the Directors recommend thet adividend of 3s 64 per thsre on the Preferred Shares be pa‘d, acd that £6,000 be placed to Reserve, leaving the sum of £1,825 5s 5d to be carred forwa dto tbe next account. The dividend now recom- mended as above will, if assented to by the Meeting be psyable on the 1st August, 1894, at the Bishopsgate Street Office of the Uompany’s Bankers, the National Prov:ncial Bank of England, L'mited. The appointments of Mr. A. W. Crichton and Mr. W. Cotton Robde as joint Managing Directors of the Company were termivated by consent, and Mr, W. Cottoa Rohde retired from the Board ia May last. Mr. Quintin Hogg, of No, 23, Rood Lane, E.C., was offered, aud has accept‘d the Clairmanship of the Company, and a provincial agreement, sub- ject to confirmation of the meeting, hae been made by the Directors with Mr. A. W. Crichton, appointing him sole Mansging Director for a term of five years, from the lst day of February, 1894. In accordance with the Articles of Association Mr. H. K. Rutherford retires from the Board and, being eligible, offers himsalf for re-election. y order of the Board, Henry Grey, 12th July, 1894. Secretary. at ta ey eal INDIAN KINO. At the drug sales today (July 19)a 24 cwt. case of kino from Lombay was offered. The drug was io very small enguler pieces, m’xed with numerous tears and contaiving much vegetable debris, chiefly pieccs of tark sdherent to the gum. The colour of the simple wasa brill’ant ruby, and the tas‘e intenee’y astrivg-nt. The bright colourend intense estringency preclude its belonging to ome of the varieties of Australian Red Gum. The ecample is of a very gummy character, aud is almost entirely soluble in water aud partially so iv spirit, forming rubby red sclutions. It resembles the astringent gom lately imported from Mashonaland and is probably of African origin, although s>meof itscbaracters might point toits being Indian Butea Kino.—Chemist and Druggist. —_— | TEA-GROWING IN THE UNITED STATES. Her Majesty’a Coneul at Obarlecton has lately wiitten a re;ort on on experimental tea farm at Summerville, a suburb of Oharleston, which, owing to the climate conditions of that part of the Stete of South Oarolina, gives promise that great success will attend the cultivation cf the plant in question. Censul Rawson Walker says that the first tea plant in that section of the United States was planted by the French botanist, Michaux, in 1804. The publi- cations of the United States Patent Office and the United States Department of Agriculture record the results cf many subsequent attempts to inaugurate Sept. ft, 1894. | an American tea indusfry. It would appear tbat repeated failura has not checked the ardour of thcse engaged in these cxperiments, who ccn:tantly enjoy the realisation that their c!imate is cspecially favcur- able to the cultivation of the Camelia Japonic:, Azalea Irdica, and haye read that the flora of the tea-producing countries of the Hast finds, to acertein extent, ita countcrpart in the United States. The little prtches, and, in some irstanccs, large gardens, which have resulted from these attempts bare pro- duced tea of fine fliycur, although very gerervally devoid of that strerg'h of infusion which appears to constitute a most desirable quality for many tea drinkers. It has been etated, however, that this failure in puagency waslargely due to defe: tive curing, and especially to inadequate rojling of tre leaf, in consequence of which the cup qualities were not fully developed. So far as is generajly known, it remaited for the National Department of Agriculture to begip, about ten ycars ago, the first serious attempt to prodnee American commercial tea on a scale sufficiently large to arrive at a decisive result, but after atime the gardens which had been establisked at great expense w‘roabavdonedby the Government. The present experiment owes its ucdertaking to the belief that the previous trials to produce tra in the United States were arrested before reaching definite conclusions, and that more careful cultivation and preporation might produce excellent resulte. Accord- ing to the opinion of a firm of tea merchants of the highest reputation in Baltimore, the tea grown on the Summerville estate is equal to the best grade English breskf:st tea, and superior to many grades that come from India and Ohina. Tue samples sub- mitted were a!l of one quality and character, black, crigp, and well scented. It makes a strong beversgr, ad this quality is said toke due to its treatment in fermentation and curing, ard it is the opinion of this firm that perfected methods of curing, the American prcduct will produce t2a similar to the varicus kines that come from Enda and Ohina. An expert on tea planting gives tke following estimate ot the probable yield per acré on flat lad, good soil, in a good tea climate, which Summerville in South Carolina is considered to be. This is with hybrid plants, if really bigh cultivation and liberal manuring 13 carried out. First and second year nil; third year 40 ib.; fourth, 160 lb.; fiftb, 320 l».; sixth 400 Ib. ; seventh, 480 |b.; eighth, 560 lb. ; nintb, 600 lb.; and the 10th year, 640 lb, The announcement of tbe revival of tea experiments in the United States bas excited the liveliest interest and ess stince for the undertaking. The United States Department Of Agricultura bas manifcstcd » deep concern in the project, and has borne a considerable part of the expenditure for procuring consignments of tea seed froma Asia. The Department of State has slso issued orders to its Corsuls at the te. ports to obtain samples, ani the foreign representatives of tho United S'ates Government have rpared no efforis to secure the best quality of seed.—Journal of the Society of Arts, -_+— SD CT THE LOW PRICE OF THA, It must ba exceedingly difficult to arrive at any conelusion amid the almost contradictory opinions expressed by several of the leading experts in the tea trade as to the causes that heave conduced to the recent low rates at which tea has been selling in the London market. Taking first the theory thata knowledge of the cost of producing tea here oper- ates in the minds of buyers to restrict the scale of their biddingz, we find that this is eupported but by one out of the several parties consulted. The idea that this knowledge can have such a tendenoy is scouted by such experisnced gentlemen as Mosers. John Roberts, of Messrs. Rucker ig Qo-, and Mr, George White, They hold that THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 175 Supply and Demand, and the consequent biddings, are altogether irrespective of tho effects of such knowledge, and mainly control the biddings. We ourselves do not see how it could be that, among such a large body of competitors as the London tea buyers, any consideration could be given toa point of this character. For, were it to be known thot our planters were being ruined by the de- presson in prices, can it be deemed likely that philantbropy would induce men who have to out their trade exceedingly fine to gointo theauction-room and cay;—‘ Those poor planters,—we must really Equeeze ourselyes to help them”? At the same time, it would be perhaps altogether impossible for them to ignore in their own minds the fact that Tea Plantation Companies, bothin India and Ceylon, are paying, snd have for some time past paid, handsome dividends. But with this admission made, we yet think it to be impossible that this attempt at an explanation could be found to hold water. A further suggestion made is that the rates bid at our local auctions largely dictate those at the home sales. And yet it must never- theless be a fact that purchasers here bid, subject to the knowledge of what their shipments may call for in England. While, therefore, the home experts say that they offer upon the basis of prices at the Colombo sales, cur own merchants would doubtless retort that they purchase upon the basig of ruling home prices! But it was a high authority, according to our London Correspondent, that cffered this second suggestion, andit was to,a certain extent endorsed by that well-known exp rt in all that relates to tes, Mr. John Roberts. Probably, we think, there is a certain amount of reflex action betwecn the two sales. But buyers here have necessarily to work upon more speculative data than those who bid in the Mincing Lane gale. room. The former have to some extent, to diseount prospects at least six weeks in advance. The latter are free from this speculative disability, and bid upon an assured basis. At the game time the grat value of the Colombo market in reference to purchases fcr Australasia, Persia, Africa, &c., also for direct American and Continental as well ag London orders must ever be borne in mind. There is evidently no certain view held as to the question of Over-production, Mr. John Roberts laughs at, the fear of this, and declares that we sre yet far from reaching it. Other authorities, such as Messrs. Gow, Wilson & Stanton, declare it has already been reached, and more than one of those consulted agree with their view. The solution of this point in the controversy seems to be dependent upon the chanc3) that China teas may be yet further driven out of home competition, The firm last-mentioned, in their now femous diagram-ciroular, seemed to think that, so long as silver exchange remains as it is at present, the advantage it eecures to the China geowers will enable their teas to maintain their present level of consumption. But neither Mr. George White nor Mr. John Roberts backs this cpinion, and the former pointed out that, even at the present time, there is going on a steady withdrawal of the China tea from use at home. As to the controlling factor in this question, the prospects of exchange rising, we find yery considerable difference of opinion, Messrs, Gow, Wilson & Stanton’s circular expressed very decided views that exchange would rise. Other ex- perts think it to be extremely doubtful, though admitting their incapacity to speak with any decision. Certainly, oat the present moment, it would appear as if Ohina teas wero to make a poorer show than eyer before in the London market; byt this is more especially owing to the i76 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Sept. e:. 1894. recent low yiices of cur Ceylon teas—so thet bad luck in cne way is lLkely to bear good fruit for us in another! (From Our Oun Correspondent.) London, July 2°. Sceking this week to seo MB. GEORGE WHITE on the eubject of the cause which bave produced the ‘precent low selling prices of tea, that gentleman kind y favoured mo with an iwterview. In reply to: my que.tion as to how far he could endorse the cpinion given me by sno:her gcntle- man that the knowiedge of the ecst at which tea can be produced greet'y i: fluenced the market, Mr. White expressed his view that he could not conceive that it could have anything to do with it. He felt sure, he said—and his opinion was backed up by other brokers in the tea ‘r.d> present —that the market was tolely ruled by supply and demand, wholly irrespective of profit or loss by planters. ‘‘But,” be went on to say, ‘have you considered how great an influence the item of quality may bave upon the question? It is un- doubtedly the fact that until recently there has been an exceeding dearth of really fiae qual ty Ceylon tea put up to auction. QUALITY AND QUANTITY. Tam not blaming your planters for sending home quantity instead of quality. Naturally they wiil pluck in the proportion that may pay them best, and of late, and until very me ntly, buyers did not seem disposed to pay enhanced prices for teas of good quality. In this respect there has just been a chavge for the better, and really gcod teas are fetching much better prices ; qualities that upto the last few weeks we were compelled to part with for a maximum of 1024. now selling readily at 1s 2d. to 1s 24d. This will, of course, affcct the ’ average, though there is shown no disposition to bid higher for the commoner classes of tea, of which the great mass of the imports from Ceylon consists,” CHINA TEA. My next question put to Mr. White was as to the probable further displacement of China tea, which, I told him, I had understood to have been almost altogether checked during the last two years. He replied that he believed me to have been mistaken as to this, and re- ferring to figures just compiled by his firm (which are forwarded to you with a copy of its annual report on the tea trade) pointed out to me that from the lst July 1892 to the 30th June 1893, the deliveries of China and Japan tea for bome consumption hed been 33,104,000 1b. or at the rate of 2,758,000lb. per month. He contrasted these figures with those for the corresponding period from 1893 to 1894, wherein the total had diminished to 25,948,000 1b. or an average of 2,162,000 Ib. per month. ‘‘ These statistics, Mr. White went on to say, “have only just now become availatle for our compilation, and you will certainly find them interesting. They demonstrate « very completely that the dis- placement still continuce, and from all we can 8 @ or forecast it is likely to further continue ;— while the in.veased consumption of Indian and Oeylon fully keeps pace with it. There would, therefore, Seem little ground for the assumption that our home market is overstocked with-tea, or that we cannot provide a market for all that we are likely to receive. -You have always to take into account the annual increase of our Population and, independently of that, the effect low priges are baying in ptimylating the increase - of individual consumption. As to exchange rates I am not prepared to speak with apy ce:teinty. We have been ascured that the lowest depth bas _ been reached snd that an improvemert is eure to woevium palsh partly split Is 6d to ls 9d; coon become spparent. But 1 confess to per: onally doubting this, though I feel that I em no authority on the eubject and stould not care to give an opinion that might be quoted one wey or ths other. If Ceylon ard India are likely lurgely to ircreare the quantity «f tea they ex- port, it will certainly be necessary for them to seck fresh ovtlets; but at the present rate of pro- duction I think tbat the ditplaecement of China tea and the inecreare of our popu'alion can elways as:ure our dieposal of it, At the eame time 1 should be glad to see a larger proportion of first- class teas sent Fome, We want it, and ths last sales show that a good price can now be got for such tcas. It is impossible, however, tu say to what Jimit of import it would be safe to rely on @ contiauance of ths recent improvement, THE PROEPECT. But the prospect for tea generally has cf late certeinly improved, and is likely to further im- prove if the exports from India rd Casylon re- main stationary, or pearly stationary, for a little time.” I arked Mr, White what he thougbt about the charc:sfor green teas, such as the late Mr, Whittall told m3 be was endeavouring to intre- duc’. Oda this point the answer was given me that there was little cp ning for such teas in this couct'y. That a few chests had been received from Ceylon by way of a specimen of what it coulddo in this way, but the trade woa'd not buy it for home consumpticn, and that the demand for it for America was extremely limited. The conclusion form2d by me f:om all that Mr. White obligingly told me was thathe, like all the other experts consultcd, was uvable to state with any definitencss any actual cause to which the rccent depression can be fairly assigned. It appears to me that sevcral causes are copjointly operative, but that the prime factor must be found in the general dc pression attending all businees operations at the present time, and the diminished profi's making by all clacce3 of the community, a ee DRUG REPORT. (From Chenust and Druggist.) London, July 19:b. CARDAMOME.—Fairly steady, but the supply was rather email today, viz.: a>out 10 boxes, two-thirds cf which was boughtin. Sales were ma¢eat the following prices :— Tel:icherry, medium to bold dark to brown slightly mouldy is 7d to zs. Ceylon-Mysore, medium to bold full pale 2s 9d; medium ditto 2s 4d to 28 5d; small to me- dium fairly gocd pale Js lid to 28; very small pale to dull small yellow and brown from is 5d down to ls 4d perlb. Seed 1s 4d to is 64 per Ib. CINCHONA.—Forty-one tales of Guayaquil bark, the first arrival of that variety icr nearly two years, were offered at auction today and realised exceedingly high prices. Good 10 fine bright grey and mes:y quill brought fr.m is to 1s 3d per |b.; long thin rusty and ordinary, partly damaged, from 9d down to §d@ per 1b. For a parcel of nine bales cultivated flat. yellow Calisaya (da- maged) Is 8d per 1b is required. CocAINE.—On Monday the price of cocaine salts was advanced by the makers as suddenly as it was reduced some time ago. In Hydrochlorate ihe rise 1s 9d per oz, the present quotations being—fcr 100 oz. lots 153 3d per oz. for parcels from 25 to 100 oz }5s 6d per oz. and fur smalier quantities 1s 9d per oz. These quotations are for bulk, to be taken within three months from date of order, QOne-ounce bottles are charged 3d extra, QUININE.—The stock of quinine in London on the first of the month was 19%,722 lo., or 2,193 Ib. less than at the end of May. No quivine was landed during the month of June. The aemand this week has shown a very considerable improvement; about 100,000 oz. ha been sold, all second-hand German bulk, at from 103d, rising to 1191 on the spot, 1141 for August and Septem- ber delivery, and 1131 for closes firm and adyancing, October delivery, The market Sept, 3, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 177 ge COFFEE, ~Cryvton Correre Pricts AND Exports AND CorRESPONDING VALUES OF RupzE FoR 24 YEAR3.— le received the other day a return furnished of- ficially by Messrs. Lewis & Peat of the average prices per owt. of Midcling Plantation Cevion Coffce in Feb. and Oct. for the past 24 years. Thisis very interesting as well as reliable; but to makes tho | return more uaeful, we haye added to it the total export of p!antati-n Coffee on each year and through the aid of Banking frieuds we have also been able to fillin the approximate value of the rupee for Fetruary and October in each year. The result is a useful little table for reference from which it will be seen that the price of Ccti-e at least, does not fall in correspondence with exchange :— The following are the variations in value of Middling Plantation Ceylon Coffee in London for the years 1870 to 1893; als) the Exports of the same from Ceylon and the approximate value of the Rupee :— i=] [o} <. wo 82 RA Tet eet ats A Ere) sie mon S82 BEE SSE Bess Sieur vey iPod PEG i big oe Year. cwt. Feb. Feb. Oct. Oct 1870 885,728 76/ 1/11 66/ 1/11 Toye. 814.710.) 71). . 1/tl 95), U/l 1872 576,878 Sl/6 1/113 84/ 1/11 1873 $60,366 95/ 1/1033 120/ —-1/108 1874 509,329 135/ 1/103 118/ 1/938 1875 873,654 104/ 1/92 116/ — 1/938 1876 603,929 111/ 1/82 115/ 1/83 1877 850,911 114/ 1/10 =111/ 1/9 1878 570,952 109/ 1/8% 110/ 1/7,%, 1879 774,774 100) 1/642 98/ 1/83 1880 611,000 101/ 1/72 87/ 1/7 W881 414,565 89/1742 73). TPs 1882 526,688 72/ 1/73, 68/ I/Ty, 1883 248,557 82/ 1/73; 80/ 1/718 1gg4 299,681 75/ 1/7 67) 17% 1885 288,824 66/ 1/6, 67/ 1/53 1886 209,112 66/ 1/53 75/ — 1/5;% 1887°1677,82 €0/ 1/53 96/ 1/438 1888 127,112 84/ 1/43 92) 1/4,7, 1889 76,416 93/ 1/4: 102/ 1/4,% 1890 81,334 105/ 1/438 107/ 1/63 189] 82,324 112/ 1/5y, 92/ 1/438 1892 39,013 107/ 1/3: 108/ 1/2%8 1893 52,000 110/ 1/233 +103/ 1/33; se TEA AND SCANDAL, Changing houses in London with all the accom- panying worries is not conducive to correspondence, £0 my communications under the above title bave not appeared in your columns lately, much no doubt to the grief of your read:rs. I shall try to make reparation this week though I cannot do more than send one extract, I fear. It was ‘* writtenand com- posed by Mr. Dibdiv, and sung by him in his new entertainment called ‘A Tour to the Land’s End’: and is named ' Tue Tea Tarte. 1 The inquest is set, for the tca-things they call, Miss Crab gave the kind invitation. ‘Miss Verjuice, Miss Razor, Miss Spleen and Miss i ? Miss Hartshorn, Miss Scowl, and Miss Mump, and Miss Miff, Miss Cholic, Miss Nese, and Miss Nerves, Miss Gall, Asa jury deliberate in grand consultation, Not over such stuff as the affairs of the naticn, But over their neighbours’ reputation. Silence [—You declare by your forewoman that you be without hesitation, fear or favour, rent, tear, and eplit, tatter, fritter, transmogrify, torture and dis- joint the reputations indifferently of friends, - foes, strangers, ucighbours, young, old, ricb, poor, married, single, handsums, ugly, skort or tall, and that you return 2H account of all their vices, absurdities, failings, caprices, follies, foibles, faulte, weakness, attachments, bobby liotses, wanderings and back-slidings with (sec !) hesitation, fear, favour, partia'ity or affection as afore- said, And this you by your forewomen esy and £0 say you all:— Take the oath, k’ss the eup. Andthus atea-h sup. Tate the oath, kiss the cup. And thus at each sup. As of folly and folly and whim and caprice make a handle, While round go the muffin, the tea, and the scandal, 2 Like a torrent let loose now away go their tongues, Swift as winis endas light as a feather, New bonnets, the opera, *bath, waters, the hcur, The auctivns, the nations, the beastsin the Tower. And zs in succession they stretch out their lungs, The c uvtry, blac pins, Matadores, and the weather, In glorious ccnfusion ihey jumble together, And scandal let go tothe end of its tether. How d’ye iike your tea? Vas‘ly good. Where do you buy it? I buy it at Congo’s. Oh yealI recollect the pecple that broke. Sad business that of the wife, shocking woman for intrigucs. I knew ber froma * girl, Always as amorous as a cat upon pantiles, - And it is impossible to find her out,she has as many wigs as would serve to disguise a highwayman between Hounslow and Bagsho’. Sad example for the daughter, great pity, pretty gi:l. Pretty ? why lord Maam she’s fiat-footed end hopper-hipped. Sad thngs for the father if you will.—Very true.—But lord Maam, whst can you expect fiom such people, no fashion, no life. The fellow was porter to an oii shop, ued to carry out train-cil, pickel lerrings, zootditty, match and wax flambeaux.—I’li tell you a comical circumstance—No ! true, well that’s delightful, he, he, ha! Thus they sip and they sip, Have their friends cn tbe hip, And of foibles and faults and caprices make a handle, While reund go the muffins, the tea, and the scandal, 3 The tea isremoved, and now grave and demure, The case bet'les are ranged so judicious, Noyau Ratifie ala Teinture Vermeille, Eau dere, de mille fleurs, fleur de lis, sans Parcilie, And every scarce and expensive liquer, They sip and ‘they sip and each sip find de- __licious, Till they get rather whimsical, queer, and ca- pricious, And their tongues if’t poseible grow mcre maz Jicious. Dear me, I don’t know what I was thinking of,—~ I have a sort of a verligo.—Only look at Miss Cholic.—= She certainly bai a little drop before she came out ; otherwise, you see, it is impossib’e. As for me now, who am not accustomed to these thirgs, g thimblefall turns me quite topsy turvy. ‘Well, ladies suppose we go to cards. With all my heart, but I shall insist upon your keeping your foot in your shoe. I don’t name anybody but I do know people that hold up their fingers behind their fans. And I Maiam, fer I p'sivuly see you mean me, I know the people too,that when they are a little non se ipse. I desire Masm thst you will make no reflectiong. I never iodulge myself to an improper degree. [I bays beird of ycur Huskyba to besure. Yes Maam and tastedit too. Why yes, I once took a teaspoon- full just to oblige you. Yes and a bumper just ta oblige yourself. WellI declare, this is beyond bear- ance. Huskyba tmdeed! Here Miss Nerves declared she should go to hysterics: At last the company in‘erfered. Miss Orab said there was nothing sour avout her disposition; Miss Gall eaid she did not like bitter invectives: Miss Cholic said that it gaye her a pain that her friends should full ont in this manner. at which M'ss Razor intreated leave to notice thag if she had said anything keen or cutting she begge pardon and was sorry for it. This was accepted at * Sie, Query—Bath Waters ?—A,.M,F, —s 178 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Serr. 1, 1894: an apology and the Oompany resumed their good humour. And they sip and sip, Have their friends on the P And of foibles and faults and caprices make a handle, While round goes the room, the liquer, and the scandal. A. M. Fereuson. — ECONOMY IN WORKING WIRE SHOOTS. Under this heading a notice appears in the Ceylon Observer regarding Michie’s Patent ‘‘Lubrioa” Ranner with best cast steel wheels and bodies, a specimen of which and disgram can be seen at our offics. Wire Shoot Runners now in uce fail and are ehort lived because of imperfect lubrication of the bearing surfaces of axle and wheel; and many Runners are made without any attempt at provision for lubrication. The new Runocer is fitted with an enlarged axle in the body of which an oil cavity is formed, This cavity or lubricant receptacle is filled with oil after the Runner is placed on the rope ready to start and the bearing eurfaces draw their eupply from it when the journey down the rope has commenced. The arrangement has been formed to work admirably. ———-—o>___—_——_- AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. T's NEED oF THE ANALYsT AND THE PLANTERS ; WorKING ToGEeTHER, A planting corcespondent sends vs the following cutting from the Queensland Sugar Journal:— Io connec‘ion with the general fecling in Queens- land in favourof the appointment by the State of an agricultoral anlytical chemist, the foilowing from the Planters’ Monthly (Hawaii) is interesting :— Duriog the late sessions of the p!anter’s meeting in this city, the subject of establishing an experimental station here was brought forward aud urged with an esroestness which gives strong assurance to the hopes ofall interested in it that an effort will be made to secure it without unnecessary delay. The benefits which have resulted from these centres of agricultural research, have been so great in evry country where they have been established, ax to leave no doubt cf their value inthe minds of those who have followed the teachiags derived from tho scientific investigations de. eve all know that {o chemical research is in a large measure due the pre-eminence of European beet suger culture. But it was not by chemistry a'!one that this has been achieved, rather by the happy combination of science with practice; the practical beet grower called the chemist io to aid him, ani it was by their mutual efforts that the beet finally reached its present high quality. Workivg alone, neither would haye attained such success, or at least not until the grower had become as chemist, or, what is more likely, the chemist had become a grower. And this is the point we woald emphasize here. It ig an easy matter to secure the S@rvICES of 4a chemist who would be able to analyse our soils and fertilisers, put before Le could be of value, beyond that of a mere analysiog machine, he must learn the practical and diverse details of our cane culture. How otherwise can he draw an intelligent conclusion ; how can he give to each fact its logical meaning, if he must first learn the very rudiments of our practice ? And not alone the practice but cane eulture in general. What could be expected even from the most learned doctor of chemistry, if he must at the outset be handi- capped by learning such a simple thing as how te plant cane? “he trae agricultural chemist mus¢ first bea farmer, he must conduct his experiments and interpret his results in the light of cane field work, the soils, meteorological conditions, practical necessities, eco- momical considerations, etc.* 1 ee a, CS GaE eae aS * True, also of tea. This has always been my ppinion.—4 Ceylon Planters eT OL FLORA AND CULTIVATION IN HADRAMUT, SOUTH ARABIA: FROM AN ADDBESS DELIVEBED BEFORE THE LONDON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, ON THE 10TH JOLY, BY J. THEODORE BENT. During our stay at Al Katan we had ample means for studying the habits of the inhabitants and their primitive system of agriculture. The cultivation of date-palm is the most important feature in Hadramut, the staple food for man, and in many cases for cattle, for they grind the date stone and feed the cows with the powder. Around the palace of Al Katan the palms cxtend for miles, and all this cultivated area is irrigated by wells eunk in the sand, the water which is drawn up by bullocks being conveyed to the fie'ds by emall channels executed with great rkill. A stroll round theee cultivated acres is interesting and instructive ; there are eceveral spices grown for tab’e use— zamouta, an umbelliferous plant, the seed of which is used in coffee, habatarsobs, a nemopylia, the cesds of which are used for putting in the bread; coriander, fennel, chilic, cress and radishes ; lucerne and clover is grown for the cattle; beans, eggapples, cucumbers and water-melons climb about under the shade of the trees; then there sre henna trees, the leaves of which the women dry and pound to make a paste for decorating their hands and faces. Indigo for dyeing purposes is largely grown, acd outside the towa indigo is manufactured in large jars, for the uni- vereal dye for all clothes is dark blue, jowari or dourra is the chief grain produced here for cattle and the cultivation of this occupies many acrea around ElKatan. Then we saw a man going round with an apron full of dried male spathes with which to fructify the female palms. With surprising agility be climbs up the stem, and with s long rounded knife cuts off the bark which encircles the female spathe, and shakcs it out into a bushy shape, then ho takes the male spathe and shakes into it the dried pollen, and as he does so he sings in a low chant, ‘‘May God make you grow and be fruit- ful.”” The palm is the life and soul of the Arab, and of all dates those of the Hadramut are reputed the best, On a journey a man carries a skin of dates and requires no other sustenance; the date flower provides the bees of the Hadramut with material for the most delicious honey, honey which is celebrated a!l over this part of Arabia, the merits of which Pliny extols, and the flavour of which I consider superior to any of the far-famed honeys of Italy and Greece. The flora of the Hadramut is also meagre and to the casual observer uninteresting. Our botanist only collected a little over 200 specimens during the whole of our expedition, but these contained three new genera, and new species of such genera as Aloe, Adenium, Arthrozolen, Littonia, Statice, and Vellozia; they are now being worked up by the authorities at Kew, and as they are the first received from Southern Arabia eastward of Aden they are of considerable interest and value.— Chamber of Commerce Journal, ees Roxyat Garpsens, Kew Burrerin of Miscellaneous in- formation for July has the following contents :—Comino Trees of Colombia—Artificial Producticn of Gitric Acid (continuation) —Supplementary Note to the Flora of British Itdia—Cultivation of Vanilla in Tabiti— Vanilla at Fiji—Flora of the Solomon Islands—Methods for exterminating Locusts in the Caucasus—Preser- vation of Books in the Tropies—Table Oils from Beech and Linden—Cultivation of Vegetables—Production of Pate Lurnip Seed—Misceliapeous Notes, : ceo Sepr. 1, 1894. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST 179 eee SS , Goyespondencds. ees To the Editor. LIBERIAN COFFEK PLANTING. Dear Sire,—Now that the planting of this product is teing taken up rap‘dly, there has been some digcussion as to the distance the plants should bs put out. When first introduced it was planted 12 feet apart—a ridiculous distance. Ia its va‘ive habitat there are veritable giants re- quir.ng even more fpace than a circumference of 30 feet. There even are exc2ptional trees here, and in very rich looalities, I can point to certain trees in the island of exceptional growth, both topped and untopped trees, covering much ground and yielding crop at the rate of 20 cwt. per pore! Jn really good and new soils 64 feet apart is a fair distance, but 5 _ feet by 5 feet is a much better distance, and in very poor soils 5 by 4 or 44 by 44. But even in the latter coils 5 feet apart is preferable, and the plants should be aided after two years with manure. Where cacao is planted, it ig, of course, a sheer wasts to allow the intervening ground to yield nothiog, and liberian coffee can well be put out ani made to yield up to the Sth or 10th year, when the cscad will then only need ground as orchard trees. Much of the little cxisting Liberian ccfice plots want treatment sadly. Not so much as to manuring ss handling and pruning. Toe tree is best topped at 54 feet, not lower than 5 feet certainly. ‘Che lower primaries die out very slowly; the upper and last set particularly grow ont and throw excellent eccondary and tertizry branches forming 8n immenss umbrella covering the ground. To attain this the use of the knife for suckers, bad wocd, and spindley off-shocts i3 indispens:ble. All this has to be attended to after the first bum- per crop in 3 to 34 years has been taken in. Five years hence the best selling tea estates will be those with a reserve of cacao and Liberian to- gether or separately of one-fourth tho extent cf the estate at least. It will be very dcsirab!e that all those who have had some experiencs with this coffee should occasionally furoish hints and help each other to carry on its cultivation properly and thoroughly and not in a spasmodio and experimental fasbion as hitherto. Sel. P.S,—In 1880 or 1881 a field of 32 acres in the Kalutara district was plauted 6 feet by 6 feet. The ‘‘ sprinkling” or maiden crop was little over 300 buehels of parchment, which, at R425 per bushel, was a damper. The coffee was root d up sharp, and never gave its bumper. Six feet apart was even then held as toc far, and the soil too cabooky and not fit for coffee. The pulper used was an experimental one of Messrs. Walker & Oo., and 1 believe it has been considerably improved sincs the enterprise in the Straits began to rise. We must not be beaten, so long as even a small percentage of coffee planters are still in the island. _ PLANTS AND NITROGENOUS FOOD. Dear Sir,—Re your para about the ‘ fertilizing action of electricity,” there may be said to be tbre known sources from which growing vegetation deriveaits nitrogenous food: (1) what may be called the common source, namely, from decomposing organic matter which yields first ammonia and then, by oxilation, nitric acid : (2) the nitrogen compounds following upon the union of nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere under the influence ot electricity ; (3) the third and last, and most recently discovered source istraeeab’o to the action of certain organisma called ‘‘ bacteroi’s” which Occupy the root tubercles, found on certain leguminous and other planta and are able to bring aboat the combination of the elements of the atmosphere. There is no doubt that the prevalence oi thunderstorms exerts no little’ influence on the fertility of our tropical soil. Visitors from ths West kave wondered how the white sand of cinnamon estates can support a healthy growth of the spicey bush as well as of Juxuriant forms of wild vegetation, where the soil is practi- cably destitute of organic matter which should supply the necessary nitrogenous food. Tha most resson- able explanation of vegetation flourishing on apparently pure mineral matter is that the soii’a supply of combined nitrogen is due to the influence of electric discharges in the atmosphere, since there does not seem tobe sufficient evidence for supposing that ‘‘ bacteroids” are present in such situations es agents for the supply. There is no doubt that the ‘“* mild” monsoon, without the usual accompaniment of Jove’s artillery, is proportionately bereft of its fertilizng power.—Yours truly, AGRICULTURIST. CEYLON TEA AND NEW MARKETS BY AN INDIAN TEA PLANTER. July 18th. Dean Srr,—I have watched your paper with keen interest on tea mattere, especially as regard new markets. You are determined to push your teas as they are, and with very good reason too I must admit, as I belicve that the bulk of your teas, though not equally etrong to the Indian teas, are really more suited to the majority of consumers, Your teas are not so well suited for mixing, g0 that practically India has the burden of supporting and ‘‘ passing off’ the 30 to 50 millions of China tea. This little operation equalizes matters ; India makes stronger tea, but the whole average of India and Ceylon will be very much alike. I see that you are divided between Tom-toms and Bonuses, Some of you would “bruit” your teas and pour them through the eyes and ears of your intended customers. Others again would get at the ‘‘taps ’ (so to speak) and by the pressure of a percentage, would turn on the Ceylon, and turn off the China tap. I myself am only a common or garden planter of India. Perhaps you really do try and make tea to suit all tastes, and I know nothing of it. And my interest in the matter ig simply that (the common one) of trying to get one’s self heard. Beyond that J, amongst many others, make poor tea. I think that this tea could be sold better if it could be landed where it is wanted instead of where it is not want:d. As a last resource it occurs to me that many of us (of both Continents) have to put up with 6-penny averages; we sell some tea indeed as low as 5 pence. I will whisper it that we have even got the handsome sum of 4 pence at times for tea over which we spent much energy. I don’t see many China tea sales, but it is easy to guess that they are not much below us in price. Now we have two alternatives, firstly the one that we have chosen. And thatis to imitate ‘‘strong’’ Indian teas. We emulate the appearance and the characteris- tics of strong teas, and the result is 4d,5d, 6d per pound. The second alternative is to emulate China, and supposing that certain teas of Ohina get 64, 54, 44 pence per pound, we might I think make the same teas and get no lower prices that we do now. But this change in tactics would get our foot into America and other new marke’s. Q. Would America take imitation China tea? A. Yes; at a smaller price per pound. But isit not reasonable to suppose that we eould and would improve on the Ohins tea and let the con- sumers have it at the same price a3 they now pay. 180 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. | Given that we could do so, it would etimulate consumption. ‘The question is easily ecettled and we cin within one year ascertain whether Ist. We can imitate the teas preferred by new markets. 2nd. Whether this imitation will be acvepted. 3rd. Whether this line is worth going on with. Some one once said tome and itistrue: “ There is very little margin now between our Broken Pekoes and our broken teas,” But if our common teas could go to America and shove out say 20 millions of China tea then there would be a much better margin. I think myself that I wou!d rather imitate com- mon China tea than try to make elrong Asam tea. To dothe first we could take a good many leaves on a shoot roll and firait anyhow (as they probably do in China; we could send it away dry to the local market which is more than is done in Ohina) in fact it does not seem hard in any way; for I believe that our bushes are up to making 5d. China tea, if we can find out the necessary operation. But the other attempt!!! I have to pluck a fine 2 leaves and a bud to make tea eqivalent in strength to the tea made in Assam from the third leaf. Assam Pekoe Souchong rivals my F!owery-Orange Pekoe., It is humiliating, but it is a stern fact. Having made your tea to suit the consumer, there would be nothing mora valuable than the drums and bonuses. In fact we might give away whole pounds of tea, without losing much money. What do you say to sending out free tea to the Coxeyites, or the Chicago wreckers ? Some of them will gst work and then they would buy our tea. I am at present engaged in a dis- cussion on the ‘ Flavour in Tea,.”’ I say that it can be got (where present) and developed by methods of manufacture; well I really think that the gardens which fail to make ‘‘ strong tea’ now- a-days might attain to Flavour if they adopted methods of manufacture, which would turn out teas similar to the China teas, For few of our tea gardens are so utterly abandoned as to possess neither Streng’h nor Flayour. Butit is very easy to extinguish all Flavour inthe attempt to attain Strength, where it does not exist. I fancy thatthe worst China teas are not really bad, but become so fromneglect and insufficient curing. Theitem of final firing is serious when you have to carry a pound of tea for many thousands of miles for 4 pence. Does the fault of bad tea lie with the tea bushes? When you come to con- sider it, this is a very vital question, for there is no remedy except through manure. And then if you can’t manure you must ‘go out,” And really it would be a good riddance. You can readily discover whether the fault zs in the leaf, for it is almost certain that you have within a day’s journey some estate that is doing better. Then send some of your leaf to that estate at any cost, and if no more can be done with it there than “in situ,” the garden had better be manured or abandoned. Jot If the fault is not in the leaf, then it lies in the pystem of manufacture, or in insufficient accommo- dation. Bad tea has to be sold. It hag to absorb good tea and make a compound which all know only too well; It would be policy (and good charity) to point out to the erring ones where their fault lies. _ That’s all T have to say. Let Assam go on inits proud career and let Darjiling flourish exceedingly, but to those of sixpenny and lower averages I would gay, let us imitate China instead of Assam, 1874, j | | {Sepr.'1, 1894. P.S.—How is this as a “ Prize Eseay ''? {Our correspondent es a cloce reader of our peper should have seen long ago that we hava bad the best possible assurance—namely from the’ experts of the large wholesale houses in Chicago and New York—that there is no need to alter the make of Ceylon teas. This was further proved by the Chicago Exhibition and, later, at the San Francisco Exposition. We want to win the Americans from an inferior ani often bad, to a superior article, and the process has begun, and all that is wanted to hasten it is a proper system of adve-tisiog.—_Ep, 7.A.] TEA PLUCKING; WHOLE LEAF JF. WALF-LEAF PLUCKING :—NO, L July 30. Dean Sizn,—Plucking to the half—leaf, or “shoulder plucking’’ as it is generally called, gives a larger yield by about 25 per cent, but the flush therefrom at certain periods of the year is rag oe strong and healthy as when the full leat is left. Bushes plucked to the ‘shoulder’ do not, as a rule, run s0 long from pruning as with the fall leaf plucking. The quality of tea reeulting from the whole leaf system is better than when the entire } leaf ie taken for very obvious reasons— it’s a case of 2 and the bud, instead of 29 and the bud; but as a matter of fact there are several places in Dimbula and elsewhere where the shoulder system is carried out with excellent resul!s both in respect to quality and yield. In dealing with peor jit bushes the ‘ shoulder’ plucking is better than leaving the full leaf’ As a general rule it may be said that the half-leaf plucking is the sys- tem which should be sdopted on estates when quantity is the chief aim. Oa places where quality is considered a matter of first importance pluck to the full leaf, and allow no single or broken leaves into the factory. A. B, C, No. IL. July 30th. Dear §18,—In the lowcountry where the growth is rapid and yearly pruning is more or less necessary, the half-leaf system gives, I should say, the largest yield; but at higher elevations the full leaf continued for 12 to 18 months even, with a drop on to the abortive leef, from time to time, during the best growing moaths, and when the bush threatens to run away,i3 in my opinion preferable, and will 1 think during periods of two years from pruning give the largest yield, bstter tea on the average, and tbe best character of wood to pruneon. No hard-and-fast rule can be laid down, however, as jat, exposure, and system of cultivation as regards pruning and manuring require to be taken into account and the bush plucked accordingly. D, No. III. y Dean Sir,—With regard to your questions re merits and demerits of continuous whole and half leaf plucking, my experience is that over 4,000 ft. eleyation a continuous whole leaf plucking results in inerease of quality with very little decrease if any in quantity; whereas at a few hundred ~ feet above sea level, exactly the reverse holds good, viz. @ continuous half leaf plucking results” in an increase in quantity and very litile if any decrease in quality. If this is correct, it should follow that at cerlain intermediate elevations either course should give the same resuiting profit (or loss). Whole leaf plucking is legs trying to the bush during a g@ason of drcught. : 7s =. UPPER DIMBULA Serr. 1, 1894.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 181 ca AS No. IV. Dean: §1z,—My experience of whole and half leaf plucking has been that no fixed rule should be adopted. Much depends upon the weather, length of time from pruning, soil, rainfall and climate. If the bushes are in good flushing con- dition and weather hot with a fair rainfall, half of leat above the fish leaf may be taken with eafety and profit for a time; but a; a general rule whole-leaf plucking is the safest and most profitable. Before pruving pluck to the oe No. V; Dran Srz,—When the jat is of good quality whole- leaf plucking; I think, is preferable to half-leaf for at least a year after pruning; it may then be found advisable to pluck on the half, from four to six months,. after which pluck to the fish-leaf as many rounds as you find the bushes will yield good..returns. With an inferior jit of tea-whole- leaf plucking; does not give so good returns, I think: it persisted «in» much: beyond: siz months after pruning, unless the tea has been well manured, in which case: the: bushes ‘may run to two years without pruning and» you'‘may'‘treat them as you woulda better jat.° As a rule poor jat gives best returns from plucking pe the Balle soon after his in form after pruning.—Youre, lg : POOR SOIL. No. VL. August 1st. Dear Sim,—I have had good results from 4-leat plucking; but it has two disadvantages: Ist, it is very difficult’ to get proper half-leaf plucking carried out in the: field); and one frequently sees small mutilated fragments left instead of 4-leaves ; 2nd, on manvfaciure, all halves and broken pieces tend to make the mauufactured article red and choppy. Given a medium elevation, it will be found very good for the trees and made tea as well, to pluck whole-leaf for twelve months from date of pruning; or say 9 months from formation of surface after pruning; after which pluck to fish-leaf up to date of pruning again, alternating with-whole leat now and again when bushes appe too hard plucked. D. K; No. VII, Blair Athol, Dikiya, Aug, 2. Deas 818,—The advisability of plucking to “‘whole leaf,” continuously till just before pruning, depends greatly on jat and:soil. Witt a high-class of tea, this system would be the best, and pay well, snd makes the plucking easier, and the coolies prefer it. But with a medium jat of Assam Hybrid, 1 consider it pays beat to pluck to “full-leat” for 12 months after pruning, and then to a “ half-leaf. Plucking to a ‘‘ half-leat ” forces on the flush, but care should be taken 2” hanes good nels leal s0 BS he bud.—Yours faithfully. to protect. t pe ee — No. VIII. August 4th. Daan §1n,—In some fields I have seen as good regults in yield and made tea from the one pluck- ing as from the other, but on the whole ¥ prefer fuli-leat plucking at this elevation, all else being equal, 28 The advantages of this plucking, as a rule, are cheaper cost of plucking, much less bangy and better condition of trees generally. For really fine pluek- ing to get best results there ought to be no half. leaf; but for medium or coarser. plucking, though there may be a slight gain in flayour, there is less strength perhaps than with 3? leat: plucking ; with full lesf, if for yield prune and tip fairly low, if for quality and price study height in both of these. I prune on system from 20 to 24: months, pluck to fish-leaf 12 to 14 months after pruning, “and let up to full leaf and down again to fish as ‘I find necessary for each field, and according to weather, &o. I do this also with ? leaf plucking, but then I pluck to fish from 6 to 10 months after pruning and full leaf up to that. There is much in pluck- ing each round up to a regular, fixed time, Result which is always better than mere opinion:;— For season 1893-4 just finished on 30th Jane last, by this full leaf plucking, and sll -treatedas:above, I got on one estate of 275 acres just over the 700 lb. per acre made tea all round, Age of tea from 4 to 8 years. On the whole of these places I got 653 lb. per acre all round ; age 3 to8 years. Mostly Kelvin jat. For lower elevation and with more rain, &., leat might give best result taking everything into consideration, W.B. J. — No. IX. Dear Siz,—I gave up halt-leaf | plucking years ago, and I consider, with fairly good jat, atan elevation over 3,000 ft., the yield is quite as good, and the quality of the made tea better, with whole-leaf plucking. When the bushes get too much foliage, a roucd or two of plucking to the fish-leat on the tops of the bushes will do. good, Have had no experience of lowcountry plucking. When a leaf and half are left above'the fish-leaf, and only the bud, and 14 leat taken, it may answer fairly well-as regards quality, but whole- leaf plucking costs less,. and in my opinion, is preferable. in every way. A. O. —== No. x: Dear Sir,—I consider there can. be. but little or no doubt but that whole-leaf plucking is the most advantageous, i.e, for nine to twelve months after pruning, as it gives a much evener tea, and your buehes are not so apt to be destroyed as plucking to the half-leaf, as no amount of looking after will make coolies leave a proper half-leaf, and they are very apt to take all to the fish-leaf in half-leaf plucking, saying if fish-leafisa big ons they thought it was a leaf, whereas io plucking to fish-leat and full-leaf they have no excuse-and know it. Pluck- ing to the full-leaf also gives better teas as the finer teas are freer-of flat. broken tea, which with careful manufacture only come from half-leaves, and these half-leayes never give an even wither or an even fermentation; so your sample is spoiled. After ten months pluck half-leaf, especially in the low- country as your tea is to a certain extent ‘‘shutting up” and you want quantity. A month ‘ before pruning pluck to fish-leaf aa that will give you a greater yield and at that time the flush is all small from bushes in want of pruning, and your propor- tion of fine tea larger than when the bushes are in vigorous health, but as oan be fanoied the yield is then less. Tip down to two leaves aud then pluck to full leaf and pluck sides of bushes ag well it’s a loss-to grow side branohex and not pluck thems W.M 7? 182 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. mia (Sepr 1, 1894. No. XL, 3,000 TO 5,000 FEET. Drag Sir,—My system is:—Tip, leaving fish, two whole leayes and a shoulder, about a quarter of the leaf, Then pluck, leaving fish and one leaf right on toa month before pruning. I strongly object to leaving fish and half a leaf carly in the life of the flush. It may give quantity. But my experience is that it seriously affects the quality, and I think it also injures the bush. Is it that the leaf cut in two was required by the bush to digest the plant food taken up from the soil and sent back through the bark to feed the roots ? Willa more learned man than I am say? When coffee was torn out to make way for tea, all must have remarked how bare of feeding rootlets the large roots were. The trees had been short of leaves for many a day. WHOLE-LEAP. THE PROSPECTS BEFORE OUR “ CREEPERS.” [ENGLISH PAPERS REQUESTED TO COPY.] Dear §1z8,—I have heard it contended that in getting out young men, who pay long premiums, and £10 to £12 103 stg. per mensem, for board which may cost R60, the favor is conferred by those in this import trade. I think the following advertisements culled from the last week’s papers, are conclusive of the opposite :— Ist. A Company paying 25 and 30 per cent dividends advertise for an assistant on R100 per mensem. Supply so exceeds demand, that busi- ness men are not ashamed to offer such a pittance; yet the last holder of the post lost his health and his predecessor his life in the service. 2nd. Another billet is offered, in the same feverish district, with the noble salary of R70 per mensem, 3rd. Wanted an experienced European assistant salary R100 per mensem. [So that after gaining experience, £5 103 is what a ‘‘ Oreeper’’ may expect —one quarter of what he pays monthly for pre- mium and board!) 4, ‘'Wanted an experienced assistant, salary R150 per mensem. No creeper need apply.” 5. There is a well authenticated report current that thirty-seyen creepers applied for one small billet lately, and 6. Iknow that over a hundred Ceylon men applied for a billet with a small salary in another Oolony, I think your Overland issue should contain this, with the request that all home papers should copy and warn parents against creeper trappers who are becoming more and more numerous—the notorious success of a few stimulating the greed of many,—Yours, “OBSERVER.” ‘Qn:ERVER” may be sure that his letter will be prominently inserted in our Zropical Agriculturist; for there can be no doubt that its warning is called ‘for, so far as employment and openings in Ceylon are concerned, ‘he c-ly qualification we would Offer on OUr correspond ut’s position is with refer- ence to the value of a training in Ceylon with the special view of finding a career elsewhere—in North Borneo, the Straits, Java or British Central Africa. Young men who lay their plans after this fashion may ba exempted from the warning ; but then they ought to see their way to an opening before coming out here, either through having ‘capital to take up land, or the promise of employ- ment atter tieir training is over.—Ep. 7'.4.]| APICULTURE AND OUR CEYLO BEES. Colonial Secretary’s Office, Colombo, 4th Aug. 1894. 81z,—I am directed to forward to you the en- closed papers regarding Apiculture.—I am, sir, your obcdient cervant, H. WHITE, for Colonial Secretary. West Maitland, N. 8. W., Australia, Jane 20tb, 1894. His Excellency the Governor of Ceylon. Your Excviiency,—Will you be kind enough to put me in communication with an apiarist, ifsuch an one exists, who lives near or within easy distance, of a port of Ceylon at which the P. & O. or Orient steamers call ? I trust you will excuse the liberty I take in 91- dressing you on this matter, but although I have made many enquiries here I have failed to aseer- tain the whereabouts of a gentleman who is at all interested in a nF in Ceylon. My desire for knowing a Beekeeper in your Colony is actuated by the wish to carry out experiments in importing Queen Bees from Europe and India successfully. Hitherto the death rate on such ventures has been as high as 70 per cent, and I believe if srrange- ments could be made with a gentleman in Ceylon to receive consignments addressed to Australia, in- vestigate their condition and after a rest at Ceylon send them on to Australia much good would accrue to the industry here. Thanking you in anticipation, —I am, your obedient servant, R, PATTEN. [Ses page 166.—Ep. 7.4.} PLUMBAGO (GRAPHITE) AND COAL MINING. August 8th, 1894. S1z,—‘‘F. H. M.’’’s interesting paper on the plum- bago industry in the Kurunegala district brings back vividly to mind a visit I paid some years ago to one of the largest coal mines in Yorkshire, ex- tending, in its ramifications, even underneath the sea. The means (1) of egress (by the “ cage” which is an improvement on the plumbago-pit basket, though awful enough owing to the terrific speed at which it travels); (2) of locomotion inside, by trucks drawn on rails by horses, (3) of ventilation by exhausting the air in the mine and drawing in fresh air; (4) of illumination, by electricity and Davy’s ‘‘safety,”’ are all very different from the crude methods adopted in plumbago pits as described by ‘‘F:H.M.” If any of the metals and minerals mentioned as being found in association with plumbago occur to any appreciable or rather workable extent, how many valuable additions might we not have to cir local arts and manufactures and even to our exports. Steatite or soapstone, if it occurs in masses, might be worked into ornaments, plates, cups and faucers, as in Bengal. Magnetite (feroso-ferric oxide) may perhaps be found to be a richer ore of iron than the “black seasand” of the coast which experts thought some twenty-five years ago could not be remuneratively worked. Mica, if it could be obtained in large plates, would also have its value. Some day (?) perhaps we shall hear of metal- lurgical operations in the island, and of gold, nickel and manganese and iron being extracted from their ores !—Yours, &¢,, GRAPHITE. P.S.—Will “F.H,M.” excuse me if I point out a little apparent confusion in his para on minerals ? I do not know whether it is due to misprinting. Sept. 1, 1894. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 183 “Columbian of itrium,” I take it, is meant for “Columbian” (or niobium) ‘and yttrium.” Manganese ig mentioned as a mineral: the oxide or some other form ia probably meant, since the metal is hardly ever known to occur in the free state like gold for instanc>,—G. AN INDIAN TEA PLANTER ON NEW MARK2&TS. Dear Srp,—Will you kindy refer to the Englishman of July 20\h, 1894, “* News of the day,” and the para beginning as Dr. Wat*s points out, ‘India could ill-afford to loss her tea-planters now.” Iam gladto find that I have such good support for my pet theory, that we should make tea to suit the consumer. You should give the para (above noted) in full, or better still, get the whole subject of “Tea” by Dr. Watts reviewed by some practical planter. Tse book (Economic Plants) is not available to all, This one sentence runs exactly with my views :—Dr. Watts urges the planters to give this subject serious consideration, and he suggests that the education of the people to the appreciation of Indian tea should be accomplished by studying the favour and other peculiarities of the imported kind that find a ready market. Now, if planters and others interested do not listen even to the charming of Dr. Watts they are indeed beyond persuading. An outsider would say that the planters must have tried to. follow the advice, but have failed to make good tea of the sort wanted. The planter is supposed to have too much to do and to be too near his margin of profit, to try any wild schemes. If that is so, then ap- point special men to make trials, and have the trials made on some of the estates which give over 10 per cent profit. Ask those estates for only one-half per cent (5 maunds out of every thousand) of their leaf. Or club together and buy up a moribund estate and reserve that for trials of making cheap tea suitable to various tastes. ‘ Do anything and everything to vary the quality and character of teas. Fill the markets with every sort of known tea, but don’t cram it with tea of one character. The ship is going down! Let us all rush to the highest end! Down goas that end, let us all rush back to the opposite one, and so on till only a few bubbles are left on the surface of the Trade Ocean to show where the good ship ‘‘ Thea’ sailed so proudly. And John in his junk seeing them says: ‘* White devil, thinkee, savee, pieces! Gone!!! Ho! Ho!’ You haye Prize Essays. I do believe that if someone cut out Dr. Watts’ ideas and sent them as a prizo essay they would be rejected. Because the idea of striving in a new line of suiting the conswmer seems to be utterly hopeless. Dr. Watts thinks that we planters only have to try nnd the thing would be done. What is the reason of our not making ths attempt. Our market has #0 judiciously praised our tea to get the sort it wanted, and rua down our tea so that it can be had cherply, that we all believe firmly that our article is superior to all others. In fact almost da‘ly we see comments on China rubbish. If it isru bish we could surely compete easily; prices tell us that our teas are rubbish. What is dirt? It s matter out of place. Our tea a dirt. It seems t. be tlie season for impassioned utterances. So I must follow suit. Unless you can compete with China by making the same tea at a smaller cost you aro lest—you are lost!! Take it this way: Mr. Blechynden will succeed or fail. Hither way you can follow suit or not, but spend your money and this year’s thought and endeavours to making the similar but better and cheaper than Chinese rubbish. Perhaps India will then have to follow your lead. Geta chest of China tea sold at 1s per pound seo whether you can land a duplicate in the same market et 11 pence per pound. If you can do so you will promptly oust China. How the Americans must be laughing ! _ The War between Japanand Ohina may let ua in to their tea markets, but by all that is reasonable take the chance of putting in teas as nearly like the ones in favour as possible. 1874. TEA LEAVES AND SPOTS. Alton, Norwood, Aug. 2, Dran Sir,—Can you tell me: what causes the spots on these tea leaves ?—Yours truly, OC. E. WELLDON. [We referred the leaves to Mr. Green of Pundalu- oya who kindly reports:—‘‘The leaves have evi- dently been punctured by one of the several species of bugs that frequent our tea bushes, From the small sizs of the scars I do not think that the Helopeltis is the enemy. In attacka of Helopeltis the discoloured patches are usually more or less confluent. No importance need be attached to the present affection; but the field should be watched and if the symptoms increase, a sample of the affected shoots (packed in a tin box to keep fresh) should be sent for examination,’— Ep. 7.A.] ——__2 VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. QCryLton OrncHona Association, Lm1Tep.—The Annual Gereral Meeting of the Oeylon Cinchona Association, Limited, was tobe held at Kanapedi- © watta, on Saturday, 25th ult. : “Tae Low Price or Txra.”’—Our London Correspondent furnishes us with a further series of the opinions of experts on this subject—and very varied they are (see page 161). Mr. Roberts of Messrs. Rucker & Co., it will be seen, is as strong as ever in his faith about Oeylon tea clearing China eventually out of the London market but we - regret to see that he is still sceptical about America becoming a heavy consumer of our teas Mr. Roberts ref rs this to the ‘‘ climate”; but he surely forgets that the climate of a considerabie portion of the vast North American Continent igs closely allied to that experienced by the Australians who are the largest tea consumers in the world. Oorren AND Cccoa In Java.—The annual r the Agricultural Company der Worn irc tains the following particulars:—The coffee and indigo estates were generally worked at a losg, owing to smail production ; but the prospects for this year are much bettar, and a portion of the coffee crop has been sold already at a good price. The reports regarding the cultivation of Liberian coffee and cocoa continue very eatisfictory, The Sugar manufac oriesy have shown a favourable re. sult. A vew manufactory, siluated in Madiven is to be opened. The crop of the twenty-one undertakings ises!imated at 820,000 piculs, of which 258,000 piculs bave been sold atf.93 to £.8. The ten estates owned by the Oompany have delivered in 1893 1,045 piculs coffee, 896 piculs cocoa, 19,854 pounds indigo, snd 142 piculs Kapok, The net pean Cie : id the dividend 10 per cent. on ne preference ® 4 95 per cent. on tl shares.—L, and C, HLupress. 1 SE 184 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Serr, 1, 1894. VETERINARIANA. Hints FoR’ HorsE-OwNEES. It is. generally admitted that all animals have some method peculiar to each class, of expressing their feelings and desires, and their language of signs and inarticulate sounds forms an interesting stu’y. In the case of tbe domestic animals, however, and especisily those that are impressed into the hard service of man, it might almost he said that it irs a mister of duty that we should learn to understand their language. To many, such faithful beasts as the horse and: ox: are mere drudges, devoid of a sense of feeling fatigue or pain, end to be controlled only by whips and bard sounding words. These ideas are generally the result of ignorance of the habits and requirements of our animals,—even as regards most commonplace matters.. Take for instance the simple case of ‘watering a horse. Many persons who are fully. aware of the importance of pure water for their use, yet;oftem suppose that any water is gond enough’ for ‘their avimals, oblivious of the fact that foul. water; causes many ailments in our horses. Intractable skin dieeases, ulcers and sores, indi- gestion and loss of coadition are often traceable to this source. Even more serious disorders owe their origin to an unwholesome water supply, such as fevers and parasitic diseases. In Western India and Burmah there occurs in the horse a form of fever which rupse a long course. Sometimes as long as three: monthe—end inveriably termivates fatally. All known remedies bave hitherto been tried unsuccess- fully. ‘Lhevdisease is commonly known in the East as as surra (literally, rotten), and is caused by a para- site in the blood, that often enters the syetem through tbe medium of foul drinking water. Therule that every Owner should enforce is, that the horse should be supplied with as pure water as is drunk by his master, It may -here- be mentioned that the quan- tity. of water required by @ horse is yariously es- timated ; from 6 to 8. gallons a day will not be too much. .An animal should be watered at least four times a day. Considering the large amount of water concreted by the skin or kidney of # horse, there should be; no ;atinting’ in ‘the water-supply. Water, it should be remembered, ought. to be given before, and not.after a meal. The stomach of the horse is com- paratively small, and the intestines large. The water feken by the horse ia believed to pass at once into the intestines, and hence it would be objeetionable to’'water the animal after its meal, as undigested eae food are likely to be carried into the ntestines, andicause indigestion, colic or other dis- erders of the bowels. The horse finds the greatest difficulty in drinking out of a shallow vessel: in fact it would hardly be able :to drink unless there be a depth of at least 4 or 5inches:of water. This should be remembered by those:who have to travel across country, and often expect their animals to slake their thirst at shallow pools:and streams. It is a useful fact to remember that & horse generally takes its fili of water in 2} minutes. The points I have referred to in connection with s0 simple a matter as watering a horse, may be though trivial, but I can assure my readers that neglecting to give due attention to this is often of serious im- port. It is as well, therefore, that we should remember tbem, and it is with that object that I have written these notes, though there are perhaps some who may find nothing newin what I have esid.—W. A.D.S, © a TREES IN THE SOUTHERN PROVINCE. For the:Southern Province the Provincial, Engineer fowards areport, from-which the following has been extracted. It is to be: regretted that his efforts at ingasaman growing has been such a failure; but. he is quite in error ia his opinion that Pithicolobium samen will not grow near the sea. Some of the eat trees in Ocylon are to be found nearan quite ae to the sea; ¢.g., at Mullaittivu, Negombo, atti- al os, 6nd many other places. It is surprising that jaore eu00Gms has not attended shade tree culture in the Hambantota District, where Mr. Meogregor is ip charge for he has been generally successful at various stations in floriculture, and it was presured that the cultivation of shade trees would bave sncceeded wi'h him, if with anybody.—Mr. Ormsby's Report for 1893. <> EUCALYPTUS MICROCORYS: TALLOW WOOD. This tree is variously known as “ Tallow-wood ” (owing to its greasy nature when freshly cut.) ‘« Turpentine tree,” and “ Peppermint ’—the foliage being remarkably rich in volatile oil. Another local name applied to it is “red shingy-bark” owing to its red fibrons-bark. The term micr s is made up of two Greek words signifying “ a li helmet ” in allusion to the comparatively small cup of pag ta 7 ; sale An upnssellawa planter. writing tothe Tropica fact that Agriculturist bears testimony to the “of all Australian trees introduced into Ceylon, the tree which has grown beyond all compare is E. Microcorys. A specimen 8 years old ” he esys, “was 5 ft. 4ioches in girth, and tall in proportion.” The leaves of E.. Micrcorys yield an essential oil, which it is thought may be useful in varvieh-msking. The gum is in many respects similar to the “ Kino” of Pterocarpus Mareupiam. The timber, says Mr. Maiden, the Oonsulting Botanist to the N, 8, Wales Government, is one of the most valuable the Colony produces: it is strong aod durable under and above ground. He mentions that it would be impossible to enumerate the various uses to which the timber can be put—among others being for naves, felloes, spokes, cop, flooring of buildings, decking bridge . workin geveral, pickets, turned pillars, for moulding and architaves, in fact for all building purposes requiring durability. Avo ink has been made by steeping chips of tallow-wood in water for a day or two (presumebly in contact with iron.) Againet this timber it may be ssid that it is liable to attack by white ants, and that it does mot hold nails well. On the other hand the charcoal from tallow-wood is thought by some te be oneof the best for the smiths, and no timber suffere lesa by exposure after being cut down, The tree is generally admitted to give satisfaction as awell formed shade tree, s0 that its increased propagation in Ceylon is most. desirable. ae Se 13 EL COMPANIES’ MEETINGS, AGRICULTURAL COMPANY OF MAURITIUS, LIMITED.—LORD STANMORE PRESIDING. The twenty-first ordinary general meeting of the shareholders was held on July 24, at e City Terminus Hotel, Cannon Street, Lord Stanmore, G.C.M.G,, presiding. The Manacer and Secretary (Mr. Alfred G. Dick) read the notice convening the meeting. The Cxarrman then said: Gentlemen, on the occasions on which I have presided previously at similar meetings to this, it has been my ill- fortune almost always to have had something more or less unpleasant to say; either a bad season, a hurricane, or a statement of affairs that was un- pleasant, and on account of which we were unable to recommend any dividend to be divided amongst you. I am happy to say that this time I come before you under more favourable auspices, and 1 hope that I shall not again be regarded as a bird of ill-omen, for this year I have announcements to make to you of a satisfactory characiez. In the first place, instead of' having to tell you of a loss on the year’s tramsac- tions, I:have to announce to you »A CLEAR PROFIT oF £12,285 18s. Last year, reverting from the general finances to those in connection with the management of the es- Sept, 1, 1894.] tates, our net losson the working of the estates was £21,297: but this year Iam happy to say that on the working of the estates there i3 a profit of no less than £38,529, and but for the extraorlinary expenses which had to be incurred on account of the hurricane losses, some £4,000 or £5,000 might have been added to that sum. The proceeds of the call which the directors made on the shareholders have enabled the board to reduce the debenture debt of the company by an amount of £25,820; that is to say, they were able to reduce it by that amount at the close of the financial year, and the reduction is still going on, We proposs to go further in that direction. The deficiency on the profit-and-io3s account has been brought down to £25,652, the payment of which it is proposed to spread over a period of four years, and the directors consider themselves in o position which will justify the payment of a dividend of 5 per cent. on the capital paid up—tlat is, on the 3lst March last, which will amount to about 23 6d per share. So much for our general offairs. The, turaing to our balance-sheet, 1 may as well make ove or two explanations, althouzh the main part of them is already given iu the report. Under the head of capital liabilities, the amount of share capital called up is now £3 per share, aod taking into account the financial troubles of the last four years, the calls have been fairly well met, and it is hoped that the SATISFACTORY ACCOUNTS which we are now able to present to you on the condition of the affairs of the company will induce thdse shareholders who are still in arrear to pay up what they owe. By means cf the calls thus received, the directors, aa I have already told~ you, have bee. able to reduce the debenture debt by £25,820. Then, under the next head of liabilities, the sundry creditors in* London show a reduction of £1,178 while the Mauritius debts, including the amounts due on current accounts, are increased by a sum. of £4,520. Then the liabilities on mortgage of company’s estates, including the Government loan of 400,000 rupees, repayable by yearly instalments extending over a period of 30 years, show a slight reduction. The exchange account remains the same, £39,740. Now, coming to the column of assets, the advances on produce in Mauritius show a reduction at the closing of the books of £21,954, which is satisfactory; while the interest derived from the same yielded A SENSIBLE INCREASE, The estates held by the company show an increase of £17,513, made up principally by the amount of hurricane repairs which haye been added thereto. That is explained in the third part of the report, The business premises in Port Louis are the same as before. The investments in sugar estates companies have been reduced by £780. With regard to sugars unsold, the account is larger—£27,042, as against £9,155 last year; but it must be remembered that the past crop having been a good one, it took a propor- tionately longer time to realise. We have, therefore, no cause for complaint on that score, the bulk, if not all, the sugar on hand haying been dis- posed of at prices which we believe will show not only no loss but a profit. Investments on securi- ties at cost have been reduced to £4,991, and have been represented by securities which have been produced to the auditors. The cash at bankers aud in band in London shows a reductio. of £2,239, and in Mauritins an increa.e of £13,580, The bills receivavle ia Mauritius show no change. Sintry debtors in London amount to £7,238, oi which by far the greater part—thatia to say, £7,000 ont vf the whole—are loansatcall. In Maucicius, tha debtors show an increase of £1,503. In office furniture thro isno change under that head. The profit-and-loss account deficiency to the 31st March, 189l—vamely, £32,065, has bean written down to £25,652, and the directors feel sure the shareholders will approve of the conrse taken to; extend the paymeat of this for a period of another four years THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 185 THE HURRICANE REPAIRS which eppeared in the previous balance-sheet his been charged to the cost of estates held by the com- pany, the total of which still stands below the valua- tion which hag just been made. Turning to the profit-and-loss acccunt on the expenditure side;- the current expenses in London have been raduced by £110, and in Mauritius by £44. Debenture’ interest and charges show the substantial reduction of £1,572. Loss by exchange amounts to £7,429. This, of course, is an item that always appeara, and it depends. on circumstances over which we have no control ; but, at the same time, I must ask the shareholders to bear in mind that, as far a3 ovr company is concerned— the Agricultural Company of Mauritius— it is not wholly a loss; in so far as we are an esta'e-owning company there is some benefit frcm the low rate of exchange. We must not regard that as if we were a compsny, not actually holders of estates. and p ssessors «of them. The interests on mortgages is higher, owing to the loan from Government. On the income side the fizures are most encouragivg. The i terest and commissioa account shows an inoreese of £3,154, while the profit on the working of estetes amounts to £38,529. There is as against a net Jo:s last year of £21,297. I think, therefore, we may fairly ocn- gratulate the shareholders npon the IMPROVED PROSPECT. that is before them, (Hear, hear.). To me it is of course a source of gratification. Inthe first place, as a share- holder myself, I share the first gratifica‘iou which my brother-shareholders must fe2! at the improved position of things. As oueof the directors I rejuice to be able to present to you a more pleasant state of affairs. Finally, as chairman, I am delighted to be relieved of the duty of making the sort of speech Ihave made dur- ing the last two years, only bearing always in mind that during those years I alwayssaid I had not the faintest shadow of doubt ss to the essentially safe condition of affairs, and that hops and trust, which has nver failed me>or any of the directora in the slig test degree, 1 hope will now be admitted to have been well founded, even by some of those who may have entertained an onposite view. (Hear, hear.) It is now twenty years since I ceased to be connected with Mauritius as its governor, but it is impossible not to take the greatest interest in the affairs of an island over which one once ruled as well asiin the sffairs of the company with which I am now connected. ‘Therefore, in regard to the accounts of tho Island of Mauritius and of this company, lam heartily rejoiced at being able to place before you a more prosperous picture of the state of affairs. (Oheers.) I now bez to move—‘ Thit the report of the directors and statement of accounts to the 3ls¢ March 1894, be received and adopted.” Mr. €. J. LinpsAy NicHotson seconded the re- solution. Mr. ATKINS asked at what amount the deben- ture issue now s‘ood. Mr. Fisher desired to know whether the uopaid calls represented the full amount of shares, or only portions of shares. Mr. Haicn asked how many shares were repre- sented by the calls unpaid. He also wished to know bow it was that whilst the liibilitics on mo tgages had decreased by £602, the interest iu the mortgazes bad ineretsed by £1,251. He persumed the diff-rence was accounted for by the loan from the Government to tle company. He was gad tu see there was a decrea:e in the current expenses inL n'oa, and h»vped those expeness would be atill further decreased. Incon- clusion, he suggested that when a vacancy occurre | on the board is should not ba filled up, as in his Opinion fiv2 directors were sufficient to do the work of the company in Lon'ton, The CHAIRMAN, in reply, said the amount of the debenture issued at the present time was about £154,000. There were on'y a few sharchulders who had paid nothing on their calls. Information would be given to Mr. Haigh at the office as to the member of shares on which calls had remained 186 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, unpaid. That gentleman was quits right io sup- osing that the Government Joan accounted for the Increase of interest on mortgages. As to the ex- penses in London, the directors were always on the watch to reduce them as far as possible, and they would in future seize every opportunity to carry outthe same policy. The board would take into serions consideration whether when a vacancy occurred in the directorate it would be advisable to fill it up or to. The resolution was then put and carricd unani- mously. The CHAIRMAN then moved:—‘ That thefdeolaration by the board of a dividend of 23 6d per share on all the shares of the company be sanctioned.” Here- marked that it wis practically cquivalent to 5 per cent on the amou it of capital paid up. Mr. W. J. TANNER seconded the resolution, which was agreed to vem. con. On the motion of Mr. Nicuonson, secon’ei by Mr. Hatou, the retiring directors, Messrs. W. Stanley and W. J. Tainer, were unanimously re-elected; and on the proposition of Mr. Orawrorp, seconded by Mr. Fisuer, the auditors, Messrs, Turquand, Youngs & Co., were re-appointed. Mr. Frxcuson proposed—“ That a cordial vote of thanks be offered to the London and Mauritius boards and to the managers for their continued care and ability in the wissagement of the affairs of the company.” Mr, Arxins seconded the resolution, and it wae carried unanimously.” The Cuareman pointed out that in the last para- graph of the report, through a typographical «lip the local manager had been omitted from the ex- pression of thanks on the part of the directors. The proceedings then terminated.—Znvestors’ Guardian. eee THE BRITISH NORTH BORNEO COMPANY. The half-yearly general meeting of the sharehold- ers of this company was held at the Cannon-street Hotel under the presidency of Mr. Richard B. Martin, M.P. ; ; The CuarrMAN, in moving the adoption of the re- port, said he was AADPY to inform them that the country appeared at last to be emerging from the gloom caused by the depression of 1892 and 1893, and he had a more cheerful report for them than he had been able to give them for some time. They had only to glance at the comparative statement of trade returns printed with the report to be satisfied that the progress was real. In 1885 the total exports of the country amounted toonly $525,000, whereas the figures were now not far short of four times that amount. Tobaicco formed about half the total exports —a very important fact if they wou'ld watch the progress of the country. Previously to 1892 ths im- ports were always in excess of the exports; but now the figures were all the other way and in favour of the investor iu Borneo, who was at last receiving a return for money aud goods importel. They had always stated in connexion with tobacco-growing in British North Borneo that thoss compan’es which had the necessary financial etrangth to hold on over the bad times would eventually succeed, and this belief was being borne out by the results of this year’s sales. The New London Borneo Company had just declared a dividend of 125 per cent for 1893, and had abcut paid their expenses by the salo of less than one-third of their crop this year. The prices realized ia Amsterdam for Borneo tobacco grown on the Kina Batangan river and Maruda Bay estates had ranged from 3s to 43 a pound, andit had been demonstrate that it could be growa at less than 1s 61 per pound. A good deal of this tobaccd kai been shipped to New York, and no matter whether the duty were reduce from $2 to $1 per pound, as proposed bythe modified tariff scheme, or to $14, as suggested by the Senate, the demand for America would continue. They had already heard of one or two schemes for reopening estates which had to close during the late crisis. The Tobacco Company of British North Borneo proposed fo form asmall company to work one of their estates ([Sepr, 1, 1894. in Darvel Bay on land where first-rate tobacco had been grown. They also heard that there was another seheme for opening the Tungood estate on the Labak river, where excellent tobacco had also been grown, and where the closing of the estate was due entirely to pioneer difficulties. The reports they received from Borneo on other products were high y epconur- agivg, especially as regarded Liberian coffee. Ceylon owed its prosperity chiefly to the imm'geation of young Englishmen with English capita!l,and it was hoped that bistory would again repeat itgelf in Borneo, where similar conditions of soil and climate pr - vailed. To encourage enterprise the diiecto s hed recently adopted more liberal land rguiations, They had also inaugurated a labour deparitm: nt, uuder State contro], snd what was of more impo:tanee still they were turning their attention to th» establish. meut of more rapid commuvicat‘ox. Since their lust mee'ing a cable had been succesfully laid between Singapore and Labuan by the Eastern Extension Telegraph Oompany, with which they had arranged, in consideration of their connecting Labuan with the company’s territory, to continue a !and line scross to Saudakan. They believed communication could be established for the moderate sum they bad voted for the purpose ; but this would only provide a rough track across country, ani the question cf road-making could be considered later, when it was -ceen what sort of country would bs opened up. Their territory was a field ripe for British enterprise. The fall in the price of silver, which hed capsized the financial equilibrinm of the world, had worked iu favour of silver-using ¢.untries, For ivs‘ance, i: Borneo the purchasing price of tue dollar in the matter of coolie wages, &c., was the rame now that ow'ng to the fall in exchange, vearly $10 could be got for a sovereign against $6 two poe ago. This wa3 a very important fact. It should also help the owners of coal mines in Borneo and Labuan, as be saw that the Peninsolar and Oriental and the Mes— sageries Maritime Steamship Companies had entered into very large contracts for Japau coal to be de- livered in Singapore at $6 per ton. That wes about 13s a ton against 208., the prce it cost to lay down English coal ia Singapore. As Labuan was so much nearer Singapore it ought to be able to compete with Japan. They had hoped to have a furthe- report from Osptaiu Beeston o» the Darv-l bey Goldficlds, but unfortunately that g ntliman hal had to come to England for the benefit of his health. He wae, however, very sanguine of ultimate resul's. They hed recently granted one gold concession to @ syndi- cate with a paid-up capitel, and their miving engineer would soon be at work. They had two o‘her app'ica. tions under consideration, and meanwhile th y had sent to Borneo for 6 cwt sampl:s from various promis- ing points. He could not cinc’uie without paying a tribute to their Governor acd officials for the loyal menner in which they had endeavoured to csiry out reductions and for the cheerful way in which they had worked throuzh trying times. It wa: neoessary a few months ago, io parsuance of postal regulation of the International Bu-eau, to remodel the Company’s stamps, and they had the eatisfaction of sering a comment in The Times that of all the modero stamps which delighted the hearts of stamp col’ectors those publish:d by the Company were much the best. He was glad to state that the call made last January was at the present tim? almost intact. Some part of it wou'd b3 required for the telegraph, but other- wisa they s'ncerely hoped that their profits this year would enab!e them to pay all expenses. They had established a most valuable property, which they had developed to a certain exten’, but of which the fringe only was touched at present. Since their last meeting they had had the advantage of the assistance of the two new dircctors, Mr. Brodie and Mr. Cowie. Mr. William C. Cowie, in sezonding the motion, stated that the telegraph line referred to would con- nect Sandskan, and serve the tobacco estates on the Kioa Batangen River; and it would als» bring the remote villages of the interior more und=r the company’s control. The branch line to the south i would traverse the goldfields and connect Darvel Bay, SEPT. 1, 1894. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 187 where there were two tobacco estates. A very rich goldfield at Madai was worked by the Ohinese as long ago as 1812, but this fact was not known to their pre- decesscre or themselves. The whole of their land was civered with an uninterrupted giant forest possessing millions of tons of timber, hundreds of thousands of tons of cane, and tens of thousands of tons of gatta- percha, indiarubber, &c, All these things were very difficult to realize unless one had been in the country , but the shareholders—especially those who had taken an interest in the tobacco companies—were now be- ginning to realize what Borneo soil was. Ther had 20 million acres of land. The shareholders migut say hat they bad waited a long time for dividends, and there was no doubt that they had hitherto been greatly disappointed with the results, as had aleo the direc- tor-, but he nevertheless advised them to remain hope- fal in regard to the pro-peosts of the undertaking. In the discussion which followed some comp!aiat was made with reference to the expenses, which were considered too high, especiallyin London. Mr. Wac- sTaFF remarked that they had heard a good deal a'out hope, but they had only had one dividend in 11 years. He had been glad to hear the cheerful state- men wade by Mr. Cowie. The CHAIRMAN, in reply, stated that the present was the first time he had heard that the staff was overpaid, but the directors would do all they couid to keep the expenses as low as possible. The defalca- tion to which reference was made in the balance sheet amunted to about $20,000, and it was com- mittted by a Chinaman formerly in their employ— their agent for deeling with their copper coinage, especially in Labuan and Brunei. The defalcation was not likely to oceur egain. The revenue of Labuan was oslculated to pay more than the pensions of which they assumed the responsibility when they took over the island from the British Government, He did not agree that the London expenses were too high; and it would be most impolitic to conduct the London busivess by means of an agency. | The resolution was then adopted:. On the motion for the re-election of the retiring directors—Mr. Edward Dent, Charles J. Jessel, and Admiral of the Fleet the Hon. Sir Henry Keppel | —a di-cussion ensued regarding the holding of tue directors, The CHAIRMAN, in reply, stated that Mr. Dent held more than twice his necessary qualification, At a critical time, too, that gentleman put a consider- able amount of morey into other Borneo companies, although ke might have done co by selling come of his shares in this company. The system of paying directors by results did not work well, and he did not think that the board of this compavy were over- paid. Eventually the retiring directors were re-elected on a show cf hands.—London Times. —————_>____——_- PICKINGS WITH A LOCAL APPLICATION. RAINFALL,—" TEMPLETON’S WORKSHOP COMPANION” contains the following:—‘I'bo mean average rain- fall forthe whole of England is 36 inches: at London it ia 24 incbes. The heaviest mean annual rainfall in England is at Stye-in-Borrowdale, Cumberland, where it is 165 inches, and the heaviest -at any place on the lobe is on the Khasia Hills, Bengal, where it is 600 inches. The quantity of rain decreases with the elevation from the ground. Dr. Hebcrden found the annual rainfall at the top of Westminster Abbey to be 12-099 inches ; at the top of a houee cloce by, of much inferior altitude 18139 inches; and on the ground, 22°603 inches. A Fiorina grower, after making several tests, is of opinion that the cause of OraNGe trees dropping their fruit is deficiency of potash in the soil. Potash is the largest mineral constituent of the orange. Tbe Florida orchardist manured a part c? his orange orchard, and left the rest alone. The trees in the one held their fruit, and those in the Other dropped theirs, A reversal of the order of treatment next season gave the same result, the trees that were treated in the first year and neglected in the second dropping their fruit while the others retained theirs, thus indicating that potash caused the trees to hold their frvit; but its effect lasted only one year, probably owing to the large amount o: the mineral absorbed by the trees, The absence of potash is said also to be the cause of oranges splitting open on the trees. In the Annual Report of the Department of Agri- culture, Brisbane; the following note appears under the head, THkOBROMA CACAO :— Theobroma Oacao.—A wardian case of Cacao beans were received from Ceylon during December. All or neirly all had germinated in transit, and most of them perished. All were givens chance in the bush- house, but only twenty spindly plants survived. These are doing fairly well aud will be p'anted in the open next wet seasop. This is certainly a start with what should become in tropical Queensland a very important branch of agriculture. To simplify transit, I would recommend tbat the beans should be placed in a bed of coconut fibre refuse in bamboo cases about 2 inches in diameter and 10 inches long. A large num. ber of them could be packed on end in a medium- sized wardian case with a lofty roof. Should the beans then germinate in transit they would have roothold in the coconut refuse, and room to grow above, The bamboo cases could be held in position in the usual way, finglish writers of Fiction are at times in the habit of referring some of the incidents of their plots to Ceylor—as a place (like Africa) where anything may be said to have occurred, without anyone being in a position to contradict it. The editor of that interest- ing little school magazine ‘SOUR Boys” lately drew attention to a passage in Smedley’s novel ‘* Lewis Arundel,” to wit: ‘*Of the latter class Lewis Arunde! had been one, since the day when Fraro, a stripling of seventeen, fought his rival, the cock of the school, for having thrashed the new- comer in return for his accidental. transgession of some sixth-form etiquette. Ten years had passed over their heads since that day: the cock of the school was a judge in Ceylon, weighed sixteen stone, and had ‘a wite and gix children.” Butin this instance thera is good cause for believing that the reference to Ceylon is founded op fact and thatthe Judge men- tioned was none other than Judge Smedley, a close relative of the vovelist. In the ‘‘ Adventures of Sherlock Holmes” by that clever writer, Dr. Canon Doyle, reference is made in the opening sketch to ‘‘ the tragedy of the Ar- KINSON BrotuHeErs at Trincomalee” which the deteotive —hero is mentioned as having investigated. So far as My memory can travel back I caunot remember any thrilling incident that might give warrant to the reference tothe tragedy mentiored, Trincomalee, as far asmy knowledge goes, is a peculiarly peaceful place ; and the reference would seen to be one of those stray shots which fall wide of the mark. —— ORIENTAL BANK ESTATES, SuGAR—CoFFEE—CocoA &c: The eighth annual ordinary general meeting of the Oriental Berk Estates Oompany, Limited, was held on July 26, at Winchester House, Old Broad-street, E.C., Mr. Quintin Hogg presiding. The Secretary (Mr, Henry Greey) read the notice convening the meeting, and the report and accounts were taken as read, The CHarrMAN said: Gentlemen, as this is my first appearance before you as chairman of this company, I hope you will be as patient a3 possible with me if any of the details are not quite at my fingers’ ead jast at present. Iudeed, the chairmanship of a company, deal- ing with articles of production such as tos acd sugar, is by no means a bed of roses, as I daresay those of 188 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. you who have had connection with such estates are well aware. Oertainly, as regards suger we most all re- cognise the risky nature of the cultivation, Properly cultivated, it is very profitable ia some years ; but it is subject to many enemies, and thore who Lave st al a wide knowledge of sugar cultivation, aud know how Java and Barbados are at this moment enuffer'ug, and how in Mauritius itself certain dieeasun are threats n- ing to develope themeelves, will feel that the somewhut costly process of the production of sugar is both difficult and risky. Allow me to «xprers @ hope, as thisis the: first time Ihave met you, thatthe future may be successful, and that I and tiie while board may be able to count on the co-operation of the share- holders. in trying, to do their best for the interests of the Company. (Hear, hear.) Ibe report bas gone pretty fully into what I had to say. The main feature of itis the agreement, and I wilicome tothat ina few minutes. Before I do so,I may say that the past year has not; on the whole, been an unfeyourable one. We have -had no. such disaster as the hurricane in Mauritius, and the main enemy we have had to contend against.in Ceylon has been s somewhat serious fall in prices. In Mauritius. the accounts show, I think, a very fair profit ; in Ceylon, they a'so show a fairly gcod profit; but I will not touch upon the deteils of our estates in that island, as we have the adyan- tage of Mr. Rutherford’s presence amongst us this afternoon, and he will explain matters to you himeeltf. He has only recently come back from Ceylon, and he will go into the condition of the various estates, Now I come to the agreement. It has heen mainly due to Mr. Crichton’s «nergy and foresight that this agreementbas become possible, and, though itis explained pretty fully in the report iteelf, you will all allow me, to say a few words upon it to endeavour to make it alittle plainer. Last year the condition of affairs was this: There were four-and a-half per cent debentures—which were floating, not fixed, debentures—to the extent of £150,0(0. There. was aleo a floating debt, over » and above that amounting in all to about £66,000; so that the, indebtedness of the company was £216,000. As regards the £66,000 interes: was being pa‘d, so far as Mauritius was concerned at the rate of 7 per. cent, co far as London was concerned at the rate of 5 per cent, and the company was in this very unfortunate position—that at any moment the creditors to whom we owed this £66,000 could have cume down.nponus,and if they did not do 50, if they held their hand then they had the right to require that nota hbalf-penny of profit should be available for the shareholders until the £66,000 was extinguished. That was such a very uniortunate state of affairs that when at the commencement of last year, Mr. Crichton spoke to me about becoming connected with tbis:company, I made it an absolute condition that some arrangement, should be sanctioned by the court; for I realiy did not cee my way to trying my handata company which possesred neither the working capital requiste for its operations, nor the stability which also is requisite seeing that its very existence depended upon the good will of the creditors. Now, it seems to me that the only criticism that can fairly be made as regards these arrangements is that whereas the old debentures bore 44 percent, ihe present ones bear6 per cent. That is a serious detriment, thoughe the net result is that the company, under the new arrangement, has achieved such a large diminution in the capital debt that the interest payable year by year is very tlightly changed. It accounts, in round numbers, to nearly £10,000 a year in both cases. You save. eomething in the interest on the floating debt of Mauritius, you save nearly £50,000 capital and in- terest, and, instead of the condition of affairs which existed last year, who now | ave £150,000 of six per cent debentures and £17,400 cffuur and-a-half per cent debentures, and that is the on'y indebtedness of the company. These debentures do not fall due until 1920; s0 that. we have some time fo turn round. Meanwhile we have the right to pay off earlier if we wish, and if we have the money in cur pocket to enable.us to do so. Mr. Orichton, madeja yery bard atruggle to get these debontuxes 54 per cent instead of ference shares, payable on an after Augost 1, 6 per cent, but the question the directors had to decide wae, ‘* Shall we allow the whole scheme to be wresked for the eake of § per Config or exe the advantages the compeny will gsin unr er this arrangement sufficient to justify us in paying 6 per cept instead of 54 per cent?” Lhe board agreed quite unanimously that the agree- ment was @ very favourable one for the company io spite of the 6 per cent interest, and I hope that, your judgment this morning will endorsethe view the boerd has taken, I donot think I need say much as regards the report. Thebalance sheet pretty well speaks for itself, Peyhaps some «f you may ask, “If you bave reduced the inceb'edners by £50,000, what - been dove with that ?” The great bulk of it bes teen ap- plied in this way—that, whereas the assets of the eom- pany stood in eterling at an exchange of 1s 3d to the rupee, now the rupee is being taken et 1s, putting us on @ much sounder basis, and enabling us to face with tolerable complacency the condition of the eilver market. That I think you will consider a judicious step. I shall be happy to answer such questions as I am ab‘e to, and with these few remarksI wil] move: ‘That the directors’ report and statement of accountsto March 31-t 1894, now submitte |, be, aud are hereby, adopted.” Mr. A. W. Orichton seconded the motion. To show how the different changes had improved the position of the company, he mentioned that two years ago they owed, £150,000 on the four-and-a-half per cent debentures and £126,000 on open account, making a total of £276,000. Last year the Mauritius mortgage, £20,000, the debentures £150,000 and the floating account £76,000, together amounted to £246,000—a reduction of £30,000 indebtedness. This year the fixed indebtedness was £182,000 and the floating in- debtedness £27,009, or a total of £209,000, showing a reduction of £40,030; so that the indebtedness had been reduced £70,000 in two years. They were, therefore, in a sounder condition. It must be a reat source of relief to all to find that they were reed from apprehension with regard .to the .ex- change., The whole scheme of the balance-sheet showed a sound state of affairs, and stability which he did not think the company had previously enjoyed. Mr. Field wished for further information respecting the £6,000 carried to reserve. Would it be divisible in* future ? Mr. Lawrence said the preference dividend was two years and a half, or £36,000 in arrear, and he did not think the preferred shareholders had been treated quite as they ought to have been, considering the amount of profits. The Chairman, in reply, said the burden of the complaints appeared to be that out of the profits a certain amount had been put to reserve instead of dividend, but it was most important for the company to hayeacertain amount of capitalin hand, in order to stand any sudden disaster. They owed £14,000 to the Mauritius Government for the last hurricane, and it was a matter of ordinary prudence to try and build up capital account, so as to be more or less independent of banks. It wor'd be altogether ultra ‘vires to divide profits among 1e ordirary sharehold- ers when the preference shareholders were in arrear. . When the dividend now recommended was paid, the ‘latter would still be two years in arrear. s object was to get out of debt as fast as possible. Still, the ordinary shareholders were not being left out in the cold, because it was for their benefit that the estate should be kept in the best possible condition for producing revenue. It would pay better to main- tain everything in a state of efficiency than to suck the blood out of the concern by asking for money which could not be spared. The prospect of the crops was quiet up to the average; but the outlook for prices was very poor indeed. The beet crop growing on the Continent was enormous, and he saw no likelihood of a rise in the price oc sugar, unless there were very heavy rains on the Continent. The £6,000 placed to reserve might be divided here- after, if thought advisable. The resolution was unanimously agreed to, A dividend of 8s. 6J. per share on the issued pre- wag proposed by the Chairman, eh as Se [Sepr. 1, 189 - — ——— eee er - g :. < ” paid: Skpr, 1, 1894. ] Mr, H. K. RuturerrorD, in seconding the resolution, As you ere aware from the report, I visited the Coylon properties of the company in November, December, and January last, avd I will as briefly as possibile explain to you the position and prospects of the ti there. Well, gentlemen, I joined the bosrd of thig company in September last, but refrained from sugeestivg any changes until IT had gone out to Ceylon and seen every one of the company’s estates, all the superintendents on these properties, and the company’s Agents in Oeylon. Having made myself acquainted with the eststes and the system of management, I came very s0on to the conclusion that although those engaged in the company’s service in Oeylon were each and all experienced aud competent men for the various offices and duties entrusted to them, and were anxious that the company’s affairs should prosper in their hands, still, the cumbersome system of control through the London and Colombo offices, the Colombo Agents, and visiting inspectors, reudered their best endeavours to a large extent in- effective. The changes made were simple, and, I think, will prove advantageons to the company. The visiting agents end the Colombo office have been abolished, and Mr. John N, Campbell, well-knowa in Ceylon as e@ planter of the highest standing and experience, and a gentleman we were most fortunate in securing, has been appointed role manager in Oeylon, Thesystem on which we are now working our busive:s is, I venture to say, as economical and efficient as itis possible to make it, and I have every confidence that the friction which hitherto existed is not likely to occur sgain, and that beneficial results will be found to accrue from the changes that have been effected. As regards the properties themselves, I have reported fully to my colleagues on the board on ail thecstates, and what, in my opivion, ought to be our policy with each of them. Generally speaking, that policy is, to ag rapidly ay possible, plant up with tea the considerable area of cultivated, bat almost unproductive land which we possess, and to gradually open out, as our fivances ermit, the reserve lands on our best properties. Iwhere will be a good deal of necessary expendi- ture on factories and extensions so that you cannot expect much immediate increase in profits from Ceylon. But as these new areas come into bearing the cost of prodaction will be lessened, and in a fow years time our profits should show a material inorease, more especially if the producs markets improve. The estates are all well cultivated and in excellent order. It may appear to some that the cost of our toa ishigh; but it must not be lost sight of that this bas to bear the charges of up-keep of a con- siderable area of unproductive coffee and ciuchona land, and that in order to keep down our capital account we are debiting extension of planting and new builings aud machinery to profit and loss ac- connt. Your chairman has explained to you the loss we sustained by the failure of the cocoa crop through drought, and I regret to say that the effects of that drought will follow us into the current year as a very considerable area of our cocoa trees was so severely affected thet it will take some time before it recovers and yields its normal crop. On our two cocoa estates, as it is such a precarious product we are steadily planting up these properties with coco= nuts; so that whatever may happen to the coco, we shall eventually have these properties under coconut cultivation. In conclusion, I would merely say that» in my opinion, you have in your Ceylon estates an improving property, and that the maxi- mum profit they are capable of yielding it will be the endeavour of the manayemint in Ceylon and London to seoure, by careful, economies), and efliciont work. The resolution was agreed to. On the motion of Mr. N. W. Grieve, seconded by Mr, D. Reid, Mr. H, K. Rutherford was re-elected a director. Vhe Chairman proposed: ‘That the agreement entered into between the directors and Mr. Alexander William Crichton be, and is hereby, confirmed.” He 2d. company’s interests | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. — ee 189 explained that it was to the effect that Mr. Crichton should be managing director for five years at a salary of £700 a year. Formerly, there were two managing directors at £500 a year each. Mr. Grieve seconded the motion, agreed to. On the motion of Mr. Morgan, seconded by Mr. Geoghan, Messrs. Welton, Jones & Co. were re- appointed auditors at a remuneration of 50 guineas. An extraordinary meeting was then held, at which the name of the Company was changed to the Oriental Estates Company, Limited, and Article 98 of the Articles of Association was altered by the sub- stitution of ‘‘£1,200” for ‘ £1,000.” A vote of thanks to the Chairman was proposed by Mr. Wield, seconded by Major Speid, and egreed to. The meeting then terminated.—Z. and Cy Mail, July 27th. which was —_——_o—_——— VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. Higuest Yirtp or Tra in Czynon.—An Agrapatana correspondent recently reported that he had gathered for his year’s crop an average of 653 lb. per acre all round (for about 500 acres) from tea 3 to 8 years’ old. He arks and remarks :— L “Have you heard of any places giving better ‘results’ anywhere upcountry—ino yields and with similar good prices as per yearly printed reports of sales of tea? I know of nothing to beat this,” Well done, the Agras! Has Bogawantalawa, o any other district, at an equal elevation abova sea-level, equalled or excelled this average yield over so large an area ? Tae British Norte Borngo Company,— Oo page 186 we quote a report of ‘the half-yearily meeting of this Company, showing &@ most hopeful tone, aad encouraging facts. It will be seea that the Chairman in his speech held up Ceylon as an example. This island, ha said, owed its prosperity chiefly to the immigration of young Englishmen with English capital and it was hoped that history would ‘xepeat itself in Borneo where similar conditions of soil and climate prevailed. Commenting on the meeting the London and China Hxpress says:— A curtailment of expenditure on such matters a3 public works in a new couatry may not seem as though development was being rapidly pushed, but we know that greater energy is being displayed in this dircetion during the current year. ‘he com- pavy is running a land telegraph line across the country to Sandakan from the point where the Hastera Extension Telegraph Oompany has recently extended tho Singapore-Labuan-Hong Kong Cable from Labuan to the msinland, The material for this land line has already been shipped from this country. From all the information which the Board had been able to obtain they believed that communication would be establisned for the modest sum which they hed voted for that purpose. In running this line over the country a track wou'!d be made much of the class, we presume, as the pioneer six-fcot tracks which are familiar to all who have been in the Protected States of the Malay Penineula. The question of roads will be subsequently considered, and, as we said a few mouths ago, whilst we should certainly not favour a wholesale method, in the absence of abuadant capital, of making roads anywhere and everywhere, certain lines seem to be laid out as being desirable to be constructed at the earliest opportunity, Next to the question of coolie immigration, now being properly taken in hand, this matter of roads is the most important, end certainly merits very careful attention. It is these aids that planters will look for in developing the country, and. the future, which looks distinotly favourablefor tobacco and coffee (not to mention gossibilities of hemp, gold, &c.) may ba productive Pa the samo hopefuluess, plus dividends to the propeators, 190 Enormous Extension or TEA CuLtTiyaATion.—We presume that Mr, A. Y. Buchanan told onr corres- pondent in London that his friends hoped to con- clude the purchase of land in Trayancore which “they” intended to convert into ‘‘200 miles of Tea,” Messrs. Finlay, Muir & Co. were the friends re- ferred to. ‘his firm are the best judges as to whether 60 large an extension of the area uvder tea as is contemplated by them in Travancore is likely to prove remunerative when in bearing, but Ceylon men wou'd do well to tike note of this, especially those who have thought of opening more land in that product. ‘‘Tun Natorau History or Puants.”’—We have received from Messrs. Blackie & Son the third instalment of this excellent work. The present volume deals chiefly with the physiology and functions of the leaves and the reciprocal action of plants and soils, Asin the case of the last volume the illustrations preserve a high average of merit. Prefixed to the whole is a coloured p'ate of Tro- pical Epiphytes in Ceylon, and the diagrams plentifully distributed throughout the body are peculiarly distinguished by the definiteness of their execution. Tbe matter is, perhaps, rather more abstruse than that contained in the previous num- ber; but it is nevertheless most interesting to peruse. Those of our readers who take a pride in their libraries should not allow this publication to pass unobserved.—Journal of Horticulture. Tut Opour AND User or Onrons.—The odour of this vegetable, which is what makes if so unplea- Bant, is due toa volatile oil, which is the same as that in garlic, though in the onion it is milder and naturally does not last so long, There are besides, easy ways of removing at once all unpleasantness from the breath. A little Parsley or a few grairs of coffee, or even a swallow or two of milk, if taken after eating, proves an effective remedy. Boiled onions are the least objectionable in rezard to odour, and are as eisily digested 2s any. The oilin the onion pasees off into the water in which the vegetables are boiled, and if the kettle be kept closely covered and the waterchanged after they have boiled five misutes, and then sgain ten minutes later, there will be no odour through the house, and the onions will be white instead of grey, as they so often are. Besides being rich in flesh- forming elements raw onions are especially good, in breaking up a heavy cold; they are also ati- mulating to fatigued persons, and gre otherwise peneficial.—‘ Scientific American.” CorrrE In JAmAtIcA.—In a chat which I recentl- hal with Sir Henry Blake, Gcvernor of Jamaics, [I gathered that he has a high opinion of tho future of that Island, especially of its coffee industry. On my venturing to remark that one Ceylon planter of much experience had not succeeded in making his estate pay to any large extent, Sir Henry replied that his case was entirely an exceptional one; his estate had been purchased under a misapprehension as to its acreage, and also as to the condition of the planted portions; the fact was it had seen its best days, but for all that there was, he was ccnyinced, a brilliant future for anyone who entered on the industry with energy, skill, aud sufficient capital. There were tens of thousands of ecres of good and suitable land to be had in the Island, but he would not be a party to ce'ling very Jarge contiguous blocks for the cultivation of cne kind of producer, es he believed tha} that had been at the bottom of the coffee leaf-disesso in Ceylon end elsewhere. I called his attention to the steady deterioration of coffee long before leaf-disease made its spnearanco, to which he replied “‘true, but that was not lcaf-disease,’” and he reminded me that in a somewhat similar manner, and under similar conditions, terrible diseases were not attacking fields of rugar canes through the West Indies, all due to the like cause, viz., a fungest pest.— iondon Cor. Local “Times.” THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. i SS ss us Sls ss ys Se SS ————e [SePT. 1, 1894. TroricaL AusTRALIA.—The London S r remarks as foliows on the paper in the ‘* Nineteenth Century” for August:— Sir W. Des Vceux asserts strongly that Tropical Australia cannot be made as valuable as Temperate Australia, because dark labour cannot be procured in sufficient quantity. The settlers will not have Chinege, the Polynesian islands are getting depopu- lated, and India cannot supply enough coolies. y not? Indiacould supply five million without missing them or seriously reducing the natural increment her population. HANDBOOK OF THE Fiora or Cryion.—After an inteivsl of a twelvemonth the second part of Dr. Tri- men’s excellent work has beon iseucd. It contains the Orders Connaracee to Rubiacee, and en index to paris one aud two, with 25 qu rio coloured plates, illustrating a selecticn of the more rema kable p'ants. The author has wice'y altered the mode of publication originally decided upou ; having separately paged this part, insteadof continuing the paginatioa from part ove. It ie, or wax, expected that twomore volumes of about the same size would complete the work; but if the proportions of the Orders are about the same - an British India, a fifth will be neceesary.—Kew fulletin. Tue Future or Tes.—The [Indian Planters’ Gazette has some small remarks on this subject:-— Ou chief endeavours should be made to find fresh outlets for the increasing production; and it is cer- tainly to the iuteresta of the industry to devote an appresiable share of profits to thie purpose. No matter how much is wricter, it is impossible to materially retard progress ia the direction of opening up now areas; and though abandonments do occur in some directions, such as referred to in the late report of the Cherra Company in Cachar, these are naturally on poor yielding Jand, and the quantity of out-put is reduced to a very small extent. In our Opivion it would be well fcr mauy of us to rest a little and devote our attention to improving the o'd cultivation, fo as to get a better quality of Tes from the bush. We do not mean “ five tea” for which, as it has been so of en poivted out, there is on the whole, one year with another only a limited demand ; but to avoid the rough lo»kirg thiu liquoring kinds of which so much is offered in these days. Ceylon can give what are ktow as freeh flavoury liquors, bat they have not to far been succcsefal in getting much str. ngth in‘o their teas; aud their n:wspapers are continuslly sounding a note of alarm regardi the depreciation in quality, and tbe absolute “ filth ” and “rubbish,” s they characterize it, which ig occasionally offered for sale. Here is India’s oppor- tunity ; put as much good quality as you can on the market and let Ceyl.n instead of China provide the poorer teas that are wanted to mix with oare, It “seems hopeless to expect the general pull’e even to appreciate Indian teas alone. People at home will continue the old practice of stceping the Tea for any length of time; putting it on the “hob” to draw a3 they used to with weak Chinas 30 years ago; acd the medical faculty have sounded anote of warn'ng as to the nervous affections due to too much Tea drinkicg, which would not have been needed if tea d:inkers would only infuse their tea for from three to five minutes, and not poison themselyes with de- coctions of theine and tannin fit to killa horse. Let every one preach in season and out of season to all their friends at home, thet tea, infused tor a few minutes in oiling water, should then be poured into a eep:rate tea pot when it may be !eft standing under a cosy es longasrequired. Let this system permeate from the drawing room to the kitchen and so through all grades of life, and we will keep the doctors on our side, and esta!lish a taste forthe pure unmixed Indian Tea. The doctors’ aid is not to be depised: it is they who brought whisky into general use to the detriment of the brandy sellers; and who also put many a nervous person off tea and order them cocoa, or even coffee, so decreating the number of our consumers, AP? a ee falchds Moats cae z x Spr, 1, 1894. ] THA IN AMERICA, Essays on THE FrorosAn to Srenp 100,000 In IntropuctnG Cryton T'rA Into AMERICA, CEYLON (IST PRIZE—R100.) (Paid by “ Planter.) In making an effort to introduce Ceylon tea into America it must be borne in mivd that the importers, the large dealers, the distributors and the consumers (of 70,000,000 lb. of tea) all exist, as was the case in the United Kingdom; and that it ie desirable to make use of these ex- isting trade channels to the utmost extent possible, avoiding competition at any point, and seeking only to substitute Ceylon tea for China to such an extent as the taste of the country will admit. Now any attempt to interrupt the channel in the middle is out of the question: it is only at the two ends that action is possible. Hither the vmporters must be induced to give up an established and lucrative business, and to transfer at least a portion of their operations if not to a new country itself, to the produce of a new country ; and to take on themselves the trouble and risk of creating a demand for the new produce; or, the consumers must be dealt with in detail, and the demand for the change created at the other end of the line. Beyond bringing our produca to their notice, introducing London houses, if necessary, giving them samples, and making them acquainted with the effort we were about to make to bring Ceylon Tea under the notice of the consumers, little then can apparently bo done with ¢enporters. The proposal to offer them a ‘‘ bonus” may be dis- missed, for many cogent reasons which it is unneves- sary to refer to here, Our proper field of action lics amongst the consumers at ‘the other end” of the chan- nel and with the grocers who eupply them, The grocers aro to be found in every town, and are supp'ied by the larger dealers and middle-men much in the same manner as in England. This principle admi‘ted, the arrangement necessary seems to be very simple. They bave already appeared in the Observer signed ‘The given quantity,” but may be re-stated as follows :— F Our agent, (in New York,) would purchase tea in London; have it bulked in New York and made into % lb. eample packets. Hach packet should have an outer cover, with a printed label, s'ating that the packet is forwarded by the P.A. of Ceylon, with the view of enabling the recipients to judge fcr them- selves what Ceylon tea is; in the hope that they will give it a trial, stating elso where it can be obtained (the houss of a local tradesman) the pre- sent price per lb. in different forms of package up to 50 Ib. boxes (to be arranged with the losal trades- msn) avd ‘ direction as to infusion,” A short printed pamphlet should also be largely circulated. On selecting a town or district which would in most cases be visited by the agent, his duty would be first to interview or send printed ciroulara to the tea dealers or grocers in the town or district, informing them that samples were being distributed and asking them to undertake to supply pure Ceylon tea, telling them where they could obtain it, either through his office in New York in the first instance, or direct, or through their own New York friends from London Houses (several well-known firms should be named) and offering to pay for local advertisements in the event of their agree- ingto supply pure Ceylon tes only, to euch of ther customers as would take it. The importance of not interfering with oxisting trade channels must be impressed on the agent, aud it must be understood that only in the event of the grocers desiring to do so should they draw their supplies direct from his agency at New York. Our agent would then obtain a list of the officiale, clubs, hotels, and principal re- sidents in the town, or distric'; and forward samples direct to them, He would also put advertisemente in the local papers and send samples and pamphlets to the editors, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. EE ________— Tot _Our agent’s proposal to the local tradesmen would simply be this :—I offer you this business—will pay for your advertisements if you like to take it up (not exceeding }——~) obtain the tea through your own friend:, I would rather you did so—or, if you prefer it, inthe firet instance, from mo in New York—at a price to cover cost only—cr from any such and such firms in London, but understand that the Planters’ Association has no wish t2 compete _la any way with the trade—only in the event of your declining to taze up the business I shall supply your customer direst from New York. There can be no question that the extraordinary rapidity with which Ceylon tea took the place of China tea in the United Kingdom was very tauch owing to tle free distribution of tea all over tha country. There is no reason tO suppose that the result would not be the sime in America if arrange- ments are at tlle same time made to insure supplies being readily obtained. The amount of expenditure can be determine | by the number of town or districts in which operations ure conducted, and these opera- tions, begun ong emallecale, in only a few towns, can if found successful, be rapidly extended over fresh ground to any amountthat may be desirable. The expenditure would be the salary of the New York Agent and his assistant and office expensas, The cost of tea for simples, forwardiog, advertis'ng in the local papers—through the dealers chiefly— and the printing and distribution of pamphlets. A certain amount of tea would in all probability, in the first instance, have to be supplied from the New York office, which would wire orders for tea to London as required, and such orders would bring something in the way of a Commission towards the expenses of the establishment, but the principle of non-interference would prevent this business from at any time assuming large proportions or rendering a large office staff necessary. The Agent should be under the direct control of the Planters’ Association or of a Joint Commmittee of that body and of the Ohamber of Commerce appointed for the purpose. There is nothing in the above scheme that the Government of America or the Government of Ceylon can take the exception to, and it is probable that the latter, were this schema agreed to, would have no objection to continue the present small duty on tea—or to double it if asked to—and to hold tha sum s0 collected at the disposal of the Oommittee, The advantages of raising the entire sum required in this manner are so obvious that it is scarcely nes cessary to add a word on the subject, bot it is pretty well known that a large number of proprietorg will decline to subseribe to any voluntary fund tor the simple reason ‘that itis unfair that those wha will p»y should pay for those who won't.” Equally divided, the R100,000 which it is proposed to raise and spend in eix mouths would scarcely be felt at all, CUSTOS PAUPERIS HORTI. SHOOND PRIZE (A)—R50. (Paid by ** Planter.”) It may at first sight seem superfluous, if not visionary, to offer a prize of R250 for the best Essay on the best means of spending R100,000 in America, in order to bring Ceylon Tea to the notice of the American public; and already some people have begun to cavil, and others to wax funny, over the offer and its object. Looking slightly below the surface, too, one might question the need of Prize Essays for indicating means for pushing Tea in the American market, when the very obvious one cannot escape attention—ADVERTISE! While my- self seeing in that single word the surest and best solution of the difficulty, connected with falling prices and an inelastic demand, which stares the producer in the face, I cannot admit that ‘the call to arms” is needless, Advertise, certainly; but how? Oloser and deeper study of the question can alone explain the need of the offer which hag tempted me to enter the lists. The reward is offered, I take it, to ascertain what the special my thodg 192 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ey 5 of advertizing are which are best calculated to secure the end in wien of a large and prompt demand for Ceylon Teas in America. ane isan every department of trade. the abso- lute need of advertizing is fully recognized; and judicious, spirited advertisements tave everywhere led to the most profitable and permanent results. It ie needless to quote instances, when every day, if not every hour proves, in the pages of the newspapers, one reads the potency of advertisements. The sums spent by large firms and Companies in the advertisement of special goods through the newspapers, excite incredulity in the uninitiated; but they stand justified by results; and ni bg has generally proved that profits rise in the same ratio as the growth of the advertising bill. If these are truisms, it is equally a truism that the general principles which have been successful with other articles of commerce should be applicable to Tea. This truth has been recognized in a practical form by ,individuals and corporate dealers in Tea, of whom Lipton and the Mazawattee Company are but two among many; and even if evidence were not forth- coming of the success of their ventures, one might reasonably infer from the continuance of the methods, and the reputation for shrewdness which the people who resort to them enjoy, that they are the best. But the particular procedure which avails for the advancement of individual interests or of special Trade Marks, may prove wholly inadequate for furthering the demand for the prodacts of a whole country, or for bringing them under the notice of whole peoples. Hence it is that, while recognizing the principle of advertising as underlying the best, if not the only, means of increasing the demand for Ceylon teain America,the producers should seek counsel as to the swiftest and most certain methods of enforcing or applying the principle. ; : Advertisements are not now restricted tonotifications in newepapers; and in counselling advertising, I do not mean that we should confine ourselyes to flooding newspapers with notices. There are other channels than the columns of newspapers—though these are, perhaps, the most permanent in their results, and therefore essential in avy scheme of advertising—for spreading the knowledge of any article for which a special demand is desired. This truth was realized by our Tea Planters when they established the Ceylon Planters’ American Tea Company, when they started the Tea Fund which has done excellent service in its day, and, in a different way, when they spent_money to secure rominence for tea in several Exhibitions in_ dif- erent par{s of the world—notably at the Great Exposition at Chicago last year. None of these means can be said to have been unsuccessful; they have all had a share in bringing a knowledge of Oeylon tea home to people who had never heard of it, or tasted it, before; and they have contri- puted, each in its measure, to stimulate the de- mand for the article. It would be difficult to estimate the present position of the local tea in- dustry, had not a demand been created for the article, by the operation of the means above referred to, in some way commensurate to the increased outturn of our estates. That the demand has not quite kept pace with the supply may not be the fault of the agencies employed. ‘The fact remains that the supply is still in excess of re- quirements, though these have risen appreciably. Hence the absolute need of stimulating the demand still further, and of the adoption of exceptional measures towards that end—the more so as every- thing points to a steadily increasing supply, while the prices have never been lower. : It is not irrelevant to remark here that it would be futile to attempt to contro] the supply. So long as the belief prevails that tea pays—and the hopeful- ness inherent in human nature will find justifica- tion tor the belief in the dividends earned by Tea Oompanies—so long will people continue to extend its cultivation. The remedy for the existing state of things, therefore—or rather for the pre- ventionof a still gloomier outlook than the present — ‘should be vermanent, Lhe R100,000 which itis proposed to spend within six months should be made to pur- chase some permanent advantage, not some eva- nescent benefit, a brilliant flash in the pan. What, then, should be the character of the advertisements which are to secure this result? How are we to make America one of our large and permanent customers ? That is the problem to be solved. The most pen method is to make our teas known to and liked by, the trade. Weare vain enough to believe—and the belief is supported by our experi- ence in other countries—that they have only to be known to beliked. The creation of a taste for them by individuals, or even in particular localities— althoroty important on the principle of “many a mickle maks a muckle’’—is not enough, We want widespread results atonce. Satisfactory results have flowed from Mr, Ellwood May’s advocacy of our cause; and still more appreciable benefits, at least at the spot, have been scared through our Courts at the Chicago Exhibition; bat they have lacked expansiveness ; they have not spread themselves sufficiently through- out the country. At any rate, not to the extent called for by the growth of the industry, albeit perhaps through no fault of the special organiza- tions referred to. Necessarily, they were limited in their scope. What is wanted now is a larger and more comprehensive attack—one which shall be felt, more or less, throughout the great Western Hemis- phere, or at least throughout the United States :— 1st.—We shall want an accredited Commissioner, with plenary powers on the spot. No great cam- paign can be directed from a distance—certainly not with the same satisfactory results which per- soval direction, guided by observation of the varying phases of the conflict at different points, can com- mand, It goes without saying that the choice should be of a man of ascertained business ity, of unflagging energy, tactful, and above all, enthnei- astic. Nowhere was tea better represented or more vigorously pushed than in Melbourne and in Chicago; and this was due to the euthusiasm which distio- guished Mr. A. M. Ferguson and Mr. J. J. Grinlinton, and which rose superior to conventional ideas and the respectability of rontine. That such a man— although the consideration may not weigh much with him—should be liberally recom Pay needs no demonstration. £1,000 stg. would be by no means an extravagant provision for six months, 2nd.—The Commissioner should be assisted by a competent and adequate staff of his own choice, You may call them Assistant Commissioners or “drummers,” or by any other name you please; but they should be under his direction and carry ont his behests. I have said that the chief should have full powers ; for a good man would be harassed, rather than helped, by a multiplicity of instructions and restrictions. I am aware of the prejudice felt in some quarters against “drummers,” but they are admittedly employed by individuais and Firms who are pushing Ceylon tea in America, and with good results, though they necessarily run counter to ‘‘drummers” of older Houses. Our Commissioner, therefore, should not be fettered against the use of ‘‘drummers;” for while himself visiting the chief centres and enlisting the sympathy of the larger and more influential commercial Houses, he might see fit that his staff should attack the tradesmen and convince them that there is both fayour and money in Ceylon tea. The methods cannot be ap- plicable to ail places; and while ‘‘drumming” jg ayoided in one set of circumstances, it might be vigorously and successfully prosecuted in others, 3rd.—Lectures should form a yery obvious means of proclaiming the merits of our teas to the in- dividual consumer, just as interviews and correspon- dence would be -helpful in getting at the big distributing housesand the grocers. While the Chief would himself address the larger and more fashion« able audiences, his assistants who have an aptitude for such work, and are of pleasant address, might be deputed to address people who assemble at shows, ssle-rooms and other popular resorts. If the Lectures can be illustrated so as to exhibit views conm with the growth, preparation aud shipment of tea, Sept. 1, 1894. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST 193 ee (“( 8 aL eLearn inca SS ESR ea the attraction and the effect would be obviously reater. ; F 4th. —A staff of Sinhalese and Tamil servants in their dis'inctive national costumes, cannot fail to draw, judging from past experience in America. The opportunities and occasions when their services might be requisitioned must depend on circumstances, of which the Commissioner and his staff would be the best judges. : , 5th.—The preparation and circulation of a booklet with tea views and explanatory letterpress, setting forth some of the chief facts and figures connected with the small beginnings and wonderful develop- ment of the tea enterprise here, the distribution of our teas, the mode of preparation, &e., should be a epecial instruction to the Commissioner. — The books—the basis for which could be found in the statistics and publications which were compiled for the Oeylon Court at Chicago—might either be sold at a nominal sum, or given away to purchasers of special quantities of tea. It should be both attractive through its illustrations—photographs, perhaps, would be best—and light and interesting in style ; and a special edition de luxe should he struck for gifts to notabilities, to big commercial Houses, and to the Editors of the leading newspapers, who should be interviewed and asked to accept a small box or a packet of choice tea, with an adyertise- ment for the paper. A frontispiece with a bixd’s- eye view of the Chic»go Exposition buildings would appeal to the amour propre and the sympathy of the American people, and thus help the cause. ‘ 6th.—Advertisements proper, to be published in tke more prominent newspapers in the States attacked, and to run for a fixed period, tura about. I mean, if there ace 50 reputable newspapers in a State or Distiict, it would be better to advertise a week in each, and thus couciliate rival editors, while reaching their special olieutele, which will include every class of newspaper reader, than to advertise for50 weeks in one newspaper, or even for fivo weeks in 10, 7th.—The Commissioner should have the command ofa limited quantity of tea for distribution amoog friends, and of a consignment for a special purpose hereafter diacussed. ; : The above ara the principal suggestions I kave to offer for the profitable expenditure of K100,000 withia six months. The details will have to be filied up by the Oommissioner to snit varying circumstances. have assumed that he will be furnished with some of our choicest growths, purchased in the local market, though I am not unware of the otjections which may be raised to such a course. It seems to mo essential that he should have a limited quantity for free distribution; and IT can see no objection : to his having the control of say 10,000 Ib. to etart with, consigned to some Firm or Ageucy which already handles our tea, so that present demands may not ba neglected. Resolutions have away of resolving themselves to nothing, and enthusiasm often dies off. Tf a House should say,‘ Well, wa should like to make a begiuniog atonce. Where can we got your toa ?’—the Com missioner should be in a position to pay, ‘Chere is & small quantity available; you can have no more than 1,000 lb. from X—, and meat- while you must write or cable your orders to Tondou or to Colombo, as I am not authorized to soll any Tea.” As has often been pointed out, it is of little advantage to tell a man, and even convince him, that Oeyion tea is the beat, and not be able to refer him to a house or dealer in the neighbourhood where he can be supplied. The advantage of the procedure I bave sugyested is that a customer will at once be enlisted, and perhaps an important name secure! for the fly-'eaf to go with the booklet, as connected with Oeylon tea, or from whom Ueylon tea could be oblained, It would bea double advertisement, accruing t» the benefit of the island, and sleo of the firm whose willinguess to handle Ceylon’s would thus be made public, The 10,000 Ib would thus serva to enlist and proclaim at least 10 big names, which would be inserted on the fly leaf with the names and addresses of the Firms and individuals who are already our allies as importers, distributors or sellers of our. teas in America, Inthe suggestions I have offered, I ba ve further recognize1 and given weight to the fo'lowing fatls :— Ist.—That the corsaomption cf Tea in America is already Jarge, acd that a taste for Tea bas not to be created. Qnd.—That the quantity of Ceylon and Indian Teas consumed is out of al proportion to their ag- certaived merits, and that if is only by publication of their merits that they could be expected’ to oust China and Japan Teas, as they baves done in the U ied Kingdom. 3rd.—In the United Kingdom they adverticed them- selves, 8) to speak, through the fact that most of ths Tea grown hers ani in India has been plauted with British c»pita!. London capitalists being thus directly interested in our Teas took them up at once ; butthe quality of tbe article helped to establish it firmly in the market, and in publio favour. In the United States special methods have become necessary ; and thoge methoJs should run, as far as possible, on lines familiar to Americans. 4th.—Efforts have already been put fortn to make our Teas known in America, and they have beep suvcessfal in varying degrees. The increased, and yet increasing, importation into America of our Teas is due chiefly to tho:e efforts; and these have neces- siarly had to run counter to the business or the methods, or both, of American Houses dealing witb other Tea. It woud be futile, therefore, to expect to gain our object osly by conciliation, although conciliatory means should be specially studied, and causes of offence avoided, wheneVer practicable. One special in:traction to the Gommissioner will have to be osrefully to consider onthe spot whether it would be wiser, with the funds at his disposal, to spread hia efforts over several States, or to concentrate them on the principal commercial centres in whose hands are the importation of Tea and its distribution among the in'aud States. To coaclusion, though it strictly forma no part of the Schema for the expenditure of R100,000 in America, I would venture to make special mention of the need of the most watcbful care in the mauvfacture of our Teas, and the prosecution of all sellers of impure Yeas. This is essential to our success in America. Lavish expenditure in advertizing might secure us a good foothold ia America; but quality alope can retain a high position. Is it not by the qnality of our Te1s that we hope to oust our rivals? ls wereid'e to attempt to increaso the demand for our Teas on the ground of their purity and cleanli- ness, when it can be proclaimed with truth that our customers have talen, for good cause, to returving our Teas as rubbish. The reproach earned by a few, will stick to the whole enterprise. If the good name of Ceylon Tea be protected by legislation, then and thea ouly will the prompt expenditure of R100,000 in judicious advertizing, to be followed by a moderate expenditure for 2 or 3 succeeding years, through the Tea cess—yield the results so earnestly desired and so pluckily striven for by Oeylon Planters. EXCELSIOR, SECOND PRIZE (B)—R50. (Paid by Planter*.’’) Max O’Rell says :—‘‘The Americans of today are so blasé on the matter of advertisements, that it is diffenlt to attract their attention without getting up extravagant baits for their eyes.” ‘After the ordinary,’ he continues, “if is necessary to adopt the extraordinary, and in these times it is as much as the marvellous can do to produce an effect.” Let us attempt the marvellous and so produce that effect, We have to find the key that will unlock the gate and open to us the American market. A temperate nation, they should certainly be judges of good tea, and where the thick, dirty China teas are drunk at present let us change them for * Of course ' Planter” ’s R250 defrays all the prizes, 194 TH TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ee eee if Sept. r, 1894, the balmy fragrance of those which Ceylon produces. Nothing succeeds in America that is not “‘ boomed,” Barnum, one of the most successful men of modern times, was the greatest ‘‘boomer’ America ever had—not content with ordinary methods eyery five years he had a conflagration, and his tigers and elephants were burnt out of house and home. Then the newspapers were filled with paragraphs of it, flaming posters appeared all over the walls of American cities, representing Phineas Barnum rising from the flames like a modern phoenix. Fires are no novelty in America now; it would hardly pay us to burn our Show; for this it is I a eiel propose “A Monster Travelling Show,” “bogsed” by some ‘‘smart’ energetic man, who could speak well on the platform, making his audience laugh (no one can take a joke better than an American) impressing them at the same time with what he says and convincing them that Ceylon tea is superior in every conceivable way to China tea, explaining to them the former's cleanliness and purity of manufacture over the latter. “First catch your hare, then cook it,’ must be twisted into ‘‘ First fiod your man, then send him to America.” He must be our representative there, and ‘boom the show” for us. R100,000 is equal to £5,364. With this we ought to be able to fix up a show worth seeing, and give it a six months’ tour through America; this would simply be as an advertisement. When the Show was over, Agencies might be estab- lished in some of the principal cities. Our representative, or ‘‘ boomer” as the Americaus would call him, should have half-a-dozen interesting Ceylonese types, in their various native costumes, to exhibit on his platform, such as A Malay. A Tamil. A Chetty clerk, (with curious hat and rings in his ears. A Kandyan. A Veddah (if possible.) And a Tamil and Sinhalese woman. A tame elephant should also be included, and should be taught by some little sign, that the ingenuity of his keeper would devise to drink ‘‘pure Ceylon tea” and refuse China tea, The platform should be prettily decorated, a few tea, bushes in pots might be placed in a prominent place, if they could not stand the travelling; have a faithful reproduction taken of them artificially. Group the natives about on the platform, with piles of tea in attractively got-up packets. We have all seen a drop of water magnified in a microscope; why not magnify a drop of Ohina and Ceylon tea? Exhibit them in a prominent place side by side; let the former have such dirt in it as imagination can suggest likely to be there, but keep the Ceylon tea as pure as possible. “ Allis fair in Loveand War,” and let us add ‘‘tea.” It might also be advisable to serve cups of tea free during the evening. This could be managed best perhaps by giving each person who attends the entertainment a ticket as they enter the room, for which on giving up at the refreshment bar, they would receivea cup of tea, and good, well made tea, it must be. So far I have only described the ‘“‘show.” More interesting details that conld be included, may still Suggest themselves to our “representative,” if we can mamage to get hold ofthe right man. Anything nove] is what we must strive to attain. I will draw a slight sketch now as to what the lecture should be like. To command attention let one of the natives com- mence beating a ‘‘tom-tom’’; not that I think this will be luring to American e.rs, but being strange it will attract attention, and that is our object. When the overture ceases then begin the lectures which must of course be illustrated by limelight views, of tea manufacture, tea estatez, Oeyion scenery, native types, &ec. Describe in aninterestiag manner the growth and manufacture of tea ; letit all be brief and witty. _dmpress upon the Americans the superiority of Ceylon tea, inform that through being so pure it is a tovic, aud beautifier of the complexion, woereas the hand manufactured China tea is neither. Urge upon them the necessity of importing it direct from Ceylon. Exhort the merchants and grocers present to become “ Tea Importers.” When the lecture is concluded, the natives shon!d Walk through the audience distributing free samples of tea. Next day our representative should call on the priccipal dealers and grocers, give them samples and see if be could not book orders for Oeylon tea, to be rent to America direct. Tbis Show must be well advertised, or to use an Americanism, we must “drum it wel!.” Advertise a lecture for instance as FREE. FREE FREE. NOTHING HEAVY—BUT AMUSEMENT. A NIGHT'S ENTERTAINMENT. A NIGHT'S INSTRUCTION, FREE. FREE. FREE. YOU HAVE ONLY TO COME AND LOOK PRETTY. —apnd so ov, The more original, the better of course would it attract attention. Io thisline the elephant would be of immeuss use; letit parade all the prin- cipal streets duriog the diy, with “ Pare Ceylon Tea,” in large letters of some vivid colour on either side of bim: then below this a board stould be fixed, extol- ling the virtues of Ceylon Teas, praising them for their parity and flavour, and setting forth how be- neficial thc y are for the health and complexion, (this latter would bea strong point with American ladies, who pride themselves upon their complexious,) Also the namea of Importers and Sellers of “* Pare Ceylon Teas” in that particular town or city, should be printed in a promineot place ia lirge letters. A ca- nopy might be arranged ou the elephant’s back, to make it look more impcsing. A taking advertisement should aleo be put in all prominent American newspapers. At the eud of it should be published the names of all Importers of Pure Ceylon Tea in Amreica, un Jer some beading such as the following:— ‘* Pure Ceylon Tea oan be obtained from the follow- ing Importeis, “ Silae, K. Marks, Pure Ceylon Tea, Importer 106, 48rd Street.’’—and so on. This would not only give them a litte more pres- tige, than beng merely,grocers, but would also bea valuable free adveriitemeut to anyocre whose pame was iucluded in the list. Then I should cay it would be money very well spent, if several millions of pencils, prettily got up in metal cases with ths words pristed on them, “Pure Ceylon Tea is the best for the Health and the Oomplexion. ” These should be freely distributed. A pencil is always useful and would bring the words Ceylon Tes, before meny eyes. ; ' This etyleof advertising often bears very good frnit, and is extensively used now-a-days. See the blotters issued by Davidson & Co., which cost that firm £100 annually, and many others of a smilar type. If you catch the populace, they will demand Ceylon tea; then the grocers will have to provide them. Get some of the leading newspapers to notice pure Ceylon teas in their leaders, and thus bring it before a more educated class than the ‘‘show” would reach. Also another good plan would be to present the newspapers With some shoit interesting accounts of Ceylon, pertaining more or less to tea. To get agcod selection of these, a competition might be started, and prizes given locally for the best works. I have not gone into any details of expenditure, because when once a scheme is decided upon, I think allthat rests with the man who undertakes it, to portion out and use to the best cf bis ability guided by circumstances, the money given him to spend. With R100,000 the scheme I have proposed here should be quite feasible. We must not expect tod great a return at first; let us make a good show to start with, and then work away steadily, establishing Sept, 1, 1894,] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 195 agencies and advertising and in the esd our sprat will surely catch the mackerel, and there will be no more five penny averages, caused by supply ex- ceeding ;demand. “OPEN SEHASAME.” THIRD PRIZE (A.)—R25. (Paid by “ Planter.” ) In considering the question as to the best means of promoting the sale of Oeylon Tea in America, one must at the outeet recognize the fact that the Colombo market can only supply a very small percentage of the teas imported by dealers in the United States, and it is extremely unlikely that there will be any increase in the supply until there is a regular and greater demand for that class of tea, which would induce competition and afford the producer a better price than he at present obtains in Colombo. My suggestions as to the best means of carrying out the scheme are:— 1.—Appoint a man with the confidence of the Plan- ters’ Association and Chamber of Commerce at a salary of £1,500 to include travelling expenses, but not the cost of lecturing, which should be additional. 2,—If the appointment is made in Oeylon let the representative start at once for SanFrancisco via China en rowte to New York, touching at the prin- cipal cities where he may, as it were, feel his way, and be in a position to arrange a program on arrival in New York. 3. The Committee of the Planters’ Association to obtain, through the London Association, names of the principal buyers and wholesale dealers in London willing to do business in America; also samples | of tea most suitable for the American trade with approximate prices at which they could he landed in New York. These samples to be sent direct to the representative in New York. 4. The representative, after having carefully con- sidered the best means, should start on a lecturing tour carrying the samples with him to show American dealers on enquiry ; or, if he thought it necessary or advisable, call at their offices, aud induce them to visit his rooms, where the samples would be laid out. Prices should be attached to the samples, but the names of the London dealers given only when samp'es were selected, and a promise given that orders would be sent. 5. Abolish all thought of the bounty system, and let all surplus funds be spent in advertising in news- papers or by handbills, as is deemed best; with the small sum ayailable, the latter would appear to be the better method. It may be said that objections would be made by London dealers who are already doing a large trade with America, to our representative interfering with or interviewing their constituents, and possibly some might oppose at first thought, but, if the matter be taken up with firmness and carried out with deter- mination, opposition from them would cease, and co-operation be the result. The chief advantage of the above scheme is that the representative would be unknown to the London buyers, and there would be no suspicion of favouring one more than another. ‘* ALFYso.” THIRD PRIZE (B) R25. (Paid by “ Planter.”) Tt is a well-known, and generally admitted fact that any enterprise is better carried on under the direction of one capable man than if the same work were entrusted to a more or less irresponsible council or committee of men;and the reasons for this are obvious. When some decisive action has to be taken, and delay means disaster, the general of an army decides the matter for right or wrong according to his ability ; but were it necessary to convoke some committee of generals, all of equal authority, and discuss the matter from their individual stand- pointe, the chances are they wouldonly hasten their own estruction. The pushing of Ceylon tea in America must be looked upon as a battle, where the enterprize and decision of one able man will accomplish far more than the studied “canny ”’ wisdom of many ; and the first question to be decided is: What sort of a man will answer the purpose? Americans are reputed to be unusually smart men of business, therefore, our hero mast bea first-class manin business. He is going to sell tea, and must therefore know all about tea. It goes without saying that he must be a man who enjoys the confidence of the vast majority of Ceylon planters, to enable him to leave our shores feeling that we believe in him, and if he feels this, he will believe in himself, and to a determined man such a frame of mind is a guarantee of success, From a purely business point of view I daresay there are men who do not belong to the planting community, who would take up the work and attain considerable success, but I think a planter pure and simple would be amore acceptable delegate to the Yankee dealer, than a London broker or Colombo merchant. We willassume that the right man has beenrounpand we hand him our R100,000, telling him to use his own judgment in spending it, and to consider some R18,000 of it as payment for his own services, exclusive of travelling and entertaining allowances. The first question to be settled is: How is he to provide himself with tea samples and how to fulfil orders when received? It is obvious that in order to facilitate business he must be prepared to supply a definite article at a definite price, and it will not do, merely to show a merchant certain samples and have to say:—“I can’t guarantee that you will get this tcaat the price I mention; but if you wire or writs to Colombe, I’ve no doubt you wilt get s mething near it.” This will never do! Our man must have large quantities of tea in bulk at hand, aud when be has induced the merchant to look at his samplea, be able to say :—‘*I can let you have 5,10, or 20,000 lbs(as the case may be) of this tomorrow moruiug at such and such a figure.” Ifhe thinks the price too high, then reduce it, but cell the tea. Our Representative should consequently take say 50,000!bs. or 100,000 lbs. of tea with bim, and having sclected a suitable wareliouse inNew Yor aud baving put an assistant in charge to attend to orders prompt- ly, he can now poceei to business It should beno part of his policy to make a profit on the tea sold, of course if that can be done, well ard gcod; but his main object should be to sell our teas, and to do this ho need have no scruple in selling at a loss; it will ali come back later on, when the teas are asked for as they must be if only good samples are supplied. As to getting supplies of tea from Colombo, that can easily be arranged for in the ordinary way. I have said he shou'd pot his Assistant in charge of the New York Warehouse, I think an As istant a necessity, and in my opiuion a smart young panter chosen by the Representative would suit admirably. A large stock cf literature cracking up our staple, a quantity of photographs of the Icland generally and tea cultivation in par- ticular, should be provided for distribution. A few models of tea machinery to be exhibited in shop windows, 4s a proof of the c’eanly manner iu which our teag are made as compared to those of China and Jspan would be a telling and attractive advertise- ment, Acting on these lines and provided he sells his {es cheap enough to begin with, our Representa- tive would bave little difficulty in placmg 100,0C0 Ib. a month with the wholesale dealers, of course any hard and fast estimate :f cost is impossible, but roughly the plan I have indicate! would cost for:— Manayzer’s salary aie Br) £ 1,000 Do Allowances .. 56 600 Assistant’s salary A wwe 400 Do Travclling expetses ... 150 Rent of store for 5 mouths 60 500 Fittings &e. for same .. ob 100 Photographs and models ovo 200 Pamphlets &. .. soe oA 60 Cost ef 50,000 lb. tea in N.Y. 1,850 Siationery and postages a0 100 Advertising wh aus “ne 500 ee £ 6,400 196 THE TROPICAL Proceeds of {c1 could be utilised in further adv r'ising or carrying on the rcheme for # farther period. In addition to the ordinary touting for orders I wonld start a weekly auction salein New York ard sell the teas at whatever they will fetch. Our Rvpre- sentative could print circulars advertising the lols and distribute samples among the cea'ers large and gmaJl in New York, giving »t the ssme time full particulars of sale, lettingit be kaown that he meant to sell the tea. An anuctioreer would «f course have to be employed. Inthis way lie migbt sell to com- mence with some 20,0C0 1b. a week or a3 much more asmay seom advisab'e. In a short time this rocthod is bound to attract buyers,aid I see no reason why a second Mincing Lane should not arite in New York. Maay will object to this scheme on the ground tbat it may mean loss. I con’t myself think the reeult will justify such a fear but even if it does mean a loss, are wenot goingto spend money in putting our teas into consumption ? Surely the plan of selling by euction will accomplish this more thoroughly than by bribing newspaper editors. Some may suggest thet the teas bought in New York might be re-shipped to London, but although this mightbe attempted the re- sulting profit would be so em:ll that dealers would soon find out that it paid them bettcr to rell again in America, The subject is pre eannple of eine enlarged upon to any extent but the orepoing wi siaentln ealighte the views of “ TOPHER,” —_—_____<——__——_- TEA IN THE AGRAPATANAS. Aug. 13. Wratuer.—We have had over 43 inches of rain up to date from Ist January and want a Jot more et to keep us well supplied with water for the idan, August, so far, has been more like S.-W. yeathet than July waa, and though this keeps back the flush, it is eeasonable and is what we really want in this district. With plenty of moisture in the ground and hot sun later on we ehould easily make up for bad flushing just now. I have noticed that in dry weather for the lact few years we have had much less supply of water than we used to have at command formerly. ‘Taere will be very little tea sent dowa from these districts or some time yet. CACAO-GROWING IN THE EAST AND WEST INDIES. (By a Ceylon Planter.) I have grown cocao for 20 years now, and fo" a long time I know that we pinned our faith ‘to. the Criollo. The Forestero came in _ only -yecently, and different varieties of it may now be seen in the Peradeniya _ Gardens, but long pefore its introduction officially, there was a wellknown introduction of the plant made by certain private proprietors in Ceylon. The Ceylon Company, then a Company of coffee planters, got out a wardian case of plants, and Mr. Ferdinandus ot the Royal Botanic Gardens was requested to bestow his skilful care and attention on them for awhile till they could be safely transplanted. He, for the successful care bestowed on them b “him, obtained a number of plants for him- self. These in Mr. Ferdinandus’ garden grew up into handsome trees, under favourable condi- tions, and became eventually the parent trees, whence pods were obtained for many Ceylon plantations. There may have also been other planters who afterwards imported the foreign varieties, but this is ons source to my own certain knowledge, and I had the facts verified by Mr. Ferdinandus some years ago before stating them. in my lecture delivered shortly after at Matale. AGRICULTURIST. (Serr. 1, 1894. The Trinidad Royal Botanic Gardene*Bulletin for April is certainly of interest to Ceylon cacao growers, since referring to the Criollo cacao, of Trinidad, it is asserted ‘‘ that it is now becoming clear that the Ceylon cacao, which they importei come forty years ago, was probably of the old Uriollo type ie., natorally white-seeded, and that this type has been practically Jest except in form to our Trinidad plantations.’ Also the statement following os to how it wes lost should prove a warning to growers in all other countries, for similar conditions may arise atany time in other countrier, and exterminate this variety. With all its superior c’aims the Criollo variety isa delicate plant, and wein Ceylon would fainstick to it still ; but that there is no saying when it may yield to the ravages of JTelopeltis, or a drought, or to excess of moicture during abnormally wet seasons. What happened in Trinidad, where the Criollo found a home for many years, before itcame to Ceylon, may occur at avy time in Ceylon also and indeed some few years ago Helopeltis played euch mischief in our plavtations that the Planters’ Asrociation appointed a Oommission to inquire into the condi- tion and state of affairs on the cacso estates. In one garden belonging to Mr. G. A. Ferdinandus, assistant to Mr. Thwaites and afterwards to Dr. Trimen, in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, I personally witnessed the burial of pods under the very trees that bore them, so virulent was the attack that it was thouzht the only certain way of destroying the pest, and sure enough there was comparative immunity cecured the following year. What happened in Trinidad was this, to quote from the Bulletin, and ‘‘ we have it on record that our cocoa was attacked many years ago by disease aud almost annihilated and complete ruin fol- lowed, and that it was only resuscitated by the introduction of the Forestero class of cacao which we know has g deep purple bean.” As regards colour of bean referred to by the writer it is not due to soil or climate. We never had but the white bean till the Foresteros were introduccd into Ceylon; and bybridization alone is scoountable for the diffsrences in shade occur- ing among our hybrid Foresteros. It is important alzo t) nole that our cacao are not pure Foresteros. Mr. Ferdinandus’ plants, I mean the prarent stock, did not stand alone, without the older variety near them; and the Peradeniya Gardens have had Criollo cacao, for ever co long a time before the introduction of the new varietiee. Ani when seed or plants were obtained from these Foresteros they generally went to already planted estates where there were acres upon acres of the Criollo varieties already standing. So that the so-called Foresteros of Ceylon haye much of the superior quality of the Criollo in their fayour to recommend them in the market. —_—_——__>———————. EXPERIMENTAL TEA-CULTURE IN Russra.—In a report on the Tea trade of Hankow, it is stated that an experiment in the cultivation of Tea in Russia, which has been before tried without success, has recently been repeated, Tea plants havirg been sent from China to be planted on the slopes of the Oaucssus. It is a private enterprise, but the ground has been granted by the Government. About 2,000 plants have besn sent at great expense, and in obtaining them there was a certain amount of difficulty, the psople in some districts destroying the plants on their way down to Hankow. Though the plants are said to have arrived in Russia in ~ excellent condition, the experiment is not con- sidered likely to prove more successful that the former one,— Gardeners’ Chronicle. Sept. t, 1894. | COFFEE GROWING. “Coffee is being grown now in so many countries,” writes. a correspordent—‘' Borneo, the Straits Settlements, Central Africa, Mexico, Colombia, and other States of South America, all going into coffee planting on a large scale,—that they must in a few years, overflow the markets of the world, and reduce prices to an extent that will allow of no profit, to the procucer. It wasa gloomy time for coffee planting in Oeylon in 1846-47. Plantation coffee went below 403 per owt. In those bad times, many estates were abandoned, or _ sold for one-tenth of what they had cost, and this rush into coffee, at so many centres, is likely to lead to like results in a few years.” But what about cheap labour? Will it not tell in coffee—as in tea—growing, and justify Ceylon men doing what they can with Liberian or with small fields of Arabian coffee ? see NEWS FROM THE CENTRAL PROVINCE: PLANTING AND OTHERWISE. (Notes by “ Wanderer’) August 9th. British Norra Borneo.—I notice that in the Sandakan District the nationality of labor em- ployed on tobacco estates was as follows :— Chinese .. O70 ate es 1,548 Native .. Ge on oe 224 Prices paid for Borneo tobacco—2.75, 2.50 and 1.52 guilders, the Company has declared a dividend of 12 per cent 92-93, and the profits 1893-94 will permit one or two of the Tobacco Companies to declare much larger dividends, CorrrE.—Alas / the coffee bushes on most of the estates in Dimbula and Dikoya that promised to give good crops are now attacked by bug and leat disease. The worst of these attacks of bug on coffee where tea is planted is that the tea plants are quite blackened, and must suffer also. —_— BIG YIELDS OF TEA. The following is worth noting as the result of using cattle manure. Three fields Nos. 1, 2 and 3 were all praned Jast year in February when all blackened from the frost. No. 1 Had not besu pruned for 2 years before No. 2 do do 14 do No. 3 do do 1 do These are adjoiving fields: No. Thad besu manured with cattle manure the preceding year, No. 2 hai been manured with the same ma_ue since, No. 3 has never been manured. I would remark here that this is a'l splendid toa ; of the three, No. 3 has the best soil, and looks a3 good as the manured tei; a splendid cover. But while Nos, 1 and 2, the manuced fields, are still flushing as well as the weatner permits, No. 3 is blossoming end shooting up and needs pruning at once. No. 8 is tue best sheltered, The average yield of the fields is ovy.r 700 lb. per acro per annum. No. Lfielu is very still olay 3a daris chocolate. At first Ifoured tea would not grow there, owing, to the stiff- ness of tho soil clinging in lumps to the coolies’ Mamoties and tho coustant supplying nee led, the frost from which it suffered every year, killing the sma ler plauts out altogether and the lager down to tha ground. These la-ger plants would then throw out shoots all round the collar and from the roots. At 4 years the field looked like a one year old clearing: and several planters said it would never grow tea. But I forked the ground over, and applied freshly slaked lime before it hat lost ita caustic state, and while it burnt the coolics hands. The result was gruni! Is grow so rapidly and thickly that since then the frost bas only alfeoted the tops of tho bushes, ud they sholter, tha supplics, _| i ay OO EE EE ee THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 197 Permit me here to contradict the statement tha once manure your tea you must always manure itt It does not hold good wich tea nor did it with coffee although the later did look “shuck” after heavy crop whether the crop was the result of manure or not. ——_____@— PLANTING AND PRODUCE, Str Ambrose Supa AND BAuHAMA Fiprt.—In an article entitled “ ‘lhe Romance of a Governorship,’’ the Pall Mall Gazette ca'ls attention to the labour of Siz Ambrose Shea in connection with the fibre indue- try of the Bihamas. It says: “* When Sir Ambrose first went out ss Governor the inlustries of the popula'ivn of the islands, some 50,000 couls, consis- ted of sponge fishing, whic was not too remunerativa a ca'ling, and fruit cultivation, which was still more precarious a trade. Indeed, the islands were living from hend to mouth, and a state of intense depres« sion prevailed, Ilis Excclleccy had not long been in the colony when ove day a man came into his office carrying a bundle. Sir Ambrose, who evidently porsesses an observant eye, fastened it not so much upon the co..tents of the buudle as upon the rough piece of rope wi-h which it was tied. Unless ail his shipping experience was betraying him the rope was Manilla. So he asked the man where he got that cord irom. ‘Ii grew in my gardep, your Exeelleucy, was the reply. Sir Ambroie, according to the man’s subsequent narrative of the incident, thought he was being ‘sauced,’ and spoke somewhat sternly, ‘ Why, there’s plenty of itia your Excellency’s own grounds,’ insistel the man with the bundle, Sir Ambrose doubtless now knew, that had there been any idea of a joke at the outset, it wouid bave been dropped at the stage at which it brought a frowa to his trow. Greatly surprised at this news he allowed himself to be conducted isto the grounds, where the sisal plant was pointed out tohim. Upoa examination of the layes uf the plant he at once detected its fibrous eppearance. He took a few leaveg indoors, scraped off their surfaces, and pickcd ont from them beautiful long fibres five or six feet in length, To ssy that his Excellency was astounded woald be a feeblo way of desoribing his feeliugs. This sical p'ant was he'd in dotestation in the co'!ony, It overran the vegetable gardeva, and strangled the yams and the Sweet potatoes. AN ALADDIN’s Lamp,—Attempts had been made to root it out of the islands, and, there having failed, equally wasuccessful efforts had been made to burn it out, Yet Sir Ambrose couli see that this plant was going to be @ genuine Aladdin’a lamp to the colony, a source of eudleas wealtb. He hiated something of this sort to some of his acquaintauces, but one and all, as politely as might be declined to believe his Excellency. It was an article of belief in the ia. lands that every ctew Governor had his own particular fad. ‘This, then, was Sir Ambrose’s, they said. He would soon get tired of it, they hoped if his hobby was not encouraged by any aggressive opposition, so tkey all looked on a little cynically whie the Governor busied himself about this precious pant. Hven the niggers were incredulous. ‘You've been treading gold under your feet,’ he observed to a gioup of them one cay, They did not like todige believe so great a personage a3 the Governor, but even a vigger haz a certain amount of self-respect, and they couli not swallow that. So they assumed a mystified loo'r, snd tacitly wondered how the mig- sionaries hai overlcoked the moral welfare of the Govy.racr so unaccountsbly. But later on, when they found all their eisal plants were being bougot up eagerly by operstors, and were in strong demand, they turned to one another with staring eyes and open monthe, while the old men ot tha families sagacously remarked, ‘I ’specs dia ‘ere sisal plant igs what de Gubnor was tellin’ us about when he say3 we was treadin’ the gold under cur feet.’ The niggers are not in want of avy in- formation about the plant now But this isin advance of the narrative. 198 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Sept 1, 1894. DrvELorinc tHE InDUSTRY.—Six Ambrose came eck to England to raise cap‘tal for tie development of this new source of wealth, and brought with bim framples of the plant, which the Kew Gardens people declared to be the best fibrous leaves they hed ever seen, Thus encouraged, Sir Ambrose soon pct h's capitalists. He organised a system of ten-ycar allotments and put 100,000 acres of Crown lands in'o the scheme. Mr. Joseph Ohanberlain took 20,000 acres; Mr. Oourege, the brewer of a company in which Lord Denbigh is conarned, and a big Newfoundlani com- pany, all took substantial holdings, and it was not long before the entire huvdred thousand acres were taken up. Land which was difficult to gel] at 5s. the acre now commands four dolare, aid the result is a tine fund under the control of the Imperial Gov ra- ment for the meking of roads, harbour:, and other public works, Upon returning to t e Bibemas, Sir Am- brose despatched a commissioner t> Yucatan. There had beea a similar iodustry there, which had resulted in, the making of some enormous fertuacs, during the last thirty years. So rumour ga d, at least ; and the commis- sioner went to sse to what extent these s!o ies could te verified, for the statements in some ceases seemed tuo fa- bulous for credence. The commissioner returned with a yep ort to the effect that the whole thing was true. The _ bainp'es of the Yucatan plants which he brought back, moreover were very inferior to the Bahamas variety, The latter indeed bave proved to be from 25 to 80 per cevt eu- perior, After this the new indusiry was taken up er- thusiastically.” . APPAKENTLY FaBuLovus, But True.—‘' Sir Ambrose distributed the allotments in such a way thst thre was no crowding, avd no competition on the purt of the holders for their neighbours’ Jabtonrers, The syet:m is something like a revival of a pleasant form of feudalism. In case the colonials should awake aod think the English investcrs were making too geod athiog ont of the is'!an’s, Sir Ambrose gave to all heads of families who had neither land nor pr:sent means of purchasing it ten-acre lots, t» be paid fcr _ out of the first crop. ‘This year there will be a mode- rate export, wh'le next year the exports s!iould reach 2,500 tonsand go on increasing st the rate of abont 2,000 tensyearly, The estimated velie cf £20pr ton mentioned by Sir Ambrose is, I believe, a very low one, fr the fibre is co fine tha: it ig _litely to get into linen fub:ics and Fo on, increas- ing materially both its yalne and the demand for it. There people with the ten-acre lo{s esn leaye the cultivation to the women and chi'dren, and yet benefit more than £100 a year therefrom. The pros- _perity of the islands is felt by the very poorest man _there, and in time the colony threitens to give the world an object-lesson in what happens {o a community which is too woll cff. One matter which gave Sir Ambrose Shea, in his organisation of the industry, con- siderable anxiety, was the ebscnce of any satisfactory fabour-saving appliances. Butnew a New York man bas invented a scutching machine, which separates the fibre from the v getable pa’ t of the leaf so rapidly that leaves may te picked in the morning, and the fibre from them iesdy for shipment in the evening. Two women, one at eachend of the machine, can separate from 1,500 to 2,000 lb. of fibre per day. Last year the fruit yield was a complete fai‘ure, and the colony must have been famite-stricken but for the sisal plant. Sir Ambrose Shea had applications from all the ends of the earth for plants, buf in the interests of the islands he pessed a law prohibiting the exportation of the plants. Regarded in the light of the fiscal princi- plcs which new obtaio, such a Jaw eppears a little hbetercdox; but the cass bas special c rcumetances, and the Colonial Office haveconfirmed Sir Ambroce’s pronouncement.” CoFrErE In Russta.—We learn from St. Petersburg that a tobacco grower in the Kuban district ofthe Caucasus last year sowed fourgrains of Mocha coffee, which he had procured from Poti, where it had failed to realise expectations. Two grains died, but the other two gave eight bundred berries. These eight hundred being planted out have produced seven hun- dred fine healthy bushes, from which an excellent tiit!e gropis expected shortly»—H. and C, Mail, July 27, A WARNING TO “ WOULD-BE TEA PLANTERS IN WESTERN LANDS;" TEAIN THE UNITED STATES AND RUSSIA, An old planter writes:—“ There are millions of acres, in and out of the tropics, fit to grow tea; much of it bette than lands now under that product; but cheap and abundent latour, isa far more important fac‘or, than suitable laod. The aversge wages of day labour onCeylon estate:, ruos from 4dto 5d. sterling, at the present value of the rupee, and eny country that has to psy higher, bad bettr let tes planting alune. Neither Russia nor the United can obtain labour atthis rate, and he can import tea much cheaper than they can produce it. As both those soun ries however, go in for the protection of home pro- ducts, a) the expense of home consumers, it may be fearei, that if their experiments are attended with a fair measure of succecs, forcign-grown tea, would be heavily handicapped in their markets.’ We see no immediate cause for a fear of this kind. It is impossible to make tea-growing a paying industry oa any large scale, in either Russia or the United States. INDIAN PATENTS. OAtcurTA, THE 26TH JULY 1894. App'icstions in respect of the undermentioned in- ventions have been filed durirg the week ending 21st July 1894 :— Tra Rouse Macuinery.—No. 197 of 1894.—Law- rence Herbrrt Sutton, of Panitolla, Lakhimpur Asam, Engineer, of the Jokai Atsam Tca Oom- pasy, Limited, for improvements in tes rollirg mzchinery. MANUFACTURE OF FoLpInc Boxes or Oases.—No 203 of 1894—Jobn Coryton Roberts, cf 16, Cromwel Grove, West Kensington, London, Eng'aud, Plante:! fcr improvements inthe manufacture of folding bores Or oases, . Om 1n STEAM BOILER AND OTHER FURNACEs.—No, 207 of 1894.—Allan Stewart and Charles Stewart Brassfounders, of Port Eglinton Brass Fuuudry, Gles- gow, Lanarksbire, Scot’and, and Jolin Farmer, Eogi- reer, of 147, St. Andrew’s Road, P_liokshields Ren- frewsbire, Scotian}, for improvements iu and reluti g to appliances for buraivg oil in ste:m boiler and other furnaces. BuRNING O1L IN STEAM BorILER AND OTHER Four- NACES.—No. 208 of 1894,—a!lan Stewart, and Chserle- Stewart, Brassfounders of Port Eglinton Brass Foundry, in the City and Co. of Glasgow, ScoHands aud John Farmer, Engineer, of 147, St. Andrews’ Road, Pollokshielés, Renfrewshire, S:o land, for im- provements in aad relatirg to appliances for feeding and buroing oil in eteam boiler and other furaaces —Indian Engineer. CALCUTTA, THE 2nD Auc. 1894. Applications in respeot of the undermentioned in- ventions have been filed during the week ending 28th July 1894:— PortasLe Domestic APPLIAXCES FOR THE THRESH- ING of CEREALS AND OTHER SEEDs, &c,—No 216 of 1894.—James Mylne, Zemindar and Iudigo Planter, of Behee3, in the district of Shababad, Bergal, for pertable domestic app'iances for the threshing of cereals and cther seeds and the production of bhoosa from the straw of the same. SpeciGiations of the undermentioned inventions have been fiiled under the provisions of Act V of 1888 ;— Beick Kitns.—No. 252 of 1893.—Elward Lennon Cantwell, Civil Engineer, and Patent Agent, of 5, Old Post Office S reet, Caicutta, British India, for improvements in brick kilns. (Filed 18th June 1894.) Macuines.—No. 11 of 1894.—Jean Alexandre Lacote, of 95, Boulevard Braumarchais, Paris, in the Republic of France, Engineer, for improvements in machines for decorticating ramie and other fibrous plants (Filed 20th July 1894),—Zudian Engineer, fac i .f a Dag ob AN vetng PO tee ae « Sept. 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 199 aaa eerie lla sass mm emi DR. TRIMEN’S HANDBOOK TO THE FLORA OF CEYLON :—PART IL. We now fulfil our promise of giving a cerlain number of extracts from the second part of this valuable work indicative of its general interest and usefulness. We have followed no special plan in making these selections, and we have omitted the scientific references and tha full detailed technical descriptions, only giving ths popular remarks appsnded in the case of each plant. Thess will be found, by our planting readers especially, and by all who are interested ia the vegetation around them, to be both instructive and profitable. We quote some examples as fol- lows:— Crotalaria Walkeri, Arn. in Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xviii. 328 (1836.) Plate xxvi. Montave zone, especially at tha higher elevations ; rather common, scrambling over bushes like a climber. Fi. all the year, especially in December and Jauary; bright golden yellow. Eademic (?) A very orvamental plant, well worth cultivation. Differs from (C. semperflorens, Vent, C. Wallichiana, W. ani A.) of the Nilgiri H:l's in its much less pube-cent leaves and inflorescexce, and its much smaller stipule’, but possibly only a variety. UC. Wallichiana is figured in Wight, Ic. t. 982. A dwarf variety ocours on the Horton Plains patanae, with short prostrate s'ems, small leaves, }—# in. long, and -smaller pods less inflated at the ends. Crotalaria Juncea, Li. Sp. Pl. 714 (1753). Hana, S. Low cOantry, principally in the dry region; rather common. Donabtfully rative in the moist region. Fl. Aug.-Oct.; brillient yellow. Found in E. Tropics generally but much cultivated. This affords the §8.n or Sun Hemp of commerce ; it is grown in small quantity by the Sinhalese as about Chiiaw, and by the Tamils at Jatfua. Isis generully known here simply as ‘ Hemp.’ CO, fulva, Roxb., is given for Ceylon in FI. B. Tad. on the faith of specimens ia Kew Herbarium (Gardner, 199, and G. Thomson from Kandy). They may have been cultivated in the Gardens. Indigofera Tinctoria, L. Sp. Pl. 751 (1753). Nil-awari, 8. Low country, by roadsides and waste places; rather common, esp’cialy in the dry region, but very doubt- fully indig-nous, Fil. all the year; pink, standard green outsi 'e Found also in India and Tropical Africa, but scarcely known aga wild plant anywhere, unlees in West Trop. Arica. This is the Indigo plant, so largely cultivated in India. Here there is no cuitivat on, but the natives of Jaff.a uso the leaves of the wild plant in ob- taining a black dve for cloth. T. Anil, L, is occasionally met with asa roadside weed. It is another indigo-prolucing species, and is generally believed to be of American or'gip. Aschynomene Aspera, UL. Sp. Pl. 713 (1753). Maba-diya-siyambala, S. Attuneddi, T. Dry region, in tank and paddy fizids, common. Fl. De ember ; yellow. Also in India, Malaya, and Trop. Afr‘ca. This is remarkable for the light, spongy character of the tissue of the stem (which in large plants attains 3 in. in diameter), whence it is otten called the ‘pith-plant’ by the Hnglish. It is the ‘ Shola’ of Bengal, aud from elices of the stem the well-krowa pith-hats are made. A manufacture of similar hats was started in 1885 in the jail at Hambantota, in the neighbourh:oi of which place the plant is plentiful. Abrus Precatorius, L. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 472 (1767). Olindawel, S, Kuntumani, T. Low country); common, especially in the dry region, | Fl. Feb.; pale violet. very Tropica! couao'ry. The pretty soorlet an and are used as weights by jeweller. black seeds are well knowr, The floweis are sometimes white when the seads are of the same eons: there is also a form with the geeds whoily ACK, The root is the well-known ‘Indian Liquorice,’ Glycyrrhiza indica of the older writers, avd is used both internally and externally in native medicine, The geadg are an ecrid poison un’e3s cooked. Cassia Awriculata, L. Sp. Pl. 379 (1758). S. Avarei, T. [Plate xxxiii.] Low country, esp cially in the dry region and near the co-st: common ; locally gregarious and ebundgant, F], Fe>., March; bright yellow. ; Also in Peninsalar India. A great oraament to the barren coast regicns. The leavea of this form ‘Ceylon Tea’ or ‘ Matara Tea,’ and the infusion is druuk by the natives ov several parts of the ecast; when properly cured, rolled, end dried, it is very like true tca in appearance, and somewhat aromatic,* but slightly purgative. The bark is rich in tannin, an} is largely employed for tanning leather in Colombo. > Saraca indica, Li. Mant. 98 (1767). Diya-ratambala S. By streams in forests in the low eount is ip the drier districta zether common, rete ecore c.; pale orangc-scarlet, flameaots purp' leo in Iadia end Malaya. eee des ‘Vhe flowers are very sweet-scented, especi i the evening; they are at first yellow, ana ee orange, aud finally red, and are profusely produced for many months. The young leaves are penduluus and coloured. The plant i3 much caltivated for its beauky, and sweet scent. Wood light, pale red, rather soft. Tamarindus indiea, L., Siyeambala, S., Puli, Y., the Tamarind is a very commonly planted tree, especially in the dry districts, There are specimens in ilermaun’s Herb., but it is nowhere wild here. In tue dry region of the islend it is very conspicuous every village having several and of en magnificent seperate Trees are occasiona'ly found appareutly wid in the jungle, but always on t i é ee ee eee y he sita of eban- Acacia Planifrons, W. and A. Pr 7 f ¢ Pla 0 3 od. 2 Saas Udai, 1. [Plate XXXv. | ear ry region; very rare. Confined to the islan Mannar (and a very smell part of the Beinn opposite), where it is extremely abundant, Fl. Oct.- March; pale creamy-white. 3 : Also in 8S, India and in Ramaisszram Island, This is the ‘ Umbrella Tres’ of th Wi ‘U e Engiish ; very cbaracteristio of Mannar, where it aa ane almost the whole fore:t, and from the horizontal arrange pent of the branckes givesis a very peculiar aspect. ‘Coe trees, when covyersd in Feb, with sheets of white blossom, look like old hawthorn trees, itis cultivated in a few Colombo gardens for ornament aud ey Seen er appeared onthe chore there, LO dou rought with ballast from Tuticori rani Se m Tuticorin, where it The woed is very hard and heavy lo ye when fresh cut has a faint altace Pee alae, Ranawara, Diya-ratma!, ¢ us smell, It i much used for firewood, and there is ere is a large expor frum Mannar to §. India (Tuticorn and Negapstaes) u i 2 i 8 445 Dis tpt efor by Meares Caweah See gaienitle 12 the day, sso. ayes for BRESD, eoats seri ion under F a es : a ee a 160. EF aubglaber, Thw. in Tsdeee Bie * A sample cured in Jaffna, where it is called | ‘Suge-Seevesy,’ gave on analysis i | 371 per ceat. of au alkatoia SURI SSE BERS eae and 16-1 itr genous substances, with 41:14 per pcos Bucs tannin, and saccharine matters, : Se {Tae Rey. J. Cordiner, who visi gives an account of the Pee Ceylon,’ vol. ii.p p. 8 and 32, nor in 1804, ‘Umbrella Tree’ in hig 200 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. | (Serr, 1, 1894. Montane regios, 3,000-6,000 ft. or more; common. Var. B, Nuwara Eliya. Fi. throughout the year, pink. Also throughout [udia and in Java. There are two forme, large and smaljl-flowered, the former being met with at the higher elevations only. This is known as the ‘ Wild Raspberry, which it much resembles; the fruit, however, has no flavour, and is besides covered with a woolly coat, which ren- ders it inedible, Fragaria vesca, Ll. Walker-Arnott, in Pug. 16, say she has seen badly dried specimens from Oeylon gathered at 6,000 ft. And about Nowara Eliya patches of so-called ‘wild’ strawbercies are to be found Occasionally, but only, I thunk, as escapes from cul- tivation * About Ootacamund in the Nilgiris, how- ever, a wild strawberry, I’. ilgerrensis, Schidl., is seid to be very common, and is figured (as F. elatior) in Wight, Ic. t.988; but our plant does not agree with this, but with the common wild strawberry of England. Terminaia Chebulat Retz. Obs. Bot. v. 31 (1789). Aralu, 3. Kadukkay, T. Low country up to 2500 ft. principaily in the dry districts, rathor rare, but locally abundant. Jaffna (Gardener); Wattagoda (Thwaites) : Panwila; Uva Provisce, frequcnt ; sbundant ; about Nilga'a, where it is gregarious. Fl. April; greenish-white. Also in India, Borma and Malaya. The fruits are called ‘ink-nute ’ by the Englisb, and are collected for sale to the Moormen by the country peop'e. In Uva the collection is leased and the sale in 1892 felched R7,500. They are the * Chebulic Myrobalans’ of the old pharmacists, and are here sa valu:d medicine, both when young and in amataore condiiop, The flesh is very rich in tannin. When dried they show five blunt obscure angles. Wood heavy, very har}, dark brown with a purplish tinge, cl se-grained, durable. Zerminalia Glabra, W. ani A. Prod, 314 (1834), Kumbuk, S, Marutv, T. Banks of streams and rivers in the low country; very common in the dry region; rare in the moist districts. F). April, May; greenish-white, strongly honey-scented. Also in India. The name 7’. Arjuna, Bedd, reems & quite unneces- Bary Synonym. Grows to an enormous size in the beds of tanks and rivers in the dry region, aud is, generally +p aking the most noticeable feature of such scenery. Cordiner recorded specimens at Ya's, north of Hambantota, in 1800 (which iste earliest notice I find of it for Ceylon), with trunks 233 ft. in circumference at 5 (t. from the ground. A well-known one at Coloinbo measured, in 1879, 45 ft.in circumference round the base: and 24% fe. at 8 ft. above ground, The astringent bark is usid in medicine. It is re- Markable for the immenre amount of lime it contains, and it is largely burnt as a source of lime for chewing with betel), the copious ash almost entiicly cousisting of pure calcium carbonate. Wood greyieh-trown, with bands of darkcr c)lour, very hard and heavy, smcoh, strorg. {L. tomentosa, W. and A,, is recorded for Ceylon in Fi. B, Ind. ‘The specimen is in Herb, Kew., Jabelled by Gardner asfrom ‘Jaffua, Dyke. It wa-, doubtless, planted there by Mr. Dyke. The sp2zcies is very doubtfully distinct from 7’. gladra.] Eugenia Fergusoni TRiM. Var. B. micor, Trim. Syzygium calophyllifolium Thw. Enum, 118 (non. &. calophyllifolia, Wight). C, P. 160. L. much emaller, not excacding 1 in., very shortly stalked fruit about 4in., nearly globular, purp-e. Upper montane zone; in op3p sunuy piaces. The type only in the North-eastern mountain block, Wattekelle (Ferguson), Knuckles Hills and Rinzalu eee OE LE Rome Ga Seal aS eS ee *T am informed that the first wld strawberrie3 noticed at N. Eliya came up in a Ciuchona clearing made in 1864, but Arnott’s must have been collected at a much earlier date. The names belerica and chebula are Latinisations of the Arabic ramecs for these two kinds of myro- balans by which they were first known in Hurope. or ‘ Ga'l-nutsl Ridge. Var. B. Adam’s Peak (Garduer and Thwaites). Fl, April ; pivkish-white. E demic. Var. U. seems to differ altogether from JZ. calo- phyllifolia (to which it is still referred in Fl. B. Ind. in its leaf-venation as well as its remarkebly long calyx. The O. P. specimens are in fruit ouly, and I bave not seen the flowers. Lawsonia Alba, Law, Enc. Meth, iii 106 (1789). Marutonti, 7. Dry aud desert rezions, especially near the sea- coast; ratherrare. Batticaloi: near Chilaw; Mannar, Jaffna, ebundant by the salt lakes. In the moist region cultivated only. Fi. Feb., March; pot. eream- yellow, sep. pinkish; very sweet-scented. Also in Western India, Kabul, and Persia, aad much cultiva'ed elsewhere. Callcd ‘ Tree-Miguonetts ’ in cu'tivation in Colombo. This is the ‘ Henoa;’ the Jeaves are used for etasin- ing the finger-vai's and teeth, and also for applying to the head when bathing. Hydrocotyle javanica, Thumb. Diss. ii, 415 (1800). Manha-gotukola, 8. Moist p'aces in grass under tress; very common in the m»ist region up to 7000 ft. Fl, May-October; pale green. 4.2 in India, Malaya, Trop. Aus‘ralia, and E. Trop. gia. The large stip, completely enclose the «ni of the growing branch aud young leaf. At the higher ele- vations the petioles and peduncles are more woolly, and the flowers on longish pedicels, var. B, Thw. (C, RP. 2812). H. zeylanica, D.U., was collected by Leschenaalt about Kandy, and is mere'y a luxuriaut form. Used medicinally in the same way as JI. asiatica, Mr, E. Green, of Pundalnove, states (Laprsbanian, iii. 7) that the Tamil coolies employ as a fi-b-poison. Fergusonia * zeylanica, He. f.in Ic. Plant. xii. 23 (1876) Moist low country in dry places; apparently rathe-. rare. Near Colombo (Ferguson); Labugawa; Karawite, Fl. Seyt.-Jan.; very pale pmk. Al-o found in Coorg. Of Sir J. Hooker’s two vame:, F. Tlusaitesit is apparently the older, but he uses F zeylanica in Fl. B. Ind. This inzignifiesnt but curious plant much re- sembles J/edyotis nitida and also Spermacoce hispida and 8. stricta in habit. Coffea Wightiana.—Wall. Cat. n. 6246 (1828). Kaduumeallisai, T. Dry regicn; rather rare. Jaffna; Mihiutale ; Uma-oya; Atskalan Korale. Fl. Auy., Sept; white, very sweet-secnted. Also in S. India, A resinous gam envelope the cilyx. This seems to me abuudantly distinct from the next. C. travancorensis, W. end A. ProdJ.. 485 (1834), . (Plate Lis.) C- ffee triflora, Moon Cat. 15 (noon Forst.) Moiet ani intermediate regioa to 3000 ft ; rather rare. Kau’ar&a (Moon); Kurunegala (Gardner) ; Negombo; Deltota; Doluwe Kaude. F. Apr1-June; white, very sweet-scented. A's) in Travanccre. Moon’s §, uame for this is ‘Gas-pitcha,’ an] the flowers much resemble those of a jasmine. C. arabica L., the common Arabian coffee, intro- duced to Ceylon from Java by the Du‘ch about 1690, and largely cultivated, is often found about the s:tes of former native gardens or plantations, but has shown no tendency to become naturalised. eens _TEA IN WYNAAD. Writisg oa the subj-ct of agricultural banks yes- terday we spoke of coff:e being regarded ss “sate as a house” in those districts best suitei for it. Us- fortunately coffee does not thrive equally well on the * Oommemorates the late W. Ferguson, Fis, of Colombo, for many years a diligent and very suc- cessful investigator of the flora of Ceylon, who died July 31st, 1837, Sept. 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. hills of Southern In¢ia, but experience has shown that where it does not flourish it 18 but » sign that the soil and climate are mre favourable for tea. Ceylon has proved this beyond a question, and in T:ayincore the truth of this dictum his elso vecn tully established. South Wynaad js following suit and the new clearings of tea there are giving a promise which, if the dis- trict were only in Ceylon, would enure the pro- prietor being e#bl» without trouble to start a Com- pany successfully and be so wished it. Reutr te’e- greapbel to us yesterday that the most cot'ce- able f ature in the Lovdoa marke's is the re- markable ris9 in all te best Stocks due to the plethora of moaey end to the bankers redu- cing the rateof interest on dsposits tos per cent. This plethora of money is also causing pe ple to pry more attention to iuvestme rts other then public funda, railways aud mines, The following paragraph which appcars in the money article of Vanity Fair, received by last Mai‘, is but a sign of the times :— We have been told that we do not give sufficiert attention tothe att actiona «f Tea Sharse, which—if we may believe ail that we hear—run Consols a close race for security while c»mpletely out-distancing them in the matter of intr-st. W thout subscribing to every extravagant encomium upon Tea Shares which is uttered by the trae believers, we yet regard the following selection as being fairly good cper- ing for the investment of a moderats amount of capital, The selection iuclude1 some half dozen Compani-s in Assam and one in Ceylon. In anothtr Eng'ish contemporary we see it stated that there ia begiuning to arise an incrsasing desire amovg investors on the Cotinen‘, more particularly in France and in Holland, to turn their attention to tea-planting shares, owing to the good returns afforded, and in this connection it has been suggested that, to meet ths requr ments of foreigners, eome of the larger compan: s might with advantage issuea portion of their capita’ in the shape of ‘‘ Bssrer” shares, the same as is done by most Continental iudustrial companies, and as has latterly been done by not a few! English iadustrial and eommercial companies as wel!. All this gives evidence that the inyesting public is beginning to evince more interest than formerly in tva-property. There is at the preseut time no new district tha’ gives better promise than Wynaad. Within the last two years some five hundred acres have been opened ia the southern part of this district, 320 acrea by the Hensourable Mr. Romilly, and 170 acres by the Panora Compuny, all of which is doing marvellously well. Weuude stand the latest machinery is to bs pat ap and every care bestowe! on the masufa:- turecf the leaf. The heavy yield which o'd tia can giveta this cistrict his alreidy been estnbli-hed at Peri: dotty and the sample3 sent homa from Richmond Etate in South-East W)nzal some two years age, showed what supcrior quality cin be produced here by bushes of good ja*. Extensi n3 of tea in Wynaad are uot likely to te of any very great siza for si:me time to come, bat now undonbtedly is the time for investors, when there is plenty of land in the market an1 therefore a gcd oboice at reasonable prices.—MZ. Mail. ee —-— AVARAI (CASSIA AURICULATA) BARK: A New Inpusrry 1n tHe Norra or Crynon, The collection of this bark has been extensively carried on this year in the Mannar district, and has afforded employment to the distressed villagers there. ‘he plant grows wild over the district and other parts of the Province. A Mahommedan merchant of Maras, who attended the fisheries of 1887 and 1888, and invested largely in pearl oysters, tried in the beginning of the year to get a monopoly of the trade in this bark. he bark is said to be used for tanning. The following information is furnished to me by the Adigar of ftusali regurding this industry :— The quantity of avarai bark collected in 1893 in 201 the Mannar district was 288 tons, viz.:— Tons Mannar .. ale : 15 Vidattaltiva Benn yf Silavatturai C 87 Uyilankulam we oe (24 Kallikaddaikadu aye ais 5 and the whole quantity was exported to Colombo. A sum of R2 was paid as royalty per ton, and the amount of cost to the traders per ton was from R35 to R40. The amount for which a ton was sold in Colombo was between R60 and R100. Deducting all the cost, there is a net profit of about R30 per top. The persons engaged by the traders to collect the bark are paid at from R112 to R1-78 per cwt. —Mr. Twynam’s Report. eS Oi See Ae RUBBER. Under the heading “ Rabber-yielding trees,” the Government Botznist (Nilgiris) after relating the want of success, whica atter:ded the tappirg-operationa for rubbcr, p*rformed ou the Ceara and Custdlloa trees, growing in the Burliyar Gardeus, suggests the ad- vieability of Government applying to the Chief Commissioner of Assim with a view to obtaining the services of an expert rubber tapper, in order to ascertain whether the non-succees hitherto experienced in the tapping of these plants was due to the unsiklfulness of the operator.—Nilyiri. ———— ee COSTA RICA REDUCES THE DUTY ON COFFER. The Bureau of the American Republics h 3 Officially informed that the goveriiineut of Costa Ree by decrea of Jun3 8th 1894, bss re!uced the expoct duty on coffee to 4 shilling, Eng ish money, for each 46 kilograms. When tie coffee is exported in its inner husk, the said daty shall be reduced by making an allowance of 18 per cext.cn the gross weight. This Ceoree will b2 in force on and after Ovtover 15 h 1894 —American Grocer. : LIBERIAN.ARABICA COFFEE HYBRID. We hear that Mr. Lamb of Vythery, to interesting find of hybrid coffee plawtee we allaen some months ago, is very sanguine as to the value of his plants. He had in the first place two plants only which are now 3% years old. A year ago one bush yielded 330 cherries (or seeds, we are not sure which) and this year 1760, Last year's crop Mr. Lam» sowed and the re ulting tee jlings are to all appearance trae to the hyb.id type. The Cuttve of the hybrid bas a very thin tkio, in yenien it us very suberice to puce Liberian, and it sbows a stropg tendenoy to run t> pca-berry, 1896 Mr. Lamb hopes to be able to guppy eed tb a puclic aud be hes meantime himself tikea up 300 acres of Jasd which he intends to plant with the pew coffce. Ot course is remains to be seen whether later generations will reman true to type, and it also hes yet to ba teen how fir it will be proof eganst leaf disease and the other ills to which coffee is heir, Those however who have seen the plants either a Panora cr in Mysore, appar to be vey bopetu', and, as we bhaye betore rewarked, if these fulfil a tithe of what their owoers anticipate, they will be of very great value.—South of India Observer, ee Java Tra:—On page 203 will be found an in. teresting le.ter about the total exports of tea from Java (9,400,009 1b. in 1892-3) and the consumption in Hollandjwhich has doubled in ten years being 3 million Ib. in 1893. More than hilf the Java crop is sull sent to the London market. This is g pity. We should like to see the Java planters more alive to pushing their produce into new markets on the Continent of Europe, 262 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Serr. 1, 1894. TESTS FOR COCONUT AND PALM OIL. The following scheme to detect the adulteration of these oils with others may be used:— First operation.—20 c. c. of the sample are shaken for one minute in a graduated tube with 40 c.c. of alcohol of 90°, when the oil, deprived of its fres fatty acids, sinks to the bottom. Iecohol of 85° then absorbs a certain quantity of neutral fatty matter, and the oil dissolves 15 to 20 per cent of alcohol. The solvent power of the oil diminishes sensibly in the presence of insoluble oils, whilst that of the alcohol increases in the presence of oils, soluble in alcohol of 95°, castor oil, resin oil, &¢, which latter can be readily characterised by their physical and chemical properties. Second operation.—5 c.c. of coconut oil, previously washed with alcohol of 95°, are treated in a gra- duated tube with 10 c.c. of absolute alcohol, and the mixture placed on the water bath at 30° to 31° C.; it is now shaken for 40 seconds and replaced on the waterbath. Pure coconut oil dissolves com- pletely under those conditions, whilst contaminated with oils insoluble in alcohol, such as earthnut, sesame, cottonseed, and maize oils, it does not sensibly dissolve, but falls to the bottom of the tube. Coconut oil containing 20 per cent of palm oil separates, but when the percentage is below this a turbid emulsion results. Palm oil is treated in the same manner, only with 20c.c. instead of 10c.c of absolute alcohol. Five cc. of palm oil containing 20 per cent and upwards of coconut oil is soluble in 15 c.c. of absolute alcohol, whilst under th-se circumstances the pure oil forms a turbid emul- sion. The purity of coconut and palm oil cakes is determined by extracting the facts and treating them in the manner above described. The volatile fatty acids in butter fat may be estimated thus :— Five grams of filtered dry butter fat is placed in a flask of 300 to 350 c.c. capacity, and 2 cc. of 50 per cent aqueous soda, and 2U c.c. of glycerol aided. The mixture is then carefully boiled over wire gauze, until all the water is expelled, the flask being gently rotated the while; the heating is then continued w.th a smaller flame; in 15 min. a clear soap solution is obtained, which after cooling, is mixed with 90 c.c. of water and 50 c.c. of dilute sulphuric acid (50 c.c. of acid per litre), some fragments of pumice added, and the mixture distilled until 110 c.c. has passed over. The author regards the method as quicker and more convenient than the older methods, but the test analysis appears to be far from satis- factory. : Baudouin’s test for sesame oil in olive oil is applied as follows :— Ol gram of sugar is dissolved in a test tube in 10 c.c. HCl, sp. gr. 119 20 cc. of the sample of olive oil is then added, the whole thoroughly shaken for a minute, and allowed to settle. If the oil is pure, the acid and oils retain their original colour, but if sesame oil is present they are both of a decidedly reddish shade.—Chemical Jvade Journal. a ee MARRAM GRASS. The following account of the successful planting of Marram grass on a large extent of sandhills is taken from the Melbourne newspaper, the Leader :— “The Marram grass (Psamma gorenaria), the seed of which was first introduced into the colony of Victoria by the Government botanist, Baron yon Mueller, in 1883 (and by him entrusted to the Borough Council of Port Fairy for experiment on the barren shifting sand hummocks fronting the coast line of Port Fairy), has been proved to be the most effective sand stay ever planted. Practical evidence of its value can be seen in the 50 miles of sandhills extending between Warrnambool and Port Fairy, now eclaimed by the Marram plantations. sown under the direction of Mr,S. Avery, the park ranger. So complete has been the reclamation of the lands that, where a few years agonot a sign of vegetation was to be seen, there now exists a succulent grass, eagerly devoured by cattle, and growing to the height of 4 feet. Murram grass is practically indestructible— burning, cutting, or eating off only makes it thrive —whilst, in exposed, shifting sand, it propagates as sureiy as in the most shelt-red position. The grass for transplanting has been supplied by the Port Fairy Borough Council, not only to the Govern- ments of Victoria and New South Wales, but to numerous municipal bodies and private individuals in all the Australian colonies, New Zealand, and Tasmania, and in no single instance has it failed to thrive. The grass is supplied at the actual cost of digging, packing, and carting to the wharf or railway station, : ort Fairy, which does not exceed 25s per ton. The grass is planted in rows, at a distauce of 6 feet apart, the space between the plants at least 2 feet. The depth to which each plant is put into the sand depends vpon the nature of the sand. If in sand not likely to drift for two or three months, 9 inches is deep enough; but, if very loose and shifting, the grass snould be placed from 12 to 15 inches deep. A “plant” consists of as much grass aS & man can conveniently hold in his hand, and care is taken to have the roots regular. The system adopted in plant- ing is for one wan to dig the hole, and another puts in the *‘plant,” and well treads round the same. After 12 months’ growth, the plants are fit for thinning out and transplanting. Oattle are not allowed to graze on the grass until the roots become throughly established. 1t takes 3,630 “‘plants’” to the acre, and there are about 2,800 “ plants” to the ton; tkus, 1 ton 6 cwt. covers one acre.. The most favourable time for planting is from the Ist May to the end of July. The grass retains its vitality, and strikes root after being out of its sand bed for three months or more. In a report upon the gazing capabilities of the grass, furnished to Baron yon Mueller by Mr. Avery, from Port Fairy, under date the 18th inst., he says —‘‘I generally put the cattle into the Marram grass enclosure after the first rains we get in April, and then allow them to graze there until the season begins to get too dry, wheu they are taken out and kept off ull next season. I have been able to keep them in longer this season on account of the late rains we have had. During the last season, I have had about 100 head of cattle grazing on about 109 acres of Marram grass for six months, and the cattle kept in fair condition during that time. There seems to be some doubt in the minds of a great many persons, who have heard about the Marram grass, that it is of no use as fodder; bat I can assure you that the cattle at Port Fairy thrive well on it, and, if it was not for the grass during the winter months, the residents’ cattle woud fare badly. I am of opinion that it would make a splendid ensilage” Many hundreds of acres of the valuable potato lands bordering the westera coast of Victoria have already been sayed from destruction by this valuable grass; and the grateful testimony of the farmer is, that “ if Baron yon Mueller had conferred no other benefit on the colony than this alone, out of all his other good works, he would deserve to live in grateful remem- brance as a great public benefactor.” Amongst the latest applications for plants of this gras3 are several from India and Africa.”’—vournal of the Society of Arts, ; ee Honey is beginning to figure more largely in the list of Australian exports to this country, and the attention given to apiculture is evident from the number of announcements concerning bees to be met with in the colonial papers. The following is a typical announcement from a Victorian specialist:— ” Do you know that I have for sale beautiful Italian golden queens, some of them yellow tothe tip? They haya beea bred for business, are consequently good honey gatherers, and quiet to handle. Bees in full colonies, ornucleus ’—Gardeners’ Chronicle, Sepr. 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 203 JAVA TEA AND DUTCH THA CONSUMPTION. To the Editor of the Homm anv Cotontau Mat. Sir,—At present, when s0 much iuteres: is being aroused in the opeving up of fresh outlets ‘or tea consumption, Ithink someimporiance my attach to the following figures regarding the position of the Java tea trade in Holland, sbout whica I think we are a little in ignorance on this eide. The figures are tiken from the ‘‘Jaaroverziohten des Handels in Kolcniale Producten,’ or ‘‘Annusl Review of Colonial Products,” publ shed in Amsterdim (1893). (a) Exports of Java Tca, with Destinations, (000 omitted.) 1890-91 1891-92 1892-93 lb. Ib. lb. To Netherlands 2,270 3,655 4,320 To Englanu 5,155 3,115 4,830 To Eurvpe (elsewhere) 27 100 50 To Australia and Persia 36 300 200 sa 7 488 7,170 9,400 y : (6) Approximate Import aud consumption of Java Tea in Holland. 1884 .. about 1,500,000 Ib. 89 coo about 2,500,000 Ib. 91 (Exceptional) about 1,500,000 lb. 93 ave about 3,000,0U0 lb. ; Note—Roughly speaking import and copsumption k pt on about a level. Fiom the above it would appear that— (1) The total Java products tends to augment, (2) About half the tutsl crop comes to Hugland. (3) Dutch consumption tends on taiance to lucrense. (4) The propor-iou of the Java production go.ng to Holland ten s rather to augment, The average price realised at auction for all Java tea sold ia Amsterdam iu 1893 wos 384 ¢ uts or just about 731 (770d) per lb,—L am, ) ours laithfuly, GEO. SETON. 126, Bishopsgate Street, E.C., 27th July 1894.—Z, and C. Mail. po eee Se RO ee eee VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. Opentnc LAND IN TRAVANCORE.—It is now stated that, in purchasing the lerge block of iaad from the North ‘Tranvanco-o Association, Messrs, Finlay, Muir & Oo. have no intention of planting tea, bat propose to open up the more suitable portious in coffee, both Liberian and Arabica. We tiscerely hope this msy turn out to Le the case, though We cn hardly credit the statemeat made to us that a well- known Travancore plauter, becoming so ditgusted with the prices realized for his teas in London, bas decided to root out his tea to make way for cotfee. Labor thereis, of course, scarce, and not very effici nt ; but it is a little difficult io believe that tea does not pay han¢somely, in spite of the somewhat low range of prices obtaincd for Travancore teae.—‘'Times of Ceylon.” THe ‘AGRICULTURAL GAzETTE” of New South Wales, Volume V. Part 6. June 1894, has the following contents :— ; Useful Australian Plants, a Scented Grass (Hve- rochloa rariflora, Hook f.) J. H, Maiden; Colonial Timbers for Wine Casks, J. H. Maiden; Our Timber Trees and Forest Culture, W. MacDonad; Notes on Diseases of Plants, Disences cf the’ Bean Plant, etc., N. A. Cobb; A New Australian Fungus, N. A. Cobb; Apple Culture (conticued), A. H. Benson ; the Vineyeri and the Cellar, February and March, J. A. D.speissis; On the Choice of Artficial Manures, Composition and Acticn of Manures, F. B, Guthrie ; Chemical Notes, F. B, Guthie; Report on the Administration of the Diseased Animals and Meat Act; Practical Vegetable-growing, Directions for the mouth of July; Orchard Notes for July ; General Notes: How to save Bananas from Flying Foxes, Worms in owls, Marketing the Choco, Spotted Gum gt W ood-paving, Hawkosbury Agricultural College, A New Suaar Facrory is to be erected in North- ern Indjis, under the name of the Cawnpore Sugar Works, Limited, more than fcur lakhs of rupees having already been eubseribed, and it is hoped that the fectory will be ready by the new year.— Sugar Cane, July 2, Tra Pests.—An article on this subject in the Indian Planters’ Gazetie deals particularly with mosquito blight and red spider among tea ond the white borer in ccffee. It is pointed out that the morquito is as minute es a sandfly which it mush resembles, ard, if there is any real struc- tural affinity between the two, it is stated that the remedy is crude petroleum, the vapour of which sanéflies cannot sand, As to the application of the remedy our contemporary recommends a badly-effected patch being selected, down between the rows of which jute should be spread and the crude mineral thrown thereon by a common watering- pot. During the cold weather two applications per week would suffice, but during the rains the number of epplications must be determined according to circumstancer. For red spider spraying with a mixture cf carbolicoand lime water is recommended, ainEEnsnnerpeenienereEREREnEnnenepemeeemmemenenmenmennemmeniemmmneimemeemmetemmemnniameemmmmnimetnieenen CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION, 1894, ow & lado i=} mins oD Seanrr = onl “oO N be i Al oasonm = 32 3:07 SIGNS TA OUONIOR Shs) isieras Nada re Mn | : 23 CO) a, 8 sie ts me ANw oma ~ Omiom ao cx —a = ¢ £aS S sa ane BS i “S&S iS ive ima 17S 33 3 a : Pan) ar = ee onamn ay 3928 YO MAD Gere) > 2 Basse nes eRe Besa: . 1. Seas > “ u INK ° o jae FG AD Om OND 2— 69 | Aaa alten! al an © | ONS S99 9 a) a ZOD BON DO LO Rminice i Ges ;SD5 30 ox oe © Hos giles Nes BND 'ONM * aN s+ eo we S905 Rep St RCO MD) retires) it N mWraAS i 1 x EQ) On om a) mo a 2 fed! Digit Oc os 98 Sbsa AL. BSH =S :3 . HHOr 5 ee) ES EES. oO Bc) QUES 72 . 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Soft sound £55 10a £61 108 CARDAMOMS— over 30 & under 60 Jb. ” ye £50 a £6 lus Allepee 1. «|Fairto fine clipped ...|Is a 28 6d 60 a 100 Ib. Hard ,, vs \£35 a £44 Mangalore ... ...|Bold, bright, fairto fine... 1s 10d a 2s 8d Scrivelloes a oe. DOLE ” os \£.3 lusa £37 Malabar FF ---|Good to five plump, cliped/2s a 2s 6d a AS | Hard. 6, a £10 a £17 Ceylon, Malabar sort) Fai to five bold bleached 2s 34 a 38 Billiard Ball Pieces 2}a 3}in/Sound soft .:. --- £63 108 £81 10s % +» medium ,, [1s 6d a 2s Bagatelle Points .../SJi. def.to fine sound seft'£ad lusa £o3 lis ” » smail Is 4 1s 6d Cut Points for Balls |\Shaky lo fine solid sd. sft £6 a £69 Small to bold brown ...|Is a 1s 6¢ Mixed Points & Tips,,,| Defective, part hard 66 8 £47 10s Alleppee and|Fair to fine bold 2s 31a 38 6d Cut Hollows ...|Lhin to thick tosd.eft £26 10s a £41 10 Mysore sort} ,,~ ,, medium _ ,,,.jls 6d a 2s Sea Horse Teeth— | : } ea Sp nro (18 a 1s 5d Zu14 Ib. |Straight erked pait close 1s a 3s Long wild Ceylon....\common io good _,.,/Hd a 2s 4d MYRALULANES, Bombay|Lhimlies I, good & fine) CASTOR OIL, Ists|White 4. ase es SBA DGD pale7s €d a 9s 31 _ @nds/Fair and good pale ,,.|2! a 24a | » , tair pickings 3s Gda 4s 3d CHILLIES, -Zanzibar _...|Fair to fine bright »../808.8 2538 | JubbleporeI, good & fine Ord’y. and middling ..,/24s a 283_ | pale|vs 3d a 7s CINNAMON, Asts|Ord’y. to fine pale quill,../64d als 5d | » IL, fair rejection s)4s 6¢ a 4s 3 2nds| ,, 35 pe Rpaerhare (3 Woe £9 Vingor:as. good and fine|.8 a 53 94 rus], olin enews TE Cr Madras, Upper Godavery 00d to fine picked ./6s @ 6s 94 4ths| |, sky Pedvoy, Pa Dae ae ii » «.(COmmon to middling ,.,\ds3d a ds 6d Chips) Fair to fine plant .../24d a Td Coast ani ed aie woofs ee vd : . ‘ Pickings |Burnt and defective ,,,|/8 @ j CLOVES, Zanzibar Fair to fine bright — .,.,2Ada 24d MACE Bombay ."|Dark to good bold pale jis 6d » 26 aud Pembe. } common dull aud mixed 8 @ 244 ‘ eK |Wrd.com. darktoiine voli 41 a 8d » STEMS Common to good «dda 4d NUTMEGS, < ...|85'5 a 81's, --. 48 Lid @ 28 ICgd COCULUS INDICUS ...|Fair sifted... ... (58 9d a 6s 6d 0's @ 125s. ve[08 40 & A L0pa COFFEK .. = ~—s«|Mid. Plantation Ceylon|ju6s0d a 10+a0d|| NUX VOMICA Madra:/Sm™all to tine bold fresh 6s a 10s mS wo ee Low Middling ,, ~,, |100s 0da 1053 ||)IL, CINNAMON ...|Fair to fine heavy oO & Ls 6d COLOMBO ROOT... _ ..-|Good to fine bright sound!|0s a 15s CITRONELLE _ ,,,|8right & good fiayonr., fd a ju ; Ordinary& middling ., |ss a 9s LEMONGRASS || » 5 » ot CROTON SEEDS, sifted...|Fair to tine fresh 1/208 a 27860 — |lRGHELLA ( CEF0% += Aid. to fine, not wood) 42. ® 228 CUICH on ove +/Fair to fine dry «./208 a 32s WEED Zauzibar ,,,/Picked clean flatleaf ,,,\128 » los DRAGONS BLOOD, Zan./Ordinary to good drop ...2) a 50s Mozambique] 9» Wily wa. —,,, (228 & B25 GALLS, Bussorah& Turkey |Fair to fine dark blue ...'5 18 a 57 6d PEPPER— a | Good white and green .../455 a 50s Malabar, Black sifted ..|“#ir to boldheavy .. ie a 24d GINGER, Cochin, Cut ...|Good to fine bold «(703 a 753 Alleppee & Tellicherry ” geod ,, oe » «/Smalland medium ,,./55s a 65s Tellicherry, White ” 4» nom G4 Roug))...|Fair to fine bold +»-/403 a 453 ?LUMBAGO, Lump _,,,|“#ir to fine bright bold 14s a lis +|Smalland medium _,,./43s 4 553 Middling to gooi small ¥s 4 lis Bengal, Rough |Fair to gcod = nom,.../27s 61 a 308 Chips __,,,|3/i'tly foul tu fine bright /¥s & lus GUM AMMONIACUM ...|Blocky totineclean .../20s a 50s Dust »».|JTdiuary to fine bright... 914 65 ANIMI, washed ...|Picked fine pale in sorts,|£10 03 a £12 0s ||KED WOOD + ae fir and fine bold ,,.\£3 10s a £4 Part yellow & mixed dv./£9 (sa £9153 ||SAFFLOWER, Bengal |%00dtofiuepinkynominal 955 @ 1¥yg Bean & Peasizeditto .../£4 10sa £8 10s Jrdinary to fair ~-|(03 & BJs Amber and red bold ...|66 03 a £8 Us foferior and pickings ,..)508 @ dus _ scraped...|Medium & boldsorts ...|£410sa£7 0s |/SANDAL WOOD, Logs...|Fair to fine flavour ...\*39 a £55 ARABIC E,I, & Adeu ..|Good to fine pale frosted i 5 Chips,,|{uferior to fine _ [EY & £30 sifted ws an {R58 a 45g sSEEDLAC .. ..j0rdinary to fine bright|/3Us a 9s Sorts, dullred to fair ..:/273 6d a 30s SENNA, ‘Tinnevelly ae: Medium to bold green.../d4 a 1U4 Ghatti ...|Good to tine paleselected|30s a 45s Small and medium green|2d a 4d Sorts middling to good...|20s a 2/s Common dark and smali id az Ordinary to good ..jid a 2d Awrad cha.|Good and fine pale __,,,|32s 6d a 403 : Bombay | Reddish to pale brown .../258 a 32s SHELLS, M.-o’-P. _ ..,,E@xPTIAN—bold clean...|078 6d a 703 Madras ...(Dark to fine pale ..{153 a 30s medium thin and stout|7Us a 853 ASSAFCTIDA Fair to tine pinky block chi ken, thin andstout/30s a ads anddrop.., __.,.|40s a 803 large + a, BOMBAY—good tofinethic| 78 Gla 723 6d . |Ordinary stony to midling|153 a 40s medium part stout cle n part good color!77s td a g7s 6d KINO =i «.|Fair to fine bright |£15 a £18 chicken part stout’ » » 9 [8a 823 6d MYRRH, picked /|Fair to fine pale ve-|eo a 27 oyster & broken pes a ” y» [0S & 755 . Aden sorts|Middling to good ...(638 & 80s Mussel ... i bold sorts oe +--| 588 & 473 OLIBANUM, drop...|Fair to fine white .../303 a 553 small and medium sorts 17s a 3us 35 Reddish to middling ...|l\7s a 25g Lingah Ceylon ..,/£hinand good stout sorts|>3 a 133 6a pickings...|Middling togoodpale ,,.|3s a 143 CTAMARINDS 3. .». (Mud. tofineblacknotstony|33 a 9s siftings ...{/Slightly toultotine ,.,/93 a 133 Stony aad inferior... 8 & 68 INDIARUBBER ... _.../Ked hard clean ball ,,./23 a 23 4d TORTOISESHELL . _ .., Serts.good mottle, heayy/22s a 2is East African Ports, Zanzi-White softish ditto ...|1s 7d a 2s Zanzibar and Bombay Picking thin to heavy.../is a los par and Mozambique Coast ee root ... _,..{L0d a 1s 6d CURMERIC,Bengal ... a ccabeot mp plamp pin iver esi eae edhaan ohet adiper asin de, Sausage, ordinary to fine|10d a 25 oe Madras .., Fin. fairto tine bold brgt 10s a la ‘\ withoutsticks,,.|2s a 2s 3d > «Mixed middling.,, .,.!38 a 10s Assam ws» ««,|Good to fine (1s 7d a 23 24 Be Bulbs... w |78 Bos ’ Common foul & middling|9d a 1s 5d Cochin Ve bea o_o acs .. {103 a 135 - ...|Fair to good clean (iS 7d a 23 |/VANILLOES, a 5 Z ns Pree Lib Tamatayve, 4 |Goodtofinepinky &white/2s ld a 25 4] Bourbon, lsts ... Fiue, eryst’ed 5 to 9 ia. es & 233 Majunga and Nossibe}|Fairtogood black —_,,/1s 6d a 13 9d Mauritius, | 2ads... Foxy & redd.sh 5 to 8 iu.|98 & 16s GLASS or jgoodtofine pale .,,/ls 9da 23 6d Seychelles, }3rds... Lean & dry to mid. un-|__ Tes MAWS \ Tongue. \dark to fair ..|9d a 1s ba | der Gin, _—_,,,|35 a 83 Bladder Pipe/Vlean thin to fine bold.,,|ls 6d a 23 9q Madagascar, ) 4ths.,,'Low, foxy, inferior ana Purse,,,|Dark mixed to fine pale|3d a Is 31 | pickings | 98 6d g Aa So Oe So AGRIGGLTURAL MAGAZINE, COLOGNE SO. Added as a Supplement The following pages include the for September :— Monihly to the “TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.” Contents of the Agricultural Magazine Vol. VI] SEPTEMBER, 1894. [No. 3. TH CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF FARMYARD MANURE. ; ILI) Agricultural Department | of Madras has.issued a bulletin on this subject, with special refer- ence to South India, which has been written by Mr. Benson, the Deputy Director. In the early part of the paper the author mentions ‘hat ‘ with sufficient manure and abundance of water there is scarcely any limit to the productiveness of the land in India,” and the same may be said to be true in all cases where the ordinary rules of tillage have ‘been well observed. ‘he author then endeavours to impress upon his readers the important fact that the more valuable part of cattle manure is the liquid excrement, and that this should be preserved together with the solid excrement in order to obtain the full benefit of the fertilizing properties of as “farmyard manure.” There are, of course, many difficulties in the way of preserving the liquid part of farmyard manure, and the important part of the bulletin under review consists cf of what is generally spoken practical suggestions in order to secure this end. Mr. Benson gives two methods The first he for managing farmyard manure. describes as follows :— “The floor of the cattle-shed should be made Z or 3 feet lower than the surrounding ground, and | the sides and the bottom of the pit plastered with On the floor a layer of ashes should then be spread once for all, and every day a layer of vegetable rubbish should be spread the surface as litter, that is, for bedding. For this clay. over purpose, leaves, coarse grass and other vegetable rubbish may be collected and stored curing those parts of the year when they can be easily procured and when the ryot and his cattle have plenty of leisure. Waste fodder and various refuse por- tions of crops, such as the ear-heads from which corn has been threshed, &c., may be used as bedding. The shed may be 10 feet long and 6 feet broad fora pair of cattle. 1t is best that the cattle should be left loose in the shed, so that they may tread on every part of the manure and press it down. If the manure is not pressed, it will rot too fast aud become much heated and give off bad smells and the health of the cattle will be injured. Every morning the dung drop- ped by the cattle in the previous night should be evenly distributed and a thin layer of litter spread over it. In this manner the manure may be collected until the pit is filled, which may take about three months. “Too much bedding should not be supplied ; otherwise the manure will be too dry and not decompose with sufficient slowness, and thus lose in value. The manure in the pit should always be thoroughly moist throughout its bulk. If the manure has an ash-colored appearance anywhere when it is being removed that is a sign that it has not decayed properly; this appearance being due to the great heat caused by the manure being too dry. Ifthe straw, &c., supplied as bedding be long and hard, the manure will not rot properly : such litter should be eut up into short pieces, Unless the manure is well rotted, it will not be of much use to crops, asit will not act quickly. It willalso make the soil too open, so that the crops thereon may suffer much from dronght, The manure, if properly managed, will be of a black colour and of mellow substance, thoroughly rotted throughout so that it may almost be cut with a knife. In removing manure from the pit the unrotted portion near the surface should be placed on one side, and after the well-rotted portion has been taken out, sheuld be put back again at the bottom of the pit, and manure may be collected again as before, : 206 “By this method of managing manure, about 5 to 7 tons of good minure my be obtained yerrly for each head of cattle kept, whereas if the dung be thrown out in loose heaps in the open air, only about half a ton of very inferior manure will be obtained in the year.” The author adwits that there are two objections to this method of collecting the manure :— 1. Thatit is supposed to cause unhealthiness among the cattle housed. 2. That it requires a large amount of litter to be supplied. The first objection is easily disposed of by Mr. Benson, who observes—“ Experience has shown that it is groundless.” Our experience, however, has been rather different, for in two instances have we traced outbreaks of foot-and- mouth disease to this method of accumulat- ing cattle manure. We shall probably be told, however, that the method was not properly carried out, either by the decomposing manure being allowed to remain tod long in the shed or an insufficiency of litter having been strewn oyer the mass. We remember seeing this system of manure collection in working at the Saidipet Farm, Madras, where animals were standing on a large accumulation of manure, which, while it made the surroundings decidedly unwholesome-looking, tended to make the cattle to all appearances miserably uncomfortable; and chough it struck us that the conditions under which the animals were kept were far from healthy, we have Mr. Benson’s word for it that experience has shown the objection to be groundless, so far as South India is concerned. Then, as regards litter, we are told that if straw is not available in easy terms, any vegetable refuse, such as leaves and grass would do. On upcountry estates we know that mana grass is used for this purpose, and in such situations and country places there would be no difficulty in obtaining some sort of vegetable refuse to serve as litter; but in towns, there is no denying the fact that to obtain even such refuse in a clean condition, is a matter of the utmost difficulty. We have seen coir-dust used as con- venient and easily-obtained bedding, but though it served its purpose as an excellent absorber of liquid matter, it was found that the condition of the result and manure was not improved, for though it would have been suitable enough for application to perennial trees, the intractability of the coir-dust was a serious impediment to its use in garden or even grass cultivation ; and it was. impossible to get coir-dust in a well-decom- posed mould-like form which would have materi- ally added to its usefulness in this connection. There is this much, however, that cannot be gain- said by any advocate of this system of manure preserving, that the method can never be curried out in connection with dairies, however suit- able it may be where working bullocks are kept. The first law in connection with dairying enforces cleanliness and sweetness, and no one can say that the method is either clean or sweet, at least as these terms are understood in connection with dairy management. We doubt, even if the system is adopted in the case of cart or trotting bullocks kept within municipal limits, whether the Sanitary Inspectcrs would not consider they had a good ease for prosecution. We mast admit that we are not enam ured of this system, though Supplement to the Tropical Agriculturist.” en iS el ee ee [Sept. 1, 1894, we have seen it practised in England and Seotland, In warm countries such as ours where decomposi- tion goes on so rapidly, we do not think it a desirable one; while there is a dash of slovenli- ness, arising from what seems an attempt to shirk work, which does not commend itself to our minds, The same results can be attained without keeping the animals in contaet with their own excrements, if a little more energy were expended. Mr. Benson is certain that the system does no harm to cattle. We will not contradict him, though we can as surely affirm that it does them no good. At any rate, we should like to see our own animals living, when we daily visit them, under more congenial circumstances; for we cannot agree to consider them as purely animated manure-making machines. We have seen a slight modification of—which is a decided im- provement on—this system, whereby the cattle are housed in an elevated shed, the flooring of which admits of the liquid excrement dripping through and saturating vegetable refuse in the compiurtment underneath. By this means the floor of the hed isin adry condition, and the comfort ot the animals not altogether neglected. The liquid manure plus the vegetable refuse is, at the sam? time, preserved from waste or wash: while the solid manure is collected and thrown down below by a trap door. The only objection which may perhaps be brought against this method is the extra cost of the specially designed structure. ; Mr. Benson, however, gives the Indian ryot the option of a second method of collecting cattle manure, which is described as follows :— “The floor of the cattle-shed should be made smooth and compact with a gentle slope towards the back, where a small channel should be placed so that all the urine falling on the floor muy be carried by the channel toa pot placed outside the shed at one end. The dung can be removed every day and thrown into a pit, the sides or bottom of which should be plastered with clay, and over which a low thatched roof his been erected. Whatever vegetable refuse is available on the farm may be thrown into the pit, and the urine zollected poured over the heap daily, The whole mass of dung urine and vegetable rubbish should be kept uniformly mixed and well trodden and pressed down so as to make the mass decay ‘uniformly and slowly. “Tf the manure pit last described cannot be protected by a simple shed, the heap should be coy- ered withearth. It has in all cases been found very useful to cover manure heaps with earth, as this prevents the loss of valuable fertilising matters into the air. This practice is fully adopted in some places, e.g., in Tinnevelly with the best results. If the upper portions of a manure heap become dry, the heap should be turned over so as to mix the moister and the drier portions together, and if there be any tendency for the heap to dry up generally, it may be watered slightly with advantage. The covering of the heap with earth to agreat extent prevents undue drying. The great aim should be to maintain the heap ina moist state so that the whole mass may decay slowly and completely, and thus the fertilising matters of the manure may be preserved and rendered more immediately useful than as they are found naturally.” Se ee TS aes ae | Sept. 1, 1894.] Supplement to the « Tropical Agriculturist.” 207 This method is certainly the more acceptable of the two mentioned in the bulletin under notice. While the surroundings of the cattle will be preserved ina sanitary condition, excellent and well-rotted manure (for both systems aim at bringing the manure into this state) will be obtained. We are afraid that the first system, if sanctioned, will merely mean a licence to the average native cattle owner to attain to the supreme degree of felicity which will he his if he be permitted to be at rest while filth accu- mulates around him and his animals. TALE Fa A 8S Ce la Ye RAINFALL AT THE SCHOOL OF AGRICUL- TURE DURING JULY. 7 a Bae Nil By hao Nilee2 saree: Nil DthANs Nil 12 tae INGE 2G, Nil cd ur hla sy tee 032i 27 gan Wn Nil 16 Clo} Oe} ‘Ol bE ietlenc Nil NALA fan 29 Nil Grint Ni Len8tn 27 «30 Nil ie a oe INTE OMe: TES Nil Sees 04 20 cole Ode Site Dees O30 Lotale. 72:39 10%. Bat ODN eae ‘O1 -_—— iy hepa Sle SO QS ae ‘Ol Mean... ‘077 1a INGE EO: : ‘Ol = Greatest amount of rainfall in any 24 hours on the 17th ‘73 inches. Recorded by P. VAN De Bona. aa UL eek THE FIXATION OF NITROGEN. Dr. Andrew Wilson contributes to the ‘ Science Jottings” column in the /dlustrated London News an interesting article on the fixation of nitrogen by the vegetable world. Where and how in the plant is this free breakfast table utilized? Where and how is the free nitrogen actually fixed and made useful for the purposes of the plant’s life ? Professor Marshall Ward tells us that the view that it was the leaves of the plants which ab- sorbed it, and that the living protoplasm of the leaf cells was the agent which effected the oper- ation, will not bear eviticism. Then comes a second possibility. The bacteria, it was held, lived naturally on the soil, as many microbes do. They acted the part of underground cooks and caterers, and produced in the soil itself the nitro- genous food elements, who were duly absorbed by the plant's own roots. Even the bacteria in the root swellings, it was contended, might per- form this work, which really enriched the soil, of course. and through it gave to the plant its nitro- gen. This view of thingsremains for further eluci- dation. It may, therefore, be left for the present. The third possibility maintains that the fixation and utilization of the air-nitrogen could be con- ceived to result from the action of the plant per se, regarded as stimulated to an excessive degree of energy by the bacterial swellings on its roots. Here the matter is viewed as if the bacteria on the roots acted the part of instigators of an action which, but for their encouragement and assistance, the leguminous pliant would not be able to under- take. Itis clear that the difficulties of the pro- blem increase when this viewis considered. With- out the bacteria the plants can not avail them- selves of the free nitrogen. What, then, is the exact relation of the microbes to the plant's work 7 Protessor Marshall Ward, who inclines to this view of things, reminds us that there is an inti- mate connection between the root swellings and the roots themselves. These swellings are the seats of great activity. They are really chemical laboratories wherein businessis always very brisk } so that it may well be that the living machinery of the plant is really stimulated in a direct degree by the efforts of the microbes on the roots, and that the plant is supplied from the root swellings. with materials on which its own living cells can abun- dantly operate. My remarks that the plant gets its food materials cooked for it in this way, by the microbes, serves to explain the gist of this third view: It may be able to assimilate cooked food when it could not fix that which is raw. Then comes the fourth and last suggestion. It is that the root swellings are merely so many accumulators of the nitrogen food, and that the plant simply absorbs what its microbe lodgers and boarders have prepared. This opinionregards the microbes as mere parasites, and unless the bacteria are capable of absorbing the free nitrogen from the air itself, as Prof. Marshall Ward observes, it is difficult toaccount for the gains by the plant on this theory. This, then, is the end of this story of plant feeding. That its real outecome—when- ever shall be settled—is of immense importance to agriculture cannot be doubted. Ounce again we see how the so-called ‘ unpractical” work of science in its laboratory and with its microscope, has bearings of the most intimate kind on com< mercial prosperity and human interests.—Sugar Journal, $< TOMATO DISEASES, Growers of tomatoes, especially in the low- country, must often have experienced much diffi- culty in raising the plants owing to disease affect ing them; and to most growers the attack known as ‘‘ drooping disease’ must be the most familiar, It is particularly disheartening to see healthy plants all of a sudden begin to show signs o withering—often ouly in certain regions at first— and finally dying out altogether. This and other diseases of the tomato-plant have been the subject of enquiry in the pages of the Journal of Horti cultwie, and the information elicited through the agency of that excellent periodical is of a most useful character, and will we are sure be wel comed by our readers. As regards “ drooping disease,” which is so familiar, we first give the opinions of two correspondents who write as follows on the subject :— “Your readers may, some of them, be glad to know that a prompt earthing-up round the stem of adrooping plant will usually save it. I use light soil and a few loose bricks or boards. Plants treated thus promptly will often equal in crop the best in a house. For black spot in the fruit I find the best thing is to sprinkle sulphur on very hot lime whilst slaking in a bucket, then walk up und down the house, shaking the bucket violently, and the sulphur and fresh lime will fly all over the house. This makes the fruit a little dusty, but that is better than losing it. Cladosporium also does not seem to make headway where the lime and sulphur bucket is used. I attribute a comparative freedom from both clubbing and drooping in my Tomatoes to the use of chemigal 208 Supplement to the Tropical Agriculturist.” (Sept. 1, 1894. instead of animal manures, also to the use of burnt ashes and mortar rubble, with gritty stuff of all sorts in the soil, toa large extent. My soil is greensand, but goes very closely together when rammed, which I find is necessary for Tomatoes. The ashes keep the soil sweet.—}. WILLIAMS. “J takeit Mr. I’, Williams (page 9) is alluding to the Phytophthora infestans when he speaks of the drooping disease in Tomatoes; at Jeast I do not know any other disease which makes the plants droop. Ihave not experienced the good result mentioned by your correspondent by top-dressing or earthing up the plants, though I have tried it this season, It seems tome almost impossible to outgrow it, for the moment we see a plint droop- ing brown patches of the fungi can be seen on the stem, showing quite clearly the tissue is destroyed and incapable of taking up or rather passing along further supplies of food. In all probability the earthing up as described by your correspon- dent would answer, provided the diseased parts were near the roots or low on the stem. “At the present time I have only had ten at- tacked in a house containing about 49) plants, so 1 cannot complain of its ravages. 1 have grown many plants in pots, so that I can always fill a blank space, and my method of procedure is briefly this: when a plant is noticed drooping it is pulled up at once and promptly put in the fire, then one of the large plants in pots is used to fill up the vacancy. By this method no space is lost, and as the plaats are large they do not make any noticeable difference in the house. I trust en- tirely to chemical manures for feeding purposes, because I find snimal manure added to the loam causes the plants to grow grossly, whereas by planting out in firm loam a sturdy growth follows, and w good set results from such treatment. Im- mediately the first truss of bloom sets the feeding commences. “Tam under the impression that this particular fungoid pest can be almost avoided by careful nnd constant attention in ventilating and water- iug. While a light buoyant atmosphere is main- tained very little trouble will be given; but allow the air to become charged with moisture and the ventilators closed for a few hours in the early morning, and the disease will readily appear. I have no doubt spraying with a Bordeaux mixture will prove very helpful where the plants are grown in single rows, so that the work may be done thoroughly, but I question its utility where the plants are grown thickly, as in market culture.—J as. B. Rrpine.” Lastly, we have the opinion of the management of the Journal of Horticulture, given under the heading of answers to correspondents :— “In a thorough examination of your plant we found no pronounced disease. The roots were quite clean and healthy, free from nodules, excres- cences, and root-knots. On the root-stem and at the part where the radicle or tap root had assumed the fibrous formation we found “ canker,” which had destroyed the bark, quite encircling the part affected and causing the destruction of the cam- bial layers, also the underlying woody tissue. In this there were some mycelial threads, possibly those of the Potato disease fungus (Phytopthora infestans), but that is not by any means certain, as there were no outgrowths, “fruits” or repro- ductive bodies, and could not produce the canker, This yielded, in an alcoholic solution, a vast num- ber of minute bodies or spores, which belong to the Myxomycetes or family of slime fungi. There was, however, no “slime,” nor any abnormal swelling of the tissue or cells, or any ferment, such as usually accompanies attacks of Schizomy- cetas (bacteria). This condition may have been due to the disease being only in the initiatory stage, aud could only be determined by examina- tion of a plant which had succumbed or was suc- cumbing to it in acute form. The stem of the plant above ground showed no signs of disease, and the fruits were quite clean and normal. The leaves were in some parts affected with “ brown- ing”—that is, they were dark brown or blackened, “drooping,” and the tissue destroyed. This part had aclammy “ feel,” such as indicates the pre- sence of Plasmodiophora, or slime fungus, but we were unable to detect anything beyond the disrup- tion of the tissues or cells, which were not abnormally large, and the adjacent cells merely showed traces of discolouration. She examina- tion leads to the deduction that the “ drooping ” is occasioned by “ browning,’ and is caused by a fungus similar to that producing “ browning” in Vines (see pages 519). If not the same it is an allied species of Plasmodiophora, which for the sake of distinction may be called P. dycopersict, thongh it also attacks Potatoes and causes the leaflets to wither and the tubers to be compara- tively small, but perfectly free from disease. The fungus is unquestionably introduced with the soil or manure, isit has a great liking for decaying organic matter, and, though mainly a saprophyte, has been found in living tissues, the contents of which it speedily appropriates. Your soil seems of a vegetable or rather warpy nature; it cer- tainly is alluvial, and needslime. This is the best antidote to Plasmodiophora, therefore we advise your giving the plants a dressing of quicklime, fresh slaked, but cool, not using less nor much more than a peck per rod, and washing itin at once moderately. In future seasons we advise mixing one-tenth part of quicklime with the soil about a month or six weeks before using it for the plants. Cutaway all the “ drooping” leaves and parts of the plants and burn them. This should be done early, and be followed up as required. Under that routine the plants will generally grow out of the disease, or it will not prejudice the perfecting of the crop, though it will reduce the number and size of the fruit.” As regards the disease which seems to con-— fine itself to the fruits, we have the following opi- nion given under the authority of the journal :— “The fruits sent are infested with the destructive parasite Cladosporium lycopersici. This fungus ciuses the decay of the fruit. It begins with a minute black spot, which surrounds the small decaying style. The black spot gradually in- creases in size by new circles of growth, one beyond another in the style of fairy rings. The . fungus growth at the same time flattens the apex of the fruit, till at last the whole sub- stance is blackened and _ entirely destroyed by the Cladosporium. The fungus spreads from the leaves, also from one fruit to another, till at last leaves, stems, and fruits are all alike decayed. The brown spores of this Cladosporium are often produced in such enormous numbers upon both sides of the foliage that they fly Sept. i, 1894.] —— a = EET SEO Ne ee RR ee Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” 209 from the leaves in millions. Most of the Tomato fungi are in their earlier stages quite superficial, so that if remedies are applied in good time recovery seems to be possible. All such fruits as you have sent should be gathered and buried. “Tf the plants become badly infested remove the worst leaves as well as the fruits attacked and burn them, then spray the plants thoroughly with Bordeaux mixture, using a weak one, say 2 oz. of sulphate of copper dissolved in half a gallon of water in a vessel by itself, slacking 2 oz. of quicklime in another vessel, and forming into a thin whitewash; pour this into the vessel containing the sulphate of copper solution slowly through a hair sieve, then add enoagh water to mike 33 gallons; stir well, and apply to every part of the Tomato plants, coating them evenly with the thinnest possible film of the Bordeaux mixture, also every part of the house. It will not injure the green fruit for use, and that near ripening may be cut, as it is not desirable to use it over fruit approaching ripeness. The lime must be quite fresh and the sulphate pure. It may be necessary to repeat the spraying in about a week or ten days. Ventilate freely, and top- dress with dissolved bones three parts nitrate of potash two parts ; mix, and use 4 0z. per square yard over a little fresh loam.” On the subject of “clubbing” caused by the attack of eel-worm, the Journal of Horticulture recommends the use of phenyle. The following directions as regards the use of phenyle for “club” in cucumbers will be a guide to those who wish to try the remedy in connection with tomatoes :— “Soluble phenyle (C, H,) is a cure, provided the plants are not too far gone, for when. “ clubbing ” has set in so as to affect the foliage nothing will cure, though by earthing up the plants aud getting new roots from the stem they may be continued in bearing some time. Pheuyle is a preparation of coal tar, and to be of use must be soluble (Little’s Soluble Phenyle can be had of all druggists). It should be used with soft or rain water, quarter pint to four gallons of water, mixed well, and a gallon applied to each square yard of bed. You mention the length of the border (100 feet), but do nct state its width, yet ask how much of the liquid to use? The mixture may be applied at intervals of about fitteen days, and it will not injure (like carbolic acid) but invigorate the plants, as it is a nitro- genous manure. You can, however, use carbolic acid, one part to twenty of rain water, and employ a gallon of the solution per square yard, but it will act prejudically upon the plants for a time, If you would like to still further experiment, pro- cure some gas liquor from gasworks, and use halt pint to a gallon of water, applying that to a square yard of bed. The cysts of the eel- worm may resist this, but when they emerge as eel-\worms they will soon seek “ pastures new ” or wriggle themselves out of existence. The quan- tify named is for very strong gas liquor, but it is as well to be safe, otherwise it may be used at a strength of one part to eight of water—viz., one pint to a gallon. It is a sure preventive if applied in time.” Corbonate of copper has also been most suc- cesstully used in the case of tomatoe disease caused by fungus, The Journal draws to the @xperience of one of its correspondent who entirely succeeded in banishing the fungus and gathering a very profitable crop of tomatoes through the use of carbonate of copper solution. He says :-— “Waving readin the Jownal of Horticulture of the value of carbonate of copper solution, I determined to give it a trial, and therefore ap- plied to the wholesale drtig stores, but was told by them that they kept the copper sulphate but not the copper carbonate. I also saw in the Journal a method by which the sulphate may be con- verted into carbonate. I proceeded to put it into practice as follows:—I purchased 4 1bs. of sul- phate of copper and 4lbs. of ordinary washing soda. Ll placed the sulphate iu a wooden vessel and added thereto 9 gallons of hot water, stirring this vigorously until the sulphate was all dissolved. I then placed the sodain another vessel and dis- solved it with a similar quantity of hot water. After allowing the two solutions to standa suf- ficient time for the water to become cold I poured the soda solution into the vessel containing the copper, stirring well to thoroughly mix the two solutions, the effect of this being to cause the sulphur to part from the copper, the former florting as a thick yellow scum oa the surface of the water, whilst the latter settled to the bottom, having the appearance of a thickish brown mud, The vessel was then covered with boards and left to stand quietly for twenty-four hours to give time for completing the partition and settling, after which the water with the floating yellow scum was most carefully poured off, leaving the sediment undisturbed. This was then collected in a pail and placed near the fire until the water was all evaporated, leavingit a dry, hard cake of a brownish orange colour, this being the car- bonate of copper required, and which was stored away for use as required. This carbonate of copper is insoluble in water, but soluble in liquid ammonia. In using it I dissolved 2 oz. of the car- bonate in one pint of liquid ammonia, and mixed this in 20 gallons of water, keeping it well stirred to prevent any settling and applying it as a fine spray with the syringe, using a jet thereon instead of arose end, aud breaking the jet into fine spray with the forefinger of the left hand. During the time necessarily taken up in obtaining and preparing these materials the disease had spread itself so rapidly that there was not a leaf upon the plants unattacked, the disease ceased to spread after the first spraying, and I continued through- out the remainder of the season to spray at in- tervals of ten or twelve days, thus protecting the young foliage as formed. I was soon able to clear away every leaf showing disease, and late in the autumn I had the house again well furnished with healthy clean foliage, and also, which was of more value, a good second crop of fruit, which continued ripening satisfactorily until consider- ably after Christmas. I have thus given as clearly as I can the methods I followed with the results, and the deductions I have myself drawn from them are that by commencing the sprayings with this ammoniacal solution of carbonate of copper early in July, before the disease has shown itseif upon the foliage, [can practically bid de- fiance thereto,as I have proved most surely that its spores cannot germinate on foliage thus pro- tected. The Bordeaux mixture, consisting of a solution of sulphate of copper and lime, is tog 210 Supplement to the « Propicat Agricullurist™ astringent, and is Terr ee Pee Le injurious to the young tender foliage, but the carbonate of copper solution seems to have no injurious effects whatever.” ———_______— CROPS AND CATTLE IN CEYLON. II. The sources of the present scanty supply of fodder have already been mentioned. It is eyi- dent that if anything is to be done towards pro- fitable cattle rearing in the Island, the supply of foodder should be looked to as of the greatest importance. In the vicinity of towns, especially inand about Colombo, a large quantity of grass is grown. ‘This supplies the demand in the town. The cultivators of grass fields make a fair profit, which undoubtedly acts as an inducement for the extension of grass cultivation, Still, it is rarely that a person grows fodder for the sole purpose of feeding his own. animals. The immediate profits are more aimed at than the results to be expected from a more systematic method of farming. The Ceylon cultivator is not the city man but the villager ; and it is only in the villages that we could expect farming to be carried on; but the curious thing is that however large a number of cattle a villager keeps he never sees the necessity of growing fodder for their use. If, then, he is prohibited from allowing his animals, as he at present does, to finda “living” for themselves, he will be forced either to grow some food for his animals or to reduce the number of animals he keeps. Among the grasses that would thrive well under cultivation, special mention could be made of two species, the Guinea grass and the Mauritius or water grass. Guinea grass, Panicum Maxicum thrives well wherever it is grown. It is a native of Africa and grows.well in all tropical countries. Under cultivation it often attains toa height of from 6 to 8 feet, but ordinarily the grass grows to an average height of 4 feet. This grass does not do well at all in moist or marshy land; it requires a free soil of good average fertility. The common method of planting Guinea grass is by laying out the shoots. Each plant gives out such a large number of stems that within a year asingle stem, becomes a bush of from twenty to forty stalks. The iand should be well tilled and the grass stems planted in ridges two to three feet apart; the lesser distance adopted where the soil is not very rich. The richer the soil the better do the plants grow, and hence the ridges may be set a little wider apart. The selected stems are to be taken with the roots on their tops cut off and the roots pared before plant- ing, which is done slightly slanting-wise. It need hardly be noted that the grass does better at a season when there is a fair amount of moisture present, in the soil. A new Guinea grass planta- tion should be opened just before the rains. Manuring and weeding are essential for obtaining a suecessful plantation. Guinea grass is often grown from seeds. When it is necessary to grow the crop from seed, it is thinly sown in nursery beds, well prepared and levelled down. _ The nurseries require; watering and careful attention till the plants are from nine to twelve inches high, at which time they are fit to be transplanted in‘a field, Guinea grasss should be cut and used before the stems grow tough, always before flower- FODDER KEEPING Piece MN chileeiiteieeMat lc co 1, i894, ing. The mowing should be done quite close to the ground, and after each cutting a dressing of manure is almost essential. A Guinea grass field gives a crop every six weeks, (sometimes oftener), except during very dry weather, Eight crops a year could be easily obtained in this country, A report of the Babugath Breeding Farm in the North-Western Provinces of India gives the the cost of planting Guinea grass in an acre of land with hired labour as follows :— KR. a p, Ploughing oe 5: 0” oe Harrowing, collecting and burn- ing weeds .. Sis 2) eee Clod crushing .. 0 14 O Manuring (carts, coolies, Ke. 110 90 O Ridging be S a Planting we s Leese Total cost of planting.. 21 14 0 and the cost of keeping up Guinea grass on one acre of land with hired labour per year is given as R. ag. p. Irrigation =. £2.» witha oh tiaaat W eeding Me take t, Manure, cart, and cooly hire 52 8 QO Ploughing and ridging .. 6 0 0 Total..1J11 OO Q Now of these expenses it may be observed that the item under itrigation will not be incurred in Ceylon unless it be during a very unfayourable season, Xc., the other expenses, with the excep- tion of manure, are on hired labour. Here hired Jabour will not be necessary for any village who goes in for grass cultivation, but all the same the amount as set above would undoubtedly serve us to measure ina way the labour required for cul- tivating the crop. If the grass is grown for one’s own stock, manure would be easily available. Coming to receipts, it is estimated that an acre of land would produce fifteen tons per cutting or hundred and twenty tons for the eight cuttings, which would mean that, taking everything into consideration, a ton of grass would cost a little less than a rupee. Guinea grass is easily converted into hay, and this hay is s considered to be an excellent feeding stuff, WB By 21st August, 1894. (To be continued.) ———<— a _____. RAINFALL. The Rural Californian in co: isidering the possibility of helping or assisting nature to furnish man with water in the shape of mois- ture from the clonds, draws attention to the fact that the “great American desert” men- tioned by Geography books within the memory of the present has passed away, and enquires into the causes and conditions which have arisen to bring about this change. The change, it is re- plied, has been brought about by the advent of rail-roads, settlements, cultivation of the soil, planting of trees, and last but not least by. irrigation, Sept. 1, 1894.) Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturast.’’ 211 We are told that the Engineers in charge of the Mexican central railway reported that in the building of the road, it was noted that with the coming of the construction train, bearing great quantities of steel rails, that the rain fell in advance of the train at unusual times and in unusual quantities. It is therefore inferred that in the construction of railways the elec- trical conditions of the country are disturbed that have an influence upon precipitation, The cultivation of the soil allows of moisture which falls to be absorbed by the soil, rather than allowing it to run off as is the crise in hard and unworked soils, hence a greater amount of moisture is present in the soil, which evaporating, produces a higher percentage of moisture in the air; the food for a stormis heat and moisture, hence the influence of the cultivation of the soil is faciliating the deposit of moisture. The planting of trees serves a two-fold purpose in this connection. The leaf surface of the tree is very great, when the aggregate is considered, hence can be seen the great amount of increased humidity obtained from the moisture which is thrown off by the leaves; secondly, the roots of trees serve ag a sponge, when taken in con- nection with the soil, Surrounding the roots, which serve to absorb and retain moisture and to allow its gradual escape to Spores, thus affording a more constant supply to the streams, preventing theit drying up and affording a greater amount of moisture to tha atmosphere. The various systems of irrigwtion, distributing moisture to the soil which in turn is absorbel by the veze- tation and finally evaporated, furnishes a most satisfactory means of miking the air more humid and of miking the conditions more favourable for possible rainfall. All of these conditions combined add very greatly to the moisture of the air, hence food for the storm and facilitate the possibility of rain, when without these artificial means rain would be practically impossible. Hence it muy be considered that the opening up of the land to tillage, planting of trees, the building of railroads and general covering of many square miles with vegetation that were formerly barren wastes, have a tendency to re- tain the modisture from the clouds, and this in turn renders the air m)re humid, so that there is an actual increase in che mdisture of the air, beneficial to vegetation. —_ -—_ -> -—-—_ THE AMERICAN DEWBERRY. Some months ago we received a small parcel of the dewberry from the Saharanpur Gardens. Some of these seeds we distributed for trial in high as well as medium elevations, but have not heard with what result they were planted. We are, however, pleased to note that Mr. J, W. Mbert, Superintendent of the Dematagoda slaughter- house, has succeeded in raising a healthy plant, his other seedlings, as he believes, having been originally weeded out by his coolies. It will be interesting to watch the progress of this single plant, growing, as it does, in an apparently un- congenial situation as regards elevation and temperature. Inthe Mayflower for June 1893, appears an excellent coloured plate of the dew- berry, and a description of the plant, from which we cull the following :—Among the most delicious berries of recent introduction are the dewberries, which are running or climbing varieties of the blackberry. They may be allowed to trail upon the ground, be trained ona trellis, or tied to a stake like a grape vine. When in flower, the tree is usually covered with manes of large, pure white, sweet-scented flowers, which are succeeded by a profusion of delicious fruits which are larger, richer, and more juicy than blackberries. The fruit ripens about two weeks earlier than most yarieties of blackberries. It makes a delightful wine for invalids, possessing the same delicious flavour as the berries. The vines are perfectly hard, and do not sucker from the roots, but increase from the tips. a ee SOIL INOCULATION, Nobbe and Hiltner have during the last few years carried out some important researches in this subject at Tharandt. The power which different leguminous plants possess of fixing free nitrogen by means of their root-tubercles varies widely in different cases, and is largely dependent on the nature of the soil, The bacteria in the tubercles of different genera all seem to belong to the same species (Sactertum radicicola), but are so energetically influenced by the plant in the roots of which they live that they /ose more or less the power of infecting other leguminous plants, except those closely related to the kind which they inhabit. The practical outcome of this is that when any special leguminous plant is sown ina particular kind of soil, if wiil only develop tubercles on its roots if (@) unmodified root bacteria are present, or (6) root bacteria modified by living within ciosely-allied species. (a) will be the case if no leguminous plants have been grown on the land in question, or if they have not been grown for a long time; (6) will happen if the sume ora very similar crop has recently grown onthe lind. If, however, the last erop been a leguminous one of very different kind, the new crop will either develop no tubercles or the tubercles will be few and small, this being associ- ated with little or no power of fixing free nitrogen. This will be the case, for example, if clover follows peas. ‘The farmer, therefore, in cultivat- ing leguminous crops must take care that the soil is properly inoculated with earth from a field which has grown the special crop the previous year, The inoculating earth for peas must be taken from pea-fields, clover from clover fields, Xe. In an experiment made in peas by Dr. Salfeld, soil from a pea-field distributed at the rate of 17 cwt. per acre, produced a marked effect. This soil is taken from the part where the roots are situated, strewn on the ready prepared field, and harrowed in. To what extent the bacteria from one kind of leguminous plant will infect other kinds needs careful determination ; but this much is known that pea bacteria will infect vetches and vetch bacterin peas, while on the other hand pea (and vetch) bacteria have no effect on clover, and vice versa. The fact that the root bacteria undergo modification in different plants has not been sufficiently taken into con- sideration in past reseurches, and this accounts or some of the discrepancies between the obser- “919 vations of various trustworthy observers. The importance of these bacteria in the cultivation of leguminous plants cannot be over-estimated, and inoculation of the soil in preparation for such crops will ultimately become a recognised rule ot practice, not inferior to that which dictates the application of mineral manure.—Scottish Parmer. ae SORE TOUS-LES MOIS. This is a kind of arrowroot which has been experimentally grown at the School of Agriculture, The following particulars regarding the planting are given by Dr. Nicholls in his work on Tropical Agriculture :— : A kind of arrowroot called Tons-les-mois was imported into England from St. Kitts about the year 1836; and, as it was found to bea valu- able article of food, it has made a plice for itself in the home markets. The imports into England are still mainly from St. Kitts, but the plant producing the starch is now cultivated extensively in Australia. The starch granules of tous-les-mois are very large, and they can be distinguished with the unaided eye; whilst in the case of all other starches, with the exception of that from the potato, the granules can only be detected by means of the microscope. Tous-les-mois is obtained from the fleshy underground stems, or tubers, or Canna edulis, a plant closely allied to the Marantas, and found growing wild in Brazil, Peru, and Trinidad, Other varieties of Canna producing tous-les-mois, are natives of Jamaica, Dominica and St. Kitts, but C. edulis is the one usually cultivated for the sake of its starch. It is a very hardy plant, and in Peru, where it is called Adeira, it is eaten like potatoes. The flowers are highly coloured ; in Canna edulis they are bright red, and in other species they are various shades of yellow and orange. The plant is a very ornamental one, and, for that reason, is cultivated in English hot-houses. The seeds are round, hard and black, and it is said that they have been used by the natives of India as shot, and hence the name “ Indian shot,” which is sometimes applied to Cannas generally. Tous-les-mois is very solubie in boiling water ; and, on this account, and because of the large starch granules composing it, medical-men recom- mend it as one of the best starchy foods for children and invalids. Sos The plant is propagated by division of the underground stem, or by seeds which will ger- minate after being kept for many years. The land is ploughed up and prepared in the usual way, and the sets are planted a few inches uuder the ground in rows three feet distance each way, Ths cultivation of the plant is similar in every respect to that of ordinary arrowroot, and the starch is prepared in the same way as the arrow- root starch, which has been fully described in the preceding section of this chapter. eel INSECT PUSTS. The appointment of an entomologist for Ceylon would seem likely to be postponed indefinitely, to judge from the coldness with which the Govera- ment have received the request for help in the matter, While sympathizing with our Agricul- a tural friends, we trust that the zeal which has characterized every movement that was set ou foot by the planting community, will soon effect the desired end in this matter also. We have seen if stated authoritatively that no less than £80,000 were saved in 1891 in the States of North Dakota and Minnesota, on account of operations based on the knowledge of some of the habits of the grass-hopper. We are aware that a good deal of loss is caused by insect attacks both directly on crops, and indirectly by lowering the vitality of trees which produce crops in the form of fruits or leaves; but the exact exteat of the loss will probably remain unknown, till we are rid of the insects whic! cause the ravage. It is quite a common experieice to find some people expect an individual who is acquainted with the principles of entomology or zoology, to be able to suggest remedies after merely reading a description of the general appearance of an insect which is said to attack a particular crop. These people will not see that certain indispens- able data are necessary (which involves time and work, and generally an inspection of the erop and its surroundings) before any remedial measures can be reeommended. The Sugar Journal and Tropical Cultivator for July last, gives the following list of questions as comprising the most important information which should be collected regarding any insect or grab which threatens to become a plague :— 1. What is the term of life of the insect, which means, how long d e: it exist as egg, or larva, or grub, as pupa or chrysalis, and as insect proper? 2. At what time as to season and day or night do the insects swarm and pair, and at what time are the eggs laid; when are they hatched ; when, in the case of the grubs, are the larvie changed into pup, and when the latter into beetles ? 3. At what depth are the eggs laid, and at what depth, in the case of the grubs, does the transfor- mation into pupie take place ? 4. Where are the places chosen for laying the eggs? Arethey laid on plants, or in the soil in a dry and rather sunny position, near creeks or scrubs, on the roads intersecting the cane field;, or in some other well-defined localities? Is land with a dense vegetation, as under green manures, or land with certain characteristics avoided by the females? Is the damage by grubs or insects muainly done in close neighborhood to the places where the eggsare laid, or do the animals migrate to the cane fields from certain breeding place ? 5. Does the plague continue on the same fields, or are different 1 calities attacked every year, or does it spread from a kind of centre? 6. Do the grubs at different times af the year keep at different depths in the sil, and ean they be reached at these depths by the plough, the cultivator, the subsoiler, or by special implemeats, especially such that work the soil to greater depth than the plough ? : 7. Are there certain plants for which the larvee or beetles show great predilection, and others which do not agree with them, or even act as poisons ? 8. Have the insects or their larvee, ete., certain natural enemies, a3 birds and others? and can the propagation of the latter be favored by pro- tecting them against other animals and firearms or by other means ? : Sept. 1, 1894.] 9. Arve there certain habits or incapacities of movement at certain stages of their development or at certain times of the year, day or night, which can be turned to use in checking the plague ? 10. Do the insects congregate in large numbers at certain places, on trees or plants, and at certain times of the year, day or night, for various reasons and purposes as on account of the cold, in order to escape daylight, for pairing or feeding purposes, or when migrating in search of food from their breeding places ? —_-——_>—___—_——-- ZOOLOGICAL NOTES FOR AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS. The order Ungulata—the most important per- haps to agricultural students—is divided, as has already been mentioned, into the two primary sections—Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla. To the perissodactyla belong the odd-toed ungulatas, in which the toes are odd in number— either one or three; if horns are present, they are not in pairs; the stomach is simple and not divided into compartments. The living members which represent tne perissodactyla are the rhino- ceros, the tapirs, and the horse and its allies. The horse, ass, and zebra go to comprise the family Equide. In living forms the toes arere- duced toone in each foot, enclosed in a single broad hoof, without any supplementary hoofs. The functional toe in these animals is the 3rd, and the 2nd and 4th digits are represented by the so-culled “ splint-bones” hidden beneath the skin. ‘There is a discontinuous series of teeth in each jaw; and in males, cannies are present, but these are wanting in the females. The genus Hguus (to which the horse alone be- longs) is distinguished by the fact that the animal is not banded, and has no dorsal line ; both fore and hind legs have warts, and the tail is hairy throughout The genus appears to contain no more than the well-marked species, as far as liv- ing forms are concerned, namely equus caballus, From this single species ippear to have descended all the innumerable varieties of horses which are employed by man. The native country of the horse appears to have been Central Asia, but all the known wild individuals of the present day appear to be descendants of domestic breeds, The ass (As¢nus vulgaris) is characterised by the fuct that there is always a distinct dorsal line, aud the body is more or less banded ; the fore-legs alone have warts, and the tail has a tuft of long hair at its extremity. The ass is probably a native of Northern Africa, or of South- Western Asia. The ass was undoubtedly domes- ticated in Egypt at the very earliest periods of its history, long before the introduction of the horse. The striped and banded asses are known as zebras and quaggas, and are distributed over a great part of Africa. In many Eastern countries,— Egypt, Palestine and even in India,—the ass is a most important beast of burden. As regards the horse little need be said, as its usefulness not only in agriculture but in many other ways, makes it generally perhaps the most useful of all animals. The artiodactyle or even-toed ungulatas are possessed of either two or four toes, the functional toes being the 38rd and 4th which form a Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” 213 Symmetrical pair on each foot; two other toes, which hardly touch the ground, are also present. When true horns are present they are always in pairs, and supported by bony horn cores. ‘The antlers of the deer are also paired, but they are not to be regarded as true horns. The stomach is always more or less complex, or is divided into separate compartments. The section ariodactyla comprise the hippopotamus, the pig, and the whole group of the ruminants, including oxen, sheep, goats, antelopes, camels, llamas, giraffes, deer, &c. Pigs and hogs are included in the family Sucda. Of true swine the best known is the wild boar (Sus scorfa) from which it is probable that most of our domestic varieties of swine has sprung. Vhe wild boar, which is characterised by the size and sharpness of his cannies, as is also its con- gener the Indian hog (Sus indicus) is often hunted, The breeding of pigs is often associated with agriculture pure and simple, and very commonly in connection with dairy farming. Oxen, sheep, goats, antelopes, deer, giraffes and camels go to form the family of Ruminan- fia or ruminant ungulatas, They are charac- terised by the cloven foot (with, generally, two small supplanting toes at the back) and they all ruminate or ‘chew the cud”—that is to say, they first swallow their food in an unmasticated or partially masticated condition, and then bring it up again, after a longer or shorter time, in order to chew it thoroughly. This process of rumination is so characteristic of this group, that it will be necessary to describe the structure of the stomach, as showing the mechanism by which this singular process is effected. The stomach is divided into four (rarely three) compartments, which are usually so dis- tinct from one another, that they have generally been spoken of as so many separate stomachs. The gullet opens at a point situated between the first and second of these cavities or “ stomachs.” Of these the largest lies on the left side, and is called the “ rumen” or “ paunch.” This is a cavity of very large capacity, having its interior fur- nished with numerous hard papille of warts. It is the chamber in o which the fooa is first received when it is swallowed, and here it is moistened and allowed to soak for some time. The second stomach, placed to the right of the paunch, is much smaller, and is known as the “reticu- lum” or honeyeomb-bag. Its inner surface is reticulated, or is divided by ridges into a num- ber of hexagonal or many-sided cells, somewhat resembling the cells of a honeycomb. The reti- culum is small and globular, and it receives the food after it has lain a suflicient time in the paunch. The function of the reticulum, as usually believed, is to compress the partially masticated food into little balls or pellets, which are then returned to the mouth by a reversed action of the muscles of the cesophagus; but this is now dis- credited. After having been thoroughly chewed and prepared for digestion, the food is swallowed for the second time. On this occasion, however, the triturated food passes on into the third cavity, which is variously known as the “ psalterium, “omasum,” (Scotties) the ‘ manyplies.” The vernacular and the first of these technical names both refer to the fact that the inner lining of this cavity is thrown into a number of longitudinal 214 folds, which are so close as to resemble the leaves of a book. The psalterium opens by a wide aperture into the fourth and last cavity, the “abomasum,” both appearing to be divisions of the pyloric portion of the stomach. The mucous membrane of the abomasum is thrown into a few longitudinal folds, and it secretes the true acid gastric juice. It terminates, of course, in the commencement of the small intestine, ze, the duodenum. The intestinal canal of Ruminants, as in most animals, which live exclusively upon a vegetable dict, is of great relative length. teenie ree GENERAL ITEMS. The following are the harvest seasons as they occur in different countries :— In January the harvest is ended in most dis- tricts of Australia and New Zealand, while the people of Chili and other South American countries just begin their reaping. In February and March India and Egypt begin and continue harvest. Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” ‘ _- OG*. ° aaa (Sept 1, 1894 With April we have harvest in Asia Minor, Mexico, Persia, Cuba and Cyprus. May sees « busy time in Central Asia, Algeria, Morroco, Texas, China and Japan, ” June is the harvester’s month in California, Southern United States, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Hungary, Turkey, Greece, Sicily and the South of France. July calls forth the harvesters in England, Switzerland, Upper Canada, Germany, Austria, Poland and the Northern States of America. August adds to this list Belgium, Denmark and Russia. September sees the harvest in Northern Scot- land, Sweden, Norway, and the island, of the North Sea, In October the Indian Corn harvest in America, and hardy vegetables in Ireland, Norway and Sweden are carried on, November rules South Africa, Patagonia and South Australia, and December ends the year by the ripening of corn in Northern Australia, Chili and certain South America States. es NO ee pig i In consequence of the non-arrival of the Collotype portrait of Mr. Thomas Wood, we are obliged to delay the Memoir of this Pioneer of the Planting Enterprise—the closing one of the present series. ‘ . ‘ + = : Wa } 4 yy): EELS 5 : F ‘ ¢ ne be m = i «| MONTHLY. be Vol. XIV. COWOMBO OCTOBER’ (or Sean No. fin COLONIA. E havo lately bean favoured with a number of ‘ Colonia ”’ —the Colonial Oollepe Maga- zine published for the ‘* Sum- mer Sesion, Auguat 1894.” No doubt a good many of our reiderg are acquainted with he cxistence of “The Colonial College, Hollesley Bay, Suffolk,” whore a thoroughly practical course of instruction is given to young men who intend to look to the colonies for & career. The provision for guch training in the college buiildings, arrangements, farm, gardens and other ground3 seems to be wonderfully comprehensive, and so far as the great agricultural and farming colonies of Australasia, the Canadian Dominion, and South Africa are concernsd, we have no doubt that the inctrustion is most suitable and generally inveluable. Wo take Jeave to doubt, however, whether it ean be go specially applicable to the career of younz men coming to tropical or gub- tropical regions; and yet there are many depart- ments in which most useful instruction can ba given. Land-surveying, for instance, is a branch of instruction and training which, we hava long maintained, can never be thrown away on young men whether inten?ed for tho tropics or for tem- perate regions. ‘here ig mucb, too, to be learned in the gardens as to gralting and budding and horticultural cultivation gonerally most suitable for the future orange or other fruit-growers in Florida, California, South Africa or sub-\ropical Australia: Indeed, to the future In lian, Sir its, Ceyion, Mexican or African planter euch instruction could not come amiss, although plantations of tea, coffee, cacao, &,, have to bs treated after a very different fashion, Nevertheless the young man who goes through a course of ‘‘Wstute, Farm ana Building” with some Hnugineering) instruction at Hollesley Bay Cught certainly to be betier fitted for a plantation as well ag farming life, than youths fresh from Public Schools, one would think, Bat the proof of tha pudding will always be in the eating, and the Qolonial College has alread very wilely justified ita existence by the usefulness and success of ifs students in rearly every part of tha world. We sre much interested in the letters recsived for the Magazine from old s{udents describing their experience, a feature which ought of itself to make ‘‘Oclonia’’ an excaeding’y useful journal. Then infcrmation from other sources of a useful character is reproduced, and we have ro doubt that the Tropical Agricultwrist now sent to the Collega will occasionally be Isid under request, The reports of the work done each session is of more than ordinary interest :—‘‘ haymaking _ oa the 90 acres of Signal Hill, in ¢lorious sunshine ; or the news that of 49) lambs from 305 ewes in the col’egs flock, all bat 3 have tbriven, go Becur- ing the head shephe d the ptizo given by the Suffolk Agvicultural A:gociation; or the trial of new inventions (a Diso churn, &o.) in the dairy ; or the great extension of the fruit gardens through budd ng ent geafling; or even the doings of tie Athletic Club in Sports besides Cricket, Tennis, Sailing, Rowng, Swimming. From the rep rt of Speech Day, wa see bow fully inflaential colonists take an interest in the Oollegs: Sir Char'ea Tupper (of Canada) in closing the prcezedings, for instance, said :— ; ‘ ly say that the interesting speeches we have ena seeeer emer from Australia, South pues and other places have been such as to give additiona zest and interest to this College which aims as pres paring young gentlemen not for any particular locality, but to fit and qualify them for the discharge of their duties efficiently in Mo teNe outlying portions ‘own they may reside. ; Omulicenne Bicey cntarentig fea‘ures is the report of visits from old students to the College, and alzo the connexion maintained, which enables young men to prefit by the experience, advice and even assistanca of their predecessors in making a start. Tne illustration we quote ag follows i f Mr. Gerald Murray was over for a short stay in England, after nearly five years io Florida, where he has an orange grove: He likes the country and life very much, and we fancy were it not for the occasional frosts in spring which sometimes nip his oranges in the bud, he would consider that his lines had “fallen in altogether pleasant places. Anyhow he is a philosopher, and takes things as they come. ts Mr. Van Someren had to tell us of 18 months residence in Chicago, where he has been going in for electrical engineering. He is shortly sailing for | anada, where be proposes to follow the same pro- fession—one of the best of the day; with out doubt. ptec- 216 Mr, E. N. Howard who, after some experience of fruit-growing in California, settled with his brother in Georgia, where they have purchased 2 farm with a good house, and are grazing cattle and hogs, grow- ing a little maize, wheat and cotton, as well a3 fruit for which there is a ready sale. They consider that with about £500 a fair start with good promise of success may be made in their district. The thermo- meter does not go higher than 95° in the summer. The winters are often warm, but subject to occasional ‘cold snaps,” when they get some snow and siedging. Messrs. Howard would receive a student or two, who might wish to look about them before settling, on very moderate terms for board and lodging. E'lis Blyth is about to join them, We have received a letter from Mr E.J. Windham, De Clare, Moosomin, Canada, stating that he woald be glad to receive another student as partner in his half-section (320 acres.) He writes that he has now been three years in Canada, and the longer he stays the more he likes it. As a further icdication of work done, we quota:— Mr. Hedges, c.u., has earned well-merited praise this term for the energy with which he has conducted the work of his department. At all hours he has been ready to help any student who showed interest in his important profession. The log bridge, the model of roof, etc., by Stevenson, and the excellent class work by some students, are indications of much good and thoughtful work. Professor Heatly has also hata most interesting term. He and hisclass at the time of writing are engaged in Practical Examinations, and in an enquiry into alleged poisoning of cuttle by the com- mon brake fern. Among the gen:ral information given is an aecount by the Harl of Glesgow cf a visit to one of the largest and most notable farms in New Zealand. In the course of it wo have the fo lowing inter- e3ting fact:— The increase of red clover in this colony is a very remarkable thing. At first it was nota success, but the experiment of introducing the bumble bee was tried by the Acclimatisation Society, and itis claimed that the wonderful spread of clover during the last few years isthe work of that insect in carrying and fertilizing the seed. There are fields of pasture everywhere where the red clover is spreading year by ear in the most wonderful manner. inally, we may mention an *O.d Studen's’ Direc- tory” as a feature of “Colona”: the li-t includes from 160 to 170 names, and every British Depen- dency is represented in the sadiresses, as weil as many parts of the United States, Central and South America; while among young Ceylon planters are four ex-students of the Collegs. Our wish for ‘Colonia’? and the Collegs it represents is for a long and prosperous carecr ard increasing uccful- ness year by year in the time to come. a THE TEA OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. The tea of China, though we may suppose it the best, is not the only plant used in that capacity in the world. In Mexico and Gnuatimala the lesves of quite a cifferent p!aut (Psoralea glandulosa) are used as te2; In the northern part- of the same continent there is what is called Labrador tea, maie from the Jeaves of the Gualiheia procumbens and Ledum lati- folium. The mcs’ famous of all Amer can teas, how- ever, is the tea of Paraguay, of which large qua»tities are anoually imported into P chief export houses of Manila united together aud published a circular. by — Ocr. 1, 1894. which they bound themselves not to purchase bemp except ofa specified quality as to weight, colour, &c. pod arranged that in caso of disagreement as to the quality of the purchasable article, the hemp should ba submitted to the judgment of experts, and all the signatories bound thomselves to observe the coudition of the cirenlar. The effect of this circular has elrerdy been felt in the improvement of the quality of hemp produced for export; an improvement which is likely to continue. There isa large decrease of the hemp exports tothe United States and Canada, smounting to 171,613 bales, while there is an increase of export to Great Britnin, Australia, China, and California. The Manila hemp is, asis well known, manufactured from the musa textilis, a species of banana, for which the soil and climate of the islands are favourable, as they are also to other textile plants peculiar to these islands; one of these is a species of the pine- apple which produces 6 fine fibre from which are made extremely delicate gauze textures called pina, almost transparent, which is a great favourite with the natives. Ths export of island-made cordage has in- creased during the past year; the greater portion of it goestoOhins. Thereis a project afloat of estab- lishing au English rope factory in the islands, which ought to be euccessful.—Consular Report for 1893. — ee DEVICES FOR TRAPPING INSECTS, RATS, AND THIEVES. The Boston Journal of Commerce has made the following extracts from patents which have been granted for trapping insects, rodents, and thieves :— ‘© Contrivances for catching insects are more nume- rous than any others, One of them is a furnace for slaughtering potato bugs. To begin with, a deep and wide furrow is to be ploughed ail round an intested field; through thistrench a smooth log is dragged to make the surface hard and smooth, The bugs in migrating to other grounds are unable to scale the trench, and the furuace, which isa cylinder of iron filled with fuel, is drawn along the furrow and destroys them. Other odd dey.ces are cartridges intended to be inserted in the mouths of ant-holes and to be fired thus communicating stifling vapours 1o the subter- ravesn chambers, also many kinds of lamps for attracting and burning up the moths of various worms in cotton fields, There is a toy pistol for intects, which sucks them in when thetrigger is pulled. ‘An ingenious Westerner hax invented a trap for catching the horn fly, which is such an enemy to cattle in some parts of the country, It consists most importantly of a great frame to which brush is attached in such a manner that when the beasts walk through, eager, as they always are to scratch themselves, the flies will be scraped from their bodies by the brauches. Finally the frame is cloced up by means of doers and the oaptured insects are destroyed. Nearly everybody has heard of the gold tapeworm tiap, which the patient swallows. Bedbug traps are of several varieties, all of them being in’ended to afford at- tractive hiding places for thuse bloodsuckers and to be burned or scalded out afterward, Much ingenuity bas been expended in rat traps: Some of them are so elaborate that no full-witted rodent would go near them. One requires Mr. Rat to come in through a door, which drops behind him and makes him a prisoner, Scoing a bright light above, he as- cenis afi ght oflitile steps aud trots acioesa small plank tbat is so nicely adjusted as to balance that bis weight causes itto tip and throw him intoa tank of water. Another contrivance consists of a double chamber, Onechamber has a glass end through which Mr. Rat sees two or three imitationrats having a vice time with a bitofcheese. Wishing to join them, he russ around the box, yets into the other chamber and is canght, “There are a number of devices which employ mirrors for the purpose of luring Mr. Rat to his tate. Ho mounts on top of a barrel and sees a toothsome bit of cheese. Ag he approaches it he bebolds another yodent—in reality his own reflection in a piece of THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 21 looking-glass—coming for the cheese from the opposite direction, Hem»kesadash to get there first, and a rivoted board dropa bim into the cask, which is half full of water, Rats wil ewim for a long time, so one humavitarian has patenied a water trep with little rhelyes aroundthe edge and just above the surface. Cn the shelves are placed small lead weights with fish-hooks hanging from them. The captured rat in trying to es‘ape grasps one of the hocks, gets it fastened in his moutb, dislodzes the piece ot lear, and is carried to the bottom by the latter. “Of greater interest ere contrivances for catching thievee. One of them is designed to discourage bank sneaks. The sneak puts his band in through the teller’s window, and unintentionally actuates a mechanism which causes a slide with spikes to close suddenly vpon his paw and impale it. A trap of a somewhet similar character is a steel sbutter for a house window, so disguised with covering and fringes as to Jook like an orJinary curtain. If a barglar tries to enter at night, it shuts down upon him, the spikes hidden by the fcinge help ng to hold him fast.” St. James's Budget. —_>—____. A ROUND-THE-WORLD TRIP INVESTIGATING TROPICAL AGRICULTURE. At present there iz in our midet a young gentle- man, who arrived in Colombo on Monday from Eng: land, who has been travelling for some time all over the planting world, and is now on bis way to India, Mr, F. Caley Smith, of Adelaide, re- presents the Adelaice Register, the Melbourne Argus, Sydney Morning Herald, Auckland Herald, and the Pecrfic Rural Press of San Francisco. The object Mr. Smith has had in view more espe- eislly is {o report on the wine producing districts of the world, and by the way to investigate tropical agriculture in view of introducing the sama into Australia where already & number of his friends are in the work. He has already visited the United Statee, Canada, the Csps, England, Germany, Italy. Syris, Egypt, etc. He eonsiders that for scientific agriculture the Germans are before all other peoples but that the Americans are not far behind. Great Bri‘ain is entire!'y out of the running, many of the Oolonies far ontstripping her in practical agriculture, Mr. Smith intends before leaving for India to go upcountry, to Kandy and Nuwara Kiliya. Bie oda SEASON REPORTS FOR AUGUST. From the abstract of the Season Reports for the monih cnded August 81st, 1894, published in Friday's} Gazette, wa make ihe following extracts ;— Colombo District—Should the present unfavour- able weather continue the “muttes” crop in Alut- kuru korale south will be a poor one, J:kfruit, bread- fruit, snd plaatainy are scarce and dear. Cucumber and sugarcanes are plentiful. The coconut crop is below the average; prices vary freom R30 to R40 a thousand nuts. Alutkuro Kora'e North.—Vegetiblos are scarce and dear. Coconut crops poor; prices good, Hapitigam ko) a'e.—During the month there wa3 rome Tain, but not sufficient for cultivaticn purposes. Plan- tains are scarce and dear. For want of sufficient rain come fields have teen abandoned. Vegetables other than jak and breadfrait are plentiful aud cheapin Ka\u'ara Totumunaand Royigam korale, but scarce in Pasdun korale, Plantains are plentiiul in Kalutara Totumuia, but dear. Betel cultivation ig carried on extensively in Rayigam koraJe. The coconut crop is fair; prices R30 to R3® athousand. Anontbre.k of cattle murrain is reported from Welipeona iy Pasdum-Walallawitti korate, CEYLON "- 218 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, (Oct. 1, 1894. Kaudy District—Meny fields are beirg aban | portraits have been very interesting, and of them doned for want of wa tr. Prospects generally psor | all, that of poor ‘Sandy’ Browa by no means the to bad, except in Pata Dumbara, Uda Dumbera, | Jeast so. He had confidence in himself, and knew and Pata Ilewaheta, where good crops are «xpec*«d. Mataie District.—Kainfall fair in Matale south, cspecisl] in Kohon-iyapattu; none in tlhe east; two sbowers inthe north on the 24th and 26th. Some of the jalla fields are being reaped; chena are being c'eares, for maba. Nuwara Gliya District.--Kotmale: paddy plongh- ing and sowing for maha continued; kurakkan, young plants. Uda Hewaheta anil Walapane: paddy, ploughing and sowing for the yala; clearing of clienas for kurakken commenced. Jaffna District.—Heavy rain throughout the dis!r'ct cn the 27th and 28th. Dry grain, kurakkan, being {ravsplanted, much benefited by rain. Palmirah fruits gathered, crop indiffercnt; cuiting and curing of tobacco almost completed, crop on the whole guod. There were good showers of rain on the 26th, 28h and 29th August in Manner island, but not on the main land, except in one or two villages. Mullaittivu District.—Rain at intervals during the month: Vavuniya District—Mamadu snd Ir.!periyakulum yeaped; paddy being very generally sown in tauk beds; some rain in last week of month. Hambantota District.—Paddy: yals crops in East Giruwa Pattu reap:d; outturn good; standing crops -in Wert Girua pxttu middling; in Mrgam pattu standing crops at Tissa middling owing to failure of rain up-country, and consequent insufliciency of water in Kirioda river ; crops at Werawila, Keligama, and Versgama good. Batticaloa District—Good showers of week, but water in wells is yet chort. Trincomalee District —Koadiyar ! about 50 acres damaged for went of rain. Kurunegela District.—Areas under yala crop every- Where below average; maba cultivation backward; Slight showers fell everywhere, but added little to tank supply ; appearances of distress. Chilaw District.—Northero division : yala paddy crops 8 failure, except in one villege, Pattalam District—Small extent yala paddy, Demala batpattu, maturing in some villages; others died owing to drought ; cbenag cleared in ol] pattus. Norxth-Central Province.—Oontinued drovgh!; but slight rainfell at the end of the month, 142 inch; yala crops are beiog harvested under Anuradbapura tanks; the cultivation was late; paddy now only blossoming under many vilsge tanks; the crop, artiatly or wholly, died from failure of water; very ew tanks have more than enough for drinking pur- poses left. Province of Uva.—Paddy crops in Bintenna, Udukinda, and Wellawaya withered by protracted ran last drought; harvest in Wellawaya and Buitala damaged: by flies, and Okkanpitiya by heavy rain; yield in Yatikinda aud Wiyaluwa fair; chenas being cleared generally. Ratnapura District.—Crops generally good, but spoiled by drought iu some villages of Kolcnva Korale;' prospects of chena crops favourable; rain plenteous towards end of month, except in Kolonna korale. Kegalla District—Yala paddy prospects: Gal- boda and Kinigoda korales, Paranakuru Korale, fair; Beligal korale middling; Three Kerales and Lower Bulatgama gocd; maha sowing in progress. Foot- and-mouth disease in parts of Dehigampal korale and Beligal korale. —___@_____ THE “TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.” A planter writes :— E “JT have seen the collotype portrait, in last month’s Tropical Agriculturist of the late Mr. Alex. Brown, As 1 knew him vary well, I can answer for its being en excellent likeness, life- like in its expression, and in the outward calm which characterised the man, These memoirs and how to hold his own, and to make his way in life, but was unable to bear misfortune snd the ingratitude of people who owed all to him, “But though these memoirs are to be for a time suspended, the new feature that will characterize the Tropical Agriculturist will be found of even more value by the present generation of Ceylen Colonists. To know the exact position each estate cccupies in its district, and its distance on or from its outlet road, river or railwey, is information I have often longed for; and now this is to be afforded in your excellent publication in detail, month by month, thus adding another to its already long list of attractions.” We thank our correspondent for his compli- mentary testimony and good wishes. We have stil] to give collotype and memoirs of Thomas Wood to complete our first series of Pionerrs: unfor- tunately, our London Agents have made a mistake over Mr, Wood's collotype, but we trust the supply will soon be here. —_—_——_@——______._. ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF MANURES. But if comparatively little is known of the effect of manures in horticuiture, how much less is known of their utility in relation to the method of their distribution! With the exception of the investigations of which this note is intended to give a summary, no previous experiments in this direction would appear to have been made, although it is a field of investigation which, as will be seen, may produce yery important results. Text-books and custom—perhaps because it is the custom, perhaps because it seems more natural— advise the minute subdivision of manures, their equal distribution, and their thorough mixture with ths soil, as though their utility were greater in propor- tion to their dissemination. It would now appear that this procedure is not always the best. In 1892, M. Th. Schloesing read before the French Académie des Sciences the results of investigations which he had made on the subject. This eminent authority explained bow there are fertilisers, such as nitrate of soda, which are “travelling mauurcs,” so to speak, very solub!e, infinitely diffusible; and how others, such as phosphatic and potassic manures, are * immobile,” which, even when applied in combi- nations, such as potassium salts and superphosphates, which are themselves very soluble, soou enter into insoluble forms, or become wholly or partly fixed to the elements of the soil by what is known as its absorbing power. ‘Lhe proportion of the manure which thus becomes immobilised yaries considerably not only in different soils, but evea in the same soil. These manures, therefore, remain isolated in the soil, and the absorp ion of their fertilising principles depends on the roots themselves reaching them. But the roots interpenetrate only a portion of the ground in which they grow, and they therefore only absorb their required parts of the fertilisers which they actually reach. Hence, the utilisation of a potassic or phosphatic manure diminishes as the portion that becomes fixed is greater than the por- ti n that remains in solution, The question, therefore, which M. Schioesing investigated related to the best method of distribution of such manures. Whether there was a noticeable difference in the yield of two equal plots of the same kind of soil, which received equal portions of the same manures when in one case the fertilisers were very evenly, and in the other case yery unevenly distributed? To this end experiments were made with four different crops, viz. Wheat, Potatos, Haricot beans, and Peas. Homogeneous soil, containing 45 ter cent, moisture, was divided into two lots, each weighing 1848 kilogrammes (very nearly 36 owt); Oct. 1, 1894. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 219 the fertilisers used were at the following rate per acre :—Sulphate of potash, 32) lb; nitrate of soda, 430 lb; sulphate of magnesia, 2U8 lb; and bone superphosphate, 480 lb. ‘hey were weighed out into two equal portions, each containing its due weight of the above four substances. One ot th se portions, after being dissolved in distilled wa er, was mixed with one lot of soil, and to insure intimate distri- bution, this soil was divided into fourteen equal parts, witu which was cavefully incorporated # corresponding part of the solution. The soil was then again mixed, placed in a large shallow wooden case, divided into tour sections, and the seeds were duly sown. ‘Vo the other lot of svi similarly placed, the manures we e applied in a d-y state. Might rows, 6 inches deep, were marked out to a depth cf 4$ inches. and in euch of the a was carefully distribu:ed an eighth part of the total portion of fertilisers. In adjac nt parallel lines was sown the same number of seeds as in the other case. Without enteriny into the minute details of the results obtained by M. Schloesing, he found, as rega:ds the puosphoric and potassic manures that where they had been applied in rows, they had been utilised by the plants to a considerably greater extent; and that a'though this method caused the crops to ripen later, it inc:eased their deveiopment, and in every case gave a greater yield. The p r- ceutags increase in the yield was as follows :—Wheat, 63 per c-nut; and Potatos, 26 per cent; Beans, 29 per cent; and Peas, 2:1 per cent. It should be added that the samez kind of crop in each case was weighed on the same day, as soon as the earlier was consi- dered ripe, so that this was to the disadvantage of the later crops, which even then gave the increase shown aboye. A second series of experiments of the same nature was lately reported to the French Académie des Sciences, and is contained in one of the recent Comptes Rendus. M. P.unet, confiniug his observations to the Potato, worked cn a much larger a:ea thn M. Schloesing had done, one of hs plots (B), being half a hectare (1°37 acre) in exten:. T'wo kinds of sol of the following nature were selected :-— Phospho- 8 il. Nitrogen. 3, Acig, Potash Lime. Plot A ( con- 2. et is Af (light soil) | tained } 307 69° Bee AY 5 per Piot | 1v00 , 95 : “67 Peat lepacts } 1-02 954 «1:83 2°67 Hach plot was divided into three sections here called 1., IL. and IIL, for the sake of clearness. Section I. in each plot was left unmanured, and served as the control section. To Sections Il. and III. manures were applied as follows ;— Nitrate ofsoda, at the rate of 120 lb per acre. Sulphate of potash at the rate of 120 lb per acre. Mineral superphosphate at the rate of 240 lb per acre. In section II. of each plot the fertilisers were carefully mixed with thesoil, but in III. they were placed in a line parallel te the tubers. The following table shows the calculated yield per acre of the crops in each section:— Ton. cwt. qr. Ib. Section I. Oo eb 8 zZ 21 Plot | ae a2 TT eGo od per AOE 66 oe 6 0 10 Section I. ecw i 7 1 6 Plot n} cf It. ti wally 2 2k pve, dill 8 5 1 12 In each plot, therefore, the method of app'ying the manure in 10ws gave an increased yield per acre as under :— on. cwt. qr. Ib. Plot A .. toe coed Ae ely) 1 14 Plot B.. ve mem On 12502 16 Without giving all the other detailed results, the following table shows the calculated weight of starch per acre containedin the tubers:— Ton. cwt. qr. Ib. { Section I, reds 4 3 2 Plot A os ee Ser ial 8 1 25 ee nae (ort Sige gt “yy Section I. betel | tele 18) 4 6 Plot BY 3 0 f*10 2 24 oo pate 1 19 rE Pye Showing an increased yield of starch of III. over IL. as follows :— ewt. qr. Ib. Plot A... tas 20 5 i IPT Oe AB aiccs sie see 4 2 18 T'rom the experiments of Schloesing and Prunet, it appears, therefore, that phosphatic and potassic manu es are better utilised by plants when applied in rows than when they are equally distributed in the soil. In the latter case their points of contact with the elements of the soil being inumerable, the precipitation of the fertilising principles is more ya.id than when the contact is Jimited in extent. M. Prunet also observed that the roots attained a greater development nar the lines of manure, and he corroborates what M. Schloesing had said of the fertilising elements required by plants, that large ralious absorbed by even a few roots are of greater service to the plant than if even all the roots absorb small quantities. It musi, however, not to be forgotten regarding phosphatis and potassic manures, that their better utilisation when they are applied in rows a'so implies a greater drain on the soil, which will be left rela- tively poorer in these /ertilising principles, a fact to be taken into consideration in manuring for succeed- ing cxreps.— B.— Gardeners’ Chronicle. ee ze THE COST OF STARTING A FRUIT FARM IN CALIFORNIA. This isan important question to many, and while a larger capitalis desirable, anyone possessing from £250 can make a very comfortable Home in California, and maintain himself aud family wth his chickens, cows, aud annual crops, until such time as his trees and vines begin to bear. After the land has been select d the following details wi 1 give an approximate idea of the amount necessary to start a 20-acre fruit farm the first season, as per diagram in my pamphlet, which can be had on application. Lhe price of the landis from §$(C per acre, which is about £12, and the terms of payment are one- quarter cash down, and the balance in the third, tourth, and fifth year, with interest on deferred payments. This arrangement enables the purchaser to realise on crops to make these payments. Water, which is another factor in the success of tlis district, there is abundance of. It is derived fr-m the Kern River, under a perfect system of irrigation cOmprising 350 miles of canals. For the accommodation of all, the compauy under- take to furnish the best vines and fruit trees, and plant and cultivate the same with thorough attention tor one year, Thus a 20-acre fruit farm, which should bring in a net profit of from £20 to £60 per acre and more acc.rding to cultivation, would cost to have planted net including the house, and possibly some levelling as follows:— Z One quarter deposit on 20 acres, at $00 per acre, which at the Knglish and Ameri- can Exc:ange on money equals about £62 10 0 10 acres of raisin vines, cultivation and attention to same one year at $3 per acre, equal to 72:18 4 5acres of fruit trees, 100 108 to the acre, cultivating and attentien to the same one year at $15 per acre equal to 1617 6 24 acres of alfalfa at $10 per acre, equal to 5 4 2 Fencing 20 acres, about 2016 8 Water gates, about Gu oro Management and superintendence first year 2016 8 220 In addition to the above there may be some charge for leveliing the land, but this is ollen unnecessary and can stand oyer. The above particulars as cost for 20 acres are all that is necessary to introduce the subject, and give an idea for those going into the industry on a larger scale, according to the capital in hand and the income needed. Wuat ro bo with Our Boys. And How Can a New Start be Made in Life? The question of what to do with our bcys ie one that bas long troubled ; arents, more especially those who, though of gentle birth and good connections, have not unlimited incomes. Where money is no object the difficulty is not great, but for those only abie to spare a few hundreds, wherewith to five their youngsters a startin life the opportunities are not many. Owing to society prejudices there are many occupations that a well-bred son cannot follow in Iingland were he willing. and as the amount of capital required in this country for anyone to turn gentleman-farmer is considerable, the prospects ol fru't-farming in California are particularly attractive to this section of society. Sons of gentlemen can be boarded at the house of one of the settlers whiie their landis cultivated for them. Prorits oF Fruir CuLtTuRe. The profits in this beautiful land of prosperity are most remarkable, from £20 to £00 per acre pe: annum, and more, according to the fruit grown, and the attention and care !estowed upon it. Treating on the large ;rofits of the Orange-Cling Peach, a special variety grown at Bakersfield, a statement is published by the Kern County Land Company, certified to as will be seen below. ‘Lhe statemeut in brief runs thus:—One orchard of 17 acres in which the olde t tree did not exceed six years in age, produced a gross income in the season of 1t89 ot over $9,000 (£1,800). I'he crop of 1890 was sold at prices realizing a profit §150 (£30) to $300 (£60) per acre. We certify that the above statement is not cver- dr.wn, and is entitled to full credence in every articular: ‘ ________... VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. Tue ‘‘ Buicur Dusrroyven,” the invention of Mr George Winter and Dr. Cattell Jones, formerly of Shamsherneggar, is now on ils trial, practically, on reveral gardens in the Trrai, Cacbar and elsewhere. So far the reeuits are fairly setiefactory, but no definite reports have yet been received from tie gardens on which the experiments are being carried on, One or two managers have reserved their opinion till they con give a reliable report asto the effects of the ‘‘D stroyer” on the bushes, not only as a blight destrcyer pro tem but as to whet effects, if eny may be pr duced on the Itavesor stems ty the applica‘ion ef ti e fluid.—Indian Planters’ Gazette, Tue Warre Ant mw Nava, Toweer— Recently a paragraph found its way into circulation from which some might infer that a plague had fallen upon our forests in Nata’, in the shape of this destructive insect, which has a habit of skeletonising furniture and the timber used in building operations. Of course, one does not quite believe in the ancient yarn as to the results of a day’s work of the 6o- called ant upon an “ upright grand,” the disintegra- tion of which was so comp ete that a sudden gust of wind being admitted in to the drawing-room of a bungalow sufficed to scatter as dust what to all out- ward appearance was a handsome instrument—all that was left in anything like coherence being the wires, which assumed the doleful aspect of a newly invented A®olian harp—but a failure at that. It- need hardly be added, that as these insect pests have always been found in Natal and similar regions, so in the future they will continue to be found,— Gardeners’ Chronicle. Tur Pxopvuction or Perrume mm FLowers.— Chemists and botanists have long exhibited an eager Curiosity concerni: g the production of perfumes in flowers, but hitherto the micro-chemical methods of examination which they haye employed have not established with sufficient clearness the nature of the process by which the perfume is produced ; hence it has been necessary to devise a more deli- cate method of investigation. E. Mesnard now soaks sections of the petals in strongly saccharised glycerine, and then treats them with hydrochloric acid; this brings out the fatty oils, to which the perfume is traceable, in tiny globules which are examined under the microscope. From an investi- ration of v-rious flowers at different stages of deve- lopment, Mesnard arrives at the following concln- sions :—1. The oil generally occurs in the epidermal cells of the upper surfaces of the petals or sepals; but may occur on both surfaces, especially if the florsl ; arts are c.mpletely hidden in the bud. 2. In every case the oil seems to have its origin in the chlorophyll {where present ?]. This is qnite com- prehensible, i- it be admitted, as is generally done, that the floral parts are only leayes which have been moditied to fulfil new functions. 3. The per- fume «f a flower is not noticeable until ‘the ess“ntial oil has sufficiently freed itself from the intermeiats products from which it is formed, and its oveurrence is in some way inversely proportional to the production of tannin ad of pigments in the flower. This would explain why flowers with green petals have no scent / Vines? |, why white or red flowers are most frequently odoriferous, why the Composit, which are rich in tannin, have a disagreeable odour, and why the white ‘‘artificial” Lilae and forced Roses acquire a finer perfume. The paper in which Mesnard describes his investigation and experiments may be consulted in detail in the Comptes Rendus vol. exy, pp. 892-895.— Ibid. Oct. 1, 1894.] CEYLON MANUAL OF CHEMI- THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. CAL ANALYSES. A HANDBOOK OF THE INDUSTRIES CEYLON FOR AGRICULTURAL LOCAL BOARDS, PUBLIC COMME ANALYSES CONNECTED WITH AND PLANTERS, STUDENTS, HEALTH OF RCIAL MEN AND MEMBERS OF By M. COCHRAN, M.A., F.c.s. (Continued from page 161.) APPENDIX—( Continued. ) Tanning Materials. The following list drawn up by Mr. W. Arthur de Silva (Magazine, School of Agriculture) ‘‘ con- tains a number of trees common in Ceylon which yield tanning materials in different parts of their structure.” Acorus Calamus OD Acacia Catechu ose Areca Catechu a Anacardium Occidentale Barriogtonia Acutangula Do Do Speciosa Bassia Longifolia Butea Frondosa Cassia Auriculat.s Careya Arborea Carilla Integrima coo Casuarina Hquisetefolia... Calotropis Gigantez ... CalophyJlum Inophylium Diospyros Embry opteris Eugenia Bradeata Erythrina Indica Ficus Glomerata Do Benghalensis Do Religiosa och Lagerstremia Parvifolia... Mangifera Indica Mimusops Elengi Psidum Guava Punica Granata 60 Phyllanthus Embellica ... Rhizophora Mucronata ... Semecarpus Gardneri Syzygium Jambolanum... Thespes a Populnea Terminalia Bellerica ,. Do Chebula Do Glabra ne Do Catappa Vateria Acuminata AG sYatica Roxburghiana ,, 28 Racenios. ... Common name. Sinhalese. Wadakaha Ratkihiri ... Puwak Kaju vee Elamidella Midella ... Mudilla Mi Kela 000 LANAWALA.« eee Kahata +0 Davata Whip tree... Wara Domba Vimbiri Tembilya... Hrabadu ... Attikka Nuga Bo 000 Muruta Amba Munamal... Pera nee Delun see Nelli Kadol Badulla_ ... Madan Surya Bulu ve Aralu Kumbuk Kottamba .. Hal Mendora ,, The portion which con- tains tan. Leaves Heartwood Fruit Bark Bark Bark Bark Bark Bark Bark Bark Bark Bark Whole plant Bark Fruit Bark Bark Bark Bark Bark Bark Bark Bark Bark Fruit! Fruit Bark Bark Bark Bark Fruit Fruit Back Bark Bark Bark 223 The following table from ‘‘ Cheinistry: Theoreti- cal, Practical, and Analytical,” shews the per- centage of tanning in a number of well-known tanning materials :— Oak bark, L00 years old BAG Oak bark, young... Mimosa bark Willow bark ae Do Leicester Do Weeping... Larch bark 3 Cork tree bark Do do Hemlock bark Divi-divi, inferior Divi-divi aa Valonia, Smyrna.. Do do Do do neydewed ho- Valonia Camatina Do Greek Myrabolans Do good sample age Myrabolans pulp, without stones... Myrabolans stones after washing and drying Sumach ... ABC » Palermo ... Malaga » Malaga Virginian Catechu, Bombay, light color Catechu, Bombay, light color Fo Catechnu, Pegnu, (eutch?) dark brown Catechu, Bengal... Manerove bark Do Tormentil root Balsamscarpum Hemlock extract... eh Authority, 8°45 | Miller 13°87 do 27°92 | W. N. Evans 3°95 | Mulligan and Dowling 6°80 | Day: 16°40 | Cadet de Gassineourt 3°51 | Mulligan and Dowling 12°16 do do 125537) W...N-) Evans 13°92 | Mulligan and Dowling 29°80 do do 49°25 | G. Miller 34°78 | Mulligan and Dowling 32°25 | W. N. Evans 22:00 do 26°00 do 22:00 do 20°91 | Mulligan and Dowling 35:08 | W. N. Evans 55°76 do 4:02 do 19°35 | G. Miiller 25°00 | Mulligan and Dowling Frank Cadet de Gassineourt | Mulligan and Dowling Davy Mulligan and Dowling | Davy | WG. Fry | W. N. Evans | Cadet | J. Watts Do (Extracts from the City Analyst's Annual Report, {890). Colombo 10th January, 1891, Toun Water. In a letter to the Hon’ble the Colonial Secretary of 3rd September 1889, the late Chief Resident Engineer of the Colombo Water Works submitted, and commented at great Jength upon my monthly analyses of the Town water up to that date. This letter, supplemented by my remarks, has been before the Municipal Council. I need not, there- fore, refer in detail to any of these analyses ; but I shall embrace in the present report the analyses mae from September 1889 to December 1890, 224 During the period reported upon previous to September 1889, my object was partly to discover | were absent frony the sumpipesinasneaneneraaiber the cause of tiie Water Supply, at times, and in certain parts of the town, becoming discolored ; and to this end some of the saniples analysed were drawn from standpipes, the water from which had been reported to me as of inferior quality. During the present period reported upon I have aimed inore at determining the average quality of the Water Supply, and, in my later analyses, to secure this object more effectually, the samples since July have been drawn from several stand- pipes. It is well to bear this consideration in THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. mind when instituting a comparison between the qualities of the water during two perivds referred | to. lsubmit herewith a tabular view of these monthy analyses since September 1889, also the average results for both periods. The analyses shew an appreciable increase in the average amount of free and saline ammonia but more than a compensating decrease in the amount of albumenoid matter, as represented by the albumenoid ammonia. For an unfiltered upland surface water these results are very satis- factory, but the amount of albumenoid ammonia continues to be above the average of the 46 English Water Supplies, and of the 8 London Water Supplies quoted in my letter of 28th April last thus i— Albumenoid aumonia. Grs, per gal, 46 English Water Supplies “0042 8 London Water Supplies 0039 Colombo water June 1887 to Aug. 1889 0083 do Sept. 1889 to Dec. 1890 ‘0053 Many of the English, including the London Water Supplies, are filtered waters ; but, as they are filtered before being supplied to the consumer, the above comparison is a legitimate one. I have to record a noteworthy change in the living organisms predominating in the water from the standpipes. During the greater part of the first period reported upon the most conspicuous organism was cyclops quadricornis, of which 20 per gallon were frequently counted, and as many as 100 per gallon have been observed. During the present period, from September 1889 and for some time previously, this organism has not been met with in any of the samples drawn for analysis, It would be interesting to know to what cause the absence of this organism is to be attributed, whether from the multiplication of fish in the reservoir which prey upon it, or to the water being drawn off from a level not frequented by it. Some authorities say that it is always found within two feet of the surface, but ina bottle of water filled at 12 feet below the surface of the reservoir I found it, while from bottles filled at fepths of 24, 36, 48 and 59 feet it was absent: [Ocr. 1, 1894, | Other members of the entomostraca have been found in most of the samples drawn, but these and December, last. * * * * Gas. I have a very favorable report to make upon the quality and purity of the Colombo gas daring the past year, The Gas Company is bound to supply yas of an illuminating power equal to that of J2 standard candles, and which does not contain more than 20 grains of sulphur per hundred cubic feet. The gas supplied during the past year has been of an average illuminating power equal to 16°1 standard candles, the minimam having been 15°3, and the maximum 4172 standard candles. The gas, too, bas been remarkably free from sulphur, the maximum amount having been 8°6, the minimum 1°6, and the mean 36 grains per hundred cubie feet. This excellent result has been partly due to more efficient purification, but also to the small proportion of sulphur in the coal used, which has been Australian coal. the past eleven years in tabular form the com- varison will be found greatly in favour of the year just closed. Illuminating power in Sulphur in grains Year. standard per hundred candles. cubic feet, 1880 14-4 10(?) 1881 14°4 119 1882 13°5 157 1883 13°5 18°8 1884 14 177 1885 13°8 15°6 1886 13'8 19°7 1887 13°9 18 1888 13 14°2 1889 15°1 9°3 1890 16°1 36 The past year is the first for which a minimum average pressure during the time-table-hours of lighting has been contracted for. The yas, ac- cording to contract, should be supplied at a pressure equal to that of a column of water nine- tenths of an inch in height. The actual average registered pressure has been eque to that of a column of water of 9°59 tenths of an inch in height, Miscellaneous Substances. The following is a list of the miscellaneous substances I have been called upon to examine and report upon since the beginning of May. Proposed Water Supply for Negombo, other well waters, drainage water, various minerals, coconut poonac, castor cake, nitre, cow’s milk, condensed milk, mineral oil, roasted coffee, sulphate of quinine from the Indian Government cinchona plantations, piece goods (to determine whether sea or fresh water damaged), prepared copperah, annatto, coconut-milk, boiler scale, sugar (to determine for the Customs whether refined or unrefined), crushed tallow oil cake. The extensive adulteration of milk with water practised in Colombo has not come before me officially. Samples of ordinary milk have been received only from parents anxious to know if the cows kept for the use of their. young children were yielding wholesome milk. The adulteration of milk with water which is so jealously watched in all large towns in England is not likely to be put If we draw out the average results obtained for | | Oct. 1, 13y4.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 225 down in Colombo till he office of City Analyst is pit upon a basis that will admit of analyses being made at a nominal cost. 1 = 2g | & aol eRROSmMI. AHHMOMBDONRMOS o-2 oOo MDrAND ROM OSAOCnM HM HOS o- QIN ON 2) oe HD NMMAMANNDABAD SG Bole Pee Se e2 SSeS Ser eeSs 22) 8 ~ baal oO | & i : |2 re BP ag Bi i GR BiB ee EARS pile oe or ese = ~-Q Z fq | & 2 G HESSSESS YS9SSESONO= 6 | S28SaSSS ZFS 8S2S8Ex DS G x 6 = A | RSSSSonre BST SSSSosss S a a oS &p Loe gli, la = o ) = a HOSSSOSSo ANYSWOWSOAHOKO 2 te Om rts DXDS —DMr-OntWDODAIAAN LS io) aot D190 MS OI8 DW Omnromo “= = AMS rood Aad eH S Ss pale G5 . . . ONS SCr Ee eaG S o or aa) 30 for a ar a: Ob Best H eeeeg99 SSeo9g9eSgS9eRS ~|/82!1,8SSSSES SESSSSSSSER oS 35 | CENA DWl- B= DOO TH WOM S| Fe! acre eeet ASSoreAAaAveagn = o¢ Partd ore doar nan Ss} o S| 4 30 QB] a S =a ee i Oo. — | febcally cai 2 | go | to- soc = 5 @-5 SeE2ossoo SeaSe00S9900rn (
  • oooeoons = Over HOnWmMONMOoON (~HN Di9AwmMaAHDS QR] 7m! @PrDSSOAA HFAASHAAHSS "S| any & aodea | s/s a Si/aara s | 90° | S12 > S eo Whee S oO et <=] os Se0eS9 SOS99SC0=z0¢ sae SSssses SusSSS2SSE9S E 9 BRADDSSH BASHASBHSSALR S| 2 | 8eeeceser Sb Sonn saaSA = 3 SMA ANNA HANANAAN SS Reh aS ~ a & [s) Sis.la S|os | 3 S a: 2 las : a WAnrAHMOoWMMHASCHNDOwN S|, 42) QE Se Se SSS See es f—} = = BE | PSSSSSSESSSSSSSSSSSS Beutel as ea Sc = 20 scm S| a2] a S| els i ° BiH Hg DDRBOeHRADHAHAn S| 28 | 3852558223 25535325528 SH) PSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS5 a c v2) 2 g-B | & RRM tee eet sue. te! TED). ETF TORO psp ayy Sk aaas) tees S nels type) 2d 2k pays 2 00.80 is ec betes ec pe berles elee ees pele bee fre ech AE RIG AM HANNE MO AASWOCmons S Foon i Ah eh ee Bee Os Oe oe Mite SO Oe DB | aa oo Loris 6} ose) SS Uebsen(emvebeb stierye yy Lind Siuviseptsp ise se amiett sttevies ta? wees s Pacts hat 2 vo Fh ae Be caer s 3 o5 tp 3S od94 2 uD 5 > =o) H2QOs HOES HS aos ass QA eS oo 5 0,2 SoOPOSHKO oH po, BSS oor Qe Y9AQHS- Sa Wa sr lnDD OO 9 Oe eS eee ee Aae QBOZARHA sARRANOBAAIH = - 40 ets Be a 4 4 Re (Extracts from the City Analyst's Annual Report for 1891.) Colombo, 11th January, 1892. The number of substances examined and reported upon was 106. This does not include determinations connected with gas examination, nor the testings of cinchona bark and citronella oil. Many of the examinations made have in- cluded full quantitative determinations of all the important ingredients present in the samples, involving, in some cases, the expenditure of several days’ work on a single substance. Town Water. It is said by some anthorities that public water supplies have a tendency to deteriorate. Iam glad to report that, as yet, nc deterioration in the quality of the water supplied to Colombo has taken place. On the contrary, the average of the analyses for the past year indicates a decrease in the results of three out of the four more signi- ficant determinations, as compared with previous years, B Za ra % 3 ae gi : pie SR te) cee Grane Snes fis ) GrsseeGis:, (Gise:- Grs- peu per per per gal. gal gal. gal. dune to Nov. 1887 0009 -0097 -0735 -:0319 Jan. to Dee. 1888 -0008 -0076 -0620 -0360 do 1889 -0006 -0059 ‘0690 -0308 do 1890 -O0011 -0058 °9450 +0316 do 1891 -0010 ‘0050 :0340 -0263 IT append in tabular form the twelve analyses for the past year, by which it will be seen that, between the 14th March and 18th April, there was a phenomenal rise in the free and saline ammonia to °0025 grain ‘per gallon. This propor- tion is, however, still much less than is present in ordinary rain water, and it is worth noting that the sample of water which gave this result was drawn a week after what was regarded as the burst of the little monsoon. With the advent of the south-west monsoon the free and_ saline ammonia again rose, though only to -0011 grain per gallon, which amount was maintained till the close of the year. The albumenoid matter was greatest in March, and at its lowest in July, October and December. Some determinations, viz., total solids, solids volatile on ignition, and chlorine were discontinued from August. These, though important deter- minations when analysing water for the first time, have, with the exception of the second, been always so far below the limit recognised for the best class of waters that I considered they might safely be discontinued. The significance of the solids volatile on ignition is sufficiently indicated by the albumenoid matter and oxygen absorbed. On the other hand, I have added two other significant determinations, viz., the colour as determined by the tintometer, and the zymotie power of the water, as determined by treatment with sterilised culture medium. [The word zymotic is used here in its strictly etymological sense). J have made as yet comparatively few determinations with these tests ; but, so far as Ihave observed, a low degree of colour in the Labugama water is associ- ated with a low zymotie power, the latter property increasing with the colour. In my last year’s reporv I pointed out that the Labugama water contained more organic matter than is present in the various London Water 226 THE TROPICAL AGRICU! TURIST. ha | (Ocr. 1, 1894. Supplies as delivered to the consumer ; but, when tested by the biological test, the Labugama water is found to be freer from micro-organisins than are the London Water Supplies from the Thames and Lea, even after these waters have had their zymo- tic power reduced by 96 to 99 per cent by passing through the filtering beds of the Water Companies. The case is different with the London Water Supplies from the Kent wells. According to Dr. P. F. Frankland “The water of the Ment ‘© Company leaves the well almost wholly destitute ‘“cf living organisms, and the few organisms ‘which it does contain are almost certainly im- ‘ported into it in passing over the surfaces at the mouth of the well.” Before it has reached the consumer, however, even the water of the Kent Company is more zymotic than the Labngama water, and sometimes more so than the filtered Thames and Lea waters. Of course, too mueh importance must not be attributed to the develop- ment of micro-organisms by treating water with culture media, as so many of these micro-organisms are developed from spores that are not pathogenic. At the same time, it is a point decidedly in favour of a drinking water, that it should havea low zymotie power, as is the ease with the Labugama water. According to Dr. P. F. Frankland “ the biological standard of purity as regards drinking water is of more importance than the chemical standard.” The biological test is, at all events, a significant one, and I mean to continue the use of it during 1892. Gas. The illuminating power of the town gas, its purity and the pressure at which it is supplied 1ave been satisfactorily maintained. According to contract the gas should have an illuminating power of not less than 12 standard candles, and should not contain more than 20 grains of sulphur in any form, in 100 cubie feet of gas, and should be supplied at a pressure that will balance a column of water nine-tenths of an inch in height. The following is a tabular view of the actual results obtained during 1891, as compared with the contract figures, and also with the results obtained in 1890. instandard candles. per 100 cub. ft- Pressure in tenths of an inch of water. : 2 eee iw: Illuminating power Sulphur in grains Contracted for ... 393 12 20 Wax lize 8°6 Obtained in 1890 Min. 15:3 16 Mean. 16°1 36 9-59 Max. 164 4:2 Obtained in 1891 Min. 15-1 26 Mean. 15°9 3:44 9°52 Miscellaneous. The following is a list of the substances that I have been required to examine and report upon during the past year:— Well waters, stream waters, Kandy Water Supply, beer from the canteen, milk, arrack, extract of tea, native drug (supposed to con- tain opium), brandy and soda, lemonade, tea prun- ings, pods of theobroma cacao, various forms of desiccated coconut, coconut shells fresh and fer- mented, coconut poonac, crushed tallow oil cake, crushed castor cake, bone dust, steamed bones, dissolved bones, superphosphate of lime, sulphate of ammonia, pplphite of potash, nitrate of potash, muryiate of potash, fish manure, sulphate of quinine manufactured by the Government of India, aniline black, oil supply for the Ceylon and Minicoy Imperial Light Service, plumbago., x few remarks on some of the above may be interesting. Manures.—These were nearly all genuine ; one sample of bone dust, however, contained 10 per cent excess of sand over the average amount, and 8 per cent over the extreme limit that should be massed as legitimate. Inthe ease of fish manure it is difficult to say what is adulteration ; it is evidently a substance that should only be pur- chased on analysis, as the sand varies from 3 per cent in specially prepared kinds to 50 per cent. The castor cakes, though not adulterated with foreign substances, were nearly all somewhat deficient in nitrogen as compared with that in the best quality produced. Drugs.—Samples of the sulphate of quinine manufactured by the Government of India have heen analysed for the Medical Department of the Ceylon Government. The results obtained by the analysis of different samples have been somewhat variable, due, no doubt, to different species of bark being operated upon at the factory at differ- ent times; thus Ledyeriana bark will yield its quinine in a pure state more readily than succirn- bra. Sulphate of quinine is regarded as pure for medical purposes, é.c., “official” if it does not contain more than 5 per cent of sulphates of other cinchona alkaloids. The following gives a tabular view of the composition of the four samples of Indian Sulphate of quinine which I have analysed as compared with the article manufactured in Europe. The latter sometimes so nearly ap- proaches absolute purity that I give this as the superior limit of the European article. Indian. Indian. Indian. 1890. 1891. 1891. Water of crystallisation and moisture . AZ. 1Ste | -o4 Anhydrous sulphate of uinin2 aie 7957 = 86°28 = 885 6 sulphates of other cin- chona alkaloids ogo ogra 64 5°00 Ash = “18 06 trace 100 00 =100°00 100-00 European. Indian. ———--——-, 1891. Officinal. Pure. Water of crystallisation and moisture 4: 95 14°57 14°45 Anhydrous sulphate of quinine eee 4:08 $8043 85°55 Sulphates of other cin- chona alkaloids 6°28 5°00 Ashusse 3 oo 14 ee “= 10000 10000 100-00 The Indian product has not such a highly- finished appearance as the European article. This is partly due to a trace of colonr and partly to the crystals not having their full complement of water. I should expect it, however, to be at least equally efficacions as a febrifuge from its high percentage of anhydrous sulphate of quinine and its high total alkaloidal strength. This article produced by the Tisdlian Government, is to be commended. A very much eruder quinine sulphate than that of the Indian Government we find, makes an excellent febrifuge. 1 refer to the rough sulphate obtained in the first part of the process in the analysis of cinchona bark. Hun- dreds of fever-stricken natives have been cured by this crude sulphate of quinine distributed and Oct, 1, 1894.] administered free by the nussionaries. 1t is anhydrous containing no water except moisture taken up from the atmosphere. Its average com- position is about 75 per cent anhydrous quinine sulphate, with about 25 per cent sulphates of other cinchona alkaloids, moisture, and a little coloring matter. When Ledgeriana bark is operated on, this crude sulphate contains about 95 per cent anhydrous quinine sulphate. Well waters.—The town well waters have all shewn unmistakeable signs of sewage contamina- tion, yet so quickly does the process of nitrilica. tion, nature’s method of rendering nitrogenous organic impurities innocuous, go on in Ceylon soils, that the well waters analysed have been mostly, so far as could be inferred from the chemical analysis alone, in a state fit for drinking. To cite an extreme case of how nature disposes of nitrogenous organic matter by oxidation, before it reaches some of the Colombo wells, I analysed water from a Colombo well situated inside a large enclosure but in a very populous locality. It contained no Jess than 15 grains per gallon of nitric acid, and fWly 19 of chlorine, shewing that the sources of the well could have been little better than town sewage. Yet this water did not absorb more oxygen than Labugaina water, and did not contain more albumenoid matter (but in this ease of animal origin) than I have oceasion- ally found in Labugama water. The water was of course condemned as the sources of the well were so nanifestly polluted. Lemonade.—One sample of lemonade was analysed. It was fortunate that the sender of it had merely tasted it, as it was found to contain a considerable quantity of arsenic, evidently introduced with criminal intention. Arrack.—Four samples of commercial arrack were examined. All of them, Iam glad to report, were fully up to the trade strength of 25 per cent under proof, both before and after redistillation. Milk.—It does not require an analytical chemist to inform the public of Colombo that the milk supply is shamefully adulterated with water, With mo.t other substances, adulteration is the exception. In the case of milk, it is not only the rule but it is scarcely possible for any one to vet a regular supply of pure milk from a seller of the same. The adulteration of milk with water is regarded as such a matter of course that each householder takes the law into his own hand and inflicts whatever fines seems to him to be meet. Cow’s milk and_ buffalo milk are also mixed and sold as cow’s milk, the mixture being of course watered as well. Co- conut is also mixed with milk to the peril of infant life. Some check upon these fraudulent practices seems called for, both in the interest of the publie who buy, and also in the interest of those among the milkmen who might prefer to be honest. In the present demoralised con- dition of the milk trade, when milk of a kind ‘an be purehased for less than the genuine article can be produced at a profit, it must be a difficult matter for a milkman to be honest. If the milk supplied by vendors were systemati- cally tested, and the results registered in such a way that the houselislder could at any time ask the milk vendor to produce his reeord, it would, by and by, be as much against the interest of the seller to water his milk as it is against the interest of an appu to be found picking his master’s pocket. To make an im- pression on the evil, however, the testings wonld ave to be done free or at quite a nominal fee so far as householders are concemed. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 227 Analyses of samples of Colombo Water drawn from Street Hydrants during 1891. @ o ee eo =| ycs = ae 26s co) Oo Seva 7 on % Em S\ nN n » ee = S22! : Bc oanRa Fiesta Boe ms re Bees ait AZ a 2205 = e ainG 3 am fas 1s = CEES 5) 5 mos e 2 oe. “f z 2y “5 B. a om 5 a ro! =n y Bi a DOH SH GOS Se O31) moe CO POKRDUEMD NAnBoo 408 2 LEAL ARS ShHH4S So S Hadi aaacs 31,2 rt SO a ast a ach | ms a2sn] 2 noedtmrnaaS » 269 : t S >OAS 6A SS) Ta CI AE SS aloe a Son) aa! SCANKKARAN AtaAdA Bes epoODoSeOOSoS>S Seoseo5 ae Sea Srieceh t= lel I zy Pera ia| se risiooeo 6 oso o90 ¢ SIO z VO Nis Sle Smt comer sc Cnet Oley = Sten eG} A £5) ~ a 2 comeonseo Sinac (s = NHANHK SSH HENS — Bg SID HN SH oe Ars = Ol oD = qMS OS SSS LP SSPFL a ~ Ss S 2 Paso a a S 2 Or = a - SOE DA7M94 5 o to! TsMNe sooo vnascocoecocs 5 ~RHHOIKeHANOD ASH SSS a 7S | ae ae I deine stare: tot Nose cs - oO ~ = r= F ; hp VL) ow Seals Bae Yeo|ea.8ssgessss nN yay ON aa or Oe ONONONGIe® OS > 5 = Site PAR ibata| See SO eo too Lee rons eS rot EAS) Ce ieee eeseary . = == ol aS nl =) a = = ; ove: wy n & S0OSC0 Oe eal sos ASAFHHALS a -=m's FAISPMOENDVADOCSCOSG mbes nN ee oe CeaceuT: a Se = PS) 2.8 Once S 5 = . i ~ ~ =F 2 o~ es a retatanatd f= “SBH@NDSOSL ACOSO OS oS a ekgQanetaena fae SS 8 oc" mM E> => = iS ~ = \ -s : i o | o fy estts =z ae T1IDSOHIDDS wH> > SITS SHOE SSnnsg Rios one On Ne a ee SSS SS SIO OO SIDS Shoe pee Nae PEP?PSS GSE RSD sa. a | x 2O2/]8 .nornone eaca [x PD i=} risSlieo} oS — SEIS ati SOO OS aoe oS a Orns .Soocoeocoorzto sooecso VF) 4uMSSesosses $5555 ley aS = “= CANS nit cet : UCP ACLS mt) is ar) EAE o a |e: mares Way : OC M1NNM0ON ne eae) : a BAe tam las as ow per ty ae SSSSSBEALD iin RSIS HOHOARTD cRSA AAAs eANa Aagas ~ . 2 eras babar oe DD = 2 sa4 m Ro ge PRS pops Boo ao 6/8 S27 so Sp Foo BS Ve Me B= o2S OP Sata Sht NOAA A * (To be concluded.) 228 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 7 “pe agen ee - = (Oct. 1, 1894. EXPERIMENTAL TEA CULTIVATION IN THE UNITED STATES. From a report recently furnished to the Agricul- tural Department at Washington, and communicated to the Foreign Office, it seems that ‘'ea-growivg in South Carolina has been successfully carried on of late, the seat of the operations being situated at Summerville, some 20 miles from Charleston. It is stated that many attempts have been made to grow Tea in Amer‘ca, in little patches, and in some instances in large gardens, but that the results from these attempts, though producing Tea of fine flavour, have been generally d. void of that strength of infusion which appears | to constitute a desir- able quality for many ‘ea-drinkers. It may be ‘presumed, however, that the failure to produce this quality was largely due to defective curing, and especially to inadequate rolling of the leaf, in consequence of which, its qnalites were not fully developed. So far as is generaliy known, it re- mained for the National Department of Agricul- ture to begin about ten years ago the first serious attempt to produ e American commercial Tea on & scale sufficiently large to arrive at a decisive result. Many circumstances, however, followed to cause the total abandonment by the Government of the gardens wi ich it had e tub- lished at great expense on a plantation at a pace called Newington. een ee that the previous trials to produce ‘lea in the United States were arrested before reaching definite conclusions, that more careful cultivation and preparation might be the result of a length- ened local observation, and that the subsequent roduction of a higher class of Teas might reverse the generally-entertained opinion that, as an in- dustry, the cultivation of ‘Yes in America must always prove & failure; and that, if successiul, this new field for agricultural enterprise would furnish a, wide and comparatively easy out-door employment for many who are unequal to those rougher opera- tions, whose accomplishment under a summer sun can be borne but by few. _ ae For the purpose of gving Tea cu'tivation a thorough trial in South Carolina, it seems that no trouble has been spared. The Department of State is ued orders to its consuls at the ‘l'ea ports to obtain samples of seeds, and the foreign representatives of the United States government did all that was ossible to secure the best quality of seed. : During the sammer of 1893 some of the plants in the Pinehurst Tea p'antation were sufficiently ad- vanced to warrant picking the leaf. The grea: majority of the plants had been raised from seed jn 1889, and planted out that antumn, buta limited number were a few months older. They are des- cribed as belonging to the Assam hybrid variety, namely, a Cross between the Assam and Chinese sorts, and came from stock that had been thoroughly acclimatised by probably thirty years growth in America. ‘The plants had been systematically “topped” with garden shears, and afterwards care- fully pruned with a knife. During the winter of and throughout, the plants had been -92, see etaliy cultivated, and generously manured. They covered smull areas on various soils, namely, y nd and high swamp, the slope ofa ered sm undei sll, anda fist sandy Pineland. So free bad been the artificial enrichment of all these plants that no material difference in the quality or quantity of yield was observed. It was designed to test by these experiments whether commercial Tea could be raised at all. The report on the quality of this Tea : “A sample was sent to a travelling agent to Ae e ‘ea firm in Detroit for his judgment, B avisine him as to where the Tea was produced. He took the Tea to his store, and without giving them any previous information, it was tested by two of ie leading members of the firm, each making a arate test. They pronounced it very excellent oh lish breakfast tea, and when the information aoe civen them as to the place of production, they resent experiment owes its undertaking to were very much surprised, and wished to know i any considerable amount could be purchased,” ‘rom the gardens now being established at Pine- hurst, and in consequence Of the great care bestowed on their composition, it is hoped to obtain much finer Teas in the future.—G@+deners’ Chronicle. THE LIFE OF SIsAL HEMP PLANTS. There a e numerous species of Agaya (popularly called Aloes) belonging to the natural order Ama- ryllidee. They are almost all monocarpic perennials. hat is, they grow on for a number of years producing leaves only; finally they flower, and this they do but once in their life, and that period is apparently determined by the nature of their e vironme.t. Usually Agaves under cultivation in this country live to a gieat age. On this account they are sometimes «al.ed century plants. In their native country they live for seven to 15 years. When once the monocarpic species have flowered and produced seeds or bulbils (pole plants) they die. the following notes refer to the Bacqui (Agave rigida var. elongata) and to the Yaxci or Babawas Pita (Ayave riyida yar. sisalama):— (a.) Mr. Stoddart says, ‘ the plant (the Sacqui of Yucatan) lasts..... ...for at least 25 years in a cutting sta’'e, de,ending on the sil and treatment.” To renew a plantation after the original plants have become exhausted, * it is usual to plant at proper distances, by the sides of the od plants or between them, young shoots which three years afterwards (and upon the failure of the old ones) will be fit for cutting.” A new field will thus “be kept up without any loss of time or suspension of work.” (Sisal Hemp, its adaptation to Jamaica, p. 4.) (b.) Mr. Stoddart describes the poling as follows: “This lappe:s when the plant has arrived at cutting age and the plants are not cut.”’........"* When the pole begins to come out and gains a length of about three or four feet, it is customary to cut it off close without injuring he leaves. hese leaves wil then mature and be fit to be taken off before th plant dies.” (l.c. p. 7.) (c.) Poling appears to be acce erated (1) by the leaves not being cut when tbey have arrived at maturity, (2) by the plants being exbausted by numerous suckers allowed to rema:n around their base, (3) by careless cutting of the leaves. Stoddart, on this latter point, says: “If the stump (or base) of the leaf be left of any length on the trunk it seriously injuries the plait, spoils its vigour, and makes its existence a@ short one.” (.c. p. 7.) (d.) Mr. Pierce says: “A h mp plantation in Yucatan lasts for some 15 years .... on good land the crop commences in four ye.rs or earlier, whilst on rocky ground from six years or more.” (F. O. Report, 1892, p. 2.) _ . (e.) Mr, Dodge, discussing the Pita or Yaxci plant of Florida and Bahamas, remarks that in one instance, on very pour soil, he noticed that ‘a long ro. of plants set out 10 years ago vo form a boun- dary line had hardly made any growth.” (Report of UO. Kk. Dodges on “Fivre Investigation in the United States." Washington, 1893, p. 21) Mr. C. UT. McCarty ot Ankona, Florida, says: ‘With us Agave sisalana sends up its pole at seven years on our best lands.........So far as the plant is concerned the ‘poor land’ theory has no founda- tion in this loca‘ity. Our strongest and finest plants are on our best land.” (Dodge, lc. p. 15) (f-) Mr. Merrick Shaw, Polk Cv unty, Florida, describes a Sisal Hemp plant under his observation as follows: ‘The original piant growing on the soil, of which a sample was sent, poled at seven years old Twenty layers of leayes had been cut from this pliant, and the lowest of those remaining measured 5 feet 9 inches in length by 5 inches in width at the br.adest part. Atout 1U0 suckers h d been removed from (the base of) this plant and planted e sewhere.” (wode, l.c. p. 17) (g.) Mr. Dodge figuies and describes a plant with leaves barely a foot long, which had thrown up a Oct. 1, 1894. ] THE TROPICAL 4GRICULTURIST. 229 slender pole to a height of 8 feet or more.” He adds: *‘I was informed by residents on Indian Key that this premature blossoming of a young plant or sucker while yet attached to the parent root is not of uncommon occurrence.” (Dodge, l.c. p. 18.) Kew, 16th August 1893, D.M. [Note added.—Vhe plant cultivated in Mauritius, and yielding what is known as Mauritius Hemp is the Green or Fotid Aloe (Purerwa gigantea). ‘The value of the exports are about 50,0v0/. annually. ‘This plant is similar to an Aguve, both in appear- ance and habit, and it also prcduces numerous bulbils or pole-plants after flowering. ‘he experience in Mauritius with regard to poling of the Furcrea has a striking resemblance to what has been observed in regard to the Agave in Yucatan. M. de Chazal, who has written an account of ‘Le fibre d’ Aloes”’ (Maur'tius, 1832) states (p. 21) ‘ that the plants generally pole at the age of seven or eight years; they can, therefore, be cut four or five times before poling and before it is necessary to replace them,” On the same subject Mr. John Horne, r.u.s., late Director of Ga'dens and Forests in Mauritius, writes under date of 4th September 1893, as follows: “The life of Furcrea gigantes in Mauritius is from seyen to 10 years......as many of the plants flower three to four years earlier than others, the leaves of the seedlings (or pole-plants) from these are fit for cutting wh-n the late flowering plants are drying out, so cutting once begun on a plantation may be said to be continuous........Supplying amongst od plants should te done in time so that as the old ones die out cutting from the young ones should begin, Over-cutting the leaves iscommonin Mauritius. This is generally held to be injurious to the plants, weakening their growth and causing them to flower and die prematurely, Peope in Mauritius say that by cutting only the mature leaves the growth of the plants is not weakened, and thus Jarge fine leaves are obtained, yielding long fibre of the finest quality. But I have never heard the idea expressed that such a manner of cutting prolonged the life of the plant beyond what I might call the natural limits. It is said in Mauritius that over-cutting weakens the plant and causes them to flower and dis prematurely, so it may be also said in Yucatan that cutting only the mature leaves prolongs the life of the plants to its natural limits. It comes to this, that what is said not to shorten the lfe of the plants in Mauzri- tius is said to lengthen it in Yucatan—a case of arriving at the same place from opposite directio:s.’] —Kew Bulletin. ——_——__- > - —- --—~ PLANT FOOD IN SOILS. A very useful contribution to our knowledge upon this important subject has recently been contributed by Dr. Bernard Dyer, to the Journal of the Chemical Society, and of which we give a summary. The chemical analysis of soils, which, in the early days of agricultural chemistry was looked upon as likely to be of very great practical use in agriculture, was soon found to be, as ordinarily practised, of yery limited value. Determinations of the total quantities of the most important mineral elements of plaut food in the soil have been long recognised as affording useful information only in exceptional cases. Thus, the fact that a soil contains much less phosphoric acid than is contained in average soils is a ‘‘probable indication” only that it is in need of phosphatic manure; aud the fact that another soil is much poorer in potash than average soils is 1egarded as a ‘probable indication’ only thut it needs potassic manure. The reason is, that an analysis of soil, as ordinarily made, shows the total percentage of its coustituents dissolyed by strong mineral acids, without reference to the fact that only a very small proportion of this total may be available for plant use. Hor example, it is very usual to find about 015 Si cent of phosphoric wid in an ordinary ayerage Unglish agricultural soil. An average loamy soil, 9 inches deep, in its dry state, may be said to weigh 1,200 to 1,500 tons per acre. Such a soil, con- taining O15 per cent. of phosphoric acid, would accordingly contain about 2 tons of phosphoric acid to the acre, disregarding the subsoil altogether. Such a soil contains as much phosphoric acid per acre a3 would be contained in about 17 tons of superphosphate, or in nearly 10 tons of bone-dust; and yet on such a soil the addition of a few hun- dredweights of phosphatic mavure may make the difference between a full crop of Turnips anda bad one. And similar statements would apply to other constituents of the soil. The obyious explanation of such anomalies is that it is not the total proportion of plant-food that rules a soil’s fertility, but the proportion of each constituent that is prese: t in an immediately available condition. The.end that the author has in view, therefore, is to distinguish between matter that a plant can or cannot take up and assimilate as food, and the chief solvent agent for soil minerals he finds is the root-s*p of the plants. Actpiry or Roor sap. It has long teen accepted as a fact that plants help themselves to a part of their mineral food by means of the solvent action of their acid root-sap on the particles of soil with which the rootlets come into contact. In order, therefore, to obtain some information on this point, the author made deter- minations of the degree of acidity of root-sap in 100 plants, comprising ordinary agricultural and horticultural plants from twenty different natural orders—annuals, biennials, and perennials—all being taken, a: far as was practicable, during active growth. The results showed that the variations were wide even in plants of the same order, and even of the same species. The average ‘‘sap acidity” of the roots of the 100 plants is 0°91 per cent, reckoned as citric acid, which represents yery nearly the averages found in each case for the plants included in Ranunculaces, Crucifere, Caryophyllaces Legumi- nose, Onagracew, Araliacee, and Boraginacew, which ayerages vary between the limits of 0:81 per cent and 1:12 per cent. Of the remainig orders, we have Tropmolaces, Primulacew, Umbellifera, Composite, Campanulaces, Chenopodiacew, and Graminem, ranging from 0°03 per cent to 0°68 per cent Dipsaces and Solanacem (single species only) fa!l much below the average (O44 per cent and 0°34 per cent), and so do the Liliaces (8°36 per cent), though one of the only two species comprising the four Liliaceous plants ex- amined gave higher results. On the otber hand, the plants examined in Rosacew and Plumbaginee gave exceedingly higk results, checked in each case by operating on two distinct plants of cach species chosen. These results appear to be sufficient to indicate that the ratio of the soimble free acid in the roots of plants to the moisture contai'ed in them—which is here called sap acidity—probably generally fall within 1 per cent, calculated as crystallived citric acid. Citric acid is chosen to express the acidity partly on account of its being an organic acid, and in that sense kindred to other root-sap acids. Experiments on RotuamMsrep Baryegy Solis. The remainder of the research deals with the question of soil analysis. By permission of Sir John Lawes and Sir Henry Gilbert, the author was ena- bled to draw a complete set of samples of soil from the world-famed Hoosfield at Rothamsted, on which Barley has been grown for forty years in succession and on which each plot has been year after year subjected to some ons unvarying kind of manurial treatment. A precise record having been preserved, not only of the mavures applied to each plot, but also of its yield of grain and straw year by year, a study of a summary of the field’s history is sufficient to show which plots are languishing for phosphoric acid which for potash, which for nitrogen, and which. in varying degrees, for ail. f From a careful consideration of the whole of the results obtained, the author thinks it would not be unreasonable to suggest that, whea a soil is found 9 contain ag little as about Ol per cent of phos. 230 phorie acid soluble ina 1 per cent. solution of citric acid, it would be justifiuble to assume that it stands immediate need of phosphatic mauure. Potash seems to be one of the constituents of soil most likely to be modified and rendered available by the action of winter, weathering, frost, rain, &c. There is good reason to suppose that the use of nitrate of soda, and possibly, to some extent, of superphosphate, helps to bring about by its solvent action on a part of the main stock in the soil a yearly supply of available potash. In two sets of field experiments on Cabbages carried out by the author in Sussex and Essex, potash salts, as an addition to phosphatic manure and nitrate of soda, produced an abundint increase, but the substitution of common alt for potash salts on other plots answered just as well, probably owing to the decomposing action of the salt on the com- pound silicates of potash existing in the soi!. It appears that the economy of potash in a soil is more complicated than that of phosphoric acid.— Gardeners’ Chronicle. EQ VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES, Tue RevAtive VALuE or PLanrs FoR GREEN Manurinc.—With a view to determining the amount of nitrogen by which various leguminous plants enrich the soil, some interesting and valuable ex- periments were made last year on the experiment | fields at Hohenheim, Wurtemberz. The soil was a heavy loam, on which Rye ani winter Peas had been grown in the third year previous, Rape manured with superphosphate and nitrate of so a in the second year previo1-, and winter Barley in the previous year. After the Barley was harvested, seventeen different kinds of leguminvus and other plants were sown for greeu-manuring on seventeen plots, each containing about 50 square yards se ar- ated by uncultivated strips. In September following the crop on each plot was dug under, ani Sheriff Wheat drilled on all the plats. The yield of Wheat where different leguuinous plants had been used as green-mantres (Lupines, Olovers, Field Beans, Peas, Vetch, an! Serradella}, ranged from 15 to 22 Ib., averaging about 20 Jb. It was lowest with Serra- della and highest wth red Clover ani white and ellow Lupine. Second to the latter were Field ans and Beans a .d scarlet Clover. The yield with Kohl was 16 lb., with white Mustard 155 |b., and with three varieties of Buckwheat the average yield was 13 |b. per plot. It was noticed that on the plots, especially those with Lupines, many heads of grain were backward in ripening. On examina: tion the roots of such plants were found t») be govered with a white fungus. No such fungus was found on the roots where non-leguminous plants were used for greea-manure. In how far ths oc- currence was due to the green-manuring with ie- guminous plants was not determined. In another series of experiments, the object was to compare the total amounts o° nitrogen contained in crops of different leguminous plants, and in the 1 ayes, stems, and roots of the same separately. The soil on which this trial was made had been in grain for three years previous. Whether or not it was manured in any way for the present crop is not stated in the abstr-ct. The seed was broadcasted on the different plots. lt was found that the large Field Beans gave the largest yield of nitrozen per sguare yard of land; but, considering the cost of seeding this crop, it is believed that, from a finan- cial point of view, it does not exceed, the Lupines in value. The difference in the nitrogen in the w ite and blue Lupines raised from native and from foreign seed is very marked, the foreign seed yielding over a third more It is seen that an acre crop of large Field Beans is able to take from the air and so give to the soil more than 225 Ib. of nitrogen, while the same crop of Lupines yields some 165lb. To supply these amounts of nitrogen ia the form of nitrate of soda, would require from 21000 to 1,500 Ib. of that yaatorial.—Gardencrs’ Chronie’e, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURISF. arn [Ocr. 1, 1894. Tue Inrernan Temperarore or Trees.—M. W, Prinz has been making observations for a period of nineteen months, at the Royal Observatory of Belgium, on the variation of the temperature in the interior of trees. These observations show that the sap contains large quantities of gas, which often escapes with a noise which recalls the murmur of effervescing wate-. ‘This bubbling is sometimes so intense as to be perceived at a distance of 2 feet. The mean annual internal temperature of a tree is practically the same as that of the surrounding air, but the monthly means differ by two to three degrees. In general, it takes a day for a thermal variation to be transmitted to the heart of a tree. On some days the difference between the internal temperature of a tree and that of the air ont- - side can vary as much as 10° ©. Generally the difference is only a few degrees. When the tem- perature of the air fatls below the frevzing point and continues to decrease, the interior temperature of the tree descends to a point near that at which the sap freezes, and remains there. The sap freezes at some tenths of a degree above zero. The maxinum absolute temperature of the interior of a tree may occur some time before th: absolute maximum of the surrounding air, owing to the direct action of the spring sun and of the air upon the tree deprived of its foliage. Daring the high temperatures of the summer the interior temperature of trees maintain itself near 15° U, with a variation of 20° C. at the most, even when the thermal variations of them are exceptional. Speaking gene- rally, a large tree is warmer than the air in the cold mouths, and a little cold-r than the air m warm months.—Ihid. Viratity or Seeps,—Tve fact that seeds of weeds, esjecially of anuua’s, are capabl- of retain- ing tleir vitality for a mumberof years inthe soi’, is a circumstance well known to farmers of arable la d. An objection often advanced against deep ploughing particulsrly of light soils, is that it may “bring up the Charlock.” ‘lo wha: length of time buried seeds may continue alive is not certainly known, but the fo lowing carefuliy-made observations s nt tothe Zimes by Mr. 8. Jamcs A. Slater, F.RS., of Basingfield, near Basingstoke, are well worth recording :—* Twenty-four years ago I purchased this property (Basingfield), a large portion of which was at that time arab'e land bearing good crops of grain, which were however in a very weedy condition, ube principal weeds being Charlock (Sinapis arvensis), red Poppy (Papaver Rheas), and Fumitory (Fwnaria officinalis). It is important to note that all three «f these pla ti are annuals. In the autumn of that year (1870) I laid the land down to grass, permanent pasture, and it has remained soeyer since. I make hay annually with the first crop of grass, and the second I feed off witn sheep. From time to time I dress the grass with artificial manure, kainit, and superphosphate. None of the before-named weeds are ever seen unless the soil is disturbed; but directly the surface is broken, and soil some 6 or 8 iuche3 de pis broight up and exposed to atmospheric influences and light, all three of the weeds named appear in abundance, especially the Charlock and Poppy. This occurred conspicuously last year, 1893. The seeds producing these plants had been buried twenty-thr e years, but at depth beyond vivifying in- fluences, though still retaining vitality. There can be no fallacy in the observation ; it has occurred over and ove: again. Hight years ago, a tera very hard frost and a thaw, the surface of the ground being yery rotten, I hid «ccision to take a wagon heavily laden across this pasture; the wheels sank deeply into the soil, and tore up the ground, bringing to the surface much sub-soil. In the spring these furrows were filled with Charlocks, and presently, when they flowered there were two parellel yellow ribands to — be seen across the land following the irregular course the wagon had taken. It was a most striking sight. There was not another Charlock to be seen in the field. The seeds producing these beautiful yellow ribands had been buried fifteen years,’ —Jbid, | Oct. 1, 1894. ] COFFEE CULTIVATION GALORE! NETHERLANDS INDIA—PERU—CENTRAL AND NORTH-WEST AFRICA. We do not know what intelligence Mr. Talbot has brought back from Java, although we have litt’}e doubt it is as satisfactory as Mr. Starey’s experience seemed to be, in reepeot of ecffes” planting operations in the North-east portion of that rich island. We have already referzed to the extensive clearings of German capitalists io Sumatra; and bad we been able to read all our correspondence by a recent mail beforehand, we should almost have hesitated to take exception to & correspondent’s remark about the risk of coffce-- like tea—being overdone. For, the mail brings us important information on this subject from the Amazonian settlement in Upper Peru; from an ex-Ceylon ccffee planter in Central Africa; and in a series of papers referring to the Gold Coast, West Africa, which we owe to the ocurtesy of Mr, A. M. Ashmore formerly of our Civil Service and now Acting Colonial Secretary at Cape Coast Castle, Coffee is the main subject of interest in each oase. From Upper Peru we have intelligence of an unexpectedly encouraging character and Mr. Robb —the Aberdonian Scot in charge—is so sanguine of there being a fortune in ooff:e, that he is prepared as soon as he has comple'ed his en- gagement with the Peruvian Corporation, to enter on the enterprise on a considerable scale either on his own account, or on that of a Company as Manager and shareholder. His letter (to ‘ Old Colonist see page 232) shews that even under their present labour difficulties, it only costs the eauivalent of 12s (sterling) to produce 100 lb. of clean coffee, carriage to Lima 5s 4d; while in that town 603 per 100 lb. can be obtained for it! Here the margin of profit is over 200 per cent, and yet the value of the coffee—if at all well-prepared—is put at a very low rate, There must be room for larger returns if the produce were shipped. to Hurore or North America, while no doubt great improve- ments and economy can be effected in rezpect of both cultivation and preparation—more especially in the latter through the introduction of machinery. Then from Central Africa we learn that an ex-Oeylon planter is eager and ready for the formation of a Ooffee-growing Company on a large scale, his letter to the same friend in the North of Scotland showing that he has made apurchase of 100,006 acres of good land from which to form selections for plan- tations. Hoa is most sanguine of success and is prepared to show his faith by taking the purchase money—a low figure—in shares, We shall publish the letter in full; but meantime may mention that the elevation is mainly from 2,000 to 2.500 feet, the soil varying from a rich chocolate to black loam, the rainfall 60 to 80 inches per annum spread over 118 to 130 days, a supply of very cheap labour freely available; no leaf or bug disease ; and cost of transpert by no meana serious. Moreover, there is no trouble with wind and the coffee blossoming season extends from August to November, both months inclusive, ‘'so that there can scarcely ba a failure of crop,” Another favourable condition is the proximity of a splendid sanatorium—half-a-day’s journey d's- 29 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 231 See tant—with an elevation of between 6,000 and 7.000 feet. If these conditions be only verified by Mr. J. H. Carson, now on his way to Central Africa, we may be quite cure that capital will not be wanting to sccure the rapid development of a large acrec ge under ecfiee. It isa striking and interesting fact that Aberdonians in the Far West, in the Amazovian regions in South America, and in British Central Africa should be simultaneously pionecring as coffee planters and appealing home to their countrymen for funds to aid in extensive developments. There can be little doubt es to which will be the favourite locality, considering the difference between British and Peruvian Government; and yet it would be bard to beat Mr. Robb’s figures in the way of margin of profit. He addz, howevr, that labour is growing scarce, owing to so many of the people them selves—apart from the settlers—going in for coffee pardens of their own! Such a yrocess must of iteelf, edd to the cutturn of coffee produce and increase the shipments from Peru. From the Gold Coast, Mr. Ashmore cends us & set of the Quarterly Reports—1890-94—on the Aburi Botanica! and Experimental Station, situ- ated some 1400 feet above sea-level with a rainfall of from 55 to 67 inches—very well distri- buted throughout the year, July-August-September, being tho dry months,—and aversge temperature ranging from 63deg. to 83deg. ‘There is nothing very remarkabls atout the Station or Gardens themselves, although Mr. Orowther and his Assistant or locum tenens, Mr. Willey, are evidently men who are specially interested in their work and in experimenting with new products. We shail quote a number of their remarks, but so far as we can judge Liberian coffse is here by far the moat promising product from an economic point of view. Tha Arabian variety is also growing well, and the reports of gacao are favourable. But there ig no question that in coffee, at least, this part of Africa might develop a really important industry and export trade. This we judge from a special report by Mr. Crowther on certain coffee planta- tions at Cape Coast acd Elmina in the hands of private proprietors. We read of one of these haying 150 acres uader Liberian coffze and of trees three years old, being 54 feet high with a splendid c op ofcherries rapidly maturing. Nothing better than this could be desired by practical men even with Arabian coffee and if it be the general rule for the more robust Liberian variety to give an eppreciable crop in the thir] year—the treea should be stripped rather than allow them to mature fruit at an earlier stage—we should certainly decide that West African planters could not do_ better than continuo to cultivate the variety which is indigenous, as the name implies, tu the neighbour- hood. Of course, it is more interesting and in many Gases desirable, to have several string3 to one’s bow, and so to add cioao, rubber, and other products to a plantation. But if the object be to develop a paying industry, in a limited period, concentrated effort on the one staple has always been found best and most profitable. Even at Aburi Botanical Station, we cannot sei much good from experimenting with products co overdone —the world's suvply being beyoud the demand— as cinnamon and annotto, any more than if attention were given to cinchona and cardamoms. The West African Settlements, to our mind, ought pre-eminently to excel in the growth, preparation aud export of its own, that ie Liberian, coffee which seems to flourish exceedingly and for which there is clearly a strong and profitable demand in the European markets. 242 Altogether, it ig evident that a good wary rivals to Brazil are rapidly being developed both in its own neighbourhood of the Far West; in Africa, West and Oeotral; and in the Far East of Netherlands India, the Straits Settlements and North Borneo; and we see no regson why success chould ; ot atterd the several new cfforts we have noticed, even if prices do ro: keep quite so high as they have done of recent years, ——c'““— _,- —--- — COFFEE PLANTING IN THE AMAZONIAN VALLEY, UPPER PERU : AN ABERDONIAN REPORTS A PROFIT MARGIN OF 200 PER CENT. RAPID EXTENSION OF CULTIVATION AMONG THE NATIVES. [Wenow give the main portion of Mr. Jas. Robb’s letter from Central Peru addressed to Mr. Arthur Sinclair, Aberdeen, on which we wrote the other day.—Ep. 7.A ] What you say ve the Jabour question reads well, and I note that you have ascertained that there will be no difficulty in contracting Chinese or Indian coolies for the Perené. ‘The difficulty is that the Peruvian Government would not admit them into the Montana. The attitude of Peru is the great difficulty, though at the same time the Perené valley will never be properly developed until we have Asiatic labour. On account of the number of people now going in for coffee-growing, labour is becoming a serious uestion, and it will become more and ore so, as the colony develops. Regarding affairs here I may say they are fairly satisfactory, although we have had a rough time. Our Italian colonists, or rather those who came out with Mr. Mackenzie, have all gone. They proved a rotten class of people, and thought they came out to pick up gold instead of working for it like honest men, The remaining colonists are now settling down to honest labour, and have every appearance of doing well. Atone time things looked so shaky that I thought the whole scheme was to be a complete failure, but a better tone is now prevailing and I have great hopes of yet seeing this part of Peru develop into a great country. Since taking over charge, I have cut down ex- penses all around and it was about time somebody acted ; for the Corporation was being robbed in every department, and was becoming a scandal. It has been a difficult job for me to get the colonists to settle down to work, and I had to give them a little assistance to get a commencement; but I think we can jog along nicely now as the most of them have planted or are planting coffee which is giving them more interest in their chacras. We have now a good bridge over the Rio Colo- rado and an excellent road to La Merced, tut communication with Dentville is in no way im- proved, and the Pichis road, which you traversed, is now in such a deplorable state that mules sink in mud to the belly-bands, and two or three jour- neys nearly kill them. A colony of good people are establishing them- selves along the bank of the Perené, about 8 miles below the confluence of the rivers, and all will plant a lot of coffee this season. The present prices are indeed encouraging and when one considers that it only costs about 6 Solés* to pro- duce 100 lb. of cleaned coffee, and it sells locally at 22 Solés andin Lima at 39 Solés. Freight to Lima about 4 Solés per 150 lb. This is the country for good Scotchmen with a few hundreds. Italians have proved a total failure; French nearly so. Give us north country people such as Scotch, English, lrish, Germans, Swedes,+ &c., of good character anda trifle of means, and our success is assured. * Deprecistea Solé now worth 2s. +,With plenty of coolies; no use withoat.— Old Colonist,” THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Oct. 1, 1894. I may add that I am only in charge colony for a short period, oka at its = ei win most probably take up land myself and have done with service. I ean see my way to do well as a coffee grower, and I like the life. The Chola labourers cost about 0°70 * per diem with food and I find growers can afford to pay that, and stilldo well. My chief grievance ia that we cannot get them to stay any length of time, for as soon as they get a little money they leave us and go on the spree untilit is finished. 1£I can manage it I will come hanie for : ey spell soon, as I would like o induce a number of Aberdeenshire come out and join us in Peru, >, om va A BIG COFFEE COMPANY WANTED For BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA: A BLOOK OF 100,000 ACRES OF GOOD LAND READY FOR A COMPANY. A COUNTRY LIKE UVA, (The following is the letter addressed to “0! Coloniet,” to which we referred in a recent iseue : —Ep. 7.A.] British Central Africa, 10th June 1 Dear Sim,—Iaving heard from : that toe take an interest in this couniry aud that you might help in the tturting of a Company for coffee cultiva- tion, I take the liberty of addreesing you on the subject. About # yearagol bought atrict of land comprising about 100,000 acres from Naruso, the paramount chief of the Machinjeras, a few hours’ journey from my own estate, Dunraven, but on the other side of the Ruo (which is the boundary between the British and Portuguese sphere of influence) and within the Istter. Although the Portuguese have never governed or presumed to govern those people, an attempt was made to conquer them about 10 years tg0 when the Machinjeras drove them to Quiliman> with heavy loss and would have destroyed the town had it not been for the interference of the English. The chiefs and peop'e are on the most friendly terms with me and pressed me to buy {fand end open a coffee estate in their country, which I did as stated above, and H. M. Commissior er ‘and Consul-General, Mr. H. H. Johnston, after becoming conversant with the facte, wrote to say that my purchase was perfectly in accordence with the Brussels Act and Anglo- Portuguese Convention. Sabsequently to receipt of this acknowledgment I went to work and put down a naorsery of 6 bnshels of coffee estimated to give 180,000 plan's fit to put out during the next rainy season—December to April—aud have also built a small bungalow and godowns and am felling a small clearing. : My deed of purchase was witnessed by 3 r residenta, Messrs. Lloyd, Bradshaw an 7 se the interpreter was Dr. Geo. Robertson of the Mianji Mission, and is ocnsidered a sound and good title. The acreage is only estimated at 100,000, but no one has been over the boundarics; neither has a survey been made. The country is well-watered by numerous streame and iscomposed of, for the mest pert, well-timbered land, mostly forest with stretches of grass to be met with bere and there. Tre elevation is from 2.000 to 2,500 feet, slightly undulating with small hills here and there; the whole is surrounded by larger hil'g which comprise the boundaries, The soil on the portions I visit-d is «fa deep rich chocolata varying to black loam, but of course there is poor soil to be met with aswell, The rainfall is the same ason my own property from 60 to €0 ix, per annum distributed over 118 to 130 da-=. Climate—from November to April is our wet seasou, and hot, this averaging about 80°; from May to October dry and ‘enol with monthly sates sane i ee atout tke fall ofeach moun ; it is 0 71, but. it sometimes goes aS during Jane and Jaly. : ey Faas Cents of a Solé—about Is, 6a. a on O cT, I, 1894. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 233 Ihave been here 33 years and find the climate fairly healthy. Of course planters must get fever now and again, which I have had my share of, in pioncer work ; but Mlanji fever is of a mild type and usually yields to » few mild doses of Epsom Salts and Quinine, leaving no bad effects. I bave had much worse fever in Ceylon. Some residents have been iu the Shire Highlanis 7 years without having any fever, but they are not coffee planters ard their work is mostly indoors. The upper plateau of Mlanji from 6,400 to 7,000 ft. elevation is within half-a-day’s journey and affords as grand savatorium. I have a house and garden at 6,400 feet and tbe top of the mountainis 9,200 feet. It much resembles the Kandapola Plains both iu appearance and climate; in fact the whole country resembles very much some parts of Uva. There is any amount of labour in the Machinjero country. Large numbers comeover to the Mlanji plantations to work, so that the labour question need give no alarm. Should we succeed iu floating a Oompany, operations could be extended to almost an uolimited degree. There is also an adjoiving territory under the brothers of Narusa, my vendor, which could be purchased, if need be, so that a very large concern might be made. Labonr costs 8 yards, 6 yardsand 4 yards of 3d calico s:uff which we ussd to us3 for ceiling cloth in Ceylon— for mepv, women, and boys and girls per month—and food (fowls }ayard each, rice, potatoes and other food proportionately cheap. ) The mineral rights are included in the purchase, tut no prospecting lias been done. If need be, a survey and independent report could be got in the conntry by some of the Mlanji residents. On the map of Africa the Machiojero is marked betweeu Mlanji, Mount Olarendon, and Lomboca bills, although nearer the Ruo than represented. Thereis a Fort onthe Ruo bank on the British side, with a guard of Sikhs and a force of police under a European Agent of the B.C. A. Administration within2 hours of my clearing. There is acart road completed from the above Fort which is named “ Fort Anderson’’ by myself,a 12 feet cartroad to the Tuchilla river, 30 miles, at its confluence with the Ruo, and it is intended to continue this on to Cheromo, the Shire river termious for this part of the country (a distance of about 20 more miles) where seyeral steamers arrive and depart during every month to and from Chindi the Zambesi mouth, where Union steamers call regularly. Goods are carried up at £4perton, and much Jess down, ao that transport is nothing out of the way. It is expected tbat a railway will soon be mede into this country. H, M. Commissioner, who isona visit to England, took tome statistics which will doubtless prove that a railway is necessary and will pay, and said before he left that he would return with a rail- way. The revenue hag more than doubled daring the psst 2 yeare, We have no coffee leaf-disease here, and no black or white bug, ani only about as much gruo and borer as are met with in Ceylon. Coffee yields good crops with clusters from 8 to 15 berries and hss proved a success, bea'inog at 3 years old up to7 cwt. per acre after giving a maiden crop of 4 cwt. 1 came to this district to open coffee for the African Lakes Co. and clearedand planted 200 acres in ove year, now called Lauderdale East, purchased from the Co. by Mr. J. W. Moir (who sow resides on the property) a year ago; after which I opene{ up land of my own, 160 acres, andam making a further extension of 100 acres this year. I simply mention this to prove my confidence in coffee here. If there is any difficulty about starting a Com- pany within the Portuguese sphere of influence, I ave no doubt that authorities at Lisbon would acknowledge the purchase and gladly we'oome the development of the country alluded to, as being a means of enabling them to get a footing amongst the Machingeras, although I doubt they will ever interfere in the matter; and as for governing the country the people are averse to it and they cannot, and it must sooner or later become British, for planters won't etudy Portugal, when they be- * ome more numerous, considering that according to the Anvg'o-Portuguese Convention, the subjects of either Power are to be at liberty to settle freely under either sphere of irfluence, The Gov- ernor at Mozambique and Quilimane have both been informed of my action by both H. M. Commissioner and myeelf and have not interfercd. It is some 250 miles from Quilimane, the seat of Government, Mr. Alex. Ross snd Sir G. W. R. Campbell might be ieduced to take an interest in this matter, | am known to both, an} the latter Isee by late Observers is at present interesting himself in some Syndicates for the deve'opment of South Africa. I woul? not ask cash down except for the actual purchase of the land, a small sum indeed; but would accept sharea in the Company and would be glad to take the management here. I have many yeara’ experience in planting, havirg commenced my career in 1873 in Dimbula under the late Jas. Ryan whom I served for two years. I was after- wards in Udapuseellawa and Matale and am_ very well known in Ceylon. In conclusion should I hear from you that there is a good prospect of raising a Sompany I could send the deelof purchase home with sketch map of the property to my lawyers, or youreelf or come home myself: this latter I would not care to do at present a3 I would like to see my coffee estate in bearing ; further the winter would have to be faced aud Ibave net been home for over 20 years. I oan assure you the prospects in this country are good; not only for coffee, but also tes, tobacco and other products, Labour is abundant, soil and climate suitib'e for +lmost all tropical products. Tru-ting you will be favourably impressed with the prospects and do what you can in the matter—I am, yours faithfully, HENRY BROWN. P.S—There has been no war in th’s part of the country, and not likely to be; peace and advance- ment only are the rule. We hive no wind, and our blossoming season ig from August to November, both months inclusive so that there can hardly be a failure of crop.—H.B. ———-—_— ___ FIXATION OF NITROGEN IN SOILS, AND ALG, Tn continuation of this important subject, to which we recently drew the attention of our readers, we see that the scientist ‘* Kessowitoh’’ has been further experimenting (as reported in the Botanische Zeitung, May 16th, 1894) in order to determins ‘‘ the amount of nitrogen present in a nutritive soil befora and after the growth of pure cultures of two kinds of alge, Cystacoccus and Stichocoecus. In neither case was any sensible inorease of nitrogen detected; so that it appears that neither of these algw alone have the power of fixing free nitrogen.” Further experiments showed that Cystacoccus, even when mixed with pure cultures of the bacteria which enable the leguminose to assimilate free nitrogen, was found powerless in this direction; whereas a mixture of coil-baocteria and Cystacoccus which also contained a small amount of other alge had the power of fixing free nitrogen toa large extent. Other experiments are referred to ‘‘ with heterogeneous mix:ures of alge nd bacteria,’ showing how in each oace ‘‘the capability of fixing free nitrogen is greatly increased by the addition of deztrossa to the nutritive substratum.” From there results, and also from the fact that ‘such mixtures of alga and bicteria which are oapable of fixing free nitrogen when exposed to light cannot be shown to assimilate it in the dark, he concludes that although in no case has it been proved that alg» by themselves possess the power of fixing frie nitrogen, yet that they are in a symbiotic rela- tionshi with the nitrogen fixing bacteria,” 234 ‘SHE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. bat tar Oct. 1, 1894. We give the above with all its technicalities to most valuable work,” rendered more useful b show that this diecovery s0 valuable to economic agriculture (made first by Frank, and afterwards by Schloesing and Laurent) is still engaging the at- tention of Jeadirg chemists; and that, therefore, the cultivators of the geoil everywhere, may yet Jook forward hopefully to the time when, by means of the leguminosm and mixed alge ea‘u- rated with the bacteria in search of the carbon needful for their existence, they will be able to enrich their soils with thit priscipsl element of nutrition now so sparingly supplied from ths atmos- pere, or so expensive and doubtful when sought for in artificial manures—nitrogen. —_—_—_@——_____. PLANTING NEWS. Talawakele, Aug. 22. It is still wet here, though just of late two transient sunshines have enabled us to dry our clothes and air our rooms. This week, owing possibly to the remembrance of a warm day a month ago, the tea flush gaye a sudden jump, but has resolved itself again into that | semi-quiescent state which yields 10 lb. every 10 days. The rain is good for the coffee crop, but, as usual in autumn, leaf-disease has denuded the trees of half their foliage, and many a bean-laden eucker stands bare and will not ripen half its crop. The cart-road, especially between Middleton and ; Logie, is in a downright disgrac-ful condition. One cannot walk along it without getting one’s fect all bemired. I have never known it so bad in my 17 years’ experience. The traflic is now so enormous, that the MacBride system of repairing is useless. The road shouid either be widened from Lindula to | Talawakele, or else be remetalled every 3 months, Railway management too seems all to be going to the bad. First we get new 2ad-class carriages in which no one can sit, owing to their uncomfortable- ness and draught and sun danger, and now there seem to be no waggonsor engines to bring up our goods. I am told of some goods taking 10 days to come from Colombo to Talawakele, and my own were booked 6 days ago and have not turned up yet. ‘Two days ought to he the correct time. get them up from Oolombo by cart, as one can’t waste time the way the railway does. Seeing we pay for the railway, we have a right to demand that its service be prompt. —_______ THE FLORA OF CEYLON. REVIEW. A Hoendbook to the Fl.ra of Ceylon: contsinirg Descriptions of all the Species of the Flowering Plants indig: nous to the Island, ard Notes on their His‘ory, Distribution and Uses. By Henry Trimen, m. B. Lond.) ¥.R:8., Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Ceylon. With an Atlas of Plates illustra’ing some of the more interesting Specs. Part i. Ranunculacee— Anacardiaccz. 8vo. pp. xvi. 327, with plates i,-xxv. (4to,) Part ii. (onnaraceee—Rubiacez pp. 392, with plates xxvi-1, (Published under the authority of the Government of Ceylon. London: Dulau and Oo , 1893-914.) When Dr. 'l'rimen left England at the beginning of 1880 to undertake the directorate of the Ceylon Gar- dens, he had already formed the determina-ion to eluborate the flora of Ceylop, and to publish a des- criptive handbook cf its botany. Those who knew him knew that this work would only be undertaken alter due preparation aid without undne haste, but that it would be pushed forward steadily and with all reasonable speei to a satisfactory consummation : and the two instalments now before us amply justify such a conclusion. Dr. Trimen was foriurate in having had so careful a predecessor as G. H. K. Thwaites, whose ‘‘ Hnume- ratio Plantsrum Zeylanvice,” published in 1858-64, he rightly deecribes as “an extremely acourate and Next time I shall : the extensive scries of illustrative specimens distributed by Thwsi:cs to the principsl herbaria of the world, The first work of the pew Director was to bring this up to date which he did ina “ Systematic Catal gue,” published in 1635, and srranged in accordance wih the ‘‘Genera Planterum.”’ In the conree of 8 visit to England in 1886, Dr. Trimen found tims to examine the invaluable Ceylon Herbarium of Hermano, pre- served in the Brivish Museum upon which Lionzenus bas:d h’s Ficra Zeylanie; and he published a complete enumeration and ideotification of the plants therein ecn‘ained with no‘es, in vol. xxiv. of the Journal of the Linnean Society. Various new species bave from time to time been published by Dr. Trimen in the Journal of Botany; aud these with the results of the rest of his work are embodied in the ‘‘ Handbook.” Inbis younger days, Dr. Trimen was koowa as a painstsking Isritish botanist, and the “Flora of Middlesex,” iesued in 1869 for which he was mainly responsible, initiated a new departure in works of the kind. It was marked by thoroughness and sccuracy; every page showed cire and research: and these qualities are abundently manifest in this Ceylon “Handbook.” A careful correlation of the work of pr: d cessors in the same fie!d is another cbharscteristic shared by each book; and in exch there was need fer this, for Middlesex plants bave been recorded since the days of Willism ‘Turner, while the Oin- galese flora has been treated of by various authors from Hermann (1717) downwards, The opeving sentence of the brief introduction strkes the key-note of the work, with which the two v.lumes before us are in perfect harmony, ‘' One principal objest of this Handbook is to enable observ- ers in Ceylon to ascertain the name of any plant they may find growing wild, When this is arrived at, they are in & position to learn all that may have been writ- ten abou‘ itin bo!anical and other literature, to ap- pr.ciate its re!ationships to other plants, to trace its distribution in other lands, and to intelligently inves- tigate its properticsand uses.” The book being in- tended ss a guideto the flo‘aof Ceylon, the descrip- tions have been made wholly from Ceylon specimens, andthe information given under each species is re- stricted to what affects it as a Cevion plant. Tech- ricalities have been avoided so far as this could ba doneconsistent with accuracy, and the definitions of orders and genera are only suchas aze shown by the species found in Ceylon. The same restriction is carried out in the references to published books and papers, which are almost eutirely limited to those wherein the species is noticed os a Ceylon plant. The Latin name is followed by the vernacular names when known, in Cingaleseand Tamil. Thwaitee’s distributed nombers are always quoted, and figures of the species, preference being given to such as are knownto have been made from n specimens, are referred to. After the description, made wherever possible from living specimens, come the general distribution and comparative frequency in Cey'oo, and notes as to the times of flowering and colour of the flowers—points which arenot always to be found in works of this kind; but which are very useful to the field botanist, especially if he be a begin- ner. In addition to these matters, information is frequently adied on peculiarities in s{racture, or on the properties, products, and uses of the plante, with brief notes on the history and nomenclature of the species. The diagnostic description of each order is followed by keys forthe rapid determination of the genera and species. Dr, Trimen has wisely refrained from the startling novelties in nomenclature which are to be met with in various transatlantic local floras, where they are more than usually out of place; and lays down dogmatically that “no botanical name io the modern taxo nomicsense can be of earlier date than 1753, when Linngwus first definitely published his binominal nomenclature.” ; Oar colonial floras are for the most part so largely drawn up from dried specimens by botanists unac- quainted with the plants in a living state, that their usefulness in the field must be considerably dimivished, — Oct. 1, 1894.) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 235 Their value for herbarium work is undoubted, a fact of which one is contioually reminded by the absence of any enumeration for some countries, and the upfortunate incompleteness cf most of thore which hiva been seton foot. New Zealand and Australia are well provided for, although the unflagging zeal of Baron Ferdinand von Muelier and his many he!pers bas already added so much to our knowledge thot the ‘‘ Fiora Australiensis” ia by no mo2ans up to date. Africa, both South and Trop ca', is less forturate, the “Fora Capensis” remaining whee it was at the death of Harvey in 1866, and the ‘‘ Flcra 0” Tropical Africa,” although now onc; more in progress, hay.ng come toa standatill ia 1877. Toanks tothe cnergyot Sr Joseph Hooker, we are within reasonable distance of the completion of the ‘‘ Flora of British India”; ard the useful “ {Index Flo Sinenris,” elthough not a de- acriptive flora in the sense of those mentioaed, is pro- ceeding steadily. But we gr.atly need floras for the South Ameri‘an continent; aud Mr. Hemslej’s hand- some Botany of the “Biologia Centrali Americana” can hardly be con-idered exhaustive for the r gion of which it treats. To take a much more limited arca, we have no compendium for M.dagascar, and oar knowledge of its wonderful flors has to be gleaned from a large number of sca tered papers. : The existing floras, however, do potcontain in any great degree des:r.ptions drawn from living mat: rial ; pod itis fortunate that the small ares to which Dr. Trimen is restricted has eaabled him to treat his plants in this rational manner. It is t0 ba regretted that his aims will be to some extent frustrated by the unnecessarily bulky form which his ‘“ Handbo>k” has assumed, The two volumes already issued contan between seven and eight hundred pages, and at least as many more must be occupied by the remainder of the work. The paper employed is much too thick, and by a different arrangement of type considerable saying of space might have been effected, without mater a'ly detracting from the appearance of tie volumes, It may well be, however, that when the work is completed, Dr. Trimen will issue an a>ridge- ment for use in the field, which wou'd occupy t) the present handbook the position which Mr, Hayward’s ‘‘ Botanist’s Pocket-book” holds with regard to our larger British manuals. A word must be said 10 praise of the exccl’ent quarto plates which accompany the ‘‘ Handbook.” Thvy sre selected from a series of several thousavd drawings, begun in 1823, when Mr. Moon was Director of the Gardens, avd preserved in the library. These are entirely the work of three members of one fimily. Hirmanis de Alwis, who has just died at a very «d- vinced age, held the post of draughtsman to the Gardens for thirty-eight years, and was succeeded by his sons, one of whom has held the post for twenty-seven j ears. Most of the drawings here reproduced are his work. —WNature, Aug. 2. JAMES BRITTEN. Se SISAL CULTURE; OR “ THE ROMANCE OF A GOVERNORSHIP.” “Qld Colonist” sends the following letter to the Aberdeen Free Press; but he seems to forget that a great falling-off in the value of sisal fibre, as in that cf all fibres, has taken place of late :-- Sir.—Will you permit me to supplement your in- teresting article of yesterday on ‘Ihe Romance of a Govervorsh‘p” by # few votes on sisal culture? T have not seen the article in the Pall Jall Gazette and would be sorry to spoil a gooi story, bat it strikes me forcibly that the discovery—if diwcovery it be— is due to Sx Henry Blake, the previous Governor of the Bahamae. Siz Ambrose Shea’s “achievement” simply consists in loyally and enthusiastically fo low- ing up the lines laid dowa by hi3 predecessor. Before Sic Henry Biake’s time, sisal had only been known in the Babamas aa a troublesome weed. What the Bathurst burr is to the Australian, the ageratum to the Ceylon planter, the sisal plant was to the Bahamiav, From time to time vigorous efforts were pade to eradicate the nuisance, bat without success, The tenasity of the plant was something astoundiog— The more you tried to pull it out, The more it stucs the faster. The poor islanders gave itup in despair as an irre- media‘ le, iremovable pest; avd it is not surprising that, when first told of the fortures that might be made out of the despised weed, the information was received with iner duality. The best variety of sisal is, however, the sgaye rigida, var. sisslava, plants of which were imported by Sir IHeury Blake ani frecly distributed in the Bxbamas, when the va'ue of the fibre and importance of the industry was son established. The agave rigida gcow3 wild in several parts of South America. I found it abounding on miny of the poor, dry gravelly slopes of the Peruvian Andex There is another plant which yields a large quantity of similar fibre—fourcroya gigantes: but tbe quantity only amounts tv 2 or 3 per caut., whereas the agave rigida gives 4 per cent., equal to haf a ton of merchautab‘e fibre per acre worth, say, £50 per ton Asto suitsble lan}, thers is any amount of this beyund the limits of the Bahamas. Many millions of acres seem fit for little else, and ough: tobe had for the asking, in both West and East Indies, Aus- tral’a, an! New Guire:. Any poor, r.cky, gravelly so 1 will an3wer, and ths poorer tha so] the better the fibre. Rich, moist land must be avoided, as though producing abundance of leaf, the fibre ig inferior, albeit the sisal pant bas the property of enriching rather than impoverishing the soii 1t grows in, as if intended by Providence to prepare the way for other plants. Ths Colonial Governments have inde:d, more than enough of this kind of soil to spare in tie tropics; and our neighbours in Dundee, with their failing jute induetry might do worse than turo their atten- tion to sisal.-I am, ete., AS. Jaly 27th 1894. : se STEAM BOILER EXPLOSIONS: THEIR CAUSE AND SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR THEIR PREVENTION. Toere still remain3 ia coanection wih hot-water work a subject which demauds more detailed discussion than we have yet given it, for toe very numerous and faial acviients of high-pressure boi.ers, duritg severe froste, scem to me to califor some more light to ba thrown on the subject. There is surcly nei or it when the only suggestion that an expert of many years’ experi nce conld give was that people should either not ] ght their ki'chen fires during frosty weather, or else not let them out, So much for “ experts.” Much of the correspondeuce in the press has also been of a nature to excite panic in the minds of ueers of hot- water apparatus, and calculated to prejudice people agaiost their use. I will endeavour to show that there is no need for fear, and to prove that, properly fitted up, a domsetic hot-water s)stem is as harmless as a domestic tea-kettle, and es littie ] kely to expiode Thovgh | have mentioned safety-valves, it must not be imagined that I consider them a perfect preventive Far fromit. Many of them, faulty in design and make are wors3 than useles:, for they cre te “a feeliag of security that is n t warranted, and is often rudely dispelled, For iustance, a metal eeated ground e valve, fixed up in the chimuey as many are, wil get so firmly corroéedia time as to stand m0:e pressure tina even the boiler. It wil be asked, ‘* Ia what way ‘en we ensure safety P’ In the first p'ace, a large fow and returo from boiler to cylinder is essential. A small pp? quickly furs pp ang quickly freezes, I advise 14- inch pipa for this, never less than 1t-iich. Have the cylinuer as near the boilerus convenient, All pipes that are at all exposed to cold or drauzhts sidiid'be wrapped with felt or caied with wood. Keep the ex- pausiou pipe insile the roof if possible, es shown Place a Randell’s Patent safety-valve on the crown of the cylinder, and let the tsp on the boiler-emptyin pipe also be Raadell’s Patent. No safety-valve is dies needed on the boiler. Do not omit the stop tsp x 2 If these directions are carried ont, all will oaye been done by the fitter to ensure agoodand s fe job, andith intelligent and proper management accident ig imps sible—From Cassell’s New Technical Bducator fox July BY 236 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIsT. [Oct. 1, 1894. BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. rom SourHampron To CenTBAL ArgioA 1x 59 Days IncLupING STOPPAGES. The latest news to hand of this interesting eountry isin the British Central Africa Gazette ot June 28th. Mr. John H. Nicoll writing about ‘© Ohikusi’s Country,’ says ‘— “The Eastern slopes of the Kirk Range sre remark. ably fertile: the eoil, though thiu in some places, ia yet mostly deep and rich; there are many wel sheltered hollows at an elevation not too low for coffee cultivation : and the country generally is weil wooded and watered.” A mecting of Blantyre land-owners was held in the Oourt House Blantyre on the 15th June, to discuss the question of forming a township at B'antyre. There were present, Mr. John Buchanan C.m.c, as sepresenting Buchanan Lrotbers, Mr. I Lamagna, (Lamagna & Co.) Mr, Kasimir Steblecki, Mr. J E McMaster, (on behalf of the B.C.A. Administration) and Mr. lloyd (Government Surveyor.) After come discussicn. duriog which the question of a fature water supply by gravitation, she'ter from prevailing winde, health, the conditions to be agreed to by those whose property should form part of the townehip and. other subjects, were considered, the membere of the meeting adjourned to the site proposd as the centre of the future township. After a careful pre- liminary examination, it wss unanimously agreed that the best site for the town wuuld be one which would have for its centre the small V shaped piece of ground belonging to H. M, Gover: ment, near Chili- monis old village, and embraciug the surrounding lund of the Blontyre Missiov, Buochavan Brothers, Lamagna & Oc., Mr: Steblicks, Mr. H. M. Govt. Pettitt Bros. &c. It was also agreed that Mr. L'oyd should prepace a survey of 100 acres, more or les3, to include the greater part of the rilge runping from the ** Boma” to Chilimori’s old village; and tothe Has', into the Miss’oo leni, and possibly Mr. Sbarrers; and to the West, into Buchanan Brothers land, : ; Mr. A. J. Swann informed the Editor, that his journey from Soutbampton to Fort Johnston was made in 59 days, and ap this nodes stoppeges at and other pleces en route, mye ee road from Zombato Mlanje (Fort Lister) was completed for over two-thirds of its Ccistsnce aud should have been ready for treffic about the i of July. micidie oulett Weathertey, who receatly passed through the Shire Highlands, was oo his wiy with a large expedition for Like Mweru and the Luapnla rivir.. Mr. Weatherly hoped to reach and explore Like Bangweolo and the Upper Luapula, south of John- ston’'s Falle, and exp: cted to be away fortwo ye ars. In Noes on Natural History by Mr J. Bowhill we yesd :—'* More people in British Central Africa are killed, it is presumed, by cr.codiles than by all the rest of the wild beasts pnt together, At Tete, it was estimated that annually, 50 people lost their lives ; and at this station aloue, lest year 10 were cirricd mr eho pecu'isr confurmation ofa crocodi'e enables him to attack and seize his prey unawares. A long canal convects their nos'rils with tbe back of their throats, their eyes and ears are placed in the upper part of the head s> that while in the water they can see, hear, and bresthe, while they are practically invisible. When they go below the water, they close their nostriis and ears by valves, and their eyes are covered over by a transparent membrane. A flap ccmes over their gullet to prevent the water going down their throats, when they are holdiog their prey under, to drown it, Their tecth are hollow at the base avd each tooth serves as a sheath for another which willin time replace it. It is generally supposed that the crocodile hasno t.ngue, but there is oneat the bottom of the mouth. The, lower jaw is hinged to the back of the skull and it is this alone which moves, nottbhe upper portion, whenit is catch- ing prey or sitting sunning itself in a bank waiting for the crocodile bird to come end pickthe leeckes _ from its mouth,” PRESERVING BOOKS IN THE TROPICS. In the Indian Museum Library, where the books are kept in close-fitting glass cases, with a few ounoes of nsphtbaline upon each shelf, little orno damage is caused by insects. From a note furnisbei by Mr. R. Obapman, late librarian, it appears that the paste used in binding the Indian Museum booksis po'soned by adding about half an ounce of sulphate of copper to each Ib. of piste, while booke alreidy infested are disinfected by shutting them up for four or five days in & cloge-fitting box of loose naphtba'ine with as much of this substance as possible between the leayes.— Kew Bulletin, ——— DRUG REPORT. (From Chemist and Druggist.) London, August 2nd. AXNATTO.—Fourpence per |b. is the price required for good seed from Coconsda, but only 2d per Ib. was bid. For good West Indien sed 2}d to 244 per lb. is the price. Orncuona.—The only lot sold todsy was a 150-Ib. case of damaged South American red bark in broken qu'l, which realised 5s 9d per lb. Coca-Leaves.—The price asked today for 4 bales good green Truxillo is 10d per Ib. —_—— - > - - = INDIAN PATENTS. Calcutta, Aug. 9th. The fees prescribed in Sohedule 4 of Act Vof 1888 have been paid for the continuince of exelosive pri- vilege in respect of the undermentioned inventions :— Rorary Fans.—No. 48 of 1890.—Henry Aland, of 73, Roupell Street, Lambeth, in the Oo. of Sorrey, Ervgland, Engineer for improv: ments in the con- struction of rotary fans for producing or inducing curr nts of air, tor blowing, ventilating and other enalogous purpcses. (From 19th August 1894 to 18th August 1895.) Corton Macuine.—No. 69 of 1888—William Sulton Bocquet (deceased) late of Rawalpindi, Indis District, Locomotive and Carriage Superintendent, North- Western Railway, fora machine for pressing cotton and other substences of @ like nature. (From 7th Aug, 1894 to 6th Aug. 1895.—Jndian Engineer. —_—_ oo UTILITARIAN SIDE OF BOTANY. (From Lord Salisbury’s Address before the British Association.) Botanists do not seem to have realized, except in the case of medicine, that modern botany has an outlet. Chemists and physicists seek practical aims. JZoologists help the fishing industry ; Professor Ray Lankester’s laboratory at Plymouth coatributes to the nation’s prosperity as well as to research. But where is the practical outcome of modern botany? The brilliant work of Marshall Ward is full of purpose to many large industries, and that of Oliver has begrings on horticuiture; but the trend of botanical work in this country has not been utilitarian. The Scottish Univer- sities Commissioners made botany, bracketed with zoology, optional with mathematics for the degree in agriculture—an illustration of the little im— portance attached to botany by the lay mind. But it was its utilitarian side that gave the first impetus to the scientific study of botany. The plant world as the source of products of eco- nomic value and drugs attracted attention, and out of this grew by natural development the systematic study of plants. The point of view was that botany was an essential branch of medical study. A practical outcome was the eatablichment of botanical gardens—now in many instances appendages of teaching establishments, or mere pleasure grounds. But the gardens at Kew still maintain the old tradition of botani¢ : Oct. 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 237 aT gardens as a centre through which botany renders scientific service to national progress. Modern botany has not yet found in this country its full application ; it has not rendered the service due to the State. In horticulture and agriculture it should find a sphere of application by which it may contribute to our national well-being. Botan- ists must be the apostle; of forestry; and forestry in turn will re-act upon their treatment of botany. Botany oannot thrive in a purely introspective atmosphere; it can live only by keeping in touch with the national life.— London Times. Ss TOBACCO IN SUMATRA. AmsTERDAM, Avg 8.—A new limited company has been established at Rotterdam with a capital of fl. 2,000,000, which is already fully taken up. The company is styled Deli Agricultural Company, and will continue the working of the estates Mabar, Saentis, and Jermaniain Deli, formerly belonging to the firm QO. Eckels & Co. Tuedirector will be Mr. M, G. van den Arend, director of the Tobacco Company Ar- endsburg. Of the crop of Sumatra tobacco of 193 there have been sold in Holland up to this date 115,213 bales against 69,182 hales in the same period of the pre- ceding year. Forthe Autamn sales, the first of which is to be expected on 18.h September, there wili be about 46,000 to 47,000 bales. According to the latest reports, therhipments of the 1893 crop have ceased, and the total quantity is about 167,000 bales. The sales held here iu the month of July, althongh they went off satisfac:ori!y, have not shown such high prices for the article as in the former months, Tbe reason ie that with tke fice lots also lower qualities were offered combived, and thus the average bid must be lower. This system neccssitates the buyers taking the fine acd ordinary tobacco together, so that there romained very little unsold, Owing to the present war between Ohina aud Japan, fears waie expr.ssed thatthe Deli tobacco companies would not be able to engages the required number of coolies in Chiaa,and this bas influenced the shares of some of these Companies. D.li Company’s shares declined 3L per cent, Amsterdam Deli Company sharea 14 per cept., and the Senembsh Uompany shares 53 per cent. The following dividends have been announced - —Agricultural Company Genting 14 per cent; Agricultural Oompany Maron 74 per cent.—L. and C Express. ———— EE THE WORLD'S COFFEK SUPPLY, Viewed br.adly, it may be stated that sirce 1890 the sguregate yicld of coffee in all places has been increased by nearly 4,000,000 bags says the Grocer, by far the greater portion of this heavier quantity raised having consisted of Braz 1 and Central American discriptions, ‘which have been relied on more than most other kinds to fill up the awkard gaps that have been occasioned by the totul orpartial falure of the crops usually furvishing . Bupplies of what are known as our “ fanoy ” coffees, and which have always been in strong- est request both for home use and exportation. These superior grades of coloury coffee, that formerly came from Ceylon, Java, and the other Hast Indies in rich abundance, have, a3 is too well known by the London trade, till now been grown and shipped hither in diminishing quantities, 80 that it has been more difficult than ever to obtain parcels of the requ'site standar! of quality fer consumption, either here or on the Continent, where the tuste audJiking for the pliutation sorts of coffee have tecome deo- dedly more marked with evury succeeding season, On the other hand, as intimated above, the cu'- tivation of the commoner growths of ooffee, such as Brazil, and their importation into the United States where they are g norally have appreoiated, has gone on at tremendous strides within the last five or six years, and hare thus staved off what would bavo been a veritable coffee famine in the prolonged absence of consiguments from fre h sources of production. This acquisition of eupply, however, has not been comple ed without violent fluctuationa in value, ex- te.dug trom 15s to 30s per ewt. at certain periods, and when long in the upward direction encouraging the planters everywhe-e to redouble their exertious in producing as plentiful a yield of coffee as postible in the subsequent year. The great American demand being thus eati-fied, has left undisturbed, in a less degree than can be easily understood, the European markets, where a decoction of Brazil coffee is not the universal favourite with consumers; and although prices have been stiff and advancing rince 1888, they have not been nearly so bigh as might have been the case if both the Buro- pean avd American markets had to te adequately supplied from the samekind of article. Besides keaping the value from mounting up to an extravagant heigh', the general outturn having been materially enlarged, has resulted in placing it much above the average of Previous years, and in'the tablealready referred to it will be seen that there hasbeen a surprising augme - tation inthe supply of coffee since 1890. The figures pertaining tothe present year, and more particularly those relating to 1895, are, of coarse, merely “ estim- ates” for the tims being, but may be taken as ap- proximate'y neur the ‘ruth, and help to make it clear that the expectations of still more abundant crops next -eason are foundedupon reasonable calculations, as herewith shown :— rm) eesfoo0oce Oo S€S55SSES8 1/18 | BQO Orr Wo” p> QD) Sa0ndtawon !i5 | SMHOSCHAMD | od ASR HSORMAS | a aN SesecesosS onl aSszeoosss je Bl wRoPosook {Ly 2laSxSrtortwo oa MlnmeOranaal aA ASROMHAS | o> a Ae NOEoSooscscoe x] we Ssssssss = = SG icaeee Seae 2 oO. K-nNoonon |e Lens A S00) St aes bw » reward | oO | QA Mo = ri oo2feoeo —J » | -28ssesee S & BOASTOSOSIOMN 1S BRSNODQMON | m “7 lmessreRRSS lS OrATMATAD |S aA aa ~ ri Seosao =) +], ,Ssesesesssise B® | weSeVeeoson ls - slOOoSoovow!aA ASnSnsoantzayss Or Pr IBWHXKo |S a AR es oooeo i) 2) 88383388 | & | SSSosssss |S on &Seseseae |8 OMIA St aa | oO aq .coom ~ ba Ss 2e Sieieee-nies ase : B eae e : inserter iemecet ot : Reber Hat SEO) Sie OS 30; wisi. Ja 8 ae Sor it iat chek koa cee 4S Mea om a eee Sue ° Soosse”ad Ae ce a ets Sa OF SARA dE —H. and C. Mail. ——__@_____. COFFRKE-1IN-SUMATRA. The Ooffee Company Uansa, has not yet declared a dividend, as the crop was still too small, having amounted to 649 piculs in 1893, while the estimate for 1894 is 3,250 piculs. The four undertakings are in ® satisfactory condition, 1,537 bouws with 2,450,000 trees (equal to 1,500 to 2,000 acres perhaps ?) being cultivated.—L. and C, Express, 238 Leann EEE EEETEnInEnSEESnEnnEnnnssnnnn aaa COCONUT CROP PROSPECTS : IN NEGOMBO AND NORTH-WEST—THE SPREAD OF THE OPIUM HABIT—WANT OF QUININE. (By a Planter.) Negombo District, Aug. 25, The weather on this side of the country is very dry and the ground hard, From Giriulla to Negombo and from Negombo to Chilaw the drought is severe and the coconut crops for next year are gure to be affected by it. Clouds drift over with an occasional drizzle, but except a local shower, here and there, there has been no rain worth speaking about for two months, and Juse’s fall was very much below the average. Paddy culti- vation and chena sowing have suffered also, The natives of the Katugampola (Sat-Korale) tell me that fur the past three years the rainfall has been scanty, and paddy cultivation a comparative failure. j i Opium consumption seems to be gaining ground among the villagers; passing along the road from Negombo to Chilaw 1 observed two white jars on a counter and h id the curiosity to inquire what they contained when I was informed that it was opium. The seller, by the way, is an officer under Government. There was a small crow. around the shop, and the officer pointed out four persons who are habitual consumers of from three to ten cents worth a day. One man said that he had on three occasions made great efforts t» give up the habit but could not. All said that their reason for commencing the habit was to relieve rheumatic and other aches, and that it was effectual where other remedies failed. They all quite admitted that the habit: wasa bad one, and spoke feelingly of the suffering they sometimes endured when from impecuniosity they were not able to purchase their usual allowance. I advised them to try quinine for their aches and pains. It is a pity the Ceylon Government does not, fol- lowing the example of India, in placing quinine at all the post offices so that it is thus within the reach of the people in even distant villages. — tl COFFEK IN THE PHILIPPINES. oduction of coffee continues to be an unim- Eten in the agricultural industry of the Philip- pine Islands. The province of Bataogas is the chief district for the production of this article, but the coffee plantations there have been ravaged for some years by various destructive insects, one of which of the genus of the Hylotrochus, calle} the Unus, perforates the stem of the plants and s0 honeycombs them in time that the plants are entirely destroyed. ‘The Philippine Government has sent scientific inqu'rers down to the district to report on the ravages and to devise a remedy, and they have recommended the application to the plants of a _varoish of mixed lime and water and other ingredients which it is said has checked in some measure the development of this insect, but the work of destruction had been carried on too far for the plantations to recover and bring production back to the amount ofa few years ago which was 100,000 piculs. There has been an an mense falling off this very year iu this produce, for the export has sunk down to 4,916 piculs (307 age from 21,247 piculs (1,322 tons) in the last JE 45,303 piculs in the previous one ; the fa'ling off for the year has been 1,015 tone.—L. and C. Hupress. —_—_—_—+ TEA “IN AFRICA. re ig no one caravan leaviny Tripoli fr the waane that does not carry st least four cases ° China tea. The tea is put up im packets of lye 250 gr. well wrapped in Chinese paper and the acked in a wooden case envelope! with some kin of coarse cloth.—French Oficral Report. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST: fOcr. 1, 1894. COFFEE PLANTING IN SELANGOR. The Resident arrived at Jugra about 9 p-™, on the 28th July in the G.S.Y. Wermeralda,’ with the Jannch ‘Enid’ incompany. Walking down the road, towards Klang, the Resident visited the 590 acres of coffee-land recently taken up by Mr. Borring and on which a bungalow is rapidly approaching com- pletion, while the jungle has been felled over some ten acre; end drainage and nurseries commenced. The land in this direction forms, apparently, a portion of the great Klang alluvial flat, and the soil is to all appearance exactly similar to the magni- ficient soil in the Klang Mukim, of which so much has of late been said and written. Towards Bandar the character of the soil changes and it is less rich. A cousiderable quantity of laud has recently been taken up on each side of the road by Javanese and natives, for Liberian coffee, and in one place it was noticed that well-grown coconut palms were being cut down to make way for coffee. It was also re- marked with regret that towards and past Klanan a number of plauted-up boldicgs had been abandon by Javanese settlers. Itis said that this was caused partly by some pressure having been put upon the settlers, a few years ago, to pay up Government advances and rents, and partly by the depredations of herds of wild elephants. It is probable tha! their holdings will be taken up again in no long time, fenced in and planted with coffee.—Seangor Govern- ment Gazetle. Batt aco | TEA AND SUGAR TRADE. Turkey.—Russian sugar has entirely d sappea-e4, and the markets of Asia Minor are now supplied by those of France and Anstralia. Inerease in tea by 2 045 cwts, (6,615!.) is to the binefit of Great Britain. The beverage is fast b:coming in yogue among all clagses, even among the poorest in Auatolia.—British Consul at Trebizond, March 12 1894. ae INDIAN AND CEYLON VY. CHINA (THE CHINA VIEW ) An article dealing’ with the Tea Industry has ap- peared in The Times, which, from a patriotic point of view, may be unexceptionable, but is otherwise in- exact in many particulars. We are told that as regards quality China has not a chance against its competitors, but this is entirely ignoring the medical evideoce in the case. The home of the very finest class of tea remains in China; if the ordinary British public prefers something which will brew out stronger, and will stand plenty of water, let them use Indian and Ceylon, which at alow price certainly gives better quantity. But these coarse and acrid mixtures cannot compete with the fine Chinas; or rather the British public prefers something that is cheap to the higher priced and more delicate flavoured. It is the vin ordinaire of commerce against the Ohateau wine. They cannot be compared.—Z and C. Express, COPRA FROM THE PHILIPPINES. There was a falling-off in the export of copra last year although the business has begun to be very active «g»in in the beg nning of this year. The copra is the dried pulp of the coconut and is exported mostly to Europe, and in Europe chiefly to Mareeilles for the purpose of the extraction of oil for various purposes, among which it i: feared the chief one is the adulteration of olive oil; a small portion goes to China, and a larger to Singapore snd India. The export of copra for the year was 184,404 piculs azeinst 259,539 piculs in 1892.—Ibid. THKA; Bananas AND Pxantatns.—The Royal Gar- dens Kaw Bulletin for August (No. 92) is an excsptionally useful on, for it is devoted to a summary of information relating to ‘‘ Bananas and Plantaing,’’ with descriptions of the species and principal varieties of Mu3za grown for use and ornament, In addition, there are some 9or 10 engravings illustrating different varieties, iz Oct. 1, 1894. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 239 CLIMATIC INFLUENCE OF FORESTS. Forests improve the soil drainsge and modify Miasmatic conditions, Trees, like green plants, assimilate carbon and purify the air; but itis not established that forests increase ozone. They stop air currents laden with dust particles and germs; they prevent extremes of temperature, they inorogse humidity, precipitate rainiall ard control waterflow. These data are derived from large continental forests. How far do the effeats appeal to u3in this island? Dr. Nisbet eays, ‘Where the rainfsll is over 40 in. it ig undesirable to increase the forests area.” We have toomany unfavourabie wet years. Bui ecientifio sylviculture would reap a harvest from land unsuited to agri- culture, otherwise barrenand waste, and therefore afforestation need not be prejudiced by increased local rainfall—Pro. I’. D, Balfour, before the British Association, Aug. 1894, SS eee JAMAICA GARDENS. The Hope Garden is situate at the foot of the Liguanea Hills, at an elevation of 650 feet. The mean tempe-aturo is 77° F. and the average rainfall 50 inches. It is proposed to make this guirden the headquarters of the Botanical Departwent of Jamaica, and it is being liid out in Geographi- cal Sections, a separate division being allotted to the plants of each country. It covers a consider- able area, and when compietsd will be not only very beautiful but highly interesting and instiuctive. A considerable number of, economic and ornawental plants are raise! for eale, and large quantities are disposed of tothe various planters in the Island and to the residents of Kisgstou and neighbourkood. The Nurseries are well stocked with a great variety of economio and orn:mental plants, including Liberian and Arub‘an ocuffee, orange:, limes, nutmegs, and various kirds of tropical fruits, such as mangoes, eapadillos, shaddocks, guavas, &c. A lerge tract is eet apart as an experimental ground for seedling sugarcanes, a considerable number of which are bcing tested. At the time of my visit some of the vurieties were producing wry large canes, but whether they possess such qualifications as will ent.tle them to be regarded as good sugar-producers remains yet to be seen. I noticed in this garden mary old trees both of spice:, such as nutmegs, cloves, cinnamon and pimenta, and also of Cacao and Libiriau coffee. I wus much impressed with some of the cacao trees here which bave been prused by Mr. Cradwck. Theit stems and branches are clesn, and they are well-opened and well-balanced trees, and b-sides their utility in producing large crops of fruit, they are aa ornament to the garden. They are splesaid exawp'es of what a well-grown cacao tree should be, and afford a striking illustration of what can be accompl's':ed with care and attention, Au area of about 50 acres is devoted to the cultivation of Sisal Hemp (Agave rigida, vax. sisalana.) here are about 28,000 plant, al of which are growing well and producing a large number of suckers. They are grown to affurd material for experiments by machinery, and al-o to test the suitability of the soil for the growth of this cliss of plant.—LReport of Mr, Crowther, Curator, Botanic Station, Gold Coast Colony. > COTTON-SEED PRODUCTS. The rapidity with which the various products prepared from the seeds of the ootton bush haye come into quite general use is remarkable. The cotton-seed industiies have attained such a growth that a recent estimate by the Chattanooga 7’rades- man places the value of the producia at more than $40,000,000 a year. The progress of the ceed from the bins in which it *s stored to the bottles of cotto- lene, firkins of compound lard boxes of candles, or other familiar articles, is interesting,—Bradstreet’s, 30 FLORIDA ORANGE CROP, Mr. Ives, Manager of the Florida Fruit Exchange, who is on a visit here for a few days, says, he believes the F.or'da orarge crop will not be as large this coming season us list, when ovir 5,500,000 toxes were shippel out of the State—American Grocer, July 25. COFFEE PLANTS IN FLORIDA. In the grove of Mr. Sprague at Orescent City, Putman County, standing modestly apart is one tree twelve feet high, of bushy growth and narrow leaves of a bright green color, which is worthy of attention. It is a coffee tree. It is three years old, has grown well through winter and summer without the least protection or extra care, and affords every promise of abundant fruit next season. With coffee trees bearing fruit within three years, and continuing as long as thesedo in Brazil, anew source of wealth is opened to our people, and these who dislike the slower orange culture might mingle the coffee in their groves with both profit and pleasure. It is a most beautiful tree, the crop is abundant the third year, the harvest is simple and easy, the demand for the crop is steady and ample. With coffee plantations in Florida, dotting the clearing south of us, we cannot wish for the coal and iron of Alabama and will stand abreast with Georgia in 10 years. Who will try on a large scale the experiment that has been so successful in the hands of Mr. Sprague, of Crescent City?—Plataka News.—MFlorida Agri- culture. CE EXPORTS OF TEA FROM CHINA, TO THE UNITED STATES, 1898. Official r ports for the year 1893, maks tha tots! exports of tea from Ohina 1,087,136 picu's, or 144,951,540, pounds, of which to the United S'at———__—. MR. EKDMUND WOODHOUSE, This gentleman, and veteran Ceylon planter, who has already been ao great wanderer in many tropical lands, left by the A.-H. Lloyd steamer on the 25th ult. for Bombay, to cross thence to Mom- bassa in a steamer of the Hast African German line, From Mombassa, if he has encouragement, Mr. Woodhouse may proceed via Kinkiyu to Uganda; or, if not, he will go on to Zanzibar and thence proceed to the Shire Highlands and Blantyre. We have arranged for some letters from Mr. Woodhouse’s pen. We should not be Burprised to find him croszsing th3 Continent eventually, voyaging on the mighty Congo, and finding his way up the West Coast to Jook in upon Mr. Ashmore and his Aburi Gardens and plantations in the Gold Coast Dependency. It ig marvellous how Mr. Woodhouse keeps his health; for he has now been over 33 years in the tropics without one change to Europe. We trust he may come wel out of his African wanderirgs or fiad a peaceful prosperous home on the healthful highland country, ———-_( > —_—_——_- PLANTING IN THE STRAITS SETTLE- MENTS. CorrkE—PEPPER—GAMBIER—TAPIOCA. Mr. R. N. Bland in bis Annual Report on the States of Sungei Ujong and Jelebu for 1893, states :— CoFEEE PLANTING.—Two blocks of land of 1,000 acres each were taken op during the year for coffee planting—one at Sinawang, feur miles from Seremban, by @ syndicate represented by Messrs. Duouman ard Penny, and one at Paroi (close by) Mr. A Braddon. On both, planting has been commenced. The Ribu Estate; under new owners, hag greatly improved. The Lipsum and Siliau Estates (Mr. T. H. Hill) continued to be prosperous, The out-turn of coffee fer the year was slightly less than in 1892 (941 pikuls against 1,061 pikuls) but therewasa heavy crop taken in just at the end of the year, which con'd not be quickly dried owing to wet weather. The area in partial bearing was greater than in 1892 by 50 acres, I give the returos supplicd to me by Mr. Hill, which epeak for themselves. It will be noticed that the average crop for the whole areain bearing is 53 pikuls per acre (allowing 9 boxes to the pikul). The total export of coff-e was ttated to be 1,007 pikuls about 40 pikuls having been turned out ontwo small plantations on the Linggi River. Eight applications by natives for land for plauting coffee were made in the Coast D:strict, and many native owners both in Sangei Ujong and Jelebu are beginning to make small plantations of coffee. I am of opinion that these effosts should be encouraged, and regret that a small vote for Government coiice nurseries was cut out of the 1894 Estimates. Iltis being fonod that Liberien coffees w'l! grow on almort any kind of soil bere. I bave s3en it growing on the spoil bauk of sn old tin mine, and, at the present prices, no form of agriculture could be more remu- nerative. The State is offering land in blocks up to 5U0 acres on merely nominal terms (as in Perak) subject to the condition that a fourth of the whole area must be planted witbin five years. This State benefits little directly by the prosperity of the Lin- tum Estate, owing to the exceptional terms under which it is held. No rentispaid, and at the present price of coffee ($43 a piku!) the export duty is less than # percent. Und«r the terms now offered to planters the duty caunot be raised above 2} per cent ad valorem. TAPIOCA is grown on a number of eststes owned and worked by Chines? along the ccast. The export 25,694 pikuls, is less than that of last yeur by 5,423 pikuls—partly owing to land being worked out, and partly to the breakivg down of en engise. The total area of land leased for tapioca is ab_ut 26,000 acres (17 esta‘e-). A lease for 8,009 acres at Jimab was issued to Chan Kim Bok and Chan Ong Bee, men of capital aud <«xperience in tepioca plenting, on very easy ttrms, and preparations forcpening out on an extensive scale wero made. It is a matter of regret that in the majority of leases the «xport duty is limited to 10 cents o pikul, as should tapioca go upin value the State will not benefit. There is not much land on tbe ccast now available in large Bloat and whst there is ehould be reserved ior coffee. Gamplen.—The export for the year amounted to 21,419 pikuls, exceeding that of the year before by 2,300 pikule. Of this 12,680 pikuls came from Loh Cheng Keng’s est te at Tansh Merah, 4,000 from Port Dickson and Lukut, and 5,000 from Pengkalan Kempas and Sungei Raya. Perrer.—The export for 1893 amounted to 3,872 pikuls, an increase of 750 pikuls over 1892. Of this 2,331 came from Loh Obeng Kenw’s estate at Tanah Merah. This estate, for the oultivetion of gambier and pepper, lies between Tanah Merah on the Lukut River and the Sepang River, the bourdary with Selangor. It covers (in Sungei Ujong) sbout 15,500 acres paying an arnual revtal of $1,551, io addiion to the export duty of 80 cenis a pikul on pepper and 15 cents on gambir. It employe about 1,000 coolies distributed in tome 52 differnt bangsals or farms, The estate is flourishing and weli mavaged. Gambier aud pepper are as a role cultivated together, but there sare a namber of ema'l holdings a'ong the coast betwceo Lukut and P.ngkalan Kempas cualti- vated with gambier only by Malsys, who never at- tempt to grow p:pper. Owing to low pices tbe smail holdings both for gawbier and pepper were not prosperou; during 1893. Pepper to a certain extent is cultivated on some tapioca estates, and the Dato Bandar’s estate at Jimah (ieased to a Obinaman) turned out 102 pikuls, ‘‘Linsum” and “Ribu” turned out a small quantity. ‘he export duty of 15 cents per pikul on pepper and 10 ce ts on gambier is not high, but it would not be advisable to increase it in the present sta'e of the msrket. The State has been much hampered by the existe: cs of a concession granted in 1876 to a Chivau:au named Toh Eng Siew, and now owned by a Ohintse merchant in Singapore, namei Seah Liang Scab. Under this 11,000 acres are held free of rent, and no export duty can be levied on the pepper and gambir exported, while opium is admitted at $1 a ball less than for the rest of the District, and epirits, gembling and pawnbrcking are allowed free. In spite of these advantages only 3,000 acres have been opened up, and the export of both pepper and gambier has te u steadily diminish= ing. Little is known of what goes on this estate, there being no access to it from any part of the Dirtrict except up a muddy creek, aud then only at high tide. Fortunstely the concession will expire in 1896, and in the meantime it is proposed to connect if in 1894 with Port Dickson and Pengkrlan Kempas by a bridle-path, Ocri 1, 1894. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 24t THE P. A. AND AN ENTOMOLOGIST. The Ceylon Planters’ Aesociation lately approached Goverament with a suggestion that an entomologist should be appointed to ths Museum, their objects being to get further information regarding tea pests. It is unfortunate the authorities have not seen their way to incur this expenditure, but suggested a com- promise that an Hatomological referee:might be ap- pointed, who would not be paid a regular salary but fixed charges for consul'ation by letter or for visit- jing estate, etc. It ie, we think, a pity this suggestion hes not met with more support in Ceylon and we hope it will pot be long before the Indian Tea Association will be able to find funds and a suitable person willing to continue the experiments aud researches commenced by Mr. Banber. That there is still a great deal to learn no one will deny, aud while individual planters do coliect a certain amount of knowledge, very few really bave the time or sre always able to gather together the necessary particulars and to take the very careful notes in order that their couc’usions may be accepted by others. With special subscriptions for the American Tea Fu:d perbaps this proposal will not meet with so much favour this time, but considering the great advantages the industry may expect to reap, we think it would ke a mistake to postpone matters for some tine. The more light and koowledge we can get on all subjects connected with tea, the better will we be able to cops with our competitors and improve our older properties, which in several instances suffir £0 severely from blighta and aJl kinds of enemies.— Indian Planters’ Gazette. —_—————————E TEA AND SCANDAL. Five o’cuock TEA, (Written for the Owlet Society, and Amateur Essay Club.) 1 My dearest Jane, I fear you'll think I’m very poor in pen and ink; For seven months have passed. away (How quickly !) since my wedding day, And you have never had a word To tell you what has since occurred. 2 Well, nothing great, I'm bound to own ; For Hugh and I live mtch alone ; And being rather short of cash, And murh averse to “ going smash,” We take our modest pleasure here— Within our own Roraeaic sphere. For me, ’m growing quite a c ok For Hugh, he means to write a book ; We form a hundred plans a day How to contrive to pay our way, Nor altogether lose the power Of asking friends to spend an hour, 4 Now, in the present race for wealth, When all is bought but joy and bealth, This would be rather bard to do, But for one fact—or rather two. The first, that friends care less by far For what you Aave than what you are, The second, that without a shock One may drink tea at five o’clock. 5 Oh! excellent five o’clock tea! Unparalleled five o’cleck tea! A wouffin, a **bunn,” and cup of Bohea; The people you like best to hear and to see; Some gossip and chat, A song and all that, And your duty is d.ue, You've had plenty of fun, And of worries, and fuss, and extravagance, —none. 6 Just think of the angui-h cf people of taste, Of dinners to give avd no money to waste ; The fish over-boiled, The side-dishes spoiled ; MOHE, servants can’t wait, And your ‘lions’ come ate, And the whole’s overruled by inimical Fate. I can’t tell you the comfort and saving to me Of this sweet institution of five o’clock tea, df And then, my dear Jane, there are people you ’ Who are terribly fast, or tremendously slow ; Are gossips, or snobs, or disgracefully mean; Old maids who are blue, or youths who are green’; And saints, in whose presence one feels quite a sinver (What abore and a nuisance to asz them to divner !) But now, sivce this fashion, one’s quit,—don’t you see ? — By asking them just to a five o’clock tea. 8 And then there are persOns hesr from Ceylon plantere who have experience of prices before and after manuring; for, we suppose if flavour deteriorated, the price would show ? We cannot find any authent'c reference on ths point in our books on tea.—Ep, 7.A.] THE CASTLEREAGH TEA COMPANY. Dear Sir,—Your paper gives us very little inform- ation concerning the half-yearly report of the Castlereagh Tea Company. Do you not consider this rather a mistake, seeing that the interests of the island and the sayings of the majority of the En- ropeans are so deeply concerned in the working and dividends of our public Tea Companies? On Mr. Armitage’s list the Castlereagh Company stands ninth out of thirty-four Companies as haying the largest captial. I think it is theretore as much entiled to a full report us any of the other large or small Companies.* Will you kindly allow me space in your valuable paper to make a few commeuts of my ownon the Circular now issued by the Company, and to reply to a correspondent in the Observer of the 23rd inst. who is making enquiries concerning it? When the Oompany declared in January 3 per cent for the halt-year, I foretold in this paper that the dividends would dwindle down to half or nothing.+ I was wrong it appears, for by the Companies’ Cir- cular I find that there is to be no dividened at all. Thus on account of the Directors’ action in work- ing the estate the shares have dropped from [102-50 to R70:00 in the space of one year. But les us turn to the circular which so many are looking at almost with despair, I use this word advisably, for I know of a shareholder who is ill, and was ordered home. He only waited until the Oompany paid their half-yearly dividend to enable him to sell a few shares to meet his expenses. Now, the shares haye dropped 30 per cent. in one month, and there isno dividend and no buyers. Upwards of six years ago this Company was formed with a capital of R240,000 for 476 acres at R500. Then the Rupee was at 1s 63d. Since then it has “ dandled” on, giving in favourable seasons as moch as 113,000 ]b. of tes. This year they will be very short of their estimate getting little over 100,000 lb. and the Directors suddenly discover that they must Spend R6,200 on the purchase of new machinery to make it work. How in the name of all that is wonderful has the tea been manufactured during the last four years, and now when we are getting less than formerly the Directors issue a circular, which say that they require ‘‘a much greater efficiency - and to improve and add to the machinery at an estimated cost of R6,200.” If the shareholders were induced to subscribe R500 per acre for 400 acres, how comes it that there is not machinery sufficient to manufacture 100,000 lb. of tea? But what have Messrs. Rollo and Armstrong got to say to all this: was it not on their valuations and reports that the Company was floated ? Should they not speak out and justify themselves? * A Shareholder is under some delusion: how can we give information about a Report we have never seen ? We arenot shareholders; and if no Director or Shareholder sends us a copy of a Report we are helpless.—We have bad to strike out some parts of the above letter; because while any limited Company may, to some extent, be open to public criticism, still the proper course for a Shareholder with a grievance must first, surely, be to try and get up a meeting of those concerned, or to call an his Directors to explain ?—Hp. 7.4. t Was ‘‘Shareholder” wise in thus prophesying evil about his own property ? Who knows but he ‘thus did harm to his own shares!—Ep, 7A. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. fOcr, 1, 1894. Again the Circular states that during the six wonths “ they got 51,905 lb. of tea, the quantity falling short on account of the dry weather,” and further ‘it has been decided to extend the manuring by 100 acres more than what was estimated,” viz. 50 acres to be included in the annual expenditure, and that ‘‘ the same involves an additional outlay of about R5,000, which sum must be paid for.” A fine state of affairs this! It is a new idea to make good their shortness of rain by spending the profits on extensive manuring. At the annual meeting in January not one word was said about this new machinery or increased outlay on manure, notwithstanding the outturn of crops was raised. No, no, it was much more conve- nient for the Directors to choose their own time and advise their shareholders of the fact, after the money had been made and spent, and woen there was no meeting of indignant holders to dispute the necessity of it. A SHAREHOLDER. [Surely “A Shareholder” is hasty in condemmni “manuring,” the benefit of which he may wel expect to reap during the next twelve months, not only in a fat dividend, but in seeing bis shares rise correspondingly.—Kp. 7.A.]} oe aeeelannennantiiel cme VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. Peru AND British CENTRAL AFRICA.—We call attention to the letters from Messrs, Robb and H. Brown: the latter eepecially, containg information which must be considered very tempt- ing by planting capilaliste wanting to invest in coffee.—|{See paye 232.) Tue “OraHeite Potato” said to be brought to West Africa from the Andamans is the subject of epecial notices in the papers sent us by Mr. Ashmore from the Gold Coast. In the opinion of Dr. Trimen, the name is probably a ‘corruption, apd the plant is obviously some ordinary yam (Dioscorea) and not at all likely to be anything new. TRimEN’s ‘‘CEYLON Fuora.’—Mr. Britten's notice of Dr, Trimen'’s ‘‘ Flora” which we repub- lished the other day from Nature is appreciated; but our worthy Director does not understand why Mr. Britten should send him to Ceylon three years too soon,—1877 instead of 1880. As Mr, Britten took Dr. Trimen’e place at the British Museum, he ought to know the date well enough! DrovGcHt IN SELANGoR.—Mzr. G. C. Bellamy reporting for Ju'y from Kuala Selangor, writes -— s*The drought which has lasted for so Jong assumed serious proportions during the month, so much so that only one well was available for drinking purposes and I had to put a guard on it to gee that the water was not wasted. Fortunately we had afew light showers when matters were at their worst, and in the last day or so heavy rain has fallen, so that-all anxiety is now remoyed.”’— Selangor Government Gazette. “ Tue CryLon Buienp.”—A prominent New York Tea retail house winds up a very cleverly- worded circular—described by an American editor as a fine example of candid statement to consumers and one admirably calculated to command con- fidence, with the following paragraph ;— WHAT WE RECOMMEND. A single pound will make from one hundred and fifty to three huadred cups of tea. A few cents more per pound adis but the merest trifie to the cost per cup. ail We make it a rule, therefore, to advise tea—drink- : crs to purchase as high grade teas as they feel they can afford, Our 403 teas are good drinking teas, but the 50c and higher grades, especially our Ceylon blend at 75c, ave so much superior, we believe everyone will be well repaid by the additional outlay, a Oct. 1, 1894] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 247 IS THERE TO BE A BOOM IN CAFFEINE AND TEA REFUSE? T. Ohristy, the well-known wholesale Drug-dealer, &c.,, has been asking of trial samples of ‘tea debris,’ tbat portion _of the leaf, be says, not uced by the planters, in order to make experiments for the extraction of ‘ caf- feine,” At present this is mainly got from “tea refuse’ obtained from the London warehouses; but surely the planters could give something more suitable, if the value be worth their trouble. Caffeine is evidently getting scarce ani we find in an American papez the following information of special interest to tea planters :— Tue Position oF COAFFEINE.—Oaffeire 13 one ofthe articles of minor importance in the drug market, and yetit is today receiving con-iderable attention by reason of its scarcity. It is practically in thecovtrol of three manufacterers and yet comparatively little informition is obtainable regarding the state of the markets abroad. Last Octuber the price was $2.10 per pound, but early in January it advanced to $2.16 at 2.20, and alittle later to $2.30 at 2.40, at which it ruled firmly until about two weeks ago, when our market reports indicated a further advance. That there should be any scarcity of tea sweepiogs, from which caffeine is made is considered very improbable, inasmuch as Englishmen drink jast as much tea as they everdid. It has been suggested that manu- facturers have worked up all the crude stock they had and sold heavily against it, and that they will now be obliged to await the next deliveries of the sweepings from the London warehouses, which, according to the terms ofthe contract they have with the Government, are made at statedintervals. It is understood that the contract is tor a year,and that it still bas eight mouths toron. As scon as the next deliveries are made itisthuught the scarcity will be relieved. On the other hand, the suggestion is offered, that inas- much asthe balk of the teas now sold in Hogland are cultivated in Oeylon, dealers are so anxious to main- tain the advantage they have thus far secured over the Chineze teas, that they exerciso greatcare in protect- ing their product, hence thereis comparatively l.ttle waste. If this viewis the correct one, it would appear that the scarcity will become permacent, Upto about three yearsago all caffeine was made ion Germany, though the tea sweepings were obtained io England. The British Government, ever ready to protect its revenue, refused to allow the sw. epings of the warehouses to be sold in England for fear of their being used for consumption in place of the leaf, and the Exchequer thus defrauded of acertain amount of revenue. All sweepings were shipped abroad and sold, principally toGermany, but Hnuglish chemical mann- facturers protested 60 vigorously that the Government expressed a willingness to permit their use in England, provided theycould be rendered unfit for domestic use. A scheme was hit upon, whereby they were ren- dered unfit for the waking of anything but caffeine through wn admixture of ssafcetida l'quor and tke manufacture of this very important drug commenced in London, where the bulk of itis now msde, but one German manufacturer remaining in the business. What does Mr, Cochran say to the extraction of caffeine from the large leaves of the tea bush, or from the factory ‘red leaf’? out here; but no doubt the chemical processes required can be far Mr. more economically carried out in euch large Chemical Works as those of Mesers. Bohringer at Mannheim, and others. ; -sS>—- - OPENING UP A NEW PLANTING DISTRICT, Tue PauregAMA Grant.—Mr, Ross Wright, who has charge of the Pallegama Gront Association Company’s land in North Matale, is opening up what may be called a uew distriot for tropical products. The work he has before him is onerous, a3 alls cv clearing work is, acd in this caseitis doubly d'fficn t 81 by reason of the fact that he is far removed frcm other estates, and has to rely solely upon bimself. His nearest neighbour is Mr. Fraser, of Brae, goodness kvows how many feet above bimw, and fourteen miles ag the crow flies. Mr. Wright lives at prezent in the Korale’s house, in which he has two rooms, but an upstair bungalow ia being built for him on the estates Which wiil mike him more comfortable when finithed, He has already felled about 300 acres, and they are all burnt off, strips of jungle being left bers and there to provide shelter and to keep out too much light. When the North-East monsoon sets in he will p'ant up the whole 300 acres with cocoa, coconuts, Liberian coffee, and Arabian cofise. Cotton and chillies are to be planted in betweea the rows of the coconut trees. It will thus be seen tbathe basa laborious task before him and a yery anxious time, Mr. Ross Wright assures us that in all his experience of Ceylon he never saw such magnificent jungle snd soilas is to be found on the propery of which be has charge, We can only say that we shill watch tte result of the experiment which is bsing undertaken in this new district with great interect,and we hope the success attained by the Association will induce others to take up land in the yicinity—of which there is an abundance—so that ia time a large district may be formed on the backs of the Amban-ganga.—Local “ Times,” pe FOREST CONSERVANCY. We have to acknowledge receipt of the adminis- tration report for 1893 of Mr. A. F. Broun, Con- servator of Forests, which seems to be of a very complete character. Today we can only quote the following paragraphs :-— SALES OF FOREST LAND, Considerable alarm has been expressed of late to the effect that Government is allowing forest lands to be sold for purposes of extending tea cultivation. Whether it isadvisable to sell more land for tea is a question which itis hardly my duty to deal with, but all applications for large lots of land which are sent to me by Government Agents are carefully considered, and if in my opinion the land should be reserved, I decline to agree to the sale. Thus at the end of the year I requested the Hon, the Government Agent, Central Province, to delay the sale of a block of 1,000 acres of forest land near Laxapana until I had inspected it. My inspection satisfied me of the desirability of reserving the block with the rest of the Adam’s Peak forest to which it belongs,and the sale was withdrawn, It is not likely that blocks of forest will be set up for sale unless they are too small for reservation, or unless their position renders them of little use to the Government. OPENING OF THE HAPUTALE EXTENSION. The opening of the Haputale Extension has ren- dered accessible for exploitation the large stretch of forosts between Nanu-oya and Haputale. A portion of these forests will yield the fuel for working the trains on the extension, but large areas are available for the supply of timber and firewood to estates, The freigots on the railway are unfortunately high, and the prices of produce brought ont of the forests must of necessity cover something more than the price of transport. If, however, the rates on freight of timber are reduced we should te able to satisfy all the requirements of the couutry near the railway. GAME LAWs. It cannot be said that the Game Laws ere sufficient to prevent the slaughter of wild avimals in the low- country. The imposition of au export duty on hides has, no doubt, done some good. It: will only } be when the game will be able, as in India, to retire wilhin reserved foreste that it will have a chance of avoiding the annual butebery. The only portion of the Island where the game is on the increase is in the bills, and there the Game Laws are hardly neces- sary. Elk and deer are rarely shot in the hills, 248 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 4 "te [Ocr. 1, 1894. and the packs of hounds kept by eporting memb rs of the planting community ere hardly tuflicieut to keep down the game. The opcn season is now the most unfavourable one for huuting, and rome owes bave been obliged to sell their hounds in congeequence. The Forest Department plantations at Nuwara Bisa and Nanuoye are suffering much from the atlacks of red deer end ek, In come plects as new p'arts are put in they are browsed dowv. Ichould not ke surprised to bear that private proportics tuffer in the same way. It would be therefore Cesiratle to make some provisions for keeping the game down within reasonable limits. PROPJSED FORESTRY BRANCH AT THE £CHOOL OF AGRICULTURE. Owing to the courtesy of the Government of India, some of our euperior officers haye been able to study at the Imperial Forest School at Dehra Dun, and in 1894 two rangers are to be cent trom here. It hes, however, struck me that, with the present staff of the Agricultural School, together with some addi- tious from the Forest Department, it would be possible to give to our rangers #1d guards, and also to candidates for appointment in those grades, a training which, elthough not equal to that cbtainszble nt the Indian school, would materially help in a pro- pcr and careful treatment of our fcrests. Large sums of money sre vo doubt rpent on the Dehra Dun school; the best Prof¢ssors are obtained from all parts of India, and an exper.enco of thirteen years bas now shown the best way to impart a pvactical knowledge ot forestry and its eppendant eciences, ard we cannot hope all at once t> compete wit” Debra. But, whercas this Government cannot affuid to send more than three cr four men at atime for a lengthened period of time to a distant place like the worth of India, it may be more practicab’e to have classes in Colombo and to teach f. restry inthe very forests in which officers will be c:llhkd upoao to practise it. I bave therefore been ordered by Govern- me:t fo discuss the matter with the Director of Public Instruction, who has kindly offered to give all the assistance possible. The final proposals Lave not yet gone in, but we shall submit thsm before lorg. The receipts for 1893 amounted to R365,758 (as against 462,427 in 1893) and the charges to R404,756 (as egainst 475,491 in the previous year.) a TEA DRINKING IN JAPAN AND CHINA: To take a cup of social tea in China and Japan is not cnly a pleasure, as it is with us, but a eolemn daty born of generations of custom. ** * The delicate straw-coloured beverage which is consumed in Japan differs very materially #om the infusion called tea at home. *** The teapot is heated with hot water befora the tea is put in, then hot water, not Loiling, is poured over the Jeiyes, and immediately ponred on aud off, but it is never silowed to ttand on the leaves mere than a mincte. ' In most houscs a kettle of water is always -—___—_— TIMBERS OF WEST AFRICA. Mr, W. Crowther, Curator of the Aburi Gardeng, Gold Coast, writes :— I héve received the following interesting communi- cation from a gentleman named Mr. R. B. W. Walker of Axim, regardiog Camwood and Barwood, As there is still a doubt respecting the origin of these woods, it is very interesting, ‘‘As one who has purchased and shipped thousands of tons of Barwood and buodreds of tons of Camwood, I am able to answer your enquiry respecting these woods.” ‘ Lar- wood (commonly called Redwood,”—Governor Moloney is wrong in thinking Redwood to be different from Barwooo) is found chiefly in Gaboon and places in the immediate vicinity and as far south as Mayemba, —also in the Oil Rivers, where, and at Bataugs, de. it is used for making canoes. Its correct bo!anical name, is, I think Pterocarpies Augolinsis. Itis totally distinct from Camwood whioh is a Baphia, but whether B. nitida or B. laurifolis, I am not quite certain, but Tons 3,873f * The figure for 1893-94 was 4} owt. The quantity foreoasted for 1894-95, viz., 5,354 tong being nearly equal to thas of last year viz, 5,248 tons, the same figure has been retained. } These figures are not accorate. The number of carts one are given inthe accounts and it is roughly calculated that each cart takes hait a ton of coffee, but AS ® matter of fact wost carts carry more than {bis, on May or June 1876, I read a paper before the Society of Arts on ‘‘The Commerce of the Gaboon” in which alter considerable enquiry and research, I gave the correct botanical names of both woods, Camwocd is found trom Sierra Leone, dowuwards as far as the Gold Coast, but I do not think it exists East of this colony certainly not inGaboon. Noone who has seen Barwood and Oamwood could for a moment confounlicne with the other. ‘‘ Having been forty-two years on the Wess Ooast of Afrea and kuowing it from Goree to the Congo, you may be quite certein that I am correct in statiog that Bar- woo!and Oamwood are different woods entirely.” “ P.S.—I shall be happy to give you further in- formation es to Barwood and Camwood jf required. Barwooi is practically inexhaustable, but Camwood bas oll been cutnear the Coast. Sir A. Moloney dis- plays ignorance in Lis remarks on the subjest (see p. 139.) I: is becauee itis so much more valuable than Barwood that it has nearly a'l beeucut. ‘The natives are quite wie awake, but the two woods dv Los grow in the eame localities.” cere rere THH INDIAN TEA TRADE. The following letters referring to the Indian tea trade appear in the Times of the 18th ultimo:— Aug, 11th. Sir,—Referring to a letter which we see published in your issue of the 10th inst. on Indian tea, wethink that your correspondent ‘*T” might have made his letter still stronger had he given a few figures to demonstrate the necessity of producers introducing Indian tea into the markets of the world, even at the expense of a considerable amount of money. Doring the last three years the imports of Indian tea into this country have been 383,000,000lb., ard the copsuwpti_n 330,000,0001b. Had an extra demacd for only a jew million pounds per avnum been introduced into the market, this almost even balance of supply acd demand would have been destroyed, aud instead of afall in price of about 1d. per pound, which has occurred during that period, we stould doubtless have bad an advance. As was pointe! out inthe able article on the sub- ject in your issue of the 6th inst., America consumes some 90,000,000.b, of China and Japan tea per annum, Surely it ia worth while for Indian producers to expend money freely to secure even a fractional part of such a vast trade, when it is remembered that at the present annual rate of production every 14, per pound rise oz fall in the price of the Indiaa orop represents a sum of some £500,000. Producers must remember that Americais a country where, owing to vast distances and scattered popula- tion, an article, however good in itself, cau only become known to the multitude by advertisement of some kind on a large scale; and wedoubt wheter much good can be dons to the Indian teaindustry, in which millions of money have been invested, with the in- s‘gnificant sum mentioned in “'f’s” letter, a sum that a private firm of moderate cize would think notbing of expending,—Yours faithfully, InpraAn TgeA Brokers. Sir,—I entirely agree with what has fallen from your correspondent “T,” that the sum of £3,000 is quiie inadequate for introduc'ng the merits of Iudian tea to America, but ‘* T” seems not to be fully informed as tou what is really intended. The Indian Tea Association, both at home andin Calcuttn, are tully alive tothe necessity of liberal expenditure so as to posh the tea in foreign markets. ‘I'here is no thought on thoir pirt of stinting their outlay for this purpose, but before sponding freoly the money of the producers they would Jike to feel their way s little. They have now a special commissioner in tne States, whose business is not only to advertise the tea at shows and in large grocery establishments by means of his staff of Iudian servants, but also to inquire aud 8scertain a8 to every possible way im which the tea cag best be brought before the American public, 262 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Oct. 1, 1894. ‘The present is but a preliminiry and tentatice messire, but as it proves a tuccess (4nd we havegood reason to think that itis already proviog this) the tea ascociaticns, both in London and C:leutta, will, it is bel eved, heartily co-operate in more extensive op ra- tions, and will arrange for ten times three thousand pounds if required.— Yours obediently, ‘* ANGLO-INDIAN.” panes Se eR COFFEE PLANTATIONS ON THE GOLD COAST, WEST AFRICA. On mg arrival at Oape Coast I went to see Mr. Batty, Messrs. Miller Brothers and Co.'s Agent, who kindly gave me quarters for the night ani the next day I proceeded to Elmina to vi-it Mr. Hutclin- gon’s coffee plantation. Mr. Hutchinson calcul stes that hoe has about one huuvdrei and filty acres planted with Liberian Ooffee, and that he hss plauted out sixty thoussnd plents. The tress ae in a vey herithy aud flourishing cunJiion, aud many whicu have oly been planted a year and a talf are already bearing ® very fine crop of coffee. The trees on this plantation a e in three stages; viz: lst—! bere are a number of tr.es which were planted io May 1889. Th se trees are about five ands half fect high, aod are compact, bushy plants: bearirg a s; Lewdid crop of cvffie, some cf which was ripening at the time of my visit. 2ud—A large area was planted in May 1899. These have grown well and almost all of them are bearing a first crop of cotlee. This spetks very well for tbe suitability of the acil and situation for coffee planting, as in Liberia aid other places were this variety of cuffue is grows, planters never expcct the trecs to Lear until they are thre years old. 3yJ,—The rema‘nder of the tres, which compris; the grester part of the plintation were plauted ia May of last year and ou the whole are growing satis- factorily. Owing tote excessive dcyncss of the last season the mortality amovgst the plants has_ been rather exce:sve, but that can bo easily rem-«died by filling up the vacancies during the comng rainy 53asen with good robust p'ants. The p'an’ation isin a wry creditable aud fl urishing conditiin. The work isdcns by a gang cf s-venty Krooboys and the land is kept in good order and frce from weeds. Mr, Hutchiaron seems to thoroughly understand the w-rk and has every confilence in the ult mate succe sof the uncer- takiug. The text morning on my way from Elaiva to Messrs. Milter Brothers’ plantatioa at Kuby Kul, 1 was asked to visit a coffe plantation belonging to Mr. Ter Meulen who accompanied me himself. This plantation is about twenty-five acres jin extent and conti t of atout five thousand plan's, all of which look very healtby. Many of the trees, which are about thres years cf age, are bearing an immenee crop of coff.e nnd others of two years’ growth are aiso bearing. Mr. Ter Meulen informed me that he has been unable to personally sup rintend bis plantation as much as he would have liked, and consequently it had been rather neglected. After s,ending an hour or two going over the plantatiin and directing Mr. Ter Meulen as tothe best mesns of carrying on the work, I preceeded on my way to Messre. Miller Bros.’ lantation at Ku!y Kul where I arrived at 12-30 p.m. Mr Ter Meulen proposes to extend his coffee plauta- tion very coneid rably, and is now raising a large quantity of young plants for that purpose: He is ve'y energetic sbout the matter and very sanguine as to the results. Mr. Batty met me at Kuby Kul, aod a‘ter resting & ehort lime, I commenced to go over this plan- tation along with him. I should calculate that the area, of this plantation 1s between one hundred and thirty and one hundred and ffty acres in extent, The ljand is undulating and the soil a black mould and very vich and I should say remarkably well adapted for the cult vation of coffee and coco. The trees here arte much more luxuriaat in growth than those at the other plantations mentioned. This may be accounted for by extra rainfall and humidity experienced here. Mr, Batty has planted his coffee lants fourteen feet apart, which considering the growth hay ‘have already made, does not seem foo much, The growth of some of the trees on this plantation is s]most incredible. Many of them have grown as much as five feet inone year and the foliage is of great 5 ze end mot luxuriant. Besides coffee, Mr. Batty has also planted cacao on an extensive scale. This valuable product seems to thrive equally as well os coffee, the plants which I saw, being im a heslthy and flourishing condition especially the ones rupplied from the Botenical Station at Aburi, during the previous year. The cocoa is planted at distances of thirteen feet apart and shaded with plaintains end bananas, which answer the purpose admiratly. To- bacco was aleo being tried by Mr. Batty. e bad about 2,500 plavts each of the Havannah and Sumatra varieties. They were well grown plants with enormous leaves of s goodtexture, and if the operation of cur- ing has been successful shou'd pro iuce a good market- able article. In my report for the period ended the 30th June, Iomitte! to mention, in conn -etion with my visit to the cavao aud coffee plantat‘ons at Cape Coast and Elminz, the coffe plontation of Mr. Koofi at Cape Coast. It was an overs'ght on my part for which I am very sorry as Mr. Ku fi was most kiud seni hes;itable to me on the oec:sion of my visit. Mr. Kuofi's planta‘ion which is sitsated a rhort dis- ta ce from Caps Coast was ins very clean aad flour- ishing condition, mavy of the trees were bearing a good crop end coffee and altogether the plantation thowed sigos of care and attention and I have no doubt will turn out a succese. In Mr, Kuofi's p'ao- tation I noticed several fire trees of the valuable rubber producing tree ecslled ‘- Manilios Glaziovii” this t-ee is of very rapid growth is well worth cul- tivatiug as it is the source of the valaable rubber called ‘‘Ceava Scrap,” The Isni in front of the House and extending to the Akropong road has been compl-tely plauted with Liberian coffee. Also a smell plantation of Arabien coffee cvn-isting of three hundred p'ants bas b-en laid down. Tuais variety of coffee is grown rather extensively by the na ives ia this district and tbrives ex'r.mely we'l. I obtained the plants from the Rey, A. W. Clerk in exchange for cacao plants. W. CRowTHER. ro INDIAN PATENTS. Calcutta, the 16th August 1894. Applications in respect of the undermentioned in- ventions have been fied du-ing the week ending 11th August 1894:— APPARATUS FoR TESTING SANDs.—No. 228 of 1894. —James Prics Cleghorn, Exesutive Engineer, Public Works Depariment, Bengal, at present residing is No. 2, Pears Bagan, Ballygunge, for au appiratus for testing sands used for Onilding purposes,—Jndian Engineer. : ae TEA-PLANTING EXTENsIonS 1nN InDIA.—While, on the one hand, we read of the Assam and Jokai Companies as refraining from making additions to their planted acreage this year, on the other, we find the following in The Planter of Aug. 3rd:— A Surma Valley surveyor who is busy staking a large opening out writes:—‘‘It is no easy matter to keep the staking ahead of some three or four hundred peop'e planticg ; twenty acres a day isbarely in it; avdas the land is slightly rolling and intersected by streams and kKhals onehas a lot of trouble. What very great strides are now being made in this industry ? In November lest there was nota st'ck of jungle cat, and now as I writs there are four hundred acres planted and drained and with r:ads laid out. With fair weather seven hundred acres should be out by the end of August, and all thoroughly well planted too. The opening out of a five hundredacre garden in one year would fave keen considered simply madness ten years ago. We have been enjoying lovely weather . for planting. The Chittagong-Assam railway runs quite close to this estate and should be a great boog in the way of obtaining labour and stores, x Oct. 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 253 VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. Tue Tra Puantaticne started in the Caucasus on the initiative of the Rursian Government have, says our St. Petersburg correspordent, (o far been a great suc- cess. The fir:t tea crop gathered from a plantation vear Batoum bas given considerable stisfaction. The tea grown on this plantstion—according to Ruesien experts—is superior to the Chinese. About 40,000 acres of land have been eet aside by the Department of State Domains for the cultivation of tea from shruks obtained from China and India.— Dail, Chronicle Economic PLANTING IN THE WEst? INDIES, —We have received from the Secretariat copy of an interest- ing report by Mr. Crowther, Cura‘or of the Botanio Station of Go'd Coast Colony, on his recent visit to the West Indies. His instructions were to visit fora fortnight each of the ** Botanical Stations at Barbador, Demerara, ‘Trinidad and Jamaica, for the purpose of enlarging your knowledge of the cultivation of valuable tropical economic piante, cf observing the system and airangements pursued at the Botanical Stations in the Colonies referred to and cf procuring and bringirg back with you such useful plants as you might consider that it would be of advantage to this Colcny to receive and cultivate.” The rceult is a very interesting Report which we shall notice more fully in an early iseuc. Japan TEA IN AMERICAW—From the annual Report of Mr. Hugh Fraser, British Conéeul at Yokohama, we quote as fol.ows :— It is a matter for remark that, in face of the finan- cial position in the United States, and the resulting adverse condi: on of markets there, the vo'ume of the export from here bas suffer.d bardly any diminution. This, there seems scaicely room fir doubt, is attri- butable to the stimu'ating cffect on the export of the constantly fallirg rates of exchange, and the conse- queut cheape! ing to the consumer of the gal price of teas. That a similar effect was not felt in silk may p thays be at ribut.d to the fact that tea is a ecmmo- aity which cin be cispemsed with le-s readily than silk ; smi moreover, the Japanese producer must get rid of hig tea for the Americon ecnsumer, when ovce he has brought it forwsrd for the foreign market ; whereas it is open for the silk dea'er to arrsnye to held over hia produce for a better or another market. The quality of the tea of the season was, as a rule, indiffcr- ent. Thede tina ious of the export were ax follows: —United States 21,275,000 lb., C.na'a 6,940,000 lb. Eurcpe &ce. 545,000 tb. Tue AmeRIcAN Correz TrapE.—The dAmeri- can Grocer, in ® review Of the trace year ending Juoe 30th, indicates that the general trade deprec- sion, financial distuibancee, a light Brazil crop and higher cost have combined to reduce consump— tion in the United States and Europe. It adds:— “Ttis apparent that any decrease in the Brez'l supply below a crop permittirg of minimum exports of 6 000,000 bags, or 544 per cent. of the world’s total supply, means high prices until o:her producing countiies «xiend their srea under ccfize to an extent great enough to produce and export en ayerage of one-hali of the world’s r: quirements: This period bas not ariiyed, but is approaching. During 1893.9! the receipts of other than Brazil coffee in Kurope and the United States were over 1,000,000 bags greater than in 1891-9’, or over 500,000 begs more than in 1892-93. It is evident that the cff rts to push ccffee cultivation in Mexico, Central America and the Udited States of Colombia are being continued with vigor, aid that the pro- duction of the world, outside of Brazil, is soon likely to overbalincs the ¢xisting proportions of supply. The situation in a nutshell is: “A big crop in Brazil means low prices and a short crop high prices.’—'This is all very sensible on the part of the grcat trade organ of the United States. Meantime it isevident that “tea” ought to ken fit by apy restriction in the consumption of coffee, Or the hundred thousand plants catalogued by botanists, only one-tenth part have appreciable odours. Of fifty species of mignonette, that of our garden is the only scented one, and of a hundred varieties of the violet only twelve have the exquisite perfume that isso popular. In general the proportion of fragrant to odourless plants is about one per cent. Globe. KanGra VALLEY TEa.—At a recent meeting of the Indian Tea Agsoc‘ation General Ccmmittec, we read :— Corsidered letter of 9th July from the Honorary Secretary, Kangra Valley Planters’ Association, re- questing that the General Committee in their future returns and statistics would give Kangra Valley tea a separate place and not classify it with Dehra and Kumaon as there were in the Kangra Valley not less than 10,000 acres under tea and an annual out-put of not less than 4,500,000 lb. The Com- mittee agreed to accede to his request, but the Kangra Valley Planters’ Association were to be asked to supply their own statistics to prevent any mistakes Tra SaLes In America.—The other day at the meeting of the ‘‘Committee of Thirty,’ no one, we believe, was ab‘e to say whether there was anything like a ‘“Mincing Lane’ oer auction room for teas in New York. We see from a trade journal which reaches us regularly, that “‘ the Mont- gomery Auction and Commission Co.’’ seem to be the ore great Agency for the sale of teas: at any rate, the burden of paragraphs before us is that ‘ they cold last week 4,545 packages teas’; “they sell at noon today 4700 packages’ and to on. We see no such reference under the head of ‘*coffee.”—It is not encouraging to find that the imports of both tea and coffee into the United States were legs in 1893 than in 1892. © Kew Bouvetin.’—The July number contains articles on the Comino tree of Colombia, a Laura. cecus tree call:d Aniba perutilis by Hemsley. The timber is much valu d for constructional ard decorative purposcs. It can be euccessfully cul- tivated at a temperature of 18° to 20° ©. Other articles have reference to the cultivation of Vanilla in Tahiti and Fiji. A description of some newly- discoveied plants from the Solomon [alands is given. An extract ia ineertcd from the Standard of September 16:h, 1893, on the cultivation of vegetables in this country, and cn the importation cf vegetables from abroad. In this article one side of the question is treated, but the writer has not availed himself of the very striking facts which were published on this subject in our columns last yeer, nor Coes he deal with the very difficult problems connected with markets and the means of distribution—Gardeners Chronicle. BanAna3 AND PuAnTAINS.—-A very completa and exhaustive paper on these plant; forms the August number of the Kew Bulletin. It is in reality a monagraph of the ge..us Musa, though entitled “A Summary of Information relating to Bananas and Piantsins, with Descriptions of the Species and principal Varieties of Musa grown for Ornament.” The history, botany, geograph’cal distribution, cultivation, marketing, the diseases to which they are subject, the usea to which they may le put, the chemical composition, are all dealt with at some length, Advantege has been taken of the publica- tions of Baker and others ss to the botany, of Prof scot Church’s re.esrohes as to the chemis- try, and, as it would ce.m, of everything of importance that has been published upon the subject. Numerous illustrations are supplied, but one defect remains to be noted—there is neither a general summary of contents nor an index. Both there might be supplied in the next number of the Bulletin.—Gardeners' Chronicle, 254 PLANTING IN JAVA. COFPEE—CACAO—TBA, The Ceylon Editors having intimated to me that my Leeminiscences of Java would be to some extent of general interest I am pleased to sulmit the following notes for use at the Editors’ dis- cretion :— { Omitting particulars that may be found in the Copia there are matters interesting to a visitor from Ceylon too numerous for a news- paper notice, and we can only attempt an im- perfect sketch of general impressions. No stranger to acountry is entitled to speak of it with authority after a mere holiday tour of 6 weeks, the time itself being insufficient to visit all the important dis- tricts, cr to study the principal products. Its CHIEF INTEREST for us lies in the circumstance that for a short time it was held by the English, having been virtually exchanged for Ceylon. Batavia lies in nearly the same latitude South as Colombo lies North, and the Dutch have carried through their Colonial system without interruption; for nearly a century in Java, while the English have followed an entirely different system in Ceylon contemporaneously. To apply any measure of respective success and felis to the two systems is beyond the sphere of these observations, The conditions com- mon to the two countries are limited to their tropical situation, and it may be said that all other conditions vary most significantly. A few remarks as to the PLANTING ENTERPRISE may be of interest to our readers : Ceylon have been rivals in COFFEE PRODUCTION, and though Ceylon bore the palm for ex- cellence of quality her importance as a coffee country has gone, while in Java many of the old Estates remain and new lands may be, and are being opened uP to advantage : such is likely to be the case whilst the commodity maintains its present high value; for although in the wetter aetnets of the Country, particularly in West Java where planting received the first and the fullest attention, the trees have (in the low country) failed or fallen sick, these lands are toa consider- able extent being replanted with the Liberian variety and with other things, including some Cocoa; and there remain in East and Central J ava, Java and where the climate is dryer and therefore better, - large tracts of land are available at the pleasure of the Dutch Government. It isimpossible to say exactly what the POLICY OF THE GOVERNMENT is, but in the presence of a very rapidly increasing a emeea ie first object would seem to be to reserve land both inthe low country and inthemoun- tains for posterity ; and the recent policy has cer- tainly been to give out no lands to Planters if, throughout the stringent investigation preliminary to any grant, the slightest objection is raised by the local inhabitants or by any of the numerous officials through whom the process of enquiry is conducted. Itis not enough that it will benefit the revenues and condition of the country for such and such a plantation to be opened or extended, but there mnst be no objection to it; and even then, APPLICATIONS FOR LAND have been refused in expansive wastes on mountain sides where there is no one to be interfered with. To begin with, an applicant has to search for THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. + ha land he thinks suitable, and to choose such as he may hope will not be refused. Then he has to mark out the boundaries with stone pil- Jars, and after all preliminaries extending over perhaps 3 years or more, he may be politely but distinctly refused. It would he virtually im- possible for astranger to enter the country with the object of taking up land for planting, for the most patient must lose heart and precious time. These hinderances might lead one to suppose that the acquisition of land involvedits alienation by the Government; but no, when the land is eventually granted it is not in free hold or in fee simple but in “erfpacht,” that is a lease for 75 years, the rent commencing in the sixth year—for a foreigner is prohibited by law from purchasing more than 10 Bouws.* (= about 17 acres)—The Ceylon Planters who have acquired interests in Java obtained their lands on this system of 75 years lease. The District in which their interest lies is situated in East Java, on the South side of the Great Raoen mountain, which is an old Volcano about 11,000 feet high, clothed with magnificent forest from the sea to the summit. THE EAST END OF JAVA is much drier than the West, and even in the West Monsoon, October to March, which is the planting season, the temperature does not fall much, and days without any sun- shine are rare. The East Monsoon April to September, which sets from New Guinea and Australia is dry, with local showers originating in the mountains rather than drifting up from the sea. It is at about the middle of this period that cold nights are experienced. Moisture is so continuous in WEST JAVA that in some localities even the stems of the coconut trees bear lichens and small ferns in a manner not experienced in Ceylon, but any bad effect of this superabundant humidity seems to be offset by the good na- tural drainage afforded by the free voleanic soil, and moreover the weather is not bad, or persistently dull and sunless, for weeks and weeks together as in our mountain region. THE JAVA MOUNTAINS differ trom ours characteristically not being all clustered together in one Province monopolising all the rain clouds and defying for months together the genial sun; but t ey are individuals or limited ranges, that rise im their grand sweep from the sea or from the low country so gently at first that fields and plantations lie on the slopes without seeming to have left the plain. A glance at a map will show how the mountains occur at intervals, _princi- pally along the centre of the Island, East and West, having their valleys set North and South —that is across the narrow sections of the Island. (Hence the rivers are not very great). The volea- nic influences thus extend throughout the whole Island and the wondrous fertility of the coun- try may be attributed to these circumstances, com- bined with the frequent supplies of tropical rains, JAVA VERSUS CEYLON. There seems no question but that any and every plant that growa can be cultivated to better advan- tege in Java than in Ceylon, while the higher lands (scarcely touched as yet) are conceivably capable of cultivation not praciicable here. Cypresses and Casuarinas are indigenous on the highest mountains (though it puzzles sc’'ence how they came there), [Ocr. r, 1894. 7 Oe. 1; 1894. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 255 Seinen ; THE NATIVES are naturally indolent and unthrifty, but the Dutch planters are second to none in in- telligence and in their capacity as agricul- turists, and in thoroughness—in fact the latter quality might perbaps be deemed to more than compensate Anglo-Saxon exertion and activity. The Government are careful to correct the native apathy by many methods which we might decm extra- neous ; such es requiring them to cultivate, and dictating tke succession of crops, preventing the sale or mortgage of their family and communal lands to aliens; but ‘‘ let them Jaugh who win,’ ‘There is SCARCELY A PAUPER among thirty million inhabitants, and the only diffi- culty our Ceylon friends have encountered in rapidly opening their extensive coffee lands arises from the prosperity of tbe indigenous population. The difficulty however is thought to be but temporary. The lands are in the middle of a vast expanse of primeval forest, and the villagers in the district have their occupations and means of livelihood. LABOUR can be attracted from more thickly popu- lated centres (just as for Ceylon estates) and such people will not have occasion to return to their homes to harvest the tobacco or paddy crops. There is a difference of as much as four hundred per cent between cooly wages in West and Hast Java, the tea planters and others in West Java paying sometimes.as little as 15 cents of a guilder a day, as against 60 cents paid in East Java; and here it may be remarked that the low wages on the estates enables planters to work profitably notwithstanding the comp:ratively low prices of JAVA TEAS and the abeence of any discount in Hxchange—20 cents of a guilder at 1s 8d is about the same as 25°7 gents of a rupee at ls 2d. However, it does not ssem probable that many new tea lands will be opened. At present Java exports neatly 8 million pounds and imports about 3 million, the people seeming to think that China tea is the correct article, though to our taste the Java is better, This may be accounted for by the presence of so many Chinese (nearly # million in all Java) principally traders and of the better class, none of them being labourers or domestic servants, though a few may be geen carrying goods near the wharves in Sourabaya. THE WEALTHIEST MAN IN JAVA is a Chinaman, and a large proportion of the COhinese were born in Java and have no intention of visiting China, There are some special laws and regulations regarding their domicile &.., for they are so much more intelligent than the natiye races that they could easily get the better of them if not restrained. They own sugar factories and trade whole cargoes to China &c. : and ag rail- way clerks, Bank shrofis, writers, shopkeepers &e. : appear very useful and respectable members of society. Notes of the visit would be incomplete without some reference to the MODES OF TRAVEL. There are many most admirable main roads which, Speaking generally are much brosder than those in Ceylon, and all are well shaded with fine trees, Peaprally tamarind trees in the low country, ut often Waa trees, called in Java, Djohar. Ths roads were made and are for the most part Maintained by unpaid labour, each yillage gr Kampong being assigned a share, Hasy 8 travelling is much ascisted by turning ail the heavy cart-traffia on to one side of the road—~ really off the road, excepting at the culverts and br dges. THE NATIVE. PONIES, which are everywhere met with, are ® souree of considerable wealth to the country. They are very hardy aud long-winded and _ travel as well as any horses, Those bred in Sandal- wood Island are reckoned the best, but the Birma and Timer ponies are soaresly less useful. The value cf tke mativa ponies is from £20 to £50 guilders and they will trot with the'r load 15 miles, with a short halt half way for a light repast of rice and molacses. The only reason epparent for these ponies being bred in Java and not in Ceylon is the better pasturage of green herbage ia Java. The villagers own ponies as our villagers own bullocks, but the ponies are more serviceable. Men and women are geen riding them to market with their pro- duce in paniers, and every form of vehicle on wheels is 0 be mat with, having from one to four ponies as may be requisite. One can travel in the Java towns as far for 25 cents in a dos—a-dos’ for 2 as one can travel iu a ’wicksha in Colombo, The roads in and near towns are lightel at night by kerosine oil lamps suspended over tha middle of the road from wires stretched across tree to tree, which is much more effective than standard lamps on the road side. Of the numerous Voloanoes, the agriculture, the {rade and coasting steamer traffic, railways, tram- ways, posts, telegraphs and telephone-, the standing ermy of 30,000 (about half of which is engaged in the Acheen war), the wonderfal antiquities, the Government, and communal village system, land tenure &., &c., more might be said, but it would be beyond the scoge of these notes, One fact is however of iaterest, THE NATIVES ARE GOVERNED THROUGH THE NATIVES, and a‘mirable ord:r and respect are main: tained. The native officials are all paid, and well paid, om salaries (oesides a'low-= ances) ranging from £40 up to £1,000 sterling a year in eich Province or R«sidency, of which there are some 22, The Senior Officers are dupli- cated, so that thera is one Kuropsan and one Native at each of the more important posts throughout the county; and heavy though the cost may appear tobe, the thorough system of responsible control is surely worth it all when comparad with a syzetem that does not attain, with equal success, to the primary oljecta of civiliza'ion—the safety of life and property— THE TAXES may be dsemed high but they are mainly levied upon profits or profitabla property —not tithcs or “rent” upon gross returns whether pro- fitable or not—and while the English are wont to express horror at the suggestion of export duty, the Dutch are coatent to take it, in a degree that is tolerable and when the sgriculturist oannot be brought under eontribution in any other way. THE MONETARY SYSTEM of Java and the Dutoh Hast Indies represents the ideal which the Indian Government hos aimed at in closing its Mints and offering to exchange 15 Xupees for a pound sterling. Silver and the dollars of the East fall, but 12 guilders (each worth 1s. 8d. whenthe rupee was worth 2s.) continue to ex- change for a pound, and though there is thus a cold standard, gold is rarely seen in the internal commerce of the country and most of the natives would prefer to be paid in silver or by a note of the Java Bank, The Agriculturist who inyesty 286 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. in Java has thus the benefit of placing his Capital on a sterling basis, but he misses the advantage gained by the Indian colonist in financing for his crops with the aid of a low exchange. Here for the present we take Jeave of the country which Wallace, writing in 1866, des- cribed (in one of three similar outbursts) as “that noble and tertile island—the very gar- “‘den of the East, and perhaps upon the whole “the richest, the best cultivated, and the best ‘‘soverned tropical island in the world.” SS. P.S.—It will interest some of our Planters to add that CACAO PLANTING receives a good deal of attention, and the quality produced ranks high in vyalue, Hite the quantity exported is less from Jaya than from Ceylon. Our Ceylon friends have commenced to open a Cacao Plantation in East Java. The following are the recent exports viz :— 1890 = 8245 Piculs of 136 Ib. 1891 = 5751 ,, “i 1892 = 5029 ,, 1898 = 8457 ,, # “The Jaya COFFEE CROPS for 1894 are estimated at 312,910 Piculs Govern- ment Account and 446,250 Piculs Private Estates. AN INSECTICIDE. Dr. George Watt and some tea planters in Northern India are becoming interested in a new insecticide, to which we drew the attention of the Director of the Peradeniya Gardens, Dr. Trimen in reply says:—‘' If Ican get time I shall certainly try the effect of an icfusion of Adhatoda on insect life. The plant is not uncommon in the lowcountry here, but I know it g:nerally as a cultivated hedge-plant in native gardens. The names in Sinhalese are ‘ Agalidara’ and ‘ Wana- epala ;’ the Tamil name is ‘ Adhatodai,’ from which the kotanical name is derived, In India it is known by the English as the ‘ Malabar Nut,’ a name not used here, ‘he leaves have a slightly bitter taste and the plant is used in native medicine in bronchial attacks and especially in children’s coughs.” —_—_—_—__-_>__——_ PLANTING IN TRAVANCORE. THROUGH SOUTHERN INDIA—DROUGHT— IRRIGATION WORKS—COTTON MILLS. Messrs. John and Joseph Fraser have returned recently after a very pleasant trip through a large portion of the Travancore Hill regions as well as Madura and Tinnevelly. They first went to Tin- nevelly by rail, thence by bullock-transit to Pal- lamcotta and thence by horses up to the estates of their friend Mr. Valentine where they found fine soil and good tea and coffee, but an irregular labour supply—a flood at one time, and a famine at another.—Coming back to the Haet, Messrs. Fraser next found their way to North Travancore. They visited Mr. Payne who is cultivating on the old Ceylon style, too generally neglected in Southern India; and afterwards got into the district (from 5,000 to 8,000 feet elevation) which has been lately coupled with the enterprise of Sir John Muir’s Company. The land is there and the soil is unquestionably magnificent; but the difficulties of labour and_ outlet or transport are so great that Messrs, Fraser do not anticipate that any great extent could be opened and cultivated with tea for five or even ten years to come. At pre- sent, cinchona which requires little labour is chiefly pytonded t9 by Baron _adistance of frem 20 to 30 feet. e Rosenherg and others. - The Ghauts are represented as terribly stee and the difficulties” in getting up 4 da 4 6s very great. There was heavy rain all along the renges; but in returning vis Madore, the lowcountry was suffering from drought, Mes ra, Fraser visited the sights at Madura, and also inspected s Cotton Mill which is paying well, maxing yarn only, but then active wil -workers who give 10 hours a doy, are con'ent with one fauam of wsges for the same. Altogether the trip haa becn a very pleasant one, though the “ crossing” to Colombo wes very much the opposite. —~ i TEA IN HAWAIIL. The cultivation of tea in Hawaii is ssid to be merely & matter of planting it and keeping down weeds and that there is no need of the heavy expenditure neces- sary in Ceylon for roads, rains, etc., and their up- keep, not mentioning everlasting fertilizing. One Optimistic individual feels assured, that with the better crops that are already promising Hawsii can make as good a thing ont of tea us they are doing in Ceylov. ‘If,’ he says, “our Jabor costs three time, as much, I know that a Jap if he wants tocan do twice as much in ten hours as a Ceylon coolie is physically capable of.’—American Grocer. ——_——@—_______ NUTMEG CULTIVATION IN GRENADA. The Bellevue Estate is 1,000 feet above the level of the sea. Near the house is a nutmeg plantation, which covers an area of about ten acres The trees are 80 to 40 years old of great and productiveness, and at the time of my visit were bearing a very heavy crop. Nutmegs are also gr. wo in other parts of the Estate, but the trece ere much younger, aud do not appear to be £0 pio- ductive es the older trees. On the estates in Grenaly the cullivation of vutmeg and cacao is genersly carried on at the same time, as the seme curgition are favourable to both. The nutmeg requires a rich well-drained soil, a ra‘nfall of 70 or 80 inenes, a fairly hot climate, and a position eheltend from strong wints, There are different methods of Leginuing a Natmeg Plantation. In some cases the plants are raised in Nurseries or bamboo pots, and then trans- planted; in others, the seeds are at ovee sown where it is intended the trees stall grow permanently, In the latter cace the trees begin to bear earlirr than inthe former. With respect to planting, there are various opinins 68 to the Gistavce which should intervene between cach tree; but, so far a8 I could learn, clise planting is advantegeons, as the trees afford shelter to each other, aud grow more quickly. If they bec:me overcrowded they can easily be thinned. The trees may safely be planted at The sex of a natmeg tree is not declared until it flowers, which 1s usually four or five years after planting, and ae it is necessary that there should be @ proportion of one male treeto 10 cr 12 female trees, two or three trees should be planted close togetber to provide for the exigencics of disproportion. It is usually six or seven years before a nutmeg tree begiue to produce, and it then continues to increase in value for some years to come. Before depositing the nuts in the begs and baskets, the labourers who gather them carefully take off the mace which surrounds theshell and place it in a separate receptacle. Both the nuts and mace are then carried sway snd dried. Nether the nuts nor the mace must be dried in the sun, nor is any specially- constructed building required. Ali that is necessary is that it should be aried gradually in an ordinary building whichis perfectly dry. When the nuts are thoroughly dried the shell is cracked with a small Wocden mallet, and the kernel or nutmegis taken out; the nutmegs are then arranged accorsing to size, and packed in small wocden boxes for exportation. After it is thoroughly dried the mace is also packed tightly in boxes and exported atthe same time. The yie.d of mace is about one-fifth of the weight of the nutmegs— Ihr, Orouther’s Report, a Oct. 1, 1894. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 257 ——— eee °‘-' -“-——_—-—>orOEOOOOlo GROWING TEA IN SOUTH CAROLINA, It is said that the tea-growing industry is likely to assume large proportions and to vea valuable addi- tion to the fources of revenue in South Carolina. The Summerville plantation, under the charge of a Mr. Jackson, an expert tes-grower from Assam, is going into the business on a commercial seale. Mr, Jackson says be can raise tea in South Cirolina with negro labor cheaper than it can be raised in Assam with coolie labor, ss the negroes are much more reliable. Some of the tea raised on that plantation last year sold on its merits a3 high as $l a pound. The State Agricultural Oollege is trying to spread among the planters information about tea culture and to interest them in the crop. The New Orleans ‘¢ Picayune has on a previous oegasion called attention to thia crop as one that coull be raised with profit on the Gulf coast. Any doubter can bave his doubts set at rest by going to Ocean Springs and inspecting the luxurious plants growivg on the place of Captain June Poiteyent, says our contemporary.—New York Price Current. Se ee AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS OF NICARAGDA. The principal agricultural wealth of Nicaragua lies in its coffee plantations, aud although this industry is still in itsinfancy every year witnesses its auzmen- tation, and the Bureau of the South American Re. publics states that the time is near at hand when Nicaraguan coffee will take the prominent position to which it is certainly entitled. There are millions of acres in the country that are especially adapted to its caltivation. Cuffee grows well a'most everywhere in Nicaragua, but best in the mountainous districts. The production at a height of from 200 to 2,000 feet above the level of the sea is generally at the rate of 3ib, and in some cases Ilb per tree. At an eleva- tion of 2,000 or 3,000 teet the production fluctuates between 1, 2, 3,4, and even 5\b per tree according to the quality of the ground. At a higher altitude the production diminishes gradually until it ceases en- tirely on account of the cold temperature. There are in Nicaragva, certain coffee regions offering the best possible advantages for the cultivation of this plant. They are to be found in the departments of Manegua, Oarazo, Mategalpa, Chontales, Jinotega, and on the slopes of the hills and voicazoes of the other departments. For some years past in conse- quence of the high price of coffee, a great impu'se has been given to its productiov. According to the public records, 24,598 manzanas of public land were taken up in 1890, of which 16,740 manzanas were intended for the cultivation of coffee. Ors these 8,491 manzanas arein the department of Matagalpa, aud 4,101 in that of Managua, In the department of Motaga pa alone, there sre at the present time about 2,000,000 young trees under cultivation, which will begin to yield imabonta year’s time. The construc- tion of the Nioaragua Ospal, and of railroads that are projected to the Atlantic coast will, it 1s expected give an immense impetus to coffee-growing. The production of indi3-rubber is an important industry in Nicaragua, but it is annually decreasing from the reckless slaughter of the trees, India-rubber, called in South America caucho, and ia Central America hule, ig obtained in South America from the siphonia elastica, a tree growing to 50 or 60 feet in height. The collectors of rubber, called Auleros, emp!oy several methods to obtain it. In some cases the trees are fe'led and channels out round the trunk from which the sap or milk flows; in others the ives is left standing, and two or three vertical channels, according to the size of the tree, are cut through the bark from top to base; then numerous oblique chennels are cut connecting with the vertical ones, to do this work the huleros improvise ladders from the vines and creepers, which everywhere abound in the tropical foresis. In all the lower regions of Nicaragua, parti- cularly in those extending towards the Carittean coast there are large tracts of land suitable for growing rubber trees, and itissaid that their culti- vation would prove very profitable to anyone who cou'd afford to wait for a return from capital invested until the trees reach maturity which is from seven to ten years, Bananas are largely grown, and when the bars at the mouths of the rivers are improved, and when the interoceavic canal and railroads afford means of transportation, this froit will become a still more prominent feature in the exports from Nicaragua and the large profits yielded to the producera will stimulate agricultural operations on thousands of acres of fertile laad now practically uncultivated. There isa variety of the banana family the plantain whose production in Nicaragua need only be limited by the demand for it which must become immense when its merits are appreciated. In Nicaragua, this fruit is boiled, stewed, baked, roasted in the ashes, friej, dried and ground into flour, cooked in the skin or ont of it green Or ripe, and produces much more nutriment per acre than is yielded by wheat, maize, or potitoes. Oacao is growo in Nicaragua, and is sold with adyantage in the markets of the world: The sugarcane grows with extraordinary luxuriance. - The canes are soft, and contain no more woody substance or less saccharine matter than those pro- duced in the East or West Indies, where their du- rationis wonderful, A great deal of the sugar manu- factured in Nicarsgua is of a coarse brown quality the juice being merely boiled until it crystallizes, without being cleared of thes molasses. In this c ude state it is poured into moulds formicg sma'l cakes, which are sold to the poorer classes. A very lerge quantity of the sugarcane i3 urel in the manu- facture of a species of ram called aquardiente. The bulz of the sugar produced in the Republic is manufacturcd in the district of Jinoteps, in the Department of Granada, where slthough very primi- tive and imperfect methods are employed, it is tated that in the year 1890 the production amounted to about 2,500,000 pounde. The tota] production for 1890 exceeded 3,500,000 pounds. Cotton ia indigenous in Nicaragua, end the finest quality can be produced in vast quautities. Instead of being an annual plant, as in the United States, the cotton plant is peren- nial in Nioaragus, ani growing much larger yields - double the quantity that it does inthe most favoured locality in the United States, Miaze, rice, and tobacco are abundantly grown. Indigo and cochineal were formerly produced in large quantities, but as they have been superseded by the introduction of mineral dyes, the cultivation of these articles hag almost entirely ceased. The yuca, the yam (name) and the sweet potato are the principai farinaceous root that are extensively cultivated. The yuca is not only useful for food, but valuable from an in- dustrial point of view, as the starch it yields could readily be made aa extensive article of commerce, The breadfruit grows to perfection in Nicaragua, The tres consists of a ma‘sive trunk with dark green leaves and it begins to bear about three years after planting. It yields two crops in the year, one lasting through March and April, and the other from August to Ostober. Each fruit weighs from six to ten pounds and is said to hava a delicious taste when fried or boiled. The coconut tree ie abundant, and on the Caribbean coast it is an important article of com- merce, although no efforts have been made to utilise the fibre of the husk. Jvrijoles, the brown beans that form such a prominent artic’e of diet throughout Spanish America, are produced abundantly in all parts of the Republic, while all other tropical fruits such as oranges, lemons, limes, citrons, pive-apples, guavas, mangoes. &c. grow in great profusion. The vegetables of the temperate zone grow luxuriously in the more elevated districts,—Journal of the Society of Arts. ee IMPORTS OF COFFEE INTO UNITED STATES, Our readers will appreciate the kinduess and courtesy of the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics, Worthington OC. Ford, io furnishing them with the following tta'ement; in adyance of publication, show- 258 | om THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. — [Ocr. 1, Bed? jag the source and extent of the coffe supply of the United States for the fiscal and trade year ending June 30th 1894:— FREE OF DUTY. Countries from which imported. Quantity. Value, Pounds. Dollars. France... 9... we ss ~—-:11,495,374 —«:1,868,536 Germany we its ; 9,038,124 1,521,261 Netherlands .. ie = 5,022,779 1,001,802 England ... .. s. = s» 8,826,659 1587,062 Costa Rica .. i «13 237,553 2,122,110 Gustemala .. Pr «» 13 .939,926 1 928 939 Niesragua ... at of 2.513,814 885,477 Mexico... ... one «» 988,265,712 6,934,785 British West ludies.. He 8,265,083 1,343,716 Brazil ... vee ide « 877,825:972 60,377,765 British, Hast Indies ... A, 1,448,985 251,639 Datch East Indies ... 15,737,707 8,175,842 British Possessions(allothers) 4,248,978 846,878 Albother countcies ... 21,781,240 3,772,181 Tolala cus .. 531,677,906 87,167,993 DUTIABLE. Countries from which impcrted, Quantity. Value. Pounds. Do lars. Colombia .., tee ais 2,657,070 443,538 Vevezve'a ... won 16 515,888 2,689,479 All other countries 66,307 8,551 Totals ... ww» 19,229,265 3,141,568 While Brazl1 furnishe1 the world with 64$pr cent. of its supply. it sen’s to the United Siates 684 per cent, of itsimpcrts. A fw years since nearly 75 per cent. was con'ributed by Brazil, but there figures indicate the icereasing importance of the supp'y drawn frem Mexico, Ceutcal America, Vesezue'a and other couvtries.—American Grocer, Aug. Ist, ——__@—____— THE U.S. GOVERNMENT TEA FARM. A Washing!on correrpondent of the New York Evening Post, reviews the history of the at‘empts at tea culture made at Summerville, 8.C.. during the administration of Agricultural Oommis-ioner Loring and concludes that “ita ghost is not likely to be re- ted.” ile says:— "oer hist not be assumed from this however, tbat tea cannot ke raised successfully enough for private consumption in this country, Tt is only as a com- morcial predact that it is necesssrily a failure here. The tea plant.or tree growe very well iu th3 open air where climates much more rigorous than thas about Summervile. But whst we lack in this country is the combination of soil and clinate which will enable. us to take from the plant tweive or fourteen pickings jn the course of a season; and without this we cannot hope to compete with the imported teas. A deep rich loam such as is foucd in our best garden soil, i3 2 pime necessity and the rainfall should be go distributed as to encourage constant succession of fresh young, leaves. In cess the natural rainfall will not supply this nerd it muct be eupplied by artificial irrigation, which is somewhat expensive. The beat ehould also be coutinuous during epring miner. cana in our South, where negro labor is not ex- pens:ve as measured by ordivary standards, it costs more to harvest acrop of tea than it does in China or in Injia, and unle:s we can have all the desired qualities of svi’ and climate to produce a rapid suc= cession of craps, and the obeapest of Jabor, eas well aa the must skiliful, for harvesting these crops, there ‘ig no movey for the American farmer in tea-raising. Tt is thought by some experts that thers are parts of Florida where,tea culture might be more success- fully cariicd o1 than in either Ge-rgia or South Ca-olina, and t'.e Departu ent cf Agriculture is still distributing the seed :r plents recessary for modest private experiments; but the Government tea farm as a separate institution is a thing of the past, and its gbostis not likely to be resnrrected. : In the American Grocer, of April 5th 1893, there ‘appesred two illustrations showing a three-year old tea garden in Piveburst, South Carolina, and an actount of the experiment Lemg conducted there by Prof. Charles U. Shepard. He estimated that it would cost 20 cents per pound to grow and manu- facture tea st Pinehurst, if machinery was used in cutting and leaving out of the caleulation proper fixed charges, He statei the truth in raving: “There is an iodeterminable ‘if’ sbout the whole caloulation.” In the present condition of the tes industry there is not the faintest shadow of cncour- agement that the United States can produce tes in competition with China, Japan, Iodia or Ceylon. ——— eee COFFEE PLANTING IN PERAK. On Wedvesday, 22nd Aug. Mr. Caulfield, State Engiveer, with the Assistant Engineer, Mr. Scott, (Iospector of Mines), and Mr. F. A. Stepbea left Ta‘ping for Matang Road Station by first train. They stopped st Simping and went out two or three miles on the New Kran Road, end then returned to Simpang. From here they walked along the Railway line to the boundary of Mr. Stephens’ newly acquired land for coffee planting. From there they walked along to the Public Works Department new Irriga- tion Works. Oa walking slong the embaukmeut, (about a mile or @ mile and a half), the visi.ors weie surprised to see, when about beif a mile from the end of the embankment, near to Mataog Rosd, one of the fiues’-grown plantations of about five acres of Lnberisn Coffee that avy of them had ever seen. Lie land was owned end worked by a Manila man. From what this man has beea able to «lo on his sma'l plantation, gooi prophecies msy be made with regsrd to. Mr. S'ephene’ large plantation closely aijoining. This will no doubt lead to a rush for Jand in the same neighbourhood. From obrervation, the new canal, now being opened owing to Mr. Stephene having taken up so much land, will uot only prove “ a boon and a blessing ” to bis land, but to » large area around it, and wiil encour- rge others to take up land there, It is the first real attempt at irrigation proper thst hes been msde in this State, and for the honour of the State and the glory of its promoters we hope it msy be a deciced success, and, if it be so, thatthe good example thus afforded may be follow2d in other parts, and tend to the further grea er developement of our great Native State of Perak.—Singapore Advertiser. es ARROWROOT CULTIVATION ST. VINCENT. I left the gardens about 10 o’clock en}, aftr brerkfast, hired a horse and rode over to Belair, Mr. Brown, the owner, received me very kindly, aud showed me over bis estate end works and gave me al the informaticn in his power. The arrowroot of St. Vincent is well known and forms one of the principal sources of supply of this well—kuown article of food. It is the predact of Maranta arundinacea, a low-growivg tubercas rooted plant. The arrowrout is obtained from the tubers cf the plant. The uspal mode of cultivation and manufacture carrie] on in St Viucent is the following:—When the yrouad has been dug and caiefally prepared portions of the root or tuber about six inches long (generaily ths upper eud, which conta'ns very little starch) are planted at in- tcrvals of eix incbes. Two or three weeks after panting the leaves begin to ajp2ar above the ground, IN and the fields are then wee.ed either by hand or — with small hoes. It is very important in the culti- vation of arrowroot that the land should be kept clean, and therefore this ] several times until the plan’s have become cient size to cover the ground and prevent the rapid growth of weeds. The crop is cau ripe and realy operation has to be be . ‘of sufi. a Oct. 1, 1894.) to be gathered about 10 or 12 months from the time of planting. Its maturity is indicated by the tops or leaves turning yellow avd falling off. The roots run to a depth of from 16 to 18 inches below the surface of the ground and are dug up with hoes. At the same time that the labourers are gathering the crop they break off the upper portion of the root end replant it so that the operations of gathering aud planting are carried on simultaneously. All dead leaves &c. are dug into the ground, and form manure for the ensuing crop. The manufacture of arrowroot is a simple process, and does not require expensive machinery, The most important thing is to have a good supply of clean fresh water. When the tubers arrive at the miil they are well soaked in water ani thoroughly washed. The onter covering of skin is then tiken off, and they sre again washed. After this they are put through a pulping mach ne which tears the roots to pieces. The pulp is placed in a sieve and, whilst water is flowing on it, it is const antly stirred so that the grains of starch are separated from the fibrous portion. The fibre is further removed by being strained through sieves of vated fineness. Lhe water containing the starch flows into tanke, where it is allowed to settle, and the water is then run off. It is again washed to remove any remaining impurities. ‘The pure starch is taken from the settling-tanks and placed on trays to dvain and harden, after which it is removed to ths drying house, Itis then placed in the to pmost of a series of sieves of progressive fineness, which are suspeniied over large wooden trays. The arrow- root becomes dry, cracks end falls through sieve after sieve, until it finally reaches the wooden tray at the bottom ina fine granulated form. This completes the preparation, and it is now realy to be putin barrels for exportation. The dry is done by means of air, the drying-house being open on all sides to ensure free circulation.— Wr Crowther’s Report. —_—_—_g—____—_ TEA CULTIVATION IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY DURING THE YEAR 1893. The total area under tea cultivationin the Madras Presidency during the year 1893 amounted to 3,900 acres, against 5,694 acres in 1892. Tea planting ‘was confined to the districts of the Nilgiris and Malabar during the year. The plantations in the Vizagapatam and Madura districts were abandoned during the year. From. figures furnished by the owners cf plantations the total area under mature plants during the year was 2,938 acres, against 5,467 acres in 1892; and under immature plants 387 acres, against 227 acres. These figures from the total area, as details of the area under mature and immature plants are not available in the vase of some detached patches. There were 85 tea plantations, 80 on the Nilgiris and 5 in Malabar, sgainst 97, 93 on the Nilgiris and 4 in Malabar in the previous year. he number of persons employed on these plantations during the year was permanently 150,726, against 54,105, and tem- porarily 41,577, against 13,245.n the previous year. The total yield of tea during 1893 was 829,303\b., against 116,2401b. in the previous year. The average yield in lb. per acre of mature plants was 301 in the Nilgiris, against 200 in 1592, and 66 in Mala- bar, against 299. 1,666 acres of land were taken up for planting but were not yet planted during the year, against 1,016 acres in the previous year. Tne number of tea plantations in Travancore on the 311: December, 1873, were 82, egainst 70 on tae same date in the previous year. Tce total area under tsa dunng the year was 7,780 avres, against 7,824 acres in 1892; the aiea unier mature and inmature plants was 5,788 aud 1,992 acre-, against 6,068 and 2,256 acres in the pree:ding year. The total approximate yield was 2,077,012 lb. all being black tea, against 2,030,225 1b. viz, 1,870,225 blaok ‘and 160,000 Ib. of green tea. The total number of ditfer . a THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 250 persons employed permanently on the plantations and gardens in ‘Travancore during the -year was 1.115,040, against 955,935 in 1892. The average yiel3 per acre was 359 1b, against 4011b. in 1892. In Cochin there were ‘only two plantations ag. in the previous year, with 57 acres under tea, against 51 acres in 1892. There wera 51. acres under mature and 6 under immature plants, against 41 and 10 respectively in 1892. During 1893 only 2 persons were emplored permanently on these plane tations, against 19 in 1892, and 3,800 temporarily, against 2,000. The total approximate yield was 18 850 Ib, of black tea, against 6,1001b., viz., 6.050 of black and 501lb. of green tea in the preceding year. he average yield in I). per acre of mature plants was 370, against 149 in 1892.—adras Times. ro CACAO CULTIVATION IN TRINIDAD. Acoumpan‘ed by Mr. Hart, I rode through ceveral Cacao Estates in the Maravaland Squta Cruz districts with a view of examining the method of cultivation and arrangement; and by the kind permission of Mr. Watkivs, the Mauvager ot cne of these estates, I wag enabled to examine in detail the method of growing and curing cacao. I subsequently visited other cacao estates, but as the mode of cultivation, and the arrangement of the drying-houses, &c., are alike throughout the colony, if may be well to deal wi:h the auestion fuily now. The young cacao plants are placed at intervals of tweive or filteen feet ap:rt according to the natore of the soil, avd plantains or other vegetab!es are placed close to thm for the purposes of temporary shade. At the same time the ‘cacao mother” (Evy- thrina umbrosa) is plented every 50 or 60 feet apart jor permanent shade. Other plants are alsoused for this purpose, such as the Sandbox ‘ree (Hura crepitans) the Guango, &e., but Hrythrina is the one most frequently u:ed, During the early stiges of the cult vation it is most important that the Cacao Planta. tion should be kept free from weeds; as the trees grow and cover the land the weeds do not grow so quickly, and are very easily dispored of. I observed that pruning was very much veglected in Trinidad, I vi-ited one or two estates, however, where great attention was paid to thisimportant branch of cultiva- tion, but generally it was aimost entirely disregarded. As the Cacao pods are borse on the stem and main brauches of the tree, it is essentia! that these branches should be kept clear of foliage and small branches by caretul pruning, A tree cousisting of a single stem with four or five spread'ng branches about 2 ft. 6 in. or 3 fr. from the ground would undoubtedly produce the best crops, and development in this direction thould be aimed at. The tree should be kept open in the centre to permit a free circulation of air, and the ends of the branches only should be covered with leaves so that they might afford shade to the inner portion of the tree. All suckers and inward- growing branches should be pruned off, and the branches kept free from mosses and other epiphytes, as they prevent the development of the flowers. In gathering the crop the greatest care must be exer- cised or perminent damayed will be done to the tres, Tho pod must be cut off cleanly with a sharp kni‘e, and on no account mus; it be pulled or twisted off. It should be cut as close to the pod as possible, because at the p'ace where the pod is attached there are eyes from which the flowers for the next year’g crop will epriug, and in the proportion thay ihe eyes are damaged in that proportion does the tree become sterile, When gathered the pods are placed iu heaps and out open with a cutlass, and the beans are taken out and conveyed to the “sweating-house”’ to undergo the process of fermentation. There are many opinions as to the best made of sweating, but L think the me hod generally preferred is to allow the beans to ferment for eight or nine days, turning them over about three times during this period, so that an equal degree of fermentation may take place throughout the mass. Some kinds of cacao do not require so much sweating as others, bust only ex- perience can determine this, 260 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. a> “ supp'y the Bogawantalawa teas that are wanted, in order to humour some other district which boous-el them or advertisei them, promising great things, that Company would fail, and would de-e ve to fail, It is quite a novel tung that any customers should be bumoured: that they should discriminate and have the good for- tuve to be sup, lied. It is a most hopeful sign, end it will Jead to good things if the planter who plucks the leaf, knows that he hae got to suit a cer'a'n taste and does so. But even Mr. Roberts makes ou+ mistake (in my humble opision) when he says that the Americana will never be large consumers of onr teas, becau:e the “climate ig opposed to the appreciatico of delicate flavourings.” By this he infers that delicate flavouring is an essential to Ceylon tes; that lot sold by Messrs. Somerville wilt show that it is not so, but, of course, Mr. Roberte only knows Ceylon tea as it is, and not as it might be. How can be coutrovert the idea thit if we can supply the same tea at a lower price it will not be taken in large quantities. Why should it be refused ? Would the abseuce of adulters- ti ns spoil our chances? Tea can be produced at 3} 1, but as Ceylon tea it ecau’t get isto America, but a; China tea it woulji, Can the Chivese produce ata lower cost? The correspoudecce sbout whole ». half leaf pluckiog i+ almost settled in India. The question now is whether to take the thrd icaf at ail or to Jcave it ono the bushes. Bat mention is made of plucking leaf 12 months from the date of praving. Of course, in India there ia no such leaf; the bushes ere pron d svnually (except in some very poor dis'riets) so that at the most you can get only leaf nive months alter pruning. I imagioe that a Ceylon garden prone avnually would give stronger tea than osé pruned with inotervels of 18 months, and that at the end of two years the leaf would be very poor a1d weak—even s leaf and a bud would make poor t a. This isa question for yourselves only, but it may acconnt for the inferior strength of Ceylon as compared with Iudisn tes, and the matter might be te:tei by plucking leaf cff bushes left for several years fcr seed and lesf from the same busbes, svon after pruning. As to tbe Voluntary subscribers, I advice them to subscribe a large break of China tea and see whether it sells at a greater los in America than their own t2a does in Colombo. If not, then they might improve by practice, or even go so far as to hira a Obicaman to show them how to improve, We now have a chance of establishing the tea trade on a4 firm basis; that of discovering the consumer who will take such tea as we can make, and who will refuse a!l other tea although such tea is “ better ” in the estimation of other peopls. Let me be thoroughly understood, I propose no change for those who are getting good and payiug prices for their tea, I merely sugyest a line of action for those who are not remunerated to the value of their leaf, those who are crowding and pushing on the lower levels, and who have caused the cry, and fear of oyer- pro juction. * 1874.” AN INDIAN TEA PLANTER ON TEA TOPICS. Augast 22. Deak S1r,—I should like to make a few remarks on various subjects which I see published in the Overland Observer for Jaly 23rd to August 3rd (No. 31.) From an extract iu the Planter of the 10th August from the Observer headei *‘ Ceylon Tea for America”’ the writer says :—* Let us notice, before we go further, the side-cry which bas been raised that the people of the Uuited States being sccustomed to ‘green’ teas sre not likely to take to black teas of India and Ceylon.” And he says that they will take to our black teas because they rash fur nuveities (not novel-teas) of any sort. I don’t recommend making only green teas. There are many sorts of black and eemi-gieea {eas such ay Ovlongs sold in America Lut we have what appears to me to be a reply nega- Ocr. 1, 1894. | tivivng my proporals, and I am looking forward to others, (who share my views even in part only) t» give their opinions in favour of the ides of making fea similar in charseter to the teas now selling in America. Ainfricene goto Englend: if they yreteriel our teas they would send for them to cnr market. ltis assurd bo supp se that a whole nation dont get what ther went vecause it is not fixcei on their view in the shape ct adyertisements. It is yi1s probable that the uation, as i tLe ¢aie of OUat- meal Porridge, which is quoted es a patallel, will not take to en entirely new form of food or drivk unk ss it ig brought befure them prcminently, but now that they have taken to Oatmeal it would take a lot of talk to get them to devonr some form of Oatmeal which differed from whatthey are used to. But Ihave not begun yet to comment on the pape: before me, l see some prepositions about stoppisg the sale of land for tea extensior, also urgent appeals not to go on extending; alro that 120 miles eflacd ere to be taken up acrors the way for the purpose of tea extension. And it ccrtsainly points to a bad time comiig for smell preprietcr3s unlers we can gain all the marke‘s of the world, and then the supply of Jabour will put a stopperon too much extension. I have been trying to poirt cut one way by which the new merkcts can be gairel, I have only :ecommended a trial on a eufficiently large scale. Perkaps it wou'd te worth while asking the American dealers whether such en attempt is feasible. Just now when perbaps China tea may not be procurable, I feel for the Americans who will hsve to change their tastes ‘ willy- nilly’’ aud I think that if we could ccntioue the supply of tes they have now, they would be grateful tous. I should like the use of your biggest type in saying that we stall fiid it easier and cheaper to make light liquoring teas than to contiune making the hiavy, thick hquoring teas which are wanted for our own market.” Mostof us maka this weak tea without an effort, we have only tochange its character to find that it will be liked by t!l.enew markets. The notes from your London letter (page 809) are very interesting. I quite feel with your correspou- dent io not following the arguments used by the gentleman who has an ioterestin Ceylon estates, and igs presumably also an expert in the tea trade, but have some ‘: answers to repel’? hia views on the cnuse of!ow prices. If the buyers know to much: and refuse to give good prices because a few con- cerns makeover 15 jer cent, profit, they mustke a ‘ring.’ How otherwise can they coutrol the bidding. Later onitisshown that the buyers are controlled by Lipton and such-Jike mammoth dealers. The Jokai Company dec!ared Jess than 10 per cent, divi- dend for the first time last year; acd a good deal of the tea sold went at below cost price. If it is a fact that tbe buyers hold their bids because too much pr.fit is made, is behoves the producers to enquire into the profits made by the buyers, and if any of them make 6 percent, the producers should withold their tes, even going so far as to sell it at cost price un‘il the buyers curtail theic profits down to 3per cnt. asan exception, the bulk of thrm culy being allowed to cover expences. It the buyers kaow tvo much, then we koow too litile. ‘The Lig buyers, Lipton, &c., are ssid to run cown prices bessause they expect to make only a small margin of profit, and because no other dcalers dare bid bighcr. It te.ms to me that thoee who expect to make larger profits can afford to bid higher, Bat let that alone, does Lipton get bis sma// margin out of the producer or ont cf the dealeis and rather bayers ? Lt is shown that he ont-bids the other Luyeis; so is doves not seem as if te paid us Jess. But ne sel/s cheap, hence the sma/l margio. Does it matter to us? Does it not benefit us immeneely that the consumer gets his tea cheaper? I don’t think Lipton bas ruo down the prices, lt strikes me that since he (Ke. &e) began to bid, the price of low-c!ass teas THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 265 has gone up from 41 to 6d. and ot the lowest from 31 to 64. It is very bid for the buyers who used to ge: the eheap tea, Lut it has saved many an estate which wes at the print of rnin. No! 00} we are not caling out before we are burs, the 14-per-ceut wallas dont cry, bot the beiow- 10-per-cent ore3 do, and thosa barely covering ex- peuses do very much ery ont. Let us thank Wipton wo has forced the hands of tho-e who kzow. tio much. Withoud being ungrateful Jet os associate to forces Lipton’s hand and sce thet his Million Pound Compsny does not make too mach money, I am very intcrested to sce the views of other tea experts. I wish some other planter (the man who sweats to make the tea, the man wko lives ip Colonies for the best cf his life, the man who can see bo blue sky for his estate, the man who wants to live out his working life as a planter) would take up the cudgels for his side, and put his name to his letters. Set setup @ Planter “General.” Have we got a gen:ral, or ® captain or & mouthpiece of any sort? Wehavre Associations it is true, Lut they don’t answer letters, they don’t repel attacks from Mr. Ernest Hart, or Miss Hillis. W'bLey don’t instruct us how to make tea or how to sell it; atthe most they howlcut that we must pluck fires forgetting that we shall get the same price for our fiue tes as we do for our coarse tea. Go back to the argument about “knowing too much.” Say we meke finer tea, finer prices, finer profits, there we are, the buyers cut us down to our old level, what is tLe ue of striving against men who can ran down our prices. They are giants, we are pigmies. Ba content to live, oh!ye pigmies! Too much money will make y.u bilious in that hot climate, Page 815—‘‘China and Japan Tea Exporis. We suspect that low exchange and the very cheap rates et which ovr teas have been gelling for some months past had most to do with discouraging trade in China’s or Japan’s this year fcr the London Market.” Does not this give the clue wanted as to our courie in the struggle with Crina and Japau? The secret is that we spend too much money in making the low-class teas; 1f we can ovly make that low priced tea a Jiitle cheaper it would pay us to make it, actually pay a profit to make it, and at the seme time drive ont our rivals. My advice as a planter ta planters is to make mcre luw-class tca, but not to tpend 60 mueh money in making it. If you have any tea which you propose to abandon, thea epend the minimum on cultivation. Let the flueh grow well and p:uck cff down to four or five leaves: the plucking will ba very cheap. Don’t spend muoh money or labour, or witherig this leaf or iu firing it; use the sun as much as possible. Roll hard, that is the orly thing which must be thoroughly doue. If there is any big red Oongou leaf in the tea, cut it up and put it back into the ro.jijg machine with the fresh leaf. This should be done when tbe fresh rolled leaf has «attained sufficient colour (say 3 hours after the first rojling,) Aad litle water when you put in the dry red leat; it will all get soft and ge: covered withjuice aud come out back after the firing, and it will go through the sieves with the rest of the tea. In order to sors out the big coarse leaf from the ta you should send tke whole tea over a No. 8 sicva before treak ng. The big flat leat wil not go through. It con then be broken upseparately and passed through a No. 8 sieve and )e-urned to the roller with the fresh loaf, as described above. I guets tiat you will find this sort of tea will sell es well a3 that made out of 3 leaves aud a bu, but it will have co:t yuu v ry little to make. R member that this is ali goo! hovest tia, po wood-shavings, no sloe le.ves. Why should we be torced to make ony fiue tea when our rivals o.n send aud be paid for rubbish, and our fine tea is used to brace up that ruvbiso. No! Lut let ws make the coarse tea; itis wanted, it is taken. Only Jet usmake it at a profit, make giol tea and I get du. I male bau tea and I get 454. I will make worse tra on! 1 shall still get nough make it pay, : 266 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. "et [Ocr. 1, 1894. * Ouduis” on page 814 is very strong about making rubbish tes. He says that the makers of it hanger after large profits, but if you go round the rubbieh makers, you won’t find them rolliug in wealth; they spend too much in making the rubbish. They have found that rubbisi g»ts the) same price as better tea, s) the fault lies with those who won't pay evough for good tea— the men who kuow too much.” Bat note that the low prices hava driven out our rivals and go on in that line; make tea (not necessarily rubbish) which you can afford to gell at still lower rates Does ‘‘Ondeis” know that it takes longer to grow six leaves than it does to grow four leives, end that if you pluck 2 leaves and leave one, you can pluck round your garden in 4 to 6 Gays which méans 4 times a month, and that to pluck 4 leaves and leave one you will only be able to go round twice # month; you gst no grester weight of leaf, bat you want fewer couvlies, fewer bui dings, less expenze in every way; you ¢et lees leaf, les prices but as a rule as mach profit. Oce is led to imagine the rubbish maker as a bearded rutiian tearmeg the life out of his bushes and generaliy stamping round like a fiend, recking not whas he does to long as he makes a huge fortune. Wheress you will fizd hia an anxious planter striving might and main to make both ends meet and keep his bill t. Neally ** Oadeis” ought to know better. (Paze (819) I see that a Tra- dere’ Association is to be started at R10 subscription and is to sze to the interests of tea sellers and tea buyers. Like the rope in “ tug-of-war” this Asso- ciation may bind both sides together, but it must be a strong rope. (Page 821) The letter from Mr. Melville White and bis statement that it is proposad to st to work among the “Consumers” sce ms to me the most prowising pbase of the American Campaign, but I don’t see why the voluntary subscriptions should be put aside. No matter how little is done by the Volunteers thay should be encouraged, they can’t do any harm. Why not try al/ the schemes, even mine as an adjunct, and not only cajole ths consumer, but persuade him that you are doing your utmost to hamour his wants. I should lixe to+:e23 Mr. Melville White’s comments about the '! men who know too much” and whether he thioka planters are hombugs who pull long faces to get better prices. About the rough tea I haye spoken up for, let me say that it was tea of this sort made in past times which won us the British market, because it was made _ cheaply and because it is Goop tea; it is quite fit to drink; it contains taste and flivour and theine aud tannin and all that is wanted. There is ro fear of its swamping the market, becauae ore can’t get more of it than of fine leaf tea; or I should say of medium leaf tea. It will always be wanted by people who can’t +fford to pay for fine tea and it will do them less harm. It will create a demand for tea amongst millions who can now barely afford a solitary cup as a treat, and [ dont see why it should not be given to horses instead of impure water, if we can only make it cheap erough, I hold extreme views, I don’t expect them to be taken up, but the pulling in both directions always helps to steadiness. About China tea and fears of iafection of the plague (is there anything of the sort spokenof?). I re- member hearing that on the jetty at Guernsey there was once a notice displayed, to the tourists and passengers on the steamers, which said that ‘there is cholera in Jersey.”” But these two islands are supposed to be sisters and nos rivals, “© 1874,” A VETERAN COCONUT PLANTER ON THE PRICE OF COCONUTS. Aug. 24. Dear Sir,—1 had no practical knowledge of co- conuts till 1857, when I left coffee planting and settled in the lowcountry, I have no notes to refer to, as to the price of coconuts then or at any subsequent time ; so that I merely depend on my memory for what information 1 can give. The price of coconuts according to my experience has b:en, first for quality which varies from less than 1,000 up to 1,700 nuts to a candy of copre; second, the price of copra hes always followea the price of oil in England, which has ranged in my time from £21 to £36per ton. While the exchange value of the rupee was at cr about 2s the price of average coconuts ran from 20 to R30 per thousand, in the period from April to January, but the light gatherings, betwen December and April, used to hardly supply local consumption, and prices were therefore higher at that time. Onone occasion I got R40 for the March gatherings, but for the May gatheriogs I had to clore with the highest o“er which was only B25, I believe that the gold value of the products of the ccconut is governed by the relations of supp!y and demand, and that the rise in rupee prices for coconuts and copra is due entirely to the fallin gold value of the rupee, an average of R25 when the rupee was worth 24d will be 143 at 131 the rupee. The @emind for ccconut oil has gradually increared within the past forty years, but as cupply bas kept pace with the incressing demand, prices remains very much the same, or have rather if anything failen off comewhat, In thoze latter days it is the cheap rupee that has stimulated production and kept it at least equare with the very considerable Desicoation trade that has spruog up as well as the greatly increased demand abroad for the raw material. The foreign demand for poonac is an importent factor in the present price of coconuts. Twenty- five years ago the average price per ton was R25; it is now R70—an addition of R4 to every candy.—Yours truly, W.B,L. No. IL Aug, 25. Dear Siz,—I regret I am not able to g.ve you the prices of coconuts at the time named. In 1866 1 know the price varied from R26 to HK30 according to quality, for I purehascd large numbers in that year for the firm of Wilson, Ritchie & Co. The rupee was then worth 2s, 80 that in sterling value the price of coconuts was higher then than it is now at from R33 to R40 per 1,000,—Yours truly, PLANTER No. Il, UGANDA—AND COFFEE PLANTING, Iona, Agra Patnas, 29th Aug. Dear Siz,—There is an iateresting article on Uganda and its resources in the Field of the 28th July, page 130, According to the writer, labour is practically unprovurable, and transport costs £224 sterling per ton and is dangerous and bad at that! So much for Uganda as a_ coffee-producing country.—Yours faithfully, A. ROSSI ASHTON. [Our correspondent must take care not to con- found Uganda with Nyassaland or the Shire Highlands:—in the former no practical man has dreamed of investing capital in plantations until the railway, to be come hundreds of miles in length, is at leastbegun, Ibea or British East Africa is most of it, a fine country with great possibilities. But for the present, it is British Central Africa, and especially Blantyre and the Shire Hills that invite coffee planters with money and offer them good prospects. Labour is reported cheap and plentiful, and transport by no means too heavy in the latter.— Ep, 7,4.) = Ocr, 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 267 VALUE OF COCONUTS. THE CEYLON TEA SALES CONDITIONS. Negombu District, Sept. 1st. | A general meeting of those interested in the tea Drar Sir,—1in responsa to your request I give below the range of prices and the average value of coconuts, per thousand, in this district for the concluding years ofthe quinquennial periods ending with the ye.rs 1865, '70, ’75, ’80, ’85, and ’90, and | for the last 4 years. It will bs observed that the valua has s‘eadity advanced since 1891, owing partly to the increasei exports of the raw material and poonae, and partly to the very larga demand creited by the new industry of prepsring desiccated coconuts. A notable feature here just now is the demand for seed- nuts from this favourite locality, and the prices of these has gona up by leaps and bounds. In this connexion let me add a word of advice to the inexperiensed who intend to plant up with this invaluable palm. They should ba careful to procure nats, for nursery purposas, from a reliable source, a3 the suicass of a plantation largely depends on the proper selection of tha ssed nuts—a matter which does not seem generally to receive the attention whish its importance demands. —Truly yours, POLGAHA, Years. Range of prices, per thou- Average value sand, for 12 months. per thousand» for 12 months. £, 8,4; Aaa Ce Sh Bards 1865., 3 2 0 to 3 5 0 3 4 8 1870... 218 0 to 3 7 6 1 10 R. ¢. EB... c. i ics 1875... 26 24 to 33 7d 29 46 1880... 26 50 to 33 25 29 04 1885., 27 50 to 33 75 3) 2d 1890.,. 30 75 to 385 124 32 89 1891... 28 00 to 37 25 32 02 1892... 30 50 t> 40 50 34 21 1893... 86 00 to 47 7A 40 31 1894... 87 25 to. 89 50 to end Augas}. TEA RUBBISH FOR CAFFEINE. Talawakele, Sept. 4th. Dear Srz,—I read with much interest your article on the searcity of Tea Rubbish for the manufacture of Caffsine, I fancy that a great amount of va‘uab’e rubbish is being daily thrown away by every tea factory, viz, tbe delicate hairs of the tea leaf commonly called ‘fluff.”’ for this purpose amongst the planters here. On Saturday I advised a gentleman to send some to one of the German firms for a trial, I have made a rough analysis of ‘fluff’ and I estimate that it contains as much theine weight for weight as what the leaf does. It would also be easier extracted as there is not so much colouring matter etc., to be got rid of, With regard to the valus of the large leaf for this purpose I am not quite sure. But from results I have obtained in studying the chemistry of the manufacture of tesa, I would say, that a greater porcentage of alkaloids would be obtained from the green leaf. I am of opinion that in the process of firing there is a splitting up ofa portion of the Theine into its conttituent parts. But I would strongly adyise some enterprising planter to senda packet of ‘fluff’ to the firm yon namo for trial,—I am, eta,, P, M. SHORT. (We must arrange ourselves for a packet of ** green leaf” and of ‘fluff’ to be sent to Mr, Christy for the purpose in yiew,—Ep. 7’,4.] I have advocated the use of flutf | trade was held on the afternoon of Sept, 12.h in the Chamber of Commerc room, iust before tha weekly sale3 commenced, to consider Rule XII, of the pre seat Conditions of Sales, and to vest in the Colombo Tea Traders’ Association the power of dealing with the conditions of sale generally under the following resolution to be preposed by Mr. J. H, Renton, and seconded by Mr. F. Duplock :—** That Bule XII. of the conditions of sale be altered to read as follows:—Additionga or alterations to the above rules may be made from time to time, ag occasion srises, at the generat meeting of the Colombo ‘Tea Traders’ Association to be called for suck purpose in eccordance with the rulea of the Association.” Mr. J. H. Renton occupicd the chair, and smorg the others present were :— Messrs. C. A. L2echman, H. Worship, A. C. Gale, C. KH. H. Symons, A. H. Ayden, F, F. Street, W. Haslam, A. 8. Jeaffreson, A. M. Gepp, EH. M. Leefe, J. N. Campbell, H. Tarrant, F. Duplock, W. Seale, W. E. Ksele, John, Barber and Foster, Mr. J. H. Renton, Chairman of the Chamber of Commz2ree, who presided explained that they had been called to consider rule 12 of the present conditions of sala which was as follows: —‘‘ Addie tions or alterations to the above rules may be msde from time to time as occasion arises, at a general meeting of the Tea Trade to be called for such purpose, by the Chairman of the Chamber of | Commerae, on the written request of not less thin 5 of those interested, At least a week's previous notics must be given in one or more of the local newspapers.’ Ho had called the meeting in aczord- ance witha letter addressed to him by fiye members of the Tea Trade. Most of them had now joined the Colombo Tea Traders’ Association,and they wished now to hand ths conduct of the Trade over to that Associa‘ion, It was, therefore, nesessary that thig rula should be altered and he had given notice of @ motion that it should be altered to read ag follows :— Additions or alterations to the above rules may be made from time to time, as occasion arises, ata general meeting of the Colombo Tea Traders’ Asso- ciation to be called for such purpose in accordance with the rules of the Association. The Committe3 of tha Colombo Tea Traders’ Azsociation had met and adopted as their ruies all the rules in the old conditions of gale, with the exception of Rule 12, which they had sltered as above. The Colombo Tea Tradzrs’ Assogiation having adopted all thes; rules, it naturaliy only remained for tho general body of the trade to laud tke conduct of the business over to the Association, and they could best do so by adopting his resolution, 3 MR, DUPLOCK. Mr. Dupnock in seconding gaid they had hither‘o been a very important body as Leing engaged ia tha tea-trade of tois island, tutmore or leas a nonde- ecript one, no one knowing who the head yas, or with whom they had to deal, and they hed done things in a hap-hazard gort of way. Now that they had a President, a Ssoretary, and a Committee, they hoped to get on swimmingly, It was only right that the conditions of sale under which they bought and sold their tea should be under the guidance and control of a properly organised and constituted Association, such as the Colombo Tea Tradezs’ Association. AN OBJECTION. Mr. J. N. Camepect:—I regret that I sm ompelled to oppose the resolution Proposed by ’ Association, 268 Mr. Renton and seconded by Mr. Duplock—or ratber, to move an amendment to it, unless I can prevail upon Mr, Renton to alter his resolution. I may say at once that Lagree with the general pripeivle of the iesolu.iop. 1 think it is much oetter that the sondilions of sale should be dealt with by an organised body rather than {hat they should be liable as heretofore to alteration at any time by a geneval meectirg of those interested in the trade. But I contend that the planters, as a body, are more interested in the Colombo Tea sales than any other body, and they would be very gorry to see anything done which would in any way interfere with the good relations which have always prevailed between the buyers and sellers. Hitherto they have felt that if any rule were carried which might be to their de- triment, they could always call a meeting of the Trade and endeavourto havethe rules rescinded. But pow it is proposed to hand over, orce and for all, the power of making and altering the conditions to an Association of Colombo Tea Traders , to which I believe, members are elected by ballot. If Mr. Renton’s reso- lution is carried as it stands the rights of producers and of all those connected with the Tes ‘I’rade to have a voice in the management of the eales will have been handed over beyond recall to this new This point cannot be made too clear. It will be no use to pars resolutions cf the Planters’ Association or to call any future meet- ings of the trade. Once the autho:ity is veeted in the Tea Traders’ Aseociation it cannot be recalled but will remain with them as lorg as they choose to keep it. Now sir, the Oolombo Tea Traders’ Association is an excellent icstitution, if I may be permitted to say co. 1 welcomeit and wich it every kind of prosperity, and would desire to join it if a planter may be admitted into it, but it does not represent the Planters and there is no other Association that does represent them, except the Planters’ Association of Oeylon. I say, sir, that the Planters’ Association should have an equal voice with the Tea Traders’ Ascociation in the settlement of the conditions of sale. This isnota great thing to ask and I there- fore move that certain words be added to Mr, Renton’s recolution which will then read :— ‘Additions or alterations to the above rules may be made from time-to time as occasion arises, at a general meeting of the Tea Traders’ Association or a general meeti:'g of the Planters’ Ascociation of Ceylon to be called for such purpose in accordance with the rules of the Associations; such additions or alterations not to take effect until sanctioned by both Associations.” This resolution will give each Association the power of initiation and the power of veto. Ii there should be avy disagreement it could easily be settled by referring the point in dispute to a Sub- Committee of both Associations. But as it is to the interest of all concerned that the Colombo market should be etrong ard well eupported by both buyers and celers, [ trust tbat no cuch dis- agreement will ever arise. I regret that the planters are not more numerous y represented at this meeting, but their numerous avocations prevent their coming down. It is not that they do not realize the importance of the subj ct but they cannot get away. I baye no authority to speak on their behalf, but I can tay that the subject has keen a good deal spoken about upcountry and the freling is pretty strong. Thereis to be a Oommittee meeting cf the Planters’ Association on Friday next when the matter will bo discussed, but I fear that unless you will listen to me tcday and accept my plea for the absent planter, it will then be too late to move in the matter. Task you, therefore, gentlemen THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ‘they were [Ocr. 1, 1894. to give us that fair play which vre all bave a right to expect from one another, and allow us an (quel voice with yonreelves. If you will meke ue tis allowarce, whieh, though -e claim it as « right we are vot too proud to aseept as a con- ceesion at your hande, [ can only cay thst I beliere , It will be very much appreciated by the planters and will do mers to iscreass the prosperity und usefulness of the Colombo tea market than any- thing else you can do. Mr. Hasiam ata later stage seconded the ameni- ment. DELAY WANTED. Mr. A. M, Gzpr seid he should like to suggest that the Chairman’s resolution should be postponed for a short time to enable the planters to give their views generally to the Culombo tea buyers. Mr. F. Srreer supported this, MR. DUPLOCK AGAIN. Mr. Duruccx did not think it would be fair to the Tea Traders’ Association that they should permit this rezolution with Mr. Campbell's amend- ment to go without one more word from those who had more or less placed the resolution bifore the meeting. It would at once be admitted, he thought, that they were anxious the planters should be well represented on spy Association which had for its interest ‘he wel!-being of the Tea Trede generally, whether buyer or seller, or producer; but Mr. Campbell had apparently for- gottea that the sellers were alheady considerably represented through egents while only one-fifth were buyers pure and simple. In evggesting that the rules of the Association be settled by the Association they did not say by any mesns that the rules were to be framed by the buyers alone, and as far as be cculd see as a buyer, he was afraid be should have considerable difficulty in getting the Committee to adopt such alterations es he thought ghou'd be carried cut, There were a few mincr alterations that he should like to suggest, but he thought he should be out-voted by the tellers in geting even certain modest reforme carried out. Mr. Camptell, he thought, need be under no spprehension that the producer was under-1epierented cn thet Aseccia- tion, His own private opinion was that the pro- ducer was fartoo much represented in the matierc of the conduct of the actual weekly work which the putting up cf tea involved ard the selling of it involved. Such a matter was outside the actual scope cf the planter’s work. He entrusted thece matters to his agents, and represented on the Association. The Cuarrman said he had perhaps exceeded the rules in allowing Mr. Duplock the right of reply; but he hoped the meeting would take it es an explaration. He was quite certain the interests of the sellers would be very well and thoroughly looked after by those who represented them in Colombo (Hear, hear.) He was anxious, seeing that Mr. Campbell was the solitary representative of the planters there that day, to do everything in bis power to treat him and his motion fairly ; but, speaking as a planter himself and as a member of the Planters’ Association, he felt quite certain that the sellers of Colombo were too wide-awake to their own interests and too powerfully supported by pressure or influence which might be brought upon them to allow anyru'e to creep in which would interfere the sellers’ intereste. (Hear, hear.) He should like to eay at the same time that he knew of nothing to prevent any upcountry men becoming members of the Association, and the large ccmpanies and individual producers could come in as faras he saw, sothatii at apy time Oct. 1, 1894] there was a qu3stion coming forward on which they wished to express a1 opinion they could eazily set things right by coming forward as members. He then askel Mr. Gepp for how long he wished the consideration of the business postponed to? Mr. Grerp:—Tais day fortnight. The CHarRMAN announced his intention of putting Mr. Gepp's amentment first if some one would second it, On a vole being fiken the Cuarrman announced that Mr. Gepp’s amendment had been lost by five votes to four. Mr. F. I. Srreet claimed as one who vot<«d with the mino ity, that he had two votes—one for his own firm and one for the firm of Bathgate Pim & Co., which he r ‘presented. The CHairnman said that in that case he would give a casting vote against the amerdmsnt, which would therefore b> loat by six votes to five, Mr. Camppeut said that before they put his motion to the mecting he shouli like to say that by the rules upcountry men were not prevented from j ining the Association, but the Association electel1 mem- bers. by ballot and at any time they could ex- clude any number of members who were brought forward. This was all he had to say; but he would ask the gentlemen pre:ent, if they were strong to be merciful. The Cuatrman then put Mr. Campbcll’s amend- ment and it was lost by five votes to two—o1y the mover and seconder (Mr. Has'am) voting for it. Toe (HiarrMAN was unlerstood to say that he was sorry to see this, because he moved the motioa himself, and he thought it would have been better if the amendment were adopted. He then put the original resolution Ten voted for the resolution and three against it, and the CHarrman declared it carried. The Cuarrman :— the affairs of the Trade will now be conducted by the Colombo Tea Traders’ Asscc a- tion, and, #s 1 have said, they have adopted all the other rules of the Trade entirely. The mecting concluced with a vote of thanks to ths Chaiimman, proposed by Mr. Legcaman. © i “are M. Brown. AE es r. Haun having read the noti i sR SnE, g ice convening the The Cwarrman desired before bringing fo the resolution, to say that for a eigvatiel the directors had thought it necessary to increase the capital. There were etill standing 99 acres of forest which might well be utilized in the cultivation of tea. Another matter which be wished to bring forward wes thst cattle-sheds might well ba erected from which the manure could be collected. It would also be wellif they could get hoid of a good Chetty to take oharge of the boutiques to be erccted. They were quite saticfisd with the value per acre of R380 although there is no otber Company with euch a low rate per acre. He thereafter moved the Spat a pe ‘Mr, R. L. M. Brown was perfectly satisfi with the progress of Obinpane and he eal therefore second the motion. On the CuarrMAN wishing to know if present wished to put any question, peta Mr, Brown wanted to know if were any articles of association these shares. The Cuarrman read the articles referred to. Mr. Macrire seconded and the resoluti Ber cece. resolution was the re The CHAIRMAN next proposed that a i ting be held at the game place at 4 p.m. on th oth next toteop hen the roualutioh: rl eas r. Brown desired to know if any f i should be allowed to elapse, but ee ea orn ‘ne CHAtRMAN did not think it necess This was all the business, ae there that regulated ee ee THE CEYLON TEA PLANTERS’ ASSOCIA- TION, BRISBANE. Th Bt Rha a Journal of Commerce of August Acircular issued by ‘The Ceylon ; Association,” Brisbane, Quadndlatid, Bianco nk evideot gratification that ‘the company will have th services of Mr. Joho S. Smellie, the well-known t : expert ; and also his valuable agencies and connecti te with the tea plsnters willbe a guarantee to the Rabe lio that their requirements in the way of the cnet 3 of blends of teas will be well catered for Mr. Smellie is a recognised euthority in the trade and hie reputation asa tea-taster is well-kuown; at the ] it M. lbourne Exhibition, after a careful and ae HRtee examination, he was awarded the medal as a oe taster. According to the circular the Aagebiation’s Ceylon address is ‘‘ Cinnamon Gardens, Colombo.” This informatio. is given because we think there hi many traders aud others in Melbourne more or ee interested in knowing where a tea expert with such high reputation is at present located. = 274 MARKET FOR TEA SHARES. " Thureday Evening Aug. 80.—The week just closed has been characterised by an increased amount of business, and stocks generally have shown en upward tendency, specially noticeable in the case of the Assam Company’s shares, the recent adyance being carried £1 higher. Mincing Lane Market for Indian and Oeylon Teas uae been firm, and prices were inclined to barden a ittle. Ceylon Shares.—No business to report in Ceylon Plantations shares. The ordivary remain buyers at 164, and the prefs. sellers at 14%. The Debenturis. There bas keen on enquiry for the debentures of Assam Frontier Tea Company at @ slight discount, bot holders keep firm for par—H. and ©. Mail, Aug. 31. —— a PLANTING AND PRODUCE. BANANA CoLtivation.—Not so very many years ago the banana was a costly luxury, even in the large citics, and a verilable curiosity in remote districts. About the only oues that found their way to the United States were a few buuches which eome skipper, calling at some West India or Centra! Americen port, took abrcad bis vessel as a present to! is friends at home. But it was some time before it was realised that the delicious, nutritious fruit was destined to become one of the most profitable products, aud perhaps the most popular and widely-consumed frait grown on the fave of the earth. Bunt during the last 20 years the industry has grown to enormous proportions, until, during the year 1892, 13,000,000 bunches were consumed im the United States alone. Inthe business of importing bans- nas New Ov:leans leads with a total of 4,483,351 bunches; New Yerk fo!lows with 3,745,625 bunches; Philadelphia had 1,818 328; Boston, 1,719,021 ; Ba'ti- more, 625,077; Savannuh, 190,000; Mobile, 150 000; Gaiveston, 3,000 aud seme thousauds went to Damypa. The leading points of oxport in the tropics are in Central America:—Bluefi-lds, Belize, Greytown, Livingston, Puerto, Coriez, Truxillo, and B cas del Toro; in Cuba:—Baracca, Benes, and Sama in Jamaica:—Port Antonio, which is the chief point of shipment on the island and Kingston, Por Morant, Port Marie, St. Ann’s Bay, Orracabessa and An- natto Bay. ; MeEtHops om CULTIVATION.—On the startingof a new plantation the dense tropical growth of brush, trees, and creepers are first out down, and when these have sufficiently dried fire is set in several places on the windward side, A few hours of crackling flame and the field is eovered with a pall of grey ashes, and with black tree trunks from which leaf and branch have been burned. A few of ths larger branches remaining unconsumed sre chopped and piled on thetronks fora later burning. The ground is then ploughed as well as ean be done after the roots have rotted inthe ground. The banana sprouts or suckers are then set in the rich, black soil, and rich alluvial intervale bands are usually chosen for banava fields. The suckers are dug either from cultivated plantations or from where they have | been growing wild; they look like clumsy clubs, from 1 ft. 10 4 ft. long, and from 2in.to 5in. in diameter, and from the small end of each of these clubs peeps a little bit of greeu: In eight or nine months after the planting the plants will have their plumes, 18 ft. high, sheltering buoches of full fruit, which is ready tocut n two or three montbs thereafter. Soon after the first suckers are set theie spreading roots send up 3 pnmber of new shoots, all of which would tear fruit if allowed to grow, but it is deemed best to keep back the new sprouts until the first stalks have been growiug three or four months, and then let new ones start. Each three or four months thereafter % new eet is allowed to some on to take the place of the older ones es they mature their ‘fruit ond are cut duwr. By this plan three or four crops, of 190 te 425 buuckes each, or 570 to 900 bunches per acre per annum can be obtained, and THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. | Rio and S.ntus erop is estim«ted from 6 500,600 to (Oct. 1, 1894. by planting fields in succeeding months the frnié is ready for export the year round. As the price to the planter for good to choice fruit seldom sinks below 37¢ cents per bunch, and ranges from tha} to 1 do). per buneb, it is obvious thet the busicess is a profitable one-—J/. and C. Mail, Aug. 81. ———__—_—_@——____._. TEA IN AMERICA. The market shows very little animation. There is a fair trade with oew teas steady on Furmoear, rather easy on Japane and low grade Biacke. Five Greens are well held. Last week the Montgomery Anction and Commis- sion Co. sold 2,369 packages teas, as follows: Mo- youe—25 packages Hyson 17c., 164 do. Young Hy- son 7} to 20}c., 167 do. Imperis! 8 to 19c., 221 do. Gnopowder 8 to 229. Piogeuey—60 packeges Young Hyson 9c., 42 Gunpowder 94c. Japan—244 P 08 pan-fred 43 to 12}c., 128 co. siftings 23° to Gke., 149 do. Congou 9} to l6ic, 7 India and O. Pekos 13c. Oolong—1,162 packages Formosa 10 to 1ld4c. Today at noon the Moutgomery Auetion and Com- mission Co. will sell 1,083 packages viz: 113 half- chests Moyune, 68 half-chests and boxes Pingsuey, 20 half-cheste Japan, 140 half-chesis Japan Dust, Nibs and Stnbs, 321 half-chests Congou, 41 packages India, Java and Pekoe, and 306 half-chests and boxes Formosa.—American Grocer, Aug. 8. THE COFFEE SITUATION. This is considered st length by W. H. Crossman & Bro., coffee importers and dealers of this city. They call attention to the profitable cultivation of the coffee berry, and argue that the exormous returns received by the coffee plentera is the strong-st iucen- tive to increase production in every part of the world where coffee patterssre practice] and the becessary lator is attainsbl. They estimate the Brazi’ crop of 1894-95 at 7,500,000 bags, but intimate that urf-rescep circumetatces might bring tie ex- port aliity down ty» 7,000,000 of Rio and Santos to which must be added a probable supply from Victoris, Bahia and Ocara of 1,000,000 bags. They estimate the entire supply for the jJear at 13,500,000 bage. They point ont asthe American Grocer did recently that the consumption is pot increased, and to point to themarked reduction that has taken plece in other staples and argue that coffee must have a eimi'ar experience, The circular ocn- taining says:— When the cost of pr duction of coffee does rot exceel six to eight cents per pound, according to quality, on the basis of United States gold value, it is obvicus that such a profitable business to the producer, compared with the prisept market rates, will cause kim to push the cultivation to the ex. treme. This is what hss been, and is being done aod will continue most assuredly until it dregs values } down 50 per cent of the present rapge—and eyen then coffee would bring - profit to the prodacers. Another festure to be considered in regard to fature value of coffee, especially in high grades, is the provision contained in the new Tarff bill now pending in Congress, thet will do away with the obnoxious Ciscr'mivetng duty of three cents per pound now levied on Venezve.an, Hayti:n and otte- coff -¢s, under the Reciprosty Law. This law became Ope- ra‘ive in the spring of 1892, and the imposition of this duty exerted s considerable influence on the | valucs of the higher grades of coffee, especialiy the better qualities of Santos, which served as the best substitutes for Marecaibos, L-guayras, Port Cabellog and others. Three years ago tho Rio and Santos c-ops were cstj- mated by the usval houses at abont 9,000,000 begs. The outturn was 7,300,000 bass. At that time the exireme] high estimstes were the outcome of the bearish senij- ment prevailing in Rio and Santos, and the interests of the estimators lay in same ¢irection. This year the : : : Oct. 1, 1894.) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 275 7,500,000 bags but as the feeling end the interests of the coffee people there are now on the sde of higher prices itis by no means impossible thas their estimates are now too low, as they were three years ago too high, Consuming ccunitries last season managed very well with only 4,300,000 bags f:om Rio and Santos, thanks to the iiberal supplies from other countries, and whsther the present Rio and Santos crops yield 6,500,000 or 7,500,000 bags the quastity is certain to be fer in exe-ss of actual reqniremeuts of consumption wkeu we lock at the probable large quantity to be derived from Victoria and Babia and the cther coffce psodvcing ccuntries of tna world. It is very certain also, that the surplus supplies over and above the wants of consumers will not be eagerly soughé after by speculators, uuless it should be that price run extremely low. On the other hand capital and speculatin prefer to seek investment ia many other lines of produce which now are rucning lower in value than ever known. It is vot difficult to reach the conclusion that, as the crops progress, a lower renge of values must be reached from month to morth as supplies increase, acd in the second balf of the Brazil crop, when com- petition develops in the large quantities of Central American and West Indian coffees, a basis of values is likely to be es!ablished much below what auyoue would care to express in figures today ; lower, in fact, than the actual situation w uld warrant, as extremes in coffee have been the rule for years back.—American Grocer. ' ———_—_—@—~———_—___— THE CEYLON TEA FUND. MEETING OF STANDING COMMITTEE. Minutes of proceedings of a meeting of the Stand- ing Committee of the “Ceylon Tea Fund’ held at Kandy on Friday, the 14th day of Sept. 1894. at 8-45 a.m. Present:—Messrs. A. Melville White, (Chairman, Planters’ Association of Ceylon); A. Philip, (Secre- tary to the Planters’ Association of Ceylon); Hon. Giles F. Waiker, M.L.C., (Kandy); Messrs. W. D. Gibbon, (Kandy); F. G. A. Lane, (Kandy); J. G. Crow, (Chairman, Pussellawa Planters’ Assuciation) ; Hugh Blacklaw, (Ambagamuwa); D, Kerr, (Chair-- man, Ambagamuwa Association); R. S. Duff Tytler, Honorary Secretary, Pussellawa Association); A. L., Cross, (Nuwara Eliya and Kandy); A. C. Kingsford (Chairman, Kelani Valley Association). The notice calling the meeting was read. The minutes of proceedings of a meeting of the Committee held at Kandy on Friday, the 10th August 1894 were submitted for confirmation. Resolved :— “‘That they be and they hereby are confirmed.” Red letter !rsm the Chairman, Ambegamuwa Asso- ciation. Kead letter from Messrs, Chas. Strachan & Co. Read letter from the Honorsry Secretary, Dolosbage and Yackd:ssa Planters’ Association. CEYLON TEA IN SAN FRANCISCO. Read letter from Mr. Harry Whitham. Read letters from the Ceylon Tea Company, L’mited. ADVERTISING CEYLON TEA. Read letter from the Manager, Ceylon Tea Kiosk. Raj letter from Mr. J. H. Renton. Read letter from Mr. A. Thonison. Res! 1 tters from Messre. Walker, Sons & Oo., Li. Resolved :— That the sum of R500 be granted towac:s the proposed illuwiration on the Ceylon Tea Kiosk for the purpose of ady.r:ising pure Ceylon tes.” CEYLON TEA IN THE TRANSVAAL. Read letter from Mr, Alex. F. Souter, making aa appiivation fore grant of Cylon tea for fre» distri’ a- tion in the South African Republic. Risolved:— “That covsiderition of the question be referre i to the ‘Thirty Committee.’ ” CEYLON TEA IN RUSSIA. Read letter from Mr. M. Rogivue. Read lstters from Messrs. Whittall & Co. CEYLON TEA IN QUEENSLAND, Read letter from Mr. M. B. Saooad. WINDING UP OF THE CEYLON TEA FUND. Resolved :—(I) ‘‘ That whereas a joint Oommittes of the Planters’ Association of Ceylonand Ceylon Cham- ber of Commerce for the purpose of pushing the sale of Oeylon Tea tn America and elsewhere, heresfter to be known as the “ Thirty Committee,’ has been recently appointed, and an export duty for that pur- poss hag been imposed*®on tea by the Government, this Committee deems it unnecessary to continue as heretofore the pushing of Ceylon Tea by mesns of voluntary contributions. (il) That at the next meet- ing of this Oommiitee the questions of (1) the dis- posel of the balance of its funds, (2) the future snpervision of the l'ea Kiosk, (3) the dissolution of the Committee or its continuauce for purposes other than those for which the ‘‘ Thirty Committee ”’ has been appointed,be finally considered. (I1I.) That the Stand- ing Committee of the Tea Fund therefore preparatory to resigning, appoints Mr. John H, Starey, and the Ohsirman and Secretary of the Planters’ Association of Oeylon, a Sab-Committee to draw up a report to be presented to next General Meeting of tbe Planters’ Association. (IV.) ‘!hat subscriptions on leaf gathered up to June 30th 1894 are however due to this Committee euthorises the Honorary Trea- surer to collect these as speedily as possible.” The S anding Committee of the Ceylon Tea Fund then adjouraed. A. PHILIP, Secretary to the Pianters’ Association of Ceylon. ee HAPUTALE REVISITED. AN OLD COFFEE PLANTERS’ IMPRESSIONS, Matale, N.E., Sept. 20:h. I had the best intentions, on starting from this on the 3rd on a trip to Haputale, but those intentions so far, as writing to the papers, were knocked out of me, I saw so much and had so little spare time for writing you or any one else. How the leading Y.A.’scan manage to coyerso much ground, go into all sorts of calculations as to cost of work, plan it, write long able reports on what has been done, what should be done, or left to another time, all seems very surprising to one unaccustomed to travel far rom his own estate. Yet I suppose they get used to it, aud enjoy it, and much prefer it to the Colombo office life—oreven to that of days gone by when they used to look forward to the visit of their V.a. I am not going to write about Y.A’s, or their work but of my trip to the good old coffee district of Haputale—a combination of businessaud pleasure— required thatI should leave Matale by the 9-20 on the 3rd, having come over 14 miles that morning, to reach Haputale Pass thesame night. The journey was from the jand ot cocoa and sunshine, through the fioes: tia in the world, on through the ccld bleak and barren moors near Ambawelia aud Patapolla, through the dense and dripping forests of the Ohija Valley, but the grandeur of the mountain ecenery affords Letter material for tue repturous soug of the post, than prosy emanations trom the pen of an old planter, My first resl acquaintance with the Ohiya Valley was ip 1872 when et my P.D.’s request I sent au application to the then Mr. J. J. G., who was the Goverumsnt Surveyorin Badulla to send surveyors to tlie Valiey to cut out a block of about 300 acres and another of about 80 which I wisbed put up tor sale. Messrs. Coulter and Haliiley were sent up and I accompanied them. We rigged op a hut for the night, but a more wiserably ccld night I never experiesced sn Ceylon. At that time about 3,v00 acres were surveyed in blocks of about 250 to 300 acres each, bat Government refused \o put toem up for sale altnough they would have probabiy fetched very good prices. The rea:oos given for not selling, were that the then Government Agent objected to the streams teing polluted by the coffee pulp, and it was possible 276 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. the Government might have to buy part of it back for the Railway Extension, the egit«tion for which had just been commenced, Now that the railway is an accomplished fact, Government ought to have all the land available for cultivation under the railway put up for sale in blocks suiteble for small capi al- ists, That Government mean to help the plan- ters is very evident, once it is cle rly nnder- stood what is required, and if their request is reasonable or likely to be beneficial to them. The recent grant of Iflf the estimated cust of construction of the road from West Haputale estates to the Ohiya Station is one instunce, ard I think were capitalists here to represent to Govern- ment the mutual benefit the sale of these lands would be, they would be put up forsale atau early date. Tne coffee in Haputale, from the 4th to the 8th inst. was a grand sight, a full rich bloszom almost on every tree not slready loaded with crop, I had seen notbing like it since 1885. Vhat it set well there can be no doubt, ae the beaviest of the rain was not so bad as to do any serious damage. The topics of the day were the Bardarawella exteusion, the breakfast party, aud the blossom—each very important, but all seemed to lack some leading feature. At the opening ceremony and the breskfast the genial presence of His Excellency was wanting, while at the Pass one loked in vain for something commemorating the memory of the great advocatcs for the Laputale Extension. It is not too late is it for ali Uva to come forward and erect a water fountain or something useful at the Pass or Baudarawella to commemorate the names of the Editors of the Observer and of their 16 years’ per- sistent advocacy fur Railway Extension to “ Out- cast Uva’ ? The coffee lacked giving the old certainty one had in es'imating the crop from the fine looking blossom then on the trees. There it was in all its beauti‘ul fuluess, rich ani pure like in the days of old, sur- rourded with a wonderfully healthy foliage, yet few could with any certainty tell what he would gather from it in spring. The coffee on almost every estate I passed through looked as if it hal taken a new leace of life, and meant to respond to fair treatment. Fields which had been manured had the trees loaded with crop and giving such retaros as to make the manager feel un+asy about thir fature. Cocoa seemed to be doing well on an old est: te along the Lemas. Road, and as there are lands available for the cultivation of this product, Hupatele will soon be as famous fur its cocoa as if is for its fine colony coffee. After 18 years’ residerce in H:pu- tale without the privilege of railway commanicstion as they have it now, 1 felt a deep sense of gratitude at being able to stand on the site of the Barren Pass and look around aod watch the train puff ! puff !! pnffiog !!! through that fine sheet of ooffee vovered with blossom, more than fulfilling my most sapguine erpectations. The line of railway and the commodious Hotel at Bandarawella bave so often been described, that I weed say nothing beyond adding my quota of praise and admiration of the administrative ability of the Engineering staff of the Railway Extension. aoe HAPUTALE AND GRAZING FARMS. Sept. 18. Here at 4,400 feet above «ea level, perched on the toP of the mountains, 1 can look over a large stretch of what is called the BINTENNA COUNTRY. It presents an ever-moving panorama of what I may cali cloud-land. At times you seem to gaze on a vast unbounded ceean in which tiny isles uprear their ‘conicz] tops, avd anon it is a paintel ccean, without a ripple and of tke softest biue, as I have geen it for weeks together on the tropical line, when the ship’ rocked like o eradis on the ocean and when the rising suo spredd out a broad and golden fabric from its mighty orb to the ship’s side, of heaven's own de-ign, inviting you to a golden ehrine to wor- ship and to adoration. Alas! that mo-t of the vast strct h of land of this Bintenua country sbonld be 50 steeped for monthe together with noxious ex- halations end foul MALABIA, as to make it unfit for even the na’ives of Ceylon to live in; and so potent is the malaria from these extenrive low-lying lands stretching to the salt flashes avd the ocean that eveo here at this altitude, we experience its malign influences at times; and when southerly winds reach ue, doubtless the malaria ig mollified by mountain winds, and is mot of a virulent or dangerons type, at the elevation from which I write you; but to the delicate and to invalids such winds @re injnrious and jog. The other day a young friend of mine, who bad been travelling on the “new extension” from NANUOYA TO BANDARAWELA was expatiating on the beauty of the scenery, the velvety green of the pastures and of the little chapel built by Mr. S. Langdon with its window panes of semi-t:ansparent tale, shedding a “‘dim-religions light,” and gsid the HAPPY VALLEY STATION could be seen from the railway and that there was a rmall station withina mile of Mr. Langéon’s house, and Farm a:d School aud Hospital, end I wondered whether tte Farm bad cucceeded. I was aware that grazing farms, with daicive attached to them, bad in sever. instances been a failure, chiefly through the want of suitab'e farm labourrrs. I knew that a class of planters in old times would have only been too glad to establish GRAZING FARM3 could they have obiained thriity and sicady working men to mind the cattle and see after the poulsry- yard, &c; but this has slways becn the difficulty, and remains so to the present time as I can testily from bitter experience. At the base of the hills of some of the ta _ districts there is grass and water and timber, and farms could be established, but the Sinhelesre villager is a rogue, takes littie interest in live stock of sny kind and it is impossible to induce Tamils to remain for any length of time on isolated estates where there sre few labourers employed. Then agsin the BUFFALOES from the Sinhalese villages at times make dread- ful havoc with a farm homest-ad and eny patches of Guivea or Mauritius grass planted for protection neat the bungalow, aud fenced round about. Some- times a emall herd of half-a-doz2n wou'd be beard rush- ing through the paddy field battering down your fences, and devouring the vegetable garden and thisin the widdle of the night. Then again WILD BOARS are also very destructive, and will, as also will buf- falces, march for miles to find out wherea patch of sweet potatoes are planted: such is their love for the swect tuberous plaut. And the PORCUPINE dearly loves a cocoa yam or sweet potato, and is a most cuncing fellow; and you must be clever to trap him, Yet with all these drawbacks, grazing farms might I think be profitably worked in Ceylon if suit- able farm Jabotrers could be obtained. Tbe sale of milk, poultry and cattle would suffice to make the farm a paying concern and if—ah! there’s the rub —if a valuable kind of : SHEEP could be iniroduced into Ceylon, that would thrive and yield good mutton, why, a grazipg farm would bs an assured success; but, alas! sheep do not thrive in Ceylon. Ceylon, almost as iarge as Ireland, can- not boastof ore flock of he:lthy sheep norof asheep market, and must d-pead for all time I suppose on importations of wholesome three-year old muttong from Australian ports. Oct. 1, 1894,] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 277 Since I Jest wrote you, we have had two good SHOWER3, one cf over an inch and the other 87 cents of an inch, and sundry light and very refreshing rains ; and to- day it is su'try, and cloudy and that presayes a thunder shower. I gee there is o flush now over tho tea bushes that have not been pruned a}l over this district, —————— VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. Tra in Heypet,—Referring to the note in cur lest issue on the demand for Tea at Alexandria, and the sale there of a quantity of manifestly spurious “Ceylon Tea’ we sre glad to dave to announce that Messrs. Lyall Marshall & Co., the enterprising and energetic Directors of the Indian Tea Supply Association, have arranged to cend 100\b. of as- sorted Teas, made up in neat and attractive looking packets, to our Alexandria correspondent, who wili no doubt do his best with ihe con- fignment, and endeavour to make it the ‘‘ thin end of the wedge” for opening out an additional market for our produce, however small.—Indian Planters’ Gazette. THE Bark SITUATION AND QUININE.—Reviewing the whole bark sitnation—says the New York Daily Report of Aug. 13—we find a decrease in the arrivals at Amsterdam and London, especially since the Ist of January, and an increaso in sales in both markets, hence a corresponding de- Grease in the spot stocks, coupled with a higher value per unit of quinine, all of which appears very fayorable to the cuntinued strong position of the alkal.id. The amount of quiniue contained in the bark sold at the first five auctions held this year in Amsterdam is 3,150,400 ounces, against 2,245,760 ounces for the corresponding period of 1893. ‘he London stock of quinine in warehouse is put at about 3,100,000 ounces on the first of July. As to the New York stock nothing d: finite is known but it is variously estimated at three to 81X mouths’ supply, Insgcriciprs,—We read in an American exchange: —For washing the trunks of trees to repel the at- tacks of borers, and to destroy such insects as may be upon them, the carbolic acid and kero- pene emulsion is excellent, The kerosene emul- sion is made exactly as for any other pur- pose, except that one quart of soit soap suould be substituied for the hard rosp, and, without the final dilution, one pint of crude carbolic acid of good strength should be added. When scale insects are on the larger branches, they can be easily destroyed by this wash. The emulsion will consist of 1 quart soft soap, 1 pint kerosene, and 2 quarts water, to which 1 pint of carbolic acid is added. Other tree washcs contain—instead of kerosene—lime, sulphur, or arsenites, but they are legs reliable than tho one given above. Where borers are troublesome, however, the addition of & small amount of paris green to the kerosene wash will render it more lasting it its effects. AcactA DpatBara.—As in Australia, so on the Riviera, the “Silver Wattle Tree is confined toa very limited area, which proves that the soilis the chief element of its well-being, and none but granite seems to suit it. Im Australia it appears to be found chiefly between latitudes 34° to 38°, and on the Riviera it may be said to be entirely confined to Cannes and its environs. It may be seen further along the Riviera, but does not attain anything like the same dimensions, From a picturesque point of view there is no tree amongst the hundreds of intro- duced plants in our gardens, which enhances the beauty of our landscape so much as this, and when in bloom its drooping branches of golden flowers send forth a fragrance which may be detected at some dis- tance. The exportation of this Acacia is carried on to a large extent, many tons of which are exported to all parta of Europe. Several weeks before the Acacia is in bloom, large quantities may be seen in most of the European markets, a fact accounted for by the large amount which is forced, There are many ingeosious methods of forcing it amongst the peasants; the principle of success is a moist, hot temperature from 70° to 85°. The branches are tied tightly together, stood in water, and bound en- tively around with moist cloths, which are kept con- tinually moist by springing or by removing them and dipping in water of the same temperature. When in bloom it is taken out and left for a short time to dry, when it is ready for exportation, Five to six days are generally the limit, and if it does not flower in that time it may be considered not sufficiently advanced for forcing, although on approaching the season of its flowering in the open air, it will flower in a much shorter time —Gardeners’ Chronicle. CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION, 1894, a [OQ Dm Onn & ona & o Mm 0 MO a Woo aAeS8 Jy oo 27O :om A :iete Cin at) ~ Py ca rey a s so: : > : Ary D fos Ost ort cet wD C7 CFOS ADOD EMS ere alee Gs RhA8 oy Son a ant * a Sq56 GH ca SA as a a ;@2Qo>r> 3:2 mo 2 1MOs ;Or 8 ¢ 2] OE | Quan ix aiiigae ia: Ooo} ine NO ~ = oO 1D-OMn HA ao Me OS Biles Sxlif@5 “a3B =83 83 1) SAE Dx Z\ae ENDWND AD .:OOMm tee ait. pl ne roa 3122 SOAR IODA FAAS Paw ie Toda 2 Cal 3 \ | Ons wo j ~ | x SxS 223 8 2S SO aa |= D-S (NAOM wD 2 NG se eae sS540 jlae Saditone-”™. aN ee ee a OnaS See jae ee aos es | 2883 3 / 30 oO x eneanao oS 6 (=K= Sar) z Ajz MOSRM SD SF os 9 SSGAa a OF DrW*yO 10 1D * 3s rs 3S 2 | ANNAN Poe ee AAR 1D teh ee FINE SO 8 . 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Pete, athe a wwwo- S Dai ss Sipsieebey elusiie. s) sptekabs 2 tas a 29) 45 a Orn —aONoORKD ao anos 5/48 |e 48 QASS°S "ek S528 Sem bs) 1m *s3:Nowm ws NN Cag = 5 = : . SHS) xem NaS As {a NA wes CE, ate A ay oe Siiprtad oi sel SITSP DS <2 NK ts Sue Kaderle) Sete ct saegeme BAAaAD KDOHD SAAR l: wn 1 m j|28 a OU$msees estat is tenisidsgeitsiisiys © s)hs ‘s) | | 8 Es 3 splalenwiah gape) emeha te lo . : : fee ) Soba E A ra = ee SS pb a o3 i 5 Mag 2s pipers os OS sf SEsOSh ,o 9S _ ESeg me SS28A SEesgs, SAoeskeSask Ss! ku \S 9S skSe Dg OBS @ 2 "pS te Ea ABSEROOR FS aP ss aa Se aASS | Wo R4qHohs Saaand] culture (one of the latest and Ses te Casein oe 80 73 most complete works on the sub- —— ——_—— ject, and published under the| Total solids ae iore ie 28 7 q A “Ud authority of the Royal Agricul- Wates Edit fdat ie a Sled tural ee of England) gives the following as 10000 100:00 = 100-00 the percentage composition of whole milk in} Solids-not-fat 9°46 9:46 9°68 Great Britain :— Age of calf dmos. 2mos, 4mos, Water .. 87:0 Food of cow grass, grass, Albuminoids (Casein albumin). . 4:0 got. seed, cotton grass only, Milk sugar bon fe ale 46 poonac, seed, Fat 4.0 as 3°7 rice, poonae, Ash 07 In June, 1888, Mr. Cochran, the city analyst, communicated to the local press the results of an investigation into the composition of Colombo milk, We quote the following from his report :— “Tt was necessary, in the first place, to obtain samples of milk known to be genuine, in order to ascertain between what limits the different consti- tuents might be expected to vary. Analyses Nos. 1 to 5 represent the composition of genuine milk from cows fed upon more than one kind of food. Besides the chemical analysis, I have given, in tabular form, a few other particulars in con- nection with these samples of genuine milk. No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. Specific gravity 1:029 1:030 1-032 Fat 2:97 2:11 507 Sugar and Casein , 7:49 773 8:66 Salts af aA ‘60 ‘76 PG Total solids 11:06 10°60 15:00 Water Nc 88:94 89:40 85:00 100-00 100°00 100-00 Solids-not-fat ., 809 8:49 9:43 Age of calf es 4mos, 7 mos, 1 mo. Food of cow +» grass, grass, grass, cotton cotton poonae. seed, seed, poonae, boiled rice, The following is the average composition of these six samples :— Specific Gravity .. ny 1:032 Fat , Bt ra 3°39 Sugar and Casein .. 50 8°34 Salts te 0 An 74 Total Solids ue 19°47 Water ob is i 87°53 100-00 Solids-not-fat 9:08 No. 3 was richest in fat, and was indeed found to be too rich for a young child, with whom No. 2 agreed very well. ‘The milk from the cow reported to be fed exclusively on grass was only second to No. 3 in respect of fat, wile M was highest of all in non-fatty-solids. No. was very poor in fat. This was demenaerated both by the chemical determination and micros- copical examination; nevertheless, it was a genuine sample of cow’s milk, and had a normal amount of solids-not-fat. The amount of fat in cow's milk being subject to wide variation, it is customary to judge of the amount of water that has been added to an otherwise genuine sample ot milk, by the amount of solids present minus the fat. In England 9-4 per cat. was for a time regarded as the minimum quantity 280 of solids-not-fat present in genuine cows’ milk. Then, as the processes for extracting the fat were further perfected, 9°2 and 90 per cent. were the minimasuccessively adopted. Finally, the Milk Committee of the Society of Public Analysts, after analysing 283 samples of milk, between February 1884 and May 1885, recommended that no sample of milk should be passed as gennine, which con- tained less than 85 per cent. of non-fatty solids, Of the six Colombo samples only No. 1 fell de- cidedly below this limit; but unless*a large number of analyses should prove this to have been a@ very exceptional case, I fear we cannot fix a minimum for Ceylon above 8 per cent., and it may possibly bé even less.” These analyses are valuable to those who have any interest in the production and éven the consumption of milk. “The only really safe and satisfactory manner of examining milk,’ says Dr. Wanclyn, in his treatise on milk analyses, “is by means of an analysisof it.” This authority referring to the lactometer states:—‘l am con- vinced that one of the most necessary steps to be taken in milk analysis is to abandon the use of the lactometer,’ and again with regard to another device for testing milk, “The creamometer is at best a treacherous guide.” Since these re- marks were written many other instruments for testing milk have been patented (e.g., the Babeock milk tester,) but though these are improvements on the appliances which have been superseded, they do not give as accurate results as chemical analyses do. Mr. Cochran’s published analyses are thus particularly valuable records. We are glad to find that dairies under responsible managers are springing up in Colombo. There is no doubt that people (whether private householders or headsof such institutions as hos- pitals) will pay good prices for pure milk of good quality; and it is because this is so that we find new dairies being established, in which atten- tion is given to good feeding and general manage- ment, and that these dairies are found to be remunerative when properly worked. The Col- ombo Dairy Company of Park Grounds, Bambala- pitiya, have lately had their milk analysed by the city analyst, with the following results:— Fat ; 6:25 per cent. 6:43 per cent. Sugar and Casein 8:43 oF 9°17 Sy Salts a 82 “4 ‘70 Sy re on ” REx ” Total solids .. 15°50 » 16°30 rf Water 84°50 op feer7 0) 9 ey ’ rs ” 10000 ,, 10000 eae ” aes aay ” Non-fatty solids 9°25 x 9°87 th) _ “The above results,” says Mr. Cochran, “judged by English standards, indicate not only genuine milk, but milk of excellent quality.” $$ __——— NOTES ON THE CATTLE MURRAIN OF CEYLON. In transmitting to us a copy of a pamphlet on Rinderpest or Cattle Plague, being one of a series published by the Civil Veterinary Depart- ment of India, the assistant to the Inspector- General of that department made a request that we should communicate to him any local ex- Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist (Oct. 1, 1894. perience of the fell disease as it occurred in Ceylon. In a previous number of the Magazine we gave a summary of the exhaustive contents of the pamphlet itself, which we subsequently submitted to Mr. Veterinary Surgeon William Smith, now ot Belgravia Estate, as the best qualified person to annotate the pamphlet, Mr. Smith has given almost a-lifetime’s study to the subject of cattle plague in Ceylon, and having been a large stock-owner, has had abun- dant opportunity for making himself thoroughly acquainted with it in all its bearings. The notes which follow, though they were written as dis- connected remarks on the pamphlet, are still of inestimable value, and will no doubt be much appreciated by the veterinary authorities of India. We owe Mr. Smith our best thanks for permit- ting us to reprint his notes in the pages of the Agricultural Magazine :— Notes ON RINDERPEST OR CATTLE PLAGUE BY Mr. Wriviam Smiru, M.R.C.V.S, Ceylon herds, from the earliest records of thé Island as a British Possession, have been ravaged by Rinderpest, of my own personal. knowledge for 38 years. This disease was identified, for the first time, by the Ceylon Cattle Commission of 1868, as identical with the Rinderpest of Europe, and so named by them (vide Indian Cuttle Commission Report). I believe and main- tain that the disease is endemic, and liable to outbreaks whenever conditions, favourable to its development, are present. Being highly con- tagious it often assumes an epidemic form, after having been carried from a common centre and disseminated over large districts. I have been able in several instances to trace its origin, and have even predicted outbreaks which speedily followed when insanitary conditions have presented them- selves to me where cattle congregated. In my opinion the Rinderpest of this country has been a more fruitful cause of the poverty and misery we find prevailing among the agri- cultural population of Ceylon, than all the other vicissitudes incidental to their mode of life. Rinderpest in an epidemic form is most highly contagious and infectious, most subtile and in- sidious in its transmissability by any vehicle coming in contact with disease and brought sufficiently near healthy stock. An instance in amy own experience :—I held a postmortem ‘exa- mination on an animal which had died of Rinder- pest more than 100 miles from my house, had the clothes I was wearing at the time packed away in my dirty-clothes box, aud reached home two weeks after, when my servant unpacked the dirty-clothes box, hanging the contents on a rope stretched between two poles. Somesix cattle I had passed under the rope and clothes while going to water ; and 12 days after all were dead of true Rinderpest. These cattle were near no other cattle, nor was the disease anywhere in the neighbourhood then or afterwards. The earliest pathognomonic symptoms of this disease are the peculiar twitchings of muscles, conjointly with the involuntary pharyngeal spasms (similating deglutition) which usher in each muscular tremor; these .with the rough staring coat afford sufficient evidence, should /desquamations of the epithelium have in the least degree setin. (Discharge of a watery nature Oct. 1, 1894.] from eyes and nose followin due time.) But long before this a skilled Veterinarian will have taken every known precaution to stamp out this disease ere it has reached the stage of giving off the emanations which render it so highly contagious, be the vera causa what it may. The later symptoms of the disease, discharge from eyes and nose, with purging, are all so well-known and self-evident, as to require no comment. The characteristic foetor of Rinder- pest is so marked that no experienced person coming within its pervading area requires other means of forming a true diagnosis. Had Great Britain not stamped the plague out, it would have remained permanent as other introduced diseases have done. I am of opinion that no animal which has been in any way near others suffering from the disease (although not attacked) should be allowed near healthy stock. I have known several fresh outbreaks to arise from animals, to all appear- ance healthy, being taken from an _ infected district, and there setting upa centre of disease among others and still retaining their own immu- nity from attack. Thirty days is,1m my experi- ence, the shortest period after which to safely allow su2h animals to come in contact with herds of healthy animals, and that should be only after severe disinfection, the bodies being several times well washed with the best known disinfectants. Heretofore, animals carried from one district to another (often cart cattle fleeing from the dreaded disease so much feared by the owners) have carried the disease along high roads even from province to province. This has been one of the most prolific means of dissemination in Ceylon. } (To be continued.) ——___@—_____ RAINFALL AT THE SCHOOL OF AGRICUL- TURE DURING AUGUST, 14... er oN Nil 25... Nil 2°... *02 15... Nil 26... Nil Dad oom) 16 Nil AUS Solnpal LN cial) 13 Nil 28 .. Nil 8 oo Ol 17 Nil 29). Nil Oo crop UG, LOWS PNG CONT Ni oo XO LORS ye. Na oli. Nal Sh 5 og ANEL. 20 05 Smee 1OO 21 Nil Total .. 1:37 Oper. COL 22 Nil - — 11s” 5G bean 29) Ow Od Mean .. ‘044 WP cg OU 24 .. Nil —- Greatest amount of rainfalin any 24 hours on the 4th instant, *43 inches. Recorded by P. VAN DE Bona. Wee eee THE EFFECT OF FOOD ON MILCH COWS. We referred a short time ago to the fact that experiments conducted in America and Europe pointed to the result that milk is but little affected by the richness or other quality of food. The result of the American investigations were received in Great Britain with scepticism, and several men of eminence in dairy matters de- Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturnst.’’ 281 | elared that if the American experiments were correct, their whole experience on the subject had been at fault. Numezous experiments were at once undertaken in Kngland and Scotland to prove the correctness or otherwise of the American investigations. Notably, Mr. John Speir, well- known as a careful and accurate experimentalist, set himself the task of thoroughly enquiring into the matter, and in an address given by him at West Calder, entitled, “Intricate dairy problems,” made public the resulés of his experiments and observations, which in general confirmed ‘the findings of the American experimentalists, Mr, Speir found that when the cows were fed on a ration, including 8 lbs, of meal per day, they gave no richer milk than when they were fed on green maize, It should, however, be noted that liberal rich feeding has the effect of increasing the quantity of the milk, and, although not affecting the quality, it in that way compensates the liberal feeder, because, although the average quality is not increased, the larger quantity wili necessarily contain more butter fat than the smaller quantity. “This subject,” says J. L. T. of the Hawkes- bury Agricultural College, N.S. W. (where, by the way, the experiments conducted also tended to support the American results already referred to), “is of such importance to all dairymen, that it will be interesting to see what has been done in connection with this subject in Great Britain and America up to dae.” This writer then summa- rizes these investigations as follows (published in the Adelaide Observer of June 23rd) :— “That when a cow is in full milk and full flesh she will give her normal quantity of milk for at least a limited time, even although the quality and quantity of the food may ba deficient. “That when in good condition a cow will take off her body whatever is deficient in the food in order to give her normal quantity of milk, “ That an extrasupply of nutritious food at all times increases the quantity of milk, but the percentage of fat is not in any way improved by it, if anything the tendency being rather the other way. “That an extra supply of nutritious food almost invariably very slightly increases the solids not fat of the milk. “That aration poor in food ingredients has a very slight tendency to reduce the solids not fat of the milk,} but has little appreciable effect on the fat. “That with a poor ration a cow in full milk will lose carcase weight, while on a rich diet she will gain weight. “That although the percentage of fat in a cow’s milk may vary daily, we at present seem unable to control these variations or to account for them. “That for limited periods up to one month or thereabout, all ordinary quantities and qualities of foods seem to have no material effect on the quality of the milk. “That the only food which seems to have any material effect on the percentage of butter in the milk, is an excess of brewer's grains. “That very succulent grass has had only a very trifling effect in altering the percentage of fat. “That most foodsconvey some flavour to the butter, but scarcely any of them will alter its percentage in the milk, 282 s aeaaeeeeieeEnE Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” “That some foods exercise a matewial effect in raising the melting point of butter. “That the aim of all producers of milk, butter, or cheese should be to feed what will give quan- tity in moderate amount and of a mixed nature, and the produce will be the best the cow can give. “The extra quality must be looked for by im- proving the breeds and judicious selection rather than by any special foods or method of feeding. “Mhat the variations in the percentage of fat in a cow’s milk are caused by something, but what that something is we at present do not know, though if we did we might be sble to influence the quality.” We would now draw att:ntion to the following editorial paragraph in the Melbourne Leader :— “Cow keepers, almost from time immemorial, had ao fixed belief thas thea quality as well as quantity of the milk depended in a great measure upon the food of the animal. So general was this belief that feeding for quality was a common practice until [experiments ¢onducted in America, and subsequently in England and elsewhere, went -to show that while the quantity of milk depended in a great measure upon the class of food, the quality—that is, the percentage of butter fat which it contained—remained unchanged. The question has since occasioned a considerable diver- sity of opinion, upsetting as it did all pre-con- ceived ideas, but the balance of evidence has been in favor of the reliability of the experiments. The latest account is of a trial carried out on the Ontario College Experimental Farm, where, by the way, previous trials were conducted, which showed that the quality of the milk remained unchanged no matter what the food was. Light cows were fed fora month on pasture, | lb. of bran per day being given to each animal to induee her to come into the stalls. For the second month the food consisted of the same pasture with 1 lb. each of bran, peas and wheat during the first week, double quantities in the second, and treble in the third and fourth weeks. For the next fortnight the cows were fed on pasture and all the green peas and oats they liked to eat. Just here it may be mentioned that before being in the first instance turned out of the byre on to the pasture the cows were fed on 1 bushel of roots, 20 1b. of hay, 4 1b. of wheat and 4 1b. of bran each day. their milk under this treatment was 3°51, but during the first week on pasture alone, with the addition of 1 1b. of bran per day, the percentage was increased to 4:22, with a much enlarged volume of milk. Here then was a remarkably clear demonstration of food making a striking difference in the richness of milk, and indicating that good pasture will produce richer milk than corn and root crops. Dry weather and consequent deterioration of the pasture caused the quantity of milk to shrink during the second monthly period, and the percentage of butter fat was reduced during the first fortnight to an average of 3°62. It is more than probable at this time the more nutritious of the grasses were eaten bare, yet with an increase of corn during the last week of the second period the percentage was raised to 3°82. Again, in the last fortnight of the trial, when the cows, still running on the pasture, had all the green peas and oats they liked to eat, the The average percentage of fat in - percentage was raised from 3-82 to 4°01. Com- paring the results of the last period with those of the first week of the second period (when the cows had poor pasturage and little corn), the increase is from 3°62 to 4°01. But the most striking differ- ence is that first mentioned, viz., 3°51 of butter ' fat when the cows were kept exclusively in the a EN SS ste a byre and fed as already deseribed, and 4°22 when their food was pasture with only 1] Jb. of bran each additional. Seeing that the trials made in a previous year at the Ontario College were relied on to a great extent as having indicated that food made no difference to the richness of the milk, it is important to notice the latest evidence from that source. The last experiment goes a long way towards upsetting recent theories, and it is to be hoped that further experiments will be undertaken with a view of setting all doubts at rest on the subject.” The statement of the result of the latest ex- periments at Ontario College must come as a surprise—though, at the same time, a pleasant one—to all who have any interest in this sub- ject of the feeding of milk cows. It is certainly curious that the Americam investigations should on seperate occasions have produced different results. This inconsistency warns us that we should not rest satisfied with the latest coneclu- sions arrived at, but await further corroborative testimony. We, as interested in dairy matters, should certainly wish to see it established, that by judicious feeding we can not only increase the quantity but also the quality of the milk pro- duced by dairy cows. Our experience so far has certainly tended to support this belief. - FODDER CROPS AND CATTLE IN CEYLON.—III. KEEPING Another grass which is largely cultivated in Ceylon is the Mauritius grass (Panicum Molle or Barbinode) commonly known as “ water grass.” This may be said to be the only fodder crop grown to any extent in the Island. Its growth is confined chiefly to Colombo and its vicinity, and it is only seen to a very small extent in other towns, The cultivation is in the hands of Tamil men from the South Indian Coast, who after a long experience have come to know the best methods to be adopted in growing it. Why this grass is known as Mauritius grass it is hard to say, though it might haye come to the Island from Mauritius. It is very little known in India. The term “ water grass” is applied to it obviously for two reasons,—one, , that it thrives best in moist localities; and the other, that it is a grass containing a large percentage of moisture somewhere about 60 per cent of its total weight. Mauritius grass is a succulent plant with creeping underground stems, which give off numerous stalks. These stalks are round and tubular and have dark green lance- olate leaves. The plants grow to the height of two to four teet, and in many instan- ces when not cropped properly the stalks may be seen trailing along the ground to the extent of five to six feet or even longer. — A friable soil with a large amount of moisture, or where water is close to the surface, and Oct. 1, 1894.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” 283 especially in the vicinity of canals, rivers or marshes is the best fitted for the growth of this grass. The grass-fields of Colombo are mostly situated in such localities. The Cinnamon Garden soil is noted forits loose texture and the amount of moisture contained in it; water is found in this locality quite close to the surface. The lowlands in the vicinity of the Kelani river are more or less marshes. In all these places when under proper cultivation, the grass thrives well. Though water grass is eminently one so partial to moisture, it is known to grow fairly well in average soils, but then the deve- lopment of the leaves and stems show a marked falling off. The produce of such localities is not so succulent as that grown in moist soils, but contains a comparatively large per- centage of nutritive matter. The cultivation of Mauritius grass is one that requires careful attention, which it well repays, since it is one of the most profitable crops grown at present. Land selected for a grass plot is first well tilled and manured before it is planted. The planting is done by scattering, broadcast, pieces of mature stalks of the grass, say about six inches in length, along with some manure, usually cattle and horse dung, and covering them lightly. The first shower makes the planted stem to put forth numerous buds, and these within the space of from five to eight weeks grow up and form a thick bed of tall grass stalks. During the rains and when the season is favour- able, a grass-field yields a crop once in five weeks; when the season is unfavourable this period is slightly extended. On an average a Mauritius grass-field gives eight crops a year. After each mowing the land has to be weeded and dressed with manure, consisting of cattle and horse dung and any refuse from road sweepings to weeds from stagnant pools Xe. The laying out of un acre of grass including the cost of tillage, manure, and the stalks for planting, costs on an average about R50:00. Upkeep of one man and one woman working daily, @ 120/ per annum for the man and 60/ for the woman 180 00 First year’s expenses 36 aa 230) 800 Second and subsquent year 180 00 Yield 1,250 bundles a cutting value 40/; eight cuttings give a net income of., 320 00 per annum, Mauritius grass is undoubtedly a bulky food, considering the large percentage of moisture it contains, but at the same time it is one of the best foods to keep up animals in health, and as a change from coarse grass it is invaluable. The cultivation of this grass should be encour- aged in the villages. There arelands suitable for its growth in almost every village, and such land is for the most part unsuitable forany other paying crop. A supply of Mauritius grass if available in the villages would be a great factor inthe improvement of various kinds of stock in this Island. Wor vslgulbe (To be continued,) BANANAS AND PLANTAINS. The August number of the Kew Bulletin is entirely taken up with ‘ miscellaneous infor- mation,” relating to bananas and plantains, with a description of the botanical characters and uses of the principal varieties of Musa, grown for use or ornament. The tribe Musee belongs to the Natural Order Scrraminra, which includes many economic plants, such as Arrow- root, Turmeric, Cardamoms, Ginger, &c. The Musee embrace four genera: Heliconia, Musa, Strelitzia, and HKevenala. The Heliconias are ornamental plants. The Musas include the wild and cultivated bananas and plantains. The Strelitzias belong to South Africa, and the Rave- nalas are known as the “ Travellers’ palms,” the leaves of which are arranged like the ribs of afan. They derive their name from the fact, that in the foot stalks of the leaves a supply of water may be obtained by trapping. The Musas comprise the species of economic value, with their inestimable, edible fruits, and form the principal subject of the Kew Bulletin under notice. Notwithstanding the prominent place the bananas and plantains occupy among the cultivated fruits and foods of this Island, they have never yet attained the position they have gained elsewhere, or the attention they deserve in Ceylon. With regard to the botanical characteristics of the tribe the plants are so familiar that little need here be said. The plantain tree has no real stem. That which serves as a stem for most of the species consists of the leaf stalks, which are succulent, and form sheaths, or coatings, like those of an onion, one over another. The flower bud is formed in the ground, and pushes its way up thence to the position it occupies at the top, where it attains its full growth and maturity. Under the head of cultivated varieties, those that are found in different countries are speci- fied in the Bulletin foreach country separately. India heads the list, not that the greatest variety is found there, for the Phillipines and Indian Archipelago are richest, and according to Moon, Ceylon comes next. Roxburgh reports that he found in India only three vatieties of “ plantain, ” and about thirty of the “ banana,” Eleven varieties are briefly described in the Bulletin before us, as being the chief of those that are cultivated in India ; and they are used almost exclusively as table fruit when ripe or as vegetables when unripe. When we come to consider the much more extended uses of the plantains and bananas in other countries we shall have more to say about India. Regarding Ceylon, Moon enumerates 47 kinds by their Sinhalese and English names. Yet rich as the Island is in varieties, and though the list comprises some of the most delicious in flavour, and most productive and nourishine Ceylon is far behind in the economic uses to which the fruit is applied, as compared with several other countries. Our main object in reviewing the Bulletin before us is to point out as we have done several times before in these columns, the various uses of which the fruit is capable, economically, and commercially. 284 Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” re 7. (Oct. 1, 1894. In the Bulletin before us 20 pages are taken up by descriptions of the varieties of bananas and plantains that are found in different coun- tries, but we have not time nor space for so formidablean enumeration, nor would it serve the purpose we have in view. What we desire, in the interest of Ceylon and its people is to direct attention to several important purposes to which the fruit has not yet been applied here, and to the great extension of which its present known uses might, with great advantage, be applied. Ceylon isnot over abundantly supplied with either quantity or variety of food; and it may safely be said that, both as an additional supply, and as an agreeable variety of wholesome food, the bananas and plantains offer the greatest scope. In this connection it may be remarked that both the growing plant, and the mature fruit, are singularly free from attacks of either insect or fungoid pest. We cannot remember during our sojourn of nearly half a century in the Island, that we ever saw any kind of insect in the fruit, nor have we ever noticed the plant subject to such attack. Inthe Bulletin before us, we find it remarked that “ Taking into account the immense areas over which these plants have been cultivated, and the lengthened period during which they have been subject to the control of man, itis remarkable that no choronie disease has manifested itself among them except in one or two localities.” Of the economic uses of the fruit to which we would first direct the attention of our renders be- cause it is the one to which the least attention has as yet been given in Ceylon, is its wholesomeness in the sense of being curative, or medicinal. Mr. H. M. Stanley, in the narrative of his journey through darkest Africa, says :— When between the Albert Edward Nyanza and the Albert Nyanza (Vol. ii., pp. 289-240:—* For the first time we discovered that the Awamba, whose territory we were now in, understood the art of drying bananas over wooden gratings, for the purpose of making flour. We had often wondered, during our life in the forest region, that the natives did not appear to haye discovered what invaluable, nourishing, and easily digestible food they possessed in the plantain and banana, All banana lands—Cuba, Brazil, West Indies— seem to me to have been speciully remiss on this point. If only the virtues of the flour were publicly known it is not to be doubted but it would be largely consumed in Europe. infants, persons of delicate digestion, dyspeptics, and those suffering from temporary Cerange- © ments of the stomach, the flour, properly pre- pared, would be of universal demand. During my two attacks of gassritis, a light gruel of this, mixed with milk, was the only matter that could be digested.” There is probably no more obstinate disorder than that of chronic gastritis, yet, during two attacks to which Mr. Stanley alludes, on that most trying journey, he found in gruel of plan- tain meal and milk acure. He naturally recom- mends it for infants, persons of delicate digestion, dyspeptics, and those suffering from temporary derangements of the stomach, and he says that if the virtues of the flour were publicly known, itis not to be doubted but it would be largely ES SS —Ceylon Independent. | | For | Similar testimony is to be found in other countries. In the Malay Archipelago “ man begins with plantains,” as the meal, Rumph says, “is used for making pap for new-born infants.” Dr. Shier reporting on the food products of British Guiana, says the flour of plantains is largely employed as the food of infants and invalids.” Again in the public hospital in Kingston, Jamaica, the use of plantain meal, as distinct from banana meal, is reported as sollows :— “Some years ago plantain meal—as distinct from banana meal—was in use at the public hospital in Kingston, and was considered a wholesome and nutritious food. 1f formed an excellent diet for patients suffering from diar- rhoea, dysentery, and allied ailments. This is confirmed by experience in India. * Flour made out of green plantain dried in the sun is used in the form of chappatis (unleavened cakes) in certain parts of Tirhoot in cases of dyspepsia with troublesome flatulence and acidity, 1 have known,’ says a medical officer, ‘one case in whice it agreed remarkably well whenever a diet of plainsago and water brought on a severe attack of colic. The chappatis are taken dry with a little salt.’ There is always present in plantain men! a certain small percentage of tannin.” In the same extract we read that “in Tirhoot (India) flour made out of green plantains, dried in the sun, is used in the form of chappatis in cases of dyspepsia, with troublesome flatulence and acidity.” The fact that when even plain sago brought on a severe attack of colic, the chappate agreed remarkably well, shows its extra- ordinary virtue. Such a variety of testimony leaves no doubt of the fact, that in Ceylon we possess, in the bananas and plantains, so abundant in supply, so cheap in price and so delicious in flavour, not only a most remarkably wholesome food, but a singularly effective cure for indigestion, and a specially suitable diet for infants and invalids. a DAIRY ITEMS. Very much fat is lost in butter-milk in the process of churning, which, with greater care, -might be saved; anda study of this subject, recently made at the Iowa Experiment Station | in America, and published as a bulletin by the U.S.A. Agricultural Department, suggests that : this loss might be greatly minimised, if not entirely prevented, by testing the acidity of the cream. The work, so far as it has gone, shows that the acidity of the cream bears a decided relation to the loss of fat in churning, and that a test of this kind for acidity cannot but be of considerable help to the butter-maker, even though he has had years of experience. The experiments are merely of a preliminary nature, and are being contiaued, so that they do not admit of drawing anything but general con- clusions. They showed, however, that until cream reached a certain acidity, less of fat in - butter-milk to a greater or less extent took place. . The other two factors which have an influence ' are the temperature of the cream and its amount | in the churn; for when this latter is more than consumed in Europe. ? | half full, the results are not satisfactory. sb tir Gob. 1, 1894.] Supplement to the « Tropical Agriculturist.” 285 “Hot water for cows” is the maxim of the French dairy farmers in the department of Finis- tére. They claim to have proved by experiments that when cows drink hot water they yield one- third more milk than when they are refreshed with cold water only. Caution must, of course, be observed in adopting the new system. Avari- cious dairymen must beware of scalding the throats of their cows in their haste to avail themselves of this discovery, which is vouched for by our consul at Brest. The proportion, we are told, are half a pail of boiling water and half a pail of cold. A method has been recently described by which butter aduiteration can be detected by means of a thermometer and some sulphuric acid. It appears that when strong sulphuric acid is mixed with pure butter the temperature of the mixture rises to about 79 deg. Fahr. If, on the other hand, margarine is mixed with sulphuric acid the tem- perature of the mixture rises to 88 deg. Fahr., or from that up to 104 deg. Fahr, If, then, on adding common sulphuric acid to a sample of butter the temperature rises to, say, 84 deg. Fahr., there is reason to suspect adulteration. meter marks 86 deg. Fahr., one part of marga- rine has been added to every 13 parts of butter ; if it goes up to 90 deg. Fahr., the mixture half consists of butter and half of margarine. Professor J. Forster, of Amsterdam, finds that to made sure of killing the tubercle bacteria in milk by means of heat (Pasteurisation) it must be exposed in one of the following ways :—131 deg: Fahr. for four hours, 140 deg. Fahr. for one hour, 149 deg, Fahr. for fifteen minutes, 158 deg. Fahr. for ten minutes, 176 deg. Fahr. for five minutes, 194 deg. Fahr. for two minutes, 203 deg. Fahr. for one minute. A’ correspondent to the Scottish Farmer writes :—No one has as yet mentioned Schering’s Formalin Solution. I claim from practical expe- vience that it is the best article of the kind in the market. A quantity of it was procured for me from the Sorn Dairy Supply, Glasgow—the sole agents for Scotland—and I find it of the greatest value in all kinds of weather. During the recent thunderstorms I never had a drop of sour milk. That is something to boast of. Formalin solution is a clear liquid, and it neither affects the taste, character, or flavour of the milk or cream, ee Se REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE FOR 1893. I have the honour to submit the following Report on the working of the Government Dairy during 1893 :— The dairy herd consists of 47 cows, of which 21 were imported from the Bombay Presidency, and the remaining 26 were procured locally. Among the locally-procured animals are five pure Sinhalese cattle, the rest being natives of South India, and commonly known as “Coast cows.” The Bombay animals are a well-selected lot, and they may all be said to have turned out satistac- tory milkers, except one which has gone completely 1f the thermo- off her milk owing to injuries sustained during the voyage to Ceylon, The “ Coast cows” do not of course come up to the Bombay cattle as milkers, though a few of them are exceptionally good specimens. The Sinhalese animals are kept chiefly with a view to see what can be done with our indigenous breed under proper management and with good feeding and housing. I think that the unsatisfactory cows should be sold, the amount realized by such sale, together with the balance left after completely stocking the dairy, being invested in the purchase of animals of a better type. It will be remembered that the first batch of 45 cows was estimated to cost R4,500, at R100 each. They have, however, averaged a fraction below the estimated cost, The average dairy yield of the whole herd for the first half year, during the milking periods of the cows, was eight pints nearly. The average of the best cows (Sindh animals) during their period of milking was for the first half year 123 pints per day. The ordinary charge for the milk supplied was at the rate of 18 centsa bottle. In the case of the Leper Asylum, a distance of 26 miles to and from the dairy, the cost of transport raised the price of milk supplied to that institution to 20 cents a bottle. During the month of June the dairy stock consisted mainly of the Bombay cattle which arrived on the 30th of May. Only a few of these had calved on the journey to Ceylon, and a large number of non-milking animals had to be fed and tended for various periods at considerable expense, with no return. This could not have been avoided, as the cattle from Bombay were, as far as possible, timed to calve within a month of their arrival. The greater part of the milk produced during June was takeu by a milk con- tractor, and the rest was disposed of in the shape of butter. The opportunity afforded of making use of the “separator” and manufacturing the cream into butter—at a time when there was no regular demand from the hospitals to meet— was after all a welcome one. Though it was expected that the dairy would be in a position to undertake the milk supply of all the medical institutions in Colombo from the lst of July, the idea had eventually to be aban- doned owing to the insufliciency of the output of milk to meet the large demand. And this is attributable to two causes: (1) some of the cows which were calculated to come into milk by lst July were late in calving; (2) (and this the chief cause) only a few animals could be purchased during June, owing, to some extent, to a scarcity of milk cattle as the result of a severe drought in South India, but also and chiefly owing to a clique having been formed among the Tamil cattle- dealers, who tried their utmost to “ swamp” the Government Dairy by refusing to have any dealings with it. In this crisis the Principal Civil Medical Officer very kindly came to our assistance, requiring us to meet only the demand of the General Hospital for 126 bottles of milk a day during July. This gave us more time to look about. In the course of that month further purchases were successfully made after much maneuvering, the prices paid being slightly higher than the ordinary rates, Thus the milk supply was gradually increased during July, the surplus milk (which was alwa 286 Supplement to the “ Tropwal Agriculturist.” Oct. 1, 1894, re i SL a variable quantity) being disposed of to private persons or converted into butter. But still there were some non-milking animals being fed for various periods till August 1, and the expenses under this head tended to lower the profits for the month. 1 should have stated that at the end of June there was a balance on the wrong side of R148:80, At the end of July it was found that there was a small profit of R85‘94, By the end of July the output of milk had been brought up to about 230 bottles a day, and from the lst August the dairy was able to undertake the milk supply of the various medical institutions in Colombo. At the start many difficulties were encountered, especially in the matter of delivery, but after a little time they were got over. The net profit realized at the end of August was R511°47. The success of the dairy during August was greater than was ever anticipated, but we have been for- tunate, in the fact that everything has gone well with us so far. There has been hardly any sick- ness to speak of among the cows. Twoor three animals suffered from slight ailments, but they speedily recovered under the treatment of the Veterinary Surgeon. Two deaths occurred among the calves, but there has been no dimunition in the milk given by the mothers. On the advice ot the Veterinary Surgeon a “ring fence” has been constructed with the dairy as a centre, in order to prevent the possibility of diseased cattle coming in contact with our herd. Gates or bars have also been set up across the various paths leading to the dairy with the same object. No cattle or carts are permitted to enter the dairy premises, while strict regulations are enforced in the case of coolies and others. It is to be hoped that these precautionary measures will be the means of keeping the cows free from contagion and infection. Mr. Lye generally visits the dairy once or twice a day when he is in Colombo, and enters his remarks as to the health of the cattle in a book kept for that purpose. It is undoubtedly of the greatest advantage to the dairy that it has the benefit of Mr. Lye’s services. The statement of accounts for September shows that the income from the dairy was R1,245-06, the expenditure R751°19, and the profits R493°87. In October the income was R1,379°80, the ex- penditure R798'67, and the profitsR581:13, During the month the last two in calf cows of the 45 animals purchased (viz., the two cows Butter- cup and Jasmine) calved on the 19th and 25th respectively. In November the income was R1,358'64, the ex- penditure (including the salaries of two extra coolies) was R805:15, and the profits, Rd53°49. During this month there was one case of serious illness (inversion of the vagina), the cause of which was not ascertainable. Hvery attempt was made to treat the animal in the absence of the Govern- ment Veterinary Surgeon (who had left for India about the middle of the month with the object of bringing another batch of cows forthe dairy), but inflammation and eventually ulceration of the organ set in, and the cow wasin a very bad way, when a “yedarala” in the employ of Mr. J. W. C. de Soysa was ealledin. This native cattle doctor suc- ceeded in completely restoring the unimal to health piter a fortnight’s treatment, Early in the month another stud bull of the Aden breed was sent out from Poona by the Superinten- dent of Farms, Bombay Presidency, at a cost of R150, This animal was in poor condition on its arrival, and since the Sindh bull which came out with the Bombay cattie, as well as the Nellore bull that had been attached to the school previous to the opening of the dairy, were not very satisfactory as stud animals, under the circumstances, and as it was most important that the dairy cows should be served without delay, arrangements were made with Mr. J. W. C. de Soysa for the loan of a Cape stud bull. This animal,a proved stock setter, served 26 cows during the nine weeks it remained on the premises. Seven other cows were served by the Aden bull and one by the Nellore. All the cows served are timed to calve between the 16th of August and 19th of October, 1894. During November two fresh animals were pur- chased locally with the balance available from the vote for the purchase of cows for the dairy, and the total number of cows in the dairy was raised to 47. In December the income of the dairy was R1,387°90, the expenditure R&832°61, and the profits R555:29, At the end of the month there were 44 calves in the dairy, only 2, of those which were born on the premises, having died: one cow having lost its calf before coming to us. I may mention that the rearing of calves isa matter of great difficulty in Ceylon, and that a large percentage die when a few months old. Those be- longing to the dairy were carefully reared, and grew up to be fine specimens for theirages. The calves, when a week or twoold, were first given what is known as “kollu” water, or water in which kollu (Dolichos biflorus), a leguminous seed, had been boiled. Later, a few of the boiled seed were allowed, and then poonac or coconut cake gradualiy added. Eventually the calves took the ordinary diet of poonac and cotton seed. In this way much of the milk which would have been sucked up by the calves, if they were to be nourished in the usual manner, was saved, as the calves were only permitted to suck fora short while till the secretion of milk was started in the udder, and again after milking was completed. The cows still require—as all Indian cows do— the presence of the calf at milking; and the cows that have lost their calves have been trained to allow other calves to suck them. A distinct account of the expenditure on the feeding of calves is being kept by the Manager of the Dairy; the amount will have to be deducted from the value the animals will realize when sold. It is intended, however, to retain a number of calves for the use of the dairy. Land attached to the School. The new grant of land, about 40 acres, which was made to the school in 1891, originally con- sisted of neglected cinnamon and low scrub with about 13 acre of cultivated grass. Since the land came to the school it has been gradually cleared and put under grass, under the superintendence first of Mr. Jayawardana, late Head Master, and then of Mr. Rodrigo, now Manager of the Dairy. This was done without any extra cost to Govern- ment, and according to the usual plan of appor- tioning blocks to Tamil coolies, who und ertook the clearing, preparation, and planting of the land on the understanding that they wouldbe allowed to Oct. 1, 1894.] repay themselves by tuking the crop for the usual specified period. The result of this has been that about 15 acres are at present under grass. I beg to suggest that the grass land should now be tuken in hand and systematically worked on Government account. If the necessary expenditure for labour, manure Xe. be sanctioned, I anticipate that a net profit of not less than R60 per mensem will accrue. The Alfred Model Farm was taken over for pur- poses of the Government Dairy from lessees in May last on the payment of R4,400 as compensation. The income for the eight months—May to De- cember—was R1,667'10, an average of R208°38 per mensem; the exp2nditure was R3544°40, or an average of R45:‘05, and the profits amounted to R1,32270, or an average of R165'33 per mensem. The extent of cultivated grass land is capable of extension, and it is expected that when the farm is taken fairly in hand and proper supervision ex- ercised by a responsible oflicer who should be placed in charge, the profits will, in the course of 1894, be raised to R200 per mensem. The natural grass land on the farm will be avail- able for pasturing the dry cows of the dairy. Parts of the furm contain cabook rock of good quality, | which, if permitted to be judiciously worked, is capable of yielding at least another R150 a year. fhe Dairy Manager, Mr. J. A. G. Rodrigo, has, after the unavoidable preliminary struggle, fallen into the groove of work which has been cut out for him, and it should be said to bis credit that he is doing his very best for the interests of his charges. His time is fully occupied, what with superintend- ing the milking of the cows, the weighing of the milk, refrigerating and filling it for delivery, weighing and apportioning of food, &e., and all this twice aday. He thus has to be up before > a.m,, when the first milking begins, and up till 9or1l0p.m. When the 80 additional cows come into the dairy next year, it will be high time to consider the advisability of giving Mr. Rodrigo an assistant. For the present I have arranged that four students in turn should take duty at the dairy from 5a.m. to 8 a.m. to allow Mr. Rodrigo to get some rest, and at the same time to gain for them- selves some experience in the management of cattle. In addition to the duties aetailed above, the Manager has a good deal to do in the way of keep- ing records and accounts. Here also some help is rendered by the students during their leisure hours. 1 also forward three statements of accounts: (1) of the Alfred Model Farm from May to Decem- ber, 1895; (2) capital cost of the Government Dairy ; and (5) receipts, cost of maintenance, and profit of the dairy. Statement of the Alfred Model Farm from May to December, 1893. Receipts. Amount. RV. He! May ‘To lease of grass lands in small blocks 210. 0 June Do do 207 O July Do do 211 0 August Do do 211 50 September Do do 210 0 October Do do 210 0 November Do do 205 50 December Do do 202 10 Total ... 1,667 10 Supplement to the “ Tropical Ayr iculturist.” era 287 Expenditure. Amount. — Total. v. C: Vel Cs May Pay of four watchers 37 0 Boss - Cost of four mamoties and one katty 3 0 June Pay of four watchers and petty expenses 47 0) July Pay of four watchers 37 0 August Do . 37. 0 September Do «-. 40 0 3) Cost of rethatching a shed Seiced bees 0) October Pay of four watchers 40 9 Ay Cost of coir yarn and petty expenses 5 0 November | Pay of tour watchers 40 0 December Pay of four watchers and petty expenses 46 40 bd44 40 By Profit ... 1,322 70 Total . 1,667 10 Capital cost of the Government Darry Farm. Particulars. Amount. F ¢ } Rae! Cost of erecting the dairy buildines 3,330 0 Value of two draught bulls 5 HEON 0 Value of 47 cows 4,479 2] Value of two stud bulls 300 0 Cost of utensils and materials i 940 52 Cost of two return tickets to Bombay allowed to Messrs. Driebere and Lye for the selection of cows... ae 370 28 Cost of water service with cistern, We. 351 37 Cost of a ring fence for the cows Sa 60 0 Cost of two telegrams sent to Mr. Lye TH: at Bombay re the purchase of cows, Ke. BM) Amount paid to the lessees of the ; Alfred Model Faria as compensation 4,400 0 Total 14,296 38 Statement of Dairy Accounts for the Month of December, 1898. Receipts. Amount. R. ¢. 4,618} bottles milk supplied to General Hospital at 18 cents. per bottle ; 1,583 bottles and 9 ounces milk supplied o (BIE ah to Lunatic Asylum at 18 cents per bott!e 285 8353 bottles to Hendala Leper Levies at rie 20 cents per bottle vee 67 10 38 bottles and 19 ounces to De Soysa i Lying-in-Home at 18 cents per bottle... 6 97 71 bottles 18 oz. to Police Hospital, Borella at 18 cents per hottle as hie 12 91 32 bottles 21 oz. to S. H. F. D. W. at Borella, at 18 cents per bottle ase 0, 902 25 bottles to House of Observation at 18 "i cents per bottle ... a. weet! de 5) 19 bottles 20 oz. to Branch Hospital Borella, at 18 cents per bottle ce 3 56 134 bottles to Smallpox Hospital, Kanatta, at 18 cents per bottle an mon 12740 712? bottles to Branch Hospital, Kanatta at 18 cents per bottle ie i 12 90 94 bottles to Chickenpox Hospital, Kan- atta, at 18 cents per bottle ... con Ap: 248 bottles to Club House at 20 cents per a _ bottle... By 49 60 Manure ... 4 0 Total - 1,387 90 288 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist..” (Oct. 1, 1894. Amount. Total. Ree: n. «. Expenses. Cost of feeding 40 cows at 50 cents per day per head 620 0 Cost of feeding 5 cows at 46 cents per day } per head 71 30 Pay of 8 coolies 80 0 Cost of carriage and ferrying of milk to Hendala Leper Asy- lum... 13 75 Carriage of milk to Club House 7-56 Pay of the Manager «, DAD, <0 ; —— 832 61 Net profits ite -- 505 29 Total 1,387 90 Statement showing the Receipts, Cost of Mainten- ance, and the profit of the Government Dairy Farm during 1893. Receipts. Amount. Ki... June Amount realized by sale of an, butter, manure, Xe. ee 257 70 July Do do 750 24 Angust Do do .-» 1,248 52 September Do do .. 1,245 6 October Do do 1,379 80 November Do do 1,358 64 December Do do 1,387 90 Total ... 7,627 86 Expenditure. Amount. Total. Rs 1¢: Uh, Ainount paid to the Manager as salary from es 1 to De- cember 31 240 0 Amount paid to six coolies as wages from June 1 to Sep- tember 30 240 0 Amount paid to eight coolies as wages from October 1 to December 31... 240 0 Aimount expended in feeding cows from June 1 to Decem- ber 31 . 4,192 95 Amount expended it in tr anspor t: ing milk to Hendala Leper Asylum, &e. 3 64 93 Amount paid to the Manager being 6 per cent commission due to him on the profits realized = 157 94 Net Profit ... 2,492 4 Total ... 7,627 86 The total cost to Government of establishing the dairy, maintaining it, and working it from June to December, 1893, including the purchase of stock, was R19,432:10. On 81st December the estimated value of the dairy, including buildings, stock, utensils, Model Farm, &e., was R12,510. The net profits realised from the dairy from June to December, 1893, were R2,492°04. This is exclusive of the profits realized from the working of the Alfred Model Farm, which aggregated R1,322°70. The percentage aes to Government for 1893 0n the capital cost (R14,296°38) was 263 for six months, C. DRIEBERG, Superintendent. ! | | GENERAL ITEMS. The drought in Colombo and its suburbs is telling severely on cultivated grass lands, with the result that the supply is short of the demand and prices are going up. Mr. A. M. Fernando, late of the School of Agriculture, has been appointed by the Hon. the Government Agent of the Western Province to visit and report on cattle disease in the villages as soon as the occurrence of any cases is made known. Mr. Fernando has given much of his time and attention during the past two years to the subject of diseases among cattle, and should be able to do some good work among native cattle-owners, A museum of a unique character, and the first of its kind in the Colonies, is about to be established in Brisbane. In it will be principally stored patho- logical specimens, by means of which information respecting the origin and nature of animal dis- eases could be given. This would seem to be an excellent idea and one which should be carried out wherever veterinary work is being done. In the inaugural address of the President of the Association of Economic Entomologists of America, Mr. James Fletcher gives, among other interesting, information, a fair idea as to what degree the knowledge of the habits of life of insects helps in de- vising means for checking them. He roughly esti- mates the damage done in the United States by in- sects at /, of the value of the agricultural produce, or at the enormous sum of £76,000,000 per year. The practice of branding is universal, and it is hardly possible to do without it, especially in the country, where the owners of cattle must use some distinguishing mark thatis diffi- cult to alter in order that their cattle can be recognised. But it is not necessary that the skin of the animal should be covered with letters or figures each about 1 foot square, or that the very best portions of the hide should be selected as the most fitting place to affix these marks. The brands used are, asa rule, far too large, particularly when young stock are being marked. A large brand applied to a young calf leaves ‘a mark which grows with the growth of the animal, and finally spreads over a considerable portion of the side. Ifthe calf is sold two or three times before it matures, and each successive owner affixes his own brand, the result is a series of grotesque symbols which by no means add to the appearance of the animal, and have the cffect of greatly reducing the value of the hide to the leather merchant. If branding cannot be done without, the least, and noc the most, valuable . portions of the hide should be selected, and in the ‘ease of young stock brands of very much smaller dimensions should be used, so as not to create an ‘immense mark when the animal is full grown. Brands would be just as readily distinguishable if placed on the neck, high up on the forearm, or low down on the thigh. ‘Some owners have adopted ‘the proceeding of branding the cattle on the fore- head, and this has the advantage of leaving _ the: 4 “useful portion of the skin intact. A change from ,the practice of indiscriminately spoiling hides ' should be devised and generally adopted. - r ee ee eee ee ee a MR. WILLIAM SHELFORD, MEMBER OF THE COUNCIL OF THE INSTITUTES OF CIVIL ENGINEERS, Lropical Ayriculturist Portratt Gallery. No. XIV. : 4 sg AROMCAL ACEI «| MONTHLY. De Vol. XIV. COLOMBO, NOVEMBER ist, 18094. INO. “De MR. WILLIAM SHELFORD, ¢. r£ CO-PROJECTOR ——--y vaseeuy WO ULUDU, LU is destined to be closely associated with the develop- ment of the North-western portion of the Island and of railway traffic between India and Ceylon. We are indebted for theengraved block from which we print, and also for the letter-press which we reproduce below, to the courtesy of the proprietors and editor of Zhe Indian Engineer, to whom we return our best thanks. Curiously enough the writer of the memoir takes no notice of the Indo-Ceylon Railway scheme with which Sir George Bruce and Mr. Shelford have identified themselves. That the scheme is by no means moribund is shown by the counterance given to it by the Indian authorities, the present Secretary of State for India (Mr. Henry Fowler) being es- pecially favourable to the proposal. The Madras Government, too, has just given orders for the survey of the section between Madras and Paum- ben. It will be observed that Mr. Shelford is one of the Consulting Engineers for Railways to the Colonial Office, so he ought to be able to make himselt heard there; and another link with Ceylon has just been formed in that Mr. Shelford has been appointed Consulting Engineer OF THE 4 0%) INDO-CRVT.ON DArrxcmaxr Mr, WILLIAM SHELFORD. The subject of ow memoir this week is Mr. William Shelford, a Member of Council of the Institution of Civil Engineers, who has lately shown the interest he takes in Indian tailways by his address to the London Chamber of Commerce, whieh we have reason to hope will have some practical results. The son of a Wrangter and a member of a family distinguished in mathemetical honours at Cambridge University for several generations, Mr. Shelford, who is still in the prime of life and looks it, combines theoretical knowledge with, as will be seen, very great practical experience, and is sure to keep his place for many years in the front rank of the profession. Trained, as’ young engineers were wont to be in those days in engine shops, Scotch ones in his ease and in the Glasgow and other gravitation water-works, young Shelford entered the oflice of Mr. (now Sir John) Fowler at an early age and began his railway engineering career chietly in con- nection with the first section of the Underground Railway in London, a most valuable experience, as the difficulties to be overcome were both novel, ow We regret that the engraved block has got damaged in transit—hence the specks which appear upon it. 4 rg Wt OAL AGEIeyy i «| MONTHLY. be a ¥ Vol. XIV. COLOMBO, NOVEMBER 1st, 1894. MR. WILLIAM SHELFORD, «¢ CO-PROJECTOR OF THE INDO-CEYLON RAILWAY. Pioneer—or a district plant- ing map (the difficulties of re- production causing delay)— we venture this month to lay before our readers a portrait of Mr. William Shelford c.r., whose name has become very familiar to the Ceylon public during the past year; while, we trust, it is destined to be closely associated with the develop- ment of the North-western portion of the Island and of railway traffic between India and Ceylon. We are indebted for the engraved block from which we print, and also for the letter-press which we reproduce below, to the courtesy of the proprietors and editor of Zhe Indian Engineer, to whom we return our best thanks. Curiously enough the writer of the memoir takes no notice of the Indo-Ceylon Railway scheme with which Sir George Bruce and Mr. Shelford have identified themselves. That the scheme is by no means moribund is shown by the countenance given to it by the Indian authorities, the present Secretary of State for India (Mr. Henry Fowler) being es- pecially favourable to the proposal. The Madras Government, too, has just given orders for the survey of the section between Madras and Paum- ben. It will be observed that Mr. Shelford is one of the Consulting Engineers for Railways to the Colonial Office, so he ought to be able to make himselt heard there; and another link with Ceylon has just been formed in that Mr. Shelford has been appointed Consulting Engineer NSTEAD of a Ceylon planting | for the Colombo Tramways—a position that may yet lead to his taking an interest in supplying tramways to many of the planting districts in our hill-country to connect them with the main fine of railway. A brother of Mr. Shelford is well-known in the East as a merchant in Singa- pore and an energetic member of the Straits Legislative Council. We quotefrom Zhe Indian Engineer as follows :— Mr, WILLIAM SHELFORD. The subject of ow memoir this week is Mr. William Shelford, a Member of Council of the Institution of Civil Engineers, who has lately shown the interest he takes in Indian Railways by his address to the London Chamber of Commerce, which we have reason to hope will have some practical results. The son of a Wrangter anda member of a family distinguished in mathemetical honours at Cambridge University for several generations, Mr. Shelford, who is still in the prime of life and looks it, combines theoretical knowledge with, as will be seen, very great practical experience, and is sure to keep his place for many years in the front rank of the profession. Trained, as’ young engineers were wont to be in those days in engine shops, Scotch ones in his ease and in the Glasgow and other gravitation water-works, young Shelford entered the office of Mr. (now Sir John) Fowler at an early age and began his railway engineering career chietly in con- nection with the first section of the Underground Railway in London, a most valuable experience, as the difficulties to be overcome were both novel, 290 at thattime, various and innumerable. Then he became associated with the London, Catham and Dover Railway and its extensions to the Crystal Palace at Sydenham and to Greenwich. He has since been in practice in Westminster, London, for nearly 30 years, during which period he has been engaged upon a great variety otf works in various parts of the world as well as in the United Kingdom. Mr. Shelford was Chief En- gineer in the design and construction of the Hull and Barnsley Railway, which is the most recent addition to the main line systems of England and he has acted in the same capacity for several other railways, constructed under agreements with the Great Northern, Caledonian, Great Eastern, Great Western and other railway companies. Mr. Shelford has visited Canada and the United States and having become practically acquainted with American methods he has suc- cessfully applied them in many instances. In the Argentine Republic he made good use of the opportunities for comparing the practice obtaining on either side of the Atlantic. On the continent of Europe, in Italy especially, he has also been largely concerned in the design, construction and working of railways. In all these lines the resources of civilization were at hand and quickly obtainable. But Mr. Shelford has also expe- rienced the want of these aids to rapid progress, having promoted and carried out pioneer railways in the Malay Peninsula, in Sierra Leone and in ‘other parts of Africa. He is now one of the consulting Engineers for Railways to the Colonial Office, and it will be gathered — from the foregoing that any opinions in which he may enunciate with regard to matters concerning railways of any kind, are entitled to respect, and will carry the greatest weight with then. We therefore hope that Mr. Shelford will persevere jn the course he has so brilliantly entered and that he will aid us with might and main in the development of our means of commmnication and part passw of our prosperity.—Jndian Engineer. —————————— “ADHATODA VASICA” AS AN IN- SECTICIDE. (To the Edstor of the “ Tropical Agriculturist.”) Sre,--I enclose copy of correspondence on the ica’ i ticide.— gubject of ‘‘ Adhatoda Vasica” 8S an incec!t : I aa. gir, yours fuithfully, A. PHiLIP, Seoretary to the Planters’ Association of Ceylon. Relugas, Lie Gee ee 21st. Director, Royal Botanic Gardens. Sir see the honour to forward for your perusal me apers sent to me, by the Indian Tea Districts d ra ggodiatiOD yeferring to a plant, whose infusion is upposed. to be an insecticide and to request that you sail kindly inform me whether the plant grows 1m Ceylon and any other information you may + Woe “return the enclosure to me.—I am &c, (Signed) Menyvrii WHITE, Chairman Ceylon Planters’ Association. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. a [Nov 1, 1894. Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, 22nd Octo- ber 1694. Sir,_I have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of yesterday and now return the papers re- ferring to Adhatoda Vasica. As these have reached me from two other sources,* I am already well acquainted with what has been done in India in the matter. 2 The plant is found in the low-ecountry of Ceylon but not in the Hills: but cannot be considered common here. Indeed I have usually seen it planted as a hedge in native gardens. It has a considerable reputation in. mative medicine as a remedy for coughs espe- cially of children; the leaves are bitter to the taste and I notice that they Go mot seem to be _eaten by insects. The Sinhalese name is “\Agaladara "’ or “‘ Wana-epala,’ and the Tamil one ** Aditodai”’ (whence the scientific name) which I am ‘told means that goats will»not eat it. 3 It appears certain that the plant - sesses the power of clearing water of low organisms, both animal and vegetable, and that this property has been long known to _ the inhabitants of certain parts of India, but the destructive power of an infusion of the leaves on insect life seems to be scarcely yet a. established. That this is probable however is shown by the chemical analysis of Mr. Hooper of Ootacamund in 1888, who found it to contain a well-marked bitter alkaloid—“Vasicine” of which small quantities in water found to kill leeches, centipedes and insects. 4. If I can obtain sufficient material I hope to experiment here. The plant is easily grown and a small plantation is readily made. The large litho- graphic sketch accompanying the pa is very rough and not very accurate. If desired I can send you a specimen.—I am, er faithfully (Signed) Henry Trowen, (Director R. B. G.) Relugas, Madulkele, October 25th, 1894. The Director Royal Botanic Gardens. Sir,—I have to acknowledge your letter of 22nd October (No. 117) with enclosures and to thank you for the information contained therein. Should you be able to make any satisfactory ex- periments with the plant, I shall feel obliged by your ee the results to me, as the matter ma turn out to be of general interest and utility.— ane &c. (Signed) A. Merymie Wauire, Chairman Bp Beh oe {From the szries of papers referred to above, We give the following as containing the gist of the information available so far.—ED. 7.4.] Khonikor Tea Estate, July 16th, 1894. Dr. GrorGE WATT, M.B., C.1-E., SIMA, Dear Sir, ’ IT beg to thank you for your letter to Messrs. Barry & Co., regarding the ‘‘ Adhatoda Vasica,” copy of which bas been forwarded to me. I hayedone my nee? carry out your suggestions with the following results :-— ist—Samples of leaves, and shoot with bud and leaves, have been dried and sent to your address at Simla, as desired. I hope they will reach you ‘in good enough condition, for you to be able to pass an opinion on as to whether it is the Adhatoda Y, ieee about by Mr. Bamber, or one of the same amily. Leaves soaked in cold water, without being bruised give a perfectly clear water. Leaves thoroughly bruised and soaked in water (cold) for 12 hours give a dirty brownish bitter liqnid. Some leaves soaked, after being bruised, for 48 shours .gave @ thickish brown Jiquid, which had an oily film over it. Proportion 1 db. leat to 1 gallos water. * We. ourselves forwarded. papers to: Dr. Trimen, a short time ago.—Ep. 7.4, — Nov. 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 201 2nd—I have had’ some slimy stagnant water from drains brought in and put into a bottle with a frog and placed two leaves of the Adhatoda Y. in it. The leaves in a measure did disintegrate the stuff in the water, had no effect on the frog, but did not cear the water, the water remained of a greyish yellowish colour. 3rd—I had a nomber of Mosquitos brought in and placed in a box with top and bottom covered with net, the infusion was freely used twice (leaves soaked for 24 and 48 hours) it seemed to have no effect on the Mosquitos beyond in a way stupifying them. I had some dozens in the box for a day and a night ; they were twice wetted with the infusion—strength 1 lb. to 1 gallon water—they seemed lively enough at evening, but were all dead in the morning. Now the question arises—what is the duration of a Mos- quitos life? how long does it live? did they die a natural death? or wire they killed by the infusion ? I have not so far found, after my experiments on tea bushes, and dead Mosquito’s or even full grown ones, but any number of young ones in, I should say, a state of coma. Only in one case have they returned to the same bush and that after a lapse of nearly a month—they decidedly leave the bush after it haa been syringed, but whether they die, cr take long flights I have not been ab’e to ascertain. I have now tried some 20 patches attacked by this blight, and in every case they have disappeared after 4 to 6 applications: They are easier got rid of in dry than in wet weather,—Yours faithfully, (Signed) F. C. Moran, Simla, dated August ist, 1894, "I'o F, ©. Moran, Esq., Khonikor Tea Estate, Dibrugarh, Upper Assam. Dear Sir.—Yours of the 16th, as also your samples of leaves, reached me here yesterday. It is a little difficult to identify the plant by leaves only, as a great number of the Acanthacee are almost identical in their foliage. ‘he leayes sent by you are alittle longer and narrower than those of the plant in Bengal, but still I suspect they may be the correct thing. The Bengal ADHATODA, on being dried nearly always turns a-yellowish brown colour and the leaves are generally thicker and smaller than in your sample. If not the right plant, since it belongs to the same family undoubtedly, your experiments would point to the same property being possibly possessed by other Acan- thacee than ADHATODA, 2. Your experiments with life-infested water, I do not think very statisfactory, 1f the water chanced to contain mineral impurities, as well as animal and vegetable forms of life, the ApHATODA would not clear it of the mineral matter. What you should have done was to have taken two clear glass jars and to have filled these with the self same water at the same time, You should have next examined the contents of both with a low power microscope to see if they were equally infested with the same forms of life. ‘Then you should have put into one of the jars a few leaves squeezed or broken a little or a measured quantity (to be recorded) of your standard infusion. After, say, 2 or 3 hours you should have then examined both fluids to see the action comparatively. By 4 to 6 hours (according to my results) the Jar treated with ~ ApHATODA would have been found to have had all the contained minute organisms not only killed but more or less decomposed, and the water thus cleared of these impurities, while such higher forms of life as a frog or fish would be seen to have remained wnaff ected. The drug is in other words perfectly harm- less on the higher forms of both animal and yege- table life. 3. To obtain. satisfactory evidence your experiments must be comparative. Since the minute forms of life are found to remain in the jar of water not treated with ApHatropa—a jar filled from the self same source and at the same time as that which had been treated —the comparison would show that whatever change had been effected in the jar treated with the insecti- cide must be attributed to the AbpHAvToDA, since all tler conditions remained the same, Even if you do not chance to possess a microscope, by which to examine the minute forms of life in the water, two jars, the one to compare with the other, would be preferable to working with one, the more so if they both contain visible (that is, to the naked eye visible) green slimy alga, the destruction of which could be recognized. Moreover, in a day or two the one jar would be seen to contain life, its contents would gra- dually get darker coloured, the alge would begin to stain the glass by growing upon it and the proportion of life to visibly increase, whereas if ApHATODA had killed the lower organisms, no such further growth would take place, and the one fluid as compared with the other would then appear cleared. It was in this sense that I used the word ‘‘cleared,”’ not cleared in the sense of having all animal, vegetable and mineral matter precipitated. The expression cleared or purified was intended by me, when originally used, to be a literal translation of the expression employed by the Sutlej valley cultivator, when he drew my attention to the fields that had been treated with ADHATODA as compared with those that had not been so treated, 4, I do not for a moment think that on being syringed, the bushes should be regarded as for ever after freed from Mosquito. On the contrary, that would necessitate that the tea leaf had been so saturated that it was permanently poisoned to the Mosquito and pos- sibly thereby injured in flavour as an article of human consumption. If 50 square yards in the middle of a badly infested plantation be treated, it might be but a matter of a few days only when the cleansed portion would be again attacked from the neighbouring bushes, But I do not doubt that assuming that ADHATODA has been found a specific against Mosquito and other such pests, the systematic treatment of all and every portion of the plantation where these insects appear should in time result in their complete extermination, 56, Your experiment with Mosquito in a specially prepared cage I don’t think very satisfactory for the same reason as detailed in paragraph 2 and 8. You should have made two cages at least, and placed them under identical conditions, the one with the leaves syringed and the other not. The question you reise as to the cause of death of the Mosquito would have then been placed beyond dowbt. Your observations on the general effect on bushes treated in the plant= ation are more instructive than your specific experi= ments. The remarks for example, that ‘‘they deci< dedly leave the bush after it has been syringed,” and again that “I have now tried sonie 20 patches attacked hy this blight and in every case they hava disappeared alter 4 to 6 applications,” show that the sttbjects is well-worthy of thorough investigation, I would recommend you to try the following method of substantiating these observations. Select two plots as remote from each other as possible, and each in the middle of badly infected portions of the estate; Syringe them both at the same tinie and to the same extent, the one with pttre water and the other with the ApHATODA infusion. This would prove whether the mechanical action of syringing or the substance used as an insecticide possessed the action attributed to it. But even such an experiment would have to be repeated many times and by different observers in order to obtain an absolute opinion, So far as I can see, if is more important to deal with the in- fant or even the egg, than the perfect insect, and if these were destroyed by Adhatoda the pest could at all events be thereby controlled. This might be solyed by syringing young twigs that are seen to possess the eggs,—some with one dose, others with two, &c., and then placing these twigs in cages or by carefully tying them within muslin cloth Grout separating the twigs from the plant) in order to see if subse- quently the mature inseet escaped from the eggs. 6. Youask me as to the duration of the mature Mos-~ quito life, I have read through every article that I can find on that subject, and have failed to procure you the required information. ‘This point might easily be solved, however, by cultivation in a cage, such as that mentioned in my former letter and as already indicated in paragraph 5 aboye. ‘Lhe late Mr. Wood- Mason (as you doubtless are aware) wrote a paper on the ‘Tea-mite and Tea-bug. He published thereby certain interesting contributions to our knowledge of 2g2 these insect pests, but did not complete the life history of either. Whe question as to the duration of Mos- quito life he does not evey touch upon, But he showed that the eggs were deposited on the youny twigs : that the vespiratory processes of the yewly laid eggs so closely resembles the fine pubescence which clothes the surface of the shoots as to be quite indistinguishable from it to the unaided eye: that the knobbed ends and also the sides of the two tubular processes of the mouth of the egg-shell, to a greator or less ex- tent, are studded with button-sbaped elevations, each of which has a minute pit in his centre; that these pits are probably the ends of minute tubes which place the lumens of the processes in direet communica- tion with the exterior, and thus serve to carry air to the developing ovum: that the eggs are provided with deep saucer-shaped lids, perforated sieve-lilke, with holes which are large enough to admit sper- matozou, These and one or two more of Mr. Wood-Mason’s observations, I venture to think, are of much practical value. By thoroughly saturating the young twigs, it may be possible to cause the insecticide to penetrate through the wxespiratory tubes and thus destroy the embryos. But if attention be directed to the destruction of the embryo, it should not be forgotten, as pointed out by Mr. Wood-Mason, that the females instinctively ayoid puncturing the shoots or parts of the shoots in which they have laid their eggs, fer, says Mr. Wood- Mason, ‘one can rarely find eggs on badly iujured shoots.” A thorough syringing of affected bushes, more especially of the sprouting buds of these (which to the casual observer may seem free from the pest) would give full scope to the treatment. But in con- cluding this paragraph, I would caution you against the mistake made on more occasions than one, of yezarding the eggs as young insects; the two unequal processes which spring from the mouth of the egg have been regarded as the antenne of young (perfect) insects deposited in that state. 7. But Mr. Wood Mason, in trying to account for the reported greater prevalence of the disease on the Chinese or hybrid Chinese stock of tea bushes, dwells on the fact that the descrimination manifested by many insect pests is doubtless due to a high sense of sinell possessed by these creatures. And I would add to his observations that it is well-known that fungoid pests are remarkably good botanists. They choose not only uniformly the same hosts upou whieh to liye, but may even frequent but one yariety of the species. The practical value of these observations may lie in the fact that without poisoning the Mosquito it is just possible the AbHATODA infusion may drive the insect away by its offensiveness. If driven away and syste- matically kept from the tea plant, the effect would be the same to the planter as if poisoned. My experiments with the drug satisfied me beyond all doubt, however, that to certain forms of life it is a powerful poison, and I am therefore sanguine in my expectation that careful investigations will reveal the fact that it is an actual inseeticide to Mosquito and other minute insect pests that frequent the tea and other plants, such as the green fly of the garden rose. But I wish it to be c'early understood that I hold that it requires to be demoustrated in each case wkether or not ADHATODA possesses that property on the pests that may be in question, ; 8. You do not appear to be troubled with the Tea mite. It would seem to me that ADHATODA might be even more energetic with that pest than with Mosquito, from the fact that the entire life of the mite is spent on the surface of the tea leaf. The eggs are laid in the recesses formed by the branching of the veins of the leaf, and the tapering extremities of the eggs are directed upwards in such a manner that there should be no difficulty in killing their contained embryos. The young arachnids leave the egg as 6-footed larve, but they do not emigrate from the plant as yoyagers on the backs of winged insects (as many other mites do), but attain to adult state by a change of slin. It seems probable that the entire life of the Tea-mite is spent on the self-same leaf as it was born on, so flat assuming that ADHATODA is a specific against this THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov shoe , pest, its extermination should be comparatively easy Inatter, 9. In a communication I have had the pleasure to receive from Messrs, Barry & Company, (dated 23rd July) a tea planter, furnishes certain particulars re- garding ‘Green fly.” ‘*It lives,” be says, * entirely on the lower side of the leaf and is not got at so easily as mosquito or red spider, and I doubt if it could be syringed out in the same way. It also curls the leaf dowuwards on all sides and so forms a bollow dome in which in it lives and breeds: This would also be the means of protecting it from the syringe.” There are doubtless many mechanical difficulties that would have to be got over, but these need not be considered at present, What we have to diseover in the first place is whether green fly, mosquito and red spider are killed by the insecticide or not. To yourself and your enlightened brother planters, I trust may soon be due the credit of having brought the experiments with ADHATODA to final and successful issues. Gro, Watt, Reporter on Economie Products to the Government of India. “ADHATODA VASICA.” Dzar Si1r,—The plant that Mr. Melville White has recently been writing about, is common in the Western Province, it is known to the Sinhalese by no less than three names viz.: Agaladara, Wana Epala, and Pawatta. It is used medicinally by the Sinhalese in the shape of decoctions for cough, but isa most nauseating drug. The leaves are rolled into cigars or filled into pipes and smoked also for cough, similarly as the Vatura (attana) leaves are for asthma. A fomentation of the leaves boiled is greatly relied on for lumbago. That cattle, sheep and goats will not eat the leaves is a fact, but whetherit is an insecticide remains to be proved. C. A.C, THE NEW ALLEGED INSECTICIDE, ‘“ ADHATODA,” We are disappointed to see by the in- teresting letter Mr. E. E. Green has sent us (see helow)—that an experiment instituted by him with the new insecticide has not been successful, We have given above the important portions of the letters of Dr. Geo. Watt and Mr. Moran sent to the Chairman, P.A,. Dr. Watt does not opie of distillation in the required infusion, but of a few leaves squeezed or broken into a glass jar with water clearing, in 4 or 5 hours, the said water of minute organisms which would be found not only killed, but more or less decomposed. Mr. Moran was successful in clearing some 20 patches of tea at- tacked by mosquito after 4 to 6 syringings with an infusion from the leayes. * ADHATODA”—AS AN INSECTICIDE; AN UNSUCCESSFUL EXPERIMENT. Eton, Pundaluoya, Oct. 29th. ~ DEAR Sir,—I_ have noticed in the local papers some correspondence about a Ceylon plant—the ** Adhatoda ”—which is said to possess insecticidal properties. I hope it will be thoroughly tested and that the statement may be corroborated. But a little experiment that I have just tried with this plant failed to prove anything of the sort. Dr. Trimen very kindly sent me a small piece of the ‘‘ Adhatoda,” from which I brewed a strong tea-coloured infusion. insufficient for experiment in the field. But to test its qualities I immersed in the mixture several tea branches, infested with the tea aphis (Ceylonia theecola ), until both leaves and insects were thoroughly wetted, I then took them out and The quantity was" Noy. ip 1894. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 293 ro) put them in a closed box until the followin day, when, to my disappointment, I found the insects as lively as ever! Not a single corpse to be seen! Further experiments were prevented by the rapid putrefaction of the infusion. It is possible that the fault lay in the preparation of the mixture. Perhaps it is necessary to obtain an extract by distillation instead of infusion. These are points that should be ascertained from headquarters. I think it very probable that we may possess in Ceylon many native plants or trees with hitherto unsuspected insecticidal properties. IT am now engaged in making experiments in this direction.—Yours truly, EK. ERNEST GREEN. ee AMERICAN CONSUL MOREY ON CEYLON THA AND TRADE GENERALLY, A Colombo merchant in sending us a copy of the Shipping and Commercial List ot New York, in which we find Consul Morey’s Report on Ceylon Tea Trade, &e,, writes:—‘I think Mr, Morey has gone too far in dogmatizing about low-country teas, land in Ceylon, and markel deterioration in quality, all of which is calculated to do damage to the interests of the Js'and, and will not help Ceylon tea into America, The paragraph about American drills boirg displaced by locally manufactured drille, ‘neither as good nor a3 cheap as pepperill,’ is altogether gratui- tous; for, the local production is much cheaper, I am surpris3d at Mr. Moray’s tone altogether.” And so are we, becaus3 while it is the bounden duty of a Consul to give a fair and outspoken Report for the benefit of his countrymen, it is equally his duty to seek information from those best qualified to give it to him, and surely one or other of the Direostors of the Cotton Mills ought to have been inquired of ; while as rezards our tea we certainly think Mr. Morey goes a little too far, We quote from his Report the main portions as follows:— CEYLON TEA FOR THE UNITED STATES. By W. Morey, United States Consul at Oeylon. In June, 1836, I reported upon tea, the production of which was thea being prosecuted as a ‘‘new Ceylon industry.’ The shipmeats had amounted to 4 353,000 pounds in the previous year, and both planters a-d exporters were anxiously c msidering ways and moans for introducing their product into different countries, especially the United States. In 1889 a ‘Ceyloa Planters’ American Tex Oompany” was formed locally, which merged in 1891 into an American company, bearing the same name, I believe, and in- corporsted under the Jaws of Now Jersey, Consider- able advertising was done in the United States by the last-named company, but very ji:tle tea was handled by them, and in 1893 the company went into liqui- cation, In the meantime the Ceylon Government nad appropriated $100,000 toward making an exbibit as the Worl.’s Columbian Exposition af Chicago, and is appears that most of that money was expended in the juterest of Ceylon tea. Wit this incentive the local shipmevts of tea to the United States amounted to 250,945 pounds in 1893, though about 163,000 pounds, say neirly two-thirds, of that quantity wnt to Cali- fornia, quite independent of any stimnlus whatever from the World’s Fair exhibit. The total shipments to the United States in 1891 having beeu 268,554 p uinds (about tha same quantity as ia 1896), and only 250,945 pounds in 1893, it is plain that up to the present the considerable attempts that have been made to introducs Ceylon tea into the United States have met with small success, Tbe plantere, however, are rot discouraged, and at their meeting in Newara Eluja, [ste] on the 14thof April, they voted to ask the Government to continue ind-fivitely the export duty on tea of one-tenth of one cent per pound (imposed in 1893 to raise funds for the exhibition at Chicago) for the puapose of continuing what they ca'l ‘the American campaign.”* * * As hereinbe!ore mentioned, ‘the total ehipment of Ceylon tea fo all countries in 1985 was 4,353,000 pouncs, and 84,406,064 poun'!s in 1893, showing the enormous inerease in eight years ot over 80,000,000 pounds. In \he meantime prices bave so fa'len annually that in 1893 the average price of Ceylon tea at public sales in Enyland was 9d (18 cents) per pound. Fer this fall in price several reasons are giveu. One authority says the prics of tea follows the price of silver; anothrr eays plucking for quantity instead of quality is the cause; another says carelessness in the roanufacture has much to do wi'h it; another that Ceylon tea doos nit ke2p well 7.e, it soon loses its fine flavou-; and others say thatit is actually deterior- ating in quality. I am much inclived to believe that the laat-nomed causelis the most nearly correct, for it is within my know edge that es‘ates which ten or fifteen years ago produced geod tea grow nothing now wortby of that name. This is especiaily true of properties in the low country, and to ® great extent of cld coffee lands amorg the hills converted into 1e1 estates. Inthe low country tbe soil is poor, and con:tant cropping soon exhausts the tea elements therefrom. Accordingly, after tea years at most, the tea product isso very poor that the liquor from it resembles more a decce: tion from boiled herbs than from good tea, To keep up the qnality manuring is necessary, but the prive of tea in Hurops (18 ocnts per pousd) does not pay jor fertilizing; veither will manuriog pay in ths higher altitudes, though the price of h‘g3-grown tea is about 25 per cent more than of that which ig grown ia the low country nearer the sea, Much of the upccuntry tea is grown on hil’sides, where, owing to the steepness of the lasd, most of the manure appliid is washed away by the raine, But it the theory of e'ectric storms producing en abuniance of plant manure in the form of nitrogen i8 correct, the high alt tude estates bave a great advantage, as there is muoh thunder and lightning and rain in the hills of Ceylon nearly allthe year round. Therefore high- grown tea may be expected tohold i's own and keep its flivor for come years .o come. More espez ally is this the case where the estates have been made on Virgin so'lin favorable localitice. Considering that most low-grown tea3 are too poor in quality foranything but blending purposes, some not beiag even fit for that, it fol'ows that, as aruley only high-grown Ueyion tea is suitable for the Ameri- cau market ; more especially as the object is to diss pl.ca Ohina and Japan teas, already largely in use there. Tuis can ony be done by presenting a better actcle tothe dealers and corsumers at as low, or perhaps lower price, than now obtains. To do this, I conceive that nothing cheiper than 20 to 25 cents (United States morey) per pound locally can be cuccessfully used. Ot course there is plenty cf such tea produced here, but very Jitt!e is sold in thelocal market, fvrazsa matter of fact, producers of such tea mostly send their product to Loadon, where its quality is so will kuowa to the trade that it is sure tobe soll profitably, aud there may be other reasons for is going there that need nob be men- tioned here. It will be hard, therfore, to induca them to send it on speculation to the United States. Tea suitsble for the United States w.ll therefore need to be beuzht in London, aiter it3 cost has been greatly enhanced there by maay intermediate expenses and charges, and where, perhaps, its purity or qurlity has not beeu improvei by man ipula- ious, Acoordivgly it is by no means certaiNg that Caina and Japan toas will bs easily or 1 rgely displaced la a country wherethey are aready used tothe extent of 85,0V0,000 pounds por annum woile Ceylon tea, notwithstanding the expenditure of large 294 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. SS rn (Noy. 1, 1894. sums of money and much advertising in the last five years, has not attained the proportions of even 500,000 pounds per annum. * * * Unfortunately, the clement of reciprocity of trade is absolutely absent between the Uuited States and Ceylon; for while the United States takes nearly $2,500,000 worth of Ceylon products yearly, and mostly free of duty, Ceylon imports notbing direcily from the United States, aud very littie indirectly, while transportation between the two countries is circuitons and expensive. Formerly some kerosene oil came here direct from New York—not much, to be sure, and never amount- ing in value to $100,000 perannum. Even upon this an import duty wae levied in 1885 against my protest. Now the importof kzrosene oil direct from the United States has actually cessed. The tame is trae of American drills, which formerly came here in consi- derable quantities, but which are now displeccd, mostly by locally manufactured drills, which are reither as good nor as cheap as as Pepperill drills. * * * Possibly, however, after severnl years of carcful consideration and chseryation, I way state as an opinion that Ceylon tea, worth loosily free on board, 20 to 25 cents per pound, is probably as gocd au article at present as can be got for the eame price anywhere; bat as a rule, that quality of tea is rot largely sold locally, Again, as the years roll by, Oeylon tza, to restate the fact mnildily, does not improve in qnality. ‘ fam informed by the largest local shipper of tea to the United States that his advices from the United States intimate that the Oeylon export ptice should not exceed 15 cents pir pound. If such is° the case it is doubtfol if avy considerable tea trade can ke done between the two couatries ; for, in my judgment, the teas sold locally, for much lee than a rupee per pound, are very poor. I myself have sampled some that was invoiced at18 cents (United States money) per pound free on board, and it» was Lot, to my taste, drivkable, The Editor of the paper above-mentioned, remarks:— * * ® The procuction of Ceylon tea bas increased from 4,358,000 pounds in 1885 to 84,406,064 p uads in 1893—a truly wonderful increase—nearly twenty fold. Unfortunately, this increase in production has been ac- companied by a marked deieriorat on in qu ality, tor which several reasons are alleged; the chief reason he opinion of the Sgt, ihe anor wh’ch. practice soon exhausts the tea pein in the aa. It may be gathered from the report that another reason is the employment of soil which is not well adapted to the cultivation of the tra p'aot. Tbe inferiority of quality has naturally led to acserious decline in prices, andit is now compluined of that the average price of Ceylon tea st public sales in. England iu 1893 ise) fallen as low as nine f ceuts) per pound. j FE atoeee Dee to establish a trade in Ceylon téas-im the United States, agents were appointed in this city and in Obicago for the purpose of pushing this trade. ho enterprise proved a failure, as might have been expecte}, because by this plan the whole- gale ‘trade was slighted and overlooked. In order to sneceed, the wholesale trade must be enlisted, by whose co-operation alone can any new article be successfully introduced to their wide connection among the retail trate. The imposition or continuance of the proposed ex- port duty canaot improve the export trade to the United States, as the exports‘ to London will obtain the came advantage as those to New York, to that the proposed pian would simply continue things just as they are now. We have no great fa'th in the success of this trade through the sppointment of the proposed rpresentative in New York, As the resolu- tion passed at the meeting of the pianters zbove referred to reads, this representative would have to pay the bonus of 25 percent on Ceylon tea imp tted into the United States, via England or other route. CORP ea SS ee * This refers to the abandoned bounty scheme. —bp, 7A, being, in t In order to the establishment and extensionof the trade in Ceylon teas, there must be direct importation from Oeylov, This must be followed up by s general distribution among the wholesale trade. With the fund oltaised from tbe export duty, part of it mizht be invested in the venture of the direct shipment of a carefully selected cargo of Ceylon teas expressly gathered for the United States market. The c:rgo, whore expected arrival should be largely advertised inthe privcial cities, should be offere! to the trade of auction, the date, hour and placeof evetion being widely announced on arrive). Thire shou'd pot be any fear but that the sale will be largely attended, and that the competition will be keen enongh to ensure that the whole, or at least the greater part, of the cargo would be sold at such fair prices as the merits of the differeat lots should comwand. —— CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA. Mr. Consul Morey sticks to his Report as may be seen from his letter els:where. He is quite right not to base bis writing on information which he considers interested and one-sided; but we meant that a Director of the lscal Cotton Mills could probably have given him information which, when compared with what he got eisewhere, would have enabled him to generalize @ little more accurately. Certain we are, at any rate, that in respect of-our tea inductry, its condition and prospects, Mr. Morey has generalized in a way to do the Colony some injustice. He has by no means so diecriminated ag to leave’ a fair impression on the minds of his American readers, They ought to have been told that the old worn-out tea Jand to which be refers is chiefly confined to a limited middle belt, where, however, liberal cultivation with manure is effecting wonders with tea even in very old coffee iand; while the vast proportion of our higher aod lower tea plantations being: on virgin land, or onjand that had done yery little in coffee, are as vigorous and promising as apy similar tea gardens in the world, In this connection, we may refer to the receipt by tbis mail of the “25.h Anniversary” number of the American Grocer, splendidly printed with nu- merous engravings. The paper was started in 1869, and ever since, with but brief intervals, we have studied its pages. In this special issue, the staples of grocers—cacao (chocolate), coffee, tea andeugar— arethe subjects of spscial papers well illustrated Central America is referred to for illustrations of coffee plantations and preparation ; while some 12 pages are devoted to “ tea,” led off by a very beautiful engraving of ‘‘a tea pantatiop, Ugi, Japan,” a fine level, garden on the side of river or lake, backed by acedar-clad mountain range. Then follow pic- tares of “Firing Tea,” “Sorting Tea” and ‘Picking Tea” in Japan with maps on yery small scales of Japan and China Tea districts. Then comes a chapter on “Indian Tea and its: Manu: facture by Modern Methods,” well written and fairly illustrated showing ‘'a flush,” withering room rolling tables, firing, handsome cooly woman piueking leayes, sorting room, &c, There is no reference to Ceylon gaye in the statis:ics. Mr. Bilechynden has, no doubt, seen that justice was done to India; for we find the following advertisement. promiaently displayed in this number of the Grocer :— Indian Tea Dem -nstrations—Are. being given by— Natives of—India in costume At Grocers’ Stores Only, By way of Introducing India Teas to the American Consumer. R.Blechynden, Commissioner Indian-Tea Assoc ation; (Gare of L. Sutro & Co.) 105 Hudson Street, New York. : It: is quite time that Sir Greme Elphinstone, Bart., and his colleague were on the spot, to push the claims of Ceylon tea, Noy. 1, 1894. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 295 Sg THE AMERICAN CONSUL’S REJOINDER. United States Consulate at Ceylon, Colombo, Oct. 22. Dear Srr,—The ‘ Colombo Merchant” who sent you the ‘‘ Shipping and Commercial List” of New York, containing my report on Ceylon tea, pre- sumes to tell me and the readers of your paper, how I ought, or ought not, to write my official report—noblesse oblige. In the line of duty, his sapient remarks will be sent to the Government at Washington with my comments thereon; but as the absence of the writer’s name may detract somewhat from the force of those remarks, I would be glad to have them authenticated. As for the cotton drill of the local Mill being “much cheaper” than Pepperill drill, I deny it and say that for quality the price is dearer, For obvious reasons, I would not think of asking a Director of the Spinning and Weaving Company about the price and quality of their goods. I prefer to adopt a more practical method of obtaining that information.—I am, sir your obedient servant, W. MOREY, Consul. eee RESOURCES OF BRITISH HONDURAS. A very exhaustive report on the present condition of the Colony of British Honduras, prepared by the Governor, His Excellency Sir Alfred Moloney, kK. C. M. G., has recently been issued by the Colonial Office (Colonial Office Reports; Annual, No 73, 1993). From this Report the following general survey of the resources of the Colony will prove of interest ‘not only in this country, but in many portions of Her Majesty’s Possession. The commercial prosperity of colonies which depend on a limited number of articles of export is liable to disastrous fluctuations. Striking instances are to be found in the ruin of a once extensive trade, that had been confined to a single commodity, from com- petition and the inevitable fall in price, from the ravages of*rats or locusts, or from a single blight. So far British Honduras would seem to have stcod exceptionally in the Colonial Empire in having for the past two centuries relied almost entirely upon its forest produce and on its rivers as means of transport to the sea. Some of our West African Possessions haye stood somewhat similarly since palm oil succeeded the slave export trade; that industry is now seriously threatened by animal fats and other sufficiently available and equally suitable commodities. ‘One of the extracts from coal tar practically killed the once flourishing and profitable ccchineal trade, and also affected the indigo trade of India, Beet has contributed to the depression of the sugar trade. The substitution of iron for wood in shipbuilding, particularly in men-of-war, at one time almost killed the large timber export trade of the Gambia and West Africa. These are again attracting attention for their mahogany, cedar, rosewood, dye and other woods; and the marked and progressive revival of the trade, and the dimensions it is assuming must natur- ally be a subject of direct concern and anxiety to all wood-cutting centres. Mahogany and logwood trees have been for several ‘generations the principal articles of commerce in ritish Honduras, but they are said to be getting more and more difficult of access and consequently more expensive to work and get to the market. The yalue of these industries is not for one moment questioned. On the contrary, it is highly desirable to promote them and to protect the forests on which they depend. The Colony’s motto, ‘Sub umbra flores,” should have now a more extended application. In view, bowever, of such experiences as have been referred to, it has been generally accepted that even in commerce it isa hazardous experiment to “ carry oll your eggs in one basket.” As guides in establishing profitable industries we must look to the source of supply, the prospects and disposal of growth, and the area of the field of demand. It has now become a generally accepted policy in the Colonies to encourage the production of varied staple articles of export of a more or less permanent character. Much has been done in this direction by the active interest and assistance of the authorities of the Royal Gardens at Kew to develop new industries and to distribute plants of commer- cial importance. With this object there have been established in all our West Indian Possessions Botanic Stations. A similar institution has been established as a tentative measure in Belize, the eapital of this Colony, which has such exceptional advantages whether we look to climate, soil, or a market. It has with some justice been advanced that British Honduras can be made the tropical garden of North America, and it may be remembered that 28° North is generally accepted as the frost line, which may be eaid to mark the limit northwards within which the growth of economic products in demand can be profitably undertaken. Frrrinity or Som.— As to fertility of soil, what more convincing proof can be advanced than the facts that in the sugar areas to the north and south of the Colony cane has been known to “‘ratoon” from 20 to 30 years, and that inthe rich and naturally fertilised valley beds, bananas have maintained themselves without degene- ration for 10 to 12 years, if not longer. Provvucrs. The products of cultural industries, still really in their infancy, are chiefly bananas, plantains, coco- nuts, coffee, henequen, Indian corn, limes, mangoes, sour and sweet oranges, pineapples, avocado pears, rubber, to which there should be added in time a natto, cacao, coir, ground-nut, indigo, jute, pita, ramie, spices, vanilla and doubtless other promising marketable commodities. To the small extent to which the banana has been successful to the north of the frost line referred to, where it will always be a precarious crop at best, it has proved inferior in quality to the West Indian and Central) American fruit. Whilst in 1879 it did not appear among our records its export was repre- ponted By 72,436 bunches in 1891. e plantain is a staple of food over a large secti of Negroland in West Africa. The duscendadieey nt its interesting people to the north of the Gulf of Mexico represent a consuming power of probably 9,00,000. Tons of this fruit from Cuba-and elsewhere feet with a oe in Florida. This Colony’s shipments to New Orleans rose from 50,000 pl i in 1879 to 1,580,200 in 1891. Ne i een - Cacao.—The home of the cacao is in tropical America. One or more yaluable species may belong to British Hondoras and include that which is said to be the best in a marketable sense. Notwithstand- ing, it may be said to be here remarkable for its absence from the export cultures of the Colony which have grown in value, in round numbers, from $12,000 in 1879 to $296,668 in 1891. Yet, in the Island of Grenada, of the West Indies, and but 5° to 6° to our south, and with an area of 133 square miles and an per ee population in 1889 of 50,000, cacao has eve'oped into ita main export, whicl i TEGO tarvaliel SBD argue TAN nt Ph reecacoa te GROUND-NUT AND VANILLA.—The cloyer.like ground- nut, so desirable as a pasture where the bread-nut is not available, apart from its valuable oil-yielding seed, and henequen would seem to be admirably suited for growth in the pine ridges, as would also the Ceara rubber. That interesting orchid, the yanilla whoss home is a'so in Central America, is one of the most valuable products and has, near at band, a rich and ever-growing market. Its cured pod some- times fetches as much as 30s. per lb. It is a plant easily propagated by means of cuttings, and has develoced into a considerable export from Vera Oruz Corree.—Our Guatemalan neighbours seem to turn no small attention to the cultivation of the Arabian coffee. Whilst it will doubtless prove suitable to the high areas of the Colony, the introduction of the hardy and xich Liberian coffee—so well suited to low-lying areas, with its comparatively heavier crop averaging from 6 1b. to 8 Ib. per tree, 400 of which 296 , commodated on each acre—should receive He ah ge aE it deserves. Judging from the exports from the Malay Peninsula, and the imports to the United States, there is a promising field of demand offered in the direction of the luter for the growth of Liberian coffee and of such commodities as jute and other fibres, indigo, ginger, and spices gnerally. i : Conune Or.—The Cohune oil industry remains ye dormant, if I expect the use for domestic an cooking purposes to which it is put among the families of mahogany and logwood cutters, Two-fifths of the Colony, viz., 1,933,762 acres. are, it is estimated, under this graceful native ‘* Prince of Wales” palm. If we allow 25 trees to the acre, a very low average, and 1,000 nuts as the annual yield per tree, and accept that 100 nuts yield a quarter of oil, this dormant industry, if awakened to full activity, would yield 276,537 tons of oil at a price per ton appreciably above that which obtains for coconut oil, to which it is superior. 7 ; Propucts.—Then, again, apart from its resi- stata nese which was turned, I understand, to profitable account some years back, the native pine is estimated to cover a third of the Colony, or, 1,613,136 acres, and to average 100 trees per acre on our great southern pine ridge. Its wood is said to almost equal that of the yellow pine of the United States, which, in the beginning of 1888, was reported to have been nearly worked out and might, in part, have to be replaced by the local pine. The growth on the older pine-ridges of the Colony may, when ned up, prove of sufficient age and diameter to tndke it worth while to have attention turned to atic this timber to our exports, as can doubtless be done with many other valuable woods as yet mete H Als 1 patches and - S AND HENEQUEN.— Lhe cora atel vie aaa we know as “Cays,” that fringe to the eastward the waters of this Colony, offer condition of site exceptionally favourable for the th of henequen and the coconut tree, described aot most tender of palms as regards frost, the tier of tropical agriculturist. The area of such Cays is given approximately as 112,527 acres, which ight be turned to much more profitable uses and Seid than obtain at present. With even a quarter ve such screage suitable for the culture of such ducts as coconuts and henequen, it eould be ie d with plantations of the former numbering 9,813,200 trees with an annual yield of at least 100 ‘ ts (a low avereze) aggregating 281 320,000, worth, ae the current rate per thousand, 1,406 6007., I might g lain that such an aggregate of puts on the basis a oy from 7 nuts or 14 per cent. fibre, should vi ld 18,C00 tons ot fibre that would realise in the Motion ‘markets from 30/. to 107. per ton, according as it ig suited for brushes, mats, or stuffing. ; The annual export from the Colony of co om 8 during the past five years have averaged in number 1,651,933, and in yalne $32,505, 0 "Qapopmiua AND Piwento.—That delicious fruit, th® sapodilla, if picked green, will stand shipment ; the tree abounds in this Colony, and apart from its valu- able and durable wood, yields an extract which contributes mainly to the manufacture of what is advertised and so widely used in the United States as “chewing gum.” ‘Then, again, trees yielding ‘the pimento of ipa abound in a wid moe iated state, yet this spice was expo Tie oanto the ealas: of 81,3267. in the year 1890-1. —Kew Bulietin. An essay describing a really D EA FN ESO 1 genuine Cure for Deafness, ineine in Bars, &c., no matter how severe or long- Matai, will be sent post free.—Artiticial Ear- drums and similar appliances entirely superseded. Address THOMAS KEMPE, Victoria CHAm- BERS, 19, SOUTHAMPTON BUILDINGS, HoLBorn, LONDON, — THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Noy, 1, 1894.) a ee eS VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. Roya, Gaxpens, Kew.—Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information for September has for contents :— Vegetable Resources of India; Botany of the Ha- dramaut Expedition; Decades Kewenses : Xx; Micellaneous Notes. Mr. Wiutuiam Lunz, in the employ of the Royal Gardens, has been appointed by the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Assistant Superintendent of the Roya] Botanic Gardens, Trinidad. Mr. [unt was also lately employed as botanical collector, attached to Mr. Theodore Bent's Expedition to the Hadramaut Valley, Southern Arabia.—Kew Bulletin CentraL AFRICA AND PLAnTInG Pnospects.—The Board for Botany of the Royal Society decided not long since to send Mr. Scott Elliot, the well-known Lotanist, to make a botanical exploration in Centra] Africa. Mr, Elliot reached his destination a few weeks ago. His first report has been received. It shows that the flora over the whole of this region up to an altitude of 6,000 feet remains unchanged, and points to the pro- bability that it extends similarly down to the Zambesi. There are only very few trees to be seen, the common - est being the euphorbia and erythrina, and the variety of plants is likewise somewhat limited, the principal being the acanth—a plant richly ornamented with red spikes of flowers and large prickly leaves. The banana supplies the wants of the people, but coffee and tobacco and all other tropical plants could be grown if properly cultivated. He is, however, prevented from progress- ing as satisfactorily as he could wish by_ obstructive weeds, which grow in great thickness andto a great height, and, as the compass shows most extraordinary vaxlations, he finds it Siegen impossible to make out his course.—ZZ. and C. Mail. THE ATTEMPT to train European and Eurasian apprentices for work in Botanical gardens is un- favourably reported on, and, for want of recruits, the Botanical Superintendent at Saharunpore proposes, with some diffidence te train juvenile offenders from the Bareilly Reformatory for bo- tanical work.—W. Times, Oct. 24. THE UNEMPLOYED TEA-GARDENS.—We read that the offices of Tea-garden agents are being deluged with letters from those who are out of work or who expect to be soon. The world seems to have Orange-Pekoe and Congo enough! But the question is whether there is anything at all that the world wants which unemployed might turn to supplying !—IZ. Times, Oct. 25. Ceyton Tra IN AmerIc4.—It ig interesting to learn of the number who have begun, or are about to begin, a business in supplying America with Ceylon tea The Company for whom Mr. Webster travels was perhaps, earliest in the field having commenced, we be isve, in 1892 and seemed almost at once to secure considerable orders from Canada as well as the States. Messrs. P. R. Bucbanan & Co. turned their attention to America in 1891, and for three years the senior partner visited the States, but did not secure much attention to India and Ceylon teas till early in 1893. Mr, A. E. Wright organized a business agency for certain Ceylon tea during his visit in the Exhibition year; and a contemporary's correrpondent mentions that Mr. Farr (formerly of Wattson & Farr) is doing a fair and increasing business in Ceylon leaf; while we know of Mr. J. A. Henderson’s special visits to New York on behalf of the enterprising Firm he represents, But all this—to judge by the actual figares representing exports so far—is ag nothing to what we have a right to look for when once a * Ceylon campaiga "' is properly eet egoing. Nov. 1, 1894.] CEYLON MANUAL OF CHEMI- CAL ANALYSES. —_—— ANALYSES CONNECTED WITH AND PUBLIC HEALTH OF COMMERCIAL MEN, AND MEMBERS OF A HANDBOOK OF THE INDUSTRIES CEYLON FOR PLANTERS, AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS, LOCAL BOARDS. By M. COCHRAN, M.A., F.C.S. (Concluded from page 227.) APPENDIX—/( Continued. ) Analyses of forr simples of the Coals used by the Colombo Gas and Water Coy., Ltd., during 1893. Description of ry Steam oat Gas’ Coal: Coal. Source of Coal. peta Bengal, | Assam. Cardiff, percent, |percent. |per cent. |per cent. Volatile mat- ters... | (35°5) | (36°00) | (39°35) | (16°7_) Gas, tar, &e.| 32°515 | 38°18 35°29 15°31 Sulphur 245 12 62 13 Water ...| 2°740 | 2°70 3:44 1:26 Coke "1 (64:5) | (64:00) | (60°65) | (83:3) Fixed carbon| 56°919 | 53°14 | 51:86 | 81°68 Sulphur... “441 "22 “95 62 Ash... .. | 7140 | 10°64 7:84 1:00 100-000 |100:00 100-00 100-00 Specific gravity! 1363 | 1363 | 1304 | 1'304 eating power ‘ in units 8400 | 7:°938 | 7:834 | 11-088 Weight per cu- | bicfootinlbs.| 85°187 | 85°187 | 81:500 | 81°500 Colour of Ash | Light | Light ted Red brown | grey | The above represent the composition of the coal proper, and judging from the results the Assam coal might be expected to yield most gas while the Bengal might be also expected to shew a slightly higher yield than the Australian ; but in practice the Australian coal gave the best results and the Bengal next best, the reason being that the Australian coal was freest from stones and dirt, and the Bengal cleaner than the Assam. The Cardiff coal was not used for its gas-produ- cing power which is small, but for its heating power. The analysis brings out its marked superior- ity in the latter respect to the others shewing, as it does, nearly 25 per cent more fixed carbon. The heating power is expressed in terms of units (say pounds) of water at 212°! converted into steam by the consumption of one unit (say 1 lb.) of the coal. The heating power may therefore be also termed the steam-producing power of the coals, 88 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 207 Chemical Examination of a sample of Chekhu Coconnt Oil. Specific gravity at 84°F .(water at 60°F.= 1000) Vets 000 coe 916'1 Specific gravity at 212°F. (water at 60°F. = 1000) adc ane one 872°4 Iodine absorption, expressed in centi- erams of iodine absorbed per gram of oil SBE ns Ap 8°49 Saturation equivalent, expressed in centigrams of caustic potash required to saturate fatty acids in one gram of oil... a tee ac 26°92 Free fatty acids in oil, per cent she 1:97 Insoluble fatty acids in oil, percent «a. 91°38 Soluble fatty acids in oil, percent — .:. 115 Unsaponifiable oil, per cent... Kio 20 Note on Svecific Gravity. The specific gravities determined by the author, in connection with milk and oils, represent when not otherwise stated, the weight of a given volume of milk or oil, at the observed temperature, compared with the weight of an equal volume of distilled water at the same temperature. In the case of milk, the specific gravity thus determined gives a close approxima- tion to what it would be at standard temperature, In Colombo there is a drawback to the determi- nation of the specific gravity of liquids after cooling them to the standard temperature of 155°C. or 60°F., as the moisture of the atmosphere at this low temperature condenses on the surface of the specific gravity bottle, during the operation of weighing. Some liquids also, for example, coconut oil, when cooled, change their physical condition from liquid to solid long before the standard temperature is reached. The true speci- fie gravity of liquids at the high temperatures prevailing in the tropies, z.e., the weight of a cer: tain volume of the liquid at the observed tempera- ture, compared withthe weight of an equal volume of water at standard temperature, may be deduced from the specific gravity determined as above des: eribed, by multiplying this result by the factor opposite the observed temperature ag in the following table. We cannot, however, calculate the specitic gravity of a liquid at standard temper: ature from the observed weight of a given volume at any higher temperature unless the co-efficient of expansion of the liquid be known. Table of the Specific Gravity of Water at various Temperatures. - Le | specific | Specifi Temperature. gravity. Temperature. Sree 15°C. | 100000} 26°C. | “99778 20° C, | 99918 | 277°C: ‘99752 21°C, 99897 | 28° C, ‘99725 22- ©, ‘99875 | 29° C, ‘99697 23. ©. ‘99852 30° C, ‘99668 24° C. “99828 100° GC: 95953 25° ©, “99804 We: Milk. ; Although the milk generally sold in Colombo especially in the poorer districts, is a weak int nutritious fluid consisting largely of added water there is no donbt that milk of first-rate quality ean be produced in Colombo. The followine analyses of samples of milk drawn from a Colombo dairy shew that, if the legitimate industry were enconraged by the suppression of fraudulent com- petition, Colombo atten become as conspicuous for the excellence, as it has hitherto been for the poyerty of the milk sold to its inhabitants 298 Andlyses of two sumples of Cows Milk of superior quality. Specific gravity 1029 1028 percent. per cent. Fat ish 62 6:43 Sugar and Caslin 8°43 917 Salts 82 70 Total solids ... 15°50 16°30 Water i 18450 83°70 100°00 100°0G6 Non-fatty solids 9°25 9°87 P Table of Rainfall for Ceylon Deduced from the Public Work’s Department’s feturn of rainfall for 1891, shewing average rain- fall per annum taken during periods varying from 2 to 20 years. Province, Number of Stations. Inches. OT! of 2 coast . Wesiern : 11 ee sch 117-19 Central ... 16 115-44 Northern 6 49°02 Southem 18 76°27 Eastern ... 17 50°90 North Western 5 49°42 North Central if 48°57 Uva “i 78°25 Sabaragamuwa 2 177:00 Purity of the Air in different parts of Colombo. A few determinations of the purity of the air in different parts of Colombo were made, based upon the proportion of carbon dioxide, or, as it is popularly: called, carbonic acid, present. he normal aniount of carbonic acid in pure air is 4, parts per 10,000, by volume. Some writers state that the range of carbonic acid in normal air is from 2:to.5.volumes per 10,000, In. inhabited :xooms. where the carbonic acid exceeds 6 volumes per 10,000, the organic matters given off from the lungs by respiration become appreciable to the sense of smell, and one then becomes aware that one is breathing a foul atmosphere, Volumes Date. per 10,000. Kollupitiya Road, air contained 18/4/90 3:7 Ferry Street, Hultsdorf, air ,, 24/4/90 4:2 Grandpass Road my Ges 25/4/90 4:9 Dean’s Road, new market, air ,, 23/4/90 5:5 Malay Street, Slave Island, air “contained = n» =21/4/90 8-4 St. John’s Road, Pettah, air con- * tained Res Bi .. 22/4/90 10:0 Names, Symbols, and Formule of chemical cle- ments and definite compound substances referred to in this work. Note.—For the convenience of those accustomed to the older nomenclature, salts are entered under two names ¢.g. potassium nitrate appears also as nitrate of potash. Acetate of lead Ps (C, H, O,) Acetate of potash O Acetic acid HC, HEO Albumen oe as Alcohol (ethyl) Cla. oO Alum (common). Al K (SO,), 12 H, O Alumina ALSO} Aluminium sulphate Al, (SO,), ‘Ammonia NH, Ammonium acetate NH, C, H, O, “Do carbonate (NH,), CO, “Do chloride mt Do — sulphate (NT,), 80, $ THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Nov. 1,. oe: . Ammonium sulphocyanide NH, CNS Atropine ' C,, Hy, NU, 3enzene or henzol i, . Benzoic acid Cre, 0, Biphosphate of lime Ca 2 P0, Bixin Cy, Ha, /9,, Borax va, 2, US Borie acid , BOs Boron B Boron trioxide B, O; Bromine Br Calcium carbonate CaCO, Calcium h i ra Ca (OC)), Calcium sulphate Ca SO, Cane sugar Cae ®,, Carbolie acid C,H,O Carbonic acid H ; CO, * Carbonic anhydride or ‘ Carbon dioxide , Carbonate of ammonia (NH,), CO, Do lime Ca CU Do potash K, CO, Do soda Na, CO Carnallite K Cl, Mg Cl, 12°H, 6 Cellulose n (c H,,0, Chloride of calcium “Ca Cl, Do magnesium Mg Cl; Do _ potassium cl Do sodium Na Cl Chlorinated lime Ca (0 Cl), + Ca Cl Chlorine ci Chlorophyll ? Chromium oxide CrO Do _ sesque oxide Cc Cinchonidine Do salphate eryst. Cinchonine Do sulphate sryst. (Cy, How N. OFT | lee (H,s0, 2h, 6 Cinnamic acid » H, O Do aldehyde C,H.O Cocaine (Dragendorff) C'* H,,NOs Cocaine Ci- Hz, NO Do _ hydrochlorate Ciz7 Her NO«, HCL Corrosive sublimate Hg Cle Creosate (coal tar) Cg Hs OH Cresyl aleohol Ce H4 OH, CH; Cresylic acid £1 Hs O Copper sulphate Cu SO, Cyanide of iron Fe (CN), Dextrin 6 Hio O; Dextrose Ceo Hi2 O¢ Ethal Ci6 Ha4 0 Euealyptal cryst, Cio His O Ferric oxide Fez O3 Fluorine Gallic acid C; He Os; rch ( Glucose Cg Gold Pinte xe Gypsum CaSO, 2H: O Hydrochloric acid HCl Hydrogen peroxide He O2 Hydronaphthol Cro H; OH Hyoscyamine Ci; Hes NOs lodine Fee Tron J Iron cyanide Fe (CN), Tron peroxide Fes O3 Tron phosphate Fe PO, lron protoxide FeO Laevulose Ce Hia O¢ Laurie acid Cre Has Oy Lead acetate Pb (Ca Hs Og)a Lignin n (C8 Hio Os) © Lime widivne 2S . Nov. 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. EG Dn Te mm mn ee Magnesia Mg O Magnesium carbonate Me CO3 Do chloride Me Clo Do sulphate Me SO4 Magnetic oxide of iron Fe3 O4 Do do manganese Mnz O4 Manganate of potassium Ko Mn O4 Do sodium Nay Mn O4 Manganese Mn Do protoxide Mn O C30 Hei OH Cs Hs (OCH3)CO2 H Ca Hy 2 POx Melissyl alcohol _ Methyl salicylic acid Monoealciuim hydrogen phosphate Myristic acid 14 He 8 O 24 Naphthol Cio H, OH Nicotine Cio Hy, Ny Nitrate of potash KNO, Do soda Na NO, Nitrie acid HNO3 Do anhydride No O05 Nitrogen N Ni‘rois acid HNO, Oleie acid Cy 3 H 34 Os Oxalate of lime (NH4)2 Cy O4 Oxyeen O Palmitic acid Ci¢6 H32 O5 Permanganate of potash KMn O, Do soda Na Mn O. Phenol C, Hs OH Phosphate of lime monobasic Ca 2 P03 Do do tribasic Ca3 2 PO Do do tetrabasic (Ca O)4 Py O = Phosphorie acid HsPO, *Phosphorie anhydride P2 O5 Pierie acid Cs H3 (NO2)3 OH Potash : Keo O Do alum Al K (SO4)o, 12 He O Potassium acetate KC». Hg O Do carbonate O Ko C Do chloride KCl Do manganate Ky Mn O, Do nitrate K NO, Do permanganate K Mn Oy Do — sulphate K, S04 Quinidine Coo Hey No Ov Do sulphate (C20 Hoy No O»)o Ho S04 [+6H2 O Quinine (Coo Hoy No O2 Do sulphate (Coo Hoes No Ov)o Ho SOx Do do eryst. (C20 Ho4 Ny Ov) 5 H», SO4 + 7H» O Red oxide of manganese Mn3 O4 Saccharine Cg Hy CO CO», NH Salicylate of sodium (Na C7; Hs O3) » H; O Salicylic acid HC; H; Os Silica Si O, Soda Nas O Sodium acetate Na Co Hy 0; Do carbonate Nas COS Do chloride - Na Clo Nase Mn O, Na NO, Na Mn Ol, Na, HPO, Do manganate Do nitrate Do permanganate Do phosphate Do - salicylate (NaC Hs 03) > H. O _ Do — sulphate Nao SO4 Starch Cg Hio Os Stearic acid C; 8 Hs 6 O» Sucrose Cre Hoe O71] Sulphate of ammonia (NH4) 9 SO4 Do iron eryst. FeSO, 7H, 0 Do lime Ca SO, Do do hydrated Ca S04 Ho O Do potash ~ Ko SO4 Do quinine eryst. (Coo H, Nz Oo) 4 ; [He SO; +7H»O Do soda, Naz SO, Sulphate of zine eryst. Zn S04, 7 H, O Sulphide of lime CaS Sulphite of do Ca SOz Sulphurie acid Hy SO, * Sulphuric anhydride S03 Sulphurous acid H» SO3 Do anhydride SO2 Tannic acid or tannin C27 Hee O17 Theine Cg Hy0 N, Ox Theobromine C;Hg Ny Oo Zine sulphate eryst. Zu SO4, 7 He O Zircon Zr Zirconia Zr Og Table of the Chemical Elements. A work dealing with chemical analyses is scarcely complete without a table of the chemical elements which form the alphabet of the science. In the following table the first column gives the names of the elements, the second column the symbols used instead of the names. The third column represents the combining powers exhibited by the elements in their most stable compounds as compared with hydrogen. The figures in this column represent the number of atoms of hydrogen which one atom of the different elements can com- bine with or re lace. The third and fourth columns each represent the relative weights of the atoms of the elements as compared with hydrogen, the atomic weight of which is regarded as unity. The third column contains the older determinations and is here retained as, for the commoner elements, these determinations are very nearly accurate, and being in most cases whole numbers, their use renders calculations easier than the more exact determinations given on the fourth column. Table of the Symbols, Atomicity, and Atomic Weights of the Elements. & Atomic Element. 3 | 5 | Atomic] Weight. 2 | |weieht, | Latest Barieis =) determi- m | << nation. Aluminum aia eAUe RLV, 27°5 27°04 Antimony (Stibium)...| Sb | V | 122-0 | 119-6 Arsenicum cain | RASA Vi 75°0 74:9 Barium... ...| Ba! IL | 137:0.| 136-86 Beryllium or Glucinum | Be | IT 92 9-08 Bismuth ... ... | Bi} V | 208°0 | 207-5 Boron at [ie | LL 11:0 10°9 Bromine ... see (pre | 80-0 79°76 Cadmium... we (Cd | DE |) 11205, | au=7 Caesium ... Sei OSel ol 133°0 | 132°7 Calcium... 2 | Ca | IT 40:0 | 39:91 Carbon... cee Cm PL Val! 12:0 11°97 Cerium... ... | Ce; VI 92:0 | 141:2 Chlorine ... eG 35:5 35°37 Chromium . | Cr | VI 52°5 52°45 Cobalte! ..| Co} VI} 58°8 | 58:6 Copper (Cuprum) ... | Cu} IT 63°5 | 65:18 Decipiumn... S| LDN Tea eas ? Didymium pico D | II 96°0 | 145-00 Erbium... Pesala eae ae 166:00 Fluorine ... Roe et I 19-0 19-06 Germanium 2 Face bas SRE 72°30 Gold (Aurum) Au; III, 196°7 | 196-8 * In accordance with long established custom, in analyses in the preceding pages, carbonic anhydride, phosphoric anhydride and sulphuric anhydride are for the most part written carbonic acid, phosphoric acjd and sulphuric acid. 300 Zable of the Symbols, Atomicity, and Atmoic Weights of the Elements.—(Contd. ) & Atomic Element. 3 | 2 | Atomic | ween el al weight. | atere B&B} Ss | 78 \determi- Dn | a | nation. Hydrogen ye, | done 1-0 1:00 Indium ~-» | In| De) 2184 eae: Todine ... Sore: teas! I 127°0 | 126°54 Tridium .. esr aval SOSFO | IPDS Tron (Ferrum) .». | Fe! VI 56:0 55°88 Lanthanum ei LDF et WL 92°0 | 138°5 Lead (Plumbum) .|Pb}|IV| 207:0 | 206-39 Lithium ... Fre alt ier! & 70 701 Magnesium . |Mg| ID |. 24:0 | 23°94 Manganese ». IMn| VI} 55:0 54°8 Mereury(Hydrargyrum)) He| IT | 200-0 | 199°8 Molybdenum «. |Mo} V1 920 95°9 Mosandrium soo! || Ms] 1... ch 2 Nickel ... sere au ae 58°8 58°6 Niobium ... .. | Nb/ IV 97°6 93°7 Nitrogen .., SIN |) SVE 14°0 14-01 Norwegium seat ONe Aniea- cM 3 Osmium ... .»|Os | VI} 199-0 | 195-00 Oxygen ... goe| Oe LY: 16:0 15°96 Palladium sen | 2 |) LV) YO6S. elo Phosphorus Perl (ee: carl laea 31:0 | 30°96 Platinum ... | Pt|IV| 197:4 | 194°3 . Potassium (Kalium)...| K | I 39:0 39:03 Praesodymium So |Rid\c.; +3 143°6 Rhodium ... -- | Rh] VI} 104:0 | 104°1 Rubidium SEL OL 85°5 85:2 Ruthenium «| Rul] VI} 104°0 | 1035 Samarium eek BU dees ‘ 4 Scandium... wri d| SC alaces LEA 43°97 Selenium ... « | Se| VI 79°0 78°87 Silicon... col a NS LV 28°5 28°3 Silver (Argentum) ...| Ag] I 108:0 | 107°66 Sodium (Natrium) ... | Na} I 23°0 22°96 Strontium ana (je nsve alll 87°5 87°3 Sulphur... ___—_———__ CINCHONA CULTIVATION IN BRITISH INDIA. In a recent report of the Indian Government it is stated that on the Government plantation of the Darjeeling district in Bengal there were, at the end of the year 1892-93 4,331,000 cincllona trees, or 100,000 less than in the preceding year. During the year 466,000 trees were uprooted for their bark or died, while 184,000 were planted ont. The harvest of dry bark was 304,000 lb. The factory produced during the year 3,481 lb. of cinchona febrifuge and 4,242 Jb. of sulphate of quinine. Tie sales and issues of medicine during the year yielded a profit, alter meeting all charges for maintaiving the plantations, renewing plant, and working the factory. As soon asthe remain- ing million of red-berk trees are used up, it is intended to manufacture only quinine, and to cease making cinchona febrifuge at the Darjeeling factory. The capital cost of the plantation has been repaid by the sale of cinchona drugs in previous years. Ample ground has been reserved for extending the Darjee- Jing plantations. In the Government plantations on the Nilgiri hills, in Madras, the cinchona trees are almost all of the quinine-yielding varieties. Drought, and the absence of sunshine, made the year 1893 unfavourable for cinshona cultivation on the Nilgiri hills. The produce of the factory at these plantations during the year was 4,933 lb. of quinine and 3,139 Ib of cinchona febrifuge; 3,204 lb, of the former and 2,6001b. of the latter were sold or issued to Government and municipal or local departments. The area under cinchona on private plantations outride Bengal is re- turned at 10,862 acres, nearly a'l of which sre in Madras. Tho exportation of cinchona bark from India by sea, which was 3,074,000 Ib. in 1888-89, and 2,693,000 Ib. in 1891-92, amounted to 2,814,0001b in 1892-93.—Chemist and Druggist. —_——————— MARAGOGIPE COFFEE IN §. INDIA. A. 8S. E. Wynaad correspondent writes as follows :— ‘Maragogipe’ and ‘Suntos' Ooffee are both doing grandly here. The ‘Mara’ clearing planted in July 93 is @ sight, many tree3 being over 5 feet high. There was @ little sprinkling of fruit on them which I have had picked off but they will give a crop in 795 only 2 years oldthem! The ‘Santos’ wera p'anted in 792 two leaved seedlings and were watered through the first hot weather, to keep them alive, They tre now grand plants and had fruit on them this year, which I have had removed. I look for good results from my ‘Mara’ and have planted out some 30,000 more planta this monsoon. I think the Hybrid between Arabica and Mara will be good.” Rather a different story, this, from what we have been told of Mara’ at Kulhutty.—South of India Observer, a COFFEE CULTIVATION. Banaatorn, Sept. 22.—Lord Wenlock this morn- ing, accompanied by Colonel Henderson, British Resident, and Major Rayenshaw, Assistant Reei- dent, rode out, under an escort of Lancers, to Rochdale Park, the property of Mr. Meepachaiya, Legislative Secretary, Mysore Service. His Ex- cellency inspected hie ccffee plantation under irrigation. Twenty thousand plants are in flourishing condition, specimens of which took a special prize at the last Horticuliural Show at Bangalore. The Madras Government may porsibly introduce coffee cultivation similarly in the low country,—Times of India. —_—__——————__—— COFFEE AND TEA ON DIGESTION. By Dr. ANDREW WiLson Some interesting experiments on the influence of tea and coffes on digestion have lately been undertaken by Professor Schutzenstein. Itis fairly well known that both tea and coffee reterd the digestion of meat. The practice of taking coffee after dinver can only be explained, I presume, on the theory that the coffee acts as a corrective to avy alcoholic effects; otherwise one can hardly fiod « jurtification for adding it to the menu on physiological grounds—nuoless, perchance, it may be regarded merely as an agreeable adjunct to pipe or cigar. “Meat teas” have long been the abomination of physiologiste, for the reason that the combination is an indigestible ove, although experi- ment has shown that talt foods digest more resdily alone with tea or coffee than fresh meats. Certainly, a “high tea,’ much es it may be thought of popularly, is an unphysiological meal. Professor Schatzenstein showed that while gastric juice (the stomach’s own secretion), which is specially destined to dissolve and digest nitrogenous or meat foods, of itself was able to dizest 94 per cent. of egg albumen (or white of egg) in the space of eight hours, it could only affect 66 per cent. when tea was added. With coffee the effects were of even more strongly marked char- acter, for then only 61 per cent. of the white of egg was assimilated. Another point elicited by these re- searches was that which showed the differences pro- duced by @ strong and weak ivfusion of tea and coffe> respectively. The weaker tlie iofusion, as might have been expected, the less disturbance was noted in the work of the gastric juice. The Professor inclines to think that it is the tannin of the tea and coffee which is chiefly responsible for these resulte. He exempts the active principles of tes and coffee (theine and caffeine) from the charge of delaying aud hinder- ing tho digestive work.—Science Jottings. CEYLON TEA1N MACAO. The trade of the tea merchants in the Portuguese Indian settlement of Macao is, according to our Vice-Consul’a report, in anytbing but a flourishing condition, owing to the increasing tendeney of the Indian and Veylon teas to drive out the China-grown product iu the Au‘tralian colonies and elaswhere, Oae exception, however, is noted, and this is sa’d indeed to be the only sort that has brought in any return to the Macao dealers of late. This is a new “blend.” which goes under the old familiar designation of “lie tea.” It is manufactured from exhausted tea leaves, which are dried, refired, and mixei with a certain preporation of genuine tea and of seeds and dust. Mos: of this preparation proceeds, we are told, to Humburg, but is often packed in chests lahelled “Best Congou,” and shipped to India for popular consumption.—British Daily Mail. ns TEA AND SCANDAL. It would take up too much of ycur space, and be foreign to the object of my contributions were I to reproduce any of the delightful chats ‘‘ Over the Tea- cups” by Oliver Wendell Holmes, but I give afew sententious remarks that occurdirectly connected with the ‘oups that cheer.’ At page 6 he says:—The moroing cup of coffee has an exhilaration about it which the cheering iufluenc2 of the afternoon or even- ing cup of tea cannot be expected to reproduce. The toiis of the forenoon, the heats of midday, in the Nov, 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 309 Suse Warm season, the slanting light of the descending aun, | or the sobered translucency of twilight have subdued the vivacity of the early day. Yet under the isfluence of the benign stimulant many traivs of thought which will bear recalliag, may suggest themselves to some of our quiet circle, and prove not uninteresting toa certain number of readers.” Again at page 21:— T’ca cups are not coffee-cups, They do not hold so much, Their pwlid infusion is but a feeble stimulant compared with the black decoc- tion served at the morning board. And s0 pechaps, if wisdom like yours were compatible with yeirs like mine, I should drop my pea and makes no further attempts upon your patievce.” And at page 71.—‘ If the reader thinks that all there talking teacups came together by mere accident, as people meet at a boarding house, I may as well tell him at once that ke is mstaken. Does he suppose we want to be known and talked about in pubic as ‘ Tea cups’ ? No: so far as we give to the community some records of the talks at our table our thoughts become public property, but the sacred pe:snality of every Teacup must be properly respected. If any wonder at the presence of one of ovr number, w oie eccentricities might seem to render him an undesir- able associate of the company, he should remember that some people may have relatives wkom they feel bound to keep their eye on; besides, the crackedTea cup brings out the ring of the sound ones as nothing e'se does. Remember also that the soundst tcacup does not always hold the best tea, ror the er-cked teacup the worst.” I borrowed from the Library of the Royal Asiatio Society a book by G. C. Stent called ‘ Entombed Alive, and other songs and ballads, from the;Chinese,” as 1 thought there might be something about Tea, and I was not mistaken. There is a long poem onan earthen teapot that was made out of a murdered man’s ashes, and that considerably startled its purchaser ; for he was just going to use it ‘when avoice from within, Roared out ‘ Don’t begin! That’s my nose! What the deuce are you doing?’ I may give you the whol2 of it eome day, but at present I merely give the tea-extracts from ano'her funny poem called ‘‘ Inverted Facts,’’ which tells you that “ Killing a manis not considered a crime—so long a3 you kill him but once at atime.” The followiag refer to tea :— When a person gets tipsy it’s always on tea; The favourite perch of a jnule is a tree. The tiger’s an insect it lives in the sea, Its chief occupation is gathering tea. If you wish to make tea, that is easily done, Boll your, water at night ja the shade of the sun, A cat isa dog, and young kittens are pups; Plates are tea-pois and kettles, but chopsticks are cups. I have already sent you many slang terms connected with Tia. H re are some more. Bluck tea pot, A Negro footman. Bun-struggle, bun-worry, (military). A tea-moeting giveu to soldiers, And io Stu enten- Sprache (Germano stulent’s slang) kondition is Uaté, Thee-Geseilschaft (Coffee o: Tea-meeting) Auf den Thee kommen, Vo» einer sache tbel wer kommen (to coma off badiy feom an affair.) Tha followicg instances of the use of cat-lap and cold tea are quoted from J. 9. Farmer’s ‘alanz and its anacognu sg.’ Cat-Lap. 1824. Scott. Redgauntlet. Ch. xiii, ‘‘We have te, aud coffee aboard . . . You ara at the aye to liks suchcat-lap.” 1364,.M.E.B addon. Aurora Floyd. Ch. xvii. ‘I’ve washed the tea for 'ea” ssid the ‘softy,’ I thought yon’dl ks aconp. ‘ Tho Tariner shrugged his shoulders” “I can’t say I’m partioular attache | t> the cat lap,” he said laugh ng, Coxtp TEA, 1690. Dot. Cast. Crow. Cold Tea-Brandy. 1698. Remonstrance of the bachelors in Harl, Mise (ed, Park) iy. 505. ‘‘Siacs tueir sox has been go familiar with briniy (blasphemed by the name of cold tea.) 1838. O. J.Dumphie. Lhe Chameleon. 235. It is worthy of remark that oold tea was a slang name for brandy ia the 1&th century.” Even as the Chinese have their Lie Tea, so I shall, I fear, under cover of my title smuggle in many a paragraph that has little resemblance to tea, but it may be taken as the suger or milk, which some eople cannot take their tea without. In Crowther’s Yoruba (West African) Vocabulary the word Oya is seid to mean ‘*The wife of Thunder, a goddess to woom the river Niger is dedicated, which therefore is ca'led Oud ova.” Doesn’t it remind ove of our lovely Nanu Ova, which is the name by-the-bye, wkerewith I have cal!ei our new house in Hampstead. A.M. Frerauson, $e ECONOMIC PLANTS IN SOUTHERN INDIA. From tho latest Report of M. A. Lawson, Esq., Government Botanist and Director of Government Oinchona Plantations, &c., Nilgiris, we quote as follows :— PouyGoNUM SACHALINENSE,—This has been cracked up in may quarters a a fodder yielding an enormous crop. It is said that it will yield 95 to 190 tons of greon stuff an acre per annum. But these figures cannot be taken seriously. There are many Polygo- nums on thesa hills, suoh as P. rude, P, Wepalense, P. Chinense, &ce, which cattle eat freely, either fresh or whea converted into silage; but they are all said to have a tsncency to scour the animals when fed so'ely upon them. CasstA AuricuLATA.—Messrs. Cooper, Allen and Co., of Cawnpore, asked for information respecting the oultivation of the Cassia auriculata, and were told that, so far as was known in this dep&?tment the plan twas never cultivated, but was obtained as a minor forest product; but that if they wished to cultivate it, it was believed that it would not need irrigation, as in a wild state it grows in hot dry places. It was also pointed out to Messrs. Oooper Allen and Co. that if they undertook itv cultivation, they should allow it to grow for several yearg before barking the shrubs; as Mr. Cooper’s analyses had conclusively proved that the bark taken from old stems wss many times richer in tainning than that taken fr m young stems or branches. Iromaa Cymosa.—The District Forest-officer, Chin. gleput, sent specimens of a plant which was identi- fied as the Ipomea cymosa, called in Tamil Pundi kodi, and the fibres of the roots of which are said to be used extensively in the Chingleput district for making brushes used in white-washing. Rusper.—ln January last Messrs. Raja and Co. a Madras firm, wrote for information resp‘ cting Iudia-rubber. Toey wanted to know where it could bo obtained in large quantities for commercial pur- poses, They were informed that beyond tha pro- duction of an inferior kind which could be had feom the Wynaai and Malabar, no rubber was pro- duced in the Madras Presidency; and that their best plan was, therefore, to address the Couservator of Forests, As am, where the better sorts are produced fcom the Ficus elastica. A specimen of the rubber from trees in the Wynaad was forwarded to them to ex- per ment upoa. They sent this sample to their agenisin Europe, who reported that it was not a desirable article, and the utmost it might fetch in the London market wag one penny a pound, so that for the presenot at least this inferior commercial product of Southern Injia may be regarded as lying outside the pale of all markets. Correr Hysrips.—In July last a gentleman jnter- ested in coffee planting in the Wyuaad asked if the Arabian coffee (Coffea Arabica) and the Liberiin coffee (Coffea Liberica) when planted side by side would pro.uce a hybril that would be more likely to rosist th attacks of Hemezlia vastatriz than either of the pirents It is nut likely that thie woald be the casa but it isa pont whioh experiment alone could gettle, Further, in the long ran it is not likely that the Liverian ooffes wil prove any more immune to the a tacks of the Hemetlia thin the Arabian coffee. RuBBER-YIELDING Teens.—In February last the Ceara and Castiulow trees growing in the Barliyar Gardens were again tapped, but with the most dis- 310 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Nov. 1, 1894. appointing results; neither of these trees wou'd bleed freely ; and the rubber contained in the latter was proportionately Very meagre, though when purified by Mr. Hooper it was said by him to bs of an exceptionally fine quslity. The Custilloa operated upon is now over twelve years old, and the Ceara over sixteen, and both large trees, It would be we)! if Government was to apply to the Chief Commmi-sioner of Assam for the lonn of the services of an expert rubber-tapper; as it would then be settled, once for all, whether, or not, the want of success is due to the unskilfulness of the operator. If Government sanction this proposal, the best time for the rubber- tapper to be sent would be about the end of January, or the beginning of February. Buivureum O1.—The distillation of this oil in the Government Gardens has almost ceased, as it is now maenufactured by private persons in sufficient qusntitics to supply all the demands of the Medi- cal Stores Departments of Madras and Bombay and of private persons, snd can be had wholerale from them at the rate of R2—4—0 to R2—8—0 per lb. The ten pounds of bluegum oil manufactured by Mr. Wallace, and mentioned in tho last year’s report as having been sent to the Imperial Institute, have jast been reported upon by Sir Frederick Abel, who3e letter upon the subject is as follows:—I have the honour to inform you that the Enc«ptus oil (No. 2924-93) prepared upon an experimental scale by the Government Botanist at Ootacsmund has been submitted to two well known Loudon firms (Messrs. Allan and Hanbury of P.ough Oonrt, Lombard Street end Bethnal Gresn, and Messrs. Figgis ‘and Oo,, of 44, Frenchurch Strest, EC.) for exarn- ination and report. The opinions of both the above named firms are favorable to the quality of the oil, which is considered likely to compete success- fully with the mavy brands of oi! from the Euca- lyptus giobulus, which sre offered for sale in the London market. Messrs. Allan and Hanbury, however, notice the dark colour of the oilas being likely to effest its sale unfavourably ; and I would, therefore, suggest that the altention of the Government Bota- nist at Ootacamund should be drawn to the impor- tance of remedying that detect in future consignments. The value of the soil has beeu estimated by Messrs. Figgia and Oo. at Is 8d. to 1s. 6d. per lb., or per- ‘haps eyen a little more. GAULTHERIA FRAGRANTI‘SIMA—In July last the pro- prietors of a distillery at South Arcot asked if they could be supplied from these hills with the flowers of ths plant, as they wished to distil the oil from them in order to mix it with their methylated spirit instead of oil distilled from rabber. The oil is not dist lled from the flowera but from the leave:, of which an unlimited supply could bea collected on the Nilgiris; but the oil extracted from them would not take the place of that distilled from rubber, as instead of making the spirit nauseous, it would give it, if anything a pleasant flavour. ~GuM TRAGACANTH and GoM AMMoNIAcUM.—A gen- tleman residing near Nedivattim asked the Board of Revesue to procure him the se:d of the plants which produce the gum tragacanth aud gum ammonia- cum from the Oonsuls, or other Hoglish officials in Persia. The question as to whether they would be like!y to grow in this region satisfactorily waa re- ferred by tho Board to this department. The gum ammoniacum is the product of two species of Dorema and the gum tragacanth ia collested from several species of astragalt, all are lovers of hizh elevetions, where the climate is hot and dry in summer and cold in winter. None of them would be liksly to prove profitable on the western side of the Nilgiri plateaux, though they might possibly do better on the no-thern and eastera slopes. IpEcacuANHA.—In last year’s report, paze 5, para- graph 11, it waa stated that a packet of seed was sant by Mr, Malcolm of tae Vellera Mallays, who had collected it from the planta which had been sent £0 him in 1888. Tne seed wis sown in one of the not-houses in the Goverament Gardens, Ootscamun d its germination was very slow, several months elapsing before the first seedliag shove! iisclf above the soil, There ars in stock now 480 healthy young plants, which are growing vigoronsiy; the majori y will be sent to Mr. Malcolm, who inten’s increasing bis plavtation. The reports sent in by those to whom plavts have been sent are, as u-ual, very varying. Mr, Hacfield, District Forest-officer, Nilamvur, writes: “T have the honour to report thet the Ipecacuauha plants are not doing well down here. They fre quently dis down and spring up again. There is something radically wrong with them, There are only 186 that Jook fairly healthy, 20 sre sickly avd 44 bave died down, but may sprout up sg-in.” “Mr, Malcolm of the Vallera Mullays writes that bis ‘ /pecacuanha'’ plints seem to bave come toa stanstill during the psst year, 80 perbaps it is time to take them up end see what the results will be.” Mr. F.. Mackenzie of Atgram Sylhet writes that the Jpecacuanhas, which he had in January 1893 have come on 60 well, that he would bo greatly obliged if 100 more could be sent tohim, From Mr. Hadfield’s report of 1892-93 it wil be seen thatthe Zyecacuanha put out in 1884 are frotl two to three feet to height and are very thriving, from which it would appear that when grown in suitable places and under proper co ditions, the cultivation of thie plant may yet be expected to prove enuccessful, E8yYTHROXYLON Coca.—Ia accordance with the orders contained in G.O., No. 1,232, of 2lst Maereh 1894, Revenne, and G.O., No. 1,736, dated the 2ad May 1894, Revenue, fifty plants will be pat out during the forthcoming teason iu ths experimental garden at Gudalur ; about two thousand cutt’ngs are now being raised in the hot houses in the Governmevt Gardeus at Ootacamund, half of which may be expected to grow ioto plants fit for plauting out in July 1895. The coca frait freely and can be grown readily from cuttings, 80 that in a very few years @ large area can be placed under cultivation. A present. it is not known to be attacked by any disease. Mr. Hooper some years ago made a email quintity of the by- drochlorate of coosine, and reported that it could be easily manufactured in the Medic] Stores Depart- ment, Msdras; a sample of the chlorate, whioh he made, was sent to Dr. Drake-Brockman, formerly Superiuteudent of the Ophthal nic Hoapital, Madras, who reported upon “it favorsbly. There can be no doubt bat that the Erythroxylon coca can be grown in abuodance on the Nilgiris; but it is not likely that it would prove remauerative to plauters (1) because so little of the drug Cocaine is used, and (2) because such an enormous number of the leaves (which have to be very carefully prepared) are required for the extraction of one pound (three to four hundred pounds of dried leaf being needed to produce one pound of Cocaine. JALAP IPoMOES PuURYA.—In May last two thousand pounds of dried jalap tuber were supplied to the Madras Medical Stores Department for 81,510, or at ‘tthe rate of twelve aunas per pound, the London market rate, at the period, being one shilling und six pence, or at the then rate of exchange one rupee three annas and four pies. The ground under cultivation was to0 «mall to yield so heavy a crop, and the result is that this year only five hundrei pounds of the dry tuber have been lifted. No ring diseas3, such as that mentionei by Mr, W. Gollan, Superintendent, Botanical Gardens, Sahran- pore in his report for the year 1892-93 has as yet been observed in any of the tubers, although it is too frequently met with in potatoes grown on land on all sides. The chief ensmy to jalap, so far, has bean the common earth-rat. Ravrx Tarsxaci—195 lb. of Dandelion root was supplied to the Bombay Medical Stores Department for R84-7-0 or at the rate of six annas a ponnd. The Bombiy Medical Department asked for 224 lb. but the extra 29 could not be prooured. The roots were coliected from wild plants; thie year half an acre or thereabouts on the lsnd adjoining the Orewe Hall estate has been brokea up and will be planted during the present seasoa with sceJlings, which have been raised in the Goverment Gardens, Nov. t, 139 1] TAH TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Rit THE FARMER AND MODERN INVENTIONS. Tu modera lifs one of the most strikiag feat- ures that has boen and is beicg developed move aod more rapidly is the interdependence of the members of the human family. As tha popu- lation increases, tha hermit or quasi-harmit lifa so frequent years ag», when ths iarmer for months in the winter saw hardly any faces except those of his own family, and when he conducted his farming op2rations in almost compleie ,independ- ence of the rast of the world, is fast bacoming an impossibility. In old times the farm was a self- Supporting world in itself. The wells, springs aad cisteras supplied water; the domestic animals got all their food from it, and it produced its own fertilisers. By rotation of crops, by letting land lia fallow, and by the use of fertilising material produged on ths farm, the land was kept fertile, Rain descended from the clouds without any humana agency. Now the conditions are very different, The farmor's children wish to compete with city children in education and in general cultures. Bus outside of the personal aspect, of which this is but ons element, modero conditions - affect his lifa ina mush broader sense. The tendency now is to work the soil in large areas devot-d to @ singls crop, and to uss machinery in all farming operations. For many yesra past the American inventor has been busy inveating most ingenious machines for cultivating the ground, for sowiag the saed, and for harvesting the crops, Oa a3couat of the inventor's work the Western farms, with fields of wheat reachiog to the horizon, cultivated by stsam-drawn ploughs, and wahose crops are harveated by great machines drawa by teams; of maay horses, have become a possibility. The great cereal crop of the United States is dua to the mechanical inventor, In the same order of things is the modero fertiliser. For different orops diffsrent fertilisera are madein factories. As the great natural sources of phosphoric acid were overdrawa, the Kuropean agriculturist has utilised the finely grouad slag of the basic steel procass. The farmer depends no longer oa hi3 barn yard, but purchases his plant food in the most approved form, made in factories from tha most unapromising souraes of supply ‘Tha Atlantic coast is patrolled by steamers whose occupation is tha catohing of maoh:dan or bony fish. After the oil is extracted from thes: fish, the farmer has a claim on what is left as a source of nitrogen for his crops. Soutao Ameri- can nitrate of soda is another sources of aitrogea. The German miaoes supply him with his posash, and tho blending of all the elemsnis is ceffeotet in the feriliser factories, whose process are guided by the most exsat chemical analyses of thair materials. Hven in the matter of local transport- atioa the farmer is being taken care of. Tae electric road, to whose operations, haediess of vestel rizhts, so many highways have beea surrendered, bids fair to revolutionise the aspects of rural life. It is believed by many that the electric road will eventually haul the farmer’s products to tho oilies or railroad stations, and cha improvement of country roads has actually been disouuraged by those who believe in the highest devslopment of this form of traction. Where the process of dsavelopment of modern life will end, it is hard to cee, Tae farmer, who would seem to be the last to ba sub- jected to modern soivntifia adyancsments, is really, Spoaking relatively, the ons most affsoted, Mechanigal, chemical, aid elsctrical science have changed his entirs status, Among inventors the farm is recognised as the field for most useful work in inyention, Man may yet learn to dispense with oail, and tha steam-engiae may be relegated to the past. The self-contained energies of the cosmic system may yet be used toreplaca the motor which duriag the last decades has replaced them. Windmills and water-wheels re- present the utilisation of cosmic energy, and man- kind may yet bo driven to a more extensive use of the mechanical powers of nature. Bus for food production, it ssems as if the soil for many years to come must be the only resource. Synthetic chemistry has to make enormous advances befora it oan produce palatable food. Already it hag done something in producing glucose aid saccharine ag sugar substitutes, but until the synthesis onthe large scale of carbon and hydrogenis effeated, the syathetio chemisty will beinchoate. In the modern march of progress the farmer will hold his own. The changes in his processes, the abolishment of the quiet rural life, and of the farm as an almost self-contained unit of existence, are brought about by the devotion to his interests of the enlighten- ment of the world, and the world in its turn is more aod more dependent on him,—Scientijic American, Se ECHOES OF SCIENCE. Mr, Alexander MoAdie, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, states in a report just published that the danger from lightning is five times greater in the country than in a town, He recommends that the lightning rod, where it passes near gee or water mains, should be connected to them by soldered wire, and he prefers for the rod an iadependent couuection with the earth or ground by an “ earth- piate,” to a connection by a water or gas pipe. An- other resommendation, which we heartily endorse, and which cinnot be too weil known is that every person strick by lightning, and to all appearance dvad, should be treated like a drowned person, and every effort made to restore bim or her to life by acaficial respiration and stimulatiug the circulation for an hour at least. Experiment and experieuce hava shown that persons apparently killed by light- ning and the electric shock are not always really dead, but in a condition of suspended animation. Probably many lives have bsen lost heretofore by mare ignorance of this fact, both in the case of lightniag siroke and the electrio shock. Hamboldt, the great German traveller aod naturalist, arguel with much force that avcient Mexican civi« lization showed an Asiatic influence, and, as Dr. BE, B. Tylor has recently pointed out, the Azteo picture wr tiny of ths Soul’s Journey the Land of Spirits, a3 given in the Vatican Ovudex, is almost identical with sceces of the Buddhist purgatory in Japanese temples. The Aztec represeuted the soul crossing & ilver, then passiog between two mountains ‘hat Clashed _together, then olimbiog a mountain bristling with Koives of obsidian, and exposed to danger from other kuives, hurled through the air, The Japanese depicts. the soul wading across a river, then passit g between two iron mountains which are pushed to- getuer by demons, then climting a mountain of Kaives, and also blades flying through the air. For our own part, we think few can compare the human features to be seen on some Centra! American monu- meuts in the South Kensington Museum with those of Jasan without being struck wich their remarkable liksuess; and when we remember that even in his- torical times Japaueze and otber Asiatics have been driven by s'res3 of weather to the West Ooast of America, wa nesd not be surprised at the fact. Olivins is a neutral oil which does not besome rancid, aud of vegetable origin. Sinea its recent Introduction, it has superseded olive oil in many quarte's, not only for lubrication mechanism, bat in perfamery, pharmacy, and so on, It comes from Marseilles, and its use is extendiog rap.dly in France, Belgium, Germany, and the Leyant.—Glote, 312 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. 1, 1894. I DRUG REPORT. (From Chemist and Druggist.) London, Sept. 6th. CrincHons.—At Tuesday’s cinchona auctions a moderate supply of bark was placed on sale. There were eight catalogues, and ,these aggregated of :— Packages Packages Ceylon cinchona ove 763 of which 679 were sold East Iodian cinchona... 141 do 141 do African ove 628 do 628 do Cuprea bark se 200 do — do 1722 do 1443 do The assortment was a poor one, the bulk of the East- ern cinchonas being ordinary Succirubras, Ceylon supply- ing a small oprinkling of Officinalis, and Iadia of Ledge- riana barks. The h'ghest price paid for any lot of Eastern growth was 43d per lb, A fair competition prevailed, especially among the German manufactures, and the sales, although somewhat irregular at fi'st, close with a steady tone, at an average unit cf 15-l6ths d. per lb. The following are the approximate quantities of bark purchased by the principal buyers :— Lbs. Agents for the Frankfort and Stuttgart works 75,1e9 Agents for the Brunswick works .. a 63,348 Agents for the Auervachfactory .. 63,063 Agents for the Mannheim and Amsterdam works 32,408 Messrs. Howards & Sous ; 29,597 Agents for the American and Italian works.. 17,214 Ayeuts for the Paris works od - #,850 Sundry Druggists a 13,850 Total quantity of bark sold.. e 307,559 Bought in or withdrawn .. r; 43,570 Total quantity offered an 35',129 The total weight of sulphate of quinine the bark in sale was only a out 56,000 cz. It should be remembered that the quantity of bark bought affords no indication of the amount of sulphate of quinine represeuted by the purchase. The following prices were paid for sound bark :— CEYLON CINCHONA.—Original—Red varieties: Ordinary dull aud woody t» fair quilly stem and branch chips jd to 13d per 1b. tine stem chips 241 per 1b. Good bo fine rich shavings 2jd to 48d per lb. Root 41 to 13d per lb. Grey varieties : Ordinary togooi bright stem «un! braach )3d to 24d; dull dusty root 14d to 2d; good 33d per lb. Renewei—Red varieties: Ordinary to god bright stem and branch chips 7d to 3d per lb. Grey shavings 24d; fair to good chips zd to 23d per lb. WeEstT AFRICAN CINCHONA.—The large quantity of 628 bales Succirubra bark from San Thome sveld with good competition at from 23d to 34d per 1b. for fair to fine bright quill, and at 121i to z#d per lb. for dull small to good bright bold chips. CUPRKA BARE.—Iwo hundred bales of old import were offered, but all bought in at 3d per 1b. The Amsterdam cinchona auctions on Thursday las" ended in disappointmentment to the bark owners, among whom there wasa general belief tha: the unit weuld a@iyance again, The total weight of sulphaie of quinine represented by the bark offered was 20,265 kilos, ot waich 18,901 kilos suld at an average uvit of 4°35c. (eyual to about 4-5ths per lb.) again 4:50c. at the July auctions. The richest parcel iu the sales was one of 11 bales Leger in broken quills, containing the equivalent of 10°63 per cent sulphate of quivine. It realised. 48c. per half- Kilo. Fine pharmaceutical barks were in demand at high prices, but medium and common grades are offering plen- tufully and are hardly saleable. ‘The August shipments of cinchona from Java are cabled at 8€0,000 half-kilos, The total exports from the island during thefirst eight months of 1694 are slightly in excess of those during the corres- ponding per:od of 1893. QUININE.—Most people interested in quinine still affect to consider the position of the marketa sound one. Never- theiess, there has beena slightly increased reaction towards lower rates this week, about 20,000 oz. German quinine (Bronswick and Mannheim) in tins having been sold on the spot at from 12}d to 12d per oz., while for 10,000 oz Auervach 12d per oz hs been accepted. Transactions of Brunswick and Mannheim quinine for October-November delivery are also reported to have taken place at from 12% to 124d per oz, On Wedaesday another 5,000-0z. parcel sold at 1dd per oz. Oa the spot. The market closes with a weak and uncertain tendency. Ail the business reported this week has been jn second band. The makers’ quota- tions are yualtersd, represented by VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. Genia~t Uva.—* I don’t think 1 have seen any rain to speak of in Haputale since Ohristmas last” was the expression we overheard a railway official constantly travelling between Uva and Colombo, make to a friend recently. No wonder, though there is a fice coffee crop there this season. Mr. A. Ross’s experience in Matale was that no season could be too dry and hot for coffee. A planting correspondent in Observer suggs 68, that Government gsbould sell small biocks of land in the Uva country opened by the railway—the Obiya district for instance. How would it do to bind purchasers down to plant no tea—only coffee, cacao, &, On virgin soil, many think coffee could now be profitably grown; and how pleasant for the planters who scarcely see the eun from June to November on the Nawalapitiya-Nanuoya side, to be able to* run across the range into sunshine and a cool temperature to look after little clearings on the other side ! Touk THROUGH THE HINTERLAND OF THE Cotony oF SrerkA Leong.—A long tour through the Hinterland of the Colony of Sierra Leone has just been most successfully concluded by Colonel Uardew, om.G., the Administrator of the Oolony, by which many entirely untrayelled districts have been explored,and a vast amount of hithertounknown information bas been collected. We quote a few paragraphs: — For natural resources its wealth seemed unlimited. Palm-nuts were liberally bestrewed over the litile track along which the column wended its way, dropping from the stately oil palms, and the robber vine was to be found io all big vegetation, adorning the forests with graceful festoons, some of the vines being 3 to 4 inches in diameter. It is, indeed, pitiable that a country so bountifully supplied with usefal natural productions should be today absolutely depopulated and devastated from co other cauee than to furnish supplies for the carrying out of a nefarious traffic in humaa beings, Some of the flowers tbroughont the entire journey were very beautiful, huge bunches of large white lilies were constantly met with; also delicately tinged ground orchids, and many other kinds of flowers, for tropical flowers of some description or other seemed to be ever present; but nothing could compare for exquisite daintiness to the indescribable ferneries of a sort which appeared to be closely allied to the familiar maiden-hair, whose climbing tendencies over the Palmettos upon both sides of our track formed a vista of transcendental magnificence, transformiog that part of the Bush into a veritable fairyland. The one great drawback to the rapid sdvancement of the Colony by the development of its natural re- sourc:s is the want of the means of transporting the produce to the markets at the coast, and to receive in retura Manchester cottons and other importations which are eagerly purchased whenever they are shown in remote places. The demand is very great, but owing to the distance little or nothing finds its way into the far Hinterland; aud as regards that most productive of all districts—Upper Mendi—50 miles from the coast is probably the limit to which imported cottons are carried, and iN no way represent the tithe of what the country is capable of receiving. The only articles which really go great distances inland are guns, powder and salt, the latter being repacked into narrow cylindrical palm-leaf bundles before they leave the coast. The difficulties in the way of land transport will be more readily understood when it is remembered that 40 men are required to “tut” (carry) down a tonof palm kernels, each man carry- ing on his back a long narrow palm-leaf hamper containing about 80 lb. weight, for which he receives in barter merchandise to the value about 4s. This produce may have occupied four or five days to bring down, so that it can hardly be wondered at that a greater quantity does not find its way to the merchants, Nov. 1, 1894. | CEYLON IN 1894. [The following suinmary of the Colony’s pro- eress up to the present year was intended, primarily, as a supplementary paper to be in- cluded in the form of an enclosure in copies of our volume ‘‘CEYLON IN 1893” so as to bring its information up to date in certain ce- partments. It was sent by a London friend to Colonies and India and has appeared in large type, covering wore than two pages of the issue of August 25th, and also in the Huropean Mail.—p. 1.4. ] COLOMBO, 1894. The Customs; Trade and Shipping Returns of the Ceylon Government for 1893 have only just been published. They show a steady increase in the trade of the Colony, which, deducting, specie, has during the past twelve years risen in value as follows :— Rupees. 1882 78,101,205 1893 Ai 139,237,891 while the gross Customs revenue has risen— Rupees. 1882 Kt 2,867,139 1893 4,498,912 Unfortunately, this branch of our general revenue is disfigured by import duties, not only on the staple food of the people, rice, but by taxes on raw material such as iron and other metals, to the discouragement of local industry. The main cause of the increase in our trade and of the revival of local prosperity is found in the wonder- ful development of a tea-planting industry ~ in suecession to, and supersession of, that in coffee. This also explains, to a great extent, the increase in tonnage frequenting our ports, and this has now risen to— Number of vessels. 1882 ti 6,871 bia 3,212,434 1893 Had 7,805 6,152,393 The diserepaney in the ‘‘ number” of vessels is explained by the supersession of sailing ships and the increasing size of the mail steamers, for which Colombo is the great calling port in the Mast. ‘ There ean be no doubt that the past year has been a fairly prosperous one in Ceylon. In res- pect of the two great branches of agriculture re- presented in the island—-tea cultivation, on the parf mainly of Kuropean planters aided by in- inigvant Tamil coolies, and the coconut palm groves, chietly to Ceylonese owners, our export returns tes- tify to satisfactory results. The tea-planting indus- try has advanced im the past ten years, so that less than 25 million Ib. exported in 1884 stands in con- trast to no Jess than 84,406,064Ib. in 1893. © This is an increase of 13 million lb. in 1892; but no such addition is expected in 1894. Indeed, so far, as the tea crop has been turning out very little more than inthe corresponding period of 18938. This is due to unfavourable weather, especially a spell of (drought in the early part of the year, and for the half-season ending 30th instant the increase is not likely to exceed 2,000,000 Ib. For the whole year 1894 the total export will probably be between 88 and 90 million Ib., of which 77 to 78 millions should go to the United Kinedom. Looking Total tons. GS forward, there is no reason to doubt that Ceylon is bound to rise to an export of tea in one year equalling 100 million Ib. The only obstacle Is the dread of over-production—of prices falling so as to leave no margin of profit—for Ceylon planters have had experience of this in respect of cinchona bark and some other products, The 40 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 313 remedy is found in opening up a trade with new countries for the consumption of British- erown teas, to the supersession of the inferior and sometimes ‘‘faced” and impure China and Japan teas. This has been done to a consider- able extent in Australia and on the continent of Europe, notably in Russia, and now, follow- ing on the efforts pub forth at the Chicago Ex. hibition, special attention is being given to the United States and Canada by Indian and Ceylon tea planters. 1% is notorious of coffee and worst of tea is to be drunk in the United States. Nearly all the Japen tea goes to the States, and scarcely a ponnd of it can be considered free from artificial ‘facing ” and ‘* colouring.” If the 90 million lb. of China and Japan teas now used in a year in North America could be replaced by a corresponding quantity of the superior and quite pure teas of india and Ceylon, there would be room for a considerable expan- sion of the planting enterprise in these countries. Objection is sometimes taken to British-grown trees as being harsher and stronger in tannin than those of China. The Ceylon teas, asarule, stand between those of Assam and China; but it is well known that the percentage of tannin all depends on the infusion, and that if our teas are only allowed to stand four or five minutes before being poured off there isno chance of the infusion being otherwise than pleasant, refreshing, and beneficial. I have thus put tea eulivation in the fore- front of my paper, because, apart from its great importance in Northern India, the present pros- perity of Ceylon is undoubtely wrapped up with it. One interesting feature of the industry is the great extent to which the Singhalese—mnen, women and children—are helping the planter in plucking the leaf. This is light work, which suits them. In ‘‘ coffee” days the planters had to depend entively on immigrant coolies; but many thousands cf Singhalese work on the tea that about the best cup plantations, and earn regular wages. Not only so, but a good many of the well-to-do Ceylonese have opened tea gardens of their own and the mass of the people in the towns and along the roadsides have began to drink tea in place of coffee. The drinking of tea among the people of Northern India has been encouraged by the Government in a variety of ways, and there can be no doubt that if the millions of India and Ceylon were to become tea drinkers, tem- perance and health would be ereatly promoted, and comparative freedom from cholera, desentsry, and fever secured. ‘‘ Nothing more dangerous to drink in India than brandy save water,” runs the old saying, and it is a very true one. If we twn to the palm-gvowing industry of Ceylon, we find a steady extension of cultivation, more especially in respect of the coconut. ‘There are other useful palms freely grown in certain parts of the island, such as the palmyra, the kitul or sueat (Caryota wrens), and the areea; but none is so useful or so ubiquitous all round the coast line, and for many miles inland on the western side. The estimate in Ferguson's ‘* Handbook and Directory” is that there must be 50 million ecoconnt palms covering about 650,000 acres, in Ceylon, and all but about 50,000 acres belone to the natives themselves, who consume the greater part of the produce as food, for building, and domestic purposes. Still the export trade from this palm is of much importance, coming next to that of tea in yalue, Coconut oilis the chief product— 314 so largely used in soap and candle making, and as a lubricant—and of this no less than 551,000 ewt. were shipped in 1892. Last year the quantity was Jess—crops of nuts are often alternately big and smaller, according to season, although in another new preparation, ‘‘desic- cated coconut” (used largely in ‘confectionery,’ and an export only begun a few years ago), the increase is nearly 100 per cent. on the previous year. It will be of interest to show the whole of the Ceylon exports for 1893 derived from the coconut palm alone :— ‘ cwt. Coconut oil a 389,712 Copra (dried kernel) ... JB 44,923 Poonac (kernel after extracting oil) ae . Desiccated coconut 6,414,908 Number Coconuts fia as ... 11,079,028 Coir (fibre prepared) ewt. ope : ns 7,819 9 yarn rele ohh 84,831 5» fibre 56,401 This represents a very large native industry, not only im attending to the gardens and_har- vesting the nuts, but in the work of preparing most of the above products, and more especially the oil and fibre. For desiccating the coconut special mills have been erected within the pant few years, but there is a danger of the trade being overdone if pressed on too rapidly. Coffee production in Ceylon is no longer worthy of mention, though renewed attention in several districts is being given to the Liberian yariety, which can be readily associated with the cultiva- tion of cacao (the chocolate plant). The better species of rubber are also being experimented with. For rice, Ceylon—essentially a leaf and fruit, and especially palm-growmg country— continues to ms largely dependent on India, and there is no sign of diminution in the im- ports made from the rich alluvial plains of Ben- gal and Burma. As much as 27,000,000r. a year are paid to India for food grains, but largely to meet the wants of immigrant coolies from Southern India on the plantations and of the people in the towns. Last year, more than once, scarcity and conse- quent dearness of rice were experienced in Co- lombo, and there was a great deal of grumbling, more especially as one of the anomalies of our fiscal system at present is the existence of an import Customs duty on grain, without a counterbalancing excise on land leyies. The Sinhalese in towns and villages had thus levies at the Customs as well as from town boards, which their country neighbours entirely escape. But, to turn to rise production, the hope of Ceylon ever growing enough for its own wants lies in the utilisation of the vast tracts of un- occupied land in the northern and north-central parts of the island by the restoration of the old irrigation tanks This work, begun by Goy- ernor Six William Gregory and_ steadily pursued by Sir Arthur Gordon, has been necessarily checked by the abolition of the rice-land levy (paddy tax), from which, indirectly, their big tank funds came. If it were possible for the Indian and Ceylon authorities to co-operate in providing irrigation and colonising the region re- ferred to, the good results to both countries would be very manifest. In Southern India we have an overflowing population, very often on the verge of famine for a large number. 'The rice-growing country is fully taken up THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Nov. 1, 1894. there. In North-Central Ceylon there is un- occupied country—once the home of a numerous population—ready to be turned into fertility by an industrious Tamil population, if only the Governments restored the reservoirs of water anciently constructed. One indispensable con- dition, however, is to get the people readily transfered ; and a _ proposal now maturing in London, under high engineering authority, for and Indo-Ceylon Kailway, seems to offer the means required. This project is promoted by Sir George Bruce, formerly of the South of India Railways, and Mr. W. M. Shelford, M.Inst.C.E., and they design to con- tinue the Indian Railway (on the metre gauge) from Madura to Paumben, cross by a serew- pile viaduct, and enter Ceylon by Manaar. If such a metre-gauge line were prolonged thence via the wertern coast to Colombo, there would be no interference with the broad-gange railway system of the Ceylon Government ; there would he a very profitable as well as through traflic ; and the branch lines from Manaar to Auradha- pura, Jaffna,and Trincomalee—passing through the unoceupied country I spoke of —could be afterwards arranged, If this were dove the broad-gange system could be confined to the south and centre of the island, there being several advisableextensions in these divisions which will probably be enough to occupy the Government for some years. An Indo-Ceylon railway, connecting Southern India with the splendid Colombo harbour— designed by the genius of the late Sir John Coode —is a work of Imperial importance, apart from its great local usefulness to Ceylon and Southern India. It would render Colombo more than ever the commercial capital for a considerable portion of the Madras Presidency. Already its central and controlling position in respect of mail steamers is fully recognised, so that our Post- master-General is frequently applied to for informa- tion in respect of the despatch of mails from Colombo to various ports, including Rangoon, by the business community of Madras. Among other public works sanctioned during the time of our present Governor, Sir Arthur Havelock, is a new and extensive structure in a centra) and prominent position, as the General Post Office of the Colony, serving for the twin _postal-telegraph department. This will be a credit toa city that is now recognised as the great meeting port of mails and passengers, and of much traffic in Eastern seas. The Governor is no less interested in completing the harbour works, protection from ‘the North and North-West being still requisite, and breakwaters for this purpose are to be begun at once under the guidance of Messrs. Code, Son and Matthews. Thecomplete harbour will then have an area of 660 acres, with ample depth for the largest vessel afloat or that ean be build, and Colombo will be one of the safest and most convenient ports in the world. All that will then remain to make it complete will bea good graving dock, and if the Admiralty gave some encouragement—there are several reasons why, in a year or two, Colombo should supersede Trin- comalee as naval headquarters for the East India station—the dock would also be speedily con- structed. I am bound to confess that a good deal will have to be done to improve our port manage- ment and along-shore arrangements, as well as Customs tariff, before Colombo can hope to rival Bombay or Singapore. The establishment of a Port Trust, such as is found at all the Presi- dency ports of India, would be the very best means of securing the improved management Nov, 1, 1894.] desired by the mercantile and.shipping commu- nity. The manifest destiny of Colombo being what the Duke of Buckingham pointed out 20 years ago to Sir William Gregory, in reference to Southern India and the Southern Asiatic as well as Australian world generally, it is a pity any fiscal or administrative obstacles should be allowed to delay the special development and success generally anticipated. The currency complication has provoked a com- mission (the Hon. J. A. Swettenham, C.M.G., Auditor-General, being chairman) here as at the Straits, and its report recently appeared— a very able document, though it advocates no immediate action on the part of ow: Govern- ment. The Indian rupee being our standard, and our largest trade and closest relations be- ing with India, it seems impossible for the majority of our officials, bankers, and merchants to see how we can venture on any currency different to that prevailing on the adjacent con- tinent. We should prefer an ‘“‘honest”’ rupee following the course of silver, for many reasons and itis a grievance as matters stand that our revenue gets no benefit, as that of India does. from the closing of the mints, except so far as remittances to England for the Ceylon public debt, pensions, and leave allowances go. But, on the other hand, we can see very grave practical difficulties in the way our starting a coinage of our own, as some members of the commission and a few merchants and _ planters urge ; and, if our manifest destiny is to get into closer alliance with Southern India through a railway junction, and Colombo becoming its commercial capital to propose a separate and distinct currency for this little island, would seem to be an unwise, even if practicable, pro- ject. At the same time, we are all keenly alive to the ‘‘ bounty,” as My. Goschen des- eribed it, which the difference between the rupee and its silver value gives to ' China as against Ceylon and Indian tea. _ Should this fact lead to any marked increase in the ship- ments of China tea during the approach- ing season to the United Kingdom, there would certainly be a loud protest against the injustice done to them from the planters of India, and especially of Ceylon. If, as is expected, the planters of Assam and Ceylon begin to work together in advertising their teas In America, the coalition may lead to joint defensive, if not aggressive, action in other directions. Our beautiful little island generally is fast becoming quite a show place for visitors and tourists. Every winter now brings us an instalment of visitors from Europe and America, and many take a health trip from Northern or Central India, Burma, the Straits, or China, or even Australia, to see the Eden of the eastern waves, and few, if any, are dis- appointed with the beauty of Colombo, its vege- tation, and the interesting, diversified peoples in its bazaars; or with our first-class mountain railways, covering 200 miles and rising 6,200 feet above sea level; with Kandy, the last capital of the Sinhalese kings, and its uniquely charming situation, old palace, Buddhist temples, and adjacent extensive botanical gardens; with Nuwara Eliya, Uva, and hill tea and cinchona districts, or with Anuradhapura and its ancient buried ruins. The island is now so well opened up by rail- ways and roads that public health is much improved, and, in the case of European resi- dents, an effort is being made to get all THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 3i5 English and American life assurance office to remove the extra charge imposed for tro pical residence. Some offices have already done so; others only continue it for five years. Opium has never been grown or prepared in Coston! and until forty or fifty years ago the Singhalese never used it. There is, therefore, no difficulty in a little island like this in dealing with it, as in Burma, and the leaders of the Buddhists, Hindoos, and Mahomedans here are very keen that the sale of the drug should be placed under medical restrictions. Following Western examples and modes of working, educated leaders among the Buddhists have of late given their attention to opening schools—and for girls as well as boys—especially in Colombo and its neighbourhood. But the scandalous waste and misappropriation of Buddhist temple endowments in the remoter native dis- tricts continues unchecked by Sir Arthur Gor- don’s Temporalities Act. It is a great pity that that very able as well as strong Governor did not take steps, in accordance with the wishes of the people, towards devoting the larger proportion of the said temporalities in each district to primary vernacular, unsectarian, and industrial education. The intelligent portion of the Singhalese people would have cordially voted for and endorsed such a step, tor they view with disgust the corrupt conduct and waste of many of their Buddhist priests left in possession of lands and rents. I must not omitreference, even at the close of this long summary, to a movement __ini- tiated by Lady Havelock (after Lady Dut- ferin’s example in India) for the establishment of a Women’s Hospital for the different races, and qualified female medical attendants, in Colombo. Already about R40,000 have been collected as donations towards this very desirable object. Let me mention the very striking way in which English games, as well as English instruction and habits, are taking a hold of the Singhalese. Every town, if not village, has now its cricket votaries, if not club; tennis is freely played, and golf is just coming into vogue. One team of Ceylonese cricketers is considered to be as strong as any team picked from the Europeans in the island, and there has been a talk of inviting the Bombay Parsee Club to send the team to Colombo that . visited Europe not long ago, to play a series of matches. Such competitions between Asiatic-born subjects of our Queen-Empress must be regarded with much interest. ‘“The schoolmaster” is verily abroad in Ceylon : a great work in educating the people through missionary as well as private and official agencies is going on, though much remains to be done. And this little island has already begun to send forth enterprising sons (Sinhalese, Tamil, and Eurasian) to become teachers, clerks, dispensers, and medical assistants in India, Burma, the Straits, East and South Africa and Australia. Two Sinhalese Wesleyan ministers are at work as missionaries amone their fellow Buddhists in Burma: preparations are now being made in Jafma, our Northern Peninsula, to train in college and hospital, under qualified male and female European and American doctors and nurses, medical assistants and qualified nurses to work among the millions of India. One point more. Now that Ceylon tea has covered nearly as much ground as is desirable in the island, many of our planters, now being trained, are looking to East Africa, at Nyassa as well as Uganda, as theirfuture field of labour for the cultivation of coffee, cacao (chocolate), rubber, coca, kola and other tropical plants, 316 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. 1, 1894. Already, not a few Ceylon-trained planters are leading the way in German as well as British East Africa, and very many more are bound to follow; for Ceylon is the best taim- ing-school in the world for the aunt plantee, and its perodical-instructor, the Tvopical Agriculturist, is sent right round the world every month with the latest information avail- able in respect of new and old products. I have one sad piece of news to give in con- clusion, namely, the death at Kandy on the night of June 17th, of one of the Egyptian exiles, Mahmud Fehmi Effendi, the engimeer officer par excellence of the band, who designed the earthworks at Tel-el-Kebir, and who was about the most respected of Arabi’s Lieutenants. Indeed, he was supposed to have rather a contempt for Arabi Iumself. Mahmond Felmii distinguished himself in Ceylon by doing a good deal of literary work, translating into Arabic Rollin’s ‘‘ History of the World.” He always expressed himself well-satisfied with his resi- denee in the island and sneered at the grumbling of his old companions-in-arms, most of which he considered due to idleness. His widow and family are in Egypt—all but the youngest son, who is entered as a student of medicine at the Medical College, Colombo. One other exile, Abdullah Helmy Effendi, died here about two years ago. There now remain— Ahmad Arabi Effendi, 61 Haloluwa Road, Kandy. Mahmoud Samy Effendi, 3 Trincomalie Street, Kandy. Ali Fahmy Effendi, 8 Gregory Road, Kandy. Yacoob Samy Effendi, 12 Lake Road, Kandy. Toulba Ismat Effendi, 5 Gregory Road, Kandy. JOHN FERGUSON. oe a QUININE IN INDIA. Tt is aurcuaced that the Assam Government has de:ided to introduce in the plains districts a schems for the sale of quinine similar to that which hae been succes-fully adopted ia Bengsl. With the sanction ct the Government of India and the concur- rence of th Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, a supply of quioine wi'l be procured from the Inspector-General ef Juils, Cal utta, and kept im pice packets for dis- {tribution to the various post offices at two central de; 6t3 in Tezpur and §,lhet. The scheme is to be regarded os experimental, and for tke present the pale of quinine will be restricted to those sub and branch post-offices in the neighbourhood of which dispenoraries do not exist.—I/. Jail. ooo BOLIVIA AND ITS RESOURCES. Bolivia is a country of extraordinary natural re- sources; but thus far they are unavailable. George Earl Church, in commenting on what he witnessed in Bolivia in 1867, writes as follows :—‘‘ I found mil- lions of sheep, liamas, and alpacas “browsing upon the mountain-sides, and not a cargo of wool was ex- ported ; vast herds of cattle roamed the plains and yet an ox-hide was worth scarcely more than a pound of leather in the Huropean markets; hondreds of tons of the richest coffee in the world were rotting on the bushes, asd only about ten tons per annum were sent abroadas a rare deicacy; abundant crops of sugar in the river districts were considered a misfortune by the planter because there was no market; the valleys of Cochabamba were rich in cereal wealth, unsaleable when the crop was too great for home consumption; net a valley or mountain-side bat gave agrieul'ural, or other procucts such as commanded ready sale in any foreigu market ; sixty-five kinds of rare and teau'iful cabinet-woods stocd untouched by man in the great virgin forests of the north and east. Tie medicina!, © mountairs were weighted down with silver, copper, tin, and other metals, and the people gezing upon a wealth euflicievt to pay the naticnal deb‘s of the world, and yct unava‘lable for lack of » means of communication. There was abundant evidence thet not a river that carried its waters from Bolivia to the Amazon, but wasbed through aurif-rous deposits as rich as anyin California cr Australia, and for lack of power to take machinery to them they did not produce £60,000 perannum, where they ought to have produced millions.” Admitting tbat the autbor of this quotation may have been blessed with that large faith in things unseen which is probably _ characteristic «f most explorers, Bolivia must still be very rich poten- tially. But hurdreds of tons of coffee rotting on the bushes, and millions of unsborn fleeces on the sheep, will not help to pay the interest on bonds. Were thcre no dependence but potentis] re- sources the proepect would not be encovragirg. But the reel'zed resources of Belivin are al-o con- siderable. No country Ulnstrates a 8s atirtical chaos so well as Bolivia, unl-es it may be some country that keeps no official records of avy kind, and nearly every thing known in relation to production and trade must be a result of invertigation. By this method of c mputation the internal of domestic commerce of Bolivia, however, is estimated at $100,000,000 annually at this time, and the total foreign trade, exports a: d imports, at over $32,000,000. As to the velue of the national wealth as a basis for taxation, it is probable that no estimate has ever been ma’e’ There must be some means for appcrtioning the tux levy, bat if the total valuations have ever heen publish:d the figures are not accessible.—Jndia Rubber World. ———————+—.___—_ ESICCATED CUCONUDT, Mr, Robert Bruce kas at last aequired th® sexret of desiccating coconut so that it eball retain its full flavor, a white color and nct be too ready to absorb the mosture and become mildewy. The samp!s he hae brought in are unqurstion- abiy «qual to anything imported, It is hoped Mr. Bruce’e efforts will meet with prosperity at last, and that his desiccating coconut factory will become an important manufactory in our midst,— Torres Straits Pilot. oe THE NEW SOUTH WALES SUGAR CROPS. Delgetty’s Monthly Review saya:—Tte cane catting seasop, which commenced last month, will not te so long as usual. In the Clarence district, besides the ‘Hsrwood mill, only one or two smail mills will be worked. The Clarence yield is estimated by the !o xl press at about 55,600 tons of cane. As regards the Richmond River, the season wi'l be much heavier, owing to the disease not havivrg worked such destruc- tionin p‘ss years there as on the Clarence. It is ex- pected that the Broadwater (Richmond) mil! will put through abou‘ 80,000 tons of cane, and the other mills 30,000. The Oondong mill on the Tweed will crush about 30,000 tous,and other mills not mentioned 20,000 fous. The total yicll of the co'ony will be somewhere about 230,000 tons, whichis smaler than in previous years. Next year, if the diseerce does not play such rad havoz with the crop as it has done during ths past few years, the retur1 should be nearly twice thst figure. —<—— MR. BLECHYNDENS WORK IN AMERICA. Mr. Blechynden arrived in New York on tke 20th of June, and has since been busily engaged in exp vi‘- ing that city and Brookiyn in the mterest3 of the Indian tea trade. Regular weekly reports, giving evi- dence of sstisfactory progress, Fave b.en received from him by the Committee of the Indian Tea Associa- tion, Lindon, who write that the lines on which he is Froceeding appear to be sound, and the evidence so far afforded by tne work he has done see-as to show that c001 results may fairly be anticipated to follow, and INDIAN TEA: Nov. 1, 1894-] at no distant date. to divide New Yok avd Brooklyn placing his native acsixtants, a time, at diffirant store; whire they are advertised to serve Indi+n t a, a free cup bei g given to all purchasers. This system has bad the cesult of attr ct- ing largecrowds of p.ople to the different storesi: which the dem nstre‘ions have taken place, end in ecnseque.ce very wide advertisement has bres gives to Ludiao tea. Soon after bis arrival in New York Mr. Bechynien wrote that, although busiress was very duli,and in consequence of the hot weather meny beids cf firme were away st tbe seaside and e’sewhere, yet be was quite sati-fied tuat Indian tea was mazing a reputa- tion, and the received consider.bly more _at- tention than when he fist visited. New Y rk two years age. Mr. Beechynden haa thought it best to devota ell bis energies, for the present, to the thorough working of New York and Brcoklyn, leaving the Western States, where business has nov yet quite resumed its normal position sincs the great railway strike, toa latter date. He reports that not only does he fiud no difficulty whatever in getting grocers to allow him to exbibt in their stores, but that, on tke contrary, he is beivg invited on all sides. He selects the stores ut which he ex- hibits on a regular mcttod, witb a view of cover- ing all quarters of the city without cresting ill--feeling by causing rivalry. Hs» writes that he considers the results extremely satisfactory, the great end ot alvertising causing the article to be t.lxed about, is being gaived, and it is also a direct incentive to the grocers to stock the tea. He is coustantly assured that he is on the right track, and thit in all the tmaller towns bis syrtem will make a splendid advertisement. In one stcere in Brooslyn wherea yery successful show had been given the propre etor subsequently informed Mr. Blechynden th:t »:thougs he had bardly sold a pound of unmixed Indian ‘ea before, he had since beeu selling regularly acme 20 ib. a day. Mr. Blechynden is co: fident trat [odisu tea is getting an excellent advertisemeut, and the exhibitious alreadv giveu bave spyealeld to a very larze number of prope. Several grocers bave also idstributed large numbers of handbills, and Mr. Blechynden writes that the result of these efforts is becoming apparent in the creation of a permaceut demand. which forces the grocers to stock the, teu. Although he baz made a p:int of only exhibiting at one store in each blocs or cistrict, the demand created has caused the ncighbeuring greocrs to lay in stccks of 'ndian tea. Mr. Biechynden also writes that, while he is satisfied that the New Yorkers readily oppreciats a good iea, the high profits demu: ded by grocers msks it desirable to d al in tea which can be landed ia New York at about 18 cents per lb. Mr. Blechyud:n proposes lecturing on the cultivation and manufacture of tea whenever he cau finda good opportunity, and has had s aAumber ot sides prepared from photographs for tke purpose of illustrating the lecturer. He app ars to be workipg with bis usual energy #nG thorongouess, and the General Committee look forwar} with interest to the further reports which they ¢xpect to reecive f:0m him. Two hundred and two gardens have now contrinuted to the American Market fund, sid total sum paid and promised amounts to R6,564. This inaludes substantial contributious from tic Assam Branch of the Association and from the Travancore Plant xs’ Asociation. The general Comwitices app. a) for turther- help, as they cOnsid:y it important thst My. Biechyn pen’s efforts should extent over three years, if poszi- ble, but this cannit be accomplished withons expendi-uro of about.a lakh of rup: es.—Zimes of India. — - Koba-nuvs by this mail to bo getting searee. In Liverpool, from 6d to 84d per |b. is the pricao for West African. ‘eylon planters in suitable districts should Icok afterkola and coca among t!eir minor produote, an | are reported in the Home paper | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 317 Mr. Blecbynden’s. plau has been THE COFFEE TRADE: PRODUCTION Pea laleuta eee tvar AND PRICES. Brazil contributes about three-fifths of the quanti y ef coffee required for the world’s eonsump- tion, unless crop corvditions laypen to have bren exceptionally unfayoureble. With a more stable government and be ter facilitics for Jabour rhe is capable of doing even moie. Her p°sition in the colfee trade is. therefore, a commanding one, and it is the price of Brazil coffee which more or | ss regulates the value of other d:scr:ptions of ¢ ffee. In the term markets of the Con inent the principal standard is Santos coffee of good averave quality, in tho-e of thy Uvited Stites and the United King om it is Rio coffee of a lower quality, known as No, 7in New Yerk a: dlar Channe)i: Lonson. Now, it is otv:ous tha’ the fir-t thing requisite is to know the cost of pro- duction. Thie necesssrily varies, partly cwing to cisiarce fro:;n shipping poris end partly to ccst of plant-tions. Three ycars ago the average cost of protuction in the province » S:o Paulo was 35s per ewt. I: may now be a lit:ls more, but it may be tak n for granted that Brezil coffee equal to Fair Chantel can be laid down in Loudon at 40s per ewt. without lo:s. The price at present is 67s 61 per ewt. for dil'very in Septemler, 62s 9d per cwt. ia December, and 61s per cwt. in March. It will be sern that thee is empie room for a heavy decline, end yet leaving a fair profit to the grower ard lull commissions to shippers and inter- medivris. I ca!l special atterton t» the coct of pre- duction, because it is the principal factor to de: termine what is a fair price tor a larpe artiels ot commerca like coties, Ifit sinks below cost of production it is oniy a question of time when a kssened output will rectify tvat anomaly; if, on the oti er hand, it rises to a price considerably over cost, it is eqnally only a question of time when i: creased supplies wil! lower prices, Ib requires, however, a long time ‘o bring about tbe latter resulé in the case of coffee, as it takes four years b-fore the coffee tree begins to yield. If we tear in mid that « fice costing 40s per ewi. for years has b: en seiling at from 603 to 805 fer ewt. it is not surpri-icg that great efforts should have bien mace tVerywhere to extend the cultivation of coffee. The time has at Jast arrived whkea the r«sult of such effor's outside of Broz | has b come a fait accompli, acd when es a matter of fact, suppics coming forward are ia execss Of actual consumption, The season 1891-1892 was in many respects a re- markab'e one, aud I believe that a brief summary of the principal evests will bo useful just now, when we have started On af£0 son which presents at ores both very similar and dissimilar features. Then, us now the statirt cal position was strong. The visible supply of coffee on the 1st July, 1891, according to Mes=r3. G. Dauring and Zsovu, amounted to 113,328 tone. On the lst July this year it was 128,770 tons, some 15,000 tons larger, but stilla small supply. Invisible stocks had then as now almost disappered. We were thea ¢xpesting about the same supp ies which we Jook for now, when increased supplics of other kinds will make up for » possitls shertase cf Kid and Ssutos ascomp2red with 1891-2, Then, as now, there was a dispo-ition to pooh-pooh mater) lly jower o ffee prces, and this wes notably the case in the United States, where pepe Eas: and West hed been goaded on to buy « fee on rpeculation. This is mot so now, and here we have a very impo:tans dissimilar feature. In spite of thi« strong sentiment in America, prices breke in June, 1891, auda d-clice of about 8s to 10. per cwt. was established, A lending New York operator, at that time residing in Earope, now came to the rescue—is he stat d, for the purposo of helping his friends—and through his and their manipalations the term m.rets recovered very rearly the lo-t grount in August, but only to drop Jower than ever before in September and Octo- ber, owing to large receipts at Rio aud Santos. On the 15 October, 1891 Rio Fair Channel in Loudon was quoted at 493 per cwt, for delivery aud month from 318 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. 1, 1894, December, 1891, to Augnet. 1892. It was then that the seeds were sown «f the xizautic speculatio., which afterwards developed in Havre and Paris, a sp: cu- lation which lasted nearly during the wh le of 1892; to uphold which in face of large supplics it was necessary to deal in upwards of » million bags of coffee, and send away trom the dear market at Havre to the cheaper German markets and elsewhere large quantities of coffee ata lose, This eprcul: tion is still so fresh in people's minds that it is uni ecesery to eal.rge on it. It has done infinite herm to the coffee trade generally, nud it bas not partic larly benetitte! the majority o° the participators.—Statist ooo LIBERIAN COFFEE. We notice that at the London auctions at the beginning of the month 90 bags of Travavcore Liberian Coffee, chiefly bold ysilow and brownish, gold at 85s per cwt., and at the same time fifteen bags of Liberian, fine bold bright y«llow, from Freetown on the West Coast of Africa realised 948 6d.—™. Mail, sept. 27. > TEA CULTURE IN HAWAII: A NEW RIVAL. A CEYLON PLANTER AS PIONEER. From the Hawaiian Planters’ Monthly we have the foilowing :— It is well koown to our readers that av effort to raise tea is being made in Kova, Hawati, onder the auspices of the Hawaian Coffee & ‘lea Company. Tne first crop raised ou it some months sincy shows that a superior article can be produced, and one which will readily command a gocd price. ‘the tea veature is in charge of Mr. Wm. G. Wait, who bas resided in Ceylon aud has had considerable experiences in the culture and curing of tea. In a commuuica- tion published in the Gazette, Mr. Wait says: ; “The Hawaiian Coffee & Lea Company’s experi- mental tea garden contains 5,700 busnes. These, though spread over an area of {uur acris, represent only 17-12 acre at the proper diziencs of 8 by 4. About 1000 o: the plants are unfor ua ey of the Japanese variety und are worihiess, lée.vi g what represcn’s Itss than 1 1-3 avre of good bytris. The first crop was takeu off afew weeks ago eutirely from the hybrids. The,bushes had, ho vever, beeu si pyed more than three months before, and, awaiting prepa- rations for manufacture, had overgrown and showed nothing but hard leaf. The cutturn was abonc 60 lb. of coarse Covgou, or at the rate ol about 400 ib. per acre, and it is to be borue in mind that the bushes were notyet qui'e tyo ears old. This tea was machine plucke', machine rolled, ana machine fired, at a cost of about 10 ceuis per ib. asagaim-t 73 in Ceylon. Tue great saving was, of course, effected iu the plucking, which was done by a specially-coustructes machine which, when per!«c ev, wiil sili turther reduce the cust. The improvements, however. will be rather in the mode of planting and arrangement of the fields tnan in vue principle of the machive.” i The introéuctio. of machinery in the gathering and curing of tea, if judiciousiy done, will no doubt reduce its cost, but it will take time to bring any new laboxr-saying machinery to that perpection which will insure permanent success. Ihe labor question is a very important ove in connection with tea culture, for unless its cost can be materially reduced by machinery, it will be difficult to compete with the cheap labor of China, India, Japan aud Ceylun. Mr. Wart has sent us photos of two of his maCulnee, toe fics. berg a uovel leaf picker, the details of w.ioh are nus fully shown, aud therefore we omi! inscriivg an 1tustracion of it. The other represents @ machine for roiling the leaves, whica work in China and Japan is wh lly done by band, Mr. Wait thicks that with tie im- provements which be ta, intro .uced, ‘ea van be sent to market at a cost abvuv 153 cents per pound, aud says further:— e et “/] have taken as a basis cf cist of cultivation a return of 600 pounds per acre, which is considered a fsir yield in Caylon, where, however under erstem of expensive firti'ization and euliivetion as much *s6 1,3C0 pounds per acre is stcurcd. Iu Kona, however, all indications go to show thet the ordwary yield per acre will be eqaal to the highest in Ceylov, so that a retura of 1,200 pounds per acre would cost but 52 per pound for eultiva'ion, ete., and tes cun'd be put on the market fir 13.45¢ per pound.” We have fuli confidence in this ¢ffurt to grow tea on Havaii, and believe that it only requires fair test by comp-tent persons to demonstrete that the best of tea can be produced to supply all thet mxy required for domestic consumption, and if :o, the. why not fur exocrt also. No good tea can be bed here now ‘or less than thirty cents per pour.d, aud from thut t- ore dollar fur fasey brands All the choice t»» reise? ou Hawaii will protab y tring at least fifty cents» pound for bome contuaption, and the quanti y now imported here is gnite erty pro- bab!y not less than 250,000 pounds aunorlle. The t aeutcrprise ig more likely to prove success- fully as itis carried on in copnectioa with coffee culture, thus utilizinw the labcr ef the plantation when pot wanted in other etervice. Mr. Wait concludes bis interesting art cle withthe hope thet “with sissal on the kuia or low lands, coffee up to 1,800 feet, and tea on the up-laude, a large extent of c ustry now entirely ur productive, end that is nearly seven-eighihs of the two Koxuas may, eventually be paying plantations.” a VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. THe Baitisa Norte Borngo OFFICIAL Gazrrre of is: August contains Proclamation No. 3 of 1894, to amend the law relating to Lands. —Regulations ara given as to couniry, and town lands and lan/s generally, based chiefly on a 999 yeais’ lease system. Rupser.—A discovery that bids fair to re- Volutionize the gathering of rubber io South Ame :ca is the su j.ct of arucles in the American Indiarubber World which we are quoting into Ubis issu». Too cbject 18 to prererve thse rabb-r cap in its liquid sia, aud the discoverer has spent 18 years io experimente ! U. 5S. DEPARTMENT oF AGRICULTURE.—Very valuabie bulietins are iseued by this American Deparment, we have to acknowledge a spicndidly illustraied pamphlet entithd:—* The pollination of pear flowers by Merton B. Waite, special agent. Report on experiments made under the direction of B. Tf, Galloway, Chief cf the division of vegetable patoology.”’ Aleo a pamphlet on some destructive potato diseases: what they are and how to prevent them, by B. ‘1’, Galloway, Ohief of the division of Vegetable Pathology. Inpian) TEA AND NEW Marxets.—Messrs. Watsoo, Sibthorp & Co., of caicutta write as follows in their circular of 26th Sept:— Tbe active trade now estab ished here with Bombay, Persia, Turkey and various otter places, as weil as the C.lonies, the United States and Oanaca, is worthy of the atieution of all interested in the trade a3 tue prices psid by the buyers for these markets is, in most ceases, far above London rates. In the sales under review pekoe souchongs worth 6i to 644 in Loudon sold for as. 7-0 to 7-6 and pekoss worth betwen 7d snd 814 at home fetched as 8to9perlb. As there is no #gu at present of this good aemand falling off, growers wiil fisd it worti their whe te thmk agsis before passing this market for Loucon where the heavy imports have once more begun to tell the usual tale. A large smouvt of energy is now being esecve ly expended on ope. ing vp the American markets, wheress here we bave in Bombay, Prsia and Turkey a demand already created that ouly requires a sufficient supply to develope itself into a substantial outlet in the immediate future. Nov. i, 1894. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST?. 319 GCayyespondenda. ee Zo the Lattor. MANURING OF TEA, 11th Sept. Dear Str,—None have come forward to give their experiences ag to whethsr or no manuring tea deteriorates the flavour. I have noticed that the tea from one or two well-known estates (to name them would be invidious), where manure has been regularly applied, has gone down in price considerably of late. Whether this is due to the manure or to coarser pluckirg, would be interest- ing to know. If the flavour does deteriorate, no doubt the extra yield obtained more than com- pensates for the lower price; but still it is a qu:stion which should be settled, and whether all manures act in the same way. What gives the tea its flavour? Isit nitrogea? If so, nitrogenous manures should be chosen where flavour is required, I am much obliged to the South of India Observer for theic valuabls nots on the minerals contained in bracken. [ wish some local soientist would help not only m2, but all Ceylon tea planters, by publishing the names of our commonet up- country plants which do contain nitrogen.—Yours faithfully, AGRICULTURIST, THE WANARAJAH TEA COMPANY, Sept, 17th. Str,—I see that the Chairman of the Company siates in his remark; that the Wanarajah Com- pany has the lowest rate of capital per acre (R380) of any company in Ceylon. This is not correct, the Yatayantota, Weoye, and Yataderia companies, all have a much lower rate of capital per acre, The latter Company has 700 acres of tea in bearing or R27L per acre with a reserve furd of R2,000 which really means ® capital of R243, —Yours, Lia ame THE CASTOR OIL PLANT. Kotmale, 18th -Sspt. Drar Sin,—Has the oullivation of the Castor Oil plant been tried to any extent in Ceylon ? Does it require rich soil, and is there any difficulty in exiracting the oil? The plant grows freely round cooly lines, and where the sol is of average quality yields a heavy crop of seed, Now that castor cake is extensively used as a manure, it might be worth while trying it on some of the waste land so plentiful in the old coffee districts, The imports I observe were valued at R86,893 for 1892. Those for 1893 and 1894 would show a considerable increase on this amount, and the saving in freight alone, if manufactured locally, would amount to a substantial sum pt year, A. F. 8. A TAX ON EXTENSIONS OF TEA, Dear Sip,—Messrs. Gow, Wilson & Stanton assert positively the danger of a probable coilapse of the Ceylon Vea Industry. Of course the Tea Industry is of vital importance to your Colony, so much so that you have been able to have a cess put on ajl your tea for the purpose of opening new markets. When one foresees a danger ons must recognizs the quarter from which the danger pro. ceeds, The danger in this case is from over- production, but this cannot be classed ag a positive danger if no more tea is planted, Is st-ikes me that you are raising money on the tea now made in order to open markets for tea which is not yet planted. I will leave you to judge of the cless of Planter from whom the greatest addition to the present tea area is to be feared. But whether the future plentations be owned by indi- viduals or by Mammoth Companies, it is equally certam that your preseat small proprietors ara paying hardly-earned money for their benefit. Ig there any particular difficulty in making the future owners of tea subscribs to the general subsoription for openicg out oew markets ? You have the power to get your Government to tax the exieting Planters. Why should you not insist on a Vax on LHextensions of tea. The amount should be sufficient to defray ail Uampaign Expenses ; and if made sufficiently severe to pro- hibit fresh Extensions, (whether by existing or prospective Tea concerns) there would be no need of Campaigns of any sort. To Australia and America when there was any fear of outside competition the people “ took the Isw’”’ and they stopped any fresh influx of com. petitors, How far this is feasible, or advantageous or possible, and a line of action to be imitated, I can have nothing to say in your case. I merely place the idea before you. I think it very hard that Plantera should be ruiced for the benefit of others who have the whole world before them, or of those already doing well and who wish to do better. Ifthe very fear of overproduction keeps prices down, how willit be when it has become a fact? A VERY SMALL PAKT-PROPRIETOR, AN INDIAN THA PLANTER ON TEA TOPICS. PRIZE ESSAYS. Str,—The award was gives for the best means of spenvuing 100,000 rapees in six months in introducing Ceylon Tea to America. 1 have tucught out a p'an by which you could sell cearly 900 thousand pouuds of tea and possi 50 thoasend rupees sienaaae poeta’ The idea is bred from the advice given by an American to force our teas on their market ata losa; Let us estimste for a loss of 1 anna per pound stesdily, I think tiat you coold munage monthly shipm-nts, with plenty of noise over their arrival. _-Es imate to purchase 100,000 rupeas werth of tea in your C.lombo market at an average of 4 rupee, 1st month you ship 2,500 maundg at 8 annag (the maund—80 lb. and the rupee equal to 16 aanas) aud you lose 1 anpa per pound (R5); the loss is 12 500 Jeaving a balance of 187,500. , With erch balance a fresh stock of ard sold at a loas of R5 per maund In tabalar form it shows somewhat as follows :— tea is bought Md. LossatR5. Balanoo. Ib. ist. month 2,500 12,500 87,500 2.d. do 2,187% 10,9364 76,5632 3rd. do 1,914¢ 9,573 66,9894 4th, do 1,674¢ 8,373¢ 58,6154 5th, do 1,465 7,3264 51,289 6th. do 1,2324 6,4114 44,8774 Total...11,0243 80 ib. 881,980 Prec'uding this loss ot 124 yr ; ‘ 2 per cent (which ig likely over a period of 6 mouths) the plan offera 326 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ~~ [Nov. 1; 1894. great advantages. It is an advertisement tothe men ' who deal in the tea. If it succeeded it would estab- li h » direct trade with America. It would be ndvie- ab’e previous to stmiing a shipment to send a large variety of ssxmples to the Americ n dsaler+, and get ad- vive 2s to the most suitable tesa for their own purposes, or to 1ovita some dealer to your market a:d cfier him tue pick of it at % less than the market price. As soon as the dealers fivd that they can sell your teas they will wat more than the limited wonthly bonus, allowed and you will have an established de- mand from the deaers. You can leave them to push the teas when onoe they are kvown. It you csre to spead the balance, or possibly the profit onthe cajital on advertizing it mght do some good. It you make tea of suitable character it will wake it easicr for the dealers to dispose of it. Don’t heng your faith on the idea thst yours is a superior product; the test of superiority is the prc- ference shown by the dealers. G-t a good tea taster to haunt the anction rooms in New York, to study the sorts and kinds of ta which sre paid for at certain prices, and to ascertain whether anything simlar can be supplied from Ceylon. Perhaps some of your most de-pised cistricts are actually selling their weak teas at a low price which could be sold as first-classteasin America when once they are known. The Plants’ Stores and Agency Co,, sent me & Oompendium for Lea Planters, aid this gives the ex- port to India 1 ‘Le -s jor the jast 26 ysars to «ach country- The masimum of 676,507 pounds wis sect in 1882-53 Toe amount hus steadily decreassd till in L5v2-95 1 is only 49,957 lb. Say that the decrease is made up by shipments irom Loudon; this cannct be of wuch b.nefit to the Tva In ustry. There is only one pos- sible way in wich it could be of benefit, aud that is in the delay of sending the tea round; it has longer time to m-ture and love some of ics most objection. able propcr ies. Still the fact that our tea has not mado more headway cn its own werits, (whet!er ot quality or low price:,): to my mind clearly shows that there is some radic-! def-ct in it, In tle ‘*‘ Plater” the subject of maturing tea hai been mooted and it is probably one which wil gain in importance when ouce calel to geueral notice. Tet us suppose that cur tea is solid and into the tea pot, within a year; it is probable that snothcr year added to its sg would render it more acceptable to the consumer. d This 1s my hobby and I always return to it —to suit the consumer. Can any one tell me by what means the dealers take steps to snit the con- sumer, Undonbtedly they do fiud cut to a certam exteut; and whea once they find out what teas are preteired they pay more fur it; graiuslly this attracta the attentiou of the Planters, wuo by degrees come rouni to the desired change in character. Bat all this strikes me as a very roand-abou: way of working an it is time that the planting commu:i-y appoint experts to discover woot can be done in the way of suiting the consumers ofell markets, and to lay down 1ules by which this can be done to » certainty. Now that withering machives have become ayail- able, the In ian Yea crop is less dependent on the seasons; aud it would be interesting to find oat whether the Brokers notco any marked tendency towards more equsl quality year by years f There are many toings that require cl-aring up, and oft which we Pianters tavethe most hazy notions. How is it th:t the character of Cachar and Sylbet teas has suddenly been rai-ed from medium to good? Is it due tochanse in meitnod3, or of manufac- ture, or to a change in the req tirem -nts of tha market ? We den’t know acd no ove will trouble to teil us. Tf these districts att-ia to their Jeading p'ace «8 in 1875-78 tLe other Gistricts will strive to follow them, put without any distinct knowledge of tue rea-on of the change. Well; iw’s 8 wids subject and roue of us, aa yet, can do more th nis dove by the Prize es:a,ists, and give a few hts from what we co.- sider to he our experience, I am going slightly against my principles inasking you to humour the ‘ dealers as I believe that they are mors anxicus to make ths utmost profit out of every pou d of tea t an to stmulate covsumption by supylying .ood *ea, bat I urge this cour-e ooly as a first step and in order to introduce a large vulk of vour teas iuto America, In ail the forms of a ivertisieg 1 do notree mev- ‘ionei one very favourite device for introducing new povuc’s. Avd thet is the coupou sy ten publi h.d lo seVera! OF certain newspapers. “Tis coupon will entitie the hoiders to 5 ib, of Ceylon ta for so many cents or do'lare, avply to so end s>." Persons], L thu that tov much fuss is mads over Ame ica, and that Canada or any cther temperate-to- frigid climet-s would offer a better hope of success for our comparatively strony tees in the event cf vu: en- tirely retu ing to copy China in the charac er ofjher tees. I was astoni-he! to :eid, in the «ssey by “Opn Sesane” the following :—* A 'T mpera’e Nation, they sheud certainly be j1 gs of ,oo! tea, aud whee the thick, diciy, Chiva teas, etc., etc.” The epithe: of ‘‘‘hick” applied to China tea seems to me contrary to ail I have beari of it, but a stili greater mistake is the other epithet of “dirty,” it is makiog to litie of a really formidable rival, and a reflection on thetaste of the Americans which they don’t deserve. Iu Russia, I becr that certain Chma teas etill sell at very much bizgher prices t an we ever obtain foreven our b st teas, showing thet the Ohi: ese Lave eucceeded in mcetivg the tastes of their customers, wh "eas we have as yet Guly succeeded ia supply)icg ouc customers’ wa: 63. * 1874." UNSUITABLE WOODS FOR PACKING TEA Kandy, Sept. 20, Dean Srz,—At the request of the Committee I eneivse copy of a letter inviling attention tothe advisab.lity of avoiding the use of unsuitable woods for packing tea.—I am, dear Sir, yours faithfuly, A. PHILIPS. Secretary. (Copy). Colombo, 8rd Sept. 1894, The Secre‘ary, the Planters’ Association, Kavdy. DEar S1R,—We enclose a cutting of T-a Lest, sent ua by by certain friends of ours in New Zea and, which was take: from a package of a break of Tua tought by us in the Loral market. Y u will notice oie (the outer) side has becoms discolored and his a pecaolar aud objectionsble smell. Our friecds say they wee 8) foarful that :his swe!l would affect ihe Tea, that they disposed of ths teas at once. Whey express their opivion in wiich we co.cur, that the d:scolorization aud smell w re csuzei by the use of unsuitable and unse.soned woods fr the boxes. We have made enqui-is anil find the packages, (there were two breaks from different estates similurly effected) were in one case impurted from Cochin ard in the other locally made. Oar own recollection of the packages was that they were damp and musty and quite unsnitable for the pecking of @ sensitive article like tea. Our object in bringing this matter to your notice is, that p'anters may avoid the use of un- suitab'e Ceylon woods in future aud sea tast the wood is cry and preperly +eassned. As shippers, we could wish Ceylon male packages were never used, as the construction and woods are, as @ rul> bad and ursu:table, Japaness momi packages, on the other hand are invariably well seasonei and constructed and teasuti- fully finished, s:anding the rcugh u-ege they must nscesear ly ge’, much te:ter, to say nothing of greater uniformity in tares. Tre Press wonid doubtless be the best means of circu'sting this lettsr, if you think the subject of sufficiest intecest for publicaiiss,—We are, dear Snr, yours faithfully, (Signe) per pro. Bathgate Pim, & Uo,, F. STREET. P.S.—We have mislaid the cutting of lead referred Go, but will post you came later. (Szd.) F. SrRegt, Nov. 1, 1894. | IMPORTS OF CASTOR SEED POONAC; AND CASTOR OIL PRODUCTION IN CEYLON. In answer to our inquiry, the Acting Principal Collector of Customs is good enough to write as follows :— Oustoms, Colombo, Oct. Ist. Sir,—Thanking you for your note cf the 29th ultimo I have the honour to inform you that the error in the statement of imports of castor seed poorac manure was pointed out by the Marager of the Commercial Company on the 14th June. 9, Examination then made showed that by the carelessness of aclerk a quantily of 1,454 tons 8 ewt, had been taken as 14,548 tovs, avd that the quantity imported in 1893 was really 2,339 tons.—I am, Bir, your obedient servant, Lionzy Les, Acting Frincipal Oollector. We think it a pity that on or soon after 14th June, the Customs Department did not publish the above important correction in _the Government Gazette for general information. Castor seed poonacis sure to bein increased demand and it isa pity that it should not be produced and made available locally. Anes- teemed planting correspondent “A.F.S.” put some questions in a letter about a fortnight back in reference to the cultivation of the castor oil plant in Ceylon, which we were not able to answer at the time. We really cannot see why the cultivation should not be tried on a fitting scale on waste ground in the island. The plant is evidently a very hardy one. We saw it flourishing at Nuwara Eliya ou very ordinary soil, and on our way down we noted luxuriant plants running wild near Peradeniya. As to what has been done in the past, we can only refer our correspondent to the back volumes of the Tropical Agricul- turist (a set of which every Manager of large plantations ought certainly to have by him). For instance on page 364 of the volume for 1881-2, a Balangoda planter in reporting experiments with different new products, wrote as follows:— Castoroil (ricinus communis of Linn.) deserves atten- tion. Iu Farre’s Materia Ma‘ica, two varieties are given, 8 large, and a small, Tue former yi-Jds from 26 per 30 per oentand the latter from 38 to 40 per cent of oil. The tres, which come into bearirg in four months and then give from three-fourths to one pound of clean seed e:ch, are best propagated from seeds, put out direct, I have planted in holes six feet apart, 18 x 18m 9 four seeds in each, filled up loosely wilh mana grass, eo as to give light, air, and skade, and have had very few failures. Full papers on the cultivation of the plant will be found in our volumes for 1882, 1884, 1888 and 1891. In 1890 Mr. Le Mesurier reported the plant to be growing like a weed in Walapane and a Colombo firm at once offered to take 400 gallons per month of the oil from the natives, if they chose to pre- pare and supply it. In India, the oil is often made with the ordinary native cheku mill; in ether districts it is got by boiling. The leaves are used to feed cattle and they tend toinerease the flow of milk. We append a further account by an Indian authority of how to get the oil:— “From my owo personal experiments one pound of oil is obtained from three pounds of o1 reed, The procaes consists in first so.rching the ceeds in an éarthen pan over a fire and then pounding them ina mortur to reduce them to flour. Two bottles of _— are boiled, aud into the boiling water the poured castor seeds aye thrown, and the mixtur 41 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 32k is well avd constantly etirred with a wooden Jadle for a time till the oi! gradually rises to the sorface and is skimmed off. A fresh supply of boiling water is added to the mass in the vessel and it is boiled for the second time to remove sny remnants of oil it may contain. The whole of the oil obtain is row boiled to evaporate any water it may contain, and the oil is then ready to be bottled for use. Oare must be taken to see that the oil does not get burned in boiling.” ; Finally, here is the practical proposal made by a Colombo correspondent in November 1889, in allusion to the large importation of the oil as well as cake or poonac from India :— The castor plant grows almost wild both in chena and the lowlying land almost all over the island, and a small cestral- mill in connection with the Welle- watta biz mills would I think be a remunerative concern, where, po doubt, growers (or rather gatherers) of castor seed can send their produce for sale along with the cotton that is shortly expected. This is surely a matter worthy of the attention of the Directors of the Wellawatta Mills; for if the people knew there was a demand for the castor-oil seed, they might be expected to collect these very freely all over the country. ——— ee APICULTURE AS AN INDUSTRY FOR THE SINHALESE, It is a ourious coincidence that our attention should be directed to apiculture or bee-keeping at the same time by our London Oorrespondent and by Mr. Patten, the well-known Australian Apiculturist. The former in sending on a letter which has ap- peared in the London Times (s3e next page) adds :— ‘You have of late devoted some space in your columns to the matter of bee-keeping. 1 think, therefore, that a letter enclosed, may be of interest to those whose communications on this subject have been published by you. It seems to be evyid:nt from thadetails afforded by this letter that bes-keeping can be made a very fairly re- munerative pursuit, and, if I recollect righty, the bazaars in Ceylon are but poorly furnished with the very pleagant breakfast comestible honey. The hints given may therefore prove useful to those who may be induced to attempt to remedy this deficiency. At all events it will be a contribution towards the literature you have yourselves made public on the subject,” As already intimated, we have in the past written very fully on the subject of bee-keeping as an industry for ournative peop!e, We hayein Ceylon two excellent indigenous species of beesand a very little attestion and enterprize would in many districts, enable the Sinhatese to add considerably to their resonrces through the production ard gale of honey. But the enterprize is wanting and it is far more difficult than Mr. Paite would suppose, to get a start made with anything new among apathetic orientals. If an enthusiast like our correspondent came amongst us, he ought to ke able to lead the way with some advantage to himself; for any labour he required would be readily available at a very cheap rate and the people would also help to capture any n umber of bees for export or local use. Mr, Patten favours ug with a number of copies of Zhe Australian Bee Bulletin, a monthly journal, devoted to Bee- keeping which affords us a new idea of the extent to which the industry has spread and is spreading throughout Southern Colonies, There really can bs no good reason why a set of hiyes should not form 322 a feature of every estate bungalow garden in Ceylon? The garden cooly could quickly be taught sll that is necessary in the way of attention tothe b-es, and through the planters or their wives leading the way, we might expect the natives gradually to follow. As to the closing request of Mr. Patten, we would esk him to give some hints as to how a speimen bee is to be kept alive between Ceylon and New South Wales? Mr, Patten had better arrange to take a holiday trip to Colombo; and during his stay in the islard he can lay in a stock of our indigenous bees and write all about his travels to the ‘‘ Bulletio,” besides probably being enabled tostart a new indue- try io Ocylon itself. ON BEE-KEEPING, TO THE EDITOR OF THE ‘ TIMES.” Sir,—The subject of bee-keeping having come more to the frontof late, you may perhaps find space some day in your valuable paper for a few particulars from a pee-keeper in the Vale of White Horce. My r-ason for asking tbe favour of your publishing my experieuces isthat, though the Bee Journal wand Bee-keepers’ Record are valuable papers, they rarely come uuder the eye of the British farmer, to whom I especially addrees myself. tet tva a : Bee-keepivg ecoms an insignific nt thing to intro- duce to a farmer, aud by many Is poob-poohe?, but herein I will show that for the outlay and the atiention required the result is not to be despised, I have bad bees more orless for tweuty years. When I purchased my first thies stocks in straw skeps I had not previously beeu within 50 yards of a hive of bees, bot from insiractions from oue and another and from pooks I gained sufticient knowledge to manage them so that I secured about 40 1b. of honey the first year, and increased my stocks by two. 1 cout.nued with more or less success, purchasing aod makivg hives, and putting in swarms, till in the year 1887 I had at the beginning of May 16th bar-fiame hives, and for the result of my labouis in that year I had 1,1371b. of hones, all galeabic, besides a quantity of which I made into mead, a capital beverage, rough aE ane to any foreign wines that I have taste. ; you do know waat is in it, and it is very little trou- ble to make. 1888 was a very bad year fr honey—scarcely half a hundredweizht from the same numter of hives as io 1887. 1840, 1891, aud 1892 were all good years, the produce be:ng within a few pounds of 1887. All these years my sicces bad been abcut the same—inereased in the summer by swarms to 24 cr 26, and reduced in the following spring by unig to 14 or 16. | At the eud of 1892 1 sold 24 stocks, keeping only two for myself, and from those two hives L took 262 saleable sectious of lib. each ia 1893. It wasa grand year for honey in this neighbourhood. I had the mis- fortune to lose a swarm irom. each hive ; they came out at the same time, got mixed, and went away. This year opened well and gave prowise of exceed- ing all previous years up to the widole of April, by which time I had each hive working in two crates of sections, when 8 change set in, and very little was done for nearly six weeks, and from that time io the end of July the income of boney was very fit- ful. Hed the weather con‘izued good in April, May, and June, 1 will not venture to say whais amount of honey [I should prebably have had ; but having finished op and counted, £ find I have taken 260 lb. of honey, and increased my stocks by two. If these four winter well, two may be sold in the spring, oF, uuited with the others, make strong stocka ready tor the 1895 flow, which I hops may be a govd oue. f { inary intelligence could manage from a os eeranell to many other little 20 to 30 stccks ab é a1 things abous & farm, and in aM ordimary season a profit of 50s. could be counted upoa trom each : x having a good supply of honey for home PS ae aad 5 beverage surpassing all others either for winter (strong) ox summer (well dilute 3), THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, (Nov. 1, 1894. Many people refuse to entertsin the thought beekecping because the bee csrries 6 ctivg. Well after all, it is a mere nothing when you become used to it. The dread of it is worre then the thing itself; L take no notice of a dozen stings a day though at first I felt oue for a day or two, - It ia not only asa houey collector that the bee is peetal, bot as Tae, a of fenit trees, fruit being much more abundent if bees are kept in igh- bourheod. . we A word or two of advice in conclusion to those who do commence bee-keeping—viz., let all your hives be made to one pattern, so that frames, crates, quilte, rearers, and tops, &c., be interchangeable, b paige ih lin much labour and avunoyance will e saved, A BEE-KEEPER OF LOCKINGE, BEE-CULTURE (APICULTURE) IN AUSTRALIA—AND WHY NOT IN CEYLON FOR THE SINHALESE ? West Maitland, N. 8. W. Australia, Sept. 3rd. Desz §1n,—I thank you for sending me two copies of your valuable, and interesting paper the Ceylon Observer and in the issue of Aug. 8th I notice your stirring article on ‘“Apculture for the Sinhalese.” From it I gather two important fects, one that [ half expected, viz. that no systematic attempt has yet been made, in your beautiful country, to establish Modern Apiculture, on com- mercial lines, the other, which is 4 revelation to me—ithat at stated times “large quantities of honey are obtained by the natives from the districts around Nuwara Eliya.” It was a eource of satisfaction to me to learn that the visit made s0me yesrs agoin the interest of Apiculture by that intrepid American, Mr Frank Benton, was not altogether forgotten. At the same time permit me to express my astonishment that the recorded decision of such an able Apiarist on the poesibility of a grand future for the Bee-keeping Industry in Ceylon has noi been made a matter of fact. When I ventured to address His Excellency your Governor on the 20th June, I had hope that possibly some gentleman acquainted with modern Apiculture would be found in ceylop, who might be induced to co-operate with me in experimenting with the various races of bees. I did not desire, as you rightly replied to your correspondent in the Aug. 9th issue of the Observer, to find a mere “ agent’ but rather hoped as L have stated above to discover an Apiarist who would help me in experimental work, especiaily in the line of perfecting a safe method of mailing queen bees through the post. However, seeing from your article that such sn one does not at present exist, may I through you, gir, draw the atisntion of your thoughtful readers to ths fact that Mr Benton, years ago, pronounced in favour of your country as a good field for Apiarian operations? It seems to me a great pity that so many pounds’ weight of one of Heaven’s best gifts—ncclar—should be allowed to go to waste, simply for the want of a little enterprise in start. ing euch an industry as Bee-keeping, With the many modern appliances and knowledge at our command, in the present day, i feel sure many in your island couid add materially to their health and wealth by entering such a pleasant pursuit es Bee-keeking, snd 1 also feel sure by following it up careiully taking into consideration your very favoured position and nearners to an enormous numbcr of consumers, the industry could be made in time to ada somewhat to the reyenue of your country. +3 Nov. 1, 1894. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 323 SmminpeseiretsTaae JT a Should any of your r:aders dasize te hear further from me, 1, being #n enthusiaat, shall be delighted to render them ary assistance in my power. With kind wishes, and thanksto you, sir.—I em faith- fully yours, R. PATTEN. N.B.—1 shall, indeed, be thankful if any of your readers will forward me a specimen alive, of your ind genous bees, Apis dorsatu, and A. indica. —————————— FROM THE COCONUT REGION, NEGOMBO DISTRICT. Sept. 29th.—Tise drought still continues all the way from Colombo to Puttalam and in a North- westerly direction to within about 12 miles round Kurunegala. The palms are suffering much, and every additional day of drought now is felt with increasing ceverity. I fear that large numbers of trees must in some localities be killed outright, Such an intensa and long. protracted drought bas not been experienced for many years back. Tanks and wells are dried up and animals euffer from want of water; and human beirg; are obliged to drink the most vile looking siuff loaded with sediment. The effects upon crops for the coming year will be most disastrous. As for cinnamon the bushes have not had a decent flueh of young wood for goodness knows how long; and ihe sticks are in cons*quence stunted in growth, thick in the bark and most difficult to peel. Those who are relying upon the Purchy Mosama for any appreciable portion of their crop will I fear have much dith- culty in seouring it. PERAK. Mr. I’. O, Jackson, the Taiping Agent of the Ohar- tered Bank, will shortly be relieved by Mr. Greig of Penang. Mr. C. L. Gibson has applied for 1,000 acres of land at Matang for coffe planting, and Mr. Ogilvie is taking up 640 acres for a similar purpore in the same dietriat. A project is on foot to organise a Planters’ Asso- ciation for the whole of the Native States, anda meeting of Perak residents concerned in planting, numbering about twenty-six will shortly be held in Taiping to ascertain the views of those interested in the question. Mr. G. L. Bai'y of Kinta has been up-country on a visit to the Oherakoh gold fields, which aresituated near the Ulu Perak boundary, and iuteads to try his luck in that district (Kwala Kangsur). Gold has in times gone by bsen worked by the natives in a rough and ready fashion and judging by the amount obtained in this manner, the venture if properly workcd by Europeans should prove extremely luc- rative.—Penang Gazette. — INTRODUCING INDIAN TEA. It gives us (American Grocer) pleasure to make prominent the following communication from Mr. R. Blechynden,resident representative of the Indian Tea Association, a branch of the Calcutta Chamber cf Commerce, whose cole mission is to create a demand for India tes, and not to trade in the article. We learn that the demonstrations in Brooklyn have resulted in making a very catisfactory demand for India tea. The intelligent and equitable policy pursued by Mr. Blechynden is calculated to open many avenucs of introduction. Grocers desiring demonstrations would do well to open correspondence with him, s ae as ASSOCIATION, rooklyn, N. Y. Ze 3 Editor American Grocer : Re utes tarot My attention has been called to the article in your issne of the 8th inst. on “Ceylon Toa in America.” have read it with great interest, and hive rieen from its perusal with a feeling of considerable satis- fection, fir reasons I will cet forth. 5 : On examining the plans ycu advocate for introducing Ceylon tea into America, I find they coincide very closely with those adopted by the Indian Tea Aseociation for introducing India tea into this coantry, and *s I am entrusted with the carrying out of the scheme’ it is very encouraging to me to have for it the approyal of snchan authority asthe AMERICAN GROCER, After the experience gained at the World’s Fair of the attraction and interest aroused by the natives who served India, tea in cur building there, it was determined to continue our advertising on the lines we followed there, andI had the horour to be commis.ioned to return to this country with a staff of vatives. : It was proposed to attend the food shows snd fairs held in different parts of the country, and es these take place only at acertainseason, to take place the men in grocery stores in the interim. I arrivadin New York on the 20:h of June, and have since then given demonstrations in twenty different stores, giving aclear week to each. The great majority of these demonstrations have been given in Brooklyr. The results have been satisfactory both to myself and to the grocers, for they have not onlyscld a good deal of India tez, but have found that the presence of the natives in their stores has given a good increase to their general sales. Numbers of peopic drawn into the store by curiosity to see the natives, have, while taking the tea provided, made other purchases. : Now that the residents wll be returning to their town homes, I propose making a few demonstrations in New York City, and the length of my stay will be guided to some extent by the demand I find for them among the New York grocere. I do not suppose they are a whit behind thcir trarspontine brethren in their appreciation of the good solid ad. they get from such ashow aS we gave, As regards your suggestion that a general agent should bo appointed to New York to sellcur product to the trade, wholesale and even retail, the scheme you advocate, and that adopted hy the Indian Tea Association, diverge, The association is affiliated to the Bengal Chamber of Oommercs, and represents the entire tea industry of India, but is not formed as a trading corporation. It can open the way for trade, but cannot itself trade. The ta‘ions at top prices. ————.~—_____ VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. Having to Buy One's Correr !—It is very hard on o'd coffze planters who give preference to the “fragrant bean” rather than the “ delicately flavoured leaf’ in their dacoctions, to have to buy their coffee !—What should we all have said in the “‘ sixties and seventies” if anyone had _prophe- sied that in the ‘‘ nineties,” planters in Hantane, in Rangale, in Pussellawa, &c., &c., should have to buy every bean of coffee for bungalow use,—and that vow the disease has practically left us, many of them should be without a yard of forestland wherein to try a few plants of the old staple whether of the hybrid or Liberian kinds, Tue Mapras Srason Reports,—Yestergay the Board of Ravenue telegraph-d to ths Government of India for the wesk ending the 29th ultimo as follows :—‘ Rainfall ia fair in tho greater part of the Circars and South Oanara, moderate in portions of Ballary and Kurnool and light or scattered showers in most other districts, Agricultural operations continue. Stand ng crops are generally good, but more rain wanted in the Dacean, Csn- tral and Southero districts. Harvest is going on with a fair ou:turn. Pasture is geuerally sufficient aod fodder is available though dear in places. Cocdition of cattle is generally good. Prices contiaue falling slightly though still somewhat higher than the average."—IM, Mail, Oot. 3rd. [Nov. 1, 1894. 326 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Correspondence. 1892, To the Editor. St heap scare be INDIAN AND CEYLON TEA IN NEW MARKETS. Dear §1r,—In the week'y edition for Aug. 30th fo Sept. 5tb, I note that you think thst encugh has been said regarding proposals for the opening of new markets. This I take to be only concerning the actual operations to be undertaken, and not as to general remarks on what wil benefit or prejudice the Tee Industry, You quote the remarks of a correspondent who sent you a rample of green tea, (in case you had forgotten the taste of it) and as you remark his letter comer too late to influence the course of action, but I do hope tbat you do rot consider it too late to advocste the only course, which, to the corres- pondent quoted, and ia my opiuion, is the ony one which can put our iudustry on a better footing. Your London letter contain interviews with leading men on tea subjects, and these conteia more valuable information on the subjects than I ever remember having seen in print; they give information on the subject of Tea selling, whereas up to date the planter is quite in the dark as toall that ielates to this,—the most important branch of the Industry. We see that there is a wide diversity of opinion even among experts; on some points; the planter would give information, snch ss the one «f the cbange noticed in tea, judying by reports in your local market and the result of tasting the same tea later on in the London market. The ‘“ Planter” Aug. 24:h P.12., gives an instance of a tea taster being sent out to improve the teas of certain propertics, but when he arrived he said that he would not have kuown the fresh s‘uff to be tea atall, although be had tasted the teas of those estates for several years. He gave up the attempt to improve the tea with the amonnt of knowledge he possessed. There is iv fact s want of knowledge between the various departments of the Tea Industry and each one steks only its own advantage. In your No. 36, we see from the interview with Mr. Webster, that be has a good line of ac- tion, and that it pays the Company for which he wcrks. Here then we Lave one means of getting better results, and I fancy that before long we shall see many Co-operative tea concerns employirg agents of their own. This is what I take to be the meaning of what your correspordent said who adyo- cated the pushing of teas by private enterprice; and I cannot but think that men of Mr. Webster’s stamp will do more for ovr tea than can be done by any such means as advocated by the three prize Essays" I apologize for reverting to the forbidden subject’, but any suggesiion which will indace proprietors to Co-operate, (or eas we usually ssy to ‘ Assuciate’) must be of value. Without some schemes for be- tering our condition the tea Industry must pass from the hands of the present proprietors into those cf large companies, and the struggle to come is to decide the point whether the reyenues from tea planting are to be gained by private owners or to be gained by shareholders in Companies. My view is that it 7s advisable that the present Owners of tea property ehail continue to profit by their properties, and that the present body of (active) Planters shall continue to gain their living by working in tea instead of wan’erng so otier employments. And so the present proprictors and tea planters should combine to find out all they can about their tea after it leaves the factory, even going so far as to employ a dealer of th-ic owo jf they find that the present boy of dealers canuot give them a paying price for their tea. It would be hard to pont to any determined en- desvour to se!l tea at a profit, which has failed, and it bas even succeeded with private individuals, As to America, you regret to note that the amount exported to that country was less in 1893 than in It cant be said that the Americans returned euy tea sent to them, bot it is probable that there was nol sufficient ercoursagemevt to evntipue sending individuals who sent tes in 1892 This would not happen to any large Aseociation, they would see the barm done by not keepivg up the supply, end they would be able to bear a emall loss without being ruined. In 1893 th price of commonest teas was actually better (in London than in 1892. Were these the teas thet went te) America ? if so the canure of the falling off, which you rote, is explained. Since Lipton &c., &e. wanted teze,dommon tea has risen, that also may keep it from going to America, acd we probably see ail the tea which thonld now be educating the Americavs, heaped up cn our Jndtan railway platforms. I sbould eay that any falling effin supply must rnin the chances of gain ng a uew market: I don’t speak of Tea only. In your Editoriale I note the con- tinued ass-rticn of the superiority of ‘ our’ Tes, but you csn hardly say thet you seud your superior teas to any country but England. If you will coneent to send a prcportion of your tea crop of all qnalities to any msrket there is little doubt that they would gain a footing and cust any other teas. I suggest that beyoud merely cending what you make you should study the requirements of that market, and meke tca as nearas possible t» the desired standards of quality, character, and epprarance. The measure of failure in attsinirg any of these, would be the messure of the sacrifice in price which you would haye to submit to unti) your teas got into favonr. But you must not desert your msrket to gain @ temporary edvan- tage in some other temporarily infisted market. I asan Indiau Plantcr wou'd do anything to get your Ceylon teas out of the market for which we have pai’ sodearly. You must admit that Indian tea is superior to Ceylon tea, aud yet with the same breath you (Ceylon P anters) say that Ceylon tea is better than Indian tea. Both however are too superior fur the vew markets, and we are left to jostle one anotber.* I think that the supericrity of tea ehould te recognized to mean chsracter and not uality, and that we shou'd strive after character on y, then the conditions of good and bad coil, of good and bad mani- pulation &e, &c. will bave their due valuc in infia- evcing pr ces, but we sbal) gain all markets by the virtue of cheapness. It is very evidint that our dealers cannot extend our marke's without our assistance. Our dealerg bave by much study and constent endeavour suece:ded in placirg 193 millions pourds, but our supply of one tort of tea is exceeding their capscity for setling any more st a profit to us although undoubtedly they can seli a great deal more at a profit to themselves, We must he!p the dealers as plantere, and not as interlopers into the dealer’s domain. We must snit our tess to the market, we alone can do so, now that the limit of mixing bas been attained. I wish to show my admiration for the enterprise shown by your psper in obtaining interviews from leading tea men. So far you have heard only the views of the great brokers and dea‘ers, perhaps later oa you might get the cpivions of leading p!anters (both proprietors and manag+rs.) I have certainly never bien able to get so much information on planting matters, and particularly all eonceraing tea selling has been a sealed book to planting managers. aft 1874.” ELECTRIC TRANSMISSION OF POWER. Upcountry, Sept. 1894. Dear Sirn,—We are hearing wiih increasing fre- quensy of instances of the application of clectricity io the tiansmissios of power. The Liverpool Chambsr cf Ocommerce Journal recently gaye a concise adsiract of the comparative cost of steam * We cannot follow this: the fight is sgainst in. ferior adulterated Chins’: and Japau’gand in favour of pure superior Indian’s and Ceylon’s. As for our tea, Ceylon produces some of the best and als) some of the most common of teas.—Ep. 7,A. Noy. 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURISP, 324 ower and electricity developed from water power in ‘everal different countries. The figures tending to how that the economy as compared with steam Was nos so great as might at first be imagined. Planters may possibly wisi to know how susn an estimate would work out as applied to engi- neering requirements in this country. Any ooe with the most elementary knowledge of costs will probably agree with ms in saying that no comparison of costs is to ba taken as accurate ua less all the details are given, and the compilers of the figures can be cross-examined as to how they treat minor details. It is scarcely necessary to illustrate this by examples, Anothsr sourcs of error in thesa modern days of rapid inter-com- mu nication of news, financial quotation, and the artificial manipulation of labour by combinations of employers or employed, is the rapid fluctuatioa of all prices. As an instance of this the price of sma}l coal in tha north of Hogland witaio the year 1888 rose from under 48 to over 7s # ton. The history of this revival of trade is of soma interest. In the early part of that year trade was down to dead low water mark, ‘‘ Watoh freights,” said a thoughtful commercial man to the present writer. Some trifling addition to one scale of the balance of demand and supply, put demend for freights slightly in excess of supply, hence more ships were wanted, hence more iron, hence more coal, hence more ships to carry the coal, hence more iron to make the additional ships, and so on in quasi geometrical progression. Again the labourers got higher wages, waxed fat and kicked, ‘stopped in the lines’ or struck, hence less output of coal, hence higher prices st:ll, &c., &e, To return to the original point. costs it may be stated that the most favourable conditions for the suscessful competition of electricity against steam are where fuel is dear and water power abundantly and cons!aatly avail- able, in cutiicient but not unmanageable amount. In a country of hard winters the possible freezing of the supply and consequent damag3 to plant and interruption ot work, introduce complications of not inconsiderable importance. In our temperate upcountry climates of the tropigs, to use what may sound a contradiction in terms, this last difficulty vanishes. It would be out of placa here to go at length into the question of hydraulic prime movers, except to say that the selection of the most suitabie form of turbine or water wheel for any particular place, is not a matter to be decided on without due attention to the conditions of height of fall, variation of supply, and purity of water, Some planters are too apt to condemn turbines in toto when they have used a delicate machine fit for high pressure and clean water, in a place when they should have put in a strong turbine of low efti- ciency with the digestion of an ostrich for stones and sand. Given the water supply avaitable and power required the selection and installation of the turbine can of course be safely entrusted to the experienced by- draulic engineers of this country. The selection of the electro motor plant will depend almost entirely on the distance. For moderate distances measur- able by bundreds of yards the simple low potential Gireot ourrent system, (a dynamo at one end Griying & similar machine at the other) would naturally be chosen, For longer distances the loss of power on the way, and the consequent necessity for larger machinery to supply the wasted power renders such & simple system impracticable. Without cumber- Apart from ing your column with an excess of technical detail it may be stated that the higher the potential the less current is required to transmit the same amount of energy, and thera is the less proportionste loss in the conducting wirea. Now hgh potential dynamos and _ motors gre difficuli to construc: and somewhat “peraly’” to manage. This difficuliy has been got over by the three-phase system where turee con- ducting wires are used instead of two and the current is changed by a eocalled trans{ormer to x current of higher potential and less amount to be let down again to a lower potential with geeater amount at the other end of the conductors where it feeds ths motor. An installation on this system wes aluded to by your London correspondent in your paper of the 21st ult.—Tnis adaptation of (theoretically) very complicated electrical principles is ono of the greatest triumphs of modern electricity. 1t would not be fair to attempt to estimate the cost of such a system for any given horse power, out perhaps it may be said that a dynamo or motor has only ons moving portion, and requires about the same amount of iubrisation az a rotary fan. The cost is somewhere about £10 per horse power, not including spare parts. The cost of a turbiae and accessories is sufficiently well known to planters. _ if any planter of pioneering spirit interested in this question wishas to help on the cause of Scientifis enterprise, I should suggest his submit- ting a rough specification to a few of the leading electrical firms, and obtaining from them an estimate for his requirements. J, 8. S. CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA BY AN INDIAN PLANTER. DEAR S1r,—Your Overland Observer No. 3 o contains a letter from Tho. F. Thurber on Cone te in America, Below this is another article with tha aie beading a portion of which catches my attention T mexn the sentence which says that ‘the best result in the introdactiou of Ceylon teas could probabl a more quickly attained in sections (of America) ee consume fermented teas, such as Oolongs and Covgou.” I presume that the reason for this supposition is that your Ceylon teas are more “similar” to these noted than to other forms of China tea. So that the question arises—how far should this “ similarity ” be encouraged? Would it be possible to dispose of any perfect imitation oolongs in the sections noted ai a paying price, given that such imitations shall be steadily forced on those sections, and a constant supply be ready to meet the demand? The English. man of 14th Sept. has given us some letters in repl to one by “'T’” to the Zimes. One of these is Sain Mr, Ernest Tye, the Secretary of the Association in London. Mr. Tye says that Ceylon teas have a better chance in markets which use China tea because its teas have a greater “ similarity” to China Tea than those of India have. You see that Mr. Tye brings this up san argument in your Favour, whee: as you yourselves have, up to date, lamented the fact And it is a fact. ‘lo me it is an encouraging fact, and points out (to me) that by encouraging thia similarity to China tea, and perfecting it, we shall have the pleasure of seeing your teas transferred to other markets than the one built up by India. Your place instead of your company would be preferable in Mineing Lane. 1f you goto America on the score of “superiority ”’ (as understood at present) you will take second place to Indis as you doin London. should you iake the hint given, unintentionally by Mr. ‘Tye, you may take first place there. Should you refuse to take the hint, I suppose that : I u sooner or later Tovia will take it, and succeed (although you have a better chance) because many of listri } y of Our districts are the Ceyion level of capability of msking cod drinking tea, but incapability of making the strongest, or most ‘ superior ” mixine { i another of the Jetters, in reply tu e . Mr G, Satog cays that India bis proved jigol. 328 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. 1, 1894: capsble of making the finest tea, “ T,” speaking of new markets, ssys, thet this fact is disputed and has still to be determined. Mr. Seton suys that thousands cf chests of finest tea sre eold iu Mirveing Lone, but strange to say this finds its best morket in the North of Ireland. So you see thatthe test for superiority is determined by the taste of the North of Ireland. (You may remember the “ Luvacy ” controversy). We make tea on the model of the North of Ireland and expect it to capture the world. In the endeavour to gain strength we epoil the flavour of our Jeaf. The flavour is wanted in America, but the strength is objected to; still we hope to force our tea by advertising. I would ask your planters whether they think that by making up their leaf as Oolong tea the necessary manipulation would spoil the quality of the tea. _They have bad Oolong in America, but you could give them good Oolorg at the same price. ‘They have bad, adulterated Congous in America, acd you cculd Rive them gocd, clean Congou3. If you do so you will find that the grocers will taste your teas aud pass them off in qusntities ca'culated by their good quality as compared wih what they get from Obins. 1874.” TEA AND ITS ENEMIES. Central Province, Sept. 28, Sir,—I send by parcel post a small box con- taining some caterpillars which is doing a great deal of damage to a patch of tea on this estate, and some of the damaged leaves and, if something cannot be done to stop them will, I think, do very serious damage. I shall feel obliged if you will inform me and the readers of your paper if these caterpillars have been seen before and what you think is’ the best to be done to get rid of them.— Yours faithfully, E. E. M. (Mr. Green of Pundaluoya, to whom we referred the above, is good enough to write us the following interesting and instructive letter :— Pondéuloya, Oct. 3. Dear S1r,—Yoour letter of 29th ult. and enclosure duly to hand. On opening the box I found a number of damaged tea leaves, but not a vestige of any cater- pillar or insect of any sort. Asthe cover of the parcel was open at the ends, and there were numerous breathing holes made in the box, I fear the insects must have made their escape and wandered off amongst the other postal matter. It would be #s well to inform your correspondents that it is quite unneces- sary to leave air holea in sending insects by post. They will travel much fresher and in better condition if packed in a close fitting box. Nothing is better for the purpose than the ordinary tea sample box in which ‘an ordinary caterpillar would jive for a week without any air holes. In the present instance, from the nature of the injury, I can make a pretty fair guess at the perpe- trator. It is io all probability the caterpillar of the very pretty moth Hterusia Cingala, aninsict peculiar to Ceylon. The moth and caterpillar are figured in Moore’s Lepidoptera of Ceylon, (Plate 96-figuaes 1, 1 a,) I have lately seen a similar attack in this district. In this casa the caterpillar devoured all the lower Jeaves of the bushes over a consider- able acreage; but ieft the tops of the trees uninjured. ‘They were afterwards almost exterminated by. their natural enemies—the ichneumon flies. If I am correct in my surmise—the moth is a moderate- sized insect, black sud yeilowish white with brilliant metallic biue reflections—especially onthe hinder wings. These details of colour would of course b2 only noticeable upon close inspection: On the wing, the insect would look merely bleck and white. The moths fly in the wpsornings and evenings and were rather abundant here about twomonthsago. The caterpillar js. lozenge-shaped, reddish-brown with small spiny tubercles on its back upon which little viscid globules may often be noticed, | If it skould be found necessary to fight the band picking—where in acl be = effective. Ifthe erea affected should be too large for this treatment, the lower parts of the bushes might be sprayed with some insecticide. For which purpose I could recommend the handy “ strawsonizers” in kvapsack form for which the lJastern Produce and Estates Co. sre sgents. They slso supply a very effective entipest mixture. But kerosine emuleion, if preperly compounded, is as good an insecticide as could be desired.—Yours faithfully, E. ERNEST GREEN. /— THE TRADE OF FIJI. The imports, exporte, and total trade of the colony duri:g the past five years have been as follows :— Year. Imports. Exports. Total Trade. F £ £ 1889 -- 189,393 364,281 553,674 1890 «: 206,757 364,532 571,290 1891 -. 298,019 474,334 727,383 1892 258,586 434,791 688,377 1893 276,398 355,681 632,030 The imports show # ttealy advanee during each of the five years. The impor's of 1893 show sen increase of 46 per cent On those of 1889. The exports of the year 1893 on the other hand are lower thao in any of the five years, The total trade, however, is the third highest during the period. The quantity and va'ne of the three staple pro™ ducts of the colony—sugar, geen fruit and copra— exported during the five years in question are given in the following table :— of Green Sugar Frait Oopra Year — Te ae Quintity Value Valoe Quantity, Value Tons £ £ Tons £ 1889 ...13,178 263,583 42,525 5,567 88,179 1890 ...15,291 244.655 57,525 3,446 31,013 1891 ...20,471 327,526 61,501 6,019 46,431 1892 ...18,883 302,133 62,442 5,901 49,422 1893 ...15,389 246,251 36,597 4,970 42,285 These figures represent exports the produce of these colony only. The total falling off ion exports during the year 1893 as compared with the previous year amounts to £79,160. ‘Lhe falling off on the three principal items of export amounts to— Suger Eee £55,902 Green Fruit ... 25,845 Copra es 7,187 Total ese £88,934 The decrease in the cxport of eugar and Gopra may be regarded as due pritcipally to floods and inclement weather. The falling off in the export of green fruis is due wainly to the temporary lack of a profitable market in the Australian Colonies throught the competition of Queenslend in the fruit trade.—Fiji wes. al Tue Export or VEGETABLE TALLOW FROM CHINA — The introduction of vegetable tallow from Exczcaria sebifera into Marseilles from China for candle-making has already been noticed. We now learn that this export from Hankow is a revival after a lapse of twenty years. During the last quarter of 1893 there seems to have been a yery strong demand at Hankow both from natives and from foreign exporters, so that a considerable advance wes expected during the early part of the present year. The quantity of vegetable tallow that could be produced, if there were a demand for it,is stated to he practically unlimited —Gardenerg’ Chronicle, Nov. 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 329 I THE OVER-PRODUCTION OF FIBRE. We are not in the scorets of Government and cannot say, therefore, woat thought was in the offigial mind in causing some pages of informa- tion about “ Maeuritus Hemp Maechines” to be reproduced in the Gazette of 28th Sspt. irom the “Kew Bulletin” of so old a date as May 1890. If wo owe. this to a desire to induce some fresh ‘Interest in the aloes and other fibrous plants which s0 freely yrow in Ceylon, we are by no means inclined to find fault; for, indeed we had just bees writing on the subject of Fibres, when the Gasetie camo to hand. But alas, cur recent mail news {rom Longon was, to the effect, that the Kuro- pean market for nearly all kinds of fibres was clogged aud overstecked! The forvunes that were to be made in “Sisal” and ‘‘Ramie’’ are likely to ‘melt into the same thin air that received those of the Oeylon planters some years ago, when based on ciachona! Recently we made remarks upon the large outturns by mechanical aids, as being one of the chief of the causes, that have led to the general over-stocking of the world’s markets. Among the productions whioh seem to have suffered to a greater extent from this employment than aimost any other, is this of fibre. Not very many years back, au urgent demand was made in innumerable quarters, for the designing of machinery whereby fibre might be obtained from some of the known sources of supply left almost eutirely untouched because of the difficulty then ex- perienced of economically treating them. This demand was more or less successfully met, and markets became erelong crowded with fibres of many descriptions of a novel character in quanti- ties that proyed to be greatiy in excess of the power of consumers to absorb. This glut has proved to have very unfavourable results even for Ceylor. Only within the past few years a demand had sprung up for the fibre of our palmyra palm, and we have only to examine the Customs returns to see how speedily this demand was met from Colombo. Quite a haleyon time then seemed to have commenced for those of our nor‘hern districts that had « plentiful growth of this particular palm. Prices for the fibce ran up very speedily, and everything seemed to promise fairly for the continuance and for the permanence of this form of industry. But the result that has attended so many other forms of production goon became felt in this branch. The markets for dis- posal soon became overstocked, and prices fell even to below those quoted before the active demand had set in, Asaconsequence the hopeful anticipations that had been formed asto the outlook jor palmyra gardens tumbled to the ground. The export fell off largely, and it must be a matter of extreme doubt if it can experience a satisfactery revival. We fear that this disappointing result must operate in producing discouragement with regard to our island fibre.yielding plants generally. So -many tropical countries can compete with us in the supply of these, thet it is difficult to see that our island van osuupy awy very active part in the competition, Itis fortunate, perhaps, that, having so many other branches of industry to attend to, no large outlay was attempted in Oeylon to endeayour to meet the demand, Other countries haye not had the same good fortune. The Bahemas—to quote a foxemost instance among these—zes to work on the first appearance of the demand to largely onltivate and manipulate the plant yielding the well-known and valued sisai fibre. What has been the result? It has been the same as has, for the last few years, attended so many items of produetion, In an inoredibly 42 i ' short space of time the prices of this celebrated | fibre in the European markets seriously fell, and ee a stocks of itso accumulated that they havenow butlittle chance of besoming depleted to the extent that would cause prices once again to reach a remu- nerative level. A gcod many years must elapse, it is much to be feared, before we shall again be able to writa hopefully as to the prospects befors fidre collectors. At one time it seemed likely to be the case that the mana grass, that grows so luxuriantly throughout meany localities in this island, might have a successful future for its treatment. This hope met with disappointment, and there would seem to be no present prospect before us, that advantage might be gained by the endeavour to experiment with any others of our indigenous fibre-yielding grasses or trees. Whether in the good time that is always coming, the shadow that has now fallen upon the fibre-producing industries of the world may be removed, it is impossible to cay. At all events at the present time the outiook with re- gard to them ig as clouded as it well oan be. References made to the London dealers are an- swered to the effect that there is a plethora of supplies of fibre of all kinds, and that it would be iutile to encourage further inorease of produo- tion. Metai has succeeded to fibre for all the standing rigging of ships, to supply which in times past, gave rise to much of the demand to which allusion has been made. Machinery has enabled the world to more than keep pace with requirements, and ia no branch has that result been more forcibly exemplified than in the fibre trade. Unless some at present wholly unforeseen cause of demand should arise, it must be a very long time before we shall again ba called upon to turn our attention to the numerous plants in Ceylon from which useful fibres may be obtained. We musé be conient to re3i upon our oars until such times arrives—should it ever do so—at which demand may once more overtake supply. ——— PLANTING NOTES FROM TALAWAKELE, CEYLON. Ost. 2.—I think that at last we have come to the most delightful season of the year, the interreg- num between the 8.-W. and N.-H. monsoons—at least, since the 27th, when the rain at last ceased, we have been enjoying warm breezes and sunshine and cloud effects at sunset on the Great Western, though there were a couple of showers on the 30th. The present heat, besides enabling us to get our household belongings dried, will give us nice flushes towards the end of the month. Coolies are still displaying their hopeless inoa- pacity to distinguish batween verity and falsehood, between what is mine and what is thine: Regarding the latter, factory coolies think that the firewood heap for the driera is put there for thsir personal bene- fit, especially do they think so when departing from their scene of labor at 6 or 7 o’clook, One coolie was found the other day seated on the cartroad enjoying the contents of a tin of raspberry wafers. Extravagance is perhaps one of the points of the jin de siecle, but coolies seem now-a-days to get whatever they like, and they are not bothered with the thought of payment, Posterity will do that. + “TIMEHRIL” The Journal of the Koyal Agricultural and Com- mercial Society of British Guisua, for June (which has just reached us) has for contents :— Parers.—The Guiana Orobids, by the Hditor ; Con- struction aod Maintenance of Roads and Bridges in 330 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, [Nov. 1, 18g4. gr Britich Guians, by Thos, N. King, Comwmiesary of Taxalfion; A Few Popular Facts about Diffusion, by Liewellyn Jones, Engineer, Plantation Nonperiel ; Margarita,a Health Resort, by Dr. J. F. Chitten- den, O.M z.8., Triuidad ; Reflections on the Increase of Town Populations, by O. E. Macnamara, Diplomate in State Medicine, &o. &i; Late Rainfalle, some of their Effects. by James Gillespie, Maneger, Plantation Houston ; Steam Husbandry with Open Drainage in Demerare; by the Hon. BE, O. Lusrd; Some Enemies of our Canefielde, by S. R. Oochran, Maneger, Planta- tion Versailles ; Oost of Sugar Production in British Guians, by R. G, Daonoan, r.z.; Payment by Results io British Guisna, by Peter de Wever, Assistant Se- eretary, B.a. Teachers’ Association; The Life His- tory of an Indian, by the Editor. Reports of Society’s Meetings, Jane 1894, Jubilee Celebration. S$ $< VANILLA CULTIVATION IN MAURITIUS. A. correspondent in Mauritius oal's attention to the fact that the cultivation of vanilla which has hitherto been one of the staple products of the island is rapidly diminishing, and will soon be a thing of the pst. The cause has been put down to the con- tinued robbery of the vanilla estates by the Indian immigrants, but the real reason of the discontivu- “ance is the increasing competition of the vanilla ogrowao in’ Bourbon, which can be produced there at much cheaper rate owing to the soil being more suited for its cultivation. The planters also complain that ‘the fluctuation in prices, varying from 20r. to 100r. per. kilo, render the article a very speculative one. —Chemist and Druggist. Se BATTERY FOR ELECTRIC BELLS. To charge a Leclanché cell, make a strong solution ‘of ordinary sal-amoniac, and three parts fill the onter jar; it is advisable never to more than three-quarter fill the jars, as the salts of the solution have such a habit of creeping. In afew hours the cell will be ‘ready for use, Should you not have time to wait, you must take the trouble to pourin, through the little glass tubes in the seal, as much of your solution as you can get; in that case the cell will be in working order in a minute or so.—From Work for September. —_—_—_——————__ PRACTICAL NOTES AND FORMULA. Borax AND ALKALOIDs. It isnot generally known that Borax will precipi- tate most of the alkaloids from solution. Precipitation at once occurs with cocaine, quinine, and atropine salts; more slowly with morphine. Borax behaves like an alkali, and its association with alka oidal salts should be avoided. Such mixtures are all the more dangerous where the precipitation is slow, as in the case of morphine. A Buvxn Ink ror USE on Guass. A blue fluid for writing on glass, which is not attacked by water, can be made, according to Weuesta Erfindunger und Exfarhungen, as follows :— Shellac, ‘bleached, 10 parts; Venice turpentine, 5 parts ; oil of turpentine, 15 parts; indigo, in powder, 5 parts. Mix the shellac, turpentine, and oil of turpentine and place in a waterbath, under gentle heat, until solution takes place, and then stirin the indigo.— Chemist and Druggist. from January to wee PLANTING AND AGRICULTURE GENERALLY IN BRAZIL: SCIEN FIFIC -INVESTIGATION. We had no idea so much:attention was given by the authorities in Brazil to ecientific -agficuliure and connect,d branches; bat our eyes Have been opened by the -receipt, lately, .of a hand- some quarto-yolume—admirably illustrated with numerous engravings—embodying the annual of the Agrovomic Institute of the State of Bt. Paulo (Brazil), at Campinas, for 1893, prepared by by the director Dr, Philo, F. W. Dafert, m.4., in collaboration with members of the Institute. The Institute bas done us the honor of presenting him with this important volume, and it the whole is in Portugucse, the great value of the contents may be judged from the following translation of the Index or Contents;— PREFACE; ADMINIGTEATIVE REPORTS. I.—AGricULTURAL CHEMISTRY, Study on she Fodders of the country 55 on our Suger Canes. » on Coffee. On the Soils of the State with auslyses. 5. On the Preservation of Avimal Mautres in a ropical climate. 1 2. 3. 4 II.—AGBICULTUEBE. 6. The local price of sgricultaral productions. 7. Experiments in cultivation. 8. Keporis on ls Fazenda de Sso Joao at Pirivicabs. 9. Agricultural Calendar, 10. Observations on thc consolidation of the earth in Coffee Plantations. IIT.—HortTicucTurs. 1l. Some observations on local horticulture. 12. Application of artificis! manures in the cultiva- tion of iruit-trees, vegetables and flowers by Profeséor Paul Wageer. IV.—PHyYToPpaTHOLoGy. 13. Advice to cultivators on the appeararce ‘of diseases upon cultivated plants, V.—Forestky. 14. Note on the acclimatization of foreign oovifera. VI.— VITICULTURE. 15. Analysis of national wines. 4 16. On the Phylioxera Vastatrix of Brazil. VII.—VETERINARY. 17. Trestise on the shceing of animais. VIII.—AnNatyricat CHEMISTRY. 18. Analytical obs:rvations. Doses of Chioral, Apparatus for regula‘ing the pressure of ‘gas. Filtra- tion of sulphides of nickel and of Cobalt. 1X,—HyoGrene, 19. Oa the value of food substances. 20. On the local natural watere. X,—Inpvat RIES. 21. On the composition of “ Lard-Oil.” 22. On the national Manurer. XI.—MerTEOROLOGY. 23. Froste and the Coffee tree. 24, Meteorological Observations on 1893. X11.—Rourat Economics. 25. Agricultural questions, new theory of land rent. Systems of tropical agricultare. Reform ef local agriculture. XIII,—Foreren LITERATURE. Culture of the Coffee tres in Indie. improvements in fermentation. Do ‘in Suger refining. List of tle Staff of the-Institute, It can be judged from the “above how ‘very er- tensive and important is the work of the Institute and the principal papers are not only written with ‘great care evidently, -but have “very clear engravings of the different products to eet off the letterprese. Planters in Brazil“are,” theréfore, well looked “after “with the latest “information and scientific experiments towards improved agriculture. Noy. 1, 1894.) PLANTING NOTES FROM KELE- BOKKA; CEYLON. October 6. The weather for the last two months has been very wet here and nearly ali the e3tates in the district is, I believe, much shorter in their tea than in the corresponding months of last year. Tho flush seamed to collapse altogether and three or four days’ plucking a week waa sufficient to keep it in hand. An improvement has now set in, in both flush and weather, and there is every indica- tion of the beginning of the N..E. monsoon eetting in. ‘ea below 2,000 feet elevation bas flushed well I hear during August and September. In only the higher elevations has there been a serious diminu- tion, There is one thing 1 am struck with in this distr:ciand that is thatcoolies aresettled and we have not that continual restlessness and moving about s0 common in most other districts. kangavis who have been on estates here for.20 and 30 years and on this particular one for over 40 years! Labour.is recruited direct from the Coast as it shouldbe and there ia very little here of that vile and pernicious system of granting ‘' tundus.”’ Advances too are very low, in short the district is an example and shining light to all others. Mr. H. Bressey of Nilloomally is expected to arrive from home in the dictriot with his bride on 1st prox. and will be welcomed by a large circle of friende, On handing over then to Mr, Bressey, Mr. H. L. Blacklaw will take charge of Dangkande, Ratotta, the former Superintendent, Mr. J. 9, Nicolls, having left to take up an appointment in Wynaad. a BLENDING AND ESTATE MARES. The question taised with reference to the use of the names of estates in our London Letter is &, singular one. We do not know how it may be viewed by our planting and mercantile community. For ourselyes we can only discuss it ia that outsiders must regard it. Put into few words the point at issue thus resolves itself. Is it legitimate that teas grown on other estates should be scheduled by their, purchaser by the name of some particular garden of which he may be the.owaer? We are told that the practice of doing this is not an uncommon one, and that it has been acknowledged to have prevailed from the days when coffee was king. that, presuming teas so scheduled to come again into the market, their repurohaser must buy under a false improsaion as to the locality of their growth. This fact should, we think, satisfy us that the practice cannot be morally defended, The argument on the other side is that the pur- chaser of such outside tea, being himself an estate owner, is warranted in labelling such teas as being shipped from his estate. But ino reply to this it must be apparent that such labelling would. convey to ninety-nine out of every hundred buyers, the belief that the tea was the production of the estate, the name of which had been s0 employed. Can this con- clusion be contested?e We should say that it cannot. And if it) cannot be, the practice, as it seems to us, must stand condemned. For, mani— festly the repurchaser ose not get the article he imagines himself to be buying. We do not know how far this alleged practice prevails among estate proprietors; but if it be at all common, it must follow as of course that a ey ieee amount of Ceylon tea is being made to ‘gail (through tho markets) under false colours,” We ognoot think that this oan be desirable; nor THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. There are head, the light, It must be evident, which 331 Can we bring ourselves to believe that the practice is any but a most exceptional one, Purchasers no doubt sometimes place considerable reliance as to the quality of the tess they buy, upon tke name of the estate under whioh they are sold We might inetance many of such estates, the names of which at the present moment, would probsbly add a penny of value to their produce. It is to be believed that this addition would not be paid were it known that the tea was not absolutely grown upon the estate itself. It might be the case, of course, as it probably in most instances is, that the teas so vended are fully up to the standard of quality grown upon the sponsor estate, It would scarcely serve the purpose of any propzietor to godfather teas of inferior quality to those by which he had made and sought to retain his reputation. It is upon such a basis, no doubt, that the practice we have referred to would be defended, But on the other hand, it must be apparent that it may be possible by such a course to build up a false reputation, It can ba conceived that by purchasing teas of a high class and packing them under the name of an a3 yet unknown garden, the production of this may be given a repute which, if it stood oa its own merits alone, would not be deserved. Henee it must be manifest that the course indicated may be made to serve an improper if not ab- solutely dishonest purpose. It would have seemed to us, therefore, that it must be impossible of defence. And yet we are told that it has been both excused and defended by at least some men of standing among our estate proprietors. We are surpriced to learn that such is the case. Morally. in our view, the practice is not to be defended, Further, we doubt much if it could be demon: strated to be commercially wise or advantageous. It has been shown that a fictitious reputation might be built upon it. Now, although for o time this might prove commercially valuable, it must be certain that it could not be permanently main tained, and that the inequality of shipments, that must ensue, must end in pulling down the repu- tation as fast as, or faster than, it had been achieved: However exceptional the practice may be, therefore we trust it will be discontinued altogether, : a COCONUT PROPERTY IN THE WESTERN PROVINCH, CEYLON, Notwithstanding the present protracted drought and its consequences in reference to next year’s crop, there. can be no doubt of the very high estimation in which coconut property. is held in the Western Province and the adjacent divisions of the North-Western Province. We hear it stated on good authority that Mr. Oliveira has made a very special bargain in his purchase of Waljapala coco- nut estate of 204 acres at a good deal less than Mr. Rickards had paid Mr. Cooke. A year ago it realized 77,500: the recent sale was at R62,500. In the interval Mr, Rickards had neglected the place and at last he had to make a sale Hence the difference in price, But a coconut garden does not take any permanent harm from the neglect of a year or co, if justice is then done to it, and so the present proprietor can. be con- gratulated on a really very good bargain. Then the Morapolla coconut garden near Henaratgoda pur- chasess from Mr, Andrew de Silva by Mr. F. Phillips covering 80 acres, has realized R30,000. Finally, Perth estate in the Panadure district, of 900 acres —575 of coconuts, 40 acres cinuamon and the rest forest-reserve—has been sold by representatives of K, Hurmusjee to a Syndicate for K110,000 ought {0 be a bargain, only the [Nov. £, 1894. 332 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. place has been rather neglected, Perhaps the | seed, cuttings, or shoots; the latter is the most most valuable coconut estate in ths country is | gen‘ral, and those who are entering into the culti- that of Mr. W, H. Wright at Mirigama which is already coming into liberal bearing with the trees seven years old. Mr. Wright would not sell this property at any price under R600 an acre, But then he has given the greatest possible justice to his palmsin selection, planting end ¢ultivation. We hear from the Kurunegela district very good accounts of the prospects of the coconuts on the Delgolla estate, There haye been fine rains on the place and in two years’ time, it is said the palms on this estate will be very fine. There can be no doubt that a3 a permanent investment in Ceylon, nothing approaches the coconut palm under suitable conditions; ard the Ceylon Tea Plantations Coy., Ld. have shown a wise example in investing their surplus funds in ‘‘ coconuts” under the direction of so experienced a yeleran as Mr. Wm. Jardine. ———EE FIBRES :—RAMIE AND NEW ZEALAND FLAX, In view of the reported glut in the European markets, it seems superfluous to write about fibres. And yet what can be the meaning of the activity we notice in the Australian Colonies and also in forming Companies even in England? Indeed, we may suppose that fibre production is erelong to attract increased attention in Ceylon, if it be true _that a Compsny has been formed in London (with Mr. Digby among the Directors) to promote the culti- vation and manufacture of ramie more particularly ‘in thisisland. So far as production igs concerned, this country may well be considered to be a3 paradise for fibre plants: the question hitherto “has always been how to secure the profitable ex- traction of the fibre, From a paper recently pub- lished in the Australasian we extract some in- _formation bearing on this point and also a refer- ence to New Zealand flax which grows well in the hill country of Ceylon—specially on the Uva side :— - OULTIVATION, The. planting and cultivation of ramee, or rhea, resembles somewhat that of the raspberry, aud the plant is also similar in appearance and manner of growth. Plants ara set out in rows at conyevient distances for working the land. They are pleced in rows about 15in. ap:rt; these soon become one con- tinuous eourse of young. canes, and they may be cut 12 to 18 months from time of planting, and, with proper cultivation and attention, should give two or three cuttings annually. According to some experi- ments made with the plants by the firm referred to, one hundred stalks with leaves weighed 32 lb., which - yielded, when stripped of foliage, 161b.; when decorticated and the fibre separated from the woody portion ofthe stalk, there remained 1 lb. 74 oz. of green decorticated fibre. After the final treatment there were 10o0z. of dressed fibre, and, according to these experiments, the yield per acre would be about 2,235 lb. of good fibre and 395 lb, of tow. The good fibre is estimated at 4d.to 5d. per pound, the two af 2d., and, according to the prices named—4d. for good fibreand 2d for two—the returns per acre would be £40 10s. This fibre is one of the strongest known. It has many times the strength of hemp, and is said to withstands greater jerking strain than a steel strand of the same thickaess, It is grown largely in Chiva, Japan, and also India to a more limited extent. It is known in the trade as Ohinese grass. It is largely used at present for adulterating silk fabric, and enters into competition with the finer class of cottoa material. The price debars it from coming into a more general _ use. The opinion of those who are most acquainted “ with the various fibres is that, when more perfect machinery is available, rhea will become. one of the * most valuable commercial vegetable products we have. BG oan be propagated in various ways, either by- -and only the outside or matured leayes taken. vation of fibre will do we'l to secure a few sets, and gra‘ually extend their erea fromthese. The market at present is limited, and it would be advisable to work cautiously, as those engaged in tbe mauufacture of the fibres are cautious io departing from the usual lines, as it is a serions matter for them to mak: elterations in the expensive mechinery which is fopod in those menufecturing establishments. Ti many parts of America ramee is cultivated toa limited exten!, but the trouble which is met with there is sisu fonod here, nemely, the want of pro- per machinery for treating the product in a more expeditious manner. According tu the returns of the Patents Office of the Usited States there have been upwards of 300 patents registered recently for the treatment of this aud other fibre-prodnueirg paki, Mary of these have considerable merit, but cannot be said to reaeh that stage of perfection that is desired, Oce machine used in Australia is known as the ‘‘Keir,” and is capable of treating 500 Ib. of decorticated fibre at a single operation, and of being charged twice per day of eight or ten hours. Then as regards New Zealand Flax (Phormium tenax) we are told:— METHOD OF PLANTING. From the root system of the plant each shoot strikes cut from the parent root and forms, as it were, a perfect system within itself. In planting ont each one of these forms ao set or plant. The sum- ber taken from each depends on the variety, and also as to whether it is intended to destroy the parent plant or not. It is a qood syetem to have one known variety planted, as the class of fibre pro- duced will probably be of a more uniform quality, and elso the treatment will be more easily carried oat; and where the parest plants can be allowed to remain it is wise to do so. The system adopted by those who haye planted differs somewhat, but the foliowing may be taken as a criterion, Isis given by a Mr. Hirst, who has planted out 24 acres. if states as followa:—‘' The flix is planted in rows 6 ft. apart, With a space for carting of 10 ft, at every fourth tow. Three plants are placed in each hole, well rammed, and the holes are 6 ft. apart. The contract for digging the holes and planting—the ground havin, been previously clesred, but not ploughed—wes 95 64 per 100 ho'es. The plants cost 6s per hundred for procuricg, end were gathered under the direction of an experienced gardener, who devoted some time to attaining a knowledge of his business,” The returns from a plantation of New Zealand flax. depend on conditions. If theee be favourable a small return may be expected in two or three years from planting, but it should continue to increase for several )@ars. : CUTTING, In euiting, the centre of the plant is usually left, This course should be recommended, as when the plant is deprived of all foliage its growth is seriously ohecked, and rometimes totally destroyed. Many useful experi- ments are recorded as to the effect of cutting, and the univerral opinion is that the plant should not be ceprived of all its foliagefor the reason giyen. The usual price paid for cutting the leaves is from 10s to 12s per ton of green leaves, but much depends on the condition or character of the crop worked on, As we have before stated, the flax is gathered from self-sown crops priccipally¢ and where this is found evenly grown the labour of gathering is much less than if scattered or intermixed with defective samples. The aiter-treatment of the raw productis one that hes given considerable tronble and avxiety to the New Zealanders, and does so to the present day. The fibre is one that is capable of being brought to a very fine etate, and may be worke? up in many forms, eyen to the spinning of coarse, strong clothing, but little of this class of material is manufactured from it, ité chief use being that of cordage makisg. The method of extracting the fibre from the raw materiel differe Nov. 1, .1894.] - THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 333 ‘Bomewhat from those plants previously desoribed. The long green stems are subject to a bruising, which ecushes and liberat:sthestrancs. The mucilage which biuds these together is washed away. There are mavy methods in use for accomplishing this, and as before stated, inducements ere held out for their improve- ment, wuich no doubt, will be done. As we bave stated above, New Zealend flax grows in our hill-country, especialy on tho Uva side, aa freely as do aloes, Wit reference to the latter —in which Mauritius does a conciderable trads —it may be well to quote the following por- _tion of the papers published the other day in the Government Gazette merely premising that Fourcroya gigantea is one of the ordinary aloes for merly Known asthe Agave fatida :— Answers to queries respecting machines in use at Mauritius for extracting fibres from leaves of Hourcroya gugantea. (1) The machine in general use in this Colony isa drum of 2 ft, in diameter by 1 ft. in width, upon which are bolted blades in 2-inch L stsel,and which revolves at a great speed, the blades passing close to a guide in cast iron (“‘servante”). The machine is called a (“gratte”) scraper. It is manufactured in the Colony by all engineers’ shops, but chiefly by the ‘“ Forgers et Fonderies de Maurice,” (2) The weight of the drum is about 4 cwt., the cost, including the driving pulley and boits (exclusive of framework, mascnry, and setting), is about R250 per ‘ gratte.” (3) This gratte has been in general use in Mauritius for the last six years, (4) The raachiae is worked by steam or by water power. 6) The registered horse-power to drive one gratte is 8 hop. (6) One gratte is served by two men who stand on each side of the gratte, and who work alternately. One of them must be left-handed. One carrier will ’ bring in sofficient leaves from the yard to the gratte, and another man will suffice to remove the wet fibre produced by two grattes and to carry this fibre to the weigbiog machines and thence to the clearing pits. (7) The outturn of wet fibre for each machine per hour is on no average, 424 kilog., that is taking eight hours’ work per pay, which is as much as the men can do, the work bring very fatiguing. ~ (8) The outturn per day of eight hours is per machine (gratte) 340 kil. wet supplying on an average 97 kil. of dry fibre (or 284 per cent of the wet fibre). (9) Whe average cost in labour, fuel, &c., in clear- * ing, a ton of dry fibre, packing and transporting to the place of shipment is R150. If to the above we add other charges, viz, collect. ing leaves, carting, will management, interest on capital, &c., ssy about R75. The total average cost of one ton of fibre ready for shipment is R275. A, VANDERMEERSCH, Acting Surveyor-General, Manritius Feb. 17tb, 1890. enacts THE KOLA NUT. [We commend the following extract from ‘' Naval and Military Notes,” in the Journal of the United ‘Service Institution for August 15th, to the attention of our planting readervs,—Ep, 7A.) The * Reyue du Service de l’Intendance” for June, 1894, contain an interesting note, by Dr. Gustave le Bop, on the properties of the kola nut, well worth the study of soldiers and travellers. The nut grows along a belt of Central Africa’ extending from the west coast up to the head waters of the Nile, and its extraordinary qualities in conferring endurance and practical immunity from thirst have been long _ known to the natives of those parts, but have only recently beseome known to Europeans. Interesting details as to the devrees of resistance to hardship and power of prolonged labour developed by its use will be found jn the report of tho British Qonstl 4b Bahia for 1890, from which Dr, le Bon } not the case. quotes the following iustanoe: “A sack of sugar weighing 200 lb. rejected as too heavy by the young Brszlixn porters, was picked up with ease by an aged African eccustomed to the use of thenut, and carried by him for 12 miles ia the day.” Further yery re- ma kable information is aleo to be obtained in the morograph of Professor Heckel, of the School of Medi- cinn at Marzeilles, on the African kolag, u work of 400e pages, published in Puris, 1893. Experiments made in Hurope hitherto have givea divergent, and frequently unsatisfactory results, owing mainly to the fact that the only nuts available commorcially for the purpese reach usin a dried condition, and the natives, tracing on the ignorance of the buyers, adulterate their consignments with sc-called ‘‘ false” kola nuts, which possess no special properties whatever. Another cause of difiiculty arises from the ignorance of Huro- pean chemical experts a3 to the real nature of the chemical basis of tho put. Broadly speaking caffeine and theobromine are its essential character istics, and the restorative qualities of caffeine being well kcvown, it has been assumed that thie is the active principle of the stuff. Dr.le Bon shows that this is According to his experiments, neither caffsine vor theobromine aloue gives the required results, a mixture of the two, in the proportion by weight of five of the former to one of the ratter, are required for the purpose, and these give resulta at least equal to those of the fresh nut. M. Heckel started a Company to manufavture kola biscuits of sugar and flour, but the Company hag since gone into liquidation, and Dr. le Bon states that he is not surprixed, as these biscuits had ‘“ un gout detestab'e.”’ It appars that these are the boscnits used by Messrs. Conway and MacCormic in the Khara- koruam, and also recommended in the ‘* Travellers’ Guide,” published under the auspices of the Geogra- puical Society. Dr, le Bon’s advice is to import fresh nuts3, pro- perly selected, direct from tue West Coast, and sug- gesta that no difficulty exists to this proceeding; he has dove so himself, and obtained his nuts at a cost of 3 francs per kilo, using, as sole, precaue tion, a packing of moist leaves. Onor own experiments have been made with the or- Ginary dried nut of commerce, or with the various alcoholic extracts of the nut to be obtained from any chemist. Like Dr. le Bon, we have found considerable irregularity in the reeults,-but in the great majority of cases the nut has thoroughiy satise fied our anticipations, having enabled us to accom- plish marches over mountainous ground, and without food or water, which were absolutely beyond oar unaided physical capacity. As it was suggested by friends in the A.M,.S, that these results were merely due to the sid of imagination, prolonged experiments were carried ont on horses snd ponies, and these animals responded to the stimulus more markedly than human beings, Ag matters now stand, we should prefer the fresh nut if available, but inits absence would much rather rely on the ordivary nuts and preparations to be obtained at the Army and Navy Stores, than on any other concentrated food preparations with which we are acquainted, and we have tried most of them. Arranges ments are now be made tor a consigumcnt of these nuts, fresh, and selected by experts on the spot, and we shall be glad to afford every aid in our powerto officers interested in the matter. ey NYASALAND (B, C. AFRICA), The London Zimes of Sept. 15th has a long account of the country now being visited by Mr, J, H. Carson and also later probably by Mr. E, Woodhouse, from which we quote as follows :— The whole of British Oentral Africa, with the ex- ception of ihe land immediately adjoining Lake Nyasa, the Shire River, and Lake Shirwa, consists of high- land:, of mountainous masses, intersected by rivers and watercourses, and studded with villages. The aighlands are practically undulating plateaus, broken by mounds, hills, and Jofty peaks, Most of this hilly 334 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. 1, 1894. country is well wooded with small trees, but the prevailing smallness of the trees is not owing to the quality of the soil, but rather to the fact that bush fires, caused by the burning of the grass by the natives in August generally dertroy the growth at au early stage: and io the neighbourhood of streams big trecs sre met with. The plaina west of Lake Shirwa abound in game of ail sorte. From these and the other plains the hijl land rises in most places with considerable abraptness. Lake Nyasa is a about 1,400 ft. above the sea, and from its level to Katuoga, on the Sbiré, about 150 miles below, there is a descent of 1,100 ft,, chiefly my means of the series of rapide kaownas the Murchison Falls, which are in the upper part of the long bend below tope. TR sane the most important portion of Britich Central Africa is the Sbiré Highlands, which mainly consist of two mountainous tracts, one, 6.000ft. high, around Zomba, and the other, 9,000 ft. high, between Fort Lister and Fort Anderson. ‘The latter tract is the Mlanji Mountaing. From Zomba to nesr Blantyre there is also & subsidiary range which, at Blantyre, bifurcates, one spur ronning to the Murchison Fall, and the other running vearly south and forming the Cholo Range. On the lower por- tions of the hills near Blantyre and Zomba there are now numerous flourishing coffee plantatiors. There is also good coffee land on the Oholo Mountains, and some plantations recently established on the north-west elopes of Mlanji sare reported to be doing well. Throughout the Shiré High- lands, cwing to the prevalence of road robberies, it has been found necessary to plant small posts garri- soned by Sikhs and Makua. These serve their purpose; buif, on, the other band, they lock up part of the m litary foroe, for which there is generally plenty of other employment. ; Blantyre is, in some respects, the most important centre. It bas a fine church, many brick buildings, including the vice-consulate, the postoffice, the ad- ministrative office of the collector of the district, and several merchants’ houres, aud is the headquarters of the African Lakes Company; but Zomba is the ad- ministrative capital, and contains the Residency of the Commissioner, the chief post office, any the houses of about twenty whites. The other stations in the Shire Highlands are Domasi, where there is a branch of ‘the Blantyre Mission, Fort Lister, Fort Anderson, where the collector of the Mlanji district residez, three posts held by the Sikhs; Chiromo, Mpimbi, and Chikwaroa, which are administrative centres; Matope, which isa station of the African Lakes Oorporation, and is also a seat of the Universities’ Mission; Liwondi, where there are two iorts garrisoned by Sikhs ard Makua, and where the collector of the Upper Shiré distriot resides ; Fort Johnston, where there are a collector and an assistant collector, an agent of the African Lakes Company, and a naval dockyard for her Majcsty’s. vessels on the Lake ; and several detached plantations, especially in an arousd the Mlanji Mountains where there.is a mission, and on Mount Cholo. Nos many miles behind Fort Johnston there rises @ wall. of steep mountains, at the summit of which, is the stronghold of the irreconcilab'e chief, Zarafi, who ‘raids thence. He has, since Makanjira was driven into Portuguese territory, been much strengthened by accessions of num- bers of the former followers of that potentate, and, as he has twice beaten the British and has taken their big guo, he is regarded in the dis- trict as the great Jeader of the anti-British arty. M’Kate, whose stronghold is near at and, i8 Zarafi's brother. The influence of these two persons is so extensive that the road on the east side of the Shire has had to be abandoned between Liwondi and Fort Johnston. Travellers going upwards on the east side have to cross river at Liwondi and continue their journey on the west bank. A fairly good native road connects Zarafi’s headquarters with: those of Kawihga which are situated among some more nearly inaccessible, peaks. Both Zarafi’s and Kawinge’s people bave gardens .on the streams run ning into Lakes Shirwa and M’piri and into the upper portion of the Lujenda river, Livingetonia, st the south end of Lake Nyssa, is thickly populated and quite peaceful. Ou the east shore of the lake, the lakeland or low-lying district hes a breadth of from half a mile to five miles. Behind this the hills rise quickly to 4,000f:. To the south of the lske the lakeland is broader. At the north end of the late there is scsrcely avy Iakeland at all, the Livingstone Mountsins rising almost out of the water toa mazi- mum beight of about 10,000 ft. Northward from Fort Johnuston thereisa road along the coast to Fort Maguire, but at present it is unsafe, as Makapjira’s people from Obikalu, in the mountains, sre in the habit of crossing it to obtain fish from Nyasa,and to getfcod near the: shore. Further up the coast the towns of Kalawiri, Losewa, Chingomanji, and M’tenguls are all uuder Yao rale, all fall of Arabs and coastmen, aud all busily eugaged m the slave traffic. They are in Portuguese territory, but notin any sense uuder Portuguese control, for the nearest Portuguese offieial is nearly four hundred miles. away from them. Still more to the northward are some villagers of Lake people, among whom the Likoma mis- sion has etsrted work. The first chief to be punished for slaye-raiding was one livipg in the Mlacgi Mountains, south of Lake Shiewa, on the spot pow occupied by Mr. Brown's coffee plantstion, Oaptain ice with 70 Sikbs and 400 armed native irregulare, crushed him completely. The Jakeland on the western side of Nyasa is very much broader than eleewhere, and teems with all kinds of game, from the elephant down to the mpale, « small species of antelope. There are, lious, leopards, bysuas, zebras, buffsloss, wild hogs, wart hogs, de, koodoos, hartebeests, water-bucks, reed-bucks, snd bush- bucks, and, behind, on the monuteins, there are sable antelopes. It is a sportsman’s paradise, oO PLANTING AND PRODUCE, Tue Same Orp Gane—Thbe Chinese tes or at least many of them, bave played hands of Indian and Ceylon p ing the requirements of foreign markets, and refusing to make any improvements in their methods... They follow the old plan, and when trade is bad they cast about how to mend matters by ways that are vain. Our consul at Amoy writes of the tea from that port: “There was no improve~ ment in quality, but, on the contrary, some un- scrupulous dealers took to mixing inferior leaf with good, Formos, tea, a trick which seriously threatens the existence of that article on the American market, where it already shows a considerable falling off.” Macao and “Lis” Tes.—In his report on the trade of Macao, Mr. Joly. the scting vice-consui. throws some light on the trade in “lie” tea, which, by the way, it has been said had almost ceased to exist. e trade of Msooa is genuine tea is in such @ sad plight that it, has been found extremely useful to develop the trade in & composition known by the ppprapaiate name of “lie.” These teas are mavufactured from exhausted tea-leaves, -which--are-dried, refired and mixed with @ certain prapertion of genuine tea and of seeds and dust. Most his preparation proceeds to. Hamburg, where no ‘‘Adulteration Act” is in’ force ; but’ 8 good deal of mystery enshrouds its ultimate fate. According to Mr. Joly, some of this - “lie” tea is often packed in chests labelled “ best congou,” and shipped to India for the lower classes, It is better to assume that its precise destination is not traced, for no doubt it goes wherever there is a market for it, In America and Australia they strongly object to the stuff, and the more they know of India and Ceylon teas the less likely are they to put up with bogas of or inferior tea of any kind.—H. and C. Mail. rowers, nto the re by ignor- — ee Lavy Bues ros Inp1a,—Henry Hubbard, of Florida, made a ehipmert of lady buga to India a few days sgo. A small colored boy has been employed to capture a thousand or more of these bugs which are wanted in India to destroy the scale. Inset = Florida. Agriculturist; Rept, 6. —_— Jasons Mic Be os Nov 1, 1894.] THB TROPICAL ‘AGRICULTURIST?, 335 ‘BRITISH NORTH ‘BORNEO NOTES :— GENERAL. Sept. 1. The Japanese who came by the ‘‘ Memmon ” have been obtained for the estates by Mr. 8. A. Korezki. They pay their own passages and require no advances. A delightful innovationin our rides in Sandakan was introduced lateiy by a lady who invited her friends to ‘‘ a Moonlight ride and return to supper.”’ The night was beautifully fine and the riding party pulled up under the coconut trees at Tata’s Compong and, sitting on a log on the beach, sang songs, and the native; declared they were ‘ hanius”’ (ghosts) ;a swift ride brought them back to supper —and so home ! Byte.—Coffes coming on well, bushes looking very Strong and healthy, little picking in progress almost daily. Manila hemp also doing well. Advantage is being taken of the rains to plant padi, hemp, cotton abd coconuts. Loong Piasow.—A slight flush of blossom on the older coffee (14 months of age.) Ground being cleared for fresh planting. Ooconuts also being put in.—B. WV. B. Herald. ——_—_-——_ NEWS FROM THE CENTRAL PROVINCE : PLANTING AND OTHERWISE. (Notes by “ Wanderer,’’) ; Oct, 8. Ccova.—Last advices from London, Sept. 15th, are to foliowing effect:—‘‘ Prices for Ceyion dropped 2s ‘at last Tuesday’s sales. The quality of Ceylon socoa from recent arrivals is not up to the old standard, but the low price and depressed market are due to the absence of the American demand and competition of Java. Corrke is firm for all good coloury sorts. The stocks in Europe are small ; but the receipts in Rio and Santos are about one-third larger than last year. The forward quotations for fair Channel Rio are 68s for September and 63s for December. ‘Government ENrymoncoaist.—We can afford to have new Steam Barges for our Gevernor and Blectric Light in his Colombo Palace; but a subsidy cannot be thought of when insect ‘pests are threat- ening our staple commcdities, tea and cacao. Aska cacao planter what ‘keeps his crops down? Insect pests. Ask the tea planter what is his bogie? Tnsect pests. Ask the native cultivator what takes the gilt off his gingerbread. Inseot pests? Insect pests. So the Norvhern association is basy trying to Convince 4 man against his will He’s of the same opinion still. Tho ‘Governor has mede uphis mind that there is to be no special legislation to protect the cacao planter be he Kuropean or native. A cacao pian- ter in Kurunegala told me he paid more for watch- ing than he did to secure his crop. Nice state of matters in civilized Ocylon. Rowan Porice! Kouran Nonsensr!—The native headman must be paid what he has lost in oom- mission for collecting paddy tax at the expense of the oscao growere, —=—$—$—$5 THE QOINCHONA-PLANTER’S DIRGE., What would be the fe-licg of Mincing Lane if a Loidon cinchona-broker were to rise gravely from his yostram after a disappoirting day’s gale, nud recite alonl an '*Ode to the Haid Times ’”’ before closing the proceedings with the conventional ‘* Gentlemen, we are much obliged’? ? The scene may beimayived, it Ganndt be deseribed. Yet an incident on ail-fours with ‘#uch'@ stiocking display of unseemly levity oc- curred at # recent meeting of Dutch business men, ‘turn ‘ Occ. poet” of all people in the werld! The scene was in Jaya, the date July 14 last, and the occasion the annusl general meeting of the Java Cinchona-planters’ As- sodiation. The chief subjects on the agenda were the prospects of the cinchona-trade, ths tea-business, and the soul-stirring question, bimetallism. The President, Mr. G. Mundt, read a paper on the cin- chona outlook, taking for his text an editorial article iu the Chemist and Druggist of March 31, and then observing that this concluded the agenda, drew from his pocket an ‘‘Ode” to which he regaled the assembly. The ‘‘ Ode,” or dirge, turned ont to be @ parvdy on the famous old German student’s song, “QO, alte Barschenberrlichkeis, wobin bist du versoh- wucdep,”’ and appears to have been received in a silence broken only -by the suppressed sobs of those Who fsiled to control their emotions. The verses were written in German, but, basiness being slack ia the drug-trade, the C. gf D. man has found time to for once, and to render into English the presidential effort, keeping as closely as possible to the German original and preserving the dog- Latin chorus characteristic of the German ‘‘ Commers- buch.” More than once the translator waa on the point of throwing up the sponge, but the thought of the still unappropriated Laureate’s butt of sherry inspired him with strength to hold ovt until the end, If anyone feels inclined to make light of his difficulties, let him attempt to retranslate the effusion in- to Dutch, not even necessarily of the double variety:— THE CINCHONA-PLANTERS’ WAIL. O glorious bark-trade days of yore, Say, whither are ye banished ? Will ye return with gold galore ? Are ye for ever vanished? .. . *T were vain to try that problem’s knot ; The shilling unit’s gone to pot. O jerum, jerum, jerum ! O quae mutatio rerum! The quinine-ma-ers roll in oof, Stone-broke are ail we growers! From us Dame Fortune holds aloo, On them her wealth she showers, Happy the man who ’scaped our fate, On some secluded coffee-estate ! O jerum, &e. The Planters’ Club is in a fright, No remedy they wot of; Fuli many empty words they write, Statistics they’ve a lot of! But action never comes to pags, There’s no esprit de corps, alas ! O jerum, &e. The Government’s plantations grow In spite of dwindling prices; They reap, they strip, they plant, they sow . The planters’ dander rises, i In vulgar Dutch their wrath they vent: ** Portz-Himmel-tausend-Sacrament ”’| O jerwm, &0. As Dante said, there is no greater ‘pain than the recollection of happy times in days ot misery. The “Ode,” as printed in tie official prooseedings, with never @ word of comment, looks bald enongh, but who shall tell what azoniss the unhappy President had borne before he thus burst forth into rhyme? And itit be true that f ° P . Most wretched men Were crailed ino poetry by wrong, They learned in svffering what they taught in song, what a terrible load of responsibility rests upon the Quinine-makers’ combination which prevents the Pianters from earning an housst crust! The Ode, Wwe may add, may be sung to the tune of Lather’s well-known hymn,—AJadras Mail. General.—Upper and Lower Assam have ex- perienced unfavourable weather, In epite of this, leaf is reported as p'entiful, but not of good quality, Cachar, Sylhet and South Sylhet gardens have had good weather for growth. Darjiling, Terai and Duars had no better weather than last reported, but iatest reports from the Terai announce a change for the better. Mosquito blight is exceptionally bad in the Dusars and Terai, and still inoreases.—The Planter, Bept, 28. 336 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ~"¢ < Bo [Nov. 1, 1894. DISEASE OF COCONUT TREES 1N TRAVANCORE, Sir,—I ehall feel thankfal if any of your readers would, suggesting remedies, kindly explain for the beveiit of us Travancoriane, the following interesting yet disastrous phenomenon ;— 0 #e Quite recently, in the central avd northern districts of Travancore, we have lost several beautiful coco- nut trees from cecay of the tender, unexpected leaf shoot. At first, the lower end of the shoot grows dixcoloured, and, in a few days, general perfection of thia and more or less of the cabbage ensues; the shoot droops and, in some cases falls to the ground; the tree decays coon efter, and we are lefs lovkers-on and logers. : t In trying to account for this remarkable discase, we are couvinced that it cannot be the work of the Rhinoceros or Longi-corn beetle ; for both these de- predators bore into the shoot, cabbage or stem of the palm and, by early detection and careful tending, in the majority of cases, death can be stayeJ. Lut in the case in hand, the only sign to us of the presence of the disease is the drooping on the tree of the leaf-shoot when obviously, all our efforts to remedy the evil are ineffectual because too late. The expla- nation most generally accepted by the natives is that ‘falling stars’? (meteorites, they say) hive been at work. Another reason advanced bas it that decay is brought about by an exuberauce of sap, end that it can be remedied by bleeding the tree. This would at least appear to be plausible, from the fact that in our very moist climate evaporation is too slow to keep pace with the incessant ascent of water in the stem, and that it is only the moist vigorous trees that are, as a rule, affected; but uhe remedy is desperate, By a third cause given, the malady is attributed to the attacks of fungi. With all these explanations, however, the fact re- mains that we are losing many of our valuable trees without making any attempt, so far as I kuow, to, if possible, prevent it. The hot weather haz been up- usaally severe with this year, and the monsoon rains unprecedentediy scanty; but I am not at all certain whether these facts are of themselves sufficient to explain away the very unsatisfactory state of affairs now obtaining in our coconut gardens, —Indian Forester. A. M. Sawyer. DRUG REPORT. (From Chemist and Druggist.) London, Sept, 13th. _ANNATTO.—Good bright seed from Madras was bought Py today’s auctions at 43d per lb. A lot of very common seed sol? ‘without reserve” at 7d per Ib, aud another parcel of fairly bright appearance realised 2id per 1b. ; -NuUTS.—At the auctions today a barrel ef this eae with in the open market ich i 1 often meb drug which is no ee sold at 58 per cwt. The ‘fruit came from St. . Indies.) : ee SONALI auctions on Tuesday next will be lerger than these sales have been of late. About 1,900 packages bark of East Indian, and some 500 _bales of African growth will be offered on that occasion. The South American barks offered at today’s drug-sales did not meet with as good an inquiry as hag been shown for some of these varieties lately, aud prices generally were iather ersier. Of Joxa bark, 26 serons sold at Ils 4d to is5d per lb. for gcod_ bright sound, and at 1s ld per lb. for damaged quill. Fifieen serons good bola brigat Huan-co quill realised 9d per lb., and for 18 serons Gua- yaquil Lexa, fair mixed, partly thin and broken from vd to 10d per lb. was paid. Wighty-four bales yellow Calisaya bark were all bought in, good genuine orange, but very broken, at 1s 7d per Jb. For a parcel of spuri-us Cali- saya from Mollendo, bold bright yellow flat prices 1s 6d per lb. is required. Recently as much as Is 6a per 1». bas been paid for this kind of bark, which a couple of years ago, When genuine calisaya was more plentiful than now, could be bought in quantity at b. apo te only parcel of leaves offered today was one of 12 ba 1 which wag bought in at 1éd per lb, les fair bright but broken ‘Truxillo character, |. CROTON-SEED.—Scarce, and small parcels are eagerly bought up at high prices; 268 per ewt. was for 5 : J t. bag of small dark-brown mixed imported from eylou. KoLa in demend at firm prices. Seven packages West Indian kolas 801d at from 114d to ig per ib, for good to fine bright washed, partly slightly mouldy, F Quixing.—On Saturday a 5,60l-0z. epot-parcel of second- hand German quinine, in tins, sold at 12d per oz. No business whatever is reported thisweek. The nearest price for second-hand German in bulk would be 1s per oz. VanILLA.—A considerable part of the vanilla offered at auction today (about 150 tins) consisied cf second- hend parcels, of which the bulk sold without reserve; good crystallised 7$ to 8 inches, i4s 64 to Ifes fair 6 0, 74 inepae 13s; common foxy and dull, down to 48 2d per . ————».——_— VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. TREE-PLANTING AT Stuta.—The Forest Department did some good work in connection with tree-planting at Simla during the late rains, 26,649 trees havi been planted in all; viz., 16,104 in Simla an 10,545 in the new catchment area.—Jndian Forester. Yvoca Gtoriosa.—Onr Supplementary Illustration in the pres-nt issue depicts a view at Nant Hail, Prestatyn, North Wales, of a bed of Yueca gloriosa, Adam’s Needle, called so because it not only provides the needle, in the long sharp thorn at the apex of the leaves, but also the thread. It is not uncommon to see Yuccas of several species used for the furnishin of vases, the central plants in a bed of flowers, au as isolated specimens on the lawn, and sometimes on rockwork, and nearly always with gocd effect. But it is in masses of a number of these plants that the true characteristics of the plants are best observ.d and admired. They lose the stiffness of habit shown by erect single specimens, by the crowding and elbow- ing inevitable from their position, and it isoply here and there in a group that erect-growing plants may be seen, although there isalways a strong trend upwards of the head, hewever to the stem may lean over, and the flower shaft is nearly always erect. As fur- nis! ing of a hardy perennial character for subtropical erage the Yuccas rival the hardy Bamboos and hamerops excelsa, and should never be missing, whether the fine effectiveness of foliage or flower, or both combined, are desired in this kind of garden. A word as to culture. If we would see Yuccas at their best, they should, above all thing2, have shelter from those points of the compass whence blow the strongest ih coldest winds. The position ought to be high rather than low, dry rather than wet, and the soil a rich friable porous loam, and then, if pieces of natural rock in size from cubes of 1 foot to double that size be half sunk in the soil, and amongst which the Yuccas may be planted, the latter will never suffer from drought in the summer, nor will the roots be so easily disturbed by the wind acting on the crowns as is the case with plants in « soil unweighted with masses of stone. In fact, the stout stakes that are indispensable in the one case may almost be done without in the other, a great gain in point of appear- ance. ‘lhe natural appearance of the Yuccas, when grown in masses, should be preserved, and all trimming of dead leaves and the removal of dead tips forbidden. The most that might be tolerated in this way would be the removal of heads that have once flowered, their retention serving no uzeful pur- pose, whilst it helps to exhaust the soil. Asa man- urial aid, some rotten manure may be spread over the roots any time in the spring months, covering this with a little mould, so as to hide it from view, if that be thcught worth while. The bed in our illustraiion is one the site for which was chosen with much judgment, and that occupies a sheltered part of the garden. Nant Hall is an old place, its history going back about 800 years. Of course’ in that long period it has changed owners severai times, and has undergone considerable alterations and extensions, The present proprietors, who have converted it into an hotel, purchased it from H.D, Pochin, Esq.— Gardeners’ Chronicle. : : tate bs Mev. 1, 1894. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 339 ORANGES GALORE—AND FRUIT CULTURE | THE BEGINNINGS OF COCONUT PLANTING GENERALLY 1N CHYLON. We have long been aware of orangs trees growing and projuoing fruit exceedingly wellin certain of our planting districts—more espeoially in the compara- tively dry Uvadivisions, In Lower Hewahete, too, in the olden days we haye seen some splendid trees covered with golden fruit. But certainly never in the history of the island have we had such a revelation of luxuriance as that made by a Ran- gala planter elsewhere,—‘‘ 25,000 mandarin oranges from two trees in one year!” The statement sounds incradible, and were it not attested to us by the hame of a well-known planter, we should say there had been exaggeration, But it is absolute fact and it ought to set a good many practical men a-thinking that districts, a very limited grove of orange trees might prove as reliable a source of income as 4 very much bigger acreage of coconuts. We have related how, in Florida, we found an ex-Udapus- sellawa coffee planter, content with his ten acres of oranges, assured that if they turned out well, they ought to give him a olear income of from £400 rising to £800 a year. ‘Ten acres of the Ravgila ‘‘ mandarins”’ ought to beat this by a iong way, even although we era far distant from such a market as Florida commands—in the season when foreign oranges are out of it—in New York and other big towns—with cheap transport from the groves to the American Covent Garden. Stil, it is impossible to doubt that there is a very considerable market in Ceylon, including the port of Colombo, for good fru't and more especi- ally oranges. Wo recall a month last year when, for invalids, no oranges worthy of tha name, could be purchased under 25 cents eash in Colombo, See what ‘North of Kandy” ia a letter today Bays about fruit as well as vegetables. Or- anges are getting a very high reputation among the faculty ; and indeed we can reoa!l the saying of worthy ard clever Dr. Dickman of Kandy, twenty years ago, in bemoaning the quantity of me- dicine he was called on by his planting pa- tients and others to prescribe :—‘‘ They will have ‘fit you know; nothing but a big bottle and a “nauseous draft will assure them they get valu3 ‘*‘ from their doctor ; now if I myself feel * seedy,’ I ‘‘take an oranga; if quite out of corts, I take ‘*two; and if very bad three or four—with the *‘ best effect possib'e |’? There cin be no doubt of the wholesomenes3 of the fruit, or of the fact that every man, woman and child in the Colony might probably, with great advantage to health, consume one hundred times the number of oranges they now do in the year. So, eurely, we age safe in urging an _ extension of orange oultivation, among both Europeans and Ceylonese. There are other fruits, too, that might be far more freely planted; for instgmce, peaches and figs, in the Uva districts especislly. Asking not long ago an cxperienced plantef what a waste piece of land amidst the Happy Valley patanas could be made to grow,— ‘“Why,” he said, ‘planted up with fig trees, that three sores would give tons of fruit for the supply of Nuwara Eliya, Nawalapitiye, Gam- pola; Kandy and Colombo markets.” Why then is there not far more done in fruit culture within the Principality ? Are there none of our enterpricicg trained young planters (‘‘creepers”’ even of some local egperience) who can command a little capital and ge to work to form 10 or 20 acre groves for oranges, peaches and figs ? $3 in certain of our hiil | IN CEYLON. HOW THE PALM GOT TO CEYLON. The coconut p:lm is by no moana indigenous to Ceylon, Though the most striking and ubiquitous of all plants over a great part of the lowcountry, the palm is nowhere found that its planting cannot be accounted for; and unlike the cinnamon bush, or rather tree, it can nowhere ba discovered in a wild state. De Candollo, the groatest authority om the subject, places the original habitat of the coconut palm in the Hastern Archipelago some. where in the neighbourhood of Sumatra and Java, and surmises that nuts floated thence both Hast and West. Hastwards to the islands of the Pacifia and the coast of Central America, and Westward to Ceylon and the Hast Coast of Africa, Tha native tradition that locates the earliest specimen or grove of this palm in the neighbourhood of Weligama, on our Southern Qoast, ig in strict acoordance with what might bo expected under De Candolle’s theory, The tradition ig that a king of Ceylon was a leper, or afflicted with some skin disease, and that he (Kusta Raja) was cured by sea-bathing and the milk of the coconut, or the use of the expressed oil. Curiously enough the Mahawansa (the ancient Sinhalese history of Ceylon) does not contain nearly 80 many references to the coconut as it does to the palmyra palm, although the latter now, does not cover nearly the area ogcupied by coconut. One shrewd surmise why the Mahawansa has so little to say about the coconut, hazarded by Mr, H. Nevill, is that the practice of toddy-drawing after a time, and its distillation into spirit, would prejudice the priestly historiana against the palm and its cultivation, Be this ag it may, Mr, Nevill notices that the Mahavansa (XLII, chapter) records how King Aggrabodhi I. about A.D, 589 caused ‘a coconut plantation of three yojanas (abaut 36 Hoglish miles) in extent” to bs formed, probably between Dondra and Weligama, and so it is surmised that his statue wag out out of the rock near the Weligama Vihara as a memorial of the King who introduced ooconut planting into Ceylon ! We are indebted for the next link in the chaiiat of local coconut planting to the intelligent Atapattu Mudaliyar of the Colombo Kachcheri. Looking over his English copy of the AZahavansa, Mudaliyar Solomon Seneviratne came on the passage whera it is related that the Minister of Prakarama Bahu the Great formed a co3onut plantation between Bentota and Kalutara, one yojana or 12 English milis in width. The original passage bearing on the planting is worth transoribing as follows :— Thence this grest minister proceeded to the port of Bhimatittha, And there he built a bridge, eighty- six cubits’ span, at the mouth of the Kalanadi® river ; One of about one hundred yatthis’ + Span at the village Kadalisena ; { one of torty yattbis’ span over the Salaggamy river,§ aud one of fifty cubits’ span over the Salapidapa river.|| Dhus did he build thesa and other bridges at divers places where it was difficult to crots over; and likewise aiso he made numerous gardens aud halls for preaching and the like, aud did even give away much alms and hold feasts (in connection therewith). Afterwards this great minister of tho king formed & large coconut garden, full of fruit and fine shade, and gave it the famous namo of Parakkama Babu: ; The Black river, Kalu-ganga, A yatthi is equal to seven cubits eevee q cubits of two spang % Kehelsen, Kehel-lenaya ? ) Salgamu-ganga, || Salvak, 338 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Noy. 1, 1894- and it extended from the Bhimatittha Vihara (Bentota unto the ford of the Kelanadi, (Kaluganga), a spase of about one yojana in width. And when he bad oaused the great forest Maha- labujagaccba* to be cut down altogether and rooted up, he made a fine village thereon and planted a large grove of jak trees near it. The Atapattu Mudaliyar, in calling our attention to the passage, writes :— “Tt appears that coconut estates on a large scale were planted on the South Western Coast of Ceylon long before the arrival of the Portuguese. See 44th verse of the 86th chapter ‘“ Bhima-tittha’ in modern Bentota ‘'Kalanadi” is the Kaluganga- The whole of the coast line from Kalutara to Ben- tota formed one coconut garden, and was named after the King who caused it to be planted: “Tt is very interesting to find that the Sinhalese of that date had found the best soil in the Island for coconuts to plant the Royal garden. It is possible as you mentioned to me that on the Southern part of the coast; the coconut first grew from nuts washed ashore from the Hastern Archipelago.” The strange part is, if there were extensive coconut groves in the South-weet part of the i-land before the advent of the Portuguese, that there is little or no mention of the coconut by the Portuguese historian Ribeiro or his French editor, The areka and talipot palms are freely mentioned ; but the coconut scarcely at all. It is only after the arrival of the Dutch that we hear of a atimu- lus to the extension of coconut planting being afforded. But even then, it will take most people by surprise to learn that so late as a.p. 1740 the coast line between Oolombo and Kalutara—now a continuous coconut groye—-remained unplanted and was described as ‘* nine-tenths waste,’ and so Governor Yan Imhoff in that year, proposed sur- veying and distributing this land in limited por- tions to ‘persons who are inolined to plant them with coconuts and to pay Government duties on them.” So, by a system of ‘‘ Rajakariya”’ right through, was all the coconut planting (as a!so all the tank building and canal digging) done in Ceylon previous to the advent of the British, And yet we have no hesitation in saying that the present century, and indeed, the past fifty years have seen more than ten times ths area covered with the coconut palm tbat can be oredited to all the Kings or Governors in the twelve hundred and sixty years between A.D, 589 and 1840 |! a BOUND TO THE DARK CONTINENT. LETTER FROM MR. E. WOODHOUSE. Zanzibar, Sept. 19, 1894. HASTE IN GETTING ABOARD. When you have been taking it easy in anticipation of getting away on Sunday night or Monday morn- ing it rather puts one out to get a notice at 7 o’clock on Friday eyening to be on board before 12 noon, the following day. “The tailor hasn’t brought the clothes; the shoes hayen’t come; the buttons to be put on and the bits of things that were to have been sewn up next afternoon have to be left undone; whilst the dhoby hasn’t turned up, &c. : : And then having sat up the greater part of the night and spent the next morning ina whirlwind of packing and paying, and sending the old boy into a frenzy by bad language and irritation, you rush to the jetty and urging the boatmen to pull like mad, you get on board as the clook strikes 12 noon, to be coolly told “no chance of getting ® Madelgasyanaya, away till midnight, you had better sleep on board ” is enough to turn @ gaint into a sinner all in a hurry. The fact after all is that THE GOOD 6HIP ‘‘ MARQUIS BACHQUEHEM ” did not leave her moorings till 10 o'clock, the following morning—and one wonders where the Oolombo agents of the Austrian Lloyd’s Company expect to go when “al things mortal fade away.” About the said Austrian Lloyd ships, I must confess to a good deal of prejudice born of previous experience in voyages to Madras and Penang—and 80 was agreeably surprised with the “ Marguis,” Roomy cabins and wide bunke well forward, awa from the noise of the engines, excellent f c stewards who could speak English, as well as most of the officers, baihs available at any time and but few passengers. One or two little details seemed strange of course, no soap nor any proyision made for any in the washetands, a sheet given you for a bath towel, ard eccentric forms of serving the food—not the least remarkable being a miniature mountain of real ice with a light inside. Howeyer, there was plenty of good food nicely gooked and abundance of vegetabler. The Captain turned out to be an old acquaintance, baving been on board the se. “Orion” on one of my tripe to the Streits. His English has improved somewhat, but he retaing the same grim look and eaturnine demeanour ag ° of yore, A young Indian engineer returning from atrip to Australia, anda Bavarian botanist and bis ae returning home from Sumatra and Java were the OTHER SALOON PASSENGERS, Whilst in the 2nd class was a maid who had been in the Seychelles and knows our old friend Edwards and his family eret of Maduleima. The German doctor and the Bava- rian Botanist supplied most of the conversation at table,a good deal of which was understandable cven without more than the merest smattering of the German language, One day on being served with b2efsteak and vegetables, the dootor would baye it that meat was not good for human beings to eat, whereupon the botanist (in the op- position as usual) declared it was HR. After an animated discussion for some minutes which the doctor quoted a CONFUCIUS AND MUHAMMAD and other authorities on his side of the question, the botanist declared his opinion that Confucius and -Mohammed knew nothing about modern beefsteaks or they would have never put their veto on eati mest, and advised the doctor to imitate the maenies of himself and his wife and take a piece—which he eventually did. Other days we had long dissertations on ‘‘bananas,” sgain on grasses and gitronella oil, and again on the different ships of the Austrian Lloyd’s, and soon. We goton yery well together, cocos, cinchona, india rubber, the different botanical gardens, &c., &c., a word or two of Malay every now and again serviog to explain each other's meaning. THE WEATHER was fine cave wm few showers and the waier was smooth, four days (io almost a minute) taking us from our moorings in Colombo to fhe fae Deck in Bombay, and g more comfortable time I have never had it vessel in the East. pe ; THE GREAT WESTERN OAPITAL OF INDIA was bathed in monsoon showers during the twa g days we remained there, and this naturally made Nov. 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 339 a sr SESE ay EINE ED ELT TSN | 0 URC a a aL Tt the air pleasantly cool. Amazing progress in the erection of fine buildings in the old fort of Bombay has been made during the 17 years which have elapsed since my last visit. In fact they are a good deal crowded together in some parts, and more are going up every day, whilst the widow of a rich Parsee has just offered K750,000 for the erection of a Public Hall, and some other building—a library, I believe, on the Esplanade—an offer which hss been accepted by the Municipality. Bombay of the present day merits the appella- tion of “City of Palaces’’ much more than does Calcutta; however it may have been in years gone bye. There was no time, however, for much sight-seeing in Bombay, as the haste with which we had been hustled out of Colombo had osused us to ‘‘leave undone a good many things which we should have done,’ and these omissions had to ba supplied in Bombay, to say nothing of s friendly visit to the two principal newspaper offices in the city, and, moreover, not unmindfal of a long bunt for some PHRASE BOOKS IN THE SWAHILI TONGUE so commonly spoken on the Hast Coast of Africa. Tbe search was not co successful as might have been wished, which is surprising considering the intimate connection of Bombay and Yanzibar. Some ‘ Swahili Exercises” and a “Hand- book” were eventually discovered, but the demand for an Arabic phrase-bouk in Roman characters was unable to be met anywhere, At 8 a.m. on the second morning passengers were all to be on board the German East African Company’s steamer Safari” FOR ZANZIBAR DIRECT, but I did not bid goodbye to Bombay without meeting with MISFORTUNE. Rupees to the tune of 120 or 150 which I had bcen carefully putting by for use on the African Coast, were taken out of the travelling box, probably during dinner at the Central Hotel, but the loss was not discovered till next morning an hour or two before starting. However, the depredstor had been good enough to leave behind a note for R100, fearizg no doubt it might be difficult to change, and with this with the best grace possible under the ciroumstances, I had to content myself plus what few rupees I had in my pocket at the time, and so farewell Bombay and heigh ho for the shores of the Dark Continent in a little boat of 1,700 tons gross, or 900 tong cargo measurement, THE GOOD SHIP “ SAFARI’? get forth on her journey of 2,350 miles in the teeth of the south-west monsoon, and though the weather was fine, she pranced and danced and wallowed (see Wdwin Arnold) her way across the Indian Ocean at _ the rate of 200 miles a day. After having been rocked in the cradle of the deep for twelve days and nights without seeing a eail or any living thing save'flying fish and a bird or two, we came in sight of Lamoo on the African coast and signalised our first acquaintance therewith by running on a sandbank as we entered the harbour. LAMOO, a little Swahili town with some of the streets so narrow as to make it impossible to carry an open umbrella; is noted as the base of operations in the Witu Expeditions, as also the landing-place of the illstarred Frieland venture—which never got bsyond the precincts of the town—at any rate as regards all but one or two individuals. From Bombay we had brought a German and a Dane who were Finlanders, after visiting Bombay and Poona ; and at Lamoo we took in two more, one a nephew of the Bosanquets of Ceylon. The other cabin passengers on the ‘Safari’? were two young men from Southern India bound for Matabele- land and a Portuguese officer. Deck passengers (numbering 150) comprised Jews, Turks, infidels and heretics of a dozen different races, the irre- pressible Ramasamy by no means absent and seen off from the dock by half-a-dozen good-looking Meenatchies and Oarupaies. Many of these deck passengers were bound for Natal and _ other Southern ports while others left us at Zanzibar snd other ports at which we touched. Before finally dismissing the steamers on which I travelled it would be as well to remark that in spite of all the outcry about continental trade ousting that of our own country—we found Cutler & Palmer’s biscuits on the Austrian Lloyd’s boat, and Morton’s pickles, Orosse & Blackwell’s jamsand other pre- served food on the German boat, to say nothing of a steam winch from a hiyerpool maker. Our next port after Lamoo wags MOMBASSA. where we stayed but a few hours. It is at Mom- bassa that Mr. Pigott reigns as Administrator of the Imperial British Hast Africa Compsny, which all the world knows has done a great deal for Hast Africa with but poor return either in cash or credit. Mr. Pigott is well and still hopeful of better days if the Britsh Government will only awake up to the claims the Company have upon the country and not waste too much time in haggling over details whioh are a mere drop in the bucket to the tax- payers of Great Britain and Ireland. The next port was TUNGA, where the Germans have been showing what they can do when they try. The channels are all buoyed and provided with sea marks and a light house (which by the way was not lighted when the ‘‘Safari’’ arrived off the port). The railway has been well commenced though we heard of difficulties with contractor and labour and want of skilled engineers, &c. However, the Germans intend pushing it on as fast as they can and it won’t be for want of material if it does not advance rapidly, every steamer bringing out some hundreds of tons, and as jetty being in course of construction to facilitate the landing. The harbour itself is admirably situated and amply protected. The houses and offices are modern and civilised habitations, and if the official element can orly be restricted to more reasonable proportions—there seems every prospect of the colony doing well. All the same there is A SPIRIT OF UNREST making itself felt all along the coast line but more especially amongst the natives in South German territory which necessitates military operations at frequent intervals, and does not augur well for the mmediate future of civilisation and paci- fication in these regions. A large expedition hag lately left Dar es Salaam—the seat of Government —to punish some chief or other who is giving trouble—and the last new boat for river navigation, loaded with supplies, was lost within a few hours of its leaving the harbour and before it could reach the river on which it was destined to run. At Tunga one of the two ELEPHANTS, SHIPPED AT COLOMBO r some sporting expedition on the ooast? now for sale at R1,000. The second one died 340 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ~~ ers Biter being landed—not immediately. I believe one would think the Railway people could do a good thing by getting hold of it--if it bas been trained to work, On asking the reason why the cosonut palms were in tuch a dlspidated condition we were. told it was the result of a visit from the LOCUETS, which appear to have caused something like & famine in the interior. THE USAMBARA MOUNTAINS at the foot of which Cowley and Maudesley are working are visible from Tuvga and give a fine appearance to the harbour, Half a days easy steaming brougat the ‘Safari’ 'Q t ZANZIBAR, the great central port of Hast Africa—alreedy much advanced during ths past decade, ard the future of which has eyery element of prosperity if there was only a decent newspaper to air its wante and capabilities. Located in the very building in which I so- journed in 1878 (altered in name and arrange- ment) I have already observed a vast number of additions to the buildings around me—inoluding a new palace for the Sultan, adjoining the old one and used for receptions, Sixteen days from Bombay and twenty two from Colombo—(3,500 miles of sea) have brought me to my present haven of rest, and it remains to be ssen whether the future wii'l do better for me in the land of Ham than the past has done in the spioy isle of Eastern waters. ere A PLANTER’S EARLY DAYS IN CEYLON,— NO: 1. (By an old Planter.) Haputale, Oct. 6. I reached the roadstead of Colombo from Hurope, after encountering frightful weather for days past—how many I cannot say—all round the south end of Ceylon from Dondra Head, where we first sighted land, till we reached Colombo; and a few hours after I trod terra jfurma, the gallant SHIP ‘‘ SYBELLA ” was sunk on the Drunken Sailor rocks in a terrible storm, ahd literally broken into fragments. This sad’ event took place with the big burst of the North-East monsoon, in the month of November 1857. After spending a few weeks in Point de Galle, with relatives there, I returned ta Colombo and was engaged by the headof the firm, then in Colombo, to take charge of a coffee estate in A NORTHERN DISTRICT, famous for coffee and rain, and for jovial and hearty coffee planters. A snug and compact little district I found it to be, encircled by hills and overshadowed by mountain peaks, hid away from the haunts of civilization and separated from the cart road. This wild region could only be reached by descending a steep hillside, and by a most unique and dangerous bridle path called JOHN’S HILL ROAD. On one side of this hillside was a deep ravine and the road in its curious curves touched the very side of the hill next the ravine as if it invited horse and rider to try a tumble into the deep recesses of the tavine below. Noble specimens of the ARRA TREE, delighted the traveller with their massive, tall, round araakes, high as the highest mast of a man-of-war; the like of:which in girth and height I have never piuce seen in Ceylon. At tke base of this hill ran the -without any interruption or hinderance {Nov. I, wD 4. HOOLOOGANGA, over a rocky bed. ‘There the planter hatto be ferried over G old Charon as I called him, tome- how I felt right glad when I passed over this river and reached the tavalam road on the side. A ride of some four miles brought me to the ‘ELEPHANT PLAINS ESTATE,” and there I resided with the kind Supericfendent for a couple of weeks. when I took up my own special duties as superintendent of the K'OYA COFFEE ESTATE, There was no kind of bungalow; it had recenti been burnt to the ground, and consequently 1 taken up my quarters in the coffee store. KM was crop time ; lots of coolies were picking daily ripé cherry, amid falling rain, and yet they looked cheerful and happy. We measured the cherry at 4 p.m.—the mye and myself—and durivg the day I looked after the pulping, curing, &c., all altogether new work to me. , ndecd it was a very LONELY SORT OF A LIFE to me; on'y one person on the estate that knew English, Mr. Appaccoty,a Jeffoa Tamil; and inthe evenings more especially, 1 felt sad and destrted. The furniture saved from the fire consisted of two couches, two chairs, and a small table, that was all. After dinner every evening I had a fire lighted, to keep out the damp andcold, warmed myself with a cup or two of coffee, smoked my cigar and fell into the arms of Mérpheus. At the end of the first month Mr. Appacooty left me, for Jaffna, he said, and except my Tamil boy, there was no one on the estate that I could speak a word of English to, and I could not speak mauy Tamil words myself. Never- theless, the estate's works went on as uswal—pulping and washing and curing and picking cherry—that was all. During the latter pa:t of November and December, THE COOLIES seemed as happy as they conld be with their eumblies sheltering their heads and bodies from the con- stant rains. I took asort of liking to the Tamil race, from the first day I saw them werking so willingly amid storm and rain. No other labourers would thus brave the elements, at least I have not met with them, and as tropical labourers they are invaluable and are adocile kindly race of pepp'e. Had Europeans had to depend on THE SINHSLESE, I do not believe half-a-dozen coffee or tea estates would ever have been opened out. For some reason or other they won’t work in the rain, nefther for love nor money. From the very first the Tamils and myself agreed well; and though I was qaite a stranger to them, their ways, customs, language, &c., yet after my arrival on the estate the work went on and thy accepted me as their durai withont dispute, or hesi- tation. Still my life waz a solitary one. I had the curing of the coffee to attend to dsily, pickers to look after—some 170 or 180 in number—measurin of the cherry in the evenings;and the entering o} the coolies’ names in check-roll, and here I may well remark that the whole of the K’oya-tenne estate was covered with weeds that grew close together and were almost as high as the coffee trees, weeds that bore a white flower and this nuisance was called the GOAT WEED. It seemed strange to me that on an estate yieldi: g good coffee crops, weeds should ba allowed to grow all over the place, some 200 acres in extent, with- out an attempt to eradicate them, but so it was. How the place had been allowed to be seeded all over with weeds was a mystery to me and I waited anexplanation. Meantime I was informd, that all hands were required to gather in the cherry, as it would drop, if not speedily picked, frgm the constant rain, which quickly destroyed the cherry stalk and that weeding must remainio abeyamge. Ip those early days cf planting life I drew my mete Nov. 1; 1894. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 34t Ee SUPPLIES for daily use from GEO. AND H. DON of Madulkellie ; they kept a small store and butchery, and on Saturdays I sent to Kandy, 22 miles distance by short-cut, to Abraham Saibo & Co., the first of that name—the original Abram Saibo—that supplied lanters with bread, beef, &c., who used to smoke fis hookah with repose and dignity at his Bhop doors. I mnst confess at times I felt lonely an gad, and I wondered if the rain would ever stop or ever bright sunny days would gladden the place again and make me feel more happy and contented. Then again it was difficult to dry the parchment, we had to keep putting it out and takirg it inagain ever so many times in a day. At last the clerk of the weather issued his commands—a dry north- east wind set in, the sun shone out in great splen- dour, and we all rejoiced—coolies, self and my monkey ‘Jacko’ also; andoneevening to my surprise I heard HORSWS FEET ON THE BARBAQUE, and lo and behold! a white face turned up who proved to be the late steward of the barque I came out to Ceylon in from the old country. I was not ‘sorry he was a hardy chap, could make bread and cook almost equal to Mons. Soyer himself. He was a Teuton and called himself Augustus Fredericks, but I called him only Fred: ie PLANTING IN JAMAICA: OorrEE AND TEA IN CEYLON. Our old friend, Mr. Wm. Sabonadiere, writing from the Blue Mountains, Jamaica, has the following about coffee and tea :— “Tam truly sorry to read Dr Trimen’s opinion that ‘Hemileia Vastatrix’ is sooner or later likely to spread to all coffee producing countries, and it is my opinion that the Governments of such countriesshould exclude all plants coming from Ceylon, in wardian cases or otherwise, and should also take precaution, as is now done here to destroy the coverings of all tea chests coming from Ceylon, by having them burnt by the Customs’ authorities immediately on arrival. Anyhow, sny coffea- growing country, that esoapes the longest, being like in other cases, ‘ the survival of the fittest’ should reap a great benefit ; for prices will be very ‘fanciful’ indeed. Even now | am glad to see at late sales, that some of our Blue Mountain coffee was kept back for better prices. “The gilt seems certainly to have been taken off the tea-growing enterprise, because the tea average has so been lowered in the last few years, and it would be wise to refrain from planting any more tea in India and Ceylon, until America and Russia became large consumers and there was no fear of production overtaking consumption. I was glad to note the China and Japan war was sendiog up tea prices; it is an ill-wind that blows no one any good, ‘Arntully is for sale, as I am now getting old,and find the work a little too much for me, if we succeed in selling, IThope to end my last years in QGuernsey.”’ We sincerely trust that this veteran Ceylon and Jamaica coffes planter may make a good sale, and may have many years before him in the beautiful and ealubrious Channel island to enjoy hsi well-earned rest from planting labours. ee DRUG REPORT. (From Chemist and Druggist.) London, Sept. 20th. Carrein& has been yery difficult to obtain from the makers lately, although the price still remains what it has been for a’ Jong time,namely 73 91 per lb. It woull that there is o groat acarcity of the raw material, } oil market this week has been a kind of ‘‘ run ” OrncHona.—As forecast in our last Trade Report, thie week’s cinchona-auctions were rather heavier than usual. The catalogues pumbered nine, and the total number of packages specified in them was as follows :— Packages Packages Ceylon cinchona ». 625 of which 347 were sold East Indian cinchona.. 1064 “4 404 ry) Javan cinchona 00 85 fh 85 A West African cinchona 524 rf 470 oh South American cinchona ~120 19 120 3 2428 1428 The average quality of the Eastern barks was very poor, only » few lots of good Officinalis and Ledger cinchonas being offered. Several hundred packages of the Ceylon and Indian bark were of old import, and held by second-hand owners. These were nearly all bought in. African barks did not sell so readily as at the last sales. There was very little competition, and pile after pile wes bought in, with scarcely as much ag a vid made for it. On the whole, the result must be descri- bed a3 tn-atisfactory, and {sume slight decline took place in the unit value, which is now barely 7d per lb. The following are the approximate quantities of bark pur- chased by the principal buyers :— Lb. Agents for the Frankfort works ve +s 61,981 Messrs. Howards & Sons te bo +> 56,666 Agents for the Brunswick works e- 44,203 Agents for the American works &d -. 33,892 Agents for the Auerbach works ie +» 12,590 Agents for the Mannheim and Amsterdam works .. 8,590 Agents for the Paris works 04 OG ave! 4,760 Sundry druggists andothers .. ie eo. 173,703 Total quantity of bark sold .. .. £96,385 Bought in or withdrawn ae +. 250,240 Total quantity of bark offered.. -. 556,625 It should be remembered that the quantity of bark bought affords no indication of the amount of sulphate of quinine represented by the purchase. The following prices were paid for sound bark ;— Ceynon CincHonA—Original—Red varieties : Dull, dusty stem chips 1d; fair to good bright shavings 17d to Ad; dusty root 1d per lo. Grey stem chips, dull, woody 13d to 1jd; fair stem shavings 24d per lb, Dull yellow stem chips $d to 13d per lb, Hybrid stem shavings 14d to 24d; chips 12d per lb. Renewed—Red varieties: Dull, dusty to fair bright stem chips 13d to 234; fine stem shavings 3d to 3gd per 1b. Fair to good bright grey stem chijs 3§d to 44d per lb. Yellow stem chips, dull to fair 13a to 23 per lb. Hybrid stem shavings zgd toz#1; chips Bt to 24d per lb. EssENTIAL O1Ls.—The principal feature in the eggential of cassia, the spot quotation of which has Rataneedrtior 3s zd or 3s 3d per 1b., at which it stosd last Thursday, to 33° 81 per lb, Some holders will not sell, they say, below 33 9d per lb., and we hear that bids of 33 8d have been rejected. For shipment 3s 2d per lb. c.i.f. was the quotation until a few days ago, but at present there is nothiug offering from first hands. On ’Change today 20 cases sold at 38 6d per lv., and afterwards 3s 8d per lb. was reported paid. The low quotatioas of American oil of peppermint appear to have attracied attention Several buyers have come into the market, and the spot price has now risen to 10s td per 1b., at which, howeyer only a few cases are offered. For October shipment 103 31 per lb, c.if. is the asking-price. Mail reports from the States, dated September 8th, say that large cfferings of new crop have lowered the price still further, and cases can now be hac at $2°25 to $280, as to quantity, Wayne county in tins cffers at $1°75, and Western at $I-60 Spearmint oil offers at $150, ‘hough $1'25 might buy. Staranise oil has quickly recovered from its little depression ef last week. There are no longer any sellers of oil on the spot at 6s 10d per lb., 7s, in fact, has again been paid. For October-December shipment 7s has been paid The rise in exchange is mainly responsible for this advance. Nothing appears (0 be an offer for early shipment. Giemone grass Oil is quoted on the sp°t at 11 per oz., and Citron- ella at 103d per Lb, for fuir native brands. A parcel of Cajuput oil was sold at Amsterdam recently et 115¢ (equal to i8 iid) per bottle, local murket terms. QuininE.—The market is drvgging, and although 12a per oz, is the nominal quotation for second-hand German bulk, it might be possivie, perhaps, to buy at llfd per oz. There is a report that 10,000 oz. Auerbach quinine sold yesterday at 1sf1 per oz., which would be a very fair price, but we have not been able to get this ramonr confirmed. At the meeting of the Soekaboemi (Jaya) Agri- cultural Association on July 14th last (the same gather- ing at which occurred the poetic incident to which re- ference is made on another page), some interesting state- * nents were made concerning the quijnine-syndicate, In 342 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ‘o [Nov. 1, 1894. the course of a debate on the question whether the Asso- elation should join ths Union for the Promotion of the Interests of Cinchona-Cultivation, recently establishei ia Amsterdam, a planter who had recently returoei from Europe asserted that n2 good could come from any re- duction of the exports. The coalition of the German quinine-makers, he observed, was too powerful to be overcome by the planters. The stock of bark in Europe was sufficient to supply the manufacturers’ requirements for two years, and until that was cleared off the growers were powerles. A capital of at least £150,000 would be re- quired to keep a planters’ syndicate going, and no such amount could be brought together by the planting interest. The German system of quinine-making was totally differ- ent from, and much superior to, that followel by the French and American factories. The Milan quinine-works algo used the German system, but an agreement had been made between that factory and the German syndicate, by virtue of which the German makers paid an annual royalty to the Italian factory on condilion that it should cease working, The President of the A-sociation pointed out that however anxious all the Java planters might be to improve the price of bark, it was not they, but the directors of the great cinvhona-companies, who had their head-quarters in Amsterdam, who cou'd take effective action. Some time ago the Association agreed to restrict the exports of cinchona, but no sooner was this decision taken than a few planters outside the Association com- menced to increase their own exports, thus nullifying the Associjation’s object. Unless the whole of the Java planta- tious, without exception, agreed upon common action nothing could be done. Another point of dangerto Jaya planters lay in the decline of the exchange-value of the Tupee. Java has a gold standard, and cannot profit on exchange, but the Ceylon planters now receive about 59 per cent more rupees for every £1 worth of bark sold in Europe than they did in the first years cf their cin- chona industry. Ono the other hand wages are the same as they were then, and the Java growers are therefore, at present, seriously handicapped against their Ceylon colleagues. TrEA.—The Assam market has been severely tested this week with heavy sales,and has borne the trial well as regards prices. On Monday the auctions lasted from noon till past.5 o’clock, and showed remarkably steady rates for all grades, and while there and there prices were not quite so stiff on Wednesday, the result of the sales for the week shows that Indians are wanted, and that the recent advance was fully justified. A good trade has been done in the country, and Irish buyers are now get- ting an assortment of useful broken Pekoes. QOeylon sales are iighter and: likely to continue so for a while, and very full pric:s were realised, Tuesday’s sale going off rapidly with plenty of competition. In Congou teas fine Kintucks and Keemuns continue t> advance, showing in man cases'a rise of from 4d to 6{ per Ib. from ori- ginal opening quotations. Cap2rs are steady at recent low rates. SIX WEEKS IN JAVA. | Tue island of Java has been receiving considerable attention in the English press of late: the Pall Mall Gazette had an illustrated contribution on this Dutch Dependency not long ago; and in a recent Blackwood, Gol. Sir H. Collett gives an of‘ Six Weeks in Java’ from which we quote a few passages. First in reference to travelling :— The dry saason in Java commences in April, and the most favourable time for travelling is from the beginuing of thst month t» about the eni of June. July and August are hot, especially in eastern Java wher? the rainfall) is less than in the western pro- vinces, and where drought is apt to prevail during the autumn. Ia Ostober the raiay season begins. In afew years Java will possess a railway extend- ing from Batavia on the west to Soerabija on the éast—that is, throughout nearly its entire length. At present the difficulties of construction through a hill. country leaye a gap of over one hundred miles beteswo Garoet and ‘Tjiiatjap on tha southera coast. The journey between these poiats is somewhat difficult, and requires arrangemsnt beforehand; wa therefor2, found if most convenieat, when leaving the western for the central provinces, to retura to Batavia and go. by sea to, Samarang. Tho, train servicecin Java is very regular an! punc- tual, and even an unlockad portmantear appears to be quits: safe in the luggage-vans. The carriages are: build on the Amorigan plan, which ensures good ven-: % : | \ interesting account } | landscape. | no flowers, and the plants are propagated by cuttings, | and even in Java the seeds do not mature. tilation ; and we found the second class sufficiently comfortable. The speed is slow according to Eure- pean ileas, and the stoppages prolonged end frequent but in Java vo on318 ine hurry and as the scenery is always iuterestiog, small delays are rather welcome than otherwise, Then about Gardens, cultivation and vegetation: — The Buitenzorg Botanical Garden may perhaps somewhat disappoint the expectation of the unscien- tific mind, as more attention is psid therein to the requirements of botany thau to the picturesque. But the garden possesses mere named species of plants than «ny other similar establishment, ex perhaps Kew; an its collection of palms, all growing in the open instead of being crowdei under a glass roof, is certainly uurivailei. The plavt-bouses are por, aud not much money is spent on them, The orchids also areix the open, aud there is nothing at Buitenzorg to compave with the orebid-house im the Caleutta Gardens, where ferns aud foliage plants combine with gorgeous flowers to produce « scene of vegetab'e beauty that is, I think, unequalled, A visit should also be paid to the Goveroment experimental plantation, about two miles from the Buiteozorg hotel. The two varieties of coffee (c, arabica aud C, liberica) commoniy secn in cultivation, several species of the plants producing gutta—pereba, mahogany trees, cardamoms, and numerous otber interestiag plants possessing economic value, may be seen there, We left Buitenzorg by railway on the morning of the 3rd Miy, and arrived at Bandoeng, the ospital of the Preanger Regency, the same afternoon. The scenery wss always interesting, and sometimes fine, as the train passed along deep ravines drapped with tropical vegetation and seamed with waterfalls. It was interesting to note the dark-green Nipa palms (NV. fruticans) standiog with erect fronds in marshy hoilows and to remember that in Tertiary ages the same pilm grew in the Thames valley and dropped its fruit into the muddy waters. The sugar (Arenga saccharifera) one of the most useful of plants is always to be see. growing near villages, with enormous buaoches of barries pendent from its lofty stem. This palm produces at the bases of its leaves a black fibre, like horse-hair, which is put to a variety of us3s, and may be seen covering the ridges of the native huts all over the island We saw much rice, coffee, and cinchong cultivation, often separated by hedges of erythrina, the “Indian coral-tree.” Taller tree-ferns than we had seen eleewhere, some attaining a height of at least sixty feet. A handsome fern (Dipteris Horsfieldit) grows abundantly in shady nooks, and is remarkable from its large deeply-lobed ' fronds dark-green above aud pale coloured below. There is much cultivated land round Sindanglaja, and itis curious to observe the mechanical scarecrows which the ingenious Malayan mind has evolved. The natives are also fond of keeping birds in cages. Every house has at least two or three; but instead of hanging against a wall the cages are boisted up | high above the roofs on bamboo poles: and thus the little prisoners obtain fresh air and sunshine, and are clear of the mosquitos and other baneful insects that swarm below.! We left Boroboedar at 7 a.m. on 25th May, and arrived in three hours at Djokjokarta, a large town on the line of railway to Soerabaja. Every yard of | the country through which we passed was cultivated the principal crops being sugar-cane and manihot. Sugar is the staple export from eastern Java; and the cane-fielde, with their waving plumes of silvery- grey iaflorescence, form a charming addition to the It India the cultivated sugar-cane bears Manihot. (MU. utilitissima) is growa on dry elevated land not suited for rice, aid its queershaped tuberous roota are seen in every baziar. From these the meal knowm as cassava is prepared in tropical, America, and: tapiocg Noy. 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 343 for the European market. The manihot is a hand- some plant, with larga deeply-lobei leayes; but the raw root is bitter, and more or less poisonous uatil the juiccs have been expelled by pre:sure. pers As to Dutch life in Java, the following is in- teresting :— From Sindanglaja to Buitenzorg is a drive of twenty-four miles through charming scenery and over au excellent road. It takes about four hours. We returned from Buitenzorg to Batavia, and sailed at 9 a.m. on the 17th May in a Datch coasting steamer for Semarang in Central Java, The steamer was comfortable, but was rather crowded, as ia addition to the ordinary passengers we carried twenty Dutch young iadies, on the way to their homes for the holidays. The girls were in high spirits, ond kept us amused with playing games and singing chorus songs until the ship became a little lively, when they diseppeared below. The Anglo-Indian in Java ig much struck by the manner in which the Dutch make themselves at home in their Hastern posses- sions, a8 contrasted with our habits io India. Few fathers of families in Java think it necessary to send their boys and girls to Molland for education; and it is common, even in Batavia, to see troops of little pale-faced children creeping unwillingly to school. ‘The Dutch ladies also seem to resign themselves quite willingly to perpetual exile. The difference is no doubt partly due to the superior climate which the interior of Jaya possesses, a3 compared with the burning plains of lnodia; but it is alsoin some degree attributable to the sensible manner in which the Dutch adapt their dress and daily habits to the conditions of lifein the tropics. In Jaya the Europeans seem to make up their minds to live their lives there, while in rata we are all birds of passage. Our 'temple-tree’’ (Plumiera acutifolia) seems to be giyen over to cemeteries in Java, all native burial-places had them and they were the largest trees of the kind, Sir H. Collett had ever seen, A great deal of information is given about the volcanic mountains and cratersin Jays, alsoon the Buddhist and Hindu temple remains. One such reference we quote :— The wonderful temple of Boroboedar is conjectured by Fergusson to have been erected in the seventh century of the Obristian era, the golden age ot Bud- dhism in Java, “just when the Buddhist system had attained its greatest development, and just before its fall. This temple thus contains within itself a complete epitome of all we learn from other sources and is a perfeot illustration of all we know of Buddhist art and its revival.” The temple is built on the summit of a command- ing hill, and hes the form of a pyramid with its apex removed. Hach side of the base measures 370 feet, and on the upper platform are placed the seyenty- two small shrines (or dagobas), each with a seated statue of Buddha in it, which formed the temple proper. Inthe centre of these rises a larger shrine now empty, bat which no doubt once contaised relics or a statue. Four gallaries, or procession paths en- circle the structure, and lead to the upper platform, where a grand yiew of the fertile plain enclosed by ragged mountains is obtained. aa is pot, however,’ Fergusson writes, “either from its dimensions or the beauty of its architectural design that Boroboedar is so remarkable, as for the sculptures that line lts galleries. These extend to nearly 5,000 feet, almost an English mile, and as there are sculptures on both faces of the galleries, we have nearly 10,000 feet of bas-reliefs; or if we like to add those which are in two storeys, we have a ser.es of sculptures which, if arranged consecutively in a row would extend over nearly three miles of ground. Most of them are singularly well preserved; fur when the Jayans were converted to Muhamadanism it was not in anger, and they were not urged to destroy what they had before reverenced: they merely neglected them, and, except for earthquakes these, Monuments would now be nearly as perfect as when they wero first erected,” The outer face of the basement is extremely rich in architectural ornaments and figure sculptures, but is not historically important. The first enclosed gallery is the most interesting, and contains on its inner wall 120 elaborate bas reliefs portraying scenes in the life of Buddha. In the three upper galleries Buddhism is represented as a religion. Groups of Buddhas, three, five, or nine, are repeated oyer and over agein, mixed with represeptations of saints and sage3.. Tue carvings haye been executed in a hard trachytic rook, and if the covering of moss and lichens is soraped off, the finest tracivgs of the artist’s chigel are still to be discerned. We are accustomed to regard Buddhism asa widely- spread religion even in these days; but the faith is now in its decadesce as compared with the golden age which witnessed the nearly contemporaneous erection of temples in Afghanistan, in India, and ia Java—sountries where the tenets of Sakya Muni have lopg ceased to hold sway. —___._____.. INDIAN PATENTS. Caleutts, the 27th September 1894, Specifications of the undermentioned inventions have been filed under the provisions of Act V of 1888 :— Dyzine Fisres.—No. 55 of 1894.—Alexander Beith Hay, Manofacturing Chemist, and James Moffatt Park, Ohemist, both of Maryhill, Glasgow, ia the Co. of Lanark, Scotland, for improvements in dyeing fibres, yaros and fabrics. (Filed 18th September 1894.) MacHing FoR HuskinG, EtTc.—No. 112 of 1894.— Robert Rickie, of Messrs. Rickie & Co., Bangalore Iron Works, Bangalore City, for animproved machine for husking, decorticating and crusbing seeds, grains or berries, (Filed 13th September 1894.)—Zndian Engineer. ac ee REPORT ON GINGER CROPS IN JAMAICA, Mr, W. Fawoett, the Director of Public Gardens, has issued his report on the Giaoger Crops of Jamaica, He says :— The quality of commercial ginger upon which the price depends, is due chiefly to s»il, but also to curing to the variety, white or blne and to whether it hag been freshly planted a few months before or hag been ‘‘ratoonivg ” for one or more years, The soil, which produces the very highest quality realising perhaps £10 per cwt. in the London market is the very deep black soil of virgin forest. To grow ginger under this condition involves the destruction of large areas of forest. Magnificent trees, six feet in diameter, may be seen in some districts lying rottivg on the ground while the ginger cultivators have gone further to the centre of the island, abandoning the woodlands already cut dows. The plan adoptea incleaning the forest is for a, cultivator to invite 10 or 12 of his friends to a ‘cutting match,” he provides 1ood and drink and the laborious work of feeling trees is carried on merrily and without much expense. Afterwards fire is put, and the place is burnt over. This burn- ivg is considered very important as much so as the virgin soil probably its importance is due principally to the deposit of potash and other mineral matters contained in the ashes, but the fire willalso sweeten the ground correcting sourness aud moreover it destroys insect pesta. Some cul- tivators will only grow ginger in freshly cleared wood- laud and nexs year they move on to a new clearing, but although io this way they get very fiue ginger it is at the expense of forest land which would re- quire a very heavy outlay and perhaps a term of a hundred years to restore. Albert Town wa3 nct so long ago a centre for the cultivation, but I was told there that growers had already got as far as fourteen miles further inland. Ginger can be and is grown in many places year after year on the same ground, An intelligent culs 344 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Nov. 1, 18d4. tivator at Borobridge stated that he know a ginger geowing for forty ye1rs in the sams patoh. Seaford Town is a Germain colony and one of the original colonists, Somers, an active old man of 86 years of age, has been cultivating ginger and arrowroot there sinse his youth; he aad the other colonists have been in the habit of planting a small patch a year leaving it to ratoon as long as it was profitable then throwing it up or growing other plants until after a term of years they again plant the same patch with ginger, This is an irre- gular rotation of crops. ‘‘Plant ginger” the produce of planting is of better quality than the ratoons, and the ratoons in each succecding year are inferior. When the ground is too poor to grow “ white inger” then ‘‘ blue ginger” the inferior varisty cau @ grown. : : More depends upon the curing of ginger, consider- ing the crop as a livelihood than soil. At Seaford Town there was a wet season about two years ago, the people could not dry the ginger in the sun it mil- dewed, there wa3 consequently very little sale, and the cultivators suffered some distress. I believe from what I saw that a3 rule careful attentioa is given to the curing, aad that the badly cared ginger broaght sometimes to market is due to wet weather rather than to want of care. ; It is difficuls to make any recommendations on the subject but the following hints may indicate what points ace worthy of coasideration by the cultivators. ‘The first is the applioation of manure. There is a rejndice against its uss, some maintaining that it Bieeaa worms, and that there also is a ditticulty iu getting it in any quantity. It is probable that those who have not succeeded with manure, have used it improperly by applying it fresh or not sufficiently mixed with soil. As to obtaining it in quantity, example siruid be takea from the Chinese labourer who proserves every particle of matter thatcan in any way beautilised a3 manure, not Only cattle manare, but decaying matter of any kind, night-soil, etc., even soapy water left after washiug is most useful. To imitste the formation of forest soil, a pit might be filled with alternate layers of bush and manure, everything in the nature of manure or decaying matter should bs thrown in aad a layer of soil directly over the manure would be usafal. Tho pit ought to be liaed with clay to prevent the very valuable part of the liquid of the manure from esoap- ing, ond a cover of some kind, e.g. a sheet of corcu- gated iron, should be fixed ia som3 way over the pit to keep out rains. I noticad several head of cattle in the Seaford Town district, and apparently the manur3 is lost, because the cattle wander sbout in search of food. Possibly grass or clover might be grown in od ginger grounds, and the cattle tethered so as to confiae them ia one placeaad the manure easily collected. To facilitate curiug andeven somatime:s to save the orop, the chief storekeaper in a district, wro bays the ginger might find 1s advantageous to himself and the people to invest ieee American Evaporator and dry inger artificially. Enel the Governmeat could take steps through the Surveyor-Geaeral to prevent the forests from being ruthiessly destroyed. — The export of ginger is on the whols on the increase as seen from the following table, but if this is accompanied by the general destruction of woods and forests it ig n05 asubject for congcatulation. Year. Cwt. Value. 1887 9,927 £17,789 1888 10,223 19,463 1889 8,952 18,615 1890 (4 year) 4,948 11,133 1891 19,885 24,493 1892 16,272 40,631 1893 13,532 27,264 1894 14,932 44,796 ee eeettnane ante ECHOKS OF SCIENCE. ential oils, which ware prized by the ancients naaeene fouad to kill bacteria by Obymyerland Meunier and others, Tho most active essences are thove of cianamon, lavendar, marjoran, clova gersninn verVain, and tadoro33. Tho vipoirs 9 these essencas will, it is sxil destroy the germs of cholera in an hour. Taz camphor tree of Caica and Japan is a large evergreen not unlike a linden with a white flower and rai berry. Tae gum is taken from ehips out of the root or base, which yield 5 par cent. or more of it. The Japanes3 Government owas larga forests of camphor treos, able to keep up the average supply of the gum for 25 years; aud young plantations are growing up. Thes3 are under the Japanese Forestry D»part- ment. Hitherto the gam hai only bean taken from trees 70 or 89 yerrs old bus it is proposed to operate on you ger ones io futures. —Globe. — PLANTING AND PRODUCE. Cueap TEA AND THE INDUCEMENTs TO Boy Ivr.—All kinds of articles ae offered by retsilers with the tea sold by them, varying from a fryingpan to a suit of boy’s clothes, So long ss some grocers appeal to the public in this way there willslways be a demand fer cheap and inferior tea. Taebuyer of a pound of tea who receives a fittiron or a looking-glass with it cares nothing for the quality of the tea. NINeTY PER CENT or CHIcORY.—A groser was recsntly summonel for selling adulter ated eoffes. The publie analyst certified that the sample consisted of 0 per cent. of ovffea and 90 per cent. of chicory, Defead- ant toll the Bench that he purchased tha mixtare wholesale at 10d per 1b., and ratailed it at 1s. per Ib. Tha ids of ca'ling this coffee at all is preposterons. The vendor should have beea charged with selling chicory adultersted with coffee, A Gicanric Corrge Pranration.—At & mesting re- cently hald ia Liverpool of a Compaay interested in coffes planting ia Ligos, a report from the plauta- tion was reid, showiag that 15,06) coffee trees had been planted, as wall as 1034 cocos traes and 1,500 co10a seedi. Osher reports received showad thet satisfactory progress hai been msije with the work n the plintatio1, on which it is p-opssed to es tyblish a regalar colony of coffae growars of African pationality—H, and C. Mail, Sept. 28. —————EeE—— VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES, Lrpegi4n Corree.—We notice that at the London auctions at the beginning of ths month 90 bags of Travancore Libsrian Coffee, chiefly bold yellow and brownish, sold at 85s. par owt,, aad at the sam; time fiftesn bags of Liberian, fi1e bold brigh: yellow, from Freetowa on the West Uoast of Africa realised 943 6d.— WM. Mail. AagicontursL Expertment.—Mr, BR. Regunatha Rao, the Dawan Peishcar of the Treyandrum Divi- sion is carrying on agricultural experiments, on a scientifi3 basis, in rice cultivation. We hear that goms very promising results have been achieved in the direction of bumper crops. As rige is the staple food of Trayanaore, and for that matter places outside this State, the publication of Mr. Regunatha Rao’s m3thods in a popular and easily underatood form is ca'culated to do much good. —Western Star. Taz Mapras Sz4son Reports.—Yesterday the Board of Revenus telegraphed to the Government of India for tha wesk ending the 6th inatant as follows :—“ Moderate rainfall in the greater portion of the Oircars and South Canara; light seattered showers in parts of the Daccan, Southera Districts and Malabar. Agricultural operations are going on. Standing corps are generally fair, but mora rain is wanted in the Deacan, Oentral and Southern dis- tricts. Harvests continue with fair outturn. Pas- ture is generally sufficient; fodder is available, Condition of cattle is generally good. Prices con- tinue falling slightly though still somewhat highsr than the average.”—Madras Mail, Oct, 10. ~~” ———————— iv coffee cultivation. Nov. 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 345 THE COFFEE TRADE. (From ihe Statist.) PRODUCTION: Rio anp Santos Crors ror Tren YuARs. Rio. Santos. Total. Bugs. Bags. Bags. 1834-85 .. 4,105,000 oe 2,096,374 6,201,374 1885-86 .. 8,887,590 o° 1,692,000 5,579,500 1885-87... 3,513,500 ous 2,579 000 6,092,500 1887-83 ... 1,941,000 ate 1,144,000 3,085,000 1838-89 ... 4;200,000 ae 2.636,787 6.836,787 1889-90 ... 2,377,000 toe 1,859,000 4 236,000 1890-91 ., 2,395,000 A 2,950,909 5,345 000 1891-92 ... 3,713,000 tee 3,688,000 7,401,000 1892-98 ... 2977,000 Ae 3,217,009 6,194,000 1893-94 .. 2,585,000 too 1,722,000 4,307,000 It will bs observed that last se1son the crop was an exevediugly poor one both ia Rio and Sanéos, and at the same time the Java crop was a failure. It ig very significant that the visible supply in the cir- cumstances should only have been reduced by a mil- lio. bags in the twelve months, a feature which obviously confirm: my statemeut a3 to a greatly re- duced consumption. This season, forlunately, we are certain t) have largely augmented supelics. The best authority on ths Sentos crop gives au estimate of 4,000,000 bags; but as a portion of this may ba held over I place it at 3,500,000 bags. Tistimates of the Rio crop vary from 3 to 34 million bags. Aa, however, considerahle quantities which last year, owing to the vaval de- monstiaiious before Rio, found theiz way to Victoria, this season will be shippe! from Rio, I es'imate that crop at 3+ million bags, For Bahia I take only credit for 350,000 bags, although estimates by covservi- tive people eui from 400,000 t> 500,000 bags, while Ceara a1d Victerix are lowly placed at 400,00) bags together. For Java and tho Dutch Hast Indies I adopt tie estimate of the best authorities in Hol'and, whichis 1,000,000 bags. A leading authority in Havre advises me that the Hayti crop pro'ably will yield 450 t) 500,000 bags cf 75 kilo each (Brazil bags have @ uniform weigit of 60 kilo eac), while that of Ven:zuela is estimated by one of the beat autho- rities at 800,000 bags. M.xico has made great strides She bas not oaly doubled her exports to the United Statcs, but is sending large quantities across the border into Guatemata, whence it is shipped as Guatemala coffee ! I now pre-est in a tabulated form my estimate of the production for the season 1894-95, with the remark that I believe there is a strong probability of its be- ing exoecded by fully half a million bags. Wortp’s CorrerE Propvcrion, 1894-95. Bags. Rio Ache we me ..» 3,250,000 Santos tas ase one «3,500,000 Bahia cor spe can +. 850,000 Victoria and Ceara .., «» 400,000 Total, Brazil... «7,500,000 Bags, Java and Dutch Hast Indies 1,000,000 Hayti ss. of w= 500,000 Mexico, Costa Rica and Oentral America... wae .. 1,500,000 Venezuela... cen 800,000 Porto Rico cai we: 150,000 East Indies, Ceylon and Manilla 320,000 Africa “0 ee 230,000 4,500,000 Grand Total... +» 12,000 000 This estimats of 12 million bags must be regarded however, as a very conservative one. It is lower by 883,000 bags than that given by tho four le.ding brokers in Rotterdam in theix annual circular issued February 23rd last, and the coffee trade will do well t» be prepared for an excess of fully 500,000 bags. Indeed, this excess is more thsn likely to be derived from ove Brazilian port alone, namely, Santos apart from what fairly may be expected from othor sources, HH Against ®@ maximum oonsumption of 103 million bags we have thus to place a minimum production of 12 million bags, the largest known in the annals of the coffee trade, and there is a vary great probability that if eventually will turn out fully 124 million bags. What possible justification can there be for high prices with such prospects of eupply and a reduced consump/ion ? a pecerpeeereeenerenaeeead i seereccenae eee A NEW COCOA AND COFFEE DRYING MACHINE. Lonpon Sept, 28. This week an invitation was sent me to bea present at a trial of a new cosoa and ooffes drying machine, the invention of a Mr, Gammara, an Ecuador planter now in England. The machine has keen constructed by Messrs. Bowes, Scott & Western, of the Phoenix Wharf, Battersea, and on my reaching that somewhat far away locality it was worked for the information of the company invited to witness the trials, The machine consists of what may ba termed a large iron box, 60 feet in length, 7 feet in width, and about 3 feet in height. Within it, working on fixed rollers, ig a band of copper woven wire the full length and width of the box. Hot water pipes below the upper surface of this band supply the heat, tha steam from the drying material being takon off by a fan at the ond of the box. Oironlar stirrers keep the beans constantly turned over during their travel from one ead of the box, where they are fed in from a hopper on to the band, to tha other ex- tremity, when they are discharged dried. The travel of the band, with its load of beans twa inches thick upon it, is designedly very slow, tha entire passage occupying four hours, at the end of which tims the beans are delivered in a pers featly dry state. The machine seemed to me ta be very effestive, and it is far from being a costly one. £250, I should think, would suffica to pay for it erected in Oeylon, but as to this there ig no positive data for me to go upon. Calculation was made that a ton of cocoa baans could be effici:ntly dried in a working day. It is not known to me whether the climatic condition call for the use of such a machine. In Ecuador, however, there is no reliance to be placed on uninterrupted sunshine for natural drying. Rain falls most unexpectedly at all seasons, even while the sun is blazing fiercely, so that exposure to tho rays of the latter can scarcely ever be relied upon. In this respect the climate of Ceylon is very difforent; but never- theless it might ba that your cocoa planters would find such a machine useful to them, WSoaroely any power ig required to work it. Probably not more than haifa horse-power, and one or two coolies could supply this, a handle being fitted for the employmens of manual power if desired, Mr. Gammare has had six of these machines made for his own estate, and they will shortly be despatched by the makers. His produstion must be large, ag these six machines could easily dry six tons of cocoa beans ina day. The machine is very simple and has nothing about if likely to gst out of order. Hot water is preferred to any other means of producing heat, as by its use the careless employment of too great a heat is prevented, The water is kept in natural ciroulation through the heating tubes and the boiler, so as to ensure uniformity of temperature. Messrs. Bowes, Scott, & Western would certainly reply to any references made to them by Oeylon planters as to this machine, which has, we hear, been extensively patented. Their address is Phcenix Wharf, Churoh Road, Battersea; or Broadway Chambers, West minster.—London Cor, of Ceylon would 346 SOUGHT LAND. DISTRESS IM, TN Acdigine cece eee AND DISTRESS IN TRAVANCORE : No Proper Monss0n ron THREE YEARS. From a resident who dates Nagercoil, October 13:h we have the following sad account of the state of things in South Travancore :— “We are having a time of most severe drought here. No rain here for months—in fact we have not bad a proper monsoon for thres years, and now things have become very serious with us. Even drinking water iz hard tobe got. Relief works sre being started and rice is bairg piven out, at Go- vernment expenss. to the poor, And unless rain comes in a few days, all hope of a harves in February will be gone—which is the most ecrious matter of alj,” NOTES FROM NORTH BORNEO. (Forwarprep By Mr. W,. D, Gipson, Kanpy.) Sanpaxkan, Sept. 24th.—Mr. Sarell, late of Nillo- mally, has reached Kudat and is residing there with the resident Mr, Listle for afew day , before taking up his appointment at Taritapan estat». The weather is pretty warm af present, but he thinks everyone looks healthy, and the ecenery is lovely. The Bungalows are most comfortable; floors well raised from grcucd, Very good news has been received at Sandakan from London about tobacco. New Companies are being formed. Mon are wishing to send their cons with money to invest in North Borneo: but of course are handicapped by tha few openings for oreepe’s. A good yearin tob1co is expected, and pricezare likely to keep up, Mr. Walker writes that Coconut planting is taking hold in Bornco, and tress planted so far, are equal to anything of their age in Ceylon which he attri- butes{o the equal distribution of rain throughout the year. ie NOTES BY THE WAY. (By an old Coffee Planter.) Dimbula, Oct. 15h. How pleasant it is, efter a number of years’ absence to re-visit the scenes of one’s earlicr days in the Island, and to reccive as I have done a most cordial reception from all and sundry of those still located in the old districts I have passed through. I will not weary you witn Jong accousts, bat may just remark that from Gampola on to Nawalapitiya it is ameziug to see the expanse of healthy looking tea which has rep'accd the many eickly old coffes ‘Totums” which in by gone cays kept up a contian- ously struggling existence. How !o:g they may keep up without systematic manuring ir, I confess, to me ‘a rather stiff problem. Opinions differ much on this head, aud even visiting agents appear anything but sanguine ag to tke benefits to be derived; but one thing I do know that without a suitable stimu'ant carefully applied there ae numbers of esta‘e: thet are bound to collapss from eheer poverty of coil already exhaustcd in the King Coffee days. Pass- ing on through Kotmale it was pleasing to observe the sstonishing area of promisicg tea where coffee of old held sway, and although perkaps resuits per acra may not compete with some other districts there is a very fair return ani estimates ger- erally are four the past year Well realized. As you know the climate of Kotmale, although pretty wet, is very healihy, and now the planters there are enjoying a spell of fise weather, with good pros- pects. Here I may remark that taking the estetes genorally there is anabsence of the eyesore of weeds avy great extent as used to be not uncommoa in earliey times, and pruning is bging evidently syste. matidally ¢arried on with good results, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, ap ee ee (Nov. 1, BEE ee ee Arriving et the “gap,” by the short cutthrough Queeus- berry, where our much lamented friend Elder so ae in charge and who was so much respected all roand —we lo-k along this Dimbula district with surprise at the traneformstion from, firat, the old expanse of unfelled jungle, then fields of fine coffee, afterwards rendered uscle:s by the fell leaf diseass, and now freon and bright agsin with the new prodact, tes! A'l arems now hear’y and healthy, altbongh until lately the weather bas be.n much — good flushes. Now the sun bas reappeared and all are busy, aud Jooking for go d averages. May tea flourish and give retoras approaching to ‘the good old coffee king. ——————————_——___.__ THE JAVA CINCHONA INDUSTRY. Mr. J, A. Watering of the firm of DM & O Watering of Amsterdam ciuchonaand general produce merchants left for Java on Friday last, with the object of investigating the aetual position of the cinchona industry ia the Dutch Indies, Itis thouzht that Mr. Watering’s journey is connected with 8 scheme for forming a trust for regulating the supplies of Java cinchoas bark, It is reported that the Goverament cinchona gardens in Java will be gradually given up, and ultimately limited to an experimental station. At present flees gardens con- tain in the opeo ground 2,956,809 iress (of which 2,208,000 are Ledgers, 112,500 Officinalis, and 634,000 Suc cirubras) aud in nurseries 725,000 shrabs, of which 300,000 are Ledges and 425,009 Succirubras.— Chemist and Druggist, Sept. 29. —— —__—_—_—_—_—>______ THE COMING aMSTERDAM CINCHONA AUCTIONS. The next Amsterdam cinchona sales will take p'ace on October 4th. On that occasion 6,920 bales and 376 cases Java ciuc')oua bark, weighing together sbout 603 tons will be offired. The average Percentage of sulphate of quinine to the manufactaring barks is 493 and thee barks represent a tutal weight of 22,835 kilos (641,360 oz) of sulphate of quinine; the pharmacentical barks, of which the aggregate w-ivht 18 30§ tons represent 628 k:los (or about 204 per cent) of sulphate of quinine. Of the mannfseturing barks ahout 4 ton contain 01 per cent; 2 tons 1-2 pet cent; 274 tons 2-3 per cent; 110} tons 3.4 per cent; 176 tons 4-5 per cent; 146 tous 5-6 per cent; 49 tons 6-7 per cent; 44 tons 7-8 per cent; 6 tons 8-9 per cunt; 2 tons "1L-13 per cent,—ILid, ———__ THE NAMUNUKULU TEA COMPANY. Passana, Oct. 18ih,—A very powerful and influential Company has heen formed in L ndon for the purpose of acquiring several estates in the Cannavarella and Mousagalla Valleys. The Company bears ihe well-kcown name of ‘The Namunukulu Tea Company Lid.” The shares in this Company were speedily disposed of by private treaty. The coffze estimate for its first year of working is between 5,000 ard 6,000 bushels, besides returns from a large area under tea, and cinchona bark bearing the well-known bzand “ Cannavarella.”” The Loacon Directors of this large Oom- pany have been advised to await any an- anncuncement it may please His Excellency Sir Arthur Havelock to mske respecting the extension of the Namunukulu Railway feeder, prior to decidiug upon a site for the large Factory which must necessarily be erected, the feeling at home being that the Government bailway should be patronized if possible, ware Sir Arthur’s Goyern- ment able to sseiis way by helping them to put their produse on the Railwsy. ‘The sapital of th’s Company ia £50,000 sterling —The ‘* Times” ig not acquainted with this part of our island, “oon its many mistakes,—Cgr, Noy. 1, 1894. ] Correspondence. a To the Editor. CEYLON TELA IN AMERICA, New York, Sept. 10th, 1894, Dear Sir,—Again, I take up my pen to worry you with another long letter. However, I think the same will interest you. First I wiil call your at- tention to the enclosed letter, receivel by me from the Board of Lady Managers, World’s Columbian Commission by which you will notice thet the usefulners of the Exhibition or the work of the Board of Lady Managers is not dead yet and in my opinion the results will show more prominently in the future. Since the close of the Exhibition business hasundergons a most terrible ordeal owing to the unsettled condition of the Taviff Que:tion ; happily this has been settled, not to the entire satisfaction of the people, but in time will adjust itself. This question being settled for the time, business will again resume, and we _ look for better thirgs in the near future and the god results of the Worlds Columbian Exhibition sre sure to follow. Ii the enclosed article that I have written on tha request of the Board of Lady Managers mets with yonr approva! and youshould care to publish the same in your valuable jourzal it would be qute agreesble to me, and wou'd afford your readers an oppsrtunity of knowing thas the good work in Ceylon’s interest is still going on in America. [The paper in question dors credit to Mr. Bie:acb, but it contaiis nothing new to Cey on readers to warrant local republication.—Hp. 7.4.) I am more than sorry thit valuable time is going by that mizht bave been utilised most profit- ab’y to the tea interests of Ceylon tea in Am-rica. As you are ayware,on Jue 29h, I made a proposi- tion as to the New York office. Iam sure if such an appointment would come to me that 1 would do the cftice the justice required and wilh a dig- nity and results that sould be most Satisiactory to the Joint Committee, ‘hs Planters’ Association and all interested. I have also made another proposition to the wo:thy, Chairman of the Planters’ Association A. Melyille White, Jisq, with this mail, in relation to the coming Hxpozxtion at Atlanta, Georgia, known as the Cotton States and Inter- natioual Exhibition. This will be a most excellent opportunity and iu a cection of the United States that will be most desirable, attracting visitors from all the Southern States as w.ll as from the Hast and West and within reach of a large portion of our population. I herewith hand you a copy of my proposition and if agreeable to Mr. White wouid be glad to see same in ths Observer for the general information of all that may feel interes:ed in the enterprize.* To do the American Campaign justice we must strike while the iron is hot;the work cannct be done by fits and starts; a tite row and a bix then will not fill the bill; it requir s persi.tent push without xbatement. The success of India at the World’s fair in no way comgared with that of Ceylon yet Inda lcst no time in following up the exbibi ion by returning the tea representative at Chicago with a native staff to follow up the work. Hire this reaches you, should Ceylon’ have decided as to tvue future, I trust that my proposition as to the exhibition will be taken up with a spirit that the occasion requires, and shoud Ceylon elect to take up the Atlanta exposition I am more than * This letter to the Chairman, P. A. contains practical proposals with reference to the Exhibition referred to: it will no doubt be laid before the next Pp. A. Committee meeting and duly discussed. We were much interested on our visit to Atlanta, Georgia, in 1884; it is one of the most command- ing, central and important of towns in the Southern States.—Ep. 7.4, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 347 ——$—— convinced that the enterprize would never be regre'ted and that the re2ults would be profitable, Quick action will be required so that we may have firat choice of site. I believein this case Iam ahead of India; I am in communication with the president of the exhibition and as soon as I receive the plans of the building &c, I shail take the precaation to have the refusal of a choice location so as to be fully and advyantagiously prepared should Ceylon endorse the enterprize and elect to have a representa- tion at the Cotton States and international ex~ position. And if request mee's with favour I con- fidently promise a representation that will interest, be Jasting snd most satisfactory. with my exhibition experiencs of the past I know just what I am capable of doing and what can be done, so ifI can eniist the required confidence I will assure success and display and adverlise pure Ceylon tea in a way that has never been done before. Whis exhibition has the endorsement of the Government as per clipping from the WVew York Herald. my PREPARING FOR THE EXPOSITION, Preparations are already bei: g made for the Cotton States and International Exposition which will be held in Atlanta, Ga., during September, October, November and December of next year. A bill has just passed the United Ststes Senate, appropriating $200,000 for a Government exhibit. The Government Building, which is still standing at the World’s Fair Grounds et Chicago, will, in ail probability, be re- m- ved to Atlanta. Betwe-n now and then the opportunities are numer- ous for good practical work with pur food shows in New York and Brooklyn and otber desirably points insuring the at:ention of the cons:mer. Interviewing the large importers and whol-sale houss, the tea school, distiibution of advertising matter &c. and booming Ceylon tea generally, I was very much interested in your editorial in Overland Observer of July 23rd on “ Ceylon Tea for America”; you are quite rizht, India acted with the utmost promptitude and despatched its agent to America without joss of time. Mr. Blechynden is getting in his work and his native servants are being noticed a3 my attention has been called on several occasions to the exhibitions made in good shops. You are quite right. Ceylon, know, though taking the lead at Chicago is being left behind. You are also quite right as to this sids cry which has been raised as to green teas and the Amz-ricans; there is nothing init. Alsowhen you say “we unhesitatingly declare in reply that there ave no people on the face cf the earth more ready to take up wita a new product, new food or drink if it can be demonstrat-d to be a good, much moie superior article, than the people of the United States.” I learned to e:t oatmeal porridge, I learned to drink Ceylen tea, my whole family did the same. At first we thought oatmeal a horrible dish, the came with thousands and thousands of American families, Who today Jove it and oatmeal has come vo stay. You are quite right it has only to be demon- trated to the muss of people that they are simply »skedto exchange an inferior, artificially faced and oft:n adulterated prodnet in the teas they now get from China and Japan, for an absolutely pure, cleanly -prepared and superior article,—in order to get them by thousands and millions to drink the new tea, and in doing so more especially to get them to like the mi'd “Ceylons.’” You are not asking them to make a leap in the dark in making the change. What Ceylon has to offer ‘is the best and purest tea in the world, and Americans would be blind, would be foolish to refuse this pure and delicious offering of the paiadise of the world, your beautiful Ceylon. Ceylon tea properly placed before the American public is bound to win the American market, only follow up the work, Americans will learn to drink the best in the world “pore Ceylon tea” and like it as they learned to eat and like oatmeal porridge. Without a question in my mind Ceylon tea is the tea for Americans 348 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. 1, 1894, (pene nette and the tea of the future. Only last Sunday we en- tertained some company at my home, China tea drinkers you may be sure. I prodnced my pride “ pure Ceylon tea”’; at firet they seemed afraid of it; I found, however, no trouble to urge a second cup. Our endorsement at the World’s Fair of a half a million cups I am sure does not stand for nothing aud I am sure the good if did the weary people is not forgotten, ard lam eure many wonld use only Ceylon tea if it were only pnt within their reach. So-called Ceylon teas are sold tliat are not Ceylon, others are gambling on our snccess at the exhibition, the people do not wish to be deceived, give the American public and put them in the way of our delicious teas and I repeat the market is ours, but in order to win we must be up and doing, activity is requived withont any intermission. The work so well and faithfully performed at the World’s Colum- bian exhibition by your active Commis;ioner and his staff should have been followed up without any delay whatever, Now that the Tariff question is settled insuring a hew impetus to business generally, with the Cotton States and international exposition in view and ter- minating the year 1895, will give us between now and then an opportunity that it would be suicidal to throw away, and I am sure that if the work be taken up and pushed at an early day we may pos- sibly gain gronod and make up for the valuable time lost. It seems to me the man for the Planters is the man that understands the requirements, and not only the requirements but the tea as well. Lam not en- tirely selfish in putting forward my propositions in this matter, another gentleman, now onthis side of the water, who isfrom Ceylon, andone who I am satisfied from my associations withhim at Chicago is a thorough Oeylon man, withthe Ceylon inter- ests at heart and with an opportunity and proper backing I am sure would do the business justice. This is a big U.S. and I am sure he of whom I speak, Mr. Thomas A. Cockburn could be placed in a petion of usefulness that Ceylon would not regret his appointment. His position at the woman’s court required a gentleman of no ordinary ability or endurance as the pressure of business was so great,and from all reports that have been made show that he filled the place in a most satisfactory manner, andI do know that your honorable Com- missioner now the Hon. Sir John J. Grinlinton was more than pleased with his ability. Unfortunately fate associated him with another at the Midwinter Exhibition at San-Francisco. I very much regretted the alliance at the time and the results are just what I expected they would be. From the word Co, nothing succeeds unless all parties concerned thoroughly understand their business and are inter- ested, honestly interested in the enterprize. If Mr. Cockburn had received di:ect backing and rent to Fresco as a direct representative of Ceylon I am | sure the results would have been far different and the show would not have ended as it did. Parti- culars, I am sure, have reached Ceylon before this. If he with whom Mr Oockburn was associated un- derstood the requirements and possessed the proper interest, the interest that Mr- Cockburn did, I am sure the record would have beeu more satisfactory and that Ceyion Court would not have been turned into a restaurant selling sandwiches at five cents a piece, served by German waiters. The real object was neyer accomplished for the reason that the attention was divided; coffes and cocoa were served, whenj only tea and nothing els2 but pure Ceylon tea should have received the most prominent attention as att Chicago. Mr. Cockburn, being under pay of thist man who proposed to be boss, was helpless, and could not express or dictate his wishes. An al- lowance must be made in bis fayor as_ things stand, I understand he has lost quite considerably by uot being paid all that was doe him, and [ sincerely , trust that he wili stand exonerated from any blame for mismanagemext at the Mid-winter Exhibition and not hayehis future prospects affected in anyway. To manage an Exhibit rightly requires tact and the roper experience and cacastablias which bring in economy, and proper economy and managment bring in the end results that are eatisfactory and successful. I am very much afraid Mr. F. lacked the qualifications required to the detriment of him- self and others. Now, Mr. Editor, I have given you a long letter in detail, trusting that its contents will iaterest and that my propositions and echemes will receive the favourable attention of the Joint Committee, the Planters’ Association and the planting publie gene- rally end that Ceylon elects for a representation at the Cotton S‘ates and Internatioual Exposition. With kindest regards to yourself and lou friends, Iam yours faithfully 8. BIERACH. 25,000 ORANGES FROM TWO TREES IN RANGALA, Rangalla, 9th Oot. Dear S1p,—In your paper some time ago one of your correspondents—an Uva man I suppose —wrote that if Haputale were planted with fruit trees they would rival California in their productiveness. I do not for a moment wish to dispute this—all I assert is that this side would run it pretty close, A neighbour of mine has given me in “black and white” the following facts :—Two Mandsrin orange trees belonging to him gave in 1891 25,000 oranges. Of last year’s crop of which no account was taken 2,500 fruit sold in Kandy for R100. At this rate the crop of 1891 would have cold for B1,000! Oan Uva or California beat this? Now, thanks to our Chsirmau and his august Council of XXX, the markets of America are in & fair way of being opened up to Ceylon tea, it is a pity eomething in a less dignified way is not done for Oeylon fruit and afford us allan opportunity of retiring in a few years as millionaires.—Yours faithfally, PLANTER. FRUIT AND VEGETABLES IN CEYLON, Dean Sir,—Why should not some of the Govern- ment Gardens come to our aid about supplying fruit and vegetables, as they have started a Dairy ? 1 don’t mean that they should be turned into Market Gardens and supply steamers, sey, with their produce; but I do think that residents in the island ought to be supplied with fruit and vegetables ata ressonable cost. It would not only be a great boon to she public but would make the Gardens self-supporting. I ssw in the Observer a correspondent asking a recipe for ‘‘canning fruit.” Well, the difficulty would.lie in getting the fruit to can. Our cartman has orders to bring us fruit twice a week, and he can never get anything but plantains and not always these. Vegetables just the same. Our butcher charges R150 for a handful of vegetables that you would get at home for 3d; the same with our fowls that are bought from villagers. There is much room for improvement f Government were to excite emulation amongst he villagers and give prizes of good fowls; for he best kept or most productive native gardens, much might be done at littie cost to anyone, Natives, as we all Enow, can work if it is made worth their while—A better ciass of cattle ought to bse introduced, too; when the young stock gets too numerous in the Government deiry it cuzhi to be distributed amongst the most industrious of ~ the native farmers.—Yours truly, «- Fit - NORTH OF KANDY.. Suni _Noy, 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 349 FRUIT. CULTURE IN CEYLON. Oct, 13, Dear Sir,—It is interesting to read Planter’s letter (on psage 348) whersin he states that two mandarin orange trees gave in 1891 25,000 oranges. That this is within the limit is supported by Bentley in his Manual of Botany where he says :— ' «The orange tree is remarkable for the enormous number of fruits, it is capable of yielding: thus, one tree will sometimes produce as many as 20,000 good oranges.” In your article drawing attention to Planter’s letter you righ‘ly recommend the value of oranges and also mention figs, T do not know many fruits that are more enjoy- able than green figs. But they are hardly ever seen in Ceylon! Why ?—Yours truly, DIMBULA. HORSES AND BAD GRASS. ~ Dear Sir,—Owners of horses in Ceylon must be thankful that there is such a. plentifal supply of water grass (Panicum mole) to be had ata very small cost, so that they have no necessity to ask Govera- ment for grass farms, ag their brethren in Bengal and Bangalore have to do. The majority of the Ceylon horsés are fed on water grass but there are some who prefer to feed their animalson Katu-pillu or juvglo grass, which is supplied by Tamil women—but this is not unattended by a certain amount of risk, for during long periodsof drought as. the present season, the jungle grass is quite parched and dry and there is not a single blaje to be seen—the grass women then resort to the subterfuge of ! (Panieum repens) with the dry shoots oi the jungle grass. Htora although suitable pasture for bullovks, 1s unwholesome for horsss and in more oases than #re suspected, have horses died of gripe, due solely to this omuse. Mauritiug or Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) suits horses very well], but it is not easily procurable in Colombo, asit is seldom grown by natives, an land owners do not care to plant it because it im— poverishes their soi). It is wonderful to observe how well native cattle thrive on the dry parched plains of Hambantots where there is nota single green blade tobe seen. Whilst on a shooting expeditionin that district I was struck with this and itexcite! my curiosity so much that I made it a point to observe closely, the cattle actually dig for fodder; within half an inch of the surface of the ground there are rich succulent roots of grass (not unlike asparagus !) very aweet and nutritious, on this these poor animals live and thrive and yield excellent milk. : Cras, ©: BIG WATER WHEELS. Dear Srr,—The following on the water wheel of *‘ The Clyde Sugar Refining Oo-,”’ Greenock, which runs the Laxey wheel very close, may interest you. I went to sea it last year when visiting the Clyde, and the Manager very kindly got the enclosed particulars copied out for me, You will observe, though the diameter of Laxey wheel is 2’ 4 greater than the one at Greenock, it only represents 160 H.-P, against 230.—Yours truly, PLANTER, Desoriprion oF WATER WHEEL. The wheel was constructed by Mr. Smith of Deanston in 1841, The arches and foundations con- sist of 5,000 tons of dressed masonry, the stones forming it being from 1 to 10 tonsin weight. The wheel is 70 feet 2in. in diameter, or 220ft. 6in. in circumference and 12f. wide. Tbe shrouding is 17 ins. deep of cast iron in 104 pieces, and is formed into 160 buckets each containing 100 gallons or 1,000 lb. of: water. The wheel is constructed on the ten- sion principle, having 32 arms 2}in. diameter and mixing Htora ~ an equal number of diagonal braces‘ of similar dia- meter. The axle is 11 tons in weight, fitted with 2 ventres 10 ft. in diameter, each weighing 84 tons. The toothed segments are 32 in number, containng in all 704 teeth, The pinion gearing into same is 18 ft. 3in. diameter, weighs 23tons. The pitch velo- city of this pinion is 600 feet per minute. The pinion and main shaft into mill weighs 13 tons. The main bearings of wheel are 24in. long by 18 in. diameter. The wheel weighs 117 tons, makes one turn a minute and indicated 230 horse power. The iron plates forming sole of wheel are fixed by 20,000 rivets. The water is from the Shaws Water Works at Loch Thom, the supply being 1,200 cubic feet per. minute for twelve hours per day during 310 days per year. TAX ON PLANTING EXTENSIONS. Dear Sir,—‘ An Old Coffee Stump ” is quite right to object to any new tax. I don’t suppose that a tax on Extensions is possibie unless it is inc!uded in One on tea “area” ag distinguished from tea in its commercial form. The Indian Associations pay a fixed sum per acre, a8 well as.per pound, so that new extensions are taxed. The amount (about 6 pies per acre) is not large, but it falls only on those who belong to the Association. In Oeylon you tax all, and so a tax per acre would really be fair all round. At present you tax your tea for the purpose of making new markets for new ext2nsions, which are exempt from taxation for that purpose; and in my letter of the 18th ultimo my words were “ths amount should lbesufficient to defray allcampaign expenses.” Theore- stioaly the idea-is just; those who now join in and reap he advantage of the work done by their prede- cesso should be made to pay for: their advantages, In fac up to now tea proprietors may be called tha Proneers of tea, and they have t9 make room for those who wait to profit unsil there ii little risk:in their venture. I rather dispute the ides that putting a check. on Cey!on Extension; will give a premium to other producers, because outside extension willbe lim‘ted by no other factors than ‘ontlet” and “ labour” the first will put a check on profits and the second on the possibility of extending. Out- eiders might make more, but Ceylon would make no less, if Tea Extension was prohibited, and I take the word “ premium” to mean advantage gained at the expense of Ceylon. As a prohibitive tax is not possible, it is not worth discussing, but the plan of taxing extensions to the same extent as vielding tea area, and by this means forcing them to join the Association might be worth considering, and seems equitable. It would no doubt be advantageous to India to find means of forcing al! es‘ates to joia ths Associations for any purpose particularly that of subscribing to new market funds, In Oeylon you bave, done so, only leaving out extessions. Io India there is a severe tax on extecsions which is levied by almos$ weighing the timber on the grants, and charging fullrates for it. There might be many other meaus of checking extension until new markets have been opened out, aud then the bonds could be relaxed by the powers that imposed them. And it must not ba forgotten that extensions work prejudicially in both directions, by lessening prices, and also by enbacing the rates for Jabour, The big capitalist oan extend even now with equanimity, becsusa he cin x«ffor! to wait till we are ousted, he can pay more for the already limited Iabour supply, and he can. command the markets with large quantities of ‘tea. AVES. es _—_o_ So Sreau Fisre.—It is pointed out by an English paper that rather too much has been said on behalf of Sir Ambrose Shea, and not suffisient credit given to Sir Henry Blake for the efforts made by them in the development of the Sisal industry of the Bahamas. Each of these should be credited with a share of the merit attaching o the good work.—Jamaica Post, Sept, 1; 350 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Nov. r, 1894... COFFEE PLANTING AND PROGRESS IN THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, With two Survayors at work here there is every prospect of a salo of agricultural land before the end of the yeer—but in the meantime European plauters sre bing kept out of ths District. It is 2 pleasure to report thatthe Europeans, who bave recent'y taken up land here give clear proof that they mesn busi- ness by appointing European Managers to open up the’r estetse. Mr. A Forsyth has & msnager here (Mr. Innes); Mr. Bailey, who bought 600 acres from Mr. Lim Swee Keng, has a manager here (Mr. Walker ); Mr. Rodger, who was recently granted 500 acres, has & manager waiting in Klang till be can get on to the land (Mr. T. Gibson) ; Mr, Aylesbury has also secured the services of au Englishman here who is to start opening np the 1,000 actes of jungle land which is to be kaown as the Forlorn Hope Estate. Mr, Huttenbach’s coffee mil), complete with engine and: machinery, i3 now finished and in working order. Oo the 17th of August, H.11. Tinku Dia Udin, who has been so energetic of late in opeving up bia 2,000 acres of agricaltural land across the river, left Kang for Penang, being called away by urgent private affairs. On the 24th of August the District Engineer and myself walked along the Klang-Kuala Selangor Road from Kapar to the boundary at Sanyei Serdang, eud wers both of opinion that the rod was eminently suited for the construction ofa light railway to con- nect Klang and Kuala Selangor. I have since written in to the Government on the subject. Oa the 30th ani 313t Mr. Walsh aad myself were engaged in assessing the amount of compensation to be paid to the 30 peop'’e through whose iand the now Kuala Railway will piss. I estimate the amount of compensation to be about $1,700. Mr, Walsh’s assistance was most valuable. Work on the Klang-Kuala Selangor Road is still progressing—the earthwork is practica'ly finished, want of pipe suivorts aud bridges preventing comple- tion of tho werk being chrvnicled.—Se’angor Govern- ment Gazette. —__@—___ HOME AND LOCAL THA TASTING. Mr, John Hughes’ views on the above topic as communicated to our London Correspondent re- open a question that was some time ago diszuscel. It has of late been alleged that the discrepancisa batween the verdict of home and local tea tasters have a significant effect upon the biddinge at the Mincing Lane tea auctions, If this has any foundation in fact—and we are not prepared to dogmatise one way or ths cther—it is evident that the allegation has a more practical bearing than was supposed during the former discuasion. It seemed then to he apparently only a matter affecting tha convenience of ths homes traders in tea. It is now one that would ap- pear to affect the profits made by the plan- ters. There is, therefore, some reason why we should again consider the question im its more modern bearing. Mr. Hughes says that tsa infused in Glasgow is quite a different thing to fea infused in London, The liquor in the first case is far stronger and of more excelient flavour than it is in the second. Mr. Hughes attributes this to the softness of the water drawn for the supply of Glasgow from Loch Katrine. He further gives a presumed analogy in this respect between our Ceylon water supply and thatof Glaszow. The London water he pronounges to be relatively “hard " and he agsigns this as the reason for the different results obtained by te. tasters here in Qolombo and in Jondon. This digcrepancy he admits may affsct the sales. Why, we would eek, should not distilled water be used in all cases ? We believe that in water co pfepared, the proportion of Mineral elements present that constitutes hard- ness, is eltogether eliminated. There surely oan be no special reason why this purified water- which mast be of the same quality in all localities, shoald not be adopted as tue stendard for use?. The varying practices now adopted, mo doubt cause the discrepancy of judgment to which reference ismide. If these were modified in the way we have pointed out, this discrepancy would dis- appear aud the supposed valid objection taken to our local sales of tea might be removed. According to Mr. Hughes’ view, it would seem to be likely that practised dealers are more willing toaccept local ver- dicisthan those given by theirowntasters. Fromthe former they obtain a higher grading than they would themselves be justified in giving. But the outside buyers can have no equivalent opportunity for juiging, and they therefore are said occasionaly to proncunes the teas they purchase to be inferior in qualit/ to the description given of them, —_——_@————____—. THE BEGINNINGS OF COCONUT PLANTING IN CEYLON: REFfRENCES TO THE COCONUL PALM IN THE ‘* MAHAVANSA.” Besides the two references to the eoconut palm which we have already” mentioned, we find the fo'lowing in the * Mahavans:,” Parts I ani '1:— (Chapter XXV, page 98). Duriogthe battle between Dutugemanu and Eldla (about 161 c.) Gotha (one of the former's warriors) is said to have seized a coconut tree and M+tharéna (another warrior) a paimyra trec—with which they slaughtered the Damilas. In Caupter LXX'V (page 214) the following passage oceurs:—“‘ He (Pidkrama Bahu—1164 to 1197 ap) also adorned toth sides of the road with fruit- bearing trees, as the king-eoconut, plantain, arcea, coconut and such like; and with water jars filled with bunches of beautiful flowers, and with many kinds of banners acd flags, and with lamps, censers and such like.” Then, in Chapter LXXXVI, page 294, we read that King Piikrama Bahu If (1240 to 1275 ap.) is said to have thought within himself saying :— “Great indecd his (Minister D:vapatiraja’s) piety, for onca he praye! that he might become a Buddha, and planted a coconut, having earnestly prayed and reso!ved (tha; some sign should be shown him that his desire would be fulfilled), aud lo, there opened up three buds from the three eyes thereof.” And ths King ordered his Minister (among other things)—‘ At the Bhimatiitha Vibara, where ths King Nissanka planted an orchard, do thou likewise, ia my name, lay out a large garden full of coconut snd other feuicful trees.”,—Of course this refers to the Bentota-Kalutara coconut plant. ation which has been already alluded to in our | columns, In Chapter XOVII, page 335, we find the following reference:—“And this chief of men (Sri Vira Prakrama Naréndra Sinha—1701-1734 ap.) formed a suburh named Kundacala, nigh unto the chief city, in the large coconut grove hard by the beautiful bank of the river,” etc. In Ohapier O, page 357, Kirti Sri Raja Sinha (1747-1780 a,D.) is said to have honoured the Tooth-relic daily with (besides other things) green and yellow coconuts, Nov 1, 1894.] PROGRESS IN BRITISH NEW GUINEA, Sir William Macgregor has evidently dove good work in British New Guinea and while there cau be little doubt that he feels a certain degree of justifia- ble pride in the success which has at’ended his efforts, there can be still less thet the Queensand people are equally proud of the result of thleir shaze in bringing under the Britieh flag ths country which is beirg sdmixistered by our old friond. That echieve- ment ia undoubtedly to the oredit of the northera eclony of Australia and it is pretty evident that the Administrator mtends to make the most of it. Of his last reported sayings the following is the coa- cluding observation :—* T have been af times urgec, unofliciallr, from England to work for it (New Guiner) being proclaimed a separate Crown Colony; but my idea and aim have alvays been to, prepare the po s- ession to ultimately form part of Australasia.” But be the form of Government in the future what it may, the fact of good work effected, and the no lees valuable faet of knowledge gained and commu- nicated remain, as they ever must, in substantial evi— dence of Sir William MacGregor’s energy and fore- sight. Not but that an immz:se smount of Isbour has yet to be undertaken and more management aud tact to come to the fore. A certain proportion of the patives are with the Goveroment, but to use Sr William’s reported words, “there are still hundreds, probably thousande, of tribes in the interior who do not know anything at all about us. These inland trips come down and attack the const tribes, simply with the object of slaughter. Tribes tand togetter for the purposes, and the coast triber, having come under the inflnencs of the Covernment, and baving to a Jarge extent given up warlike habits, are taken ly surprise and at a disadvantage.” This is co like what the position wss is Fiji in the olden days thatit may be fairly assumed history will repeat ise f and the subjagation of the mouvtain tribes be bur a question of time. Already, it appears coast chiefs have been induced to visit mouniain trikes on tehalf of the Adminietration. Tt is stated tbat they frequently go to places they have never known of before, or per- haps cnly heord cf with terror, and that they are generally successful in their mission, That in cass peace coast, ad head men from the mounta‘ns have made yisite to settlements on the later, Sir William is of opinion that to bring about a good understanding all round requires only time and patience. The s;stem ot tribal policemen is gradually being extended, and the coast tribes ere becoming more and more civilised and trade with one another to a greater extent every year, It appears that inquiries for land are made from tie United States, Italy end Germany. There are, it is declared, vast areas of fertile couutry, and tbhatin the interior, pear the foot of the mountains, the climate is, in fact, really magnificent. Tie time is anticipa’ed when New Guinca willbe consider: d cne of the wealthiest of Great Britsin’s tropica! colonies, and then her exports will equal to those of all the islands of Polynesis. But to bring this about a white population is necessary and tkat does not appear likely to ke secured just yet, But there is gold, and very gcodit must bo if, as the Brisbane Telegraph, to whose columus we are iu- debted for these particulars, states—‘‘the traders give the miners from £3 12s to £3 14s for the gold with the dust in.” Presumably that is per ounce. A high price indeed. The pearl fishcrics are not to be despised, for the Doctor states that during the latter part of the year ended June, he should think that at least £8,000 or £10,000 worth of pearls was exported, avd tiereis abundance of pearlshell, although in deep water. Coconuts are being largely planted end copra | is expected “to bulk largely among the exports of the possession.” Ooal of excellent quality bas been found; but, as yet, no seams. Thess will no doubt yet te discovered, And the Doctor is confident that, if but the right class of people can be got to settle in the couniry, there is a very great futuro before British New Quinoa,—2ii} Times, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST: has been made inthis way between i-lend and © 351 THE AMSTERDAM CINCHONA AUCTIONS. October 4th. Our Amsterdam correspondent telegraphing on Thursday evening reports that the very heavy sales of Jaya cinchona-bark which took place at Amster- dam today resulted in a great disappointment. to the holders. The total quantity offered amounted to 7,296 packages, weighing 603 tons, and contain- ing for the manufacturing barks an average of 4:93 per cent of sulphate of quinine. he tone at the auctions was an.» exceedingly dull one, and there was hadly any competition, only about 1,500 bales selling at an average decline of 25 per cent, the unit being 3°25c. against 450 at the September auctions.—Chemist and Druggist. ee THE COFFEE SITUATION, This year will send to market the largest crop of coffee ever harvested. Estimates of its size vary from 12,000,000 to 13,500,000 bags, the latter the figures adhered to by W. H. Crossman & Bro. of this city. —American Grocer, Sept. 19. I mn CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION 1894 5 3} Oo 0M +H Oo es30 ' Fo] areal eee Se alin ECS (Alper (aera Sire ms HAS suns eo saale cf Oe co Bebe Se he aes i | eee oy ° et Naas 5 rDoO mata = 2{(m ys Hon BFsca ase aS j 5:35 SiS ;otrn simon Te oo AI~D 1O ats fons er) rE Jao it) a = o C-) Gate ates 24 TOSOMS DO® a SESS aia. ;SOZE8 =Se B36 3S Y sSBS 5 |\Se } Om AD *3:SChn ihe: 2) x 3 5 1a ORR DH 'RDW + TANG ta 2 BIAS 3 i) ja MM an oF ; = 3 | 2 eetlhaga OHS DSS 9 2) oo z SND DSN S 23 Sore - UBSp TE eS ts I stot etsU cut lasses | OSes a a2 Oo Oo tHe “~aN rear Seas Z(° = tl Vado 3} CADMD SD SO ay a 1 S338 oa co 8s Ss ass alg | SRR A Awe IS os aS ys a0 @QxFo ree ONatiO ime IN © §S ING 3S f 8 aaa S{22 ja °GAm O'R mo SHSRB faa i oO a a A) SH DO estes - = on aA gas ; — oor gil hee etsau oi en ee RSA alsa 3 ‘S ee Ci & 52 O06 cle 2 3 Sia el te po a ed meas § ANAG > 1 KY 2] 1-H a — NM: 5 r opin ce x wo HLS > wo N 3 s im eA sd : 4 a :RD As SRa5 2 cE 3 e Se Ba s =) is Once 5 aNern AA—SDSOFrDM NMMDBHO Be Wer Wich eoNnNoeaonr BSaSSFLRSS | SoA a a DADCaANTORMMm™ OCOMDMOHOLOD IQ De N 81 S.4 SIQSOD AYR WBN MCHALaA SO ndH A ete i na mo > SH—-nensnaow ae aS iS 13 Lon Bn a Aanant ¢ rOoao ry a ov wio : - 2 OM oa i Gi gs md AA io) 8 Sees a|fa (S88 S ee Z)/H2 'S:8 sWvene lsweaintiet sine eae Kale ee a Ae i = : s 3238 oBB 8 3 ASatke 8 | 26 i Amin 5182 |. a : : RM KOON SCHOSONDHYe ON Sslil¢ BO MO McD Awa Aa S353 = sg Be 319 < > ass pont 6 22sB > & Bo} 7. > ° Sisto 3 TOO Le o nN = ax i] = = a | - me a a ? =x -o 2SE5 Gl be TEN: Fas Heal ries = ts Se ss ss - aN a z . Qo HOW Cn MONW a8 12S fs oO SAR SS BwSaR5 eH SHO IN . 2:3: NM A AN NDSom ae 18 : . Oo : soma gs AMS a Ts SES BE sS235 SnD D BARA Ra A a m el a) B a -_ -) eS o ute Be Qu: x 50 “9 B li te p> i 2 .a-B--) 8 |giies 38288 i+ boo A- gs ‘dag Eo 2h) Oo 2 | PAMHo 4 o sss ° is} a] hea THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Nov. x, thé. MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUCTS. (From 8S. Figgis & Co.’s Fortnightly Price Current, London, October 4th 1894.) EAST INDIA Le Al EA ko, oni tsi " vc. st Coas rica, Mala- ALITY, Eombay, ‘Ceylon, Madras QUALITY. QUOTATIONS: | tr and Madras Const, nt Rae 7 Bengal. ALOES, Socotrine ... ...\Good aud fine dry liver....£3 a £4 Karrachee Leaf .,,\%004 to fine pale a 2s 6d Zanzibar & Hepatic'Common and good _.../40sa £5 |INDIGO Fengal Middling to fine violet...|5s 4d a 63 BARK, CINCHONA Crown|Renewed ... re . (14d a 4d | Ordinary to middling ...\3e8ia 68 : Chips and shaving! «(ld a 4d } Kurpah a ...|Fairto good reddish violt/és a 4s Red .../Renewed ... 4i «(19d a 4d Ordinsry and middling |is 10d a 2s 10a ._. (Qhipsand shavings .,.\14 a 44 Madras (Dry Leaf).|Middling to good +28 @ 38 3d Bees’ Wax, BE, I. White...|Gcod to fine ... + |£7 08 a £8 10s Low to ordinary +-J0d @ is 10d Yellow ...| ,, ned -.|£6 08a £708 |[VORY--Elephante’ Teeth- Mauritius & Madagascar...|Fair to fine ... «|£608a £6158 | 601b. & upwards _ .,,|Soft sound £55 10a £61 10s CARDAMOMS— over 30 & under 60 Jb. ” ” £60 & £56 10s Allepee +» o|Fairtofineclipped .,. |lsa 28 6d | 60 a 100 lb. ../Hard ,, ” a X44 Mangalore ... _...|Bold, bright, fairto fine,..ls10da 288d | criyelloes ... .. Soft », ” <3 Us a £87 Malabar... _«..|Goodto fine plump, cliped 2s a 25 6d | i atl) cee] BAEO wep o 104 £17 Ceylon, Malabar sort|/Faii to fine bold bleached|2s 3d a 38 Billiard Ball Pieces 2ha 8jin|S0und soft — ... ++, £63 10a £61 108 a », medium ,, ls €d a 2s Bagatelle Points .../Sli, def.to fine sound soft) £63 10sa £63 lis 19 _ 9y_Bmall 1s 8 1s 6d Cut Points for Balle ,..|Sh8lcy 10 fine solid ed. sft/£6sa £69 . Small to bold brown ...j18 a 1s 6d Mixed Points & Tips... Defective, parthard ...|£¢6 a £47 10s Alleppee apd Fair to fine bold [28 ac ok 64 Cut Hollows Thin to thick to sd. sft 0s a £44 10s Mysore sor medium ._,,. |ls 6 a ea Horse Teeth— ... " : oh appiuamiel? ‘lls @ 1s 5d a 4014 lb. Straight crked part close|is a 3s Long wild Ceylon...\Common 10 good «(6d a 28 MYRALOLANES, Bombay Bhimlies I, good & fine CASTOR OIL, sts) White ie. haps A Mee gue eae _ __ _ palei?s éd a 9s 34 _, 20ds\Fair and good pale ...|2d a 24d », 4, tair picks Gda 4s 3d CHILLIES, Zanziber ...|¥air to fine bright + [288 a 328 Jubbleporel, good & Ord’y. and middling ..,/268 a 288 _ palejns 24a 7s CINNAMON, ists Ord’y, to fine pale quilJ,,./644 a Is 5d _ os Ll, fatr rejectiovs)..00 a 463d BOE ripe ti aI clue ee et 1s , Vipgor laa gree emt finel.s& 5s 9d ards} ye (OSA B10 adras, ver |GO0d to fine picked .... 68 a 63 Gi 4the| ’ i me, ee st lod. ae 2, a: Vaars poe °y Common to middling .../3s3d a 4s 6d Cbips/Fair to fine plant ..|24d a 7d Coast Fatt Re ae seedy iets aca vd i i VE Pickings -* D ve ...|s8 8 CLOVES, Zanzibar Fair tofine bright ...|2ida 24d & arkto “ and Pemba. J /Common dul) and mixed|2#d 6 23d MACE, Bombay «. Wdcom darktoine veld o> STEMS Common to good welt NUTMEGS ‘9a Bl’s 4. + (28 & 28 Idd ry , ” ee , , COocuULUS INDICUS ..|Fair sifted... ... 15g 9d a €s ed 90's a 1265's ,, -.|.8 40 & Is iid COFFEE «. ». «|mid. Plantation Ceylon! '97s a 105s NUX VOMICA Madras|®™all to fine bold fresh|és a 1s = ws Low Middling ,, 4, |S a l0zs OIL, CINNAMON fair to fine beavy =... }od @ 18Bd CCLOMEO ROOT... +--|Good to fine bright sound|iUs a 15s CITRONELLE _ ,,,,Brght & good tlavour...|gd a ga . d Orcinary& middling ...|ts a 9s LEMONGRASS .,..\.... ” ood iow CROTON SEEDS, sifted...|Fair to fine fresh (208 a2786d HopcHErta) Ceylon «Mid. te fine, not woody |ibs.a 22s CUICH.... | «-(Fairto fine dry |. |:08 a 328 aa | Zabaibar “"|Picked clean fiat leaf .,./2s a 166 DRAGONS BLOOD, Ze!Qrdinary to good drop ...|20 a 50s Mozambique! +» WY = os ee a 82s GALLS, Buesorab& Turkey|Fajr 10 fine dark blue .../505 a 62 6d PEPPER— - é Good white and green ../458 4 478 Malabar, Black sifted ...|P#ir to bold heavy ... } dia a 4d GINGER, Cochin, Cut ...|Gcod to fine bold + |68s a 758 Alleppee & Tellicherry | » BOG 45 ts » 'Smalland medium » 05s a 66s Tellicherry, White ..|_% ak go 4 BOI 6d a Roug!..-/Fair to fine bold +./608 a 478 PLUMBAGO, Lump _ ,,,\Fair to fine bright bold/lis a 17s ” +-!Smalland medium _.,./353 a 40s Middling to goo small ys a lis Bengal, Rough |Fair to gcod = nom....|80s a 348 Chips _,,, Sii’ty foul to finebrighti7s alos _ GUM AMMONIACUM ..|Biccky to fineclean .../20g a 50s Dust ..,Urdinary to fine bright.,.\2s 84 a és ANIMI, washed .../picked fine pale in sorts,|£10 0s a £12 0s ||KED WOOD ae pa Fair and fine boid ...\£3 10g a £4 Part yellow & mixed do./£9 (sa £915s ||SAFFLOWER, Bengal Goodtofinepinky nominal/g§s a 10us Bean & Peasizeditto ..|£4 10sa £8 10s Ordinary to fair «-/708 & 8UB Amber and red bold .. |£6 Os a £8 0s Inferior and pickings .,./30s a 50s scraped.../Medium & boldsorts ../£410sa£7 0s ||SANDAL WOOD, Logs,,,.Fair to fine flayour ...|£35 a £55 ARABIC E.1. & Aden..-|Good to fine pale frosted - uN Chips,,/Inferior to fine _ «/£9 @ £30 sifted we onl P58 a 458 SEEDLAC . Ordinary to fine bright)/3us a 90s _ {Soxts, Gull red to fair .../27s 6d a 308 SENNA, Tinnevelly ,,,,Medium to bold green...\54 a 10g Ghatti ...|Good to fine paleselect.../30s a 45s Small snd medium greenizd a 4d Sorts middling to good|2Cs a 2is : Common dark and smaillid a 24 Amrad cha.|Good and fine pale .,.|32s 6d a 408 Bombay ...[Oxdinar) to good elid a 2d. ; Reddish to pale brown ...|25s a 32s SHELLS, M.-o’-P. ...(£GYPT14n—bold clean...157s 6d a 60g : ‘Madras +-|Dark to fine pale ...{158 a 308 medium thin and stcut!7Us a 853 3 ASSAF GTIDA Fairto fine pinky block,,, chi ken, thin andstout|sus a 63 anddrop .. _...|40s a &0s large 4s. |BomBaY—good tofinethic|s50s a 60d Ordinarystony to midling|15s a 40s medium part stout clesn part good color|=5 a 90s KINO. on + |Pair to fine bright ... (£15 & £18 chicken part stout ” » 49 1805 @ 678 6d MIRE, picked |Fair to fine pale +[£5 a £7 oyster & broken pcs a 1 9» (5598 @ Jas 6d Aden sorts|Middling to good ... (658 & 80s Mussel’ 2... bold Gorts| LSS see a des OLIBANUM, drop...|Fair to fine white «(808 2 55s emall and medium sorts|i7s a 3¢s __.» |Reddish to middling ,..\17s a 25 Lingah Ceylon ,,, 1binand gocd stout sorts|5s a 138 pickings...|Middling togoodpale ,, \8s a 14s TAMARINDS EK .,. Dlid. tofneblacknotstony|gs a Qs : siftings .. Slightly foul to fine 98 a 13s Stony. and inferior ... 45. a 68 INDIARUBBER ... «/Red hard clean ball _ ,,./2s 1d a 295 5g |iITORTOISESHELL w». Serts,good mnoutle, heayy|26s a 2s 6d Eost African Ports, Zanzi-\White sofush ditto .../Js 8d a 281d Zanzibar and Bombay Pickings thin to heavy.../5s a 15s par and Mozamlique Coast/Unripe root vw {0d a 1g ad )}URMERIC,Bengal .,,Leumsh to fine plump) Liver nee ooo +. {Is 6d & 28 124 ime finger .. .19s a Tig Sausage, ordinary to fine|ls a 1s 1¢d Madras .,, Fin. fair to ine bold brgt/iis 6d a 143 '’ withoutsticks...|2s a 2s 3d a3 ,.. Mixed middling.,, +198 Gd alls: Asam, os +--|@ood to fine {ls 7d a Qs 93 ww rulbs «. +. «17860 @ && Gd Common foul & middling|9d a 1s 5d Cochin ,,./Einger ... ee» [108 a 133 Rangoon aoe + {Fair to good clean »..[ls 7d a 28 ‘VANILLOES, 4 5 : Madagascar, Tamatave, } Good tofine pinky &whit« 2s 1d a 23 434 Bourbon, Ists .,..Fine, cryst’ed 5 to 9in.|i9s@ 24s Majunga and Nossibe } |Fair togood black «(ls 6d a 1s 9d Mauritius, | 2nds,,./Hoxy & reddish 5 to 8 in.|9s a 16s" JSJNGLASS_ or Tongue. good tofine pale « [1s 8d a 2s 6d Seychelles, 8rds,.,\Lean & dry to mid, un- iS FISH M/WS ; dark to feir »» |9d a 1s 4d ; der 6in, ../58'a 83 Ga Biadder Pipe/Clean thin to fine bold,,.jis 6d a 28 9d Madagascar, ) 4ths.,.'\Low, foxy, inferiorand} . Puree,../Dark mixed to pale fine |Ed a Jp 4d | pickings «128 6d a 76 AGRIGGLTORAL MAGAZINE, G.Od,ON BO. Added as a Supplement Monthly to the “ TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.” The following pages include the Contents of the Agricultural Magazine for November :— Vol. VII NOVEMBER, 1894. [ No.5. ANALYSES. MILK Seb AM continuation of our remarks on this subject in last month’s issue ‘of the Agricultural Magazine we now give the following analyses of a sample of milk from the Ceylon Government Dairy, by Mr. Cochran, the city analyst :— “ Analysis of a sample of cow’s milk received on the 20th instant from the Manager of the Go- vernment Dairy, Colombo :— Specific gravity at 86° F, l 1-028 Distilled water at 86° F.=1°000 | a Per cent. Fat 722, Sugar and casein 8:92 AGN. 158 is O00 72 16°86 83:14 100:00 9°64 Non-fatty solids This is a very rich sample of milk. (Signed) M. CocuRan, &.c.s., City Analyst. In sending the results of his analysis, Mr. Cochran writes :—‘‘ The analysis shows it (the sample) to be very considerably richer than the average of Hnglish milk.” This may be seen by comparing the present analysis with the percentage composition of the milk of Knglish cows given in our last article on milk analyses, It isa notorious fact that the ordinary milk of the peripatetic milkman is often adulterated to a more or less extent with such substances as buffalo’s milk, coconut milk, sugar, flour and condensed milk, and, last but not least, water. In the valuable contribution (referred to in our last issue) made by Mr. Cochran on the composi- tion of Colombo milk, he says:—“ I got a freind, on three different occasions to purchase samples of milk from passing milk-sellers, just as it is sold to the people of Colombo who do not keep cows for their own supply. The first of these samples gave the following results :— Specific gravity 1-014 Fat ; 4 1:95 Sugar and casein .. 5 4:13 Salts .. Ae ~ *39 Total solids 6-47 Water.. 93°53 100-00 Solids-not-fat 4:52 “ Basing the calculation upon our 8 per cent minimum of non-fatty solids, this sample of milk contained 44°6 per cent of added water, ze, the milk had been diluted with nearly its own volume of water. “The following was the composition of the other two samples of bought milk ;— Specific gravity .. 10185 1:0148 Fat of: ae 3°46 2:96 Sugar and casein. , 5°83 3:17 MULE SI eee pe 33 33 Total solids 9°62 6-46 Water 90°38 93°54 100:00 100°00 Solids not fat 616 3 50 “Neither of these can’be regarded as genuine cow’s milk. If the 8 per cent solids-not-fat formula be adopted, the one marked A could not have contained more than 77 per cent, and the one marked B more than 43:75 per cent of genuine cow’s milk ‘respectively. I am of opinion, how- ever, that these were not simply samples of 354 Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” [Noy. 1, 1894. cow’s milk diluted with water. The fact that these two samples were whiter in colour than cow’s milk, and that while the specific gravity and solids-not-fat were very low, the fat was present in very fair proportion, I draw the con- clusion that A consisted mainly of buffalo milk, and that B contained both buffalo milk and added water. J eeling pretty sure of the pre- sence of buffalo milk in these two samples, 1 sent a trustworthy servant to procure some samples of genuine buffalo milk, which I ana- lysed with the following results :— Specific gravity 10174 1:0278 10163 Wat... ; 4°77 5°57 541 . Sugar and casein 5:09 714 345 Salts .. Ne 27 73 "b7 Total solids 10:13 13°44 9°43 Water.. 89°87 86°56 90°57 | 10000 10000 ~—:100-00 Solids-not-fat 5°36 7°87 4:02 “Tt would appear from these three analyses that, unlike the case of cow’s milk, the fat in buffalo milk does not vary in amount so much as the solids-not-fat; but to establish this as a fact, a much more extended series of analyses would be required. In all three cases, the solids-not-fat were lower than, and, in one case, only half of the minimum amount found in genuine cow’s milk. . “The only three samples of Colombo milk, purchased ina casual way as cow's milk, which I have analysed, have thus turned out to be abundantly watered or mixed with buffalo milk, or both watered and mixed with buffalo milk. “T submitted a sample of the liquid from a drinking coconut, and also a sample of coconut milk to the same analytical treatment, as the samples of cow and buffalo milk, with the follow- ing results :— Liquid from drinking —_ Coconut. coconut. milk. Specific gravity 1:0148 994 Oil. . ot $0 23 36°78 Sugar and other con- stituents Ke 3:56 7°60 Salts 90 re ‘61 “87 Total solids and oil.. 4-40 45°25 Water 9560 54:75 100:00 100°00 Solids free from oil 417 8°47 “ Supposing the coconut milk, which was rather thick, had been diluted till it contained 89 per cent of water, its composition would then have been— Oil ste Bi Seat 8-94 Sugar and other constituents .. 1:85 Salts oe A Bs 21 Total solids and oil 11:00 Water A %, Hind 89: 100:00 Solids free from oil .. Bs, 2-06 “ Buffalo milk, coconut milk, the liquid of the drinking coconut, and water, it added to cow’s milk, will thus reduce its specific gravity and the solids-not-fat. Buffalo milk will maintain, and, as a rule, considerably increase the amount of fut. Cocovut milk will inerease the fat or oil still more. If added of the same degree of con- sistency as the sample analysed, coconnt milk would add non-fatty-solid in about normal pro- portion, but the great increase in the fat or oil would lead to its detection. “ Under the microseope, the average size of the fat globules of buffalo milk is somewhat larger than that of cow’s milk, while the average size of the fat globules of coconut milk is much larger than either of the others.” With the increase in the number of dairies under responsible management, householders will have the choice of getting their supply of milk froin a reliable souree, though they may, perhaps, have to pay a little higher price. (We notice that a dairy has just been established in Galle.) The peripatetic milkman may thus come to find his occupation gone, unless he desists from * ways that are dark,’ seeing that the public could from choice do without him. I> RAINFALL AT THE SCHOOL OF AGRICUL- TURE DURING SEPTEMBER. 1 “Ol 13: -; ~Ol 25 . OL 2 ‘01 14 noe 26-4, 03 3 Nil 15 “Ol 27... 304 4 Nil 16 Nil 28 .. Nil 5 Nil 17 Nil 29 ... 01 6 Nil 18 “O04 30 "22 7 ‘OL 19 ‘02 tT 3 304 8 Nil 20 ‘Ol ——$» 9 Nil 21 Nil Total... ‘76 10 05 22 05 _—_—_ 11 05 23 Nil Mean .. 025 12 ‘OL 24 15 — Greatest amount of rainfall in any 24 hours on the 30th instant, ‘22 inches. Recorded by P. Van De Bona. —.>_____ OCCASIONAL NOTES. We are indebted to a Ceylon planter—a suc- cessful agriculturalist of advanced views—for a copy of Prof. Aikman’s valuable little work on “Farmyard Manure—its Nature, Composition and Treatment.” The book isa compendium of useful and up-to-date information ona subject which closely concerns every cultivator of the soil, and being moderately priced, is within the reach of allto purchase. The publishers are Messrs. Black- wood and Sons. We quote the following general remarks, constituting the Introduction to the little work, and may in a futureissue refer again to the text. :— “The tendency of modern times towards central- isation, the modern methods of sewage disposal and of cultivation, involving thorough drainage of our soils, and the so-called “intensive” cul-— tivation of our crops, have all combined to render — the function of manures at the present day of greater importance than ever before. While it is true the farmer is no longer—as he was a century ago—entirely dependent for his supply of manure on that produced on the farm, and while, therefore Nov. 1, 1894.] farmyard manure can scarcely be looked upon as an absolute essential, inasmuch as it is a bye-pro- duct of the farm, and will always continue to be so, a thorough knowledge of its nature and com- position must ever remain for the farmer and agricultural student of the highest importance. “ The question of the fertility of the soil is a wide and complex one. It depends on many and various circumstances and conditions. Apart alto- gether from the influence exerted by climate, lati- tude, altitude, and exposure, it may be said to be dependent on properties of a physical, chemical and biological nature. “The first class of properties consist of the ab- sorptive and retentive powers of the soil for water, gases, and heat. These properties depend on the proportion in which the so-called proximate con- stituents of a soil are present—such as gravel, sand, clay, humus, and lime—as well as on the size of the soil particles, and ontheir colour, The chemi- cal composition of the soil furnishes, however, the most important source of fertility. As the plant has to derive a portion of its food from the soil, the possession by the latter of the ingredients constituting this food is a fundamental con- dition of plant growth. A very small portion of the soil is directly concerned in promoting growth. Some of the necessary ingredients are apt to be lacking in sufficient amount, and it is in making good this want that the chief function of manures consists. The sub- stances in which most soils are generally found to be deficient are nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash. Manures, therefore, are chiefly applied to make good this deficiency. While, however, this is so, manures, it must not be lost sight of, perform other and important functions, and may be of value not merely because they supply to the soil mitrogen, phosphoric acid, or potash, but also because they exercise some influence on the soil’s mechanical properties, or it may . be, in preparing for the plants’ use inert fertilising substances. The functions of a manure, there- fore, may be very varied, and no manure ex- emplifies this toa greater extent than farmyard manure.” In another column we reproduce the remarks made by the Director of Public Instruction (in his Administration Report for last year) on the pro- posed School of Fozestry. We may mention that some start has been made in the development of this scheme already. The Conservator of Forests - has been sending a number of written “lectures ” to be given to the students of the School of Agriculture, and has himself been over at the school to explain and illustrate the substance of these lectures. The great desideratum in a forestry course (as, we believe, Mr. Broun has himself stid in his own Administration Report) is the arrangement by which the students may be given & practical training in the subject. his as well as the arrangement for teaching the auxiliary sub- jects allied to lorestry have as yet to be worked out and to receive the sanction of Government. We trust that the scheme in its fully-developed form will soon come into working, for, despite the Opinion of some, who cannot surely fully un- derstand the full significance of the term forest con- servancy and the work it involves, we believe that there is much to be done in the way of instilling a Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” 355 m4 technical knowledge of our tropical forests into the minds of those who seek admission into the Forest Department, and that it would be a penny-wise policy that would refuse the aid that is necessary to bring our forests under scientific treatment by experts. pe ile Ee ath Seal FODDER CROPS AND CATTLE-KEEPING IN CEYLON.—IV. In the previous instalments of this paper two of the important fodder crops grown in the Island, viz., Guinea grass and Mauritius grass, have been dealt with. These two have already gained ground here, and we are more or less fami- liar with them. It has to be noted, however, that the above grasses do not necessarily thrive in all descriptions of soils, nor under all cir- cumstances ; and therefore other species of fodder crops, grown successfully in various tropical and sub-tropical countries, deserves attention in this country, as their introduction would tend to an inerease of our fodder supply. The introduction of a new and little known crop is beset with many preliminary difficulties, and takes much time before it meets with any degree of favour. Two crops which are extensively grown in India for fodder purposes deserve special notice. These are the lucerne plant Medicago sativa and the Jowari, Sorghum vulgare. Lucerne thrives in good loamy soils and has to be well cultivated if a profitable crop is to be obtained. Being a leguminous plant it is especially partial to soils containing a fair per- centage of lime. Before a crop could be raised the land requires very careful preparation, The seed is generally sown in shallow furrows two inches deep and lightly covered up. The furrows are made a foot apart and kept carefully weeded: The land requires artificial irrigation when there is not sufficient rain. The plants grow up in two months and should be cut just before they commence flowering. Under good cultivation, @ plot of lucerne could be kept up for years with proper care and manuring and a cutting obtained nearly every six weeks. In this manner an acre of land yields a large quantity of a very nutritious and wholesome fodder. The amount of produce differs greatly according to the nature of the soil, the climatic conditions, and the method of cultivation, and hence it would be misleading to give a detailed account of expenses and profit, especially as lucerne has not been hitherto grown to any appreciable extent in our soils, The results deduced from an ex- perimental crop of a few square yards could show nothing more than the adaptability of the plent to a particular locality. Lucerne as a food, whether it be for horses or cattle, for sheep or milch cows, stands pre-eminently the best among leaf crops. Sorghum vulgare, great millet, the Indian Jowari or Tamil Cholum, is one of the staple food crops in Upper India, The plant belongs to the grass family and yields a large quantity of nutritious edible grain. The poorer class of ryots in some districts in India live for months entirely on a diet of sorghum. We have, however, to consider sorghum here solely as a leaf crop, and as such it has been found 356 ey Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” vee [Nov. 1, 1894. to. ‘be not only an, excellent fodder in respect to. its nutritive value, ut one which produces 1, comparatively large yield, The method of growing sorglium solely as a fodder crop differs greatly from that which is usual in growing it as a cereal. The plant grows in a va iety of soils, it thrives best in Joams and rich sands, and a fair crop is obtained even on clayey lands, The seed is sown thick (about four inches apart) in the prepared land and the plants allowed to come up close together. ‘This method of growth gives a tendency, to the plants to develope leafage and that less sneculent than usual, In six weeks or. two, months’ time the crop is ready to he cut. In some places, especinlly in sandy soils, the plants are pulled, up roots and all and giyen to, cattle. In other places where the lands are richer. they, are, cut close tothe ground, and the root, stocks allowed to remain. These shoot out again, and give a second and smaller crop. Sorghum. thus grown is preserved for tuture use by.converting into, hay.. Sorghum hay is very sweet and is much relished by, all kinds of stock, H, A, D, 8, : (To be. continued,) er? IS SALT A FERTILIZER, The use ot salt for fertilizing purposes still prevails to some extent, and especially in such agricultural regions where fertilizers have only recently been introduced and where the principles of artificial manuring are as yet little understood. It is true that salt occasionally produces upon some crops and upon certain soils a moderate in- crease of yield, for a season or two, but the apparent benefit is not lasting; on the contrary “such applications leave the soil in an impoverished condition, that is, a continued application of salts is followed by decreasing yields, The effect of common salt is readily explained by the fact that it. acts as a solvent upon potash compounds con- tiined:in the soil, and: potash being plant. food Causes an increased yield, Salt in this manner acts as a stimulant and enables the plant to draw from resources already present in the soil at a much quicker rate than would be the case under normal conditions, and instead of increasing ferti- lity it promotes a rapid exhaustion of the soil which becomes apparent as soon as the plant food’ stored therein has been consumed. Anyone familiar with agricultural chemistry knows that salt does not contain anything that may serve as plant nourishment ; it is a simple compound of chlorine and sodium, Chlorine, if anything, is injurious to plants (hence the disas- trous effect. sometimes observed where salt is used at the time of planting, or in too large quantities), while sodium, though not harmful, cannot by any means assist plant growth. The small quantities needed are always and abundantly present in every soil, and it isnot any more advantageous to ferti- lize with sodium than it would be to use sand or silica as a fertilizer. Now it has been recently claimed by one evi- dently not familiar with the simplest agricultural principles that soda may take the place of potash, and heeven went co far as to recommend common soda as a fertilizer. How could this be in the face of the fact that ashes of plants usually contain ten {- times as much potash as soda? It is true that -skin, Mr. Smith remarks; Prof. Wagner demonstrated that plants, when over- supplied with sodium, did absorb more of this in- gredient than they would have done had the supply been normal, but there is no experiment on record to show that any plant ean live and grow without potash, The ill-advised farmer, then, who follows such extravagant theories and tries to feed his crops with soda, will waste his money and shorten his crop.—Rural Californian. Et. Pea arene ON THE CATTLE MURRAIN OF CEYLON. NOTES Referring to the congested appearance of. the —"1 have often. seen the eruption, but haye noticed at other. times an entire absence of it.” And the following des- cription of the disease by, Veterinary, Surgeon Thacker, he considers “a very characteristic, des- cription of the various stages of the disease.” Iirst stage—The attack generally comes, ou gradually, evidenced by occasional shivering, fit; -the appetite less; animal, appears. dulJ, with drooping. ears and a rough staring coat; the bowels costive; rumination ceased or slightly per- formed ; eyes weeping ; pulse quickened. Second stage.— Appetite gone; nose dry «and hot, and commencing to’ discharge. thick mucus from the eyes; purging commenced; lining mem- ‘brane of the eyelids of a dark red colour ; pulse quick and small, Third stage. —Generally lyi ing down from weak- ness; purging violent and. offensive ; foaces, mixed with slimy mucus and blood, is passed frequently in small quantities and attended, with straining ; the eyes become sunk, the countenance anxious ; general restlessness, partial insensibility and death. As regards rumination, Mr. Smith writes.:— “Tt has always appeared to me, from the loaded condition of the rumen found on. postmortem, (despite the continued purgation throughout the course of, the disease) that rumination, must be | suddenly suspended at a very early stage of the disease.” “In all outbreaks. of rinderpest, I have made my diagnosisas to its fatality, dependent on the severity of the pharyngeal lesions, shown on its outbreak—and have invariably. seen all the.worst symptoms intensified, fewest recoveries, and deaths more rapid, The virulence of the epidemic seemed to me to be. attributable. and dependent on the extent and severity the disease had assumed in the fauces ; postmortem appear- ances upheld this view. 1 observed this form of the disease very marked. among buffaloes and that. deaths were rapid.” “In a previous page it it characterized as ‘absolutely false’ to state that rinderpest can develop itself spontaneously. If anyone can answer the following satisfactorily 1 cmiggt be t conyinced': — “Why do we find rinderpest. becoming devel- “oped among the cattle in the wake.of an army in the field ? “ Why have fairs to be broken up in. n.consequence of outbreaks of this disease?. “Why at gatherings at almost every shrinein India and Ceylon does cholera break out? “ “Why is vesicular epizootic annually intro- — “duced into Scotland by Irish cattle brought over — Noy. 1, 1894.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist,” 357 from that country, and driven from fair to fair for sale ? “The rationale of all such being cause and effect, certain conditions given produce certain effects.” “I distinctly disagree with the statement (as to spontaneous development being impossible), so far as Ceylon is concerned, as I have known the disease break out in several instances where no known cause of contagion existed. I quote one instance :— In January, 1877, when on my way to Colombe, at Nawalapitiya, I found all approaches to Rail- way Station and all around in a very filthy ccndition, owing to the large concourse of carts and bullocks conveying the abundant coffee crop of that year, Nawalapitiya being then the Rail- way Terminus. On. seeing this state of things, 1 was at once impressed with the danger of an outbreak of rinderpest; and made all inquiry (being an in- terested party) if disease existed, but could hear of none: some hundreds of cart-cattle were standing aukle deep in their filth, with the vile emanations arising therefrom, under a powerful sun. I spoke to.several people and pointed out the danger, went on my journey, returned in, about 8 days, to find the large concourse of cattie and carts utterly dispersed, Rinderpest, meantime, having broken out, all fled who could. I lost six pairs of bullocks out of twelve pairs 1 had at work, they being quite well as 1 passed them on their way to Station the day I left. All after-inquiry could in no way elicit any other cause for the sudden appearance of the disease in its most virulent form except that of spontaneous outbreak. I also know of many instances of cattle being driven from the lowcountry tanks, where all the meat supply of Ceylon are fattened. Owing to the hardships of travel and sudden exposure in the higher regions, the cattle often standing without shelter, all night during the monsoon rains, rinderpest breaks out. I have many cases on record, some of single animals suddenly brought from the hot loweountry and exposed to the cold of higher regions, developing rinderpest after weeks of change. I am unable to account for such outbreaks in any other way than by spontaneity. (To be continued. ) 23 oe eee TO HSTIMATE BUTTER PAT IN MILK, Before its examination the milk must be thoroughly mixed, 10 ce. should then be drawn up intoa pipette and run into a graduated tube. Now take 10 ec. of ether and add it to the milk in the tube. Close the tube with a well fitting cork or the thumb and shake well, the gas being allowed to escape by remoyal of cork or thumb, and the tube again shaken, and so on until the ether and milk are thoroughly mixed. ‘Then add, by means of pipette 10 ce. of 91 per cent. alcohol and conti- nue the shaking. During the shaking the cork or thumb must be severul times removed. The tube should then be closed with the cork and placed in the water at 100 degrees to 110 degrees b. - Soon after the insertion of the tube in the Warm water, small fat globules will be seen rising to the surface, where they unite to forma clea” layer. When, after five or ten minutes, no more globules of fat are seen risisg the tube may be placed in the glass cylinder, which has been filled beforehand with water at 70 degrees F. In most cases the layer of fat will somewhat increase, at first it will be cloudy and then become clear. The quantity of fat can then be read off, as indicated by the graduated lines in the tube, each division representing yy cc. and the correspond- ing number indicating the amount of fat per cent. in the milk. The addition cf 3 or 4 drops of a solution of Potassium Hydrate to the milk and ether before they are shaken, will, facili- tate the process.— * * : “T presume that the vast majority of cane growers in the State will laugh at me when I advise them to grow weed, buat that is just exactly what I would advise and what, were they wise, they would do, only limiting the time of cultivating this kind of a crop to the winter months. Kven if later experiments should prove that the nitrogen in the chickweed was taken from the air it would more thoroughly establish the soundness of the advice to grow it, for then the nitrogen would be secured for nothing. It may seem like passing encomiums on a lowly thing to praise chickweed, but were a whole plantation thickly strewn with it during the winter months the proprietor could cut down on his fertilizer bill just one-half the following season.” —_——_—____—— PROPOSED SCHOOL OF FORESTRY. Mr. J. B. Cull, the Director of Publie In- struction, thus refers to the proposed Forest School in his Annual Report for 1893:— During the course of the year the Conservator of Forests incidentally addressed me as to the possibility of the formation of a School of Fores- try in connection with the School of Agriculture in Colombo. It was pointed out by him (1) that the facilities for the formation of such a school readily exist in the Island; and (2) that by the formation of such a school considerable expense would be saved to Government in the matter of sending up students for qualification at the accredited Indian schools. The initial difficulty obviously is that of the provision of a proper and sufficient course of instruction, but upon this point Mr. Broun reassured me by promising that, so far as forestry was concerned, he would be very glad to form a class from the students available and to give them practical illustration in the subject. Mr. Broun has already addressed Government on the point, and I subjoin lis letter :— No. 516. Office of Conservator of Forests, Colombo, November 27, 1893, Sir,—I have the honour to report that the Director of Public Instruction and I have had a conversation on the subject of utilizing the School of Agriculture as a training school for the upper subordinate staff of the Forest Department, Nov. 1, 1894.) Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.’’ 359 2. Ihave lately, in nominating candidates for Forest Guardships, given the preference to success- ful students at the School of Agriculture, and the Director of Public Instruction and I are both of opinion that in a couple of years or so a branch of Forestry might be established at the school. This would not oniy save to the Government considerable expenditure at present incurred, in sending the students to the North of India, but it would greatly increase the usefulness of the school, and would enable Government to train a larger number of men each year, and thus to bring the Department quicker to a state of efficiency. 8. The main difficulty against taking the school in hand at onceis the establishment of classes of sylviculture, forest organization, and forest utilization ; and although I should be most willing to lecture on these subjects, and shall still be very pleased to do so if Government approves of the creation of a Forestry branch at the School of Agriculture, yet I should prefer not to be single- handed. There are at present only three officers (Messrs. Tatham, Ferguson, and Walker) who have passed through the Forest school and obtained the Ranger's certificate, and whose services are at present required elsewhere. The school has of late made great strides in practical teaching, and I should like to have to assist me an officer who has gone through the course. My duties as Conservator and frequent absenees on tours of inspection might interfere with my regular attendance, and I should require the services of an officer to take my place during my absence and to supervise the execution of forest works by students. 4, ifthe proposal meets with the approval of Government Mr. Cull and I could draw up a scheme for the establishment of a Forestry branch at the School of Agriculture and submit it t) Goverament.—I am, Xc., A. KF. Brown, Conservator of Forests. There are minor details to be worked out, e7., the standard of mathematics at the school would have to be raised ; certain special subjects, e.y., lund surveying inits higher form, &c., would have to be taught; in fact, speaking generally, the syllabus of instruction required at the Forest School at Dehra Doon would have to be attempted. For my own part I see no reason why this should not be done, always admitted that the practical instruction in forestry can be supplied by the Forest Department. This is the initial step. As regards the details of a higher standard of mathematics at the school than now is required, the whole history of education of the Island for the past decade goes to show that when the need of a higher standard in any special subject has been recognized it has been fu'filled. Aud as regards forestry, with the abundance of opportun- ity for its systematic study in the Islund, coupled with the assurance of the Conservator of Forests that as regards selection of individual Foresters he is prepared to open out the new area of usefulness for thesonsof the soil, and to supplement it in course of time by nominations of such students as qualify themselves for such nomina- tions, there can be but little doubt that the addition of this new prospect would add materi- ally, not merely to the attractiveness, but to the usefulness of the School of Agriculture, Details have still to be worked out; the experiment would involve a little more cost in the maintenance of the school than is at present entailed ; but a Forest School in Ceylon might in the course of the next few years be regarded as a normal condition of the Island ; and the extraneous forest training on the mainland for Ceylon regarded as abnormal and anomalous. se WATER-TESTING., The importance of testing the materials which a manufacturer has to use is admitted on all hands though these tests are not always taken advantage of owing to their cost and the delay obtained in the necessary reports on the materials. There are simple as well as elaborate methods of testing, and we shall in this paper deal with a simple procedure for testing water, accurate enough for all practical purposes—and more particularly looking at water from an industrial point of view. It is not possible to draw a distinct line between water suitable for the use of man and that for industrial purposes. Water which may not be fit for human consumption may in cases be suit- able for industrial purposes, but good water even if it entails a higher expenditure is the cheapest in the long run, Water in its chemical sense is a compound formed by the combination of two dissimilar gases —Hydrogen and Oxygen—one a very light (the lightest known) and inflammable substance; the other a little heavier than common air and found abundantly in a free state, being indispensable for the life of animals, inasmuch as itis the medium through which the purity of their blood is main- tained. Physically,-water exists in all the three forms in which matter is known to exist. Asa solid, in the form of ice ; liquid, as common water; and gas, in the form of steam. To speak definitely, wateratand below the Temperature of 0° Centigrade isa solid; from 0°C. up to 109°C. a liquid; and 100°C. and above it is a gas. Pure water in its strict sense should not contain anything else be- sides its two constituent gases, but the presence of traces of many substances does not necessarily make water unfit for economical uses. Before testing a sample of water it is necessary to know the impurities we may expect to find in it, the nature and the sources of these impurities, and the manner in which they have gained access to the water. The impurities contained in water may be solids, or gases. The solids may either be found dissolved in the water or may only be suspended, and they may consist of organic (matter of vege- table or animal origin) or inorganic (mineral) matter. It would be well, here, tobearin mind the distinction between the terms dissolved and sus- pended matter. A substance is said to be dissolved in water when its particles have become so inti- mately mixed with it, that it is not possible to separate them by any mechanical means, without the aid of heat ov chemicals; whereas, suspended miutter consists of particles so mixed with water that they easily separate from the fluid medium either by allowing the fluid to rest, or by passing it through porous material, such as bibulous paper, sand or charcoal. Ordinarily, the impurities 360 to be looked for in a water may be classed as | follows :— | Mineran Marrer.—Basie radicles, as Lime, Magnesia, Sodium, Iron, Lead, Zinc, and Copper. Acid radicles—as Chlorine, Sulphuric Acid, Nitric Acid, and Phosphoric Acid, ORGANIC MAtr?rER.—Ammonia, aud also animal and vegetable remains, Gases—as Carbonic Acid, Sulphuretted hydro- gen, and Carburetted hydrogen. These and other in the collection and storage of water, or in its distribution. Rain is without doubt the main source of supply of our water. From the surface of the land, rivers, lakes, and oceans, evaporation takes place through the agency of the sun’s heat, and when the atmosphere contains as much moisture us it can possibly hold, and when its | temperature is reduced, aportion of the moisture is condensed into fine globules and forms clouds, ‘which eventually come down in the form of rain, After having fallen, a portion of the rain water is' lost by evaporation, another portion runs off the surface of the soil, carrying with it, both in suspension and solution, impurities from tlie soil over which it flows, and forms streams ec, impurities are obtained, at the sources of supply | The remainder of the water penetrates into the soil, carrying into it substances in solution, and is brought to the surface in the form of springs or wells, Water is collected in wells, tanks or artificial cisterns, whether constructed of masonry or metal. The chances of substances getting into these places are very great since a tank may be polluted by human beings or cattle bathing init, or by the washing of linen, while wells and tanks are liable to be contaminated by vegetable and animal matter, When water is distributed by hand, impurities of various kinds may easily get into it, When distributed through pipes the lead or iron of the pipes is likely to contaminate it, while if noxious gases are in- troduced into pipes they will be absorbed by the water. (To be continued.) ————— ( Continued.) Continuing our article of yesterday re the Kew Bulletin, and referring to the large quantities of bananas that are imported into New York, in a perishable shape, about which a_ corre- spondent says :— co “Tf we had a desicating plant, that would convert the fruit into dried fruit or flour, we could largely increase our importations and turn out a product which would command a sale all over the coast and in the East.” Now what is wanted in New York to convert the perishable fruit into a far more valuable and per- manent form, we, in Ceylon, possess, namely, the _ desiccating apparatus. We have, moreover, the fruit locally grown, and not needing, asin New York, to be imported. Of the two forms of the dried fruit to which we would draw the attention of those especially who have desiccating machines, one isia dainty dessert dish, excelling the dried fig | | Society of India (Trans. VIII., pp. 58-59). { Aus elie b a Se BANANAS AND PLANTAINS. Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” {Noy. 1, 1894. meal which possesses the special virtues described in the foregoing paragraphs, published under the high authority of the Kew Bulletin. Now, while Revalenta, the meal of the Lentil, commands the extraordinary price for which it is sold in our local stores; while the advertising columns of the Newspay ers of the day teem with special “ foods ” for invalids and infants, it is a strange fact that we possess a food, bearing euch a character as we have quoted that is absolutely neglected. Amid all the flowery advertisements by which those numerous and pretentious “foods” are recom- mended, there is not one that can compare, for sub- stantial qualities, with the banana flour of which Stanley bears such high testimony, along with so many medical authorities, and such hospital prac- tice as above quoted, extending over several gener- ations, in point of time, and over the length and breadth of the tropical world. In regard to the preparation of the fruit for the purpose of dessert, we extract the following from the Bulletin before us, from which the principle of the process of drying will be sufficiently explained. If a good opening were established for well-pre- served bananas, a very attractive and palatable food, capable of being kept for some time, would be available to the population of temperate climates. Ripe, or nearly ripe, bananas have sufficient sugar in them to enable them to be dried like figs. A sample of preserved bananas or plantains pre- pared at Kurunegala, Ceylon, by Mr. Morris, the Assistant Government Agent in 1840, was presetit- ed in that year by Dr. Wallich to the Agri-Hort. The kind of plantain used was that known in Ceylon as “ Suandelle.” Dr. Shier, of Demerara,is quoted in the “ Cata- logue of the Paris Exhibition of 1867,” in regard to preserved bananas as follows :— “ Ripe plantains and bananas.—1lt was supposed by the Society of Arts (Trans., vol. L., pt. i.) that the dried yellow plantain [or banana] might come into competition with figs,and the sample exhibited at the great London Exhibition of 1851, which had been prepared in Mexico many years before, proved the great superiority of the platano passado over figs in keeping properties and in immunity from insect ravages. In Mexico, the simple exposure of perfectly ripe plantains or bananas to the sun’s rays is sufficient to prepare them for the market in an exportable form. Since Dr. Shier’s time a great advance has been made in drying fruit. What are called “American ” fruit-drying machines have been rendered so effective that little difficulty is experienced in dry- ing the most succulent fruits in a few hours, and at the same time preserving ali their fresh flavour, and also in many cases even the colour. The fumes of sulphurous acid, in no way injurious to the sub- sequent value of the preserved fruit for food pur- poses, are used to render some fruits like sliced ‘apples of an attractive colour, and there is no doubt, although it doesnot appear to have been tried, a similar treatment would be of advantage if applied ‘to the bananas. It may be added that the comparative Jo jn texture and flavour; the other is the jlcw' or ] weight by evaporation has been‘observed*bet Nov. 1, 1894. ] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” 361 apples and bananas with the result that while apples yield only 12 per cent. of the original weight, bananas, with the skins. removea, will give within a fraction of 25 per cent. of thoroughly desiccated fruit. Professor Church, with fruit grown at Kew, obtained 31°7 per cent. of dry matter from ripe bananas. The following is an extract from a letter of Messrs. Gordon, Grant & Co. giving the result of a shipment they disposed of in Canada :— Dealing with the first item in the account, namely, 97 boxes, this number represents the result of drying six bunches, weighing on an uyverage 521bs. per ripe bunch. A loss of one-third takes place in the peeling and drying process. The 97 boxes contained one pound of dried fruit.each and sold for 19 dols. 40c. or 20c. per 1b. box, or, after deducting freight charges, 15 dols, 47c., a fraction under 16c. per lb. I do not desire to set up as a teacher, but tacts and figures speak for themselyes. The uccount shown is not an approximate one, but the money has been received, and the Canadians are asking for more at the same price. Little need be added to what we have already quoted in reference to the simple manufacture of the Plantain meal which served the Stanley-Emin expedition so well. The following extracts from the Bulletin may, nevertheless, prove interesting and explanatory. This is what Dr. Park says:— Ever since we learned this method of preparing our bananas we have been able to diminish our risk of starvation very considerably. We can make enough flour in one day for several days’ rations; -and the weight is so much less than that of the ‘corresponding quantity of the green bananas that men can carry a considerable number of days’ / rations with them, in addition to their other loads, whereas they could not manage more than a couple of days’ supply of the green bananas. The banana flour is most nutritious and very sustaining.” It is generally recommended that to make the best banana meal the fruit should be in an unripe condition. Again, in Jamaica, plantain meal is prepared by stripping off the husk of the plantain, slicing the core, and drying it in the sun. When thoroughly dry it is powdered and sifted. It is known among the Creoles of the Colony under the name of conquntay. Ithasa fragrant odour, acquired in drying. Krom information communicated to Kew by Mr. Louis Asser, of the Hague, Holland, the prepara- tion of dried bananas and of banana and plantain meal is proposed to be taken up on a large scale in Dutch Guiana. Already various preparations from this part of the world have been shown at the International Exhibition held at Brussels by an association called the “Stanley Syndicate.” Pre- ference appears to be givenin this case to the banana on account of its lesser value locally, and because it is believed in Surinam to be a stronger plant “and less liable to be injured by rain and storms which are particularly severe on the plan- tain.” The meal was obtained by slicing the fruit by machinery into thin pieces and drying them in a fruit-drying apparatus. The dried slices were then. ground into a meal ina mill and. carefuliy sifted. The analyses of various meuls made in Surinam show that the meal prepared from both plantain and banana has almost the same com- position.— Ceylon Independent. > GENERAL ITEMS. The following is a translation from a Conti- nental paper:—Not only feeding, general care, and race peculiarities, but also the details of milking, have an important bearing on milk production. The principal rules to be observed are the following:—(1) Milking should be done as quickly as possible, since the rapidity has a considerable influence on the percentage of fat and also upon the total quantity of milk ob- tained. (2) The cows must be completely milked; first, because the last milk obtained is richest in fat; and further, because milk left in the udder is lable to set up inflammation, and may even stop the secretion of the milk glands. (3) The milking: time should be punctually ob- served, as otherwise the cows become restless and allow some milk to run. (4) The cows should be milked cross-ways—z.e., one hind teat should always be milked at the same time as the fore teat on the other side. The udder will thus be uniformly moved, and increased secre- tion of milk thereby induced. It is well known that most of the milk is formed in the udder during milking, for it can only contain about 54 to 7 pints at the same time. (5) All milking machines should be avoided. (6) The method adopted by many unskilled milkers, of taking the teat between thumb and forefinger only, is to be strongly condemned. It not only pro- longs the time of milking, but also causes the animals unnecessary discomfort. The whole hand should be used, and in such a way that a part of the udder above the teat is grasped. By opening end closing the hand the muscle which keeps up the milk is opened and closed, so that the milk is obtained quickly and _ painlessly. (7) Cows, especially young ones which are difficult to milk, should be grasped by the root of the tail; or, if this does not suflice, one of their forelegs should be lifted up during milking. Under no circumstances should they be made to keep quie5 by scolding or beating. (8) Cleanli- ness in milking is indispensable, if milk and butter that will keep ure desired. (9) Whether there should be two or three milkings a day depends on circumstances. Cows freshly in milk must obviously be milked the most frequently. (10) The byre should be quiet while milking is going on, so that the cows remain undisturbed Abnormal Eggs—The production of one egg within another, occasionally reported as a curio sity, is very simple, according to Mr. W. B. Tegetmeier. It occurs in domestic poultry from over-stimulation of the system by over-feeding, The ovum, or yolk, when mature is received into the upper part of the oviduct—a tube nearly two feet in lengths in the domestic fowl—and in its descent is clothed successively with the layers of albumen, or white, the hning membrane of the shell, and finally arriving at the caleifying portion of the oviduct, is enveloped in the shell itself, 362 a Ordinarily, the egg is then expelled, but in the case of the production of a double-yoked egg a reverse action of the oviduct takes place, and the egg is carried back, meets with another ovum and re-descends with it, the two being surrounde? with albumen, membrane, and shell. Forests are of importance to a country, first as a source of timber and fuel, and second on account of their hygienic and climatic influences. That is to say, they are beneficial as directly increasing the national wealth, and as exerting an influence on the soil and climate. In regard to the latter, it has now been ascertained that forests modify the soil drainage, and thereby improve miasmatic conditions. In other words, forests have a tendency to relieve the air of the deadly poisons which rise from swamps and morasses ; by opposing obstacles to air currents they prevent the dissemination of poisonous air particles, they reduce the extremes of air tem- perature, they increase the relative dampness of the air and regulate the rainfall, and they pro- tect and control the waterflow from the soil. These results, flowing from the scientific planting of forests, are of vital importance to the health and fertility of a district. It must be owned that there are those who do not regard the suggestion of forest exhaustion as a serious one. They argue that the prophecy is no new one, and yet we are none the worse off than we have been; that failing supply from one source, it has always been possible to tap another, and so it will probably continue; and then the period when exhaustion is likely to take place is so far off, there is ample time for the growth of new forests to replace those being cut. No doubt there is time. But thisis just the kernel of the whole forestry question. With proper conser- vancy of forest areas, the application of scientific principles to the recuperation of areas recklessly denuded, and the afforestation of barren and waste lands, timber sufficient to meet a greater demand than is now made could be produced. This is the Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist..” [Nov. 1, 1894. aim of scientific forestry, and it is to secure this that those who have given attention to the subject are working, conceiving it to be a duty of this generation to hand down to its successors a heri- tage no less valuable than that which it received. The pig’s legs perform a function not known to any other animal, and that is of an escape pipe or pipes for the discharge of waste water or sweat not used in the economy of the body. These escape pipes, says the Swine Breeders’ Journal, are situated upon the inside of the legs, above and below the knee in the forelegs, and above the gambrel joints in the hind legs, but in the latter they are very small and functions light; upon the inside of the foreleg they are in the healthy hog always active, so that moisture is always there from about and below these orifices or ducts in the healthy hog. The holes in the leg and breathing in the hog are the principal and only means of ejecting an excess of heat above normal, and when very warm the hog will open the mouth and breathe through that channel as well. The horse can perspire through all the pores of the body, like man, and cattle do the same to a limited extent, but the hog never. His escape valves are confined to the orifices upon the inside of his legs. The Louisiana Planter refers to a report which states that “a process has been recently discovered for utilizing the nitrogen of the air in the production of sulphate of ammonia, It is said that when the gases or vapors of coal or petroleum are heated to 2200 deg., the carbon and hydrogen separate ; air is introduced, the mixed gases are passed over me, a cyanide is formed which is decomposed by steam, and finally sulphate of ammonia is obtained, at a cost of a cent a pound. We quote this reported process simply for the purpose of showing that the chemistry of a not distant day may beable to extract a fertilizer from the air which will reno- vate our soils and increase production.” TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALBS, k { Price :—124 cents each; 3 copies. NO. 30. ] CoxomsBo, OcToBER 6, 1894. n 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Bex Dercrip-. Weight ] 1k, Ne. Ilkge. ticrs Ib. C, Messrs- BenHam & BreMNeR put up for sele at the | 3 Andradeniya 84 4 ch _ bro pek 400 60 Ohamb:r of Commerce Sale-room cn the 19th Sept., | 4 reins da ape a0 ma the usdermentioned lots of tea (7,140 1b.) which 6 BONIe Fao =e ilar 80 26 sold as under :— ) \ 7 Horagas- Lot Box Descrip- Weight kelle «. 92 63-ch bro pek 360 53 No. Mark. No. Pkgs, tion. Ib. c. § 3 ic do pekoe 10 3 1 Oolajsane .. 86 3 4-ch dust 213.085 10 es - aa pek sou HA Re SR ay ss oped SD che, 808 eueiran 1 10 lao “bro mig) 116, 18 re gaimetigech’ iproynek fe. 5a 12 Ambalawa .. 1(2 82 do broor pek 1920 62 5 Tayalam- 13 104 13 do bro pe« 1170 50 om eh pe me | as eae rn) ro pe 2 © = 7 Sutton 98 5 ch fans 5153 ce Mcddetenne.. eat’ Brees a7 8 Elston, in est. as mark ..100 2 do bro mix 200 29 bia | 18 114 1 }-ch ~—pek sou me a 9 102 3 ¢o dust 210 27 19 116 1 ch fans 3 10 1044 do congo 400 38 20 118 z go ted Teeter = 3° fa) 5d <6 ue Se areee oar ges gore ; 21 Weoya ... 120 51 4-ch bropek 2803 8s 22 122 33 6d ekoe 1550 4 Messrs. A. H. TuompPpson & Co. put upfer sale at the | 53 121 56 a3 Hee mam 2520.4 Ohsmber of Commer-e Sale-room on the i9th Sept., | 24 126 9 do fans 54038 the undermentioued iots of tea (52,556 lb.) which sold | 25 12:8 9 do dust 630 36 as uncer :— 20 Polatagama.. 13u 57 ao bro Fee aor mn = . 27 P) 5 ek 270 B Lot Box | Descrip- Weigh | 28 it 19 do nekce BF55 48 No. No. Pks. tion, lb. Cc. is) 138 42 do pek sou 189U 36 1 Ferndale, Ran- : 30 138 33 do fans 1815 45 galla eee LS ech bro pek 900 65 31 L, in estate 2 3 6 do or pek 600 62 mark -. 140 14-ch_ bro pek 390 3 4 5 14 do peboe 100 42 | 39 143. 1 ch peksou luv 34 4 Wellaioya .. 7 16 do pekoe 160033 bid | 33 Talgaswella 144 14 do bro pek 1330 68 & Myraganoga .. 9 30 box or pek 300 63 34 146 12 do pekoe 1080 48 6 10 16 ch bro crpe 1 920 70 bid | 25 148 lu do pek sou 900 42 7 12 20 do or pek 2000 63 bid | 36 Amblakande 150 15 }-ch tro pek 825 64 8 14 34 do bro pek 2520 67 37 152 1 ch pekoeNo.1 560 50 2 i6 20 do pekoe 1900 49 38 154 10 do do No.2 940 48 10 18 10 do pe sou 900 45 39 155 9 do pek siu 810 42 11 20 2 do fans 200 33 40 158 1 do sou 10) 36 12 21 1 do ed eaf & 12 41 St. Helier’s.. 160 173-ch bro or pek 350 77 13 Relugas ». 22 10 ch pekoe 900 41 bid | 43 162 7 ch pekoe 665 49 14 af. 8 do pek sou 1205536 43 164 12 do peksou 1140 48 15 26 1 do dust ASO 2) 44 Middleton .. 166 21 4-ch bro pek 1260 75 16 27 1 do red leaf 91 14 45 168 11 do or pek 550 69 17 Nahalma no 7433 8 do congou 800 30 46 170 6 do pekoe 570 58 18 30. 34-ch dust 225 (35 47) Asin estate 19 AGC oc, Ges Tinea pe fans 14028 arark .. 172 8 ch 20 32 4 do pesouNo.2 450 30 9 4-ch bro pek 1343 49 al 341 do dust 150 24 48 Dromore .. 178 78 do bropek itg0 75 a2 XXX .. 35 1 do sou 85 30 49 176 19 ch pekoeNo.119U0 57 23 Preston 36 1 do bro tea 114 15 bid 50 178 39 do do 3 3900 38 24 Comar -» 37 7 4-ch_ bro pek 750 9-50 bid | 5) 180 3 3-ch dust ” 240-98 25 RA -- 38 32 ch pek sou 3200 22 bid } 59 183. 2 ch red leaf 217 18 26 Kintyre .., 40 20 do or pek 1609 91 53 Melrose .. 184 12 ch bropek 1200 6g 27 42 48 box bro or pek 760 94 54 183 12 do yekoe 1200 53 28 44 4 ch pek fans 400 61 65 188 10 do pek sou 1000 39 29 45 2 do bro pek sou 300 38 56 199 2 do s0u 200 36 30 ag 46 1g-ch dust 99-26 57 Anningkande 192 19 do bropek 29) 73 31 ap + tu 1 ch dust 120 25 58 1941 17 do pekoe 1700 47 82 48 2 do sou 160 16 59 193 17 do pek sou 170 33 38 Rakwane .. 68 69 ch bro pek 74520045 bid | 60 198 23-ch dust 159 25 39 60 13 do pekoe 1300-36 bid | 61 200 1 ch _ red leaf 100 19 pO: way 63 4 d0 sou 369 20 i] 202 3 dv engou 3003). 41 Dikmu'alana 63 10 4-ch bro pek 500 66 bid | 63 Lyegrove ... 3¢4 13 do bro pek 1430 42 Vogan s+ 85 39 ch bro pek 390068 64 205 4 do pekoe 400 45 43 67 41 do pekce 369046 65 28 3 do pek sou 309 41 . oH sroSe laurek sou 2125 42 6) BDWP ... 21 484-ch Dbrope 2100 54 ee Wet Co 480 39 67 BDWA .. 212 2 ch fans 245 45 73 3 do dust 19527 68 214.1 do dust 140 «ge 47 Manickwatte 74 3 do or pek 300 65 69 216 1 do brovro ce 120 28 es 75 2 do pekow 20050 70 BDWP ., 218 Q4-ch bro pekfan 112 43 49 eo 7 8 do bro pek 800 50 x val 920 3 do dust 261 25 50 78 14 do unas 120 «38 bid | 72 BFBG@ ., 422 2 do unas 98 31 Seid 72 BFB «. 924 2 do dust 155 265 Messrs. Forses & WaLxer put up for sale at the | 74 Choughleigh 226 10 ch _ bro pek 100 63 Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 26th Sept., | 75 228 4 do pek 3b4 49 the undermentioned lots of tea (131,564 lb.), which | 76 239 6 do pe sou 450 41 sold as under :— ue 3 Go sou 2468 = 35 F ‘ 4 o dust 162 28 Los = Box Descrip- Weight 79 Torwooad 336 13 ch bropek 1233 73 No. Mark. o. Pkgs. tion. Dace 80 935 19 do pekoe 1615 60 1 Damagaas- 81 340 7 do pek sou 639 = 40 tulawa .. 80 2 ch jek sou 20) 54 83 212 @ do fans 41046 82 9 ¢-ch = dust 495 to 83 244 #2 do bro pa dust 160 av -. a ae 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Pe ~ , ’ r : Lot Box Descrip- “Weight Lot +‘ Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. ¢, No. Mark, No. Pkgs. tion. a 84 MW ye 250) wean duat 280 24 mee Oe ie a Pe ce 86 A De tong ae 171 BDWG .. 420 14-ch dust 38 87 “Dunbar «. 252 18 4-ch bro pek 900 «87 88 254 13 ch pekce 1170 65 af ae th ae ae Mersre. SoMERVILLE & Co. put up for sale at the ay 260 *P= 87 40 20 do pekce 1000 713 33 236 1 do ae 62 27 68 DC - 41 4 ch _ bropek 315 41 34 983 1 do pate ue dT 40.27 Soo(Dodeit oh a2 oll Aa iav bape 3200. 70 37 Nugegalls .. 290 104-ch broysex 500-83 3 ° pekoe 2600 52 38 £92 24 do kee 13 91 44 11 do pek sou 1100 40 39 a pao? ee 4 9 92 45 2 do dust 200-23 40 W italawe .. 286 15 4-ch bro pek 750 82 93 DB -- 46 2 ch bro pel 200 57 al 298 29 do pekoe M450 68 94 fnaiha seen Se ee 42 390 8 do pek sou 40945 Peiere ete inl aake RE eee 240035 43 Brunswick .. 202 4 ch unas 3044 rk ... 49 16 ch tropek 1600 61 bia | “4 01 edo [OCnEs SD Bi mark .. 49 P 45 Caskieben .. 306 19 ch flowerypek 1900 71 bid a7 1 og TO ee 7p) ae 46 308 1i do pekoe 1400 50 98 SD .. 51 22}-ch pekoe 1100 49 bit | {7 i A es oo 4 99 Ellatenne .. 52 11 ch pehoe 1045 35 bid 48 312 1 do ypek fans 140 029 100 (Bagale - «e Da 28 scl, BO Tee 1560 60 bid | 49 Clones 311 23 4-rh bropek 1180 65 101 F4 22 do pekoe 110045 bid | fi) * 6 “SS ct eee — = 4 fe ing aoe Eee eee 51 318 12 do pekcesou 108) 38 bid 104 57 1 do ana 75 26 52 Queens'and.. 320 14 ch flowery pek 1409 74 105 Peria Kaad 2 53 322 10 do pesoe 100) 49 elf, -n 168 2. WW» “orpek 230 45 = Soy ak Bt SOM, ISR |e Sa } P . 55 Amblakande 326 204-ch bropek 1100 68 106 BS EM RAM tate 56 323 8 ch pekNo.1 610 53 108 OR | RM I 58 332 13 do peksou 70 40 109 ae eh A ih | A ee SB 334 1 do nouchong 100 34 110 G65 SX bch * Spar 70 60 Palmerston... 236 14 4-ch bro pek £05 111 6t 8 boxes bro or pek 152 61 6l 338 11 ch koe 1260 112 Castlemilk.. 65 64-ch dus 450 © 28 Pr Ss) 6°30 aebaee alee 13 HHH 68 9 do bropeNo.1 980 F4 03 St.Heliers .. 342 194-ch broor pek op 414 67 1 do bro pek No. 2 10u 45 64 314 11 ch pekoe 1045 115 AS ia te, eee “ae rd 65 346 11 4o sou 1045 117 “atord@alla . 20028 chek bro pee so 83 bia | 88 + Rs Ee ena 117 oragalla,,, 7 c ro pe AC 53 bi “ * ‘4 bet 118 71 8 do, pekoe 655-37 co Sh a ee eee -C 4 119 42 4 ch pe sou 490 32 2 ~ F o ~_— 160 120 ont an Ta | Aa 71 Ambalangoda 353 11 ch brope 1160 9 ig, 121 74 1 ch pekdust 130 26 4 Mi i 4 122 Silver Valley 75 24-ch bro pex 10050 74 364 24ch dust 160 123 76 2 do pekoe 96 36 15 A 366 5 ch 124 17 2 do pek sou 96 34 a 1 $-ch congou 389 125 78 asi eOngon. np 76 Aigburth 268 8 ch dust 850 126 79 1 do red leaf 48 22 "7 ** ther ees aie congou 300 78 372 8 do fannings £80 19 PDM -. 874 3 ch souchong 270 Messrs. Forses & WALKER put up for sale at the | gg g a Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 17th Oct., | 82 RC W, ines- E E tste mark.. 380 20 brx bror 400 the undermentioned lots of tex (184,959 lb.), which | g3 382 16 3 bro ge 1258 pees 84 R -. 364 21 $-ch pesou 1050 sold as under: & RAH, in e ainysge oes oe tate mark.. { ¢ ust 312 Lot Box Descrip ‘ee LD inane 3 79 ach bro ot pe an é f gs. tion. bi. 7e: &7 : c rope No. Mark. No. Pkes fe) 44 Saye de ake ame ed 1 Moneragalla 218 1 ch pek fans 70 28 &9 334 23 do pe sou 3065 2 N se ea lt “do bro tea 2210 3L £0 3f6 8 do dust £80 3 Pembertcn.. 222 4 -ch dust 290 24 9l PRM +.» 393 10 $-ch son 500 4 224 1 do pen leaf i 19 a ake 4 oo ae aed 188 5 Downside .. 226 1 $-h ist 27 "s 0) pek dus’ 48) 6 228 #1 rs dust 50 27 93 BDW -- 404 5 $-ch dust 377 7 DH -.» 230 1 ch yekdust 125 28 ¥5- Thornfled .. 406 87 boxes bro pek 1740 8 232 2 do pekdust . 270 28 96 408 24%-ch or pek 1080 9 CPH, Gallen 97 410 12 ch Ppekoe 1140 estate m:rk 234 1 $-ch dust 90 20 “] 98 412 3% do peksou 270 10 236 1 do dust 50 25 99 414 4 do dust 360 Il 238 1 do congou 55 23 100 T in estate 12 240 6 do souchong 267 30 mark +» 416 27 do bro pek 2970 13 Sana -. 242 15 4-ch bropek 750 65 101 Haviliand.. 418 9 do bro mix 900 14 244 12 do pekoe 600 46 102 Lowlands .. 420 5 do bropek ~ 500 15 246 27 do pekoe sou 1215 38 103 422 4 do pekoe 360 16 DEC -. 248 34-ch brotea 150 89622 104 424 4 do pek sou 320 17 Talgaswela.. 250 19 ch bropekoe 1805 76 105 - 426 1 do fans 120 13 232 17 do pekoe 1530. 51 106 K -. 423 1 ch sou 40 19 254 10 do pekoe sou 900 33: | 107 Pedro eo» 430. € ch bro or pe 1920 20 256 1 do congou £0 33 ; 21 $-ch 21 AMB «» 258 10 ch bro tea” 30 £8 108 432 2 ch tro pek 240 22 260 6 do fannings ay 28 re : gh iH do pekoe 1710 oya .- 262 50%-ch bro pek 5) : () pe sou 750 oH ‘ee 264 53 os DEMeE 2650 47 111 Chesterford... 438 25 do tro pek 230) 25 266 41 do peksou 1845 38 112 410 15 do pekce 1200 26 268 5 do fannings 300 «38 113 _ 482 14 do peksou 14C0 27 270 5 do dust 3°70 29 114 Goraka 444 6 do bro pek 60) 28 Harrington.. 272 9%-ch flowerypek 405 76 115 : _ 446 4 do pex« 400 29 274 8 ch ~o»broorpek 880 .75 . 116 991] 448 4 do pek sou 400 30 276 8 do fpekoe 720 6? 17 ; _ £50 1 do cougcu 10) 31 278 2 do peksu. 180 50 18: . aps _ 452 1 do bro tea 105 32 980 1 do dust ~ 150 29 ~—-s«|:119 ~Lillawatte 454 6 do congou 609 CEYLON. PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot - Box Dercrip- Weight. Lot ; Box 2 Descrip- Weight No. No Pkgs. tion, lb. C. No. Mark. No. Pkgs. _ tion. 1b: 120 Stisted ... 4656 26 %-ch “bro pe 130) 75 3 5 18 ca bro pek 1800 49 121 458 35 do pek 1575 54 4 7 2 do pek sou 200 40- 122 46) 18 do pekoe sou 810 4t 5 8 3 do dust 300 28 123 CPM in estate Gordon .» 9 62-ch bro pek 30054 mark »» 462 932-ch bro or pec 540 Rol 7 10 8 do pekoe 400 40 124 464 8 do or pek 480 89 8 WL 2 do pek sou 100 22 125 466 14 do pekce 784 77 9 MLC oo L2e StS. do sou 8:0 35 126 468 19 do tek No. 2 1140 €6 10 14 39 do du-t 1425 £8 127 470 7 do soucho: g 392 57 11 SL sot 16. 8°6) 20 pekoe 360 39 128 Manangoda 472 8 ch _ bro pe 80 72 12 17° 3 do ups ee 540 37 129 474 8 do pekce 800 43 13 K in estate 130 476 4 do pe sou 400 Bt mark «. 13 82-ch’ fe oe 400 47 bid 181 Cartlereagh 478 13 do bro pek 1365 77 bid 14 Rathke le .. 19 +9 do br pe Nod 1595 €6 bid 132 Koorooloogalla 480 12 do bro pe 1900 = 67 16 21 18 ch bro pek 1800 = 53 bid 133 482 11 do pekoe 1045 47 16 23 18 do pesoe 1&CO 42 bid 134 ; 484 4 do fe sou €58 8936 17 25 22 do. fescu 19-0 34 bid 135 483 6 do s uchong §25 * 35 18 Ranasinabage 27 4) do bropek 4500 60 136 488 3 do read leaf 270 25 19 £9122 ¢o pekoe 22/0 45 bid 137 UsaRadella 490 33-ch dust 270 ~3=. 30 20 al 8 do pe sou 760 37 bid 138 Clydesdale 492 254-ch broor pe 1500 75 bid | 2| Hem‘ngfurd.. 23 7 do su 5o5 £0 139 494 16 ch bro pe 1680 86 22 64 113-ch pefans . 5d 31 140 496 20 do pekoe £090 70 23 Comar ve aaDoRet dO: bro or pek 1-0 F8 bid 141 498 2 do pe sou 180 51 24 286 6 ch oryje 300 50 142 500 3 4-ch dust 240 31 5 387 3 %-ch pekoe 150 44 143 Abe:deen .. 502 61 do bro pe 3050 65 bid | 26 38 13 do bro tea 650 20 144 50t 27 do pekoe 1350 49 27 39 or pek 200 65 161 538 47 do pe scu 2115 35 45 €9 3 do do 150 65 162 540 23 do fans 1265 47 46 70 3 do bro pek 143 54 bid 163 512 14 do bro mix 630 26 47 71 4 do or pek 20 52 bid 164 Mcalepelée 544 10 ch bro pe 900—ss« 78 48 72 8 do }jckoe 4000 41 165 546 13 do pekce 1105 46 49 73 9 do sou 450 35 166 543. 5 do peson 425 34 50 74 1 do pekre fans COMSl 167 W .- 550 78 ch jek 1630 out 51 SL .. 75 1 4-ch bro mix BOM ia 1a 168 552 1 g-ch =~ dust 45 25 54 Gleralvah ... 79 3 do bro pek 3005 169 Ascot.. 551 22 ch brope 2310 BL 55 80 3 do pekoe . 315 45 bid 170 556 21 do rekoe 2100 44 56 81 5 do pekoe sou 500 32 bid 171 F58 2 do congou 200 27 57 83 4 do bro tea 4uu ly 172 560 3 do dust 450 29 58 8t 2 do dust 180 28 173 BTN 562 1 3-ch cou hong 69 35 f9 Layant -. 85 29 do bro pek 2900 60 bid 174 564 1 do unas 48. 37 60 87 25 do pex No.l 2135 47 175 E 5¢6 4 Co dust 325 ER 61 89 11 do pekoe $90 43 176 Rambodde 568 6 3-ch s-uchorg 3/0 36 62 91 37 do pe sou #145 35 Lil 177 570 2 do dust 150 30 68 RWT » 93 1 do. brop-k 10) 52 178 572, 3 do brope dust 720 66 64 94 1 do pekoe 100 40 178 574 1 do ‘ans 15 28 65 95 1 da pe sou 200 30 He Pyapealla 576 A ben red leaf 18) 24 SS enorchy 57 c bro pe 1749 8) fi ab ° 183 Seeedants meee so Ee ot E. JOHN, pe up for fee ee ep uamibe 183 582. 1 do pex scu Bonn a4 omwmerce Sale-room on the 17th Oct,, the un- 184 Clunes ... 581 84-ch broorpe 520 54 dermentioned lots of tea (104,543 1b.), which sold as 185 586 55 do bro pe 2475 47 under :-— 186 58 48 ch pe 4(89 48 Lot Box Descrip- Weight ee 5P0 12 ge pe sou 10:0 = 87 No. Mark No. Pkgs. tion. lb. ec. a Rabat ae pe ixed Bou at 1. Agra Ouvah.. 247 33 d-ch broor pek 9280 94 bid 190 Ambalawe.. 596 364-ch broorpe 269 ¢6 - anitgs ao * paive eau ate 191 '93 10 ch bro pe 900 50 5 Soothes I : ; : Y 4 Lameliere .. 253 15 ch bro pek 1680 82 192 6c0 9 do pe sou 720 35 5 255 12 do < . 2 53. bij é r = 5 pekoe 1200 53. bil 198 RG oe 602. 2 $-ch pe faus 120 2 6 257 312 do pek sou 1149 49 191 R .. €04 6 do brotea 540 9-22 7 289 2 $-ch_ fans 168-38 195 Labookelle,. 606 4 ch bro ps 400 = 280 Bl c §3 bi 2 8 Mocha sen 200' sale ch bro pek 3410 §3 bid 196 68 4 do or pe 360 69 SAado ‘ , on = eetete 2 9 262 23 do pekoe 2300 65 bid 197 610 5 do pe 450 60 . ld k 5 198 612. 2 do pe sou 168 50 i 568 3 6 ae aE 20 199 614 4 g-ch pesonu 836 49 12 Cabragalla .., 267 22 }-ch bro pek. 1320 69 bil Mesera, A. H. 1 nompson & Co. put up for sale at the | 13 263 38 do — pekoe 1900 59 Obhamb.r of Commerce Sale-rsom on the i7th Oct., | 14 $71 49 do pek sou 2450 44 the undermentioned lots of tea (58,506 Ib.) which sold | 15 273, 7 do sou 350-37 ‘As uncer :— 16 274 4 do fans 300-8 Tat B D ; “ 17 visQiad ‘TV «io Te} lesf 60 22 0 : ox escrip- Weight 18 Ma’ocltenne 276 12 ch bropek 12.062 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. t ©. 19 278 2.d0 brocrpek +60 42 1 Frendale 20 279 «17 do ~——_ pek sou 170033 Rapgalla.. 1 16 4-ch broor pex £98 66 bid | 21 281 1.do- dust 15028 3 15 do fekoe 810s «60 22 283. 1 do~ red leaf 100 17 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot No. Mark. CwR ian Goravy An Callander .. N < Orwell o P G, in es- tate mark,,, Blackburo .. BB Gonavy ane, Anamallai .. B B, in estate mark one Cleaveland .. Glentilt . Glasgow Fadella ee Ardlaw and Wicshford ... A, in estate mark oe, Chicago ac New Tenis- galla a6 YD Talagalla .. PTE oe Portree... Meddagelere Henegama... St, Catherine 1 ee oo OReKeR NRE a °o es -- OO —_ fi °. 3 Desorip- Weight tion. Ib. c’ bro pek 1260 ou bro pex 330 = 552 bid pekoe 1690 85 bid sou 670 28 bid bro pek 4800 72 pekoe 1870 55 pek sou 1344 48 pek fans 146 26 fans 620 39 bro pek dust 5p 29 pek sou 1700 = 36 bro mix 100 21 dust 330 8629 bro pek 400 58 pekoe 100 39 s0u 320 34 red leaf 140 16 dust 510 28 bro pek 1012 59 bid pekoe 1760 37 bid pe< sou 209 30 dust 280 27 bro pek 3300 74 pekue 1760 58 pek fang 1152 6h pek sou 146 = 80 dust 85 27 bro tea 360 19 pek dust 200 3L bro pek 400 61 pekce 40 40 pek sou 200 32 dust 100 27 bro pek 10) 67 pekoe 400 40 Tek sou 80? 35 bro pe 1410 70 pekos 1425 48 pek sou 680 =: 6 bid bro pedust 175 27 bro pek 500 85 pekce 63) 6k pe sou 270 46 sou 7) 34 bro pek 2625 70 pek sou 1700 45 bro pek 2160 99 bid or pek 1140 75 bid pekoe 16.0 ~=61 bid bro pek 1600 72 pekoe 1170 46 pek sou 1120 38 bro or pek 1512 8&9 or pek 850 vii pekoe 1425 62 pek sou 270 43 bro pek 1210 «61 pekoe 2205 40 bid pe sou 70) 836 801 45 30 dust 70 26 bro pek 840 67 pekce 360 40 bil pe sou 90 37 pek fan 462 28 bid fans 252 35 bro pek 165 46 bil bro pe 1260 72 or pek 1235 550 bil pekoe 1235 41 bid dust 425 27 bro mix 270291 bro pe 2850 861 pekoe c010 944 pe sou 1620 338° ‘ bro mix 106 28 dust 160 39-28: bro pe 650 851 pex0e 40) 37 pe sou 405 29) pe fans 70 862% ‘“SCEYLON OBSERVER’ PRESS, COLOMBO. ; galls, 1le2s 1°; 20 1s 104; 1c 1s 2d: 2c 1s 4d. CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. V——— (From Our Commercial Correspondent), Mrixcixc Lang, September 28th, 1894. Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mineing Lane up to 28th Sep*ember :— Ex “Palinuras”—St. Leonards, lc 103-; 5¢ 102s; 2c Ut 102s; 1b 118s. (SLT), le 93s. St. Leonards, 1 baz 1023, Standard Co, Lid lersiale, Lb 1043; 80 1b 1095 6d; 1b 11938, (UIT), 1b 99s. Lidderidale, 1 bag 102s. Ex “Senator”—Brookside, 1t 108s; 50 lt 103s; Lb 119=; le 933; 1 bag 108s. Ex “Ningchow”—R ckhil!, 12 bass 89s; 1 bag 80s; SD. 1 bag 803. Ex “Or zsba’’—S¢. Leonards, lc It 104: 64; 521038 61; Be 2b 102s; 1c 1228. (SLT), 2t9ls. St. Loonards, 1 bag 102s 6d. Cranley, 2c 1t 105s 63; le 99s; le 119+; lc 1b 91 ; 1 bag 100s. Ex “Senator’”—Mahadowa, le 103; 1b 98s; 1b 95s; 1b 98s; 1b8is' (MC&CCo.M), 1» 862, 1b 863; 1b 86s; 1 bag 8S8-; 1 bag 78s. ‘ Keemuu’’—Goramotav', 2¢ lb 106s 64; 5b 102s; 4b 1t 102363; 4c 9936d; 2b 119363; le 1t 116s; 22 1t 91s; 5 bags 102:63; 1 bag 90s. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Mrincrxe Lave, September 28tb, 1894. Ex “Chusan’—Tyrells, 19 bags 503. bsgs 43s. Orys‘all Hill, 28 bags 563. bags 60s 6’; 3 bags 50861. Ex “Jumr a”’— Rosa, 49 bags 643, Ex “Austral’ a ag 120 bags 62s. Ex “Mira”—Yattawa'te, 20 bags 63; 57 bsga 633. Ex “‘Barrister”—Grove,. WHD&Oo., 8 bags 65°; 14 bagy 565 SD. Wattarantenue, K WHD&0o. nae | bags 5738 Ex “Cheshire’—Keerakelle, 3 bags 53 6d, SD. Ex ‘‘Legisiator’—-JJV&Co., 1 bag 51s; 77 58s 6d. Ex “Glenorchy’’—Britton Cocos, bags 50s Gd. Maynetrees, 2 Periawatte, 8 bags 10 bags 56s; 26 CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Mincrne Lane, September 28th, 1894, Ex “Jumna’—Nagalla, 7c 2s; le 1s 6; le 1s 97; ig ls 6d;1c 1s 7d, Nellaoolla, 4c 23 23; 7c ‘Is 102; 2e ls 54; le1g3d; 1c 1s 6d. Nazgalla, 2c Qs. 44; 4c Qs 3d. Ex “Senator”—Nawinagalla, lo 23 34; 2c Is 10), Kitcolmoolla, 2c 2s 4 ; 2e13 11¢; 30 Is 10. Gallac- tenne, 2c 248d; 1c 2s 73; 5e1s 11d; 6c 1s 91, Nilloo- maly (OBEC), le 1s 1d; 1o 1s 5d. f Ex “Oceana”—Mahskanda, 1c 251d; 1e 1s 9d; 30 1s 10d; 1c 1s 11d; 3¢ 1954; 2c 13 34; 1 bag 1s 51, Waria- Ex “Orizaba” *__Delpotonoys, 1c 2s 7d; 2e as 1d; 30 1s 10d; 40 1s 91; 1c 1s 52; lc Is7d, ‘ Ex “Austral” -Gampaha, 2¢e 1s 10d: ee a Ex “Oroys”—Al, Mysore, 40 is'4d. at on “Qapella” —Hentemalle, 2c. 1s 11d; Is ls 78: lc. 1s 4d. . THA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SAUBKS, NO. 33.] COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Messre. BeNHAM & BREMNER pat up for sale at the Obamb:r of Commerce S:le-room cn the 17th Oct., the undermentioned lots of tea (6,447 1b.) which sold as under :— Lot Pox Deserip- We'ght No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb Cue 1 Oolspame .. 4 2 ch Dust 28) 25 2 Sutton co) OY ot We) fans 440 27 3- 8 2 do pek sow 162 49 4 Hope Well .. 10 24-ch pe sou 96 37 5 12 1 do pekoe 63 45 6 14 1 do bro pek 47 56 7 Airy Hill .,. 16 14-ch bro pek 50 52 8 18 4 do pekoe 200 out 9 Hornsey .. 20 2 ch f-ns 210 929 10 92 2 do red leaf +09 18 11 24 8 do pek sou 800 5L 12 slstoniu estate mark .. 26 28 do pek scu 9520 36 bid 13 PA. PI IK bro mix 200 BK lt DA .. 30 18 4-ch or pek 900 53 bid 15 Nagar oe) Gch pek sou 25 19 16 . 34 1 do ie’ 0e 95 Bt 17 36 14-ch bro pek 55 50 Mr. A. M. Grrr put up for sale at the Cham- ber of Commerce Sale-room ow the 17th October, the undermentioned lots of Tea (5,927 lb.), which sold as under : Lot Box De:crip-. Weight Ne. mark. No. Pkgs. tious Ib. Cc, 1 Burueide .. 38 18 4-ch tro pek 900 =6) 2 40 18 do pekoe 900 45 3 42 4 do pek sou £09 36 4 Asal “do dust 60 25 5 G Se AGmat3) Ch bro pek 309 50 hid 6 C Ge ee4serlb do bro pok 625 53 bid 1 r 3 4-ch ypek fans 209-28 8 Burnside. .. 52 7 do bro pek 350 €0 9 64 12 do pekoe 600 44 bid 10 56 5 do pek sou 250 35 11 58 1 do dust 60 26 12 M sc OOReML dom wdust 80 27 13 :°S 5 Nn red leaf 218 19 uw @ 64 1 do unas 134 15 bid 1 AHS . 66 14 3-ch fans 710 19 16 K -» 683 4 do bro or pek 200 62 7A . 70 1 do ucas 50 2 18 N Se aeiaiies) do. bro pek 170 45 Messrs. SoMERVILLE & Co. put up for sale at the | Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 17th Ocet., the undermentioned lots of tea (100,870 1b.) which sold as under :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion, bse; 1 Allakolla .. 1 48 4-ch bro pek 3640 €5 2 2 29 do pekoe 275: 51 3 38 8 do pek sou 7-0 40 4 4 2i3-ch dust 190 29 6 Lyndhurst .. 6 7 ch bro pek 85 63 6 6 13 do pekce 1300 45 q fe TO GS pek sou 540 37 3 Sel ‘do son 110 21 9 9 1 do dust 10 28 10 Hatdowa .. 10 10 do bro pek 1000 66 lL = 11 11 do pekoe 925 44 12 12 14 do pek sou 1190 35 13 13041 do dust 148 38 14 14 5 do unas 500 38 15 15 5 do red leat 375 20 ga Tyspony .. 24 19 ch bro pek 19L0 78.bid 25 25 30 do pekoe 2850 50 bid 26 Benveula .. 235 12 do bro pek 1209 62 QT 27 14 do pekoe 1400 46 28 28 3 do pe sou 300 28 29 £9 5 do bro mix 5c0 28 20 Ukuwella .. 30 80 ch bro pek 3000 63 31 31 20 do pekoe 20(0 44 3» 32° 1% do pek scw 1235 37 33 33 i g-ch_ red Jeat 45 16 34 34 1 do dust 80 3 CoxtomBo, OcTosER 30, 1894. § Pricr :—125 cents each; 3 copies. 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. t Lot Rox No. Mark. No. 33 Carney 35 36 36 37 37 28 33 39 39 40 8S » 40 41 41 42 A oo 42 43 43 44 41 45 Glenalla 45 46 46 47 47 48 48 49 G bo 26) 60 R a. 50 51 61 52 52 £3 Ellatenne .. 53 54 W ww. =O4 55 55 56 16 57 57 53 Bollagalla .. é 59 59 60 60 61 61 62 62 «3 M’Kande 63 64 f4 #5 63 66 Moragalla 66 67 67 63 Mousagalla... 68 69 DG we 69) 70 70 Tt 71 72 FA, in estate mars sey aial 73 73 ma ING 74 (6) 75 76 76 71 Hopewell .. 77 78 78 79 Alpitiakande 79 8) 8) 61 81 82 Ubuwela ... 82 83 83 84 8t 85 Penrith -. 8d 85 83 87 8&7 88 88 89 Monrovia 89 90 99 $1 91 92 92 93 93 94 Knutsford .,, 94 95 95 96 96 97 97 98 98 92 99 100 WJ 100 101 T w» LOL 104 Mcwusakande 102 103 103 104 104 105 105 105 106 197 M 107 108 KP H, in est mark 108 109 1 109 110 4 110 ltl lll see ALD 113 Narangeda 114 115 116 Hen el CR et ne re wi S to 5 WRRORTADHRE PH 7 =e OWN 0 = ee Senate Descrip- tion. bro pek re oe pex sou bro tea dust bro tea dust bro tea dust pek cust bro or pek or pek pekoe pek sou bro mix congou bro tea fans bro pex bro pek pekoe pek sou dust bro pek pekoe pek scu bro tea dust bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek pek sou bro pek bro mix dust fans bro tea dust bro tea dust red leaf or pek pekoe bro or pek pekce pek sou bro ‘pe pekoe pek sou bro pek pekoe pek scu dust bro pek pekoe pek seu fans pek dust or pek bro pek pekce vek sou fans unss bro pek pek dust bro pek pekoe pek sou congou dust bro mix bro pek bro or pek bro pek pekoe bro pek pekoe bro pek pekoe pek scu Weight lbs c} 1200 55 bid 800 45 2150 35 bid 400 30 100 29 50 24 80 28 140 23 240 <9 910 30 F6U 62 1200 55 31140 948 1615 36 1209 21 G7 30 87 24 65 30 1160 45 bid 137 61 87 46 8l 42 55 3L 1265 6L 13-0 43 1235 35 95 22 84 28 256) 56 bid 990 45 9:0 38 600 53 400 33 1070 = 57 340 2 300 23 120 35 200 32 bid 75029 50 32 375 34 wo 024 600 55 600 = 4 720 «63 350 42 360 43 2100 = 63 jacv. 45 1140387 1700~=s« 81 13¢0 51 895 41 150 =29 800 69 bid 1900 44 500 = 38 400 33 260 «628 107 67 big 18l 52 673 39 47 28 85 26 E 34 300 85 11028 1:68 61 3180 44 1100 40 100 28 180 28 315 23 bid 1600 61 bid 480 90 300 =: 60 bid 850 46 bid 1560 61 bid 1100 to 1430 5d 1600 285 J ‘2 ory v ren 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. oo Lot Box Deserip- Weight Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. ID. 2 @- No. Mark, No. Pkgs. tion. ly es 7 117° 2 ch sou 180 =. 0 62 206 1¢-ch pek duct 80 8632 18 118 1 do dust 80 86.29 63 Verelapatna 707 26 ch pekoe No,2 2300 40 bid 199 JCDS ...119 18 4-ch bro pek 900 68 bid| 64TT &Co. in 120 120 12 ch pekoe 12:0 50 estatemark.. 209 65 ¢-ch bro pek 3250 = 65 121 121 9 do pek sou 855 38 2 7 ch pekoe 390 46 122 122. 4 do bro mix 480 2 63 213 17 do pe sou 15300 sw 123 138... 2,\do red leaf 170 20 67 215 6 do bro pek fans 840 20 124 N .. 124 8 do peksou 276 «25 72 Blackburn.. 224 ch bre pek 1210. 42 bid 125 Kelani ... 125 4: %-ch bro pek 2155 60 bid | 73 Ayr -» 2236 11 de pek sou 830087 126 126 24 do pek sou 1080-38 ae oe 127 127. 1 do byo tea 40 =—-20 Mesere. SOMERVILLE & C». put up for sale at the 128 fen, aeeeitce Ob SUPE te a Chamber ot Commerce Sale-room on the 24th Oct. 130 a age 139 7 fi kon 700 48 toe undermentioned lots of tea (79,683 lb.), which sold 131 131 f do pekscu 475 36 bid | 88 andor :— -132 102, 1 do red leaf 95 19 Lot Box Descrip- Weight. 133 Veniel » 183 8 do bro pek £0) 60 , A 134 134 5 do pekoe 5)0 39 No. No. Pkgs. tin, Jb. «. 135 1385 8 do pek sou 800 34 bid 1 Hirelouvah.. 137 6 -ch broorpes 335 65 bii 136 136 1 do dust 190 25 2 128 9 ch bro pek 692 63 bid —_—_——_ 3 139-1 Pi bro per 4é 60 bid Mr, E. Joun put up for sale at the Obamber NR Bi kos 601 48 bi of Comwerce Sale-reom on the 24th Oct,, the un- ~ 141 : ape ick 12 «28 4 dermentioned lots of tea (72,9891b.), which sold as 6 142. «5 ch = pesoesou 428 33 bid under :— 7 143 3 dg, eo mix - a bil Lot Box Descrip- Weight 8 144 Ac ust P . o i 9 Tyspan »» 145 19 ch bro pek 1900 54 No. Mark. No. Pkgs, tion. 1b, Cc. nee y Ti a da pee 235) 6B 1 Hunugalla.. 103 12 chest bro pek 1320 60 11 Caroey .- 148 86 3-ch bro pek 1800 with’dn 2 105 6 do pekoe 630 33 bid 12 Lonach 149 24 ¢-ch bro pex 1560 78 bid 2a 106 3 dy pekoe 315 37 13 150 41 ch pekoe 395 3 107 11 do pek sou 110035 14 151 15 do pexk son 1620 0 44 4 Pati Rejah.. 109 9 do bro pek 900 72 15 Ronjura .. 152 18 ch bro pek 196078 5 llt 9 do pekoe t0) 45 16 153 15 do pekoe 1500 52 6 113 «1 «3-ch congou 65 3) 17 154 7 «ao pek sou 655 42 q Lise dust 65 28 18 155 3 %4-ch pekoe dust 210 29 8 Peru ce LO oe OO bro pek 369 71 ly 155 1 do fansings 6° al 9 116 6 do pekce 260 49 20 157 1 do bro tea 50 30 10 117.2 do pe cou 100 33 21 Trex .. 158 13 ch pekoe sou 1200 43 11 Wewesse .. 118 20 do bro pe 120) 74 22 iy .. 159 28 ch bro pek 292 58 12 120 24 do pekoe 1320 «51 bid | 23 160 19 do pekoe 17100 47 13 122 18 du pe sou 990 44 24 16L 14 do peksou 12520337 14 Bila .. 124 81 chest bro pek 31097 25 162 2 do souchong 188 8632 15 126 20 do pekoe 1600 46 26 1638 #1 do dust 131 33 16 128 5 do pek sou 450 36 27 Kudaganga.. 164 13 ch bro pek 1430073 17 Allington... 130 5 }-ch bro cr pek 275 t7 28 66 2 do pekoe 185 45 18 131 7 do bro pek 35U é 29 166 14 do pe sou 1400 42 19 132 9 co _ pekoe 460 45 30 1t7 4 do _ bro tea 480 8638 20 133 6 do pek sou 300 38 31 168 «41 do congou 90 26 zl Great Valley 134 40 do bro pek 2400 0-75 32 169 1 do dust 150 «25 22 136 21 chest pekce 2100 55 33 Malvern -. 170 24 4-ch peboe 1320 50 23 138 2 do bro mix 190 22 34 17l 4 do pek sou 220 3 24 139 24-ch dust 170 28 35 172 +1 do sourhong 55 29 95 Whyddon.. 140 13 chest bro pek 1430-67 bid 36 173. 3 do fannings 16508 26 142 14 do pekos 1400 38659 37 5 1744 #1 do dust 55 7 27 144 12 do pe su 1230 45 38 T in estate : Q8 Dartry ... 146 8 $-ch dust 600 30 mark -- 85.43 ch bro pek 1390 = 70 ~e9Kotuwagedera 148 20 chest bro pek 2.00 66 89 176 13 do pekoe 1235 = 62 30 150 13 do pekoe 13v0 44 40 i7 16 do pek son 1360 40 31 152 12 do pek sou 1140 39 41 Inchstelly 32 154 1 d-ch dust $5 29 .O.N. weer DL pek seu 200 34 33 Meeriaterne 155 12 do bro pe 720 71 42 179 +1 do s.uchong 100 28 bid 34 157,579" do: pekoe 504 55 43 180 3 i-ch fanniogs 165 38 35 NB .. 159 4 Chest sou 410 59 44 181 3 do dust 165 26 36 161 11 do dust 1705 30 45 LEK «. 182 14-ch brogek 50 54 37 Shawlands 163 133-ch bro pek 780 68 bid 46 183 2 do orangepek 92 40 38 165 8 ch pek No.l 800 47 47 184 2 do pekoe 82 3 39 167 19 do pek No. 2 1900 40 48 Ellatenne .,, 185 22 ch bro pekoe 2200 48 40,, Verelapatna 16) 94-ch dust i0e) 29 49 Ceylon -. 186 63-ch bropes 33606 41 (Kanangama 171 22 ch bro pek 200 62 50 187 7 de pekce 350048 42 173. 2) do pekoe 1800 40 51 3 67 «ao k soa 20 43 175 10 do pe sou S00 35 53 4 do souchong 2 32 44 5. 72 do_— dust 280025 53 K’kande ... 180 18 ch pexoe 180046 45 MM i... 178 163-ch brope 950 51 bid | 54 © - 191 22 do peksou 1980 36 46 180 12 ch pek sou ‘128 27 bid | 57 Ukuwela .. 194 29 ch bro pek 2900 92 47 A.B -. 182 5 do _ bro pek 500 46 bid | 58 195 20 do pekoe 2009 48 48 181 3 do bro pek 315 out 59 193 12 do pek su 1140 89 49 185 6 do pek cou 540 25 bid | 60 197 12-ch dust 8) 27 50 187 2 do fans 273 28 bid 6l M -. 198 9 ch bro pek 90 62 61 189 34%-ch dust 237 24 bid 62 W : aes. 1998S) ch bro tea 270 . 19 4&1 52 : 190 6 do dust 295 21 bid | 63 Sirisanda ... 200 74-ch bro pek 420 7 bid 53 Patulpane.. 192 4 do bropek 330 | Witheda | oe 1 1t do pezoe 550 «552 54 192 6 do pekoe 320 i) 2 -8 do x S00 400 43 a 193 4 do pesou ~ 2000 31 65 3 13 do wmassorted 650 66 Oallender.. 194 21 do broorpsk 1302 79 67 4 tL do dust 70 3k ‘Ba 196 9 do pskoe 468 71 68 JF ae 5 ¥F ch congou fllé 20 58 |. 25 198 15 do pek sou. 7185 60 69 - ’ 6 2 Go dust I3iL 28 59 Oakfield .. 200 6 ch bro pex 600 val 70 MP in estate Aas . . eds i g0 202 5 do pekoe 500 Sl mark Geylon 7 1é-ch obropekfan 693 3) gl 204 6 do pek sou 600 43 vat 8 1 do dustg 75 26 PRODUCE SALES LIST. CEYLON Lot Box Descrip- Weight ‘No. Mark No. Pkgs. tion. lb. ec. “oO 9 6 ch bro or pek 720 53 a a 10 20 do peloe 2000 37 bid 4S «. 11 2 ch bro tea 180 =19 bid 75 Kananka .. 12 15 ch bro peke 1624 70 76 13 66 do pekoe 6600 45 OT 14 29 do pek sou 2610 26 78 15 17 do fannings 1867 35 "9 16 7 do bro tea 755 27 bid 80 17. 1 do dust 143 26 81 ‘GW 18 .4 ch sovuchong 300 35 82 19 2 do fanniogs 220 35 83 20. 1 do red leaf $0 22 8L Q1 24-ch dust 1707) 23) 85 M we «22 7 a-ch bro mix 315 23 bid 86 GLA .. 23 19 ch pekoe 25 50 87 24 65 do _ peksou 450 36 bil Messrs. Forses & WALKER put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 24th Oct., ‘the undermentioned lots of tea (151.283 lb.), which sold as uuder :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib: wie: Sf w. 616 53-ch bropek 275 «56 eh as 618 1 do pekoe 50-38 3 620. 9 do fans 0 30 Di we. 622 24 © pek sou 2 7 - oe 624 5 do sou 400 55 6 626 22 3-ch case a 1570 sf bid i 628 36 ch ro pe 6 ETAT Me toy 38. ao" | pakide 2520 50 y 632 12 do pek sou 960 40 10 634 2 oe fue i an 29 636 14 do ro pek 54 Nats 1 Thedden .. Eee ao pekoe 1700 i aa n i rawa ... 649 7 4$-c 3 630 is aw ve) 532° 2 ee fans 21040 15 6144 5 F-ch dust 825 33 6 OA BS 6x6) sch pekoe 101 2 17 648 3 do dust #69 45 18 €50 43 do fans 80 30 19 652 2 do bro scu 190 40 20 O .. 654 2 ch bropek 19s 47 Ql 656 1 do pekoe 109 9 23 6.8 @ do fans 220 32 “23 660 1 do sou 108 33 24 662 4 do dust 555 27 25 8 G6L 4 ch pek sou 480 22 26 666 4 do dust 52) 23 27 668 3 do yed leaf 20) 18 28 Macaldenia... 670 1 do Pex NG 2 oe OD 1 a 672 do pek sou 9 a Dromsiand pee olde bro tea #40 43 age cel) CO ro tea 20 5 aa ce 678 4 do pez son 260 34 Sar i 68a. 1 do ne leaf 3a 20 i ia eeiOSee io ch: rO mix BOk 3 a Heenneyis 684 2 do bro pedust 304 29 36 €86 2 do fans 230 3t a7 VO .. 688 7 do dust 810 29 38 690 5 do bro tea 550 22 39 DB .. 692 14-ch bropek 56 50 40 KC 69: 5 ch pekoe £00 40 41 6:6 5 tS cust ‘ avon v 698 10 do ro pe 7 & ByERLOVe 100 3 do pekoe 300 49 44 702 2 do pek sou 200 39 45 F 704 1 do dust 1506 26 49 BDW .. 712 5 ch fans 489 19 bid 50 Middleton .. 714 8 }-ch broorpek 520 65 51 716 21 do bro pex 1260 80 52 718 16 do pezsoe No.1 830 72 53 - 720 10 ch do No.2 1000 63 Si 722 11 do sou 990 withd'n 55 M ~» 72k 65 $-ch bro pek 300 70 56 726 6 do pekoe 330 60 57 728 3 do pek sou 150 withd’n 568 MW mr acON a2) Ch pek sou 180 24 59 732 3 do dust Brae as aa 6 ngdale .,, 754 18 do bro pek 60 20 bi 1 canals 736 18 do pekoe 1810 70 bid 62 733 4 do pek sou 360 55 63 740 1 do fans 137 57 64 142 2 do dust 320 34 bid 65 Chesterford,, 744 25 do bro pek 2500 »=6L bid 65 746 15 do pekoe 1508 36 bid 87 Dunbar we 748 224-ch bro pe 1100s 811 Lot No. Mark No. 68 750 69 752 70 154 71 756 72 758 75 Palmerston.. 764 76 766 77 768 738 Bramley ., 770 73 772 80 Eastlani ... 774 81 A rey SCA 82 St. Mary ... 778 83 789 84 782 85 734 86 Kw ig: as. 1785 87 KA, in eat. mark zs (788 88 790 89 792 20 794 91 4A NK seu hge 92 Serubs ore LS 93 sco 94 802 95 8C4 96 Denmark Hill S03 97 3:8 98 810 99 812 100 814 101 Wattagalla,., 81 102 818 103 82) 104 822 105 821 106 Maha Uva.. 826 107 828 108 83) 109 Ganipaila., 832 119 834 111 §36 112 838 113 Kil'arney ., 840 114 $42 115 814 116 Morankande 816 117 8i8 118 85) 119 852 12) Anningkasde 854 121 856 122 858 123 860 124 832 125. P 884i 126 865 127 Waitalawa.. 863 132 Polwatte 873 133 880 13k 822 135 884 136 Munamal ., 886 137 8:3 138 890 139 §92 140 894 143 Knayesmire 900 144 902 145 90! 146 906 147 933 143 IKV cog EN) 149 R S, in estate mark sie, 912 157 Ederapolla., 928 158 930 159 933 180. Hethersett... 9°4 161 35 162 938 163 910 164 942 165 944 166 945 167 943 168 950 to Ue Pane ol wo OA POD bo is 6° ° is = to 2 Oe Com WO ob Paws nN ROR CAH een a —7 v ” NWO O1M mp Bo Loa’) Gawronwnor ws t oO i—s bo CMDs DO & ° ey w hwo PENNER AR Hap We a 1 ic) =e ne wo 3 iH Descrip- Weight tion. lb. c. pekoe 1150 64 pek sou 1980 54 sou 990 52 fans 240 39 congou 90 33 bro psk 500 93 pekoe 810 70 pek sou 320 51. bro tea, 1134 3L dust 699 28 bro pek 1320 78 bid bro pek 49 20 bro or pek 1200 62 bid bro pe 2160 56 bid pexoe 2520 42 bid pek s)u 1900 37 bid bro mix 85 23 or pek 252 39 bro pek fan 140 99 dust 170 24 cro tea 70 18 aust 340 28 bre orpek 590 YL bil bro pek 2310 70 bit pekoe 2520 62 bid pec sou 990 52 or pek 344 91 bil broorpeE 300 RI-OL bro pek 530 o£ pekoe 470 70 bid pek sou 169 56 bro pek 253) 15 pekoe 26 10 53 pek sou 1100 45 pek dust 200 23 red leaf 109 18 bro pek 1769 77 bid rekoe 1200 52 bid pek sou 600 44 bropek 2459 63 bid pekoe 4480 43 bid pe sou 2160 33 dust 1050 27 pexoe 400 4 pek sou 140 20 dust 95 ‘ bro pek 1250 723 pekoe 3800 55 pek gou 1909 41 fans 225 32 bro pek 1980 70 pekoe 1500 47 pek scu 1400 36 dust 170 39 congou 290 30 br» pe €5) 49 pokoe 50 30 pekoe 1450 Gk bro pek 920 70 pekoe 950 4£ pek sou 190 34 dust 140 29 bro pek 313 63 pekoe 404 43 pes su 715 34 dust 123 28 e -ngeu il 22 bro pek 7U0 65 do No.2 40) 53 pekce 1530 44 pek sou 153) 37 dust 110 25 bro mix 53 18 dust 15) 26 bro pek 2250 ol pekoe 187u 46 pe sou 1275 36 bro or pe 1080 R12 or pek 817 93 bid bro pek 1320 95 bid pe*oe 1.48 76 bid pe sou 650 58 Lid fans 270 36 broorpex 630 97 pexce 927 73 pe sou 360 53 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. me Mr A. M ‘Gxpp put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 24th Oct., the un- dermentioned lots of tea (3,179 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot No. Mark. Z Kosgahawelle 3 0 ve oot Messrs. BenuAm & Bremyer put up for Box No. Pkge 20. 2 4-ch 22 9 do 24 5 ch % $-ch 26 2 ch 9 $-ch 28 5 ch 30 4 do 5 $-ch Descrip- tion. bro pek pekoe bro pek pekoe pek sou bro tea Weight lb: ¢. 10) 52 446035 681 46 bid 600 35 403 30 bid 615 =. 20 bid sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 24th Oct., ‘he undermentiosei lots of which sold as under :— 1 Elston, in est. Kot Ne. Mark. mark Oolpsne F&R Choapwn _ — Messrs. A. H. THomMpPsoN & Co. put up fo Tea (4,602 lb.) Descrip- Weight Pkgs. tion, eh pek sou co bro mix do dust do congou ch 60U do dust. 4-ch pesou dad» sou 1) Papin 1620 28 100 3t 140 27 600 25 1092-36 100 27 360 38 400 35 sale at the Obamb:2r of Commerce Sale-rscm on the 24th Oct., the undermeatioued lots of tea (53,586 lb.) which sold as under :— Lot No. Mark Courtlodge . Manicswatte Glenalvah Layant Ugieside ie Mayfield Hardenhuish Engurukanie Saidawatte ... Dehiowita ... Sapitiyagodde, Invoice No, 39 | 28 Ni Deserip- Weigh t tion. lb. ic bro cr pe 700 R!,21 bro pek 2115 9) peroe 1430 74 pek sou 850 61 pe fans 94 35 bro pek 900 2 pekoe 400 47 pel oe 315 45 pek sou £00 33 bid bro pek 2900 61 bid Fe sou 2145 = 87: bid dust 280 28 bro mix 210 22 bro pek 1lu0 75 bii pexoe 1709 at) pek sou 480 4k dust 540 27 pe fans 7At 37 bro pex 1800 64 bid pekooe 1200 witdr’o. bro pek 2900 64 pekoe 3( 00 50 pesou 3115 3i bid cngou 620 z4 dust No.1 42u 28 GO spy 24 160 39-27 or pek 1600 64 bid bro pek 2530 68 bid pekce 1600 57 pekee fans 16u 30 dust 100 27 wn 8 ee ““CEYLON OBS ERVER” FKESS,[COLOMEO. ee ak } | Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkge. tion. lb. ¢. 40 Belgravia .» 61 4 ch pe sou 400 «40 41 62 3 do dust 200 4 ') 42 Rakwane 63 24 do bro pek 2400 «3=s«B bid 43 65 24 do 1j-ch pekoe 2450 3= 44 “bid 44 67,26 ch peksou 2325 834 bid 45 69 4 do sou 390 = -.20 bid 46 70 6 do fans €80 8 8=620 Lid 47 Tallegalla Kande 72 +%74-ch bro pek BO 86438 48 78 10 do pekoe 500 33 49 75 6 do pe sou 250 30 50 A 76 38 ch red leaf 282 16 51 77 3 do dust 22606=— oT CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent). Mixcrxe Lane, October 5th, 1894. Marks and prices of Ceylon coffee sold in Mincing Lane up to 5th Oct. :— Ex * Lancashire’’-—Broughton, lb 108s; 3c 105s; 2c 10is 6d; le 120s; 1t 90s; 1 bag 100s. Ex “Oceana’’—Ouvah OGA, Ib 104s; 3c 100s; le 96s; 1b 111s; 1b 88s; 1 bag 99s. ; Ex ‘Senator’’—Ambawelle, 2¢-1t 103s; 5¢ 1b 100s 6d; 1b 99s; 1t 112s; 1t 88s; 1b 82s 6d; 1 bag 89s; 1 bag 88s; 1 bag 82s. Ex “Pindari’’—Ouvah OGA, 1t 104s; 5¢ 103s; 5c 1b 100s; 1c 99s 6d; Ib 119s; 1c 116s; le Ib 89s 6d; L bag 98e. Ex “Jumna’’—Roehampton, 2c 101s. Ex “Palinurus’’—Ouvah JB, 2c 1b 106s; 5¢ 101s 6d; 5c¢ 101s 6d; 4c 1t 101s 6d: 3c 1t 9868 6d; 1b 116s; 1c 113s; 1c 111s; 2c 1b 90s; 1 bag 94s SD. Ex ‘“‘Atlantis’’"—MG, 1 bag 78s. Ex “Capella’’—Alkwick, 1c 102s; le 1b 100s 6d; Ib 110s; 1b 92s; 1b 86s; 1 bag 104s; 1 bag 83s; 1 bag 85s; Brookside, 1b 112s; 1t 91s; 1 bag 100s. Ex “Pindari’’—Ragalla, lc Ib 103s; 1b 110s; 1c 1b 90s; 1 bag 100s. Ex “Formosa’’'—Balagola Ella, 1c 3t 103s; 2c 3t 101s; 2t 101s; 1t 109s; 1b 86s; 1 bag 98s; 1 bag 94s. Ex “‘Orizaba’’—St. Leonards, 1 bag 76s. Ex ‘“Palinurus’’—St. Leonards, 1 bag 76s. Ex “Senator’’—Gowerakellie, 3¢ 1t 99s; 1t 87s; 1t lc 88s. Ex ‘“‘Glenshiel’’—Gowerakellie, 2t 100s 6d; 1b 87s. Ex “‘Senator’’—Divanellakelle, 1b 87s; 1b 97s; 1b 82s. Ex ‘‘Glenshiel’’—Gonakelle, 1b 1c 100s 6d; 1b 85s; 1b 87s; 1t 76s. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Mincixc Lane, October 5tb, 1894. Ex “Senator”—Goonambil, 1 bag 47s. Eriagastenne, 10 bags 62s; 1 bag 46s. eee a a a MR. GEORGE WALL, F-Ls., M.C.B-R.A.S. Tropical Agriculturist Portrait Gallery No. XIV. «| MONTHLY. be COLOMBO, DECEMBER ist, 1894. [No. 6. “PIONEERS OF THE PLANTING ENTERPRISE IN CEYLON.” PIONKER PLANTER, MERCHANT, POLITICIAN, JOURNALIST, &C, INTRODUCTORY. —=!E are not in a position to enter into details of Mr. Wall’s early life. All that we know of his career before coming to Ceylon is from our recollection of cer- tain conversations with the subject of our notice well-nigh thirty years avo, in reference to his employment as a clerk or assistant in the office of Messrs. Whitworth & Co., tlle great machinists, gun and tool makers of Manchester. Mr. Wall had for his fellow assistant Mr., now. Sir, Edward Watkin ; and they became very great friends, living and working together, ‘Their was laborious and trying ond long honrs at the desk undermined the health of Mr. Wall who was by no means strong as a young man. Indeed, he broke down niore than once and had to get shert leave each work time, to recover from the effect of close con- finement on delicate lungs, enlminating in spitting of blood. Returning from one of these furloughs, greatly discouraged by finding yery little improvement in strength and by the fear that he would have to throw employment, Mr. Wall found his fellow-worker had been made to up his excited over an offer which lim to preceed fo Ceylon to take the business midanagement of a Plantations Compauy which had just been formed for the cultivation of coffee, “T cart and don’t want to said Mr. Watkin, ‘but it is the very place and climate for you, my friend; and so Mr, Wall first came out to Ceylon. We may not recall the facts exactly as related by Mr, Wall, but we retain a vivid general impression of the narrative he offered to us ay Atty) so of this episede in his life. Many years after—in 1863—when the late Mr. A. M. Ferenson took his first holiday to the old country after a residence here of over 25 years, he found himself in Manchester, and was much interested in allhe saw especially in the hnge cotton factories. During one day’s drive, he happened to come to the gate of Messrs Whit- worth’s establishment. He recalled his interest in ‘‘ the battle of the guns ” (between Whitworth and Armstrong) and the connection of his fellow- colonist, Mr. Wall, with the factory before him ; but he had never thought of a letter of introdue- tion. However, he tried to introduce himself as from Ceylon, a newspaper editor and very anxious to see over an establishment of which he had heard so much, and finally as a friend of Mr, George Wall. The gentleman to whom he spoke looked dubions:—“ Wearevery particular,” he said, Mr. Ferguson responded : —‘‘ Vl describe Mr. Wall to you: he is a man witha most active brain, energetic anl clever; but one who, when any ereat public work, like a Railway, is started, always takes a glonmy view of the difficulties ahead and conjures up every possible obstacle in op- position.” The Manchester man laughed and responded :—'* Come away in; there is no doubt you know my old friend, Wall.” One other little reminiscence related by Mr. Wall comes back tous: before he was 20 years of age Mr. Wall had brought out his first patent and his hair had begun to turn grey ! IN CEYLON; AT KANDY 1846-56. Mr. George Wall landed in Ceylon, we believe, on some date in September 1846, he being then about 25 or 26 years of age. The group of estates he came to manage belonged to “The Ceylon Plantations Company,” —ineluding then or afterwards Algooltenne, Dotelagalla, Elea- dua, Happoowidde, Kitoolgalla and Nillookande eut out of a block of 1,760 acres of forest-land and cultivated eventually up to 1,500 acres of coffee. These estates were situated at Elkadua in the Hunasgiriya District, some miles North of Kandy, In that town Mr. Wall took up his residence and he either came out married, or Mrs. Wall, his first wife, pious lady of the Wesleyan Methodist denomination, joined him soon after, In those early days, Mr. Wall took a warm a 364 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Dec. 1, 1894. oe Eee eee and active interest in the progress of Mission and Educational work, he and Mrs. Wall often attending the services at the Baptist Chapel in Kandy. He became the attached friend and sup- porter, along with Mr. Tytler, of Mr. (now Dr.) John Murdoch who threw up his Government Schoolmastership, to found and carry on the Sinhalese Tract Society afterwards developed into the Christian Vernacular Education, and later into the Religious Tract, Society of India and Ceylon. But it is a singular fact that although the ‘Government Calendar and = Di- rectory” of those early years purported to give an annual list of all arrivals of shipping and passengers at the chief Ceylon ports, and also included a Directory, supposed to contain the naines of, at least, all European residents, in none of the yearly volumes up till 189i, can we find the slightest reference to Mr. George Wall. And yet, Mr. Wall by no means hid his light under a bushel, or retrained from making his presence known. He very early began to take an interest in local polities and we have a distinct recollection of hearing from our prede- cessor, of how Mr. Wall headed a Kandy moye- ment against the Observer, and in favour of Lord Torrington’s thoughtless and arbitrary proceedings in the troublous times of 1848, and even of his presiding at a meeting held in the Kandy Library in connection therewith. Very strauge, therefore, is the fact that five years elapsed after his arrival and not until the ‘Calendar and Directory of 1851” did the official compilers seem to be aware of Mr. Wall’s name and residence in Kandy. In that volume we find under the heading of mercantile fims in Kandy, ‘‘ George Wall”; but the name did not appear in the Directory of residents in the island until 1853! In 1854, the firm of “George Wall & Co.” was opened in Colombo. In that same year, the ‘“* Planters’ Association of Ceylon” was founded and Mr. Wall took a prominent part in this work, he having penned. the original draft of the cireular issued proposing such an Association. The first chairman was Captain John Keith Jolly of Farieland (the father of Mrs. Dr. Kynsey) who then or afterwards was closely connected with Mr. Wall in business, the first Secretary being Mr. Alex. Brown. After Captain J olly retired, Mr. Tytler was elected and it was not till he left for home, that Mr. Wall came in as third Chairman of the Association. He distinguished his term of oftice—(1856-57) by collecting and compiling the first reliable list of plantations with acreage and the average crop for two years, according to districts—that is giving the total for each district, but not for the separate estates. This list was embodied in Sir Emerson Tennent’s book on ‘‘Ceylon.” Its compil- ation undoubtedly entailed a good deal of trouble ; but it presents a contrast to the elaborate returns compiled in our Directory from the “ sixties Kg onwards. In 1857, the total number of districts was 27, of separate estates 403, of total extent in cultivation 80,950 acres. Now, we have 63 districts, 1949 separate properties (1,439 cul- tivated estates) and over 360,000 acres in enl- tivation. It is of interest, however, to refer to the very earliest statistical return of the kind in 1857 which was afterwards extended so as to give the main particulars for each plaut- ation in the first Observer Directory, that of 1859. But it was not until we had personally travelled over all the planting districts in 1869, that the cultivated, as well as total, acreage for each estate was first compiled. On July 19th, 1857, the death of his first wife, Alice, in Culombo, was a sore affliction to Mr. Wall. IN THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL: 1858-9. The proceedings of the Planters’ Association bear witness to the activity of Mr, Wall in respect of roads, labour supply and all legislation affecting plantiug interests in the early days. It is impossible for us to enter into a con- sideration of the different discussions or move- ments in which he borea part during the first decade of his residence. In 1858 he became for the first time Planting Member of the Legis- lative Council. This was in suecession to Capt. H.C. Bird and during the administration of Sir Henry Ward. Of this great Governor, Mr. Wall has been the greatest possible admirer—at any rate of recent years. He acquired the habitin the ‘‘sixties” of constantly referring to Sir Henry Ward as a most liberal-minded Governor and model ruler and of quoting his policy and admin- istration; but during his term in the Legislative Council up to 1858, Mr. Wall does not seem to have been quite so enthusiastic about the Governor, at any rate, in his role of President of the Council. Distance in this, as in so many other cases, it may be, lent ‘enchantment to the view,” At any rate here is the letter (of historic as well as practical interest) in which Mr. Wall conveyed his resig- nation to the Planters’ Association written just as he was embarking at Galle for England and the publication of which attracted a good deal of attention at the time:— To R.B. Tyrter Esq. Chairman of the Planters’ Association. Sir,—As I am about to pepe a ea shall be absent from Ceylon for several months, I have felt it my duty to resign my seat in Council. Elected by the planters, whose energy and enter- prise have raised the Colony to its present scale of importance and on whom its future progress and prosperity depend, I have ever felt the responsibility — as sensibly as I have appreciated the honor of re- — presenting in Council the planting interest. ; I regret that I have not been able to accomplish so much as I should have wished for my constituents. An unofficial member, however, has not much influence — in the Council as it is now constituted. It may have been otherwise formerly, when we had Governors of little power; but, in the hands of an able, resolute Dec, 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURISY. 365 Head, the Council is a mere instrument for giving { has displayed and the independence of character he hag effect to his own views. Oficial members cannot be expected to oppose the will of a strong and deter- mined chief, even where they are at liberty to do so. Unofficial members, therefore, find themselves with their inferior numbers and heterogenous material, opposed toa solid andimmovable phalanx. Resistance in the face of such inevitable defeat, becomes as spiritless as it is vain. The hopelessness of successfully opposing the views of Government, was strikingly proved ‘by the passing of the Pangwella Tolls Bill in spite of the unanimous votes of the unofficials, supported by one of the Government members. The refusal to concede, even so small a point, to the representatives of the public, had its effect in Halpee to make a seat on the unofficial benches a very unenyiable position. Power so absolute is even more liable to abuse in the expenditure of the public money, than in matters of general policy. Large sums are expended without votes, and the Council is superseded in its principal functions. The Government, it is true, fully admits and strongly deprecates the unconstitutional character of such expenditure, but makes out a strong case for a departure, in the particular instan- ces, from the usual rules. This is repeated annually and the votes of Council become a mere form. It is willingly admitted on all hands that the money so expenied is generally well applied, hence the unofficial members, though feeling that their rights have been infringed, are little disposed to censure strongly the way in which the thing was done, when the thing itself was really good, and was prompted by a spirit of earnest zeal for ‘the public service. For the sake of the Colony, I sincerely hope we may always have Governors as wise, able and vigor- ous as he who now governs it, but I should wish to see a Council correspondingly efficient. For this end; I do not think, any great change necessary, but I deem it essential that the Governor should cease to preside at the Legislative Council. The dignity of his position, and the usefulness of his unprecedented labours, would be rather augmented than diminished by his retirement from a place where the influence of his presence, paralyses all freedom of action and expression. I would further recommend an increase of two to the number of the unoiticial members, and the right to all members to initiate measures in Council. I commend this subject to the earnest consideration of the Planters’ Association. It is of vital importance at the present critical juncture. The Legislature will shortly have to deal with subjects of deep interest to the Colony in general, and to the Planters in particular. It behoves them, therefore, to have re- presentatives who may be heard not in vain remons- trance merely, but with force and effect. The Railway question is in a critical position and must engage the early attention of the Association and the aiony. The surveys and estimates on which the measure was originally based, have been aban- doned, and their substitutes are yet incomplete. Even the route is yet undecided. It is impossible therefore, in the present position of affairs to know what the work may cost. It was agreed by all parties, and by the Governor as strongly as by the Colonists, that the Railway ought not to be made at all, if it could not be made within £1,200,000. There is now no doubt that it will cost far more than that sum. What thenis to be done? The work is begun, and & considerable expense is already incurred. Shall it be completed regardless of cost? or, if not, at what point shall it be made to terminate ? I wish you farewell, and in doing so, assure you that if I could be of any service to my fellow Planters during my stay in England, it will afford me the greatest pleasure. I have the honor to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, (Signed) Grorce Waut. The Planters’ Association acknowledged the above letter by the following resolution :— “That a vots of thanks be passed to Mr. Wall for his valuable services; for the unceasing energy he | evinced, in the discharge ot his duties as representative of the Planting interest, in the Legislative Council.” Sir Henry Ward was much taken aback by Mr. Wall's ‘Parthian shot,” declaring that he never had an inkling of such sentiments being held and he blamed Mr. Wall for not avowing them from his seat in Council or sending his letter earlier before his departure, so that he could have been at once answered. After the receipt of Mr. Wall’s letter, the Plant- ers’ Association at the instance of Mr. Alexander Brown had discussed the following resolution :— Resolution: Proposed by A. Brown Hsq., seconded by W. Cohen, K accept the office.” 2. he Goveror begs to be informed, whether he is to consider this resolution aga definitive—and whethrr, at a moment whe:, from the unfore eea difficulties that have arisen with regard to the Rail- way, it is peculiar'y d sirable that the Gove-nment shoud have the aid of a full representation of the Planting interest in Connci, the Association declines altogether, to avail itself of a privilege, which it has exercised for the last four years, with much advanta to itself an! to the public. 5° 3. His Excellency desires me to point out to ou that it was not simply as a matter of © Caurtte, a but from a sincere desire to improve the institutions of the Colony, so far us it depended upon hm that the right of selecting members of Council, vested in ‘ha Governor by the Crown, was given up by him wherever he found an organised body ¢ mpetent to undertake the duty. His Excellency has po power to alter the faidament«l conditions of the system nick he is sent to administer. oe Te cannot iucrease tha number of the ma vf Oounci!, or alter the established prerOreeuaicns when official and un-official members, or divide the 366 re island into Blectoral Districts, w theut the Queen's commands; and up t> the p-esent moment, no such alteration in the constitution «f the Counci has men suggested, much Je-s urged up n hiu by address or petition, from any section of the community. 4, Indeed it mnst be obvious to every refleting mind, that the difficulties a'tending the change, if seriously contemplated, can ha dly be over-rated. The trus princi les of R presenta'ive and R-spo si- ble Government ca no* !e introduced iuto a Culony, the populatin of which consists of six or eight hundred European sett ers —a small, though intelli- gent, cla-s of Burghe:s—.nd two millions of Cingha lese, Tamils and Mocr.u un, equal to th Bur pews in a1] legal rights. Lus wh lly unaccustomed to the working of a consi utional system. 5. In such a community, the C own must Icn’ hold the balance between conflicting interests, if ord r is to be prese ved,—legislation imparti-lly con ucted, —and capital app'ied t p 1poses of gene al impro\e- ment. Besid s—even amonysc th Europeans, there is no large prop ietary c!a-s, with leisure and movey to devote to public affairs. Ail ave men of business a'l look to ingland »s their home, and seek to shorten the peri d of their absence by incessant ex- ertions—and under the ci'cum tances though the Governor is far from saying that ch nge is im possible, it is evident that it must be vradual, and cautions. 6. The first step was that which has been already taken, by substituting real for virtual WRepresentation, where there was a body, like the Chamber of Com- merce, orthe Pianters Associ tion, to exercise the privilge; and it woud be unforiunate if, at a tine, when the Presidencies of India are striving to arrive atsomething lik: the same extent cf elf-governm nt, that exists in Ceylon, the Iuropean resideuts here should repudiate this 1ight because the sarifize o* time t at must be made to public duty, trenches largely upon the more pressi' g demands of private business. 7. The G-vernor is aware, f.om former proceedings of the Association, tijat other reasons have been assigned for the reluctance evinced, at the present momen! to accept the ollice of a member of the Legislative Council. It wou!d have been a more manly and dign‘fied course, had these rea-ons been assigned at the time when they are supposed to have oscurred, or at all events, before the complainant left the island—and if just cause of offence had been given His Exce lency would lave been the first to express his regret for it. But though, in a sma'l deliberative assembly there may be gen lemen of such very delicite susceptibi ities as to tke umbrage at marks of assent or dissent, occuring in the course of debate, which no man. however high his pesition, would find fault with in the House of Commons, Hs Exc llency can affirm, untesita‘ing y, afer a long experience in public life, that there are few places where a mano! goed business habits, and clear head, carries more weight, thanin the Legislative Council of Ceylon, or may combine more friendly relations. with his official colleagues, with the firmest asser- tion of his own independence. — 8. His Exce lency appeal with cumstances, the very word “eviction” being hateful to the ears of British statesmen at a time when Irish evietions gave so much trouble; while Sir Edward Watkin did all in his power in and ont of the Cobden Club to serve his old friend and his supporters in the Colony. The result (to make a long story short) was that a new, inexperienced Governor and Lord Knutsford as Secretary of State agreed to abolish the immemorial paddy rents of Ceylon. As the writer took an entirely opposite view to Mr, Wall, his statement of the facts may be deemed a one-sided one; but we think every point advanced can be verified. The abolition was in the face of the opinion of very nearly the entire Civil Service and against the and views Legislative of Council, five ex-Governors 370 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Dee. 1, 1894: of the Colony—some of whom (like Sir Arthar Gordon who had a scheme for reducing and modi- fying its incidence.) had come to Ceylon with a strong wish to abolish the paddy rents, but had seen cause, in the five or six years of their stay, to agree that it would be wiser, in the interests of the people themselves, to continue the levy. All the greater triumph there- fore for Mr. Wall and his party of supporters ; and no one grudged hin, in return, the gold medal of the Cobden Club, on the terms on which he had earned it, namely by his labours to secure the abolition of an undoubted food-tax in Ceylon. Bunt, it is absolutely necessary to mention that Mr. Wall ignored—-while the Cobden Club post- poned their dealing with—the remaining and corresponding food-tax of the Colony, namely the Customs duty on imported grain which affeets one-half the natives of Ceylon, just as the paddy rents affected the other half. So that the curious result arrived at was, that Mr. Wall,— a son of Manchester, born and bredin a Free Trade atmosphere, the writer in 1867-8 of Speculum,* a worker in connection with the Cobdea Club, — by doing away with the internal grain tax in Ceylon and leaving the Customs duty, actually established Protection. Mr. Wall, we believe, would strenuously deny our proposition; but any one interested can see the facts in the Ceylon Customs returns—-how rice grown in the Eastern Province of the island is shipped free of tax to the Northern Province, there to compete with Indian rice which pays Customs duty; and how in all the markets of the South Western part of the island, Ceylon and Indian rice are sold together. fore, of ‘‘ Protection” being established with the direct countenance, if not active aid, of the Cobden Club is to our mind undeniable and must be noted by the future impartial historian of the Colony ; just ashe willnote that from Ist January 1892, Lord Knutsford and Governor Sir Arthur Havelock arranged that one-half the natives of Ceylon should eat free, and one-half eat taxed, rice. Onthe other hand, it must be acknowledged that Mr, Wall made out a strong indictment against the paddy rents for the corruption and oppression attending their collection through native headmen of various grades, such being the accompaniment in a more or less degree, of all direct taxation collected through natives in an Oriental land. As to results, opinions differ greatly on two very important points, nawely, first, whether the bulk of the rent remission has gone to benefit the mass of the poorer cultivators in whose interest abolition was urged, or into the pockets of well-to-do landlords and money-lending middlemen and trauers who virtually control the crops ; and, secondly, whether the result of abolition has been to lead to the local * See our former quotatigns, The fact, there-° extension of rice cultivation and increased produe- tion. On both these points, Mr. Wall and our- selves would, probably, give opposite opinions. Our information so far is unfavourable under both heads; while Mr. Wall the friends of * abolition” would argue and demonstrate according to their light and information that, in the interests of the people at large, the abolition has proved a great suc- cess. ‘Time and an impartial Official Inquiry under anew Governor, alone can settle this muot point, An Oriental people whose idea, in many districts at least, is that the abolition of a tax, means to them so much less occasion to work, and who regard the Civil Servant and headman much in the light of taskmasters or schoolmasters to keep them at work, obviously cannot be judged in the light of Western experience. Another test which ought to be almost infallible should befound in our Customs acconnts :—if the local production of rice is increasing, through the abolition of the paddy rents, the importation of riee from Inliaought inevi- tably te fall off. So far— with the experience of two years it has not done so. There we leave the mat- ter. It was impossible not to deal at some length with a subject so closely associated with the later years of Mr. Wall's public life in Ceylon, As jeurnalist, he was futher instrumental in starting a local Society for the prevention of cruelty to animals, which, unfortunately, is not so well supported as it might and ought to be. Mr. Wall's health began greatly to fail in the autumn of 1894 and friends became very anxious about him. On J5th October he was removed from Nuwara Eliya to Colombo where, at tle residence of Dr. Kynsey. C.M.G, he hovered between life and death for some weeks ; but the most unremitting care, meiical attention and careful professional nursing resul. ted in his being so far restored as to be ena- bled to take the voyage home to England to join his family. He embarked on the RP. & O, S.S. “Valetta” on November 9th, and landed at Plymouth on 4th December. He left England originally a young man of 26 and returned finally a patriarch in his 75th year. At that advanced age and with an enfeebled constitution, Mr. Wall’s litework, at any rate in Ceylon, may be said to be closed, and it is fitting that a notice of his strenuously active, kneenly intellectual and very varied career as !lanter, Meichant, Politi- cian and Journalist should be embodied in, and, indeed, should close our first series of the PLANTING PIONEERS OF CEYLON. It only remains to mention that Mr. Wall was twice married, his first wife dying in Ceylon on July 19th, 1857, leaving him with a family of five daughters; while by his second marriage (Mrs. Wall happily surviving with her husband in England) there have beep four daughters and fivesons. Most of the daughters are married and all the sons are actively employed in the Army, the Medical Service, South Eastern Railway, Education or in the Straits—so that curiously enough not one of them has sought or found a career in his father’s adopted laud, Ceylon. In our record of Mr. Wall’s literary work, besides a great deal of newspaper writing, circulars and pam- phlets ona variety of topics—many bearing on the practical work of the tropical planter—we ought not to forget two volumes of his, of a more thoughtful and even philosophical character: --one being on ‘Good and Evil” written in England at a time when Mr. Wall was threatened — with blindness ; and the other on the “ Natural History of Thought,” “- and ‘Dré. 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 371 BICE GROWiNG AND ITS P&REPARA- TION FOR MARKET. By R. W. McCuLnocu. (Published by Department of Agriculture, Quzensland.) INTRODUCTORY. Rice Oryza (Liun.), order Graminee, is a genus of grasses. ‘he inflorescence iz in panicles. Glumes two, not exactly opposite, outer pale, ribbed. The seeds grow on separate pedicles, which epiing from the main stalk, and each grain is usually terminated by an awn or beard resembling some kinds of wheat. Oryza sativa and its varieties yield the wel'-knowno rice of commerce. ‘‘ Paddy” is the name by which it is known in its uihusked unprepared state, when it closely resembles barley in appearance. It has been said before, and will bear repeating again, that probably few people realise, if they have even given it a thought, the importint part that rics p'ays in the economic history of the woxld; that probably there dos not exist any other product of the soil Which forms the staple food of.as great a number of human beings—comput dat th-ee-fifths of the entire human race—as depend for subsistence 04 rice. Ric’ is supposed to be of Asiatic origin, but i: is found growing wiid in several other parts of the world, notably in Central Ame-ica, Africa, and even in our own Colony, Queensland. To India, however, belongs the honour of first utilising it as a food, and by the cultivation of centuries altering the wiid product into what it now is. Wild rice is still con- sidered a luxury in Madras and other paris of India, but itis scarcely eve cultiva ed oving :o te small- ness of the return and the difficulty of harvesting as the grain is shed as soon as it rip-ns. It is a very fine white rice and sweet to the taste. In Indi: it is known as “‘oori,” and is treated as a weed. The rice plant is to be found growing between the 45th paiallel north and t!.e 30th south. Rice is extensively cultivated in India and the Hast generaliy, and when it is mentioned that it is also culti-at d in the S uth of Italy, spain, Portugal, the West Indies, Central Americ:, Onited S ates, and Australasia, is wlll be readily seen that the plant thrives under yarying conditions of climate and soil. VALUE AS A FOOD The nutritive value uf rice has hitherto been consider- ably underrated. Au acknowiedged authority once said that lib. of rice cooked for the tabe give up 88 per cent.of its bulk as nutriment, whereas the same quantify of beefon y gave25 percent. Further, boiied rice was digestible in an hour, while roast beef took three hours. The former cost just one-third of the price of ths jiatter. The natives of India perform very long journeys and uniergo a great amount of exe.tion on a handful or two of parched or roasted ric2; indeed, they subs:st for days on such a diet and Nature’s beverase, water. Rice analys:d con- tuins: starch, 809% giuten, 7°5; fat y matt-r, °7; sugar and gum, °5; epidermis, 3°5; ash. “9; t tal, 100. The general compositio : of rice from another analysis shows: water, 13°7; fl:sh-forming substa ces, 65; non-nitrogenous substances, 794; ash, “4; total 100. Rice-dust, m2a', or refuse, made up cf the husk and external layers of rice obtuined by preparing ths paddy for markst, has been found good feed for poultry, cows, «nd pigs, containing as munch fatty substances, it is said, as the best oats. The com- positios of rice meal or dust is as follows:—Water, 121; woody fibre, 46°5; starch, gum, and sugar, 25°5; proteine compounds, 66; fatty matter, 56, soiuble Stline substsunces, 3°7; total 100. Ricemeai as a flesh- formiog food tas only to bs known to b2 appreciated. A diet of three parts of ricemeal to one .f barley, cooked and fed whea cool, will put flesh on pigs in a most surprising manner, and has rather a bencticial effect on their general health. the bardy iittle Manipore ponies used by the planters in Assam and Caciar are almost entire:y fed on paddy. Tae stamina of thess hill ponies and ths weights they carry over long journeys on a paddy dj:t are ample testimony to 47 i:s nutritive value—in fact, a very large proportion of the equine race in India have paddy as their sole food. Snaeep, goats, cows, and pigs eat it with relish, thrive on it, und indeed ace exceedingly fond ot it. Elephants are also fed on it, and their liking for it is so great that next to the wild pig the elephant is reckoned by paddy-growers as ths most destructive enemy they have to a growing ccup, Rice s.raw cuaffed and mixed with molasses or linseed meal as a diet for milea cowsis thought highly of. Rough rice, or “paddy,” is therefore valuable as stock feed. The following analyses by Mr. Norman Tait, of Liverpool, show this clearly :— Rice Indian Rice meal. meil. husk. Flesh-formers evo 12:30 11:27 4:18 Oiland fa'ty matter ... 9:00 6°50 1:10 Starch, sugar &e. ROO 60 98 44 94 Woody fibre ... ves 4140 5:02 26°80 Ash Sen Ded ieaO 1:27 13°18 Moisture bee cad LOLO 14:96 9°80 Total food re the ste30) 78°75 50°22 Tt will bs seen tha: corn mealis a little in advance of tha rice meil, but it costs about double the priea ofrice mal. The straw also makes a capital bedding for horses, and is universaily used in all well-kept stables. For mulching purposes it cannot be beaten. Rice, iu comparison with potato-:s, as the f llowing analyses show, contains just three times as much nutriment:— Rice. Potatoes. Water ... oeb aH BHD) 750 Flesh-formers 006 esa OO) 14 Starch, &c, we «. 800 22°6 Total food aD atsleHi) 24:0 Hence 1 1b, of rice is equivalent to 4 lb. of po‘atoes, Rice, from its composition, is essentially an article of diet suitable for tropical countri-s such as Queens- land, and were more of it and less beef consumed, the doci.r’s services would soon be at a discount. Rice can be made up int» a variety of enticing dishes, clean vy, nourishing, strengthening, and h-althful. Probably only ons Huropean cook in a hundred knows how to cook rice. In properly cooked rice each geain should be of a firm consistency, and separate—not a3 one sees it on most tables, in a mashy, lumpy, sticky state, positively uninviting. A description of the prop-r msthod of cooking rice as practised by Orienials will uot come amiss in a paper “on rice.” In the first place, -he rcs requires to be thoroughly washed in cold wate:: it takes three or foue washings to do it p-operly. I; should tuen be placed in a saucepan or uther vessel three parts full of water, and aJlowed ta boil just long enough to soften the graio, wnica is ascertained by taking a grain or two trom time to time and pressing between finger and thumb, and when fouud to be soft it should be taken off tue fire immediately, the lid of the vessel opened a bit, aud the v-ssel inverted to allow the wa er to drain off thoroughly; the lid should then be fasteued tight and tha rice allowei to steam. It is then turued out, aud will be found to be quite white, with each grain separate. Rica should never be sti red while boiling. The grcat misiake made in cooking ric2 consists of not atlowing sufficient water, and ov reooking. When it is considered th+t rice, in boiling, absorbs taree times its weight of water, ths advisableuess of a'lowing a larger quantity of water is obvious. PRODUCTS FROM RICE, In India a vory iutoxicating spirit named “ arrack” is distilled from rice, and is cousumed by the lower classes principally. Ia Japan a rice beer, kaown as ‘““sike,” is extensively brewed, and is the principal formented beverage of the inhabivants. Rice contains 70 per cent. cf starch, and is largely ussd by siarchmakers, so that a good demand exists for it for that purpose. STATISTICAL. Queensland imported in 1890 nearly 3,350 tons of vice, valued at £47,193, and exported duriug the same period 215,167 1b., yalued at £1,304, leaying for home { ie 372 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. TT ing Fae FARE pg [Dec. 1, consumption over 3,200 tons, valued at £45,889. The greater portion of this rice came from Hongkong. Australasia imports annual'y nearly 20,000 tons, worth £250,000. Allowing 30 bushels as the average yield per acre of paddy, i* will require close in 18,000 acres of land under paddy to produce the quantity of rice at present aunualiy imported into thess colonies. Rice cu'tivation has been in existence in Queensland, principally inthe hands of Chinamen, for some years past. In 1886 there were 887 acres under rice in the Golony; in 1889 this area decreased to 249 acres, and in 1890 a slight increare is observed, the area being 300 acres,—16 acres in the Southern portion of the Colony and 284 jn the Northern. The produce of 887 acres in 1886 amounted to 1,741,320 lb., in 1859 249 acres yielded 230,781 lb., while in 1890 300 acr.s yielded 590,989 lb. Since 1886 there has been a very great faling off. The cause is not far to seek—a want of judicious seed selection, the cop produced from inferior or old seed being Jiable to parasitic or fungi attacks, which was the case in 1887 avd 1888, Of the total amount of rice produced in 1890, Cairns supplied 367,520 lb. from 164 acres, Port Douglas, with an area of 61 acres furi.isbed 77,680 lb. Cooktown, 62,445 lb. from 37 acres, and Mackay, 57,584 Ib. from 22 acres. It will be seen from these figures that the average yied per acre at Cairns was just 1 ton, Port Douglas just under ~ of a ton, Cooktown just over # of a ton, and Mackay, ov r 1 ton. The 16 acres in the Southern portion of the Olony yielded 25,760 \b. of rice, or an average of nearly 27 bushels per acre. SUITABLENESS OF QUEENSLAND FOR RICE CULTIVATION. There can be no two questions about this. Queens- laud, as the above statistics show, is eminently suited to the growth of this cereal. We have here the rainfall, temperature and soil best adapted to the growth of the plant. The ayerage yield per acre obtained in 1890 was over 82 bushels, while the averaze obtained in India does not exceed 12, Within the last few years the Indian Government have spent a Jarge amount of money, time, and patience in trying to educate the natives out of their prehistoric methods of cultiva’ing rice, wi'h the result that where n proved ploughs were used and deeper cul iyatioa given, a yield of 40 bushels per acre has been ob ained. This only serves to show that with cur rich soils and modern farming methods and appliances an average yield of from 60 to 70 bushels per acre cau and should be obtained. Mr, McPherson, in his ex- periments in Brisbane, oltained at the rate of 68 puehels per acre, Ia the Mackay district 24 tons to the acre, value £20 per acre, was got by Mr. Thomas iu 1887. In the previous year, 84 bushel per acre was the return. Queensland possesses immense trac’s of what are commonly designat-d wretched swamps, and there is scarcely a farm in the whole Oolony which has not a few acres of this sort of country; but it is not fully recognised that these ycry s ime swamps can be made to produce untold wealth; were the value of rice cultivation more genera!ly known, thousands of acres of such swamps would in ashort while be transformed into waying paidyfields, sur- rounded by the cottages ofa prosperous and contented community. The knowledge requisite for riv2-growi: g can be easily imparted, no very great azriculturai skill being wauted. On the Herbert River innumer- able acres of the finest paddy laud the writer ever saw are lying fallow, and the same is to be said of almost every district in the North. Whether the cultivation of rice in Queensland will stand by itsef ot not, there can be no doubt about its being a yaluable adjunct to other products. Rice is an article for which the demand is not at all likely to decrease, and with an increased cheap produc‘ion an iucreased consumption must come about. PROLIFIC NATURE OF RICE. The following extract from the Horida Despatch is sufficiently interesting to warrant insertion in this paper, as showing the prolific nature of rice:—“‘ There came up in my garden in a hole of water, may be 6 inches deep, a single grain of rice. It produced moxe than ninety heads at tho first crop, and over 110 at the second. The first crop was stripped from the heads, and the grain poured into water, and the imperfect graics floaed cff. Then the mass was measured with a spoon. The spoon was filled three times and cach spoonful counted by itself. The ‘hree were then added and an average struck. Equal care was bestowed on the second rie 3 The whole number of grains from that oue grain I found to be 25,706.” VARIETIES OF RICE. The varieties of rice cultivated nowadays are so numerous it is utterly impossib'e to specify them. In India alone there are several hundred varieties, the classifying of which is further complicated by their having different names in d fferent localities. Toe prevalent cus'om has been to classify them according to the seasons in which they are sown. All these innumerable varieties, therefore, have been classed under the following th'ee heads:—*' Aus,” “aman,” and "* boro.”’ The “aus,” early crop, so cal'ed because it is sown in the spring, c>mprises all the varieties that do not r:quire flooding and are grown cn higher lands. These varieties ere known in European countries as “upland or mountain rice.” Ay ry mistaken notion is prevalent abou’ this “‘upland” rice, some people b-ing under the impression that it is entirely a dry land rice—that is to say, it is independent of water either in the shape of rain or irrigation. No greater delusion can be imagined. Rics is as aquatic plant, pure and simple, and reqnires a fair amount of water or moi-ture for its successful cultivation. Be it planted on the top of a mountain or io a swamp, moisture it must have, either in the shape of rain, irrigation, or a naturally moi-t soil. It is trus. how. ever, that there are certain varieties of “aus” rice which require less water than others, notably the “jetka” and ‘“chally,” cultivated principally 14 the Bankura district in India. Some highly valued varieties are also raisedin Burmah. InSiam a Variety known as “na moong” procurable in Bangkok, is also said to possess this property, and is high! prized ; in addition to requiring less water it is said to need less attention during growth. In Assam, on the Garo Hills, a variety is grown which is as nesrly a dry Jand rice as can be grown. In Madagascar, again, a variety known as ‘“‘rajafatsky” as also the came properti s. The famous Carolina rice, so much thought of in the Unit d States, is nothing more noc kcssthan this same ‘‘rajafatsky”’ variety, altered by carcful seed selection and improy.d cultivation; till now some of the choicest A varieties of rice are grown from Carolina seed. Another curioug point about thisso-called ‘‘upland”’ rice is that it can be grown under exactly the same conditions as the swamp rice and give exactly the same results—that is to say, “upland” rce planted in a swamp. will produce as good a crop as if planted ona dry ridge and the same can be said of the swamp rice when planted ona dry ridge. This is no theory but actual fact, as anyone who k.ows anything about rice cultiva« tion can prove. The “aus,” as its name implies, is an early crop, and is a quick grower, some ya: ieties ripening in two months. The quantity of this crop grown in India is limited, being very much smaller than any of the others. These extra dry varieties ae not considered quite so nourishiug as the swamp or wet rice, nor so palatable. The “aman’’—literally cold weather—is a late. crop, and isreckonei the most important—in fact, it is the staple crop, and where this fails famine is the result, The varieties grown under this head all requre a good deal of water in the shape either of rain or irrigation to insure successful crops, A variety in Siam known as ‘‘na soon”’ is said to be far saperior. to »ny of the Indian varieties, commanding the highest pric2 in Siam. This would be worth import- ing here. All the “aman” varieties are firs: grown in nurseries, and transplanted when three we:ks old on to the fields, which are prepared by being puddled —that is to say, after the landis well ploughed, and just before the time for planting arrives, water islet on to the field, and the soil puddled, by tramping. about on it, However, this pudiling is not absolutely, — essential, provided the soil is soft end moist when -for value ranks third. Dec, 7, 1894]. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 373 transplanting, or having 2 inches or 3 inches of water covering them, and duving the whole period of their growth having more or less water lying on the fields. The “boro,” or big-grained, the poor man’s crop, This is a coar-er variety of rce than the others, is grown on swamps ues to inundatiov, sown cither broadcast or travsplsnte, and is depended on the rapidity or otherwise of the the rise of water. Owing to the length of time the water submerges the land, the straw of this crop is useless and is usually burnt. Of the abcve-men ioned three, the ‘‘aman,” or wet land ‘tice, is by far the most profitable, and is advocated in preference to the others, where a good table rice, nourishing, pa'atable, and having a heavy crop is desired. Before entering into rire growing, the in- tending grower should satisfy himse f first wha: crop he intends to grow. Ifa table rice, for stock feed, or for starch, he shoud get seed accordingly, fcr it is very certain that a coarse, cark-co.oured rice suitable for stock feed, although very ncutishing and palatable, will not euit the present demand for a short, pump, pearly vhite tab'e rice, aid vice versa. Tie rice consumed most extensively in Queensland at the present day is that known as ‘‘Japan” rice, a short, plump, bright yellow grain, which when huled gives a peary-white grain; ard rice-growers are earvestly advised to grow this, ani this oniy, for the present. For the !ast two years a yariety of rices has been grown, the principa| features of he majority of them beng a thin, long giain, which has keen practicaliy unsaliable, to the great dis- courag: ment of the growe:s, Farmers must study the public taste fr rice, for the present, at all events, til the indu-try has assumed bigger dimensions, by which time the pubic will have teen educated to appreciate some of the finer varicties of Indian rice, when o change of variety will be found profitable. To the meantime the demand for this short, plump, pearly rice exists and vari-ties, be they from Japan or India, having this characteristic, should only be cultivated, ia vew of which fict, the Department for Agriculture has order.da quantity of this Jupan vsriety for dis ribution. Black Burmese Rice.—-A notice of this rice has lately appeared in the proceedings of the Agri-Horticultural Society of India, wherein it is meatione1 that the black Burmese ‘t Jooma Choul”’ is grswn by Mughs in Chittagong and the hill tracts, in the Jhooms, or newly cl-ared juvgle Jand. This paddy is sowa in April and cut in October, and is more glutinous and nutritious thau ordinary ric’. This rice indeed is described as getting qu te glutiuous when cocked, and for this 1eason it is frequ ntly steamed instead of being boiled in the ordinsry manner. Besides being uscd as a focd in theregulsr way, it is maie into a short of pudding flavoured with scraped ccco- nut. The black rice is not precurable in any large quantiti s on the Arrac.ncoast, but is more plentiful on the Maitaban coast at Mculmein, Rangoon, &c., and isonly used for swee'meats. Piofessor Church, reporting to the Roysl Gardens, Kew, ou Burmese Rice, stats that the results amply confirm the opinion entertained of its high dietetic value, and that flesh forming substance, in oil, and in mineral matter this black rice shows a mirked euperiority over all semples of other varieties hitherto examined. The most noticeable peculiarity of this rice is its unusual richness in albuminoides and in oil. Some of the most highly este. med of the Japanese glutinous rices have in Pe been found to contain fr.m 1} to 2 per cent. of oil, instead of the 0-4 or 0°5 per cent. commonly present in Carolina rice, but then they aye comparatively poor ino albuminoides. In the sainple now under discussion it was found that the congulable albuminoides, as determined by the phenol m ‘hod, amounted to 85 per cent.—a figure which compared favourably with the average—namely, 7°3 per cent. pres nt in other Indian ric-s. And it must be remember.d hat a simiar reduction (say 06 per cent.) aust be made in the latter figure, in order that o fair compirison between the two precentag:s may be made. ‘Lhe numbers will then be—trus albuminoides in 100 par's cf black Burmese rice, 85; ” other Indian rices, 6°7. Ons of the results of thig richness in albuminoides, according to Professor Church, is brought out on ca'culating the nutrient ratio of this Burmese rice, which is much nearer fo that of a comp'ete food than is the case with the ecmmon kinds of Indian rice. These latter are Jike- wise poorer in phosphceric acid than the Burmese variety. SEED, Too much attention cannot be psid to a chcice of seed; only good seed from vigorous plants shoud ke selected. Age has to be considered as well in selecting seed. Both new and old seed have to be avoided. Seed abcut twelve months old is reckoned the best, New sesd wil! come up socn, and grow rapidly, but wil! give a very light crop; old seed will either not germivate or give a very straggly crop and weak plants. Good seed not only givesan iucreased yield per acre but produces a hardier p'ant—one less liable to the attacks of parasi'ic or other diseases. Another matter not to be lost sight of in. selectirg seed fis to seo that itis pure, cf one varicty only, not mixed, otherwise an unsatisfactory cropisthe result. Most of the seed r’ce used in the C Ivny was originally imnorted from China, and the product sown again and again; the original rice was by no means the best, and the practice cf replanting the same year after year cannot be too strongly cond-mn+d. An enti e change of seedis wantsd. Rice growers would do well, if they have not got the seed through this office, to submit a sample of it to the Department ere planting. By this means they will avoid growing a variety for which there might p-ssibly be no demand, (To be concluded.) 4+ —_ ~~, LIME FOR SUGARCANE SOILS. (Translated from the French by Husrert Dyer for the Planters’ Monthly.) Lime is always met within plants in varying amounts, but its principal action is upon the physical and chemical properties of a soil. It forms part of the mineralogical composition of almost all arable soils, wherein it i3 present jin considerably larger amounts than is any other of the fertile elements, Its action is most pronounced upon soils deficient in lime, in which case it acts both as a fertiliser and as an amendment, this being epecially the case in the French colonies. At Guadeloupe it exists in cane soils in very small amounts; this is an indication that its use would produce most excellent results. Many commercial manures contain lime in ecmbina. tion with sulphuric or phosphoric acid; in soils it is present as carbonate of lime or as the silicate- Quicklime is obtained by obtaining carbonate of lime which is thus broken up into caustic lime and carbon dioxide. In Guadeloupe there are large strata of limerock, and it is also found along the sea shore as coral; these two are almost exclusive'y used for making lime. They contain only two or three per cent. of impurities and produce a yery pure lime, if the burning has been well conducted. Besides its important action as a plant food, lime exerts a most considerable action on the organic and mineral constituents of a soil. Under the influence of air and warmth humid organic substances all decom- posed with absorption of atmospheric oxygen and liberation of water and carbon dioxide. ‘There is thus operating a slow combustion which transforms the vegetable matter into humus, the importance and usefulness of which is so well known. Lime, as well as the alkalies, possesses in a high degree the property of hastening this decomposition and render- ing assimilable a number of organic substances which are difficult and slow of decomposition, and which without its intervention would remain in the soil powerless to help to feed the plant. This disorganizing influence of lime is often made use of to transform the woody matter of weeds into vegetable mould; it suffices to mix alternate layers of weeds and quicklime in order to obtain in seyeral 374 ulyerulent mould very valueble as a fertiliser. ere Bae of lime on mineral matter is equally important; it facilitates the decomposition and trans- formation of the soil’s insoluble elements; in clayey and volcanic soil it hastens the disascociation of the insoluble silicates and sets free the silica and alkalies of which they are composed. (‘ Alkalies” is here used in its chemical seuse and not as the colloquial term for those mischievous aggregations of alkaline salts which are so Fac oe in the great interior valleys of Western America, pnd in India, where it is called “reh.”—Vvans.) ai . The action of caustic lye in a soil is very energetic, particularly during the first year, but before long it is changed into carbonate of lime, the effects of which are felt for many years. ; In most cases lime does not act as & manuve, it simply aids in the as-imilation of the organic and mineral princip'es of the eoil, When used without fertilisers it must then exhaust the soil, since it favors the absorption of the insouble and inert matters therein . contained; furthermore, since it great'y increases the yield, it results that the more one limes the more must one fertilise. This exhanstion of the soil by copious and repeated liming in the absence of any important fertiliring is no reason against ite use. It is plain that the lime draws out the insoluble reserves of the soil; but this reserve is wholly useless if it is not assi- milable, and one has every interest to develope it and to make it contribute to the production of a crop. The abuse of lime may be dangerous, because irom its mode cf action it is plain that heavy liming may momentarily decompose ® very large amount of fertile elements which are liable to be carried away by rains, unless the vegetation is eble to utilise them as fast as they are tet free. f Nearly all the estates of Guadeloupe can be im- voved by the rational use of lime; as well the lower Jands, which are clayey and rich in organic matter as the high volcanic soils. ‘he amount to use varies according to the soil; in Guadeloupe it must be considerably Jess for those light soils on the higher levels than for the clayey ones of the lower lands. In liming every five or six years, at each rep anting one may use with light soils 25 to 40 hectolitres per hectare (1 hectclitre equals 2°8 bushels, and 4 hectare equala 2°4 acres), and with heavy soils 40 to 60. Anu excessive liming has always less inconveniences in strong clayey soils than in either light or sandy soils. Liming has always given good results in Gua- deloupe when done properly, and it would be adyan- iageous to practise it on a larger scale than has usually been done. As it would be difficult to lime while cane occupies the land, it is best to do so before planting and after the first work has been done towards breaking up an old field or preparing a new one. In order that the lime be evenly distributed it must be reduced to a fine powder. A partial slacking with water will do this, but it is preferable to scatter the lime in little heaps at regular intervals over the field, and then to cover them with earth. After a fortnight the lime and its earth y cover are mixed and spread over the soil. Liming during heavy rains must be avoided, as the water renders the lime pasty and consequently difficult to PAW ile these methods are noteworthy because of their simplicity we would, however, specially recom- mend the following:—During hoeing large quantities of weeds often accumulate about the edges of a field and in order to transform them into valuable compvst it is advisable to make use of the decomposing action of lime. For that purpose aternate lay 1s of weeds and lime are piled up and the whole covered with the earth. After thorongh decomposi- tion of the vegetable matter the pie is al stirred up and spread over the fields. In this way we have converted all the cumbersome weeds into a lime compost, the good effects of which are beyond the ubt. : ey I date the fine lime evenly over the fie d, and before making the ridges for p!anting, it is well to: give the soil a good harrowing. The lime should not be put in the furrow, but always spread uni- THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Dre. 1, 1894. ecesaary whee liming Ths action wil be lees to fear if the reaction is produced in the heart of the soil, because tien the volatile elements may be abeorbed and fixed ; but it is better not to run this chance of loss and to lime before fertilising. [The author, in the above article, has said nothing about the wonderfully favourable aciion of lime in promoting a better tilth—mechanical condition—of clayey soils. Even a small percentage of lime will render a@ waxy adobe most brittle aud pulverulent, and transform it from an obstinate putty-like moss to a granular friable soil which works well. The lime causes the smooth clay to flocculate, to aggregate into little lumps which thus render the whole mass brittle. Everyone has noticed on clayey soils that puddjes of water are slow to deposit their suspended mud and that they remain turbid even till completely dried up when suspended clay is seen lining the bottom of the puddle with a hard, dense layer. Buch soils have a poor tilth and can be most astonishingly umproved by liberal use of lime. Furthermore, jime is a rons promoter of the formation of sugar,— Trans. _-- s> --- THE BLACKWOOD OR MUDGERABAH. (Acacia melanozylon, R. Br.) By J. H. Maren, Consulting Botanist to the New South Wales Government, It is called “‘blackwocd”’ on account of the very dark colour of the mature wood. * * * Botanical name.—Acacia, from ac, a point (Celtic), or alazo, I sharpen, (Gr,ck), as many of the epecies are furnished with spines. Spines are, however, the «xception in Australian species. Melanoxylon; this is fr.mtwo Greck works signifying “black wood,” und Robert Biown, the botanist, wuo adcpted this desig- nation, simply translated the commonly accepted colonial name. Exudation.—Many of our Acacias yield gums, but I have never seen gun on a blackwood, although I have carefully looked fir it in different parts of New South Wales and Victcria, and upon trees growing under widely different circumstances. ~ Lark.—The bark of this valuable timber-tree has usually gone to waste after the wood has been ob- tained from the jogs. Baron Mueller says: ‘“ The bark is, however, rich in tannicacid, and ought not to be left unntilized, though no trees of this species should be sacrificed for their bark alone.” This may be true as regards Victorian trecs, but I have not seen any new South Wales blackwood barks of much value. One from an oldish tree from Monga, near Br idwood, y.elded 11:12 per cent, of tannic acid, and 20°63 per cent. of extract. his is the only specimen I have subjected to chemical analysis, but I have oughly tested other barks of the same species, and am inclined to think that blackwood bark is very inferior for the purposes of the tanner. Timber.— this is considered by scme people to be be the most valuable of Anstralian timbers. Perhaps this is a bold claim to nake bearing in mind the high merits of such timbers as ironbaak and red cedar, but it is undoubtedly a timber of the highest class, happily combining an ornamental character with great strength, It is hard and close grained, and is much valued for furniture, biliiard-tables, cabinet-work, picture frames, gun-stocks, walking- sticks, crutches, tool-handles, railway and other car- riages, boat-building (stem and stern-posts, ribs, rudder), naves of wheels,, parts of cr, ans, ;iano- — fortes (sound-boards and actions), and many other purposes too numerous to individualise, Bixckwood 1s strikingly like Am rican walout in most 1 sj ects, in fact the fermer is probably ofien substituted for the Jatter without the purchaser being any the wiser, the incentive being that w Jnut biings about a ehilling a foot, and blackwood about a fourth of that price in the Sydney market, If blackwood be Dec. 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 375 treated with lime water or potash, the decepticn will be complete. Blackwood is pushiug itself for- ward on its own merits, but it has to fight against a good deal of the prejudice which is shown to colonial timbers, largely caused by unseasoned tim- ber having so often been supplied. The similarities of wainut and blackwood are not confined to outward appearance, for their properities appear much the same. Hence a knowledge of the many uses to which the former timber is put is useful as a guide to the capabilities of our blackwood. A good deal of it possesses a “broken grain” and satiny lustre which are exceedingly ornamental. Nothing in my opinion, resembles the figure of picked samples so } strongly as the South African mineral crocidolite, which, as is well known, has a characteristic and beautiful appearance. The figured wood is cut into veneers. It takes afine polish. It is an excel- lent weod for bending under steam. It requires fair play in the matter of seasouing, and will well repay any reasonable care expended on it. A drawback ‘to this valuable timber is that it does not take the glue as weil as many others. Rosewood behaves similarly to glue. I do not know the reason of this; it may be from the presence of oil-cells. It was largely used for oil-casks, chiefly for the Hobart whaling trade. The lightwood was chiefly used for this purpose. As regards its use for wine casks, Mr. Thomas Hardy, of Adelaide, has pointed cut that this timber 1s open to the objection that it leaks through t e pores when sawn, but it is tight when splis on the quarter. As a charcoal wood, its char- coal burns with intense heat, but almost as fast without blowing as it does with, which is of course objected to by blacksmiths. Blackwood is not proof against white ants. Its specific gravity, according to Baron yon Mue ler, is trom 664 to ‘777, v.e., the weight of a cubic foot of the dry timber varies between 41 and 38 lb. Mr. Gamble gives the weight per cubic foot of an Indian grown specimen at 36 tb., and states that it was cut from a tree twenty years old, and 90 feet high, which gave a blank 2 feet broad; but in India it appears to lack density and deteriorates in value. It is a wood much appre- ciated by the Victorian backs. For instance, the Yarra blacks used to make their mulgas or club- shields of it, their throwing sticks (for propelling spears), and their ‘‘jil lil,” a curved fighting weapon with a knob. Followiig is a report by Mr. Alien Ransome on some samples of this timber sent from Victoria to the Colonial and In ian Exhibition :— “Samples of both old and young trees were sent for trial, ‘Lhe former were made into join-rs’ specimens, the latter into casks. ‘Vhe figu e of the oid-growth wood is yery fine, and the surrace left by the cutters was all that could be desired. The casks proved a complete success. The wood has already been im- ported into Kngland in smill quantities, and sold at prices from 2s. to 3s. per cubic foot.’’ I quote descriptions of Tasmanian wood ty the sime autho- rity, as, since we look forward to an increasing trade in colonial timbers with the Uvited Kingdom and the Continent of Hurope, a report by a well- known English expert has peculiar value. * Blackwood.—A soun'!, mild working timber of a brownish colour, closely striped with streaks of vari- ous shades of reddish-brown, and frequently crossed by diagoaal marks cf alight golden colour. ‘I'he more ornamental logs of this wood are exceedingly beauti- ful, and shouid fetch a high price im this (London) market, where they could be used to advantage in place of the best Honduras mahogany, while the less ornamental logs would serve for the higher class of joinery work, such as counter and shop fittings. ‘Lhe younger giowth is well suited for cooperage work aud a barrel mude from one of ths pieces sub- mitted fo. trial, befors being artificially seasoned, is still quite tight, and shows no sign of shrinkage. * Lightwood.—This is an inferior description of blackwood, from which it differs mainly in being of ® lighter colour, and having a somewhat more open grain. Although it will not compete with the black- wood for highly ornamental cabinet work, it can be umed in the place of cheap mahogany for ward- robe backs and other similar work.” ~is a very old It will be observed that most of the reports on the utiity of this timber refer to Tasmanian and Victorian wood. This is because the occurrence of blackwood in the New South Wales is known to very few people, whereas, as is stated in the proper place, it is very widely distributed in this Colony, alth ugh usually looked upon as some other timber. In sending a New South Wales specimen for identi- fication, Mr. Van. We-nen, of Gunnendah, writes to the Depariment:—'‘ It is only lately that it has been brought to the saw-mills at Boggabri, and the sawyers do not know it. It grows in this di-trict, and is being used by coachmakers and cabinet-makers, who speak very bizhly -f it.” Neither do the saw-millers in the Richmond River district know anything about it. There it is chiefly cedar, pine, hardwood, the changes being rung on these three indefinitely. Beyond these, little is locally known of colonial timbers. Strange t» say, that while the timber is highly spoken of in the southern localities of New South Wales I have mentioned below. it is hardly ever used. Now this does not indicate that it is of little value, as some cynics who delight to sneer at native timbers infer, but simply that the public in the district are not yet alive to its valus, and shippers are ignorant of its occurrence in the particular locality. In a sparsely populated dist:ict the local demandf-r even a popular timber will be readily satisfied, but when we consider the cause of a little known timbe-, users are timid about giving an order for something of whoss value they are at present ignorant. Still, even in the southern districts it is worked up to some extent, and it only requires that our peo;le shall be in!ormed that they have growing near them the true blackwood for them to use it a good deal more. I know of a Braidwood tradesman who has made, fr many years, articles of the local blackwood. His; work haa a deservedly goo! r putation, and he does not make chests of drawers, secretaires, plate-chests, &c., out of a timbe: cf whose value he has any doubt. I know of another tradesman at Delegate who used t» make beautiful gun-stecks of it. The price he gets for his gun stock is so h‘gh that I am afraid to mention it, as everybody may turn to gun-stock making. Anothe- tradesman uses it for buggy naves. He from tims to time goes out and cuts d-wn a fair-sized tree, lets it season outside in the log, and cuts Icngth by length off as hs wants it. The manufacture of gun-stocks from this timber industry, particularly in Tasmania. I find that in the season 1844-5 that 430 gun-stocks were exported from Launceston to Guieat Britain. * * * * Size.—In the south rn mountain districts, there are many tees 70 or 80 feet in height, with a s em diameter of 2 or three feet The Mudgerabah which may be taken as a type of the northern New South Wal-s f.rm, is usually 40 to 50 feet high, and also hasa diameter of 2 or 3 feet. In Tasmania and Victoria, it is as large and larger jhan those in the southern mountain districts of New South Wales, * * * * Propagation.—From_ seed, which is readily purchas- able. I recommend this valuable tree to be conserved and planed in the cooler, moist districts of the Co- lony, 7. ¢, in the coastal and dividing-ranges and table lands. It is a!so a shady, ornamental tree and hence is oftex cultivated in Sydney gardens. With me», it has grown 20 f. et high in three years—healthy thick fo'iaged trees. This tree has been extensively cultivated in Madras forrevenue purpos’s, but the wood has been found to poss ss the e few qualities priz d by the cabinet-maker and builder. It warps after many months of seasoning, is not easily worked, and is not as durable as other timber accessible to the residents of the hillstations. Tieslowness of growth is much azainst the tres, and where it has basen tried, in two instances, as an avenus tree, it hag proved a failure. It is liable to attacks from g mistletoe. As a fuel tree it is not prized so highly us A. dealbata (Silver Wattle). The blackwood “Wag introduced on the Nilgiris in 1840, and is now con» pletely naturalised. It it also being grown on the 376 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Sh e * [Dec. 1, 1894. hills of the Punjaub, Kumiun, end Sikkim, in India. I am not surprised at the want of success with this tree in tropical countries.—New South Wales Agricultural Gazette. —_—--——— AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN THE PHILIPPINES, The’ present commercial value of the islands con- sists of sugar, hemp, tobacco, coffee, copra or dried coconut, sapan wood, and indigo (the two latter of small importance). I have no doubt tobacco is their principal, if not only, article of export; but it will probably surprise most of you to learn that, with regard to cane sugar, the Philippines are the third in importance of all the countries in the world. Their crops, some 250,000 tons, forms about 9 per cent. of the total supply of cane sugar, and in quantity is only exceeded by Cuba, with some 900,000 tons, and Java, with about 430,000. In Manila hemp they possess a unique product, which, so far, can- not be grown anywhere else, and the export of which is increasing by leaps and bounds, having risen from 33,300 tons in 1872 to 98,800 tons, valued at about £2,500,000, in 1892. The trade in tobacco leaf is almost entirely with Spain, under contract with the Spanish ‘obacco Regie, or farmed Govern- ment monopoly; and though cigars and cheroots are shipped almost all over the world, yet the trade in both leaf and manufactured tobacco is a speciality, and is not considered of much importance by the large export houses. : Agriculture is carried out almost entirely on the metayer or share system; the owner of the land provides the instruments, animals, machinery, and seed required, the “inkuilino” provides the labour, and the produce is divided, in} certain Papenne but labour is generally in debt to the landlord, for advances, subject to heavy interest, so that, when accounts are made up after the crop is got in, he enerally finds that, instead of receiving anything im cash, he still has a debit balance against him to carry forward to the next year. The land ord usually suffers in the same way. So long as the re- gistration of titles and mortgages is in so unsatis- factory a state I see no remedy; insufficiency of guarantee naturally leads to high int rest, and, until the whole matter is taken in hand, and a radical change made, it cannot be expected that capital will be forthcoming on reasonable terms. This is unquestisnably the crying want of the islands; with ths judicious employment of capital the prod ction would enormously increase, and the quality of the products improve, but these are ‘Cosas de Espana” (Spanish matters), and I see no hope for a change. ‘ The cultivation of sugar is practically confined to the following islands:—Luzon, Panay, Negros, and Cebu; Hach district produces what is called dry and wet sugar, the former being subdivided into various grades. The Manila dry sugar is what is called clayed sugar, which means that, after the juice is cooked in open pans the mass is poured into earthenware receptacles, or “ pilones,” shaped like an inverted cone. A thin layer of liquid mud is put on the top, the moisture from which gradually ercolates through the mass, washing the molasses rom the crystals, and carrying off the bulk of it through an aperture at the bettom into earthenware jara set underneath. After standing for some weeks or months, the sugar is ready for further manipulation on the drying grounds, or ‘“‘Farderias,” which are entirely in the hands of the Chinese, who purchase the “‘pilones” from the planters. When they are opened the sugar at the top is almost white, and adus ly becomes darker towards the bottom. The white and dark sugar is mixed together in certain proportions, according to the grade which is to be produced; itis then s,real oat on mats to dry in the aun, for which one day is sufficient in dry hot weather; when dry it is packed in mat bags and is ready for shipment. I much prefer the system ruling in the Visayas. Here the juice is cooked to | a very high point, almost all moisture being driven trays, and stirred up, to allow the moisture which may remain; it rapidly erystallises after which it is at once ed in the bags, and rnffers no further manipulation before shipment. Why this system is not adopted in Luzon it would be hard to say. I should ascribe it to the inveterate conservatism of the natives, summed up in the expression, which covers such a muttitude of anomalies in the Poil ppines, “Costumbre del Pais,” the custom of the country. I now come to the second in importance, of Manila hemp, though it is really not bemp at all, but is produced from a species of plantain, or banana tree the scientific name of which is Musa tertilis, and which differs little, if at al!, in appearance from that which produces the edible banana, This valu- able plant grows only in the Philippine Islands. Attempts have been made to introduce it into North Borneo, Cochin China, the Indian Penal Colony of the Andamans, and other places. but they hate hitherto met with no success. It evidently owes its characteristics to some peculiar condition of soil and atmosphere which are found in conjane’ion in the hemp districts «f the Philippines, and n where el-e so that they have up to now the monopoly. The B ant flourishes best in hilly or mountainous districts ; rought is its worst enemy; it is a perennial. not an annual crop. After the plantation—locally called a “late”—is laid out, the plants go on reproducing themselves. At the age of three years the shoots attain their maturity, and they should be cut just before they bear their first fruit, as they then yield the fibre in ite perfection; if cut too young the fibre is apt to be weak and short; if too old it is harsher and more brittle. The plantain is an indigenous plant, and if the stem be cut across it is seen to con- sist of a number of concentric layers or petioles. The mode of preparation is to all appearance a very rude one, but no scientific machine has as yet ben invented, though many have been tried, which can advantageously replace the native instrument. This consists of a portable wooden bench, to which is attached a knife blade, hinged at one end and connected at the other to a treadle, by which the pressure zan be regulated. The layers of the plant are stripped off and drawn through two or three times betweea the knife and the bench; this re- moves all the sappy matter, and the clean fibre remain. It is then dried in the =un, and is ready for sale. If properly prepared, the fibre is strong clean and white; but a practice has sprung up in some districts, and is, I regret to say, Sentaliaos of notching the blades of the knives in order to facilitate the work, which discolours and weakens it, Strong measures are sometimes taken by the local authorities to put a stop to the abuses, inferior hemp being seized, and burnt; but so long as the consumer in the United States and the United Kingdom con- tinues to pay a correspondingly high price for the inferior fibre no steps which may be taken by the exporters or local authorities can possibly attain their object. The Manila coffee crop has never been a large one, the maximum yearly export not having ex- ceeded 6,000 or 7,000 tons, and I am sorry to say that the plantations have almost Leen destroyed by disease during the last few years, so that the crop has dwindled to something like 310 to 400 tons. How great a loss this has been to the producers in the coffee districts you will understand when [I te!l you that, since the year 1887, when the price advanced very materially, the ton of coffee has yielded the planter a profit of not far short of £30 to £35 a ton. Copra has been added quite lately to our list of exports. Rice is large y grown throughout the islands, but is not exported, and does not even suffice for local consumption. One or two mills provided wlith all modern improvements in machinery have lately been erected, and are turning out a very fine quality of cleaned rice. Until about twelve years ago the ex- port of tobacco and the manufacture of cigars wag Dec. 1, 1894.] a strict Government monopoly. The cultivation and manufacture is now quite free, but the improvement in quantity and quality has not quite fulfiiled the expectations which we'e formed of the results of this new departure. In reply to Mr. A. Rodgers as to the nature of the character in which ths native laguage was written, the Jecturer said that it was not known to be connected with any known character, and in_ reply to another question Mr. MacPherson sta'ed that there were very few good books about the Philippines in Eng ish, but several in Spanish. The Chairman, in proposing a vote of thanks to Mr. MacPherson, quoted from a recent French official report, that the trade of Manila had suffered by receut changes, bu: tobacco was improved, the cultt- yation of coffee on the increase, and agriculture was good, especially hemp, The same French 1eport also mentions the improvements n Mania: the harbour being cnlarg d, railway const: uct:on, and the intro- duction of the electric light. If titles were g:anted to the land and facilities given for mining, no doubt the country would develop. However, a large part of the trade and shipping is English.—London and China Kepress. ———————E———S EE PRODUCTION OF FIBRE FROM THE DWARF PALM IN ALGERIA. The French Monde Economique says that the dwarf pa'm, which furnishes considerable quantities of fibro, grows in great profusion in Algeria, and is one of the principal obstacles to the clearirg of the land, so thickly does it grow and so difficult to pull up; its roots, in shape resembling carrots, penetrate into the ground to the depth of a yardor more, and whin its st-m is only cut, it sprouts out again almost imm: diate y. As its name iudicates, this palm is yey small, and cau only attain a certain be'ght when rotected, as in the Arab c meteries, or example. arious uses are made of this p ant; its roots: serve as combustibles, a light kind ot coal being made out of them, and the natives haye employed the fibres that they «xtiacted from tbe Jeaves and the stems, mixed with camel-hair or wool, in the manufacture of stuffs for tents; wih the leaf itself they make baskets, mats, has, jans, bags, and cther articles, Considerable a tention is now b ing pad by the authorities to the encouragement of this industry in Algeria, as, in the first pace, it affords to the Arabs an easy meais of making a livi: g, and, iu the second, the land is thus rapidly cleared of this parasite. ‘Tre idea ot embarking in the industry of fibr- pro‘uction from the dwarf pa!m, originated, 1 ew years ago, with a landed proprietor living in Chéragas abont eight miles from Algiers. At the pr sent time there are, in Algeria, numerous establishments which ave deyoted to t' is branch of industrial ente prise. Theo principal factories are those of Averising, Llaflroun, Chiffa, Duperré et Douera, and the exports of late years hays exhibiteda decid d increas . In 1880, the quantity of fibre exported from Alge ia amounted to 9,000,000 Lilogrammes; in 1885 to 15,090,000 k-lo- rammes, and in 1891 to 19,000,000 of kil grammes. fn preparing the fibre, the follwing is the system eaten The leaves are plucked by the Arabs, and carried into the courtyard of the factory in a green state, ab a price of twenty francs per ton. As they are at once used, and as they fear neither thersia nor the sun, itis only neces-ary to pile themonthe floor in a heap. The first operation consists of sorting, which is effected by women and chi'dren. The weeds are removed from the stems which fre- quently adhere to them, and t'e broken or driei up Yeayes are cut away. Another operation consists in combivug the leaves, or rather in carding them. Tbis is effected as follows. A workman holds tightly in his right band a havdfnl of green leaves which he applies to a small carding machine. This machine consists of a drum on which some na‘ls haye been roughly fixed, and is constantly turning with great rapidity; to protect the hands of the workman itis encased in wood with only an opening sufliciently THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 377 Jarge to admit the leaves. As it is necessary that these leaves should be damped during the work, a tap is placed above the drum, from which a constant stream of water falls upon the leaves. With this mo-t primitive sys'em, a workman 1a able to card from five to six hundred kilogrammes of leaves a day. When the leaves have been comked at both ends, they present the appearance of a handful of rough and short fibre. Tuey are then dried, and, after a certain preparation, are ready fur use in s'uffing chairs, couches, &e. To curl the fibre, a workman takes up a quantity cf carded l.aves ani applies it to a bent hook, fixed upon the axle of a whoel, which is turned by a culd. The first fibres accumulate round the hcok, and wind thems lyes round it; the latter, which is constantly turning, draws in the vther, and the workman recedes from the wheel while grinding the fibres with his hand. Ths latter soon constitute a sort of cor*, one end of which is fixed t» the book, the o her held firmly and bhorizon‘ally by t!e work- man, At this stage of the proceeding, the child who turns the wheel stops and detaches one extremity of the cord, which he returns to the workman, after having passed it round the hook. In this operation the cord is subject to the natural impulse of twisting and rolls upon itsef, so that it is ovly n:cessary to fix the ends co that it canuot come unroiled.. The fibre is kept in this c ndition for several weeks, and is then untwisted, and is then considered to be sufficiently curled. Afrcan fibre is employed in its natural state or dye!. In the latter case, the fibres are passed through various solutions o ‘sulphate of iron aud Iegwood, then curled, and again plunged into the solutiin.—Journal of the Soctety of Arts. —_—_—_——_—__o——_—__—__- UNITED STATES BANANA IMPORTATIONS. Garden and Forest (New York) says:—‘ Thirty-six years ayo the steamer ‘‘ North Star’’ brought to this port &(0 bunches of bananas. The New York market had never before received anything like that quantity atonce. * * * As late as 1865 the market was glutted by as smalla supply as twelve bunches, which arrived here in June, when strawberries were abundant, and the fruit was left on the hands of the enterprising importers. * * * It was not until 1879 that the first steamers were chartered as fruit-carriers for the West Indian trade, but the business has developed so rapidly that for the twelve months ending with July 1 last not less than 133 steamers were engaged in carrying bananas between the West Indies, Central America, Aspinwall and the United States, and as many as twenty-eight have discharged here in a week. Sailing vessels are too slow for: this traffic, and the trip by steam from Jamaica requires but seven and a half days, and from Aspinwall a day longer. Three lines of steamers, comprising twelve vessels, make a regular trip every ten days between Colon, Puerto Limon, Jamaica and New Y rk, 120 more being chartered by brokers or run on the owners’ account. Norway proyides a majority of the vessels, which range from 400 to 2,000 tons burden, and tle flags of Great Britain, the United States, Spain and Denmark also appear in the service. ‘““The trade has already grown, until in 1892 the receip’s of bananas in this port amounted to 3,716,625 bunches. In July the highest figures of the current year were reached, 567,067 bunches haying come to New York duing that month. The largest New York supplies are now drawn from Jamaica, 1,055,876 bunches haying been received here from that Island during the year. The Cuban ports, Banes, Sama, Gibra and Cabanico, where the trade has more recently been established, together sent about 600,000 bunches last year, the remainder of the supply com- ing from Aspinwail, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Besides these large importations by New York nearly 2,000,000 bunches went to Vhiladelphia last year and almost as many more to Boston, while Baltimore, Sayannah and Mobile are also large con- sumers. New Orleans is, however, the most impor- tant market in the country, the enormous quantity of 4,483,351 banches having passed into that city from Central America during Inst year, three-quarters a 378 of a million bunches more than were disposed of in New York. The water transportation to that port is.short, and the bananas are quickly and cheaply distributed by special trains throughout the jenareplisciseippi valley: So well organized is this servicé, that’ the fruit is often chéaper in Chicago ~than in New York, The total importations into all United tiates ports during last year were 12,695,386 biincaes, weighing about 325,000 tons. -“The general business depression, and the abun- dant supply of peaches and other domestic fruits, have cfected the fall banana trade, prices now being nearly ‘00 per cent lower than during last spring, when first-grade gruit, which can now be bonght at wholesale as low us YUc., commanded $1°75 a bunch, averaging 125 fruits. Only afew years ago bananas sold at the fruit stands for $1 a dozen. The sane ‘nuxaber can now be bought for lic to 25c., and very ottes fortless than 1c. apiece. Since the nutritive yaiue-of the banana is almost equal to that of the > potato, both in starchy and nitrogenous elements, “this makes an exceedingly cheap diet. _. “The cargoes range from 8,090 to 32,000 bunches. The fruit sold on deck to local buyers is rapidly carted away on trucks, while large quantities are loaded in cars resting on floats by the vessel’s side for shipment to other cities. The experiment of ales by auction,.begun in August, is said to be meeting with considerable success, although but a small proportion of the supply is disposed of in thi» sway. In these sales the bunches are swiftly passed from the hold, being rated by a ‘sorter’ as number one, two or three as they a’e handed over the vessel's side, and placed in tracks; 100 bunches, all of one grade, constitu'e a truckload. * * * The buyers, among whom Italians, Greeks and Hebrews outnumber the American dealers, are ranged along the taffrail of the steamer, overlooking the trucks as they are loaded. * * * Upon delivery to the buyer the bananas are stored in dry cellars, those inteuded for early use being suspended in an air-tight compart. ment, where they are ripened by heat from gas stoves.” SISAL THE HOPE OF THE BAHAMAS. (BarBaDos AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE]. Every one knows the wail of the West Indian— ‘Ware sugar! Ware sugar!’ Every visitor to these islands is told of the ‘‘good old days’’ when they were sugar-giants in the land, before the beet-root giant-killer arose to challenge the monopolist’s supre- macy. It is refreshing therefore to arive at an island, where pessimism is not the prevailinge ton where maiiy are sanguine and not a few are con fident of future fortune. where a new industry is born of the weeds of the waste Jand, where a fatherly Governor’s foresight and enterprise bid fair to change poverty to Brilliant prosperity. Such a prospect is to be met in the Bahamas. Here Sir Ambrose Shea, the Governor has developed to a higu degree the hitherto almost unknown industry, the growing of sisal-hemp—an ente prise which it is expected will make the Bahamas independendent of the fruit-trade with America, and improve the welfare of the people. For many years the sharp, lancet-leafed wild aloe of the Bahamas (agave vigida) was literally a thorn in the side of the fruit planters. Ubiquitous, irre- pressible, it showed a preference for pine-apple lands; the innumerable suckers which sprang up hydra.like around the parent-stem defied attempts at extermi- nation. It revelled in drouyhts, it scorned the hurricane. But although a noxious weed, with a price upon its head, the sisal has long been of service to the local fishermen, who have for generations fashioned their lines and hawsers from the fibre extracted from its great five-foot leaves. ‘ All this time no one suspected that the despised fibre was worth £26 ($150), per ton in London, — It has been only during the administration of Sir Ambrose Shea that the full value of the ‘ weed’’ has been recognized. Experts in fibre pronounced gmphatically ia fayor of the new hemp; a marke THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Dee. 1, 189). wishes produced. Pp could be obtained for all that Thus eucouraged, the systematic ntation of acres of this aloe was commenced, though many, especially the creoles, scorned and derided,; for the plant, lik the prophet, was without honor in its own country. On the other hand, outsiders,and amoogst them + Joseph Vhamberlain, planted their thousands of acres. The fol'owing are a few of the faets concerning sisal growing which any sisal euthusiast will vouch for. The plants will grow upon almost any soi! in the Bahamas without any previous preparation of the ground beyond the actual clearing. The plant pa a lime-stone rocky soil—iu fact flourishes est in desert places where nothing else will grow. Consequently thousands of acres of land, previously considered as waste land, are now under profitable cu tivation. The initial cost of cultivation is estima- ted at about £5 per acre; this includes clearing, and purchasing of young plants or suckers. The expenses of the s-cond and third year are almost nominal, being eonfined to the labor for keeping down the suckers, and abor is very cheap—t*o shiilings per day for men and one shilling for women. At the end of the third year the crop commences, the hori- zontal leives are cut and carried away to be srushed and the fibre extracted. The c op is now continuous —as the leaves become horizontal they are cut, and since the life of a pant thas contionally pruned is estimated variously at from teu to sixteen years, the harvest is a long one. The extraction of the fibre is at present rather a primitive process. Tho leaves are thrust half-way between co:rugated rollers, withdrawn, reversed, and crushed again. The horse- tail mass of fibre, is then rinsed in the sea, and dried in the sun. A skein of glistening silk-like fibre four to six feet in length, is the result, There are many other fibre-producing aloes, but it is claimed that ths Bahama’s sical is almost entirely free from resin or gum, the presence of which makes the pre- paration a more tedious and expensive pocess. ‘he estimated yield of fibre per acre is half a ton per annum, and the estimated cos: of placing it on the market is £12 per ton; while the market price is £26 per ton, or £2 more than manilla hemp, Sisal therefore may be caled, “The Hope of the Bahamas,” —_———— THE DESTRUCTION OF COCKCHAFERS. [Translated for the Sucan Jowanat from the Bulletin Agricole.) M. Gatson de Vanx, an agriculturist, has made some experiments with the object of destroying the cockchafers on his estate. O1 the cockchafers first appearance he gathers together a certain number. e then prepares the following mixture :—Three litres of water, the white of two eggs, a large tablespoon ‘f kitchen salt, and a large spoonful of honey. To all this he adds two tubes of Botryt’s tenella, which is obtained at the chemists. He then puts the cock- chafers in a flower pot, about 9 in. high, which has a hole in the bottom, and pours over them the mixture he has prepared. The insects get well wetted through by the sticky fluid, and the opera- tion is quickly repeated several times. In three or four minutes the insects have been sufficiently mois- tened, and they are then spread out on the ground in the sun. Most of them regain their strength and fly away, carrying with them the spores of Botrytis tenella. . With this solution M. de Vaux has been able to infect two or three hectolitres of cockcuafers, and the results have been most surprising. Three or four weeks after the operation, dead bodies of cock- chafers were found everywhere, on the ground and buried in the earth. Havivg obtained this success, M. de Vaux proposes this year to establish in his — neighbourhood several p aces ior cockchafer inf cton — and owing to the lively and roaming nature of these insects he hopes that they will carry death to the majority of cockchafers in the district, oa -on this line at every ten minutes’ interval. believe the facility for short trips and indisorimi- «- EC. I, 1894. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 379 ROAD TRAMWAYS IN COMPETITION WITH, | COCONUT CULTIVALION ON THE NORTH- AND AS FEEDERS TO, RAILWAYS IN EAST COAST OF INDIA. CEXLON, We have received the following letter re- Our London. Correspondent tells us he has bad referred to him the question as to whether the prospects before a Kollupitiya line of Tramway would not be injuriously affected by the fact of its running so close to, and parallel wiih, ‘our seaside Railway. We do not think that s:rious fear of the R-ilway largely affecting the Tramway traflio need be entir ained, Long distance traflic no doubt méust gravitate towards the Railway, but it is to be presumed that distances of one or two miles, or even less, would form the average journsys for which tramoar passengers would avail them- selves of the promised facility. We should say that puch a.dietarc3 represents the bulk of the move- ment to and fro upon the Kollupitiya road. Again our seaside trains run ut relatively long intervals. It would not be worth the while in most instances of persons only desirous of making tbe short journeys we have meationed, to await the depariure of the trains. They would, we feel sure, prefer to use the tramosr which is timed to pass them We nated stoppages will induce the use of the tram- ways by many thousands who would not ‘think of resorting to the railway stations, The Colomb) Munivipality has doubtless considered all this before determining on the construotion of a Kollu- Pitiya tramcar line, and we feel confident that it has done s0 upon justifiable grounds. One thing is certain, that useful as our seasile railway has been in serving suburban passenger traffic, ita existence has by no means reduced the number of borses and oarriages employed, while of late years a whole army of ‘‘rickshas’’ has been in- troduced. S80 much in reference to Tramways in Colombo a8 competitors with our Railway; but let us tell our London Correspondent and his friend of the grand opportu: ity presented in Ceylon for laying down two-feet Tramways as fecders to our Railways and for which undertaking, no doub’, the Ceylon Government would be prepared to give every facility, so far es allowing the tram rails to be laii on the ‘cide of existing macad:m zed roads. Practical men in our midet, are, we believe, convinced that the following lines sre feasible and would tring in a handsome return on the capi al invested ;— LINES OF TRAMWAYS REQUIRED IN CEYLON AS FEEDERS TO EXISTING RAILWAY LINES :— Miles, (1) Nanuoya to Nuwara Eliya 5 or 6 (2) Talawakele to Agrapatana 10 to 12 (3) Hatton to Norwood A 5 or 6 (4) Norwood to Bogawantalawa Ae 12 (5) Norwood to Maskeliya aa 11 (6) Wattegama to Madulkele os 10 (7) Bandarawela to Badulla 50 18 (8) Haputale to Haldummulla at 6 dn order to get a beginning made in this direction upcountry, why ehould not that enter- prising firm, Messra Brown & Co., Lid., of Hatton, take up the scheme of Isying a Tramway up towards Bogawantalawa and Maskeliya ? If a Com- pany were formed, we shculd expect the proprietors and residents in these districts to t:ke up a large proportion of the shares.—In the some way, Messrs. Walker & Greig should consider whether they sould not do a similar cervice for tbe sister dis- triot as well as for Uva, If technical aid and a proportion cf capital are required from the old country, they can, we feel sure, be readily mace pyailable, 48 questing certain information as to the growth of the coconut tree :— No. 2,232, Kistna Collector’s Office, Forest Branch Masulipatam, Dated 17tn Oct. 1894. From A. W. Lushington, Haq., Officer, Kistna. To the Editor of the Tropical Agriculturist, Colombo, Srr,—In the Narzapar Talug of Godavary District and Bandar Taluq of Kistna District some excelleut coconuts are grown pro iucing nearly 200 fruits per aunum. It is stated that these coconut trees must be transplanted 7 times within the first 5 years; that otherwise the trees do rot produce until about 10 or 15 years, and that even then they do not produce so prolifically. I take it thit the necessity for transplantation is due either to the exhaustion of fertilizing ingredients of the soil or to the im- perativeness of checking the woody growth of the tree, thereby encouraging the fruit growth. Can you tell me which, 1f either of these solutions is correct; and, if the former, whether the fertilizing ingredients of the soil could not be replaced by manuring avd what manure should ba used.—I haye the honor to be, sir, your most obedient seryant, FE. Mac O'Leary, For District Forest Officer. In -the first place, we may inform the District Officer of Kistna tbat a yield of 200 coconuis per tree per annum is a crop almost, if not quite, unbeard-of in tho very best pslm digs tricts of Ceylon: 40 nuts per tree is a very good averags for ordinarily cultivated plantations; 60 nuts would be considered a splendid return and 80 to 100 nuts the very maximum even from a lmited number of trees culiivated in the mose liberal fashion. At the same tme, we are not prepared to say what may not ba got from coconut palms transplanted seven times in the first five years! In all our experience we never heard of any similar process: indeed, in Ceylon, any trans. planting is not considered desirable except - from the nursery to the holes specially prepared for the growing nu's and in which the future palms ara expected to grow and yield crops until after 50, 70 or even 100 years, they are finally cut down, As regards the supp: sed reasons for the many trapnsplantings, the first is out of the question, for it would be far betier to apply manure to the plant in its original location—catile manure, castor-cake or rubbish mixed with salt if cheaply available. As to the second reason, there may be some basis of experi- ence in it, especially if the 200 nuts yield be a fuct; but we should expect that trees so checked in ‘woody grcwth” and forced into fruit-bearing, would be comparatively short-lived? It is true that 10 to 15 years is the average age at which coaonut palms come into bearing in Ceylon; but is certain districts, and where liberal cultivation in adopted, the bearing of good crops in 7 years is not uncommon; while Mr. W. H. Wright re- poris that the trees on his splendid Mirigama plantation of a substantial growth, are beariny freely in their fifth year. Is; would be very in- teresting if Mr, Lushington tried an exper,ment after the Ceylon fashion a!ongside of one in tha fashion describkd in his letter; but what wo especially would like to know is how long trees live that have been transplanted seven times? Is there such a thing at Kistna as a garden of palms which after 40 or 50 years, still continues to bear 50 ruts and upwerds per tree per annum in orops year by year? Should further ipformation be required ag District Forest 380 to the various departments of coccnut cultivation in Csylon, it can be obtained from the ‘* Coccnut Planters’ Marual,” a new and revised «dition of which is at present passing through the Ceylon Observer Prez. + — DISTILLED WATER AND TEA-TASTING. A Lower Dimbula planter writes :—Your suggee- tion that distilled water ebould always be used for tating tea is very muc’ to the joint, as tea tattes s0 differently with different waters. Il bave known ‘a planter from, say the Keleni Valley, scarcely recognises his own tea wren tasted up bere. Write tre idea largein your paper.—This change in the wea'her will ehorien crops pro. tem. oe eS —-+-—-— COLOMBO TEA TRADERS’ ASSOCIATION, A special general meeting of this Association hes been called for tcday to consider eeveral important matters, The first item is @ recom- wendation of the Oommittee :— “That rule 4 of the conditions of sale be altered to read as follows:—Payment to be made on delivery in cash, without discount other than the amount levied as a cessat the customshouse on the export of teain terms of Ordinance 4 of 1894, and delivery to be taken at sellers’ stores within three days from date of sale, Sundays and public holidays ex- cepted. (2) That all lots of teas weighing less than, 400 lb. shall be treated as small breaks and sold after .the large lots have been offered, the order of sale remaining unaltered.’’ _ Mr. F. Duplock sccosded by Mr. F,F. Btreet will move:— (1) hat the following new clanse be inserted in the Conditions of sale aft: r clause 7 :—Gross weights to be marked on all pickages avd weighs to be veri- fied prior to delivery. (2) That clause 8 shall read as follows:—Al! teas to be paid for on sale weights, but buyers who are members of the Colombo Tea Traders’ Association to have the option of ascertaining net weights within 7 days of the date of sale, pio- vided that the gross weights of the packages remain the same as when delivered, Twenty-four hours’ notice to be given to the sellers to enable a repre- sentative to be sent to the buyrrs’ godowns to eee the teas weighed. To acertuin net weights 10 per cent of each break, but not less than three packages to be turned out and weighed, and tle average result taken as representing the actual net weight. Fractions of a pound to be disregarded, any diffe- xence between ‘ale and actual weights to be paid or allowed for as the case may be. ———_>__—---——- CEYLON TEA having been the only tea advertised at the Im- perial Institute. Its Sccretary wrote to and inter viewed Mr. Leake on the subject, and then learned for the first time the arrangement that bad been made by your Tea Fund C.mmittee with the contrac- tor. Now although two members of the Committee cf the India Tea Asrscciation are also membess cf the Tea Committee of the Ceylon Association, and were present when the last mentioned body declined to have abytbing to do with the arrangement with the contractor, they never communicated the cir- cumstances of the agreement having been mace to the Indian Association, We thouzht that body had been remarkably quic scent throughout the disastrous arrangement made, which involved your Tea Fund having paid a bonus of £300 for the sale of £200 worth of Ceylon teal We hear the arrapgemcut wes dropped at the er.d of the twelve- montb, and no wonder | _Tt is cur ous, however, {bat the contractor still indents upon Mr, Lcake THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Dec. 1 1894. for the supplies of the Ceylon teas he requires. It can oply be presumed that he cannot be better or more sdvantageourly se:ved by aay other quarter. —London Cor, Oct. 5. NAMUNAKULA TEA ESTATE COMPANY. A new Ceylon Company, entitled the NAMUNAKULA TEA ESTATE C MPANY, bes just been registered. B-low are given the p*rticulars as to this new undertaking extracted from a fioancial paper, Endeavour hes been made by me to ob‘ain a copy of the prespectus, buat my spplication for this bas been refused on the ground that it bas bren printed for private circulation only. From this refusal it. must be concluded that the new ventu'e is simply of the character of a private arrangement, and that no appes! is to be made to the general public for subscription towards its capital. Namonakuta Tea Estate Co., Liwrrep (42,042). This Company was registered on the 26th inst- with a capital of £50,000, in 500 shares of £100 each. to acqnire tea or other plantatious in Ceylon, or elsewhere, ad to carry on the busivees of tea plan- ters, or growers of tea, coffee, cipchons, or ary other vegetable product. be eubscribers are:~ C. B. Smith,7 Grove End Rd, gent ey | W. W. Simpson, Winkley Whalley Lance, coal owner on ane ove C. Harrison, 57 Lincoln's Ion Fie'ds, sole ... W. Negus, Walton-on-Thames, solr ~ “Fe Beytsou! 67 Lincolu’s Inn Fie'de, solr... H. D. Booth, 67 Lincolo'’s Inn Fields, solr ... T. U. Lave, 67 Lincoln's Inn Feds, acct .. The number of directors sball not be Jesse than 8 or more than 5. Qualification 8, shares; remune- ration to be determined in general meeting. Manag- ing director, U. B. Smith, until 1699, at a salary of £100 per annum.—ZJbid. ee PLANTING AND PRODUCE NOTES. Piry tHe Poor Tza TastEn.—Nearly everyone connected with tea knows that a tea taster’s life in these days of heavy sales is not exactly an ideal one. Iv is attended with a more than ordinary amount of monotony, and in some cases it mai be prejadical to health. We were not however, to learn that the pursuit carried quite so many horrors in its train, erhaps the fact that at this season of the year the entertaining news- paper paragraphist is on the track of se i matter may account for something, but after due allowance is made for his desire to make our flesh creep, the flowing cheerful statement, which we take frcm the co-umns of the Echo, is just « little strong. It runs thus :—‘ If persisted in, the tea- tasting profession is certain death to ail who pursue it. It inevitably tets up ulceration of the lungs and death. In overbauliog a cargo of tea the taster class fies it and determines the value of each sort In doing this he looks at the colour of the leaf ad the general cleanliness ofit. He next takes a quantity of the herb in his hand, aud, breathing his warm breath upon it, snuffs up the fragrance. In doing tbis he draws into his luo @ quavtity of iritating dust, which is by — means wholesome. Then, sitting down at a table : in his office, oa which is a long row cf little por- cleain cups and a pot of hot water, he ‘draws’ the tea and tastesit. In this way he classifies the different sorts of the minutest shades, -the — different pric s, and then compares his work with — the invoice. The skill of some of these men is marvellous, but the effect of the business on their — health is ruinous. They grow lean, nervous and ~ consumptive.” The * if persi ted in” is delightful: at suggests that a man who bas been a tea e tor some time will, if he value hs healih, bees a teetota! lecturer, sel coals on commission, OF Dec. 1, 1894.] oné or another of the hundred things there are todo rather than invite certain death in his criginal busi- ness. Few men would, we imagine, ‘ persist” in tea tasting if they were not compelled to do so by the exigencey of the sitnation, and we have never yet heard of a case where a duke or a very wealthy Man pursued tea tasting es a recreation from the pore love of it, although in the snnals of the ‘*Lane ” there may besucharecord. We have known a few stout tea tasters, however, especially cf the o'd Ohina school, also several who were not consumptive, and quite a number also even of jovial moed. These persiated in tea tasting for years and suffered no grievous hurt, although their palates were frequently jaded. As a rule they were not given to drinking tea round the domestic hearth, but we have known some hardened sinners who actually drank tea at home after tasing it all Gay, just out cf what our American frinds would call ‘ pure cussedness.” The paragraph we quote should have an appreciable effect on sa aries, and it may also prompt someone to compile! rome tables of +tatiatics on the subject. To persist in tea tasting after becoming acquainted with the consequence is surely anindictable offence. Tra ann Correr InN BAvAria.—An official report on the trade of Bayaria Inst year has the following :— ‘* Ooffee dealers and importers suffered locses from depressed prices, which thowed grest variations. Thiere was anincrensing demand for coffee surrogates. A srge firm in Oberbeyern dealing in malt ccffee pro- ductions reports a brisk trade. Tea is increasing in fsvyour, the principal cause, perbape, being the dearth of a good quality of coffee at a reasonable price.” Tue TRADE In BANANAS.—The banana trace js rapidly increasing. Those coming to the London market are chiefly from Cansry and Madeira, as being the nearest places in which the frut grows. West India bananas go chiefly to the United Ststes and Cenads. Twenty-five years ago 4,000 bunches were lauded in New York and tock ten days torell, Ten years later 10,000 bunches tock four daystoretl. Fiveyears ago fourteensteam- era unloaded within a week, esch Janding from 10,000 to 16,000 bunches. Last year the trade done by the West Indies in bavanas amounted to £4,000 000 for the United States alone. British Honduras began to ship in 1880 to the value of £700. Now the annual sbip- mints amount 'o at least £40,000. In Jamnica fruit is now a more importavtarticle ofcommerce than evgar, A correspondent, writing to a Jeading horticul!ural jonsael, inveighs against the bananass sold in England. t is gathered quite green, and when it comes here is hong up in dark cellars and subjected to artificial beat to ripen it. Fermentation rets in, and the fruit be- comes tough and indigestible. ‘The writer advocates the banana grown and ripened in English hot-houses; the compsrison between «uch fruit and the fruit that is imported is that between light and dark: ess.—H. and C. Mail, Oct. 5. a FUTURE TEA SUPPLIES. _ Questions have been often asked by thore intererted in tea as to the probable fu'ure supplies likely to be eeernce in this country from both India and eylon. Ip this connection it is of interest to learn the totel acreage of tea planted in Indis, how much is not yet mature, and what land is taken up for ten, so as to form an estimate of the acreage likely to be planted snoually in coming yesrs, By comparing the acreage of the land under tea ten years back with fizures for the present year some forecast may be mace of future production as bearing on the necessity for new markets. On inquiry at the office of the Indisn Tea Aseocia- tion (London), we learn that the latest returns show ®) total planted area under tea in India, in round numbers of 352,000 acres, of which 300,000 are maturo and 52,000 arc immature, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 38t Tle total area of grants taken up for fea but not yet plan‘ed is 1,153,000 acres, Statist'os cf the lard p'avted with tea show that there weoie in the province of Assam in:— 1885. 1890. Mature 160000 acres Matnre 201,000 acres Imma‘u:e 37,000 ,, Immature 30,000 —,, 197,070 acres 231,000 acres For the wko’e of India there were in:— 1890. 1893. acres. acres. Ma'tre ee 287,070 Mature . 300.000 Immature 43,000 Imm-ture .. 52.000 330,000 352 000 It is difficult to form any est'mate of the annual extension likely to bemadein tte future, a3 there are may circumstances to be considered. such as the profitable cr unprofitable working of the existing area, the supply of labour. &c., &é. The annual crops ¢f tra from India sir ce 1881 have, we learn, been as follows :— million lb. million lb, 1e€81 Go 48 1888 .. =—96 1852 ole 59 189 Rae alts} 1883 ae 60 1890 105 1884 ae 63 1s91 119 1885 ond 69 1892 Pred 01K § 1886 ate 79 1893 Boneh V5) 1887 BGs Mastey/ There osn, it seems, be no questiou that rew markets will be urgently needed for all the tea British India is able to produce (if a margin of profi s is to remain), when it is recognised that Ceylon will very shortly contribute almost, if not quite, as much as I dia to the world’s consumption, considering that there are already 280,000 acres plante! up witb tea in that Island—a quite phenomenal a’ea when it is remembered th t 20 years ago there were altogether only 359 acres cf tea in Ceylon. At the tame time it mnst be borre in mind that the world’s consumption of tea is at preeent more ‘han double the total output of Incia and Ceylon, and is likely to increase with the growth of pcpu- lation and sprcad of civilisation.— H, ¢ C. Mail, Oct. &. ps iver ee may INDIAN TEA SALES. {From Watson, Sibthorp § Co.’s Tea Report.) Caucurta, Oct. 17th, 1894. A quiet tone prevailed in the sales held on the 3rd instant. Fine and finest were in good demand and sold well, but other kinds, in sympathy with London, went off irregularly with a general down- ward tendency. The demand for the Colonies and Bombay was not so strong as in the previous sale and prices for suitable teas were rather lower. 23,781 packages changed bands, of which probably about 7,000 go to outside markets. Since the season opened on the 17th May last, 19 series of sales have been held at which 314,111 pacdages sold at an average of As. 9-2 or about 94d per lb. as compared with 283,432 packages sold in 21 sales before the holidays last year at As. 7-4 ox about 8? per lb. and 232,671 packages sold in 18 salesin 1892 at As. 8-4 or about 9} per lb. Details annexed. The average price of the 23,781 packages sold is 8-5 or nearly 83d per lb. as compared with 19,488 packages sold on the 5th October 1893 at As. 7-3 or about 8$d per lb. and 24,239 packages sold on the 7th October 1892 at As. 86 or nearly 10d per lb. e The exports from 1st May to 13th October from here to Great Britain are 69,503,240 lb. as~ com- pared with 64,496,412 lb. at the corresvonding period ast season and 59,758,586 lb. in 1892. Norr.—Last sale’s average was As. 8-10 or about 9}d per lb. Exchange.—Document Bills, 6 months’ sight, 1s 1-5-16d. ‘TF reight.—Steamer £1-7-6 to £1-17-6 per ton of 50 ¢, feet, 382° COFFEE PLANTING IN NORTH BORNEO, We have plersure in calling attention to the interesting Jetter (see farther on) sent tous by Mr. W. B. Pryer (who is, we be'ieve, H. M., Consular Agent at Sandakan), and which gives our readers the result of personal observation and expe- rience in reference to planting operations there, The facts and figures afforded, certainty tell very stronethly in favour of North Borneo and to balanee its greatnr distance from Europ an markets, there is the more settled state of the countrb and better Government than can be found in some other of the now s¢ttlements whiah are springing up as plent- fing rivals. Our only wonder is that with the reuins. mentioned by Mr. Pryer, there has not been ‘‘urush into coffee’ in North Borneo—more especially when our correspondent obj cts to our warning (based on Ceylon experience) that plinters should wait thr-e years before taking a crop from their ocffee bushes, in order to give the young trees sufficient time {fo ma‘ure. We can quite underetand, however, that under specially favourable circumstances of growth, due to rich virgin eoil and a good climate, this precaution may not be necessary ; and, therefore, we hava the prospect before planters of coffee in North Borneo of reaping a first harvest after the second year— & very great encouragement in the case of tropical cultivation. Here, then, is a new and desirable opening for those of our “creepers” (assistants learning planting in Ceylon) who, after their period’ of training is over, can command a little capital. Let them take their training, experience and ‘capital to Sandakan, North Borne. Land ig gratited on the most favourable terms and cheap Jabour is available—what more is required? Only, before leaving Orylrn, let these young Assistants get, the needful practical acquaintance with the planting, cultivation and preparation of coffee and cacao—and not confine their attention to our staple tea,-of which about enough is already planted. a TEA IN JAPAN, The Tea trade has not been brisk, but this is more due to the paucity of the stock than to lack of demand, as buyers pick up all the good parcels of leaf that come to hand at recent figures.— Japan Mail, Sept, 22. - DRUG REPORT. (From Chemist and Druggist.) London, Oct, 4th. CAFFEINE.—The manufacturers’ prices—as foreshadowed in our last rep ri—have be:nadvanced. The extent of the rise iS a out 2s per lb., ;ure caffeine being now quoted, uccording to q antity, at fom Ys 6d to 93 9d, citrate at frim &s 6d tots 9d per Ib. CrncHONA —The cinchona-bark shipments from Java during the first month of the new season (July) have been a3 under :— 1894 18 3 1892 1891 1890 Amst. Amst. Ast, Amst. Amst, 1b. lo. 1b. Ib. lb. Govt. Plan- tation...... 83,538 96,172 10,12 60,990 12,487 Private Plan- f tation......573,567 €92,168 28,932 1,103,173 373,025 T. alee 657,105 788,610 279,094 - 1,164,163 385512 There ‘has been anvther arrival of flat Belivian Cali- saya whith will be «ffered for sae at the next drug- auctions, Cocoa-BUTTER.—At th» auction on Tuesday 600 2-cwt. cases. of Cadbury’s cocoa-b: tter so’d at 13d to 133d per lb. and in Holland 60 tonsof Vin Houten’s brand realized 72c, per h.lf-kilo, whi h is equal to about 13d perJp, in London, ~ THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST: ‘fact. that the, Trawadi Steamshp Company uses seme» + ing account of,the,manner in -whick. the» mills are long .steel-pointed . poles, . we. see great ponderous ¢ elephants. wading. and-swimming among. the teak. -elephant performs only certain parts of . the work be ‘ ¢ [Dees ¢. 18940: | CUBERs—The Amsterdam market —_ bales have changed bands lately at from 20¢ to d to 3% 6d to 458 per ewt.) aceor“ing to 4 “a ogni EssENTIsan OILs.—Oil of lomOhgrasi. tir eetlvl brands; | effers at lid per oz., ditto citrovella a@* 44) per 6x The new Italisn essential oil's are. not . being: qt ; yet, but owing to the sdyarce in the aa nat 2 pHs are ashed for lemon, orange, and: eet ollie. - QUIxINE.—At the end of lest- week the q»inine-market was very active, aout 75,0% oz. second-rand German Pulk- felling at from l!Ad-t> 124 per oz. on the» ep t. Simre « then no ‘usiness has been rep rte, and there are! Dow! seljere, but no buyers, at 12d per oz..spot. ————-+-— NOTES FROM .SELANGOR, (By A COxryLonese ) _ Since the British oceupation ef the Ma'aya Pen- ineola the immigration of Geylonere to this ‘part of the globe bas been very steady. At present there » are more than a thousand sonle ed in differ- ent walks of life, Of this number:the Jafinere form the : majority. They sre employed ss contractors, surveyors station-mastere, clerks, overseers, dispensers, dresserg © &c. The number of Sinhulese thongh few etill sur- passes that of the Oeylon Eurasians.. The cultivatian. . of coffee is carried on to a greaterextent than hitherto and many.acres of jungle land are being bonght, clesred and utilized for the planting of Liberian‘: coffee. The furction. of . laying the foundation stone of a Buddbist Temp!e came off last month and. it was performed by Mrs. Spooner, the wife of our worthy State Engineer, at the request of the Sinheiese Buddhists in the presence of « large gathering. Mr. Treacher, our British Resident, was evtertained at dinner by the leading Chinese. on his departure home with his family. Mr. Rodger, the Acting Government S2cretary, is acting-for kim. Mr. and Mrs, Spooner are in, the Northern. part of India where they went for a change and will be. beek shortly. H. E. the Governor paid three visits to Selangor,, the last in copnection with the ing of. the Kuala Kubn Section of the railway — the lay- im of the foundation stone of the New Government) cee i ELEPHANTS THAT WORK. : The display of trained: animals, broken for show ~ urposes, cannot offer the slightest. comparison»in’ — interest. to. the trained elephant ome sees’ in the city of Moulmein, British Burmah. The mostabsorb: © ingly entertaining feature of the novel sight: is: the + paradoxically industrial character which the work & of these huge Indian pachyderms. aésumes.. It. hardly seems possible that the work of a saw-millji usually done by . human hands,, could’ be . accom © plished through the medium. of the elephant’strunk © and the elephant’s. sagacity; nevertheless, it; is» a= + 40,to 50 elephants: in the operation, of, its saw-mills at « Moulmein; and, the, teakwood so largely; entering « into the consrtuction of ships is here made ready for. ~ the hands of the artisan. A gentleman, lately re- turned from a tour of the East, gives an interest- operated. The logs are chopped in the interior and floated several) hundred» miles» down the Sal! _ win River to .:the:-milk which is sitwated’ on the banks, of -the! streamsat Moulmein.. Here theilogs ~ are formed into a boom, and henceforth the work of | transporting is -done by theielephants.. The bodm * is jvery similar to those seen inthe lumberingsdis-) ” tricts. of Wisconsin’ and | Michigan, but instead of: © the sight of .men,.brightly garbed:in :red’ and blue. running from log--to.log; and: moving, them with © longs, and. pushing . them. towards the.shore.. Thew logs are not sawn, directly .from..the.- waten, buti are first. seasoned ; and: the elephants not only byii the logs from the water tothe pk be also stack them : in huge piles, conyey them to the mill; say and afterwards pile. the lumber. Ofyco ~ Dec. 1, 18y4.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTUREST. 383. for which he has heen, trained, and the entiré herd is divided into companies of from two to eight.—Lcho, Oct. 2. ESR a ee , INDIAN PATENTS. Calcutta, the 11th October 1894. Applications in respect of the undermentioned in- ventions have been filed during the week ending 6th October 1894 :— -- Tvprovements iv: Drrers.—No. 284 of 1894:—Thomas Craney, of 624, Harrison Street, Bay City, Michigan, United States of America, manufacturer, for improve- ments in driers. Now-conpuctine Covprinec ror Stream Pipes, &c.— No. 286 of 1894.-William Don, Engineer and Mer- chant, of No. 1, Clive Row, in the Town of Calcutta, Indiay for “an adjustable non-conducting covering: for steam-pipes, &e.—Indian Enginerr, aati —~ > 3 A NEW WAY TO GROW MUSHROOMS: Some: years ago I saw a system of Mushroom culture which was very successful indeed, and a description of the method may be interesting to readers, The man who adopted the plan had been seeking a simple way of secwing Mushrooms all the year round, with the least possible trouble. and his efforts had resulted in his finding that for which he had sought. he method was as tained a good-sized crate, strong, and with a good bottom, such as hardware is sent by rail in. The staves at one end were all cut out, simply leaving the top rim to keep the thing together, for with- out that, the crate could not have supported the bei laid upon it. he crate was turned upside down, and the bed prepared and spawned in the usual. way, so far as the outer. crust of it was concerned. But there was not nearly so much manure used as in the ordinary hot-bed, for the heat was obtained in another way. When the bed was made the inside of the crate was hollow; but the open end had been left uncovered, the close end_ being all built over with the bed. The method of heating was hy placing inside the crate the Grass cut from the lawn. This within a few days generated sufficient heat to develop the Mushrooms in the bed. When the heat appeared to be exhausted, the spent Grass was taken out and fresh placed therein. This, it will ‘be at once seen, isa very simple plan, and one that could be worked almost anywhere. Of course, the Grass will not last nearly as long as a we'l-made Mushroom bed, but there is no limit to the number ot times it may be renewed. The gentleman at whose place I first saw this method adopted told me that he had found his beds last three or four times as long as under the old system, and that he secured by means of it a more regular and better supply of Mushrooms: It can be employed either indoors or outside, thouch it is, perhaps, more suited to the former conditions—C. G.—From ‘‘ Cottaye Gardening” for October. pe ee ee ee EARLY DAYS IN CEYLON.—NO. II. COFFEE-PLANTING IN DAYS OF OLD. (By an old Planter ) And now the days were bright and hot, but the nights were chilly and mornings cold. 1 realized that fact when mustering the coolies in the early morn. I had been working from morn to eve, ex- posed to a blazing sun for many years in one of the driest and hottest: climates of the Western world, and felt the change of climate, but cold-water bathing and woollen wraps, enabled me to stand the DAILY SUDDEN CHANGES OF TEMPERATURE of this high Northern district. I found that ,the parchment coffee dried better and was of a better colour, I always thought so, when cured in the North-Hast monsoon, follows :—-fle ob-: TRANSPORT. At last having gathered in a crop of some 4,200 bushels of parchment coffee, I commenced to trans- port it not by tavalams but by coolies, for tavalam . cattle had not come to the district this season for some unknown reason. Three times a week all able hands conveyed each of them two bushels of parchment coffee to John’s Hill rice store, the pro- prietors being Messrs Pitts and Bird, of Kandy. I - found the coolies did not object, though they. felt the pull up the John’s. Hill, some three-quarters of . a mile long. But if the transport of crop was difficult, what shall I say about the WEEDING OF THE ESTATE, A very ocean of green weeds was before me—an estate of 200 acres completely covered with grassy weeds when young, and full of stalks when old, it was most appalling. = This carpet of weeds had been growing long before my arrival on the estate and we could not spare a hand to weed the place for some months, for the simple and very sufficient reason that we needed all the coolies’ services to, pick cherry. The crop in this. district was gathered in 90 days virtually, though we gathered Salt pickings for 100 or even 110 days. Thus it was that with heavy and increasing crops in succeeding - years, coolies could not be spared to cantinue the weeding in crop time and it mattered not how clean the estate had become by 9 months weeding and the burying of all weeds by day's-pay weeding. During the crop time the estate was al- lowed to grow weeds without let or hinderance. The plan of weeding adopted by planters in general, was to let the coolies pull up with the hand the long weeds first of all, shake them well, then with mamoties or carandies to weed clean the land. of small weeds, shaking them and putting them in small heaps. Lads weie told off to bury. all weeds and cover them well with soil, and in a}wet soil with rain constantly falling on these crops of buried weeds quickly decayed, and became humus. We were only able to weed this estate through and through four times a year, and this we did only by putting a very large force of coolies daily out of crop time to weed the place. Such was day’s-pay weeding. on weedy coffee estates in Ceylon in the year of grace 1858. It was an ex- peusive, tune ulstactony: Process, an unmitigated nuisance, —really absorbed half the labour of the estate for’ 9 months out of the 12—year by year; and to make the matter worse, when the weeds grew up for a few weeks, the coolies took advantage of the fact, for in picking cherry, they gathered the ripe cherry by hunches, and then deftly separated the ripe berries from the green ones, throwing the latter into the weeds at their feet and it was impossible to see them, in fact, they were lost. Here were. coffee estates yielding handsome crops yearly, seeded through others with the seeds of the goat-weed, how did it arise, why were these coffee estates, all the old ones in this district allowed to get into weeds? What was the cause of it ? Hither LABOR must haye been very short at times, or expenditure mnst haye been very greatly restricted, for undue restriction of expenditure would result in a short supply of Indian labourers; anyway a ride through the district just before crop, was a rather gloom and depressing one, notwithstanding the merry loo ofibumper crops of bright red cherry, for the simple renson that the weeds in profusion were half as high as, the coffee trees. Juastly, though the goat-weed was not a very hurtful weed, it was a very prolific and quick growing one, spoiling the appearance of an estates and giving the coffee planter immense anxiety, worry and trouble. With this weeding, and transport of crop, PRUNING was, however, begun and carried on, when the coolies did not carry coffee. The able men were employed pruning the trees, 384 THE TROPICAL ——— I had also begun to build A SMALL BUNGALOW with solid stone walls. Many of the old planters had lived in very small and wretchedly built houses ; the Peria Durai of the next estate, told me he had lived in a shed for years no better than a stable. Fretz and myself SAW FEW STRANGE FACRS in the K’oya estate in those days ; there was no road through the property. It was encircled by mighty hills, a curiously shut-in estate it was, sheltered entirely from strong blasts of wind, had a superior soil, and by the lay of the land, on a very gentle slope towards the oya, the place was naturally drained, and this was most important, for very few estates had any artificial drains, in those early days of coffee plthgisee I well remember that one day the Superintendent of the Elephant Plains estate came over, with MR. I———_, the first of that name. He was then Superintendent of one of the Rajawella estates; at one time he had been a lost sheep, but good “R. B. T.” captured him, took him to his home, now he looked happy and well and was respected by all who knew him. He was making arrangements to return to the old country. Soon after he took passage in Colombo by ship and was never more heard of ; the ves- sel he sailed in having foundered off the Mauritius coast in a mighty typhoon-storm and leaving not a wreck behind. Now and again the SUPERINTENDENT OF THE BAMBERELLA ESTATE gave ine a friendly call, and right glad I was to see him and gain a few words of adyice from him, but I could fully depend on it, and he loved to do a man a good turn. He is still a planter, and an able one too, and I think has resided in rainy districts for almost half-a-century: On the top fields of Bamberella lived A GENUINE SON OF OULD OIRELAND, a soldier in one of her Majesty’s Feot Ronee now Sina Durai, of wpper B’Ella. The shanty he lived in was a very small one, you had to search for it, with a thatched roof; his blooming and happy looking spouse was of the prim- rose variety reared on the top of a hill near Galle. She was mistressly and kept the check-roll for her husband who was called O'Hara and gave out rice to the coolies, also she was his magnet, the very light of his eyes and O'Hara followed feminine influences, but, alas ! all men are frail at heart, and all of a sudden O. H. took it into his head that he must have a trip to Kandy and back, and having obtained leave of his irate dame walked in,—only a walk of some 25 miles, which was an easy feat to the Irishman, and having met with comrades in Kandy—old soldiers like himself, he became fired with a martial spirit, and imagined, he had re- enlisted in Her Majesty’s Horse Guards, that he must needs have a fiery charger to ride home on,— it was an evil hour for the Sinna Durai when he became a bold Hussar, nevertheless he rode all unarmed and he rode all alone, and all the. way out safely till he reached the K’oya estate. There he hada friendly chat with the German Fretz I believe—I was not there at the time—took a stizrup lass and left for the upper fields of Bamberella fistate. ‘As rain had been falling fast the stream was up, but what cared our bold Hussar: He would ford the swift stream, where ford there was none, in plunged the gallant steed, but alas, rider and steed were swept down the current of roaring waters at-a feariul rate. O'HARA aped by clinging to a rock, in middle waters, ort ch. ae CASS his gallant grey was never more seen alive again though I believe the saddle and bridle were recovet ed. Poor O'Hara ! the last time I heard of him he had joined the Police Force, in Colombo, and died some years ago, a member of the Service. (Dec. 1, 1894. — PROGRESS IN BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. WE sere in receipt of files of the British Central African Gazette up to August 20th It is now, apparently, publishe! once & month. The number for July bes a long secount of the Nyass.- Tangaoyika ro d, connecting the two leaker, and further back then the existing pla: tirg settlement, We quote as follows :— Ooffee has been «xperimented with on the platean. A su.all patch grown at the Cherenje mission station (n ar Mwinewanda) was bearing well; but when that ta ion was abad ned, the trees were choked with AGRICULTURIST. jangle growth a d ha’ e doubtless now all di ed. C ffee grown in these districis bey vy fod a market, for moderate quintiti s, at Tanganyika, ee all the Arabs porchase it, and the Europ:an missions and stations in the Tanganyika Rezione would c. psume a certain quantity. For export, coffee grown a! any distance from the shores of Nyasa would be hamper d by big transpo-t rates. In the hi coontry behind Karongs, there is magnificent ec flee land: the great:r part of which is witvin German Territory ‘The journey from Nya a to Tanganyika is now a trifle: a pleasant trip, a most without any of the customary t oubles generally connected with travel in Africa. It has teen made in te» days. The \frican Lakes Trading o, are the local “ k,” and if a traveller wishe-, he can hand ov r his person ani his loads, and be ‘‘done for” at sv much a ton. There is a good d-al of discus:ion ab ut the best route for the propozed railwsy ; but it is u-ekes untila surv:y is made,only we read :— A Syndi.ate in Englund have ¢xpr.ssed their willingness to construct a railway from «hiromo through the Sbi:e HWi_hlands, on certain condi- tions. t is interesting to read about the new township of Blantyrs ard slso such signs cf progrete as the following :— A meeting of the Shire Highlands Literary As- sociation was held in the Court H use, Blantyre, on Wednesday evening, the 4th inst, when a paper was r ad by Mr. McMaster on “ Burma and its people, before anu after the annexation in 1886” At the conclusion of the lecture a number of Dew members were ‘lected, and others proposed. The next meeting will take placeon Wednesday, th: 25th inst., when there will'e a musical evening un fer the direction of Mr. Keiller. Here are lively paragraphs :— On the 4th inst. a leopard got into the goat-house at the Resi‘ency Zomba, and killed 15 goats. It also attacked a donkey which was in the rame house, but only slightly injured it, ‘The leopard was found to be in the goat-lhonse in the eary ‘m rning, and was shot. Two beauti ul tizer cats (njuzi) recently arrived at Zomba from Tanganyika, sent to H. M. ( om- missioner by Mr. Purves: they are fine healthy young specimens, ani ha e not suffered from their Jong journey. Mr. L. Monteith Fothernzham as Manager of * The African Lakes Corporation, L?.’’ at Mar a‘a is pre; ered to do banking or agency business, advance cn coffee und othr priduce. Here is an awkward experiencein August :— A wo den barge containing 98 bags of coff e aid 20 bags cf strophanthus was lately sunk, ou its way dosn the Shire river from Chikwawa to Chiromo, This lot of coffee was from Buchanan Brot!l.ers’ plantat on at Michirn and was a splendid sample which had been cured with great care. Th- stie Hybiaids Shooting Club is all alive aud Mr. T. H. Liovd is one of the Committer. In a report on S.-E. Mlanji, we read :-— Game is plentiful such as pigs, bushbuck, kudu, mbalap, sable antelope, hartsbeeste, &. F nally, Mr. John Buchanan, c.u G., one of the first p Oveers, has been making «xp:riments with arti- fi ial manure—culphe‘e of ammonia, potash, &e—~ _ Dec; 1, 18y4. | for coffec—and ha gives instructive facts and fi,ures in a paper which we must quote la er on. nee COFFK PLANTING IN MEXICO. The Editor of the ‘‘ Inter-State Grocer,” writing from St. Louis in the United States to effect an exchange of journals, gives us this piece of news :— Mr. Allan Black,—who informs me that he is a personal friend of yours—is writing a_ series of articles on coffee planting for our paper with the intention of interesting American investors in the Mexican Republic, and I am _ happy to state that he is meeting with a great deal of success and that there is a great deal of interest manifested by the capitalists. —<—_—__———__—___ PLANIERS’ ADVANCES. The U. P. A. S. 1. has now approached the Govern” ment of Madras on the subject of the jurisdiction ditticulties that exist in those planting districts that are situated within the territories of Mysore, ‘’ravancore and Cochin, with regard to the recovery of advances from absconding miaistries and contractors. ‘I'he United Association has reminded the Government of representations made on behalf of planters in the past, and has drawn attention to the heavy losses that occur in consequence of the absence of satisfac- tory protective measures. We have nothing to add to the arguments that have been stated in these columns may times. There can be no question that the planter has a real grievance in this matter. It is not too much to say that Government, by its inaction, deliberately connives at roguery on the part of cooly and maistry and contractor. But it is be- lieved that some fanciful ideas about Extradition and some other chimerical notions have deterred the Government of India from trying to remove the dis» abilities under which many planters in Southern India labour. hat there is a way out of present troubles is certain. Everything depends, therefore, upon the will of the Government.—U. Zimes, Oct. 23. Oe MINES AND MINING IN CHYLON, In the last Report of the Government Agent of Sabaragamuwa attention is called to the fact that no provision is made by Government for the regulation of the working of mines in the island and that consequently numerous accidents occur in connection with plumbago and gem mining. This is a matter that should have the immediate attention of the Governor, for, though a law has been passed authorizing the Govern- ment to appoint persons to see to the safety of mines, no definite rules have been drawn up, and consequently every mine-owner does as he likes, even to the jeopardizing the lives of un- fortunate miners. The Mining Laws of Great Britain provide for the protection of boys under the age of 12 years, and will allow no girls or women of any age to be employed in any mines below ground. ‘Then, amongst other provisions, are regulations in respect of wages, number of shafts, division of mines into parts, certificated managers’ returns, plans, notices, abandonments, inspection, arbitration, coroners, ventilation, a competent person to examine once, at least, in every twenty-four hours, the state of the external parts of the machinery, the state of the guides, &e., the fencing of every entrance not in actual use, safety lamps when necessary, fencing top’ and all entrances including sump, rate of winding when no automatic contrivance to pre- vent over-winding, single-linked chain not to be used for lowering or raising persons in working shaft, &e., &e. The Mining Laws of Great Britain are divided into 84 clauses, and some again into sub-clauses, for instance clause #7 is sub-divided into 18 sub-clauses, Of course THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURISL. 385 these laws are specially intended for coal mines ; but in the discussion which followed the reading of a paper on accidents in mines, by Sir Frederick Augustus Abel, before the Institution of Civil Engineers in London, Mr. George Seymour said he wished to speak rather as a metalliferous than as a coal mining engineer. Although the paper on which the discussion was founded was in every respect an admirable one as regards acci- dents in collieries, the author had, after all, only taken one side of the question since he had made no allusion to the frequent accidents, and grave loss of life which occurred from time to time in metalliferous mines. He then goes on to say that the proportion of accidents in 1886 in English coal mines, from falls of rock was 48 per cent, and in metal mines 32 per cent, so. that after all the difference was not very great. Falls of roofs in collieries were not usually more numerous than in metalliferous mines. Mr. C. Le Neve Foster, in reference to deaths from accidents and diseases in metal mines, said he pointed out on more than one occasion in his official reports, and in papers read before the British Association and the Sta- tistical Society, that the ore miner had very nearly as dangerous an occupation as the collier, and that in some metalliferous districts, such as Cornwall, the average death rate from accidents was higher than in coal mines. In considering the well-being of a class of workmen, such as miners, it was necessary to look at the mortality from disease, as well as the mortality from accidents. It had been shown by Dr, Ogle that, in spite of accidents, the deathrate of coal-miners was not high. In order of comparative mortality, coal- mining stood 30th in the list of 94 occupations which he cited, whilst mining in Cornwall, was as low as 91,—that was to say only three of the ninety-four trades exceeded tin-mining in dead- liness. His late colleague, Mr. Frecheville, called attention to this fact in his report for 1885, and ascribed the high mortality to inadequate venti- lation and excessive climbing of ladders from . deep mines. It in Great Britain, then, mining is deemed to be such a dangerous pursuit, what must it not be out here, where there are no laws, nor regulations, and no inspectors. Everything is subject to the cupidity of the mine-owner and if to save a few rupees he likes to risk the lives of his servants by bad ventilation, insecure ropes, chains, &c,, who is there to care? If the mendie of disease, there is no record to show that these unfortunates were sacrifices to the Moloch of Avarice, or on the other hand if they are killed through a weak- ness in the materials used, the matter is hushed up as much as possible, so that no Government otficials shall hear of it. Here is the return— confessedly an imperfect one—from the latest Blue Book of the number of Mines and Gem Pits in the island :— No. or Mines 1n Ceyion IN EAcu Province In 1893, (Compiled from the Blue Book.) Plumbago Gem Province. Mines and Pits. Mines and Pits, Western ate 201 se — Central dc _ be — Northern a _— te — Southern 30 154 An 20 Eastern ate = ve — North-Western ., 87 Re = North-Central... _ NC — Uva ale _ ae _— Sabaragamuwa .. 133 “A 151 Total.. 525 171 Surely, it would be a simple matter to draw up a fey simple but absolutely needful regu: 386 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ay oo lations, and to appoint experienced men to visit and report to Government at least once ‘er twice a year on each mine; and a great por- tion, if not all, of the ‘costs involved should, of course, be borne by the mine owners. ‘The Tamil imthigrant cooly has his health most carefully looked after, “by the Government ; but the unfor- tunate Sinhalese villager—even though a miner —is' left to himself in one of the most danger- ous of occupations. This is not as it should be, and the sooner a Ceylon Mining Law is drawn up and enforced, the sooner will Ceylon Mining become an industry worthy of the attention of the English capitalist, and the sooner will ‘some attention be given to the safety of Ceylon miners. The’ introduction of Kegulations for Mining in Ceylon may be looked upon as the advent of ahew and improved era in the Plumbago, and no less in the Gem and Mica Digging, Industry. STONEY GET ty v4 ET BEE THE ISLAND OF DOMINICA. ‘ATTRACTIONS FOR SETTLERS. ‘The report of the Royal Commission to inquire into the condition and aflairs of the Island of ‘Dominica, has just’ been issued in the form of a Blue-book. Dominica; though one of the most fertile of the british West india Islands, is less developed than any of the others, and its inhabi- o'tants ‘appear to be less prosperous and contented. “Lhe report gives a general sketch of the physical conditions ot the island, its history and constitu- tion, together with the causes of its backwardness, ‘and proposals are made for increasing the revenue, which shows an annual deficiency. ‘Lhe people are described as loyal and law abiding, and with good » government would become prosperous and conten- ted. ‘Lhe report strongly urges that Dominica ‘should be withdrawn, for purposes of local admin- istration, from the federation of the Leeward Islands,. but. points out the advantages of a system in which the magisterial and judicial service ot the whole of the British West Indies should be 'treated:- as one service, and advocates the even- tual federation of all the islands for purposes which affect. them as a whole, leaving local matters to he dealt with by the separate island Legislatures. Sir -.R. Hamilton, the Commissioner, believes, however, that much advantage» would accrue from an administrative union of the Antilles under one Governor-General; and adds. i “There is room-in Dominica for four or five ' times its present population. But as its own in- ‘habitants: advance in- prosperity both settlement and population will be attracted from outside its borders, and I should hope that not only will emigration be checked, but that many of the emi- - erants from the island to South America and other : places will-find their way back. Even now, how- ever, with all the drawbacks arising from imper- ‘ect means of communication, Dominica offers a fine field for any young man of energy with alittle capital at his back. There is plenty of land he could get, and if he settled on the Leeward side “if the island, near the sea, he would’ be practically ondependent of land carriage, for the conveyance of his produce by water carriage would always be available. 1 do not believe, anyhow for some time to come, that he would find any difficulty in getting as much labour as .he required. He would find himself ina healthy climate at only a fortnight’s distance from England, and among friendly neighbours. A few settlers of the right kind, moreover, would be of great benefit to the island itself. I think that im process of time @ trade in fresh fruit will be developed from Dominica. I believe it would pay well to grow hoth tea and tobacco in the island, but tices cultivations have never yet been carried beyond the experimental stage. There is also a fair opening for the establishment of farms for stock raising, which would pay well, and for develyp- ing the timber, industry in the many excellent woods which abound in Dominica. FUTURE PROSPECTS ‘‘There is no royal road to inereasing the wealth and prosperity of the island. This can only come from an increased production in it of articles for which there is a constant demand:: A beginning in this direction is already ob- servable, and when once the corner has been fairly turned, the increase will go on at an accele- rated pace. * With an increase of production the revenue will increase, and means will hecome avail- able for improving and extending the means of com- munication throughout the island, The people are not wanting in energy and resouree, and they will have to exercise both, in the present condition of the island, in getting their produce to market. But what disheartens them is that they have no sale for the only produce which many of them now grow, nanely, provisions, which are bulky and difficult of carriage. With their little holdings, however, stocked with cocoa, coffee, and limes, for all of which there is a constant demand, they will get their produce to market somehow. For the next few years their difficulties in this respect will in some cases be very great, Lut not greater than they were in the days ot the island’s prosperity, when roads were no better than they are now. | lavprovements however, in means of communication will come as the island can afiord to pay fer them, and the people will have confidence in the specdy advent-of better times when they know that they have got a-Legislative Assembly with power to deal with their taxation and public expenditure, and which is fairly representative of their wants and views. I speak irom personal knowledge when I say that the materials for such an As- sembly exist in Dominica. My knowledge of the- present elective members, and of the residents trom among whom the elected and nominated. members would be selected, satisfies me that the destinies of the island would be safe in their hands.” Lord Ripon, in a dispatch of August 31st last, approves Sir R. Hamilton’s sugges- tions so far as to place the island under the local supervision of an officer to be called the Administrator, with greater powers, responsi- bility, and freedom of action than the Commis- sioner of Dominica now possesses. He does not, however, think it necessary to separate the island entirely from the existing federation. Sir R. Hamilton’s recommendations as to the reconstruc: tion of the Legislative Assembly, the loan, and the system of taxation are approved with some slight modifications.—Globe. s _ ‘Tne Kew Boiietin.’—The Sep‘ember number (No. 93) ccntains an interesting artic’e cn the “Vegetable Resources of India” comprising’ with by the war. ae a THE SIROCCO WORKS. _ Mr, F. G. MacGuire, Representative Engineer to Messrs. Davidson & C. left for Calcutta by the ss. “Chusan” on 7th ult. on a matter of urgent business, His visit to India willbe a yery brief one, ee | Se THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. : —— and he hopes to be back in Ceylon before Christmas. During his absence Mr. H, Garrath his assistant will be in charge of the engineering work of the Firm. We understand Messrs. Davidson & Co.'s local staff is to be further augmented another Engineer, Mr. Farbridge, who has his pas- ange 0p Ceylon per ss. * Staffordshire” due here on Jth met. THE TEA TRADE WITH SIKKIM. Information has reached us from an authentic source that, as one of the results of the Sikkim-Tibet Convention, the importation of tea into Sikkim from Tibet has been stopped by the Tibetans. This appear to be a case of pure obstruction to trade on the part of this most obstructive ple, an tea is one of the articles of commerce which is left by the Convention without any restriction. The opportu- nity seems to be afavourable one for the Darjiling plapser to avail themselves of ; the field is open or anyone's enterprise, and we trust that Darjiling tea, adapted to the peculiarities of the Sikkim palate, will now replace once for all in that State the supplies of Dito tea, which have hitherto been imported overland all the way from China. Mr. White, the Political Officer in Sikkim, will, no doubt, be willing to give every assistance in this direction in his power.—Luglishman. ——-_-_-_—~——_ TKA FLUSH AND WEATHER. The interesting discussion started in our columns by our correspondent ‘“ K. T. B.” and continued by ‘An Old Coffee Stump” as te the bearing of rainfall and sunheat on the flush- ing of tea, is sure to attract much attention among planters. We thought it well to ask for the opinion of the Planting Representative in Council, as a gentleman who has perhaps given more attention to meteorological observations and conditions than any other upeountry —resi- dent. Mr. Walker is, in this respect, the successor of Mr. R. H. Barnes of Gangaroowa (son of Governor Barnes) who so ] made observations and studied the weather cycles and conditions near Kandy. Mr. Walker’s own observations for a series of years pretty well settled the ordinary record for the climate of Bogawantalawa, so far as approximate average rainfall and temperature were concerned, and it is very instructive to see, what a trained careful observer as well as ex- perienced resident planter, has to say on a matter which so closely affects planting prosperity. Mr. Walker is good enough to write -— St. John Del Rey, Bogawantalawa, Nov. Ist, 1894.— In reply to your letter of October 27th I have much leasure in giving you my opinion. ‘The corr - font whose letter you allude to is wrong, I think, in attributing the falling-off in tea flushing to excess of — rain; heavy rainfall with sunshine and a warm temperature is favourable to flushing. What checks — flush is want of sunshine and a low temperature. My observations lead me to the conclusion that the “mean maximum temperature’ during any given — period is the best guide as to whether such period — was favourable to flushing or the reverse. The “mean temperature” is not a safe guide, — because it does not necessarily denote a high mean- eke i.e. day-temperature, or in other words snn- — shine. “ome For example, a mean maximum of 70deg. with a mean minimum of 50deg., and a mean maximum of — 62deg. and a mean minimum of 58dég. would both give a mean temperature of (approximately) E. but the former would mean more or’ less su and (assuming a sufficiency of ram) good ; weather (for the comparative cold “minimum” #e. night temperature would have but little adverse effect whereas the latter would mean cloudy, overe skies, and bad flushing weather. 5 a | Dec, 1, eee PP RROMEALACRICRVIVRE 38 As regards the bad flushing weather WN eh a pat the past few months in the higher districts on this side, this is due entirely to want of sunshine and long- continued cold temperature. My ‘mean maximum temperature for the past five months here was :— 1893. 1894, June a 67° 66°5° July bo 656° 65°5° August ee ale sOOnis, 63°G° September 67°6° 65°19 October 68°79 66°9° Mean 67°19 65°62 It will be seen that this is about the same for both years in June-July, which are always cold months, but that this year there was not the usual return to warmer weather in August-October: the mean for those three months was :— 1893. 1894. 67°7° 65°3° The mean for this year being therefore almost 2°5 deg. below that of last year. Genet hilly speaking the §8.-W. monsoon up here this year has been mild as regards rainfall and wind, but has been long-protracted and exceptionally cold. —_—_——--— a CEYLON TEA IN KANSAS. Sir John Grinlinton has had a letter from Dr- Roby of Kansas—the writer of poems about the Ceylon Court, but who is also a practical agri- culturist and man of business—in which he states : “IT am now using Ceylon tea with great pleasure. It is a fine beyerage, and many of my friends are using it. Our Kansas friends never tire of talking about their visit to the Fair Courts of Ceylon and especially their visit to you, in the little octagonal tower, by the Lake. We feel that our two countries are brought many miles nearer together by reason of our mutual acquaintance.” Dr. Roby is anxious to publish a review of Agri- culture in Ceylon in the Kansas Farmer and “he cannot do better, we think, than summarize and extract from the Agricultural Record which pre- cedes our last ‘Handbook and Directory.” The preparation of a new edition of our book has been commenced, but it will necessarily take some time to get it completed ——— AN UP-TO-DATE TEA ROOM. Messrs. W. Hill & Son have started an original idea in their pretty tea-rooms at 29, High-street, Ken7 sington, and 60, Bishopsgate-street. Here, a lady ordering her tea is accorded the unusual privilege of actually brewing it herself, after her own taste, select- ing any blend she chooses from a dainty silver tea caddy that is brought to her, together with the cups and saucers and a kettle with spirit lamp attached. Such consideration for customers has surely never before been shown, Messrs. Hill make a special feature of his agreeable system of brewing one’s own tea, and have introduced something that has hitherto been carefully denied us away from our own boudoir. Visitors thus have the satisfaction of knowing that the tea has not been stewing for hours, to the des- truction of their nerves and digestion. Again, how- ever fresh the tea may be that we are provided with at the ordinary tea-room, in the matter of strength it is generally at fault, and to avoid deluy it is clear that the water has been poured upon the leaves before it has reached that boiling point that is the secret of success in tea making.—(entlemoman. 15 Sept. — THE LANKA PLANTATIONS LIMITED. Directors.—George Allen Esq., Chairman; Edward Pettit Bsq., Henry Bois Esq., William Austin Esq., Agents in Colombo.—Messrs. J. M. Robertson & Co, Secretary.—Mr. Charles M. Robertson, COMPANY> THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 389 REPORT. to be presented at the Fourteenth Ordinary General Meeting of the Lanka Plantations rene Limited, to be held at the Office of the Company, on Wednesday, the 81st October, 1894, at Twelve o'clock noon. 1. The Directors now submit their Report for the twelve months ending 30th June last, together with the balance sheet and accounts of the Company made up to that date, and duly audited. 2. The coffee crop shipped to London was 789 cwt. Iqr. 18lb. against 337 cwt. last year, and realized £3,790 Os 1d net. The acreage under coffee alone was 225 acres on the 30th June last, all on the Ouvah side of Ceylon. This is a de- crease of 122 acres. Hvery possible care will be taken of the remaining coffee, the coffee crop having always been of material assistance to the Company pending the changes in cultivation which have resulted in so large a portion of the estates being turned from coffee into cinchona, and afterwards into tea. 3. The total crop of Cocoa gathered on Yatta- watte, from the 429 acres in bearing, amounted to 979 ewts. 3 qrs. 11 1b. against 1,399 cwts. 38 qrs. 261b. last year, and realized £3,061 2s. 11d. net. This is a for decrease of about 420 cwts. in Cocoa, and £38,390 in cash, which materially affects the amount available dividend, £1,500 being one per cent. on the Company’s Ordinary Stock, In the year 1892/93 part of the crop was of an Se Pe fine character and there wasa strong American demand for Ceylon Cocoa which unduly raised its value. Though that demand sudden] ceased itisto be hoped that, under the altered condi- tion of affairs in America, ‘it may be revived. The Directors are gradually extending the cultivation of Cocoa to the full extent of the suitable land, 95 acres having beenn planted during the late financial year, A further extension has been sanctioned for the pre- sent season. 4, The Tea received from the Company’s estates amounted to 518,1361b. being at the rate of about 300 lb. per acre -from fields in full and partial bearing, and has been sold at an average of rather over 7id. per lb. nett, realising £15,873 5s. 5d. Last year the Company received 415, 833 lb. which was sold at an ayerage of 84d. nett, and realized £14 ,048 10s. The Company’s total acreage under Tea now stands at 2,141 acres, against 2,009 acres last year, 5, The following Statement shows the acreage and state of cultivation of the Company’s Estate on the 30th June last :— Bt os} 45 3 n Estate. ol S 8 EF 28S - .S) =i 2 6 Q & a Fee cit 5017 400 4.172 70 708 Fruit Hill Ho. ee) 12 i 237 Fordyce, Garbawn, Gonagalla and Pa- (Ol ete 3 Ao 135 936 ramatta Ns Rappahannock 230) B02") ee 25 as 80 473 Rillamulla 232 a bys 20 258 Thctulagalla 152 206" —«. : 4 te "9 555 Yattawatte 5 se 092) 95 92 168 947 225 2141 502 162 439% 552 41113 ~ Partly in Coffee. 6. The profits for the past year amounted to £5,176, out of which 10 percent. has been written off the Suspence Een yviz., £1,830. Having already paid a half-year’s interim dividend on the Six per cent. Preference Shoes to the 3lst December, 1893, the Directors recommend the payment of a similar dividend on those Shares to the 30th June last, and a Dividend of 4/- per Share, free of Income Tax (being 2 per cent. per annum), on the Ordinary Shares, car- rying forward a balance of £458 17s. to the next acountt. 7. Shortly after the last general meeting the late Sir RobertPallmer Harding, who had been Chaizman of the Compny a since its incorporation, in conse- quence of cotinued ill-health and much to his own regret and the regret of his Co-Directors, resigned the chairmanship, and his seat at the Board. Conse- quent upon such resignation, Mr, George Allen wag 390 offered and accepted the chairmanship, and Mr, Wil- liam Austin, who is not only one of the original THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Shareholders in the Company but is the largest holder | of the ordinary shares, was eleuted a Director to fill the vacancy causedby the resignation. ———_——__.>— CINCHONA AND QUININE. LONDON, Oct. 18th, 1894. It is satisfactory to note that the exports of quinine, é&c., from Germany are slightly larger this year than last, although manufacturers have raised their prices, and their quotations have been for some time past con- siderably above the price of second hand quinine on the spot. On the 4th instant, the large supply of 7,300 packages Java bark was offered in Amsterdam but met with a very slow demand, and only about one-fifth sold, at a decline of fully 25 per cent. on previous sale ; the average value of the unit being 34 to 34 cents. (equivalent to about gd per lb.), against 4.50 cents on lst August. This depression was no doubt mainly due to telegraphic advices that shipments from Java during September amounted to 1,100,000 Amsterdam Ib., against 540,000 Ib. last year. In Londen public sales of bark were held last Tues- day after an interval of a month, the supplies offered were moderate and chiefly consisted of Druggist Bark which mostly sold at about steady prices, there was not enough manufacturing bark up to make a market, but the unit of quinine may be quoted gd to {d nominal. The following resolution was passed at the sales, viz. : —‘ With the decreased and decreasing interest in London Bark market now offers to quinine manufacture, the re- maining auctions for 1894 should be held on November 13th and December llth, and that throughout 1895 they should be held not oftener than monthly, and as nearly as possible on such dates as will fall midway between the periodical Amsterdam auctions to be eventually fixed,” Quinine has been dull of sale, closing with sellers of German on the spot at 1ljd per oz, - Stock of Quinine 30th September 2,915,984 oz. The present value of British Sulphate of Quinine (Howards’) in bottle is 1s 4d to 1s 5 per oz against Is 2d to 1s 3d per oz, last year. ; The present value of German Sulphate of Quinine (best murks) on the spot is 11jd per oz. C., M. & C. WOODHOUSE. — PROF, WARD'S NEW BOOK—CEYLON TEA PLANTATION CO,—PLUMBAGO. LONDON Oct. 19. PROFESSOR MARSHALL WARD has part edited a new edition of Professor Hartig’s valuable work mentioned ‘‘ Text-Book of the diseases of Trees.” ‘This new edition includes a preface written by your former fellow-colonist. The work is so well-known among foresters, that it cannot be doubted that this new edition will be welcomed by those of that professor practis- ing among you. THE CEYLON PLANTATION COMPANY. The directors of the Ceylon Plantation Com- pany have declared an interim dividend of 7 per cent (being 14s per share) on the ordinary share capital. , The many who are concerned in the PLUMBAGO ; : trade of Ceylon will find much to interest them in the following extract from a scientific journal:— An improvement in the manufacture of plumbago or graphite has been described in a recent patent specification. Graphite crushed and passed through a sieve of from 120 to 150 meshes per inch, is stirred into a saturated solution of alum or aluminum sul- phate at 212 deg. Fah.; steatite is then added, and more water if required. After mixing, excess of water is evaporated until a consistency suited to grinding ina chilled steel or other mixer is obtained. More graphite may here be added; then, after thorough grinding, the material may be compressed into cakes tor household use, or is ready for the manufacture of pencils or crucibles. The average formula for the mix- ture is: Graphite, 80; steatite, soapstone, or talc, 14; alum, 6; but this varies with the purpose to which the materjal is to be applied. When several different _to all the quinine makers asking them whether they et) Aree ‘ . : Mes . ~~as * ve Y 2 [Dec. 1, 189 — kinds of graphite have to be employed, the richest in ners is first aan into the am solution. By this process graphites previously r as in- carats of halen recat are Uhitietble and are improved in polishing power; for pencils, the material may be hard without being brittle, and black without being soft; while crucibles made from the treated graphite are at once harder, more durable, and lighter. The process described in it is likely, it seem to me, to cause a demand for qualities of the mineral that have not hitherto been deemed marketable ; or, if they do at present find purchasers only at arate that must considerably lessen the profits now made in the industry.—London Cor. ete Se FARMS, GARDENS AND FRUIT IN MIDLAND AND SOUTHERN ENGLAND. KEW AND DR. MORRIS, C. M. G. A COMPLIMENT TO “‘LIPTON’S Is 7d TEA.” (E-rtracts from a letter from Mr, W. Nock of Hakgalla ‘+ dated Stowebridge, Worcestershire, 16th Oct.) The weather is very cold just now and we feel it a good bit. The leaves are falling very fast and the trees will soon be quite bare. There has been but little summer weather this year and the fruit generally has been far behind in flavour. Apples are very scarce everywhere, but pears are abu tand there is a lot of perry being made about here this year. Epps have been below the average in Worcestershire and Herefordshire. Farmers are dreadfully down about the low price of wheat and if it does not command a better price they say there is no profit in it. I have been to a good many gardens of all sorts but have been rather disappointed in most of them, as there has not been the improvement I expected in the last 6 years, Some noblemen's gardens have gone down very much = a great many are now little better than market gardens, Kew was looking well and very much improved in — every way and the authorities as courteous and kind as ever. Our old friend Mr. D. Morris, now Dr. Morris, C. M. G., had a very bad turn of illness last year, but is now getting quite strong again. I have een down to Ashton Court, near Bristol, to see Sir — Greville Smyth’s place. It is very grand and beauti- fully well kept. He keeps 30 gardens at this one place. You will no doubt remember he spent 8 months in Nuwara Eliya 2 years ago. He took the “Priory” from Mr Hamlin. Lipton’s teas are beginning to be used largely about here now. His 1s 7d is really a very good tea and I recommend it to all my friends. I inquired about — it at his agency inour little town of Stowebridge and I find that two years ago he only sold 2 cwt. a week but he now sells from 5, 6 cwt. and he tells me that when a person once has it he is sure to come again which I think says a good deal for it. > IMPORTED COFFEE. In the Legislative Assembly of Queensland, Mr. Barlow, Minister of Agriculture, in reply to a ques — tion stated that coffee plants or seeds for planting poses had been prohibited from entering the Ba from any place whatever since 1892, excepting by special permission and through the Department of © Agriculture.— Australian Agriculturist. , $< »~—____ CINCHONA-SAMPLING IN AMSTERD The recent decision of a few prominent im rs of Java cinchona in Amsterdam to revert to the old system of sampling instead of continuing to haye samples drawn by the officials of the “Kina” esta- blishment, which is the chief clearing-house for drug, has caused a good deal of grumbling among parties interested in the cinchona trade. The Cinchona Association of Amsterdam have addressed a circul ——— "Sa . a prefer the ald or the new. method of sampling. The replies yere publicly read at a special meeting 0 Dec. 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 391 members of the Association, and are unanimous in their appreciation of the new method of sampling followed at the ‘‘ Kina’’ establishment and their depre- ciation of the action of the dissident importers who have broken away from the organisation. Messrs. Howards & Sons write :— “Previous to the introduction of the present sys- tem we found it most difficult to obtain samples upon which we could depend of the bark for sale in Amsterdam. The system now in force at the Kina Establishment is the only one that has been found fully satisfactory. **In London a sample is taken from every package, and the whote of them mixed together, and from that great sample are taken the samples sent to the buyers. “This proved far more satisfactory than the old system in Amsterdam, but as the samples are not ground together it is not nearly equal to the present system there.”’ The majority of the importers reproach their dis- senting colleagues with being the partial cause of the recent break-down in the Amsterdam bark-market ; they say that the principal quinine manufacturers refuse to bid for barks not sampled by the ‘“ Kina”’ establishment, and that the presence of these out- side lots spoils the auctions.—Chemist and Druggist, October 13th. Se ee CHINA TEA FOR GERMANY. While in former years China tea has only been transported by British steamers to Europe, the lots, which were destined to Germany, being transshipped, at present a thorough change is to be reported as far as supplies for Germany are concerned. During the present season for Chinese tea, till October 15th, about 14,000 chests have been shipped in four steamers of the Nord- deutscher Lloyd directly to Bremen, and 17,000 chests to Hamburg, while eight steamers of the Kingsin line took 29,000 chests in direct passage to Hamburg—thus about 60,000 chests have been sent in fayour of German shipowners.—JZ. and C, Express, Oct. 19. ee THE LONDON CINCHONA-AUCTIONS, THE FORTNIGHTLY AUCTIONS ABOLISHED. A considerable surprise was sprung upon the deal” ers in cinchona bark when they assembled on Tues" day to hold the customary fortnightly auctions. The first brokers to sell were Messrs. Wilson, Smithett & Co., and when one of the members of the firm mounted the rostrum there was put into his hand a piece of paper with the request that he would pro- pose the motion written upon it. This he did, the proposition read out by him being worded as follows: — That with the decreased and decreasing interest the London bark market now offers to quinine manu- facture the remaining auctions for 1894 should be held on November 13th and December 11th, and that throughout 1895 they should be held not oftener than monthly, and as nearly as possible on such dates as will fall midway between the periodical Amsterdam auctions to be eventually fixed.’ Mr. Tabor, of the firm of W. H. Cole & Co., the proposer of the resolution, said nothing in its support. Mr. David Howard who seconded, offered some remarks in which he _ regretted the necessity of the resolution; but submitted that it would not be to the interests either of buyers or sellers to continue the auctions on the absurdly small scale to which they had dwindled within the last few months. Mr. 8. Figgis said that he did not like to see English merchants and brokers compelled to follow the lead of foreigners, but offered no opposition to the motion, which was put and carried nem. con., some four or five German agents being the only persons present who held up their hands in more or less hesitating fashion in its support. The feeling amon the London cinchona-trade, especially brokers and im- porters; is one of general in ignation at the manner those connected with in which the resolution was brought forward, and of disapproval at its wording. Although it is not denied that the present condition of the London cinchona market may render the continuation of the fortnightly auctions inadvisable, it is held that no alteration should have been made excepting after full consideration by all the ™ms interested in the trade, and with their general concurrence. Some months ago the question was in- formally raised, but on that occasion no decision was arrived at; anditis asserted that the mover of the resolution did not give any hint whatever of his intention until he asked Mr. David Howard, just before the commencement of the auctions, to second it. This action is considered exceedingly autocratic, and is re- sented accordingly. Several importers declare that they will ignore the resolution altogether and suit them- selves in the matter of auctions. Moreover, the phraseology of the resolution is freely criticised, especi- ally that portion in which the waning importance of the London market and the rise of that of Amsterdam are gratuitously advertised. Sofar as we have been able to trace at present, the first separate cinchona-auctions in London were held early in 1871. Until that time all cinchona (there was none but South American bark then) was included in the drug- auctions. As the quantity of wild Bolivian and New Granadian barks imported increased, the cinchonas used to be taken out of the drug-sales and sold in an adjacent room. Afterwards the sales were heldat the brokers’ rooms, the buyers, catalogue in hand, proceed- ing from one office to the other. This arrangement was found inconyenient, and two firms of brokers were then selected, and the auctions held alternately at their offices. The first sale of Kast Indian bark in London took place, we believe, on July 25, 1867, when three cases of bark, grown on the Nilgii hills, were offered on account of the Government. The first auctions in Amsterdam took place on October 20, 1870; but no sales of any commercial importance were held there until 1879.—Chemist and Druqgqist. _ TEA AND SCANDAL. THE TEA.—By pBarty Cornwall, The Tca! The Tea! The teef, beef Tea! The Lrew from gravy-beef for me ! Without a doubt as 1’Jl be bound, The best for an invelid ’tis found} Iv’s better than yruel, with sago vies; Or with the cradled babe’s supplies, 2 I like beef-tea! I like beef-tea! I'm satisfied, and aye shall be, With the brewI love, witathe brew I know And take it wheresoe’er I go, If the price should rise, or meat be cheap, No matter I’jl to bef-tea keep, 3 I love—oh ! how I love to guide ‘he strong beef-:ea to its place inside, Whev round and round you stir thespoon Or whistle thereon to cool it soun; Because one knvuweth or ought to know That things get col wherecn you blow, I vever have drunk the dull souchong But I for my beloved beef-tea did long, And inly yearned for that bountiful zest Like a bird ; asa child, on that I messed— 4nd a mother it was and is to me, For I was weaned on the beef, beef tea! Tom Hoop, the Younger. FOREIGN LUXURIES, An Impromptu cn the late Seizure of Sloe Leayes pre- pared to sell for Tea. — Qucd petis, hic est, Est Ulubri-.-— Horace. The things you stek the Bard alleges, Are here at home, in ail our hedges, CuINA and Porto now farewell, Lt others buy what you'vetosel, Your Port and your Bohes; For we've our native slog, divine, Whose fruit yields all our Porto wine, Whose leaves make all our Zea !* * Here we get the meaniog of the remars' of our doctors, that Wine and Tea are Sloe poisons.—"* ‘Pho “Literary Jour- nal and General Miscellany, p.13, March J8Is. A, M. Ferguson, 392 INDIAN AGRI-HORTICULTURAL AND BOTANICAL GARDENS. The Report on the Government Horticultural Gardens, Lucknow, for the year ending 31st The section on'' Fruit Culture contain special notes on a such as March 1894 has reached our hands. number of fruit trees familiar to us, ] oranges, limes, pummelos, pineapples and jaks. Reference is also made to the Zizyphus jujuba the wild plum or berry, more commonly known amongst us as the Masan, and a consignment of seed is reported to have been received from Mauritius. The Director remarks :—‘‘I have been told that this variety is a very superior one. A good proportion of the seeds received have ger- minated, and a stock of young plants is coming on promisingly.” The American Dewberry (Rubus trivialis) is said to have realized better results this year, and afford ground for believing that this fruit may he successfully added to those already cultivated. The plants in the garden are reported to be healthy and as having yielded some good samples of ripe fruit. We have heard only of one thriving specimen of the Dewberry in Ceylon, namely that being given by Mr. Ebert, the Superinten- dent of the Dematagoda Slaughterhouse. We are interested to know whether the vine has yet fruited, Tagasuste (Cystisus proliferus albus) is reported as a failure, owing, probably, to had seed. A few seeds of the superior Mauritius Masan might advisedly be apphed for, so that the variety may be introduced into Ceylon. In the Report on the proposed condition of the Government Botanical Gardens, Saharunpur, and Mussoorie, for the year ending 3lst March 1894— which has also reached us,—there is the following reference to the Dewberry :—‘‘ This fruit-bearing bush may now be looked upon as one of our established varieties of small fruits. The latter is not good enough to class as a dessert variety but it makes excellent jam, and is, therefore, well worth growing for such a purpose. A large stock of young plants is now ready for distri- bution, and as the plant is easily raised from seed or by division, the garden is now prepared to meet a large demand for young plants should such at any time arise.” The American cow-pea has also been raised with great success at Saha- ranpur and might well be tried in Ceylon, Of Sisal hemp, we read :—“ This plant promises of being as easily grown as Agave Americana and A. vivipara, the two. species so unusually good for fencing purposes. The plant promises _to be easy of propagation, and the garden will, therefore, likely be in a position to begin the general distribution of plants for trial in other arts of the country during the current season.” The annual forage grass, Teosinte (Huchana lucurians) is reported to be much in favour and is another plant that might be tried in the islands Seeds are ayailable from the Saharanpur Gardens. es HOW TO PREPARE SOLDERS. In preparing solder, whether hard or soft, great care is requisite to avoid two faults: a want of uniformity in the melted mass, and a change in the proportions of the constituents by the loss of volatile or oxidale ingredients. Thus, where copper, silver, and similar metals are to be mixed with tin, zine, etc., it is neces- sary to melt the more infusible metal first. When copper and zine are heated together, a large portion of the zinc passes off in fumes. In preparing soft solders, the material should be melted under the tallow to prevent waste by oxidation ; and in melting hard solders, the same object is accomplished by covering © them with thick layer of powdered charcoal, Har HE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. | the inventor of the machine and did the manag (Dec. 1, 1894) solders are usnally reduced to powder, either by granulation or filling, and then spread along the joints after being mixed with borax, which has been fused and powdered. It is not necessary that the preina of solder should be placed between the pieces to e joined, as with the aid of the borax they will “‘sweat'’ into the joint as soon as fusion takes place.—From Work for September. eae, CEYLON TEA IN AUSTRALIA. (Melbourne, Oct. 20, the Australasian Office.) Tea.—There has been a steady demand for all descriptions, and especially for the lower grades of China and Ceylon teas. Prices continue to show an hardening tendency on account of the considerable falling off in shipments for the colonies, as com- aig with last season. In Ceylons, over 300 packages ave been placed at 7d. to 104d. At auction on Thursday catalognes of Indian tea ex “Booldana,” amounting to 3,406 packages (viz., 2,706 chests, 596 half-chests, and 50 boxes), were offered, and sales were made of 2,606 packages (2,24) chests, 314 half-chests, and 50 boxes). Bidding was slow throughout, but the prices realised, although somewhat irre lar, were generally firm. Sales were as follows:—Broken and orange pekoe, 565 chests, 138 half-chests, and 50 boxes at 7d. to 1s. 3d.; pekoe, 1,142 chests and 109 half. chests, at 63d. to 11}d.: pekoe souchong, 534 chests and 68 half-chests, at 64d. to 83d. Shipments from Foochow to the Australian colonies so far this sea- son show a decrease of 1,640,000Jb,; as compared With the corresponding period last season; from India a decrease of 1,030,0001b.; and from Ceylon in decrease of 520,000 lb, ——_@—______._. IMITATION TEA. At Worship-Street, London on Oct, 19th, 14 sum- monses directed to Nicholas Sherwin White, and James D. Cahill, jointly, both of 3, Oliver's-yard, City-road, came before Mr. Bushby, the charges, laid by Mr, Starkey, an officer of the Inquir pet ip res of the Board of Customs, being that the defendants did, on divers days mentioned, “fabricate and manufacture certain leaves of tea that had been nsed, in imitation of tea,” and with uttering and offering for sale the said goods in imitation of tea, Mr. M’ onnell, barrister, appeared for the Board of Customs; and Mr, Moyses, barrister, defended White. Cahill was not represented: Counsel for the Customs said that the epee a were taken under an Act of Parliament little enforced and perhaps little known—17 Geo. IIL, ‘cap 29, sec. I. —which rendered all persons fabricating or dealing with fabricated tea tiabls to a penalty of £5 for every pound weight of such stnff. ational had been _ obtained by the Customs that two persons, named Nicholls and White, were carrying on a business in Oliver’s-yard, with Cahillas manager, as teadriers and _ improvers. It was found that they hada machine, which had been manufactured by Messrs. = engineers, of Shoe-lane, tothe order of Cahill, who was understood to have invented it, and that the machine was used for what was called “refiring” of tea leaves. It had then been discovered that arrangements had been made by Cahill to purchase from restaurant- keepers the leaves of tea used by them. This refuse had been supplied in large quantities by the British Tea Table Company, ‘‘Pearce and Plenty,” the Express Dairy Company, the Mecca Caffe Com Any, and others, and the prosecution were prepared to ve that that stuff was paid for by White, who h: also paid the cost of the machine. The leayes obtained were put through the machine and by a Pe sare en ' blown against a large pipe heated nearly red-hot. By the — time they reached the end of the pipe the tea had curled again, and then they fell looking like ordinary tea into — a receptacle attheend. The prosecution was prepared — to prove thatin the months of May and June no less than 6,092 1b. weight of this fabricated tea had been — disposed of by the defendants, and that the defendant — White had found the money for starting the bus receiving the money for the sales, whilst Ca Dec. t, 1894.| work. Counsel added that whilst these proceedings were primarily taken to put a stop to the business in the interests of the public, the Customs had been defrauded of the duty of 4d a pound, which would have been obtained ty the sale of good teas. Mr. Moyses here intimated that he was prepared to plead “Guilty”? on behalf of White, who had, he said, acted quite innocently, being unaware that any such Act of Parliament existed or that any offence was being committed. No doubt, in acting as they had done—in ‘‘resuscitating or reviving’’ the tea leaves—they believed they were putting upon the market an article which had a value in its unexhausted properties. Directly the defendants learned that the thine was illegal the business was stopped, though a considerable loss had been incurred over it, and the defendant White had taken steps to promote a syndicate to work it. Mr. Bushby.— What, after a loss had been incurred? Mr. Moy- ses.—Well, the loss was in stopping the business. The first information that the defendants had that it was illegal was from an auctioneer, to whom some of the tea had been sent for sale. He thought that, under the circumstances, 2 nominal penalty would suffice. Mr. Bushby said the case touched so much the interests of the public that he wished to.) have some evidence as to the price the stuff was sold at and under what name. Mr. George William Small, trading as Cave, Johnson, and Co., tea merchants, Bishopsgate, was called and de- posed to buying in April last 15 chests, about 1,340lb., of tea through the defendant Cahill, who called with a sample. It was bought as damaged tea which had been refired, and the price paid was 64d per pound. The witness said it was mixed with other teas ‘‘ of a better brew,’ and when * blended and packed,’ sold by him at 93 per jpound. Mr. Bushby asked what name was given to the article, but the witness did not say. He was then asked what he understood by ‘ damaged” tea, and he replied that it might be by either fire or water. Mr. Bushby.—Not damaged by water in a tea-pot? Witness.—No. (Laughter). By Mr. M’Connell.—It was not within his knowledge that ocean-carried tea damaged in transit was never landed but was seized by the Customs. Mr. Moyses.—I suppose there was some Virtue in what the defendants sold ? Witness.— Oh, yes, it made a very good brew when it was mixed in equal proportions with a better class of liquid-making tea. he prosecution accepted the plea of ‘“ Guilty,’ counsel saying that the loss to the Revenue was about £100. Mr. Bushby said that as the business was stopped he would impose a fine of 20s on each of the summonses and apportion the costs of the prosecution between the defendants. The order made was that each defendant should pay £14 fine and £20 costs, the full penalty incurred being stated to amount to something over £36,000. White paid the money ; the other defendant was given time.— ondon Times, Oct. 22. oe INDIAN TEA IN AMERICA. Mr. Bircuynpen’s work in Brooklyn has resulted in & considerable increase in the demand for Indian tea. “T arrived in New York,” he writes, ‘‘on the 20th of June, and have then given demonstrations in twenty different stores, and given a clear week to each. The great majority of these demonstrations have been givenin Brooklyn. The results have been satisfactory both to myself and to the grocers, for they have notonly sold a good deal of Indian tea but have found that the presence of the natives in their stores has given a good increase to their general sales. Numbers curiosity to see the natives have, while taking the tea provided, made other purchases.’ In the axtumn Mr. Blechynden began operations in New York and no doubt with equal success.—M. Mail Nov. 6. -—- - Tae Natives in Tahiti are, says the American Grocer, paying increased attantion to the cultivation of ooff e. : THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. _ was bought in at from 4d to 44d per Ib. ; of people drawn into the store by) 393 DRUG REPORT. (From Chemist and Druggist.) London, October 11. Fine bright Madras seed for fair Ceyl and West Indian bids of 2d per Ib. were rejected. Bs) ARECA-NUTS.—Ninety-one bags of fair quali ty. were bought ANNATTO.—Rather lifeless. | in today at 14s per ewt. CarPEINE.—The manufacturers have great difficulty in keeping up supplies of this article, the advance in price of which we have already announced. We are informed that 347 tons of tea-sweepings were sold by the Dock Company for caffeine-making purposes last year at the rate of 45s per ton. For the present the stock of sweep- ings is exhausted, and although the caffeine makers wowld be quite willing to pay a higher price, they can- not get material on any terms. The stock of tea-sweep- ings in Germany is said to have been quite used up, and the manufactur of the drug in that country has become practically impossible. ‘I should not be surprised,” ad- ded our informant, ‘‘to see caffeine quoted at 15s ‘per lb shortly.” COCOA-LEAVES.—Very little was offered today, but for a parcel of 7 bales good stroud and dark Huanoco leaves ts 4d per lb is the price. ESSENYIAL OILS.—At auction today 3 cases Cinnamon- leat oil, unblushingly labelled ‘finest cinnamon oil,” sold at 1§d per oz, and another 2-case parcel of the’ same quality at 1d per oz. Three cases lowenide Cinnamon oil, offered without reserve, realised 4d per oz. Five cases Cajuput oil, of fair appearance and colour, realised 2s per bottle. Two cases distilled and 2 cases hand- pressed West Indian Oil of limes, although shown, were not offered. For 47 cases Lemongrass oil, from Bombay iid per oz is required. Eucalyptus oil remains neglected, Two cases of the new brand (Porcupine) were offered, and nominally bought in at 3s per Ib. : London, October 18th. CHILLIES keep very firmindeed. At auction, of 116 bales newly imported Zanzibar offered, 91 sold at tirm prices viz, froin 34s 6d to 38s per cwt for good to good bright fiery; common stalky and dark realising 30s per ewt Fourteen bags fine bright red Natal capsicums, oft stalk, realised 98s per cwt. : CINCHONA,—Five of the six catalogues which represented the whole of Tuesday’s cinchona auctions were attenuated shadows of former glory, the sixth enumerated a fair quantity of African bark. The total supply at auction was made up as follows :— : Packages Packages Ceylon cinchona 139 of which 73 were sold East Indian cinchona 66 5 54 Java cinchona 5 * 5 * West African cinchona 474 5 474 2 South American cinchona 199 3 115 ne Cuprea bark 403 “6 _ 4 1286 721 The Eastern cinchonas contained a few lots of fine drug- gists quills, but manufacturing barks of good quality were almost unrepresented among them. The bulk of the sale was made up by the African supply, of which the quinine makers purchased the greater part. The tone throughout the sales was exceedingly weak, and buyers had it prac- tically their own way. ‘he auctions show a considerable decline upon the unit value of the last sales (September 18), but went slightly above the level of those held in Amsterdam last ‘Thursday, the average unit for manufac- turing-barks—if it is possible to draw one where so little was sold—being about 9-16ths d. per lb against idat the last sales. The following are the approximate quantities of bark purchased by the principal buyers -— Lb. Agents for the Mannheim and Amsterdam works 2. aC 25,298 Messrs, Howards & Sons 22/008 Agents for the Brunswick works 16,757 Agents for the Frankfort works ae 12,240 Agents for the American) works = "560 Various druggists A 25,186 Total quantity of bark sola 102,049 Bought in or withdrawn 72,434 Total quantity of bark offered "174,483 It should be remembered that the quantity of bark bought atfords no indication of the amount of sulphate of quinine represented by the purchase. The following prices were paid for sound bark :— CEYLON AND BAST INDIAN CINCHONA.—A parcel of fine bold red quill bark, from Calicut, was bought in at the nominal price of 1s per lb; smaller, but still good heavy r,s _ - te ae 394 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Dee. 1, 1894. druggists’ quill sold at 6}d per Ib for sound, and 4d to COCONUT AND CINNAMON CROPS IN 6d per lb for damaged lots. A small lot of original yel- low chips realised 1d to 14d per lb. No other East Indian cinchona was offered. Of Ceylon bark a small lot of original red shavings sold at jd per lb, renewed red eg realised 13d per lb, and renewed yellow chips 23d per Ib. A small parcel of fine bright Hybrid_and O icinalis chips (said to contain an equivalent of 2°87 per cent sulphate of quinine) sold at 23d to 3d per lb. Pair chips of the game varieties realised 1fd per lb. JAVA CINCHONA.—Only five bales crushed Ledger bark were offered, and these sold at 24d per lb. West AFRICAN CINCHONA,—Several parcels of West Afri- can. bark totalling 474 bales, all imported via Lisbon, for- med the chief dish at the auctions. The whole of it was sold with some dfficulty, at 24d per Jb for fine bold eet silvery quill, 1jd to 2}d per lb for good bright quill, and 1kd_ to 14d per lb for fine quilly chips. SourTH AMERICAN CINCHONA.—The only bark of this kind offered was a parcel of 199 bales cultivated Bolivian Calisaya, in good bright, partly irregular quills, mostly damaged, and the bulk of which sold at 4'd to 5d per Ib for sound, and 44d to 4}d per lb for damaged bark. CuBEBS.—No business was transacted at the auction last week. Forty bags of fair greyish-brown berries, slightly mixed with stalk, were bought in at 50s, a suggestion of 45s per cwt finding no response. CAFFEINE.—Uhe makers’ prices are nominally unaltered but they cannot supply anything for immediate delivery ; second-hand holders have sold today at 10s per lb, and we believe that a little could still be had at that price. KoLa-Nuts.—Fifteen packages good West Indian Kolas, slightly mouldy, mixed, sold with excellent competition on Wednesday at the high figure of 1s 5d per lb. QUININE.—Business is very slack. A few thousand ounces secondhand German bulk are reported to have been sold on the spot at 113d per oz, and there are further sellers at that figure. VANILLA.—About 280 tins were offered last Thursday, and sold at steady prices; good chocolate, slightly ecrys- tallised, 7 to 8 inches, 20s to 22s 6d; 6 to 6} inches, 15s to 195; 4} to 54 inches, 12s to 12s 6d; fair chocolate, 5} to 6 inches 11s to 12s; rather dull and brown, 6} tos; inches, 10s 6d to 14s 6d; ordinary foxy and dull, from 28 6d to 3s 6d per Ib. eo NAMING OF FIBRE PLANTS. (Communicated.) A want of precicion in desoriptions of, and refer- ence to, plants bas been the cause of much confu-ior. to stulents of Natural History. This is well illus rstei in the case of fibrous plante. The hemp plant, for instarce, is Cannabis sativa (order Urticacee). but other plants having no botanical relation (that is not belonging to the same order) have} been called hemp, such as Mauritius hemp, Fourcroya gigantea, (order Amaryllidacee), Bows ting hemp, Sanseviera zeylanica (order Hemodoracee) and Sunn hemp, Crotalaria guncea (order Legu- minose). The resemblance of the fibre of th se plants to real hemp has no doubt given rise to this nomenclature. Again the Flax plant is Linum usitatissimum (order Lminace), but we have New Zealand flax which is Phoreitum tenax and belongs to the order Liliacee. Tne word Aloe, too, is rather confusing. Aloe is a genus belonging to the Lily order, like Phormiwm and Yucca and (acsording to soma botanists) also Sanseviera—all fibre-yielding. The true aloes ae sometimes distinguished as African aloes from the Avaves or American aloes which are, of course, not true aloes and belong to the Amaryllis fa niiy. Among the latter are Agave rigida var, sisaana (Sisal hemp), Fourcroya gigantea —once nam ‘d Agave fetida — (Mauritius hemp). Boehmeria nivea, Khea or Ramie—the so-called Ohina “ graes'’—belongs to the family Urticacew. Even the term ju e (the product of Corchorus Capsularis) h 8 been errom ously applied to the fibra of other plan's. So that one has to be careful in using the terma hemp, flax, aloe and jute to employ, at the same time, such qualifying epithets aa would indicate the plant intended to be referred to—and so help to avoid much confusion that may ariag NEGOMBO AND N. W. PROVINCE. The severe and-long continued drought which prevailed here and caused very serious damage to both Cinnamon and Coconuts, came to an end on the 16th ultimo, from which date up to the 3lst about 10 inches of rain were registered. The record to date for November is 97 cents. The crop for the current punchy mosama will be very Boo as the growth of the cinna- mon has been stunted and for the same reason next year’s yield, too, will be mnch below the average. The coming year’s coconut crop will compare very unfavourably with this year's.— Planter. ———_—_ INDIA: TEA PLANTING AND PRODUCE. GENERAL.—The Doorga Poojahs have made a break in work in all the districts since the date of last report, The weather in Darjiling Dooars and Terai has esl better latelywhich will probably make the season in the last two districts later than was recently anticipated. Upper and Lower Assam have been having weather favourable for growth, and manufacture and teas are reported to be improving in quality. Cachar has had a little unseasonable weather, but latest reports advise achange to better weather. Sylhet gardens are doing well both as regards weather and manufacture. The weather in Darjeeling has been far from favour- able; and latest reports advise heavy rain. Mosquito blight is reported fr m Darjiling, Dooars and the Terai, and in the last two° districts the pest has not been known to be so bad for many years past. Cachar and Sylhet districts have been fairly fortunate in weather. So have Lower and Upper Assam, but if both these districts the prospects for a good Ine month during October altogether rests with the weather.—/lanter, October 12. ————_—_>_——_ VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. THE LANKA PLANTATIONS COMPANY DIREC- Tors furnish, as usual, a very full Report (see page 389) for the benefit of their shareholders. The Company’s affairs are eyi- dently very carefully managed and a_ better Chairman than Mr. George Allen, we feel sure does not preside over any Ceylon Company. But the failure of cotfee las left a great deal of leeway to make up, and we trust to see the good progress already made in tea and cacao, con- ane and increased. ; CEYLON TreA IN AMERICA.—Mr. P. R. Bu- chanan (whom we are glad to welcome back in ful] .vigour) is well pleased with the arrangements which Ceylon has at length made to start an American campaign. Mr. Blechynden is doing good work and the trade is increasing; but the more agents there are to interview, exhibit and lecture, the better, if China and Japan are to be overcome within a reasonable time. Mr. Buchanan is better pleased that China tea shows an increased export this season to America, than if it had been in ‘“‘Japan’s’; because we can fight the former more readily. Should the war in the Far East continue much longer, Mr. Buchanan is saneuine there will be interference with tea culture and cropping in some of the districts and therefore a less export from this cause, apart froni other canes, such as the disturbance of trade. All this and the prospect of short crops both in India and Ceylon give encouragement to Sir John Muir’s Company to persevere with their programme of buying up more land and adding to cultivation The ousting of China and Japan teas from America, Russia and Australasia is, evidently, a matter of a limited number of years, in the opinion of the Company’s Directois, a ~ (0 here eee gyi. - 1. Dec, 3, 1894. | Boyydspondengs. et To the Lditor. NORTH BORNEO AS A COFFEE-GROWING COUNTRY. THE RESULTS OF ACTUAL EXPERIENCE IN COFFEE— WHILE CACAO, COTTON, MANILLA HEMP AND GOCONUTS FLOUBISH, Sandakan, Sept. 27. Sir,—In the Overland Observer of the 30th Aug. there are several commun:cations with regard to countries suitable for coffee planting in which but one small r-ference to North Borne) is made, ani as undoubtedly this country sffords a good many more advantages than most. if not all, others for this cultivation, I think it only right to point seme of them out, I am ‘aware that “comparisons are odious” but nevertheless propose to make a few as the best mans of bringing out this country’s strong poinis, In Africa, according to one of your coriespon- dents, trees three years old are 5% feet hizh with a splendid crop of cherries rapidly maturing : trees here usually attain the height of abou: 7 feet when two years old and are then lopped back. When 18 morths old they show a good deal of blossom every fortnight or three weeks, and at from 26 to 23 months of age their branches are heavy with fruit of which some is then b:ginning to ripen, With regard tothe heavy profits quoted from Peru I[ take it that tha calculation that it cosits only 123 to produce 100 ib. of clean coffee refers to the actual cost of picking, pulping, husking and carriage without allowing anything for planting aud upkeep: if this is the osse we can certfinly do better hee, parchment coffee being delivered in town at $5 per picul (i334 ib.) where it is ready saleable at more than five times as much, That there is notbing to be wondered «t in this is apparent when the prica of our Inbour is compared with tbat in Peru where ‘ Chola la- bourera cost about 070 (about 1s 6d) with food,” Here I am paying from 27 to 30 cents for practised Mayjay labour and 27 cents for Chinese. The labourers feed thcmselves, live in their own houses anil find most of their tools except bars This is I caloulate, taking the dollar at 28 2d about 2a 5d of the price paid in Peru. The coffee estates in this district are all within a comparatively faw miles of the Sandakan wharf and there is gocd water communication with all of them, whereas both in Peru and Africa the estates are various distances upcountry, I understand. I must take exception to the editorial dictum that trees should be etripped rather than allow them to mature fruit before they are thre years old; not to speak of tha expense of the extra labour required to strip every tree every month for something likea year. It is even a question whether they would not be more damaged than benefitted by this treatment, Although the amount of crop showing is usually positively alarming, the cherry matures so slowly that there is in reality no particular stiain on the trees. In addition to Liberian Coffee which is now a settled cultivation, we aro experimenting on a small scale with cocoa which so far promises very well, and are also getting on with mauila hemp, cotton and coconuts.—I remain, yours very truly, W, B, PRYER 60 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 395 FRUIT CULTURE ON PLANTATIONS IN CEYLON :—HILL AND LOWCOUNTRY; AN INDUSTRY IN “PRESERVES.” Uva, Oct. 17. Dear Sin,—I was glad to sae the subject of the cu tivation of tropical fruits had agaia been brought before your readers, Your Rangala correspondent tells us of an enormous yieli of marndarin oranges from a couple of trees on his estate. I had read of 1,000 oranges baving been grown in a season on a treo in Oalifornia; but give me a sunny ciime to grow fruit in—a warm and well-sheltered spot—with a moderate slope, not liable to much wesh from heavy rains, and there are euch landsin Uva; in sunny Maiale, Rattota and Kurunegala I should think also. If you want aweet, well-ripened fruit, you must have gun, and lots of it. Doubt'ess on many tea estates fruits of various kinds could be advantageously grown, for they could be easily wmanured there’ and the lady of the bunzalow might enjoy marmalades of chocest varieties of her own make and at & smull expense. Hven the Jcquat that grows and beare fruit readily on most estates, gives a fruit that will afford to planters e delic:te-flavoured and delicious j»m if well made; but my favourite fruit aod | call it the king of tropical fruitgis the despised bananas. Only lst the cultivator of the banana gt choice varieties—and there are many of them —and Je: them be carefully planted in rich soil and he can boast of a wholerome and delicious fruit, grown without much trouble or expense all round his vegetable garden. I thiak the variaty with the deep pink skin is the very best I have tasted in Ceylon ; but then we have the ‘‘ suwandel,” little sugar plantain, and a dozen more of various flavours and sizes, The large kind of plan- tains make most excellent fritters, when ripe and wel! cooked, and no Ceylon garden should be without a few kinds of this wholesome end deli- cious fruit. The Sinhalese will seldom al'ow it to be ripened on the stalk, they eut it when green and it h+s ther a pocr flzvour. Lat your readers teke up Stanley's ‘Darkest Africa” and see what he writes over and over again re- garding the great value of the products of the banana and plantain. Jf the natives of Ceylon cultivated these fruits properly and extensively around their dwellings, and in their gardens they would not have to complain that they had to live at tiaes on one meal a day of kurakan or cassava , and the plautain tree will grow at almost any elevation, but of course it takes a longer time to ma‘ure its fruit at high altitudes; its fruit can be grown as the rich man’s luxury and the poor man’s food: for H. M. Stanley remark; that the flour of the plantain is very nourishing and that when he was ill from fever he could only digest it in thin gruel, this flour. But how is it made—that is the question, I should like to see fully answered, I once galled upon a native lady who had amassed asmall fortune by a litile industry which might be profitably introduced into Colombo and else- where, I allude to the manufacture of tropical preserves, picklas, &a,, &o. Atany rate this foitunate dame had such a name for her pineapple and guava jellies, and for preserved ginger and other condiments that she had been able to buy two or three small houses by ber skill and industry, Perhaps the Happy Valley ladies may take a leseon from this native lady. Sago we oan get cheap | enough at the bazaars, but aan we procure reliable arrowroot or genuine tapioca? Yet in the drier districts of Ceylon, they could be easily and profit- 396 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Dec. I, 14, ably cultivated, and would find a sale in the islan at good prices if only they could be guaranteed a free from adulteration—and done up in one and two pound parcela with labels on them and the maker’s name on them.—Yours trulv, OLD PLANTER. PIGS—AND SNAKES AND SCORPIONS IN SOUTH AMERICA : A HINT TO PLANTERS IN THE LOWCOUNTRY CEYLON. London, E.C., Oct. 17. Sir,—It was not long ago that I referred to the custom in one country of harbouring snakes on account of their eating the insects: on the present oceasion I want to report that one of the plan- ters, who was with me from the United States of Columbia, told me that large quantities of pigs were always obtained as soon as new land was opened, the reason being that the pigs went about the Jand and ate up the snakes and scorpions. ‘The planters then found that it was always safe for them to move about; so much was this the case, that the pigs were kept very close to the house and the part that was going to be the garden. I asked my informant if he had ever seen pigs tackle a large snake: he said he had done so, and further, that once the pigs had got the snakes under, even poultry could protect themselves from the moderate- sized snakes by killing them.—Yours truly, THOS. CHRISTY. oF COCONUT CULTIVATION ON THE NORTH. EAST COAST OF INDIA. Kistna Collector's Office, Forest Branch. Masuli- patam, dated 2nd November 1894. From A. W. Lushington Esq., Officer, Kistna. Sir,—I have the honour to thank you for so kindly replying to my queriesregarding coconut cultivation ; and to state that, as we have an Hxperimental Garden here in Masulipatam,I am quite prepared to start the experiments which you suggest. viz. (1) of trans- plantation and (2) of cultivating the coconuts with- out transplanting but highly manuring. Manure is easily obtainable, for all the Municipal night soil is panded over to us, and is buried in our Experimental Garden; and being onthe coast within five miles of three salt factories, that ingredient is also inex- pensive. If my successors carry out the arrangements which I haye started here, and keep up the records efficiently, there will be no difficulty in informing you of the results from time to time. In the mean- time, I shall make further inquiries regarding the coconut plantations, and endeayour to obtain the most accurate statistics relating to the average yield and the longevity of the trees; and shall let you know the results of these inquiries—I haye the honor to be, sir, your most obedient servant, F. MAC O'LEARY. For District Forest Officer. District Forest RAINFALL-—RAINY DAYS—AND TEA FLUSH: A PROBLEM FOR EXPERTS. Oct. 26th. DEAR SrR,—I often see mention made in your paper ‘‘that tea flush has been checked by too much moisture Upcountry.” Well that may be the case, or otherwise ; but your correspondents write in such a way as to lead to the belief that we have had an excess of moisture this year; now such has not been the case; here are figures to end Sept. 1893 and 1894, a EEEEEEEEEEemeel To end September 1893 we had 95 days on which rain did not fall, and our rainfall to that date was 115-06 inches. 1894 to same date we had 103 days on which no rain fell, and our fall of rain this year to end September 110°10 inches,—so you will see we have had 8 more dry days this year and 5 inches less rain. Our Oct. rainfall in 1893 to 25th, was 8°95 inches fell in 16 days. Our Oct. rainfall in 1894 to 25th, is 9°41 inches, fell in 16 days. So you will see the moisture theory is “‘ bunkum.” It is the same old cry every year. Our flush would stop once a year whatever sort of weather we have. Now Mr. Editor get some of your smart correspondents such as ‘‘J. 8, 8.” ‘Jaffna Col- lege,” or ‘‘Iynoramus” to solve the question of moisture or no moisture—it should be more practica- ble than ‘‘ Ether.” Our flush is now coming in fast and the moisture has not stopped.—Yours, K. 2h. RAINFALL AND TEA FLUSH: MASKELIYA. Theberton, Watawala, Noy. 5. DEAR SiR,—I notice you have a letter from K.T.B. on rainfall, days’ rainfall and tea flush. He remarks that though the rainfall to end of Sept. 1894, is less than 1893, yet the flush is not so good for the 8.-W. monsoon months as 1893. No doubt, excess of rain has little to do with flush. If we have sunshine and warmth, or less cloudy and overcast weather, an excess of moisture, to a certain point, will only stimulate growth. But cold cloudy weather with even less mois- ture, will retard the growth or flush. I enclose a table of temperature and cloud for 1893-4. You will note, that the mean minimum temperature for both years is the same, but the mean maxi- mum is nearly 2° more for 1893 shewing more sunshine. The sunshine for the 5 months of 1894 must have been very small, only 1°6 of clear sky. Considering the sun would only shine out when it passed a patch of clear sky, the chances of it doing so in so small a % of it, would be very slight. If we had the instrument for registering the amount of sunshine per day, we should be able to arrive at more correct results.—Yours very LOW EK truly, T. J. GRIGG, 1393. 1894. 4 S| My oiled S 4 oo = Be pia Deg! Se ea aad = = Sf 223582 2532 22 22 HO Poo lk Loge foes 24H 25S 25 SH SR 2H 20 ° ° Ou 2S Gis! act 2 : June 69°5 633 66.4 6S 6870 63°5 65°7. 9°0 July 679 623 653 S4 668 6177 642 82 August.. 680 62:0 65:0 57 66°6 616 641 89 Sept. .. 70-1 60°77 65°4 61 67-2 618 645 84 October. 72:1 61°38 66:9 57 69°4 61°4 654 75 By 5 months 347°6 310°6 329: 032°7 338°0 310°0 323-9 42-0 Mean for 1893.. 69°5 62:1 6583 65 676 620 648 84 Ry for . 1894... 676 62:0 648 84 Difference less Temp. ; for 1894...19 O1 1.0 (19 More cloud for 1894 — T. J. Gare. Noy. 5th 1894. Ded, 1, 1894.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 397 me ee TEA FLUSHING AND MOISTURE. DEAR Sir,—What can be expected of me but to respond when I hear my name called, however inappropriate the call may be. Your correspont dent K. T. B. suggests that tea flushing would furnish a more “ practicable” subject. for dis- cussion than ‘“ Ether.” It would doubtless be more practical for him, but hardly practicable for one who is ‘‘lost away up in remote Jaffna.” I trust that my ‘‘modesty ” will be recognized for once when I admit that I have no_ practical knowledge of tea growing. The problem to be solved is not stated plainly enough for those not on the heights to make out well, but I infer it is as to why continued moisture sometimes seems to stop flushing and at other times does not. My extreme ‘‘ modesty” will allow me to venture only one general remark, which may seem trite. Most plants and trees have alternating periods of rest and rapid growth ; during the rest or period of slow growth, leaf buds and some- times flower buds, are prepared with all the arts in miniature, and when abundant moisture is supplied what was before prepared, develops ragnale The amount of rapid growth depends largely upon the amount prepared, which varies as the duration of the preparation, the vigor of the plant, the richness of supply, ete. Thus in some cases, the moisture continuing, the rapid growth is stopped because of the small supply prepared. If I have missed the mark in this remark, it must go to the credit of my ‘‘ modesty.” —Yours JAFFNA COLLEGE. ——_— METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN LOWER MASKELIYA. Watawala, Novy. 12th. Dear Sir,—In your entry of my letter of the Sth inst., my report on cloud reads rather peculiar, My entry in 0° cloudless, 5° half cloud, and 10° completely overcast, was simply to explain the notation in numbers, for clouds. he form is:— 0-10th clear sky. 1-10th of cloud. » 2-10ths do or more Cloud. 3:10ths do do 4-10ths do do -— or half cloud, half clear sky. 5-10ths 6-10ths of cloud or more cloud. 7-10ths ae ee -LOths do do el0ths do or only a small patch of clear sky. 10-10ths sky completely overcast with cloud. ‘ [The same as given in the Instructions for Meteorological Observations in Ceylon issued by Major Clarke, ¢.M.G.] Wind also is registered by numbers viz., 0 to 12. So very few understand this estimation of clouds. There- fore, I gaye a rough outline of it. Tbis system of notation is the sanie as kept at all Observatovies. —Yours very triily, T. J. GRIGG. — BALANGODA V. RATNAPURA. ord Nov. DEAR SiR,—I see in your rainfall returns of 30th Oct. Ratnapura had only ‘22, whereas 20 miles by road, or 13 miles in a direct line ina S.-W. direction, on the hill range, we had 4-41 inches, followed by 4°75 on 3lst, and 1°85, 1°15 for two days of Noy. So that Ratnapura has to be thankful that it escapes these showers. And yet this may account for its floods, a good share of which comes from Bambarabotuwa as well as Gillemale. Our rainfall this year for Oct. is just double that of last Oct, PLANTER, “ARSENATE OF LEAD” AS AN INSECTI- CIDE NOT SUITABLE FOR CEYLON. [We sent Mr. Green a copy of an American Agricultural paper for his opinion of a new In- secticide. He is good enough to write as follows: —Ep. 7.A.] Eton, Punduloya, Nov. 8th. Dear Srr,—Many thanks for copy of Florida Agri- culturist. I note you have marked an article headed “A New Insecticide,’ describing the use of Arsenate of Lead. It would be most unsafe to use this in- secticide on tea plants, as although it is guaranteed not to injure the foliage of the plant, it is in itself as poisonous as all the arsenic compounds, and I do not think that the manufacture of the leaf would eliminate the poison. It might doubtless be safely used against green bug on cofiee. But I do not consider that it would have any advantage over a properly compounded kerosine emulsion, except for use on plants with very delicate foliage. Kerosine emulsion is a most effective insecticide. The questicn is chiefly a mechanical one, viz: the distribution of the insecticide. The improved modern _ spraying machine, such as the ‘‘Strawsonizer’’ and the Ameri- can sprayers, have greatly overcome the difficulty. But even with this improved apparatus it is im- possible to insure the complete destruction of a pest, even after many applications. Actual contact is requisite, andin thick bushes a large number of indi- viduals must escape. The only theoretically perfect treatment for insuring complete extermination of a pest on any given plant in the Gas Treatment, origi- nated, I believe, byMr. D. W. Coquillet, and practised in the orange-growing States of America. This pro- cess consists in covering the infested trees with an air-tight tent, beneath which is placed a vessel con- taining sulphuric acid and cyanide of potassium, which generates a highly poisonous and suffocating gas (Hydrocyanic acid gas). A period of 15 to 30 minutes is sufficient to kill every living insect enclosed in the tent. But this treatment is a cumbersome one, and quite impracticable on hilly, rocky ground. The cost pro: hibits its use over any but limited areas. And it can be practised without injury to the trees only at night or in cloudy weather. Altogether I do not consider that the system would be practicable on the large tea and coffee estates of Ceylon.—Yours truly, HK. ERNEST GREEN, LIBERIAN COFFEE CULTIVATION, Sianipittia, S. Korle, Nov. 12th. Sir,—The progress in the Straits made with this culti- vation has evidently now attracted the attention of those in Ceylon who bad experience in the growth o Arabian coffee. With prices ranging from R10 to R13 er bushel in the local markets, additional interest has been aroused, and at last this product has been allowed a small start this year. In a quiet way lands have been acquired, and preparations are being made to open land with this product alone, but in most cases with cocoa or coconuts, &c., as adjuncts. Those who haye not already taken steps to be- gin clearing are not, however, late. The N.-E. mon- soon is late, and much land can be cleared in January and February next—the S.-W. season—the best for coffee of any kind. The cultivation of tea was once much condemned, and those first in the field did well. It was the same as regards cinchona, and Ihave no doubt that 7 or 8 years hence Liberian coffee estates will be considered safe investments. The fortunes will not be made by those trying later on, but by those who will reap the profits of the next five years’ extraordinary prices. In the planting of any new product there is often an refer- ence to different types and as to what is kind to plant. When Liberian coffee troduced there was scarcely the best > was first in- anything noticeable in the first fruits or plants. Of late it has been discovered that there are varieties—the original large round berry, the long-shaped, the small round yellowish red, &c., the ate leaf plants, | the crisp round leaf, and other shapes, It is, hows 398 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. er, unnecessary to select any particular kind. hey all yield a merchantable crop, and nothing as been discovered to show that one type is uperior in yield, quality, or flavour to another. These varieties are doubtless the result of hy- bridization. A true hybrid between two distinct types has not yet been produced. The Maragogipe is possibly a hybrid, but apparently not one ob- tained from the Arabian and Liberian. The selec- tion of hybrid varieties for planting must be post- poned for another ten years. ‘Till then there is money to be made by planting such Liberian as we have. The planting of Liberian coffee, however, cannot be carelessly done. J agree with Mr. Muntoninsaying that it needs shade but very scant, and that only in climates below the Kandy table land. Topping is essential, but 50 also is handling. No treeshould be topped under 6 feet saveinwind-blownplaces. [hayveseenasmall plotso ‘treated which black cattle can easily walk under. The last foux upper primaries of these trees curye upwards and out, with ends only bending. I have seen much neglected Liberian coffee hacked, not pruned—unhandled, and covered with crows’ feet yet vigorous, but with a poor crop on them. ‘he owners of such coffee will be astonished at the results of proper treatment, and regret that they had not Jarger fields. Liberian or Arabian, the best selling product of the future is PARCHMENT COFFEE. CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA. Niagara Falls, N. Y. Sept. 14. ‘Duar Srr,—After my fourteen years’ residence in Ceylon, eight years’ experience in the Australian Tea trade, and two years of commercial life here, I am going to trouble you with my views as to the way of getting bold of the American Market. : First, have a res dent Manager in New York with a full stock of straight drinking (not blending) teas in all sizes from chests to half pounds packets. The Manager to haye such capable American Assistants as he may require to send out through all the principal cities and towns in the United States to place your teas for sale with one or more merchants (well rated and of hich standing) in each city or town according to its size, Give the said merchants such consignments of tea onsale for trial as he may desire at your prime cost, and allow the merchant to make his own profit (and if the American merchant can make his own and the importer’s profit at the business, you can depend upon his doing his level best to create a demand) giving him to understand that if he docs not push the business to the satis— faction of the Manager, the tea will be at any time taken up and placed elsewhere, The duties of the Assistants will be to personally and at stated periods look after the agencies and consignmerts. j This will demand a lot of very active work, but it is in my humble opinion the best way of intro- ducing your Ceylon teas. As I mentioned in the beginning straight-drinking teas (not too pungent) are the class you should export to America, as very little blending is done in this country. The American merchants are as a Glass strictly honorable, although what we would caJl sharp in practice and the commercial rating of every mer- chant you consign tea to can readily be found on referring to Bradstreet or Dun.—Yours faithfully, D. W. CAMPBELL. 5 SUGAR EXPORTS TO INDIA. sAR SIR,—Lhe latest Blue Book, we. for 1893 an coe Return I referred to is a copy embodied in it); the figures you haye taken come under the sheading— Sugar candy—Palm and J "and the article exported from Ceylon is, I believe, palmyra jaggery. Soisit not misleading to call it | Sugar ?—Yours truly, MERCHANT. [We can only understand that the Indian authorities haye included the Ceylon uce in ' Sugar-candy and Jaggery—under their head of | is better than China Tea. Fe a SS Se ES ee eee ‘‘Sugar” in making their returns,—ED. 7.A.) CEYLON AND INDIAN TEA IN AMERICA. Dear Sim,—My letter in issue of Oct. lst contained an unfortunate clerical error which you noted at once. The mistake was the word “ ia’’ instead of “China.”’ ‘You must admit that Indian Tea is superior to Ceylon Tea, and yet with the same breath you (Ceylon planters) say that Ceylon Tea Both, however, are too superior for the new markets, and we are left to jostle one another.’’ This is what I intended to write, and I intended to convey the idea that superiority, judged by our standards, will not help us in gaining new markets. Our standard of quality is price ob- tainable in the London market. By this we find that Indian is superior to Ceylon—both are superior bo ee tea, and yet we cannot compete success- ully. I have, so far, given my poor opinion without the new light thrown on the subject by Sir J. Grinlinton. What he told you about “giving credit” seems to me so very like the bottom of the whole uestion, that I can only wait to see what notice is taken of it, and whether means will be found to either give credit to the present dealers, or to build up a new tea trade which can be trusted. With this new light, the combined efforts of Ceylon and India seem more than ever advisable, so that all risk of loss may be divided, and lightened. The risk to any individual niust be too severe to be at- tempted, but the very fact that the American dealers do eventually pay the China merchants, should be sufficient guarantee that they will pay us, if we can only get a sufficient number to join in taking the risk. By risking the Association funds in toto, Ceylon and India could get a good deal of tea introduced. Judging by the last four years, we are due for 1895, a season of large outturn and low prices, so that it may be advisable to risk the surplus outturn by giving it tonew market dealers on credit, leaving them to select the teas they require ; and to invite the chosen dealers to establish agen- cies in our local markets, because I do not think that many of our teas of unsuitable character would be sold, even by giving unlimited credit. Indian Tea gained the British market by cheapness and by education ; the dealers smuggled in onr tea without crying the fact from the housetop. Had they pro- ‘claimed the fact, the consumers would have objected, but in time our tea got to be liked. The superiority of ours oyer China tea took so long in being admitted in London, that the same plea does not hold out any hope of rapid success in new markets. If suitable teas can be supplied to the American dealers on credit there is little doubt that an extensive trade will be established, and although Sir J. Grinlinton has given a good reason for want of success, I still hold that, to gain any rapid and permanent results, we must suit the character of your teas to the mar- kets they are intended to occupy. The ‘Times of Ceylon,’ Sept. 26th has an editorial which advises the planter not to meddle in any way with dealers’ work; but to thosé~ who do not pay much attention to the importance of “character” in tea, surely the very fact that an immense quan- tity of China tea, (some of it adulterated) can be moved on the credit system, should lead us to suppose that the dealers could more easily move our pure tea with the same advantage. And also the fact that _ finding our dealers have reached a limit at which a great deal of tea does not pay expenses, it is” time for the Planter to make the subject his special business, : ee fs 18%: Pe ~ Mio f—e Dec, 1, 1894.] ARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. THE MADRAS PADpy Crop.—According to the reports received from the Government villages, the area of paddy sown up to the end of September last amounts to acres 3,524,000, which is nearly 5 per cent more than the normal area but 3°3 per cent less than the area sown in the corresponding period of the previous year. The decrease as compared with last year occurred in 13 out of the 21 districts of the Presidency, omitting Madras. This was due to the south-west monsoon having been generally late this year. In many districts the rains were partial, and insufficient to replenish the tanks. The condition of the crop in the delta tracts and under river-fed tanks and channels is reported to be gene- . rally good. More rain is required for the crop in other tracts.—M. Mail. Tse Bra WHEELS of THE WoRLD.—In Cassell’s Magazine Mr. I. H, Coggin bas a paper on the _ Ferris and other big wheels, in which he points out that the grea’est attraction in the Midway Plaisance at the World’s Fair, slthough an engineering feat of great ingenuity and interest, was not alter all euch & very new idea. For example, the tension prin- ciple introduced by Mr, Ferrie, and regarded by him ss one of the chief points in the wheel, was well-known snd practically spplied forty years before the designer of the Ferris wheel was born, and for the last forty years it bas been promi- nently in practical use in America. Finally, Mr. Coggin mentions the great overshot water—mill at Lexey, in the Isle of Man which is the largest and most expensive water-whzel over built:—It is 72 feet 6 inches in diameter, and is supposd to develop about 150 horse~power, which is transmitted several hun ired feet by means of wocd trust reds having supports. The power thus transmitted operates a system of pumps in a lead mine, the duty of which is raising 250 gallons of water per minute to an elevation of 1,200 feet. The water is brovgat some distance to the wheel in an under- ground conduit, and is carried up by ths masonry tower by pressure, flowing over the top into the buckets. This great whcel was constructed some forty years ago, and is caid to have been running continuously during all this time. But the big ten- sion wheel now being erected in London will throw the Ferris wheel into the shade, for this one will rise to a height over 300 feet, and will accommodate 1,600 peonle in its forty cars, CoFFEF IN HaputTaLe (CeyLon.)—It is quite cheering to hear details of the liberal c»ffee crops, blossoms and prospects in the ‘‘premier coffee district” this year. Lucky Mr. Lipton on his fine group has already scored to a very handsome amount and there is @ good deal more in prospect from the fine autumn blossom. We have several times referred to the show on Roehampton, Kahagalla, Nayabodde, and Gonomatava (whose first coffee we saw planted in 1865); and now we learn of the other end and of the wonderful sight Sir George Pil- kiogton’s Luvagalle has presented, the orop and blossom this year being enough to remind the -veteran Manager (Mr. Bisset) of the good old days. The same may bs egaid of that fine old property, Macaldenia, whose 33 year old coffze (over 300 acres) planted by Mr. W. H. Wright, bas been doing wonders; while Mr. Maartensz bas been lesding the way with good prices for his tea, gathered from 250 aores. Ner have rains been uuknown on that side of the district; but the showers though sometimes giving an inch of rainfall, have done no harm to the coffee prospects. With both ccffee and tea crops in view, the sooner Hastern Haputale gets ita direct road to the Bandarawela station, certainly THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 399 | the Letier it will bo for Mr. Pearce’s traffic retuins aid therefore for the Government. A more ghort- sgbted policy cannot be imagincd than to delay providing the means by which ali the Uva traffic can be brought on the Railway. To delay is truly, 6) endanger our fioancial ship for the sake o’ a ha’porth of tax, es Sir Wm. Gregory used to put 10. Customs Dury on Moruerr-or-Prarn SHELLS IN Russra.—According to the Indiarubber and Gutta- percha and Electrical Trade Journal, of Oct. 8th, the following change has been effected lately in the duty on mother-of-pearl shells, by the Russian Customs authorities :—‘* Mother-of.Pearl Shells, new, shaped into circular and oblong pieces, or generally, strips of other form; but unworked, to be cleared under sections 68; duty, 3 roubles, per gold, pond.” A gold touble is equal to 3s 2d, while a poud is 36 lbs. avoirdupois. THe Rarnraty ry Mapras.—Yesterday the Board of Revenue telegraphed to the Government of India fo- the week ending the 3rd instant as follows :—“Rain fall is good generally, but light for the season in the Carnatic. Agricultural operations are progressing fairly, but more rain is wanted for wet cultivation in parts. Standing crops are generally good. Harvests continue with moderate outturn. Pasture and fodder are available. Condition of cattle is good. Prices axe practically stationary though slight] ier i Deccan districts.’—, Del. easy ae ‘THE Cocoa Propucina Ber (says the American Grocer) lies within the tropics, almost wholly in the Western Hemisphere. Tha crops of producing countries are estimat-d at 877,000 bundredweight and the consumption of countries importing the famous bean at 875,000 hundredweight. At present it is extensively cultivated in Peru, Ecuador, Veue- zucla, Trinidad, Central America, the Weat Indies Mexico, Brazil, and in @ small way in Ceylon. Its use is con-tantly increasing, particularly in Med terrae nean countries and the United States. Aud thison the intrinsic’merits of the be-n.’—The above figures are taksan from the estimates in our ‘ Handbvok and Directory.” Tue Prospects or Tra Cuurryarion in Chota Nagpore appear to become move discouraging year by year. The outturn in 1893-1895 was considerably above the average, but the prices realised were so small as to threaten the industy with extinction in the near future. In Lohardugga, for instance, the average yield per acre was 156ib, as against 1121, the total outurn about 350,000tb as against 270,000tb, but the produce scarcely realized four-and-half annas per pound. Both soil and climate are against the tea planter in Chota Nagpore and he can never hope to com- pou with his rivals in the more favoured districts of ndia and Ceylon. The propects of indigo cultivation in this division are scarcely more satisfactory. One of the four indigo factories at Patkum ceased work last year, and owing to the heavy rainfall the out- turn both at Patkum and Barrabhum was very small —Indian Agriculturist. °. Tue “Inpian Forester” No. 10, for Oc ; the following contents :—Original Articles an tea lations—Note on the use of Simul wood for Tea, Boxes in Assam, by A. Smithies, with Note. by Hon Editor, and Extract from a letter from Mr. Fordyce, Andamans Forest Department; The Influence of Places on the Spirits, by Rahdari; Forestry and Sylvi- culture, a lecture by D. E. Hutchins delivered in Capetown. Correspondence—Water Areas in Reserved Forests, letter from ‘B.H.B.P’; A Cure for Snake bite, letter from ‘O.C.'; White-ants and Mr. Cate Manual, letter from ‘R.C.W.’; The Strongest Tim ber, letter from §S. H. Koorders. Official Papers ad and Intelligenge. Extracts, Paes Notes and Q i 1 + x I ge eh uerles— The New System of Coupes in the C.P.-: * Saedin ' of Forest Trees ; Bamboo Seeding in Bengal ; Rox esters as Cyclists in France; ; Lhe Restoration of Scenery. imber and Pro luce Trade. Extracts from Officjal Gazettes, 4co THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Yo ad #. tt [Dec. 1, 1894. MAROGOPIPE AND LIBERIAN COFFEE. We have seen a curious collection of Liberian coffee eherries showing in some cases 5 or 6 separate beans, picked from Mr. Munton’s trees on Wiharagama ‘These are, perhaps, the oldest trees (14 years) in the island and they are bearing very satisfaciorily, the crop being gathered for nine months of the year, while Mr. Munton is gradually overcoming the pulping difficulty. But it is the fine sample of Marogopipe coffee that is most attractive: the seedis fully 60 per cent larger than ordinary Arabian with very fine beans, and the trees are stout and vigorous. We are glad to learn that there is quite a demand for plants and seed of this kind from Wiharagama, shewing that patches, at least, of coffee are being quietly planted up throughout the country. Mz. Munton is quite a public benefactor for haying stuck to his coffee so taithfully, and for having done so much with new kinds, © —_—__@__<— SELANGOR PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION. Part of Minutes of a General Meeting of the Selangor Planters’ Association, held on Saturday, the 15th of September, 1894, at 10-30 a.m. Present: Mr. E. V. Carey, Chairman, Mr. H. Hiittenbach, Hon. Secretary, Messrs. Porcher, Lake and Ste- henson, Members of Committee, and Messrs. Nicholas, ambusami Pillai, Gibson, Nisset, Skinner, Mitchell, Bailey, J. Glassford and R. Meikle. 5. Proposed by Mr. Carey, seconded by Mr. Tam- pusami Pillay, that the nuisance of ill-educated and disreputable petition writers now pursuing their calling in the town of Kuala Lumpur is becoming intolerable and that the Goyernment be asked, if petition writers are to be allowed at all, to sanction the issue of licenses only to men possessing such qualifications as will ensure their practising their vocation: in an efficient and respectable manner. Carried unanimously. 6. Proposed by Mr. Carey, seconded by Mr. Hiittenbach that owing to the existing Government Orders debarring bis from practising in Selangor, and the consequent difficulty experienced in obtaining sound legal advice, the interests of investors are, in the opinion of the Association, seriously jeopardised, and further, that this want of protection is keeping capital out of the State, which might otherwise be invested in the country; that the urgent need for relief in this direction be brought to the notice of the Government, and that, as a remedial measure, the Government be asked to permit a limited number of thoroughly qualified legal advisers to practise in this State. ; Amendment.—Proposed by Mr. Bailey seconded by Mr. Tambusami Pillay, that instead of asking teh Government to admit lawyers into the) State as a body, the scale of petition writers’ fees be increased to such an extent as to offer inducement to legal advisers to settle in the State. The amendment on being put to the vote was lost and the original motion carried by 10 votes to 4. 7. Proposed by the Chairman, seconded by the Hon. Secretary (on behalf of the Committee) that Mr. T. H. Hill be asked to meet the Committee of the Selangor Planters’ Association to decide definitely what steps should be taken in connection with the formation of a large Central Association.—Carried unanimously. ee ee THA IN INDIA. The great idea in certain quarters now is to manipulate the shares in tea gardens so as to make them look more attractive to the innocent public— Amalgations, Preference and ordinary shares, and so forth. “he Grob Tea Company, that has paid on dividend of 3 per cent during the last 15 years is to have its capital divided into half preference and ordinary shares, The former to be cumulative 6 per cent. The Punkabarrie and second Fallodhi ardens are to be amalgamated on the basis of a fis0 share for every Punkaharrie and a R30 share for every Secona Fallodhi. This will total up about R150,000, and this sum is to be divided imto two parts, of which half will be preferance and half ordinary. ‘I'he Tea industry is an undoubtedly sound one, but the good old maxim of careat emptor should be borne in mind by investors—especially hf they have in view the contingency of wishing to borrow money on their shares.—Caleutta Cor., “ Pioneer,’ Nov. 6. s ED bes THE NEW TEA PACKER. We have had placed at our disposal the follow- ing report on the working of the Davidson- Maguire ‘lea Packer during its preliminary trial at Henfold Estate, Lindula, Ceylon, on the 3rd of November, 1894 :— Speed in Size of Grade. Descrip- Quantity Time re- vil. per chest. tion of packed quired. min, gade. r chest, 2,300 oD B.P.) Fine, well made, *117 3 min. 2,120 A ‘. containing wiry 116 4 2,000 pe © unbroken O. P. 1189 S 2,280 x 1 iy 96 Bihie 2,000 FS » Bold, well made 96 ae 2,000 a 953 2 *'The Variation in the quantity packed chest in the B.P.’s is due to the size of the chest being slightly different. The above table shows the working of the machine during its preliminary trial, and in comparison with ordinary hand packing of the same teas its working is as follows :— Taking the first three experiments made with broken pekoe, the above table shows an average of 117 lb. packed in each chest. When packing the same teas by hand shaking 110 lb. were packed into each chest, and in order to do so in many cases the last two or three pounds had to be pressed in by hand, in order to make the chest contain them; while, in other cases, one or two pounds had to be taken out in order to bring the chest to its correct weight, i.e. 110 lb. With machine packing we therefore stand 7 lb. per chest to the good over hand shaking. This is equal to 6°37 per cent or a saving of 637 chests per thousand. The actual figures for this estate show an annual saving of 89 chests in this one grade of tea alone, which is equal to an equivalent saving in ocean freight of about R267, and to this saving may be added the cost of the tea chests, lead and reduction in transport charges from the estate to the shipping port. Looking at the second three experiments, that is, those made with Pekoe, we have ari average of 96 Ib. packed per chest. This result has to be compared with teas trampled into the chest by coolies. By trampling, 100 lb. are packed in each chest—4 lb. more than by machine packing. However, on turning out a chest which had been packed by trampling in the best manner, atid on re-sifting it, a considerable quantity of dust and broken tea was obtained. “Similar teas were packed two or three times over in the packer, without making a grainof dust or breaking the teas in any way. By using the packer, in addi« tion to the direct saying in ocean freight, costs of chests, tea-lead, &c., in the case of the larger and more important proportion of fine teas, and the reduction in labour required for packing, the follow- ing advahtages are of importance :— (1.) During the packing operation the chest receives about two thousand vibrations per minute; which causes the tea to settle down fitmly and Hently, without in any way breaking it or making ust. (2.) The machine packs so equally and regularly that, with tea of Sei eee and bulk, each chest of the same size contains almost exactly the samé weight of tea, thus reducing to a minimum the difficulty in taring and weighing tea chests for ship- ment. This item is most important, if economy is to be effected in the duty payable to the Customs and in London warehouse charges. (See circular issued by Messrs. George White and Company, en- titled ‘‘ Notes for the Tea Factory,” and dated April, 1894.) ; (8.) As the teas, after haying been packed, are n exactly the same condition as they were immediately after re-bulking in the factory, all necessity for r¢s Dec. 1, 1894.| bulking on their arrival in London should be entirely done away with, thus effecting a very considerable sav- ing in London charges. At present many well-sorted and carefully re-bulked teas are perfectly spoilt in make tlrough packing by pressure. (In Messrs. George White & Co.'s circular above referred to those brokers say; ‘Parcels containing dust are not readily saleable; therefore this should be sifted out,’’ etc.) (4) The time require for packing the tea with the machine is exactly half of that taken by the coolies in hand-packing. (5) In ealine packin the coolies shake or tramp the chests can pensed with. The tea packer now offered to the public will greatly assist in simplifying the operations of tea- packing, and it is worth remembering that vf will pack into a chest the maximum quantity of tea that tt ws possible to put into it without breaking or alter- ing the tea in appearance or make. required to be entirely dis- PLANTING IN SELANGOR. Mr. Fort so well-known in Ceylon as planter and merchant—has not be n treated very well in Sela - gor as the following extract from he Si gapore Free Press will shov. We cannot understand the official action unless the land r quired had been sp: cially reserved. Few planting pi:neers in new territory would care to take up less t an 1,009 acres:— THE SELANGOR GOVERNMENT AND THE PLANTER. ’ HOW HE WAs “ENCOURAGED; THE WAY TO ATTRACT CAPITAL. There has just been concluded an incident in Selangor which exemplifies in a very emphatic manner what reading the Government have adopted of the statements which have been made from time to time by Residents of the Native States and by the Secretary of State for the Colonies on ‘the encouragement of agriculture and planting.” The facts are simple. Mr. F. G. Fort, a Ceylon Planter of considerable experience, and one of the leading men there, travelled all over the Native States intending to select land for planting Liberian Coffee. He made his selection, and offered $5 an acre for 1,000 acves of land, with the intention of planting it with coffee. Passing over the usual lengthy delays which occur when land is applied for in Selangor, we may quote the final letter of Mr. Fort’s agent to Government.— : October 30th, 1894. To the Secretary to Government, Selangor. Sir,—I am instructed by Mr. F. G. Fort to inform the Government of Selangor that he declines with thanks the 320 acres granted to him. His reason is the insufficient area, Which, in his opinion, does not justify an investment in such a distant country. Perhaps I may be permitted to say itis a matter for regret that the Government have not seen their way to rant a sufficient area of land to a planter of Mr. F. G. ‘ort'’s standing, at the price that was offered by him, such price being higher than has hitherto ever been paid for agricultural land in a Native State on the area he asked for, which is not more than safficient to form an estate of a suitable size for economical working.—I have the honour to remain, your obedient sesvant, THos. HW. Hint. The price offered for the land was $5 an acre—a higher rate than has hitherto been paid for a large block of agricultural land in a Native State. The export duty on coffee amounts to at least $3°60 per acre per annum. Itis easy to calculate the direct revenue the Sate of Selangor has lost by this niggardly policy of refusing to grant the very reasonable area of 1,000 acres. Qne wonders at the foolishness of it. But when the amount of money that would have to be spent in the State in planting that lund ; the opening up that would haye to be done; the coolies to be employed ; the indirect increase to the revenue in a hundred ways by the undertaking of an extensive planting enterprise ; one is lost in astonishment at the adoption of such a suicidal policy. There can be THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURISS, 401 eee no doubt that 320 acres 7s insufficient with the neces- sary forest reserve for coffee, toform an estate of a character remunerative to the planter. The experience of Ceylon has shown that.* : * The whole transaction, being a typical one, and one that will stand as premanent precedent, is unfortunate for the agricultural future of the State. If it saves planters from a fruitless visit to Selangor and Perak and trom a waste of time and money in personal inspection, it will have done good service. Neither the Native Staes’ ruers, Councils, nor the British Residents, nor the people in general, nor Singapore and Penang merchants and traders can do anything but strongly disapprove of his puerile trifling in the name of a policy. There are 19 Kuropean Coffee Hstates in Selangor. Thirteen of them are over 320 acres in extent; twelve of them are 500 acres or over; and four are 1,000 acres or more. It is true there are but two that have yet opened more than 320 acres. The estates are only in their infancy, however, and opening up is a slow process. Gambier and pepper planters are ‘encouraged ’’ (Land Regulation 54) by being allowed to select an area of not less than 250 nor more than 2,009 acres. There is hardly any comparison possible between the Chinese gambier estate and a coffee estate, in respect to their valve to a country. —_- - — + ——— NEWS FROM THE CENTRAL PROVINCE: PLANTING AND OTHERWISE. (Notes by ‘ Wanderer.” ) Nov. 9. Fruit CULTURE.—You now and again urges some of our small capltaliets to go in for this cultivation. The Caleutta Hnglishman follows your lead in the following editorial paragraph :— Fruit culture in the Nilgiris is at present the sub- ject of an interesting correspondence in the Madras papers. One writer, who is firmly convinced of the excellent commercial prospects of the enterprise, suggests that it will afford an admirable opening for Europeans with a turn for planting. After a resi- dence of twenty-six years in the Nilgiri hills, he knows. of only three cases in which Europeans have opened up orchards with a view to profit, but in each instance the undertaking has yielded a band- some return. The initial cost is, if his calculations be correct, extremely small, and in one case an orchard of less than an acre in area gave an annual return of about three hundred rupees. The question is worthy of further consideration as affording a possible opening for Anglo-Indians who remain in this country after retiring from active life. Some of the passed pupils in the School of Agri- culture ought to give fruit culture a thorough trial. What is wanted is a market for thoroughly well-ripened fruit. Our Hotel proprietors and Steamer Companies certainly give little or no encouragement. As for our appus they are too completely in the hands of our fruit vendors. _———<—————— TIMB#R FOR TEA BOXES. The latest Indian Forester has an interesting “note on the use of simul wood for tea-boxes in Assam.” Mr. Smythies reports that there is no immediate prospect of the supply becoming exhausted, as the simul tree is of very fast erowth, but contractors will have to go farther and farther from the mills every year. Although the wood is extensively used for tea-boxes in Assam, there appears to be a strong prejudice against it among planters in Dehra Dun. The ‘simul’ turns ont to be an old acquaintance in “ Bombax Malabaricum,” the ‘‘ Katu-imbul” (the well-known cotton tree) of the Sinhalese. It seems to be very largely used in Assam, no fewer than nine saw mills being eneeged in eutting up the timber of this tree alone and 368,323 tea-boxes paid royalty to Governmetn 402 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. tDrc: 1, 1894, in 1893-94 yielding R20,016. Mr. adds :— ; i There is no doubt that well seasoned Simul is a favourite material among the tea planters for boxes, and as the tree is very fast growing, there is not much chance of the supply being exhausted just yet, though the contractors have to go farther and farther from the miles every year. Mr. Fordyce, another Forest Officer, reports :— The following are some of the woods I have seen used :—Simul (Bombax Malabavicum ), Raghoo (Anthocephalus Cadamba ), Sontiana (Alstonia scholaris ), Hollong (Dipterocarpus vilosus) &c., &e. Hollong is one of the woods that, if not thoroughly seasoned, has an acid reaction on the lead, forming a white precipitate, and ultimately entirely destroying it. The chief wood used in the biggest saw-mill was Simul. For the Sissi mills contractors fell chiefly Smythies Simul; it is cut along the _bank of the Brahmaputra river, and thrown into the water, where it is made up into rafts and floated down to the mills. Here the timber lies in the water until required for cuttingup. It isthen taken straight into the mills and cut up into shooks of the required size. These shooks are then taken off to a long thatched drying or seasoning shed, where they are packed carefully with spaces between each shook, so as to allow the air to circulate freely between the boards. If the weather is fine these shooks are often taken out and stood on end in threes or fours in the open air. After the shooks have undergone this pro- cess for acertain time, they are put into bundles tied round with cane, and despatched to their destination. On arriving at their destination some plan-ters, I believe, open out the bundles, others leave them as they arrive, until required for making into tea boxes. ‘Again he adds respecting the Andamans where he now is,— ‘ : In the Andamans we use what is said to be “Bombax insiqgne”’ for cutting up into boxes for the local tea garden. The logs we use have been in depot for two years or more, Chester haying used them for floating down “ Lagerstremia hypoleuca”’ and ‘ Pterocarpus Indicus.’’ These logs are not sound and ever since they have been in depdt, they have been constantly submerged at high tide. We take these logs over to the mill, floating them over, cut them up at once into shooks and let them season, as a rule, for about three weeks under: cover. Drawing my conclusions from the above facts I should say: ; : 1st—That water seasoning, either before or after sawing Simul, is not necessary. — ' 2nd—That if water seasoning is done it should be done in the log. » J 3rd—That after Simul has been cut up into planks or shooks, 3 to 5 weeks in a covered drying shed is sufficient seasoning for all practical purposes, for the making of tea boxes. 4th—In dry, fine weather the drying and season- ing process can be greatly helped by standing the shooks on end in the open. The Editor adds,— : In the Darjeeling Terai, it used to be the custom for planters who used Simul wood, or other soft woods like Anthocephalus cadamba, Canarium benga- lense, and Duabanga sonneratiordes to cut them up into planking immediately after felling, stack them on _ snd fora while, and then make them up into boxes. In Dehra Dfin there is too great a prejudice against Simul wood, to allow of its use, if it were to be re- gularly used it would be advisable to plant, for there are many areas of land which will not grow Sal, but which would grow Simul excellently. As regards the colour and quality of the wood, we believe that season- ing, either in water or not, isa mistake, as it has the effect of discolouring the wood. To keep it white, we believe, it ought to be cut up at once after felling. | _Regarding the cotton tree in Ceylon we quote as follows from Trimen’s ‘‘Ceylon Flora” :— B. malabaricum, ppl: Prod. i. 479 (1824), imbul, S. Parutti, 7. | ETD deciduous tree, with a straight, erect, but ‘tressed ‘trunk and ‘wide-spreading branches, bark Katu- ‘article. passes through this Colony than it if it were all forced to go round ria Delagoa Bay. smooth, whitish, set with broad-based, conical, hard sharp prickles, young parts glabrous. Low country, up to 2,500 ft.; common, but often planted. Fl. Jan., Feb.; bright pinkish-red. Also throughout India, and in Burma, Java, end Sumatra. The well known ‘ cotton-tree,’ very conspicuous in the dry season from its display of lange showy flowers on the bare branches and soon after strewing the ground followed quickly by the ripe pods. It is one of our few completely deciduous trees, and often grows to an immense size. The calyx separates from the receptacle by a clean annular scar, and carries away with it the pet. and stam. in one piece. Linneus included under his B. Cetbaa Tropical Ame- rican species also, and it is to that that his name is now restricted by botanists. Hermann does not seem to have noticed this tree. The cotton is used for stuffing cushions, &c. The wood is very light and soft, whitish, with no heart- wood. The late Wm. Ferguson has the following in his ‘* Timber Trees” :— “ Salmalia Malabariea,”’ Katu-imbul-gas 8. Elavum- maram, Tam. The red-flowered Silk Cotton tree. Wood white, light and spongy; used for small boats, floats and models. “Alstonia Scholaris,” R. Br. 193. uckattana, 8. Common up to 3,000 feet. The light wood of this tree is employed for making coffins, packing cases, &c. ‘Thwaites, Mendis. Wood white, compact and valuable for the turning lathe, Dr. Gibson. And from the “ Treasury of Botany” we quote for the latter :— A. scholaris, called Devil-tree or Pali-mara about Bombay, is a widely-diffused plant in India and the Moluccas. It is a tree of fifty to eighty feet, with a furrowed trunk; oblong stalked leaves, three to six inches long, and two to four wide, disposed in whorls of four to six round the stem, their upper surface glossy, the under white, and marked with nerves running at right angles to the midrib. It has a powerfully bitter bark, which is used by the natives in India in bowel complaints, and its light wood is used in Ceylon for making coffins, The wood taken from near the root of what appears to be the Same species in Borneo, is of a white colour, very light, and used for fioats for nets, and household utensils, as trenchers, corks, &c. The genus bears the name of Alston, once Professor of Botany at Edinburgh. A very fine specimen of Alstonia scholaris is to be seen on the side of Turret Road near the gate of ‘‘Canella Villa” in Colombo, or TEA AND THE TRANSIT DUTY IN NATAL. In placing tea on the 5 per cent. transit list, we think the Government has acted opportunely and in the best interests of the Colony. he annual ship- ment of foreign tea will soon be here, and had the duty of 6d. per lb. not been removed the whole of the shipment intended for inland consumption would niasite atl have been imported ria Delagoa Bay instead of this port, witha consequent loss of both the Cus- toms duty and the railway cairiage. With tea now on the 5 per cent. list the robability is that the inland supplies will be lend here. ‘The tea-growers may not appreciate the action of the Government, but we cannot see that they are affected in the very slightest. The only effect of the 6d. per lb. rate was to compel up-country merchants to import their foreign teas by another port. It did not compel inland con- sumers to take another pound of Natal tea. The competition against Natal teas in the Transvaal will not be an iota greater if the whole cf the foreign would be Therefore, while the lowering of the duty to the ordinary transit rate does the tea-growers no harm, as'they have still local protection, the chances are that the Colony will benefit by regaiting the bulk of the transit trade in tea. In fact, the reduction can harm no one and most likely will benefit many. —Natal Mercury. se x n Dec. 1, 1894.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 463 HOW TO SECURE “ NITROGEN ” FOR TROPICAL CULTIVATION : A New Discovery—‘‘ VACCINATION or LAND” —AND ITs APPLICATION TO CEYLON PLANTATIONS. One of our most experienced planters and carefu agriculturists calls our attention to an exceed- ingly interesting article reprinted from an Ameri- can journal into a home paper and which, he thinks, cannot fail to be of value to all planting readers of the Tropical Agriculturist. We have great pleasure in reproducing it as follows, and in adding the practical comments of our friend :— Tuer VACCINATION OF LAND. Some of the most extraordinary agricultural experi- ments ever undertaken, considered both practically and scientifically, are described in Le Géme Cvwil. Everyone who has ever owned a lawn knows that to plough the ground at intervals, and raise a crop of certain vegetables, improves the subsequent growth of grass; and a drive through the suburbs of any large city will show lawns undergoing this treatment, sometimes with a crop of potatoes, sometimes with beans, according to the notions of the owners or their gardeners. The process by which this alternation of crops improves the soil has neyer been very clearly explained. Most peo- ple suppose that the repeated digging up of the earth, to plant the potatoes and haryest the crop, is the secret of the success of the treatment, but chemists have fancied for many years that, in such rotations of crops, one set of plants might have the power of absorbing nitrogen from the atmos- phere and conveying it to the soil. With this idea a long series of experiments was carried out fifty years ago by the greatest chemists in Hurope, who analysed various plants, the air in which they grew and the soil, before they were planted, during their growth, and afterward, and came to the una- nimous conclusion that the absorption and storage of nitrogen by growing plants was an impossibility. For all this, farmers continued to observe that certain plants, particularly of the leguminous tribe, such as clover, lucerne, sainfoin, and some others, instead of exhausting the soil, seemed to enrich it, so that, even after the leayes and stems had been cut and carried away, the roots alone, left in the ground, sensibly increased its fertility. Analysis showed that these roots contained a considerable quantity of nitrogen. If, according to Bossingault, Lawes, Gilbert, and others, it was impossible that this nitrogen should be derived from the atmosphere, it must be drawn from nitrogenous matters in tue soil. The inference would be, in this case, that nitrogenous manures would be beneficial to crops requiring so much nitrogen for their growth; yet it is well known to farmers that these plants not only derive no benefit from nitrogenous fertilisers, but are injured by them, while, although through the nitrogen contained in their roots they improve the soil greatly for succeed- ing crops of other plants, they injure it for them- selves ; and leguminous crops, cultivated too long in the same ground, become sickly. It was not until a few years ago that science and observation were reconciled, by the persistent investigations of M.M, Hellriegel and Willfarth, who demonstrated beyond question the fact that the leguminos do, in growing, absorb large quantities of nitrogen from the air, but with the singular condition that the absorption of nitrogen begins only with the appearance of a diseased state, which is marked by the development of tubercles, about the size of a millet seed, on the roots, and is apparently, caused by minute animals, which are always found in the tubercles, and seem to give the plant the nitrogen- absorbing power. Further investigations showed that the young, healtby plants lived on the nitrogen already contained in the soil, andthat it was not until this was exhausted, and the plants began to suffer, that the nitrogen-absorbing excrescences made their ap- poranss ; and proyed, also, that the tiny inhabitants of the tubercles were, as a rule, confined to one | species of plant, the acacia microbe, for example, refusing to live on the bean, or the clover microbe on the lentil. It is evident that a plant capable of absorbing nitrogen, which is a costly as well as indispensable adjunct to farming, and of storing it up in the soil for its master’s profit, is a valuable possession; and, as only diseased plants have that property, it is obvious that it is desirable to spread the nitrogen- storing disease. With this view, several skilful farm- ers in France and Germany have, within the past two or three years, been trying experiments, by “vaccinating,” as they say, fields of leguminous plants, by sprinkling them with earth in which tuber- culous plants have been growing, or water in which they have been soaked; and the results have been extraordinary. Analysis has shown that a single crop of tuberculous leguminose, if the tops are ploughed in, adds to the soil from five to twelve thousand pounds of nitrogen, worth from eighteen to forty-five dollars, to the acre; and even when the tops are cut and carried away there is, enough nitrogen left in the roots to insure a good crop of cereals on the same ground the next season, without other fertilisers. In 1890, a tract of old, peaty soil was ‘vaccinated’ with a ton and a half to the acre of earth from a diseased field. Besides this, five hundred and twenty pounds to the acre of scoria from a dephosphorating furnace were spread over the ground, and about a thousand pounds to the acre of kainite, but very little nitrogenous manure. The tract was then sown with clover, which produced nearly three tons of hay to the acre. The next year, a virgin peaty soil was treated with half a ton to the acre of sand, from a field which had borne a crop of ‘“serradelle,” a small leguminous plant, unknown to us. The sand was harrowed in. No other manure of any kind was put on. The ground . was sown with winter rye. In May, thirty-five pounds to the acre of serradelle seed was sown among the rye. Therye produced a good crop, and, after the harvest, the serradelle, which had absorbed and fixed about sixty pounds tothe acre of atmospheric nitrogen, was aieneled in, asgreenmanure. Thenext year, the land was planted with potatoes, and similar potatoes were planted in neighbouring fields, which had not had the new treatment, but were simply enriched with barn-yard manure. At the harvest, the yield from the vaccinated fields, which had received no other manure, was from twenty-eight to sixty-two per cent, greater than from the manured fields, according to the variety planted. The most surprising result from the treatment appears, however, to have been obtained in Prussia, where a tract newly brought under cultiva- tion was divided, and part yaccinated with earth from a lupin field. The whole was then sown with lupins; and the yield from the vaccinated portion was five and one-half times as great as that from the other ortion, for equal areas. n this our correspondent makes the following extremely useful remarks for the consideration of his brother planters :— The ditficulty for us will be in finding the right legume that will grow the tubercle, producing the microbo that will absorb free nitrogen for us. It strikes me that the article suggests a reason for tea improving and yielding well under, and grown in con- juction with, greyilleas, toons and Albizzias. They all seem to have the tubercle referred to and it is probably the seat of the useful microbe. Though the article seems in some parts exaggerated a bit, it is full of suggestiveness and indicates that the microbe theory in the point referred to, will lead to an ex- planation of many conflicting and difficult points in agriculture. If the grevillea is found to be the col- lector of nitrogen indicated, sowing it broadcast, and digging in the seedlings, may be a simple method of increasing the supply of nitrogen, though on the other hand its dominant element, lime, may act detrimentally and might counteract the beneficial effects if repeated too often. I haye seen no indication of harm, however, from several applications of the fallen leaves to the same spot. The analysis of toona and Aibiazia Jeayes which fall annually I haye not eed 404 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Dee. 5b. given in any work of reference I haye. If Mr. | appointed. A friend to whom I recommended the Cochran would add these to the analysis of grevillea leaves that he has already given, there would be added useful data to the practical experimentalist ; though I think these and many others should be done at the expense of the Planters’ Association and published in the book of proceedings for reference. One difficulty may be to shew how greyilleas, toons, &e., start the disease which is supposed to develop the tubercles previous to the absorp- tion of nitrogen? At any rate, the fact is clear that a number of our shrewdest planters are agreed. from close observation that the inter- spersing of grevilleas and some other trees is beneficial to the tea bush. We trust, therefore, that the Cotumittee of the Planters’ Association will lose no time in calling on Mr. Cochran to examine and analyse the leaves, &c., of the grevilléa and allied trees referred to. That should be the first step; while an examination of the roots ought to follow. Then, as our correspondent in a second letter suggests, an experment ought to be tried, with regard to which Wwe want sone information, as follows :— An experiment with some “Serradilla’’ would be interesting; but what is it, and where can the seed be got? What is the price of the see?, and will it grow in tropical countries? It is said to fix 60 lb. of atmospheric nitrogen or equal to a manuring of 900 to. 1,000 lb. of white castor cake or fish manure or to 500 lb. of nitrate of potash. The absorbed and fixed atmospheric nitrogen in this way is probably more active and available than the nitrogen of white castor or fish and less liable to be lost from filtra- tion through the soil than the soluble nitrate. The rise, at’ this end, in the price of nitrogenous . manures makes this question a pressing one; but if it can be solved in what appears a natural and simple process the difficulties and dangers ahead will be largely removed. In regard to ‘‘serradilla” we find the following information in a Botanical authority which may enable our correspondent to judge that seed could be got from home—from Messrs. Sutton or Carter’s for instance :— Ornitnorus. A genus of leguminous plants of which one species, UO. perpusillus is a small prostrate herb well marked by its umbellate heads of minute cream-coloured flowers veined with crimson, which have a bract at the base; and its jointed curved pods, which bear a singular resemblance to the claws ofa bird, whence the name Ornithopus, or Bird's-fcot. It is not uncommon on grayelly commons in Great Britain, but owing to its small size, is perhaps oiten over- looked. O. sativus, the Serradilla, by some considered a variety of UO. perpusillus, a native of Portugal, is a valuable agricultural plant, introduced in 1818, and’ particularly worthy of attention from the fact of its producing an abundant crop of excellent fodder where nothing else will grow to peifection. All the species areannuals, French, Pied d’oiseau ; German, Jogeljuss. INDIAN TEA IN AMERICA AND CANADA. ’ The Indian Tea Association, Calcutta, has received the following letter, dated Victoria, British Columbia September, 8th, 1894 :— Gentlemen,—I note with pleasure the efforts of the Association in pushing the sales of Indian tea in Canada andthe United States of America. Hay- ing had some experience in selling tea on the Pacific coast since I lett Assam, in 1886, I understand the difficulties you will have to contend with; but I believe, if your enterprise is conducted cautiously and with system, that success will ultimately result at a moderate cost. : ' Indian tea is well advertised in this city, and I purchase in 6lb. parcelspay thesame price for each urchase and expect to get the same standard of ca, but in this respect I have frequently been dis ST tea had an experience similar to mine and complained to me that he had been deceived. Now, a grocer or dealer can ask for a certain brand of China tea and depend u getting, year by year, an article uniform in essential points. I mention this as a matter deserving your consi- deration. I enclose herewith the latest authentic returns of tea imported into the United States and Canada, and distribution thereof. I shall be pleased at all times to furnish similar or other available information if desired. Wishing you every success in your new- fields.—I am, &c., F. Elworthy, Secretary, British Columbia Board of Trade. The Customs’ Districts im the United States which took the largest quantities were New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Minnesota, Detroit, and Omaha, in Nebraska. New York took 60 million pounds, Chicago 15 millions, and then there is a drep to 14 niillion, for Minnesota. Imports of tea into the Dominion of Canada during the year ending June 30th, 1893 :— Black tea from Great Britain, 5,992,349 Tb.; British East Indies, 86,218 }b.; British West Indies, 8,265 tb.; China, 1,556,419 Yb.: Japan, 142,268 Th. Green tea, from Great Britain, 1,815,047 }b.: British East Indies, 400)b.; China, §26,3121b.; Japan 7,555,277 |b. Imports of tea into the United States during the year ending June 30th, 1893 :— Coentries from whence received :— Germany, 658 lb.; Netherlands, 16,860 Ib.‘ Russia, Baltic and White Seas, 1,8301b.; England, 2,546,499 }b.; Scotland, 276 lb.; Ireland, 686 Tb.; Nova Scotia, New Brunswick etc., 16,386 Tb.; Quebee, Ontario ki 674,187 }b.; British Columbia, 94,846 Ib.; British West Indies, 1,560 lb.; Spanish West Indies, Ouba, 6265 tb,; China, 45,653,172 lb.; British East Indies, 164,806 Tb.; Dutch East Indies, 6,746 Yb.; Hongkong, 281,451 1b.; Japah 39,602,519 lb, Total $9,061,287 Ib. CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA—AND THE NEFD FOR FXTENDING TEA CULTIVATION IN CEYLON : CRITICISM ALL ROUND—AND THE OTHER SIDE OF THE “EXTENSION” QUESTION. THE NEED OF A REVISION OF THE CEYLON PLANTING DISTRICTS. An old Ceylon planter and one who has had much experience in pushing Ceylon teas in a variety of ways ought to have an opinion of value togive enthegreat ‘ tea question” of our day, namely, how to push the Ceylon staple in America. We, therefore, asked this London friend for his opinion of the ‘‘ Ceylon-American ” position and he has been good enough to respond in a letter to us personally from which we venture to quote as below. It will be observed that criticism is dealt out freely all round :—to the Commissioner ; to our Prize Essayists ; to the Committee of Thirty and the planters at large—and certainly the less of time ‘‘in starting this American Campaign ” is enough to provoke a saint. Allowance may, therefore, well be made for the following out- burst, remembering, too, that it is well “to see ourselves as others see us” :— “To begin with what was the Commissioner about? He made a very good and attractive Show and behaved with urbanity to all; but that, any one with sufficient money and sufii- cient tact could have done and surely that was pot all he was sent for and the large expen- diture was incurred ; and besides, he well knew that ; for, on his trinmphant re-entry into London — and Colombo, he made a great mystery of @ Dec. 1, 1894. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 408 wonderful scheme for ‘capturing the American markets’ which he could only divulge in the first instance to his planting constituency. Where is that scheme now? and then what of all your Prize Essays? and the deliberations of your Thirty Magi ?—After a year’s waste of time and I fear lost opportunity they have decided to do what any one man so soon as he learned the Commissioner had failed to make any yermanent arrangement, would have decided to do in five minutes, namely to send another man to see what could be done. I do not blame the Commissioner (he was doubtless fully occupied with his Exhibition) for anything except mysti- fying the public and professing that he had an ace up his sleeve. He should, long before the Exhibition closed, have confessed that he was powerless to make future arrangements and then one or more emissaries should have been sent to see what could be done. “Sir Grieme Elphinstone’s is a very good ap- pointment ; he is a baronet which is in his favor ; he is a gentleman which is against him ; but planters must not expect impossibilities. It is not so easy and it takes longer to get round the United States than the Fort in Colombo and however energetic a man is, a visit of a few weeks cannot accomplish much. But in spite of Ceylon planters—I say in spite because 1 think they have wasted money and lost oppor- tunity,—the taste for ‘black teas’ is steadily growimg and will continue to grow in America ; but you must not expect one man, however good, to change the tastes of 50,000,600 people and overcome trade prejudices,—in a few weeks.” We next call special attention to the following opinion which deserves consideration, from many points of view though it may be said to be written by a tea-dealer who perhaps naturally thinks the more tea, the more business. At the same time, it indicates the prescience of Sir John Muir, Mr. P. R. Buchanan, and their fellow Directors; and we have always held that if Ceylon holds back in extending her tea area, India will more than make up ior the difierence —in fact we encourage her planters to go all the faster ahead :— “Meanwhile we want and are likely to want all the tea you can produce, in London for sometime. You are tar too afraid of extensions to keep things healthy. We should see about 10,000 acres opened every year in Ceylon. We want to move forward not backward, and the production of 10,000 acres every year, say 4,000,000 Ib. will be wanted if we are to hold our own, and if your revenue is to be maintained.” Finally, we commend the closing paragraph of our friend’s letter to the consideration of the Chairman and Committee of the Planters’ Asso- ciation :— “Tf the planters want to do a good and use- ful work which will, I believe, tend consider- ably to their advantage in London, they will appoint a Committee and revise the Districts. ou will not mind my saying so, but the Dis- tricts as at present defined in your Directory ie a source of constant annoyance ; it is im- possible to make tea dealers understand that two adjoining estates are classified in different Districts. The present divisions are obsolete, inconvenient and disereditable to all concerned.” We are quite prepared to fall in with the de- cision of the P. A. Committee so far as our Directory, &e., is concerned. bor manyof the Cey- lon Planting Districts as at present divided, ar- ranged andeven named, we are personally respon- ————— sible. The Planters’ Association defined the diss ‘tricts last, so far back as 1856 when there were nut 26 in their list. Now there are between 50 and 60! A score of years ago, we had to separate Hapntale from Badulla, and afterwards gaye the name to the New Galway division. Madulsima and Hewa Eliya, and later Moneragala and Passara divisions followed. Then we broke up “ Saffragam” into Rakwana and Balangoda. Dikoya had to be separated from Ambagamuwa and afterwards divided into Upper and Lower, while Maskeliya was also distinguished for our Directory. Morawak Korale, Kukulu Korale, Nitre Cave, Matale North, Kuruwita Pundaluoya (separated from Ramboda), Panwila and Wattegama, are il- lustrations of our re-arrangements, apart from new low-country districts. We have for many years said in our Handbook that there was room for the Planters’ Committee to examine and settle boundaries and define more clearly the several districts. Atthe same time, we do not see how the complaint of our London friend, that certain adjacent estates are in different districts, can ever be overcome, seeing that Dimbula, Dikoya, Maskeliya, Lower Dikoya, Ambagamuwa estates (and so on, pretty well round our planting districts) all touch each other at certain points. Ifsuch districts are to be separated at all, there must be adjacent estates at the boundary lines of different districts! We should like to have had illustrations of what our cor- respondent means by ‘‘ confusion’ under this head ? However, if Mr. Melville White and his, olleagues desire to do anything at this time, it ought to be done very quickly,—as the arrange- ments for maps of the different districts as well as Directory returns will be affected by any change. We should like to have the opinions of planters as to the need of alterations and at what points ? ~~ CEYLON SEASON KEPORITS. The abstract of season reports published in the Goy- ernment Gazette shows that, during the month ended 31st October last, rain has been pretty: general all over the island, and the prospects on the whole are favourable. .The health of people and cattle of the Mullaittiva and Kwunegala districts is re- ported to be good, while measles and fever, and oot-and-mouth disease are prevailing in some parts of Vavuniya district, the last being also prevalent in parts of Galkoda and Three Korales. Lhe coco- nut crop has been poor in the Western Province and the prices ranged from R35 to R46 a thousand, while there was a plentiful supply of vegetables. The reports for the quarter ended 30th September last are also given in yesterday's Gazette and we notice that the price of paddy during the quarter has ranged from R1 in Uva to R240 per bushel in the North-Western Proyince and that dry grain fetched from 50 cents a bushel for Amu to R450 a _ bushel for green peas. ed Ei? ie BE TEA IN AMERICA, With demand light, the market lacks strength and is barely steady only on desirable lines, particularly greens. The public sale announced for tcday is small. indicating the slowness of trade. The deliveries of tea in London for nine months ending September were 176,969,850 30 pounds against 174,100,650 pounds for same time in 1893. Of the total all except 3,605,450 pounds were black, Today at noon the Montgomery Auction und Commis- sion Co. will sell 2,785 packages, viz: half-chests Moyune, new crop; 186 half-chests and boxes Pingsuey, new crop; 9 half-chests Japan, basket-fired and sun-dried ; 581 packages Congou, seasons 1894-95 ; 67 packages Lidia, Java and Pekoe ; 273 half-chests Foochow ; 1,384 hali-chests and boxes Formosa, including seasons 1894-95.—American Grocer, Oct. 17th, 285 466 HARD WOODS FOR ROAD PAVEMENTS. We hear from home that an experiment is being extensively tried, not only in London but in many of the chief continenal cities, with the hard woods of Australia for road-paving. The wood hitherto almost universally employed for this purpose has been soft pine, it having been thought that the fibrous texture of this rendered it pre-eminently suitable for the purpose. The employment of so soft a wood necessitated the preliminary operation of creosoting to enable it to withstand damp. ‘To decay, arising from the latter condition, the fibrous character of pine rendered it particularly liable. Pro- bably the cost of this creosoting brought the expense of using the softer and cheaper woods almost to the level of that of the harder woods which would need no such safeguarding. How- ever that may be, it now seems to be probable that a change isto be made in practice, and that hard woods for the purpose may come into favour with the Commissioners of Paving. If this should result from present experiments, the fact should not be without some significance to Ceylon. It is well-known that some of the remote forests of this island yield woods so hard and so close in texture that the cost of working them has led to an absence of demand for them. It is possible that some of these might be found to be admirably suited for road-paving blocks, notably the Palu, or so-called ironwood. This tree is very plentiful throughout “the forests of our Northern and Eastern provinces. Should a trial be made of it, and Palu prove suit- able, we might expect that a considerable trade might be done in this hitherto neglected product of our forests. .On our Eastern shores shipment might be made at Kalkudaar of the abun- dant supply that could be obtained along the length of the Badulla-Batticaloa road. On the North-Western, the logs might be readily floated down the rivers debouching upon it during the rainy season, sawn up by steam-power at their mouths, and probably shipped thence direct to Europe. We would suggest that a trial shipment should be made by our Forest Department, in order that blocks of this timber might be ade- uately tried under the severe traffic of the ilentian streets. The small outlay necessary should be amply justified by the prospects, the experiment might possibly open out, — DRUG REPORT. (From Chemist and Druggist.) London, Oct. 25th. NE.—The scarcity still continues, small parcels ee eed hands at 11s per Ib.,but the makers have great difficulty in securing material. _—Among the South American barks offered a ee. 4 Bay oa red bark, of which a lot of 52 Ib. fine medium to bold bright red pieces was bought sa at 16s per lb. ; rather duller small chips were bought jn at 9s per lb. ; and common split quill of Cartagena character, at from 5s to 6s per Ib. Of Huanoco bark 12 serons sold at 7d per Ib. for fair sound quill, and from 3id to 6}d per Ib. for damages. Two bales fair flat Calisaya rather damaged sold without reserve, at the low figure of 114d per Tb. ; another lot of 25 bales small dull and dark damaged quality was bought in at ate di F d bright West In -NUTS.—Still advancing. For goo j e Hee aad Signal per Ib. case refused today ; slightly mouldy sold at 1s 6d per Ib. : UININE.—No business is reported this week. There are sellers at 11}d per oz. for second-hand cement ae) but no buyers at that figure; it is doubtful whe a more than 113d could be obtained if a holder seriously tried to sell, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ee Ee Se, i + od . [Dec :, 1894, TEA-CADDIES. The rarities and curiosities of one age are often among the commonest every-day implements in the next. In the original seventeenth century collec- tion of curious and scarce objects of interest which formed the nucleus of the present Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, there was solemnly preserved an early “‘gamp,” which was duly entered in the eec- tion of the catalogue devoted to “Utensils” as “an umbrella’; and side by side with this rarity was carefully guarded a ~* Turkish tooth-brush.”” Um- brellas and tooth-brushes haye now got beyond the museum stage; but their history is typical of that of many other now familiar objects. ‘he reverse of this process, thanks to the fiuctuations of fashion, and the continual development of new inventions, is still more common, and the household gods of one generation are very often museum specimens or objects of antiquarian curiosity to its successor. Where, now, are the kitchen bellows, the warming- pan, the tinder-box, flint and steel, and the universal snuffers that were once among the indispensable articles of household furniture? All have practically disappeared from use, and will be followed, no doubt, in course of time, by many utensils and implements that are now daily and hourly necessaries. Among these antiquated domestic "get neler may fairly be classed the ancient household receptacle for tea. The old-fashioned tea-caddy is now seldom seen ; and if in general company you should happen to mention the word most of your hearers will think that you are referring to the boy who carries your clubs (and by a queer coincidence makes your “‘tee’’) at the fascinating game of golf. But in days gone by, the caddy was a very important article of domestic use and ornament. It was an oblong mahogan cabinet, divided into three compartments, of whic the middle division was the largest. In the central space the sugar basin was snugly ensconced. The two end compartments were lidded, and lined with metal, in these the fragrant leaf of China was kept for use. There are plenty of new-fangled caddies to be bought at the present day but the solid, old-fashioned article such as we have described, which used to be as in- dispensable in every household as the Family Bible, is quite out of date. ‘We do not now solemnly enshrine our sugar in the tea-caddy. It has become cheap and plentiful, but in past times loaf or lump sugar was dear, and was valued accordingly. Tea, also, was very much more expensive than it now is, and both tea and sugar, therefore, were carefully preserved under lock and key in the tea-caddy. When housewives had to pay from eleven to twenty shillings are pound for their beloved Bohea, as Mrs. Delany did in 1727, or when, as in still earlier, Restoration, days, the fragrant leaf was sold at from twenty to fifty perp i a pound, the reasons for taking the greatest care of tea were cogent enough. The oftice of the tea-caddy was evidentlymo sinecure in these days. It is not quite correct, however, to call this old- fashioned cabinet the tea-caddy, although in com- mon parlance it often bore the name. Strictly speaking, the cabinet was the tea-chest, and the end compartments, each holding about half-a-pound of tea—one of black and one of een—were the caddies. On the outside of the cabinet was often inscribed the punning motto, ‘“ Tu doces ’*’—* Thou teachest ’’ (tea-chest). Tea-chests or caddies of this old-fashioned kind were in use some two centuries ago, and were familiar household gods until quite recent years. They may still be found in some houses, but are seldom put to their original use, The great reduction in cost, both oftea and sugar, has rendered the old precautions against waste or loss somewhat unnecessary. The tea-caddy was usually made of mahogany, but more expensive and gorgeous receptacles were by no means unknown. The once famous Radical, John Hoine Tooke, who is now only remembered, or forgotten as the author of certain philological “ Diversions,’ refused in 1811 to pay a certain tax. Animpulsive but indiscreet tax-collector visited Tooke’s - house at Wimbledon, and in lieu of the tax bore- Dee 2, 18y4.J away, we are told, a silver tea and sugar caddy, the value of which amounted, in weight of silver, to at least twenty times more than the sum demanded. On reflection, however, and after taking the advice of a friend, the gallant raider came to the conclusion that discretion would be the better part of valour, and accordingly retraced his steps towards Wimble- don. Tooke had at once authorised two friends to roceed to London, engage an attorney, and set the aw in motion;and these gentlemen, as they were travelling townwardson the Putney road, met the col- lector hurrying back with the tea-caddy under his arm. They turned with him; the caddy was restored to its owner with ample apologies for the illegal seizure, and Tooke generously refrained from taking any further steps in the matter. Such were the adventures of atleast one silver tea-caddy—an article which would have taken high rank in Mr. Wemmick’s notions of ‘“‘ portable property.” ifty or sixty years ago, a tea-caddy always formed part of the domestic impedimenta of afamily sojourn- ing in one of the numerous English “colonies” to be found in many parts of Kurope—in such cities as Tours, Pisa, Florence, and in many other foreign towns where living was cheap. Tea was not then so easily obtainable on the Continent as it is at the present time, and English people, who always loye the steam of the teapot, valued the genuine loaf-sugar and the grateful Bohea, which they carefully guarded in their caddies or _ tea- chests. Tea of fair quality is now procurable at most places on the Continent visited by Britons, but many English residents abroad still get their tea in small quantities from England, or through ‘an English grocer, and keep it in the modern equiva- lent for the old-fashioned tea-caddy. Caddy is a word that does not often appear in recent literature, but in older books it is common enough. Cowper, in one of his letters, reminds his cousin, Lady Hesketh, that she had taken the ‘key of the caddy” away with her. The word itself is supposed to be a corruption of “catty,’’ a Chinese word, or “kati,” a Malay term for a weight equal to a little more than a pound avoirdupois. ‘Tea, as ex- ported from China, is usually reckoned in weight by the ‘catty,’ and it is not improbable that, originally, the compartment of the tea-chest properly known as the ‘oaddy”™ held that weight of tea or thereabouts, and thence obtained its slightly Anglicised name.— Globe. Se SSS TIMBER-FELLING, (From the Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales.) THe Best Tre to FELL Timber TRreEs.—Mr. Forester Allan, of Milton, writes :—‘‘ The simplest and most reliable guide to find out the best time to fell timber trees, for public works and other purposes, so as to secure the greatest strength and durability de- rivable from its timber, is to fell the tree when the bark adheres firmly to the sapwood. On the coast districts we have always been of the opinion that the winter months was the best time to fell trees, think- ing that the sap would be dormant during that period, as in the case of trees of other countries, but I find from close observation tbat in many instances this opinion is wrong. ‘The sap is flowing at the present time (July) in the spotted gum, woolybutt, red wood, stringy bark, and in some of our roneariet The idea, therefore, that the winter months is the proper time to fell timber on the Soutb Coast is a fallacy. I should, therefore, point out that the above test is the simplest and best, and in no instance bave I known it to err.” — > ——. THE FRUIT MARKET OF VENICE. This is indeed something to see—and more than see—on a September morning; what bunches of grapes, sweet with the sugar ot the vine, big almost as the clusters of Eshcol which used to adorn the Sunday picture-books of an aye less realistic than the present! What piles of peaches, rolled abouse THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 407 as recklessly as apples (and sometimes, j confessed, pesmi ee nal their Raa e ae ie hard)! What baskets of figs: green and purple little and big—not the sapid, soft-soap articles which our shivering sun professes to ripen, but balls of semi-liquid syrup, half-melted sugar, dissolving in the mouth, bursting with their ripe fulness, with rinds that slip off at a touch of the finger; and then the water-melons, those great globes which hide such a tender heart under a rugged skin. Who that has eaten these—and how recklessly one does eat them at breakfast—can help sympathising with the Hebrew wanderers when in the thirsty desert the remembered the fish which they did eat in Heype freely, the cucumbers, and the melons, and the Tees and the onions, and the garlic ? They could have refreshed themselves at the Rialto ; for hard by are all these vegetables and many more—gourds of various kinds, with rinds smooth and rinds rough, cabbages and artichokes, scarlet capsicums and great purple- pelliee. fruit wee oe ege-plant—contributions of all sorts from the gardens of th inland,—F Cassell’s Picranene Europe for Oct. ae aaa OS TEA VERSUS COFFEE PLANTING IN CEYLON. A correspondent who writes us that he has read with interest our former article on the relative healthiness of the pursuits of tea and coffee planting in Ceylon, remarks that we have ignored one great advantage to the credit of our present chief industry. c The advantage to which he refers is ae entirely of a financial character ; but there can be no doubt, that the lightening of ‘financial worries,” as our friend terms them, hasan immense deal to do with the healthiness of those exposed to them. What were the financial conditions in the past, from which the planter of the present day is fortunatel free? Coffee was an annual crop onl 7, Save ae few exceptional cases. It resulted that the ex- penditure on cultivation could only be re- couped after a long period. All the money that had to be laid out upon this had to be found in advance, and we all know how seriously this burden told upon the resources of the coffee planters. It was almost the invariable rule that money had to be obtained either from the banks or the agencies. The former adopted the practice of making advances against crops 3 but certainly did not find the system work altocether satisfactorily for themselves, and had to “adopt very stringent conditions to euard as far as possible against loss. The stringency of these caused many planters to prefer “resort to the several large agency houses. Once in their grip however, the coffee planter often found that his independence was com varatively gone The agencies insisted, as one of the conditions under which they made advances, that the curing of the crops should be placed in their hands, as well as all matters connected with their shipment. Not content with this they further frequently claimed to su oply all the ae cessaries panes on the estates. rea tools, geunny bags, and a hundred other items had to be procured solely through this agency. In those days, in fact the agent, and not the planter, was the principal. It was probably the case that from the ont mencement of this labour to the receipt of ay: ment for its fruits some fifteen months, or ee more, had to elapse. ‘ How different are the circumstances of our tea planters ! mm : Chey are forwarding, and receiv- ing payment for, their crops every month or even at shorter intervals. The labour for plucking and preparing is paid for probably 408 within two months of incurring the cost of it. There is little or no need, therefore, to have recourse to borrowing, with all its worrying and generally hampering results. None but those who were well-acquainted with, and probably suffered from, the evils of former days, can adequately realize how blest is our present genera- tion of itera in their almost total freedom from troubles of the class we have mentioned. That the relief thus caused must contribute to the maintenance of cheerful spirits and good health is a faet that may, therefore, justifiably be placed to the credit of tea alanting in comparison with coffee plant- ing. Considerations of this kind might well have been submitted to the Secretary of the Standard Life Assurance Society when our London Corre- spondent interviewed him on the subject of a reduction in rates for Life Insurance in Ceylon, a short time ago. ee THE CONSOLIDATED ESTATES COMPANY, LIMITED. Tarp ANNUAL REpoRT OF THE GENERAL MANAGERS, To be submitted to the Shareholders at the General Meeting, to be held on Wednesday, the 10th Oct., 1894, at 33, Great St. Helens, E.C. The General Managers have the pleasure to submit their Third Annual Report, together with Statements of Accounts for the year ending 30th June, 1894. , The Profit and Loss Account shows a balance (in- cluding £69 Os 11d brought forward from last year) of £2,518 8s 11d, after paying Interest on the Debentures. ~ Out of this sum the General Managers propose : To pay a Dividend of 8 (° on the Pre- ferred Shares, which will absorb . £640 0 0 To set aside for redemption of five per cent of the Debentures at 103 .. re G18) Oa To write off from the Factory Account the sum of ne ae _ +. 500 0 0 To pay a Dividend of 6 % on the Ordinary " Shares, which will require -. 600 0 0 Carrying forward the Balance, say 160 8 11 £2,518 8 11 The following shows the result of the year’s working, viz. :— Net proceeds of Crop, viz. :— x i AveragenetPrice. £ s. d. = Spite ly lb. er lb. Tea, 310,263 .. About 63d..8,827 1 8 cwt. per cwt. Coffee, 10 .. ,, 90/.. 44 19-14 Interest on Account

    .—_—_—__. AUSTRALIAN PRODUCE FOR CEYLON AND INDIA. We have received a copy of the Melbourne Evening Standard of October 30th, with a full report of a lecture delivered on this subject by Mr. E. Jerome Dyer, full of information as to the outlets for Australian produce. We quote the parts referring to Ceylon :— I will proceed from west to east, and commence with the ‘‘Eden Isle of the East'’"—‘the dew drop on India’s brow'’—Ceylon. This valuable commer: cial and strategical possession of our British Empire already does a fair trade with Australia both in im- ports and exports. The latter chiefly comprise tea, coffee, and spices, and its import from Australia are Imost wholly food products, such as wines, spirits, “reserved meats, butter, cheese, hams, jams, pre- bacon, condensed milk, biscuits, and 4t4 THE TROPICAL AGRICUL TURISE. (ze t, 394. : ON eee ae flour, also soaps and horse feeds. The trade wit us in these lines is wholly owing to the island’ capital, Colombo, being one of the ports of call fo our mail steamers. ‘he trade; however, is very small owing to the excessively high freights, which, though only ‘half the distance, are the same as from Mel- bourne to London. The total population of the island is 3,000,000, of whom, it is approximated, 12,000 ara daily consumers of European food. There are 4,700 Europeans in Ceylon, chiefly British of whom 1,700 are soldiers. In an interview which I had with the Governor and Commandant, I was informed that they would be glad to contract for A SUPPLY OF FROZEN MUTTON for the troops at about 44d per lb.; but enterprise has not yet been forthcoming in Australia to supply this demand. ~~ , Freight can be obtained weekly to Colombo by the P, & O. or the Orient lines, or monthly by the Norddeutscher Lloyds or’ the Messagerie steamers at from’ 30s to 40s per ton. Other steamers occasion- ally run at lesser freights. The fact that a market can be obtained in Ceylon for the products men- tioned may be taken as a fair criterion of our pos- sibilities in other eastern countries. Like the other coutitries bordering upon the equatorial, Ceylon has a ‘very humid climate, and the packing which suits Great Britain must not be suitable to this market. Butter,’ preserved and dried fruits, and biscuits may be put up in hermetiéally sealed tins; and hams, bacon, ‘and cheese must be carefully packed in husks and salt. Wines are required of light body, a quality of demand peculiar to the whole of the East. Ceylon is a limited market, but taken with its near and mighty neighbour, India, it is an outlet which should not be overlooked, : I have referred to markets in the East for frozen mutton? I am decidedly of opinion that’ limited markets exist both on the south and east coast of Asia. There are two routes which particularly struck me as offering fair prospects. These are the Bay of Bengal ‘circuit and the Hast Coast route. With regard to the former, which chiefly concerns India, I might state that Bombay is rather ’inconyeniently situated with regard. to frozen meat, fresh fruits, and other supplies from Australia; but Colombo, Madras, Cal- ‘cutta, Rangoon, Penang, Singapore, and Batavia present collectively an immediate outlet for from ten to'twelve thousand 501bi carcasés of frozen mutton per month. Individually, none. of these places is worth a second thought as far as Australian supplies of frozen meat are concerned. Though the retail price of good local mutton averagesfrom 3d to 4d per lb. in these places, itis certain that half as much ‘again atleast would be given for a quality such as England or Australia can supply. These seven ports are most conveniently situated in and at either ex- tremity of the Bay of Bengal. A monthly service of steamer, fitted up with, say, seven. refrigerating com- partments, could not only doa general cargo trade, but might easily, and with no inconvenience, BEEPly these ports with frozen meat at least every mont _to start with. A company undertaking this service might establish its own depots, or, what might be © much preferable, arrange with the present ice com- panies tostore and manage atthis end. The cost of ice making and refrigerating in’ the Hast is extremely cheap comipared with Australia. NATAL AND OUTSIDE THAS. At the monthly meeting of the Lower Tugela Political Association, held in the Duguza Hall, ‘Stanger, on October 13th, the transit duty on tea ‘was the subject of a lively discussion. Mr. D. Brown, J.P., occupied the chair, and there was an innovation in political’ meetings in this district in the presence of ladies, who appeared deeply inter- ested in the discourse on their favourite beverage. Mr. W. F. Clayton moved the following resolution :— hat in the opinion of this association the action of the Government in reducin; teas is not only detrimental to the tea enterprise but is a distinct breach of faith and of promises made dur- ‘ing the late Session of Parliament, the transit duty upon ! They would have a gain to the revenue after the alteration of £400, and he asked whether that sum was sufficient compensation for the extinction of some 16 or 17 tea-planters. 96,000 lb. of tea going through the Colony to the Transvaal nitist necessarily exclude the Natal teas. He thought that if the matter was gone into fully they would find that there would be a very small margin of profit, if indeed there were not a loss to the Colony. Mr. Hindson said that some of them assumed they were going to be injured by the reduction. The fact of the reduction made no difference in the price of tea in the Transvaal. If they got the people to cul- tivate the taste for Natal teas they wedi find that it would not take long to find consumers, Those that liked Ceylon teas would not take Natal tea at any price, and those that liked the latter would drink it in preference to other teas. There being no seconder to the amendment, the Chairman put the resolution to the meeting, which was carried.—Natal Mercury. —____——_____. WHEAT VALUES. In 1800 wheat sold in August at 184s per quarter. In 1812 it fetched 180s per quarter. In 1855 during the Crimean War at 80s per quarter. Tn 1894 it has sold as low as 178 per quarter ! —_—._ >—_____ TEA IN BRAZIL. I learn that it is not unlikely that the monopoly of tea culture, which has hitherto been almost en- tirely inthe hands of India, China and Ceylon, may be broken by the appearance of Brazil as a tea pro- ducer. Recent experiments in the cultivation of tea in the State of Minas Gerals have been so successful that the new growth is already on offer in the market at Rio, where it is a formidable competitor of the imported article. Brazil already holds the first place in the world asa coffee producer, and it will be sin- gular indeed if she should find herself unable to grow tea as well.—Glasyow Herald, Oct. 18. a TEA-TASTING—BRANDING TEAS—TEA COMPANY DEBENTURES. TEA-TASTING. Being in the city this week it chanced to me to have the opportunity of watching the opera- tion of tea-tasting on an exceedingly large scale. About 200 samples were infused. ‘I‘hen came the taster, having with him a clerk proyided with a sample book. It was astonishing to me to see the rapidity with which the work was done. The tasting spoon was scarcely out of the mouth, and the liquid ejected, before the valuation 83d, 7d, 94d, and so on, were delivered, the clerk entering the figures against the particular sample. BRANDING TEAS. This reminds me as to a further conversation had by me on the subject of branding teas with one of the leading men among your tea agents here. He confirmed the opinion previously men- tioned to me that there was nothing to complain of in affixing the names of owners’ estates to out- side teas purchased by them. He said the practice was a common one, and had always been fol- lowed: His defence of it was that teas are in- | variably purchased on their merits, and that the place of growth did not affect prices. I ¢an hardly believe this to be the case, and still adhere to the view that so deceptive a practice cannot be defended upon any grounds, moral or financial. I use these separate classifications because the more that is seen by me of trading matters, the — more assured do I become that the standards in — the two cases differentiate regretably, © 8 = Dre, 1, 1894.] TEA COMPANY DEBENTURES. By the way, talking recently on the subjec of Ceylon Tea Company’s debentures generally, it was observed to me that most of them pay far too high a rate on these. Thus the Ceylon Tea Plantation Company recently sold its deben- ture to pay 7 percent. Now, we are assured that it is possible, in all cases where the estate pro- perty is good and unencumbered, to get the money at tour per cent without difficulty. In the case of the Ceylon Tea Plantation Company this latter rate would certainly have sufficed. It can only be presumed that in its case it was felt that the whole of the debentures would be taken up by shareholders, and that, therefore, it was only an instance of ‘“‘robbing Peter to pay Paul.” It seems to me, however, that the payment of an unnecessarily high rate for debentures is a course that it cannot be in most cases desirable to adopt. It weakens the position of the property in public estimation.—London Cor. tile Sent ee eens CRUSHED COTTON-SEED. (Prepared by Patented Process.) Copy of Analysis ant Report. Moisture - : - - 9°55 Oi - - : : 21°30 Albuminous compounds (fresh-forming matters) 22°37 Mucilage, sugar, and digestible SA - (heat and fat producing compounds) 24°63 Indigestible woody tidre (cellulose) - 6°85 Mineral mutters : : : 5°30 100°00 Containing nitrogen : : : 3°58 sand : - - *30 . Ly . —Facts and Conjectures. ——— > DRUG REPORT. (From Chemist and Drugg st.) London, November ist. CAFFEINE.—The manufacturers’ quotations are quite nominal at present. Small second-hand lots have been sold this week at 12s 6d, and afterwards at 14s per Ib. ; citrate is quoted nominally at 13s per lb. A report 8 current today that 15s per lb has been paid for pure Caffeine and that since then a bid of 16s has been refused. CINCHONA.---In accordance with the decision recently arrived at, there have been no cinchona auction in London this week. A consignment of 24 serons genuine hard flat wild Calisaya bark has just arrived, and will be offered at next Thursday’s drug auctions. COCA-LEAVES.---Our stock has recently become a good deal smaller, a fair trade haying taken place in this drug. Bolivian (Huanoco-leaves) good strong green mixed have been selling at 1s 4d; thin broken greenish Trux- illo at 10d per ‘Tb. The exports of cocoa-leaves from Java amounted to 34 cases in July, and 30 cases in August last. KOLA.---The rise has made a little further progress. Four packages West Indian kolas were offered at Wednes- day's drug-auctions, and sold with good competition at Is 7d per Ib for fine bold dry, and is 4d per lb for fair quality, Small parcels of this drug are now frequently included in the weekly spice auctions. ESSENTIAL OILS.---Reports from Ceylon state that, owing to the extraordinary drought which prevails in the ehief cimmamon-growing districts of the island, the cro of cinnamon for the coming year is likely to be a tota failure. This may, Perhaps, affect the quotations for cin- namon-bark oil. QUININE.---No business whatever is reported this week. Tt would, no doubt, be quite possible to buy second- hand German at 11jd per oz on the spot. eee ees BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA AND COFFEE PLANTING, &c. The following is the main portion of the re- port in the Glasgow Herald of an interview with THE TROPICAL AGRICULUURIS?. 4t § Mr. Alex. Whyte, formerly of Kandy, and so well- known in Ceylon :— The country is undulating, consisting of plains alternating with plateaus, which are at an elevation of from 3,009 to 4,000 feet above the level of the sea. On the plateaus the air is comparatively cool, and, naturally, these are the healthiest parts ; but, taking the country generally, Mr. Whyte cannot as yet pronounce it to be healthy for Europeans, many of whom are stricken with fever even when resident on the plateaus. In the low-lying lands, especially near the rivers, the climate is still more unhealthy. The prevalent disease is the malarial fever which is so common in Africa. Attacks of it are frequent, but as a rule recovery is speedy. Some- times, however, the disease assumes the virulent form of black-water fever, which. often terminates fatally. The rainfall is not excessive, ranging from 60 to 70 inches in the year, and the wet and the dry months are about equal in number. The soil, which is covered to a large extent with forest, but is also clothed with grass both on the plains and on the plateaus, is so fertile that plants indigenous to different zones have been grown alongside each other at Zomba, which is situated between Lake Shirwa and Lake Nyassa, and near the Upper Shire. Barley, oats, wheat, and English potatoes are growing equally well with Indian corn, bananas, and pine apples, Indeed, every kind of tropical and sub-tropical plant flourishes in this region. At present the principal roducts of the country are coffee and tobacco. The atter was cultivated by the natives long before the British settled in the land, and now Messrs. Buchanan Brothers are growing large quantities of it. Most of the tobacco raised by them has been sent in the raw leaf state to Mincing Lane, London, for sale, but during the past two years, aided by improved machinery, they have been manufacturing cheroots. For these there is a ready sale among the Europeans resident in the district, of whom there are about 200, including traders, planters, and the officials of the Administration. Several boxes of the cheroots have been sent to this country, and they are very satisfactory alike as regards quality and make. Climate and soil seem to be well adapted to the growth of coffee. Messrs. Buchanan have now some thirty estates devoted to its culture, and they export the coffee in large quantities to London where it is sold as Shiré Highland coffee, and is considered to have a fine aroma. Mr. Whyte has great faith in cocoa doing well in certain places, and he intends to take out a supply of young plants when he returns to Zomba early next year. The blue gum, or eucalyptus, and other Australian trees of that order which have been planted in the country adapt themselves well to the climate, the eucalyptus trees having grown 40 feet, or one-fifth of their maximum height, in the course of two and a half years. The odour of these trees is found to have a very beneficial effect on the health of the people who dwell in their vicinity, and they are being ex- tensively planted. Indin-rubber trees and shrubs are numerous in the forests, and their sap is one of the increasing exports from Central Africa. The leading traders in the country are the African Lakes Company, Messrs, Buchanan Brothers, and Mr. Sharrer. ‘The chief impediment to the development of the territory in the mean- time is the difficulty of transporting goods. At present these are carried on the heads of negroes to the Shiré River, whence they are conveyed in small river steamers to Chundi, the seaport of the territory which is situated at the mouth of the Zambesi. An improvement in the modes of transport is, however, being steadily effected. The African Lakes Company and others are putting more steamers on the Zambesi and the Shiré Riyers; and Commissioner Johnston has entered into negotiations with a syndicate con- nected with the African Lakes Company; the object being to get a railway constructed so as, if possible, to form a connection between the Lower Shiré and Lake Nyassa, a distance of about 150 miles, or at any rate to lay a railway past the cataracts, which extend for some 70 miles between the Upper and the 416 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 1 [Deo. 1 1By4e Lower Shiré. The scheme has piceeccges so far that a survey of the country has been decided upon. For the cultivation of the Administration's terri- tory the native labourers, are mainly drawn fromthe Angonis and the Atongas on the shores of Lake Nyassa. Both tribes ave excellent workers. ‘hey are of moderately strong build, docile, contented, and frugal, sustaining themselves on a small quantity of Indian corn. Thelocal labourers at Zomba are prin- cipally of the Yao tribe, who are strongly built, but lazy. When thé country is cleared, and has conse- quently become healthier than it is at present, Mr. Whyte is of opinion that there is nothing to prevent Scotchmen who may migrate there making a com- fortable livelihood with the minimum of labour. To the sportsm1n who loves to hunt big game it offers special attractions, for amntelopes, zebras, and buf- faloes abound, as wellas lions, rhinoceroses, leopards and hyenas, while migratory herds of elephants pass at the seasons when certain fruits ripen on the trees. Mr. Whyte brought home with him a fine collection of specimen plants, animals, and birds, which have been deposited in the British Museum. Bxperi- mental gardens have been opened at Zomba, and in these the growing of all kinds of plants is being tried with a view to their general introduction into the country. SS ee THE AMSTERDAM CINCHONA-MARKET. “The cinchona-bark sales to be held in Amster- dam on November 8th will consist of 352 cases and 5,708 bales Java bark, the whole weighing about 5044 tons, divided as follows :—From Government plantations, 71 cases and 209 bales (abut 274 tons); from private plantations 281 cases and 5499 bales (about 4774 tons). This quantity contains of druggists’ bark: Succirubra quills, 230,)cases ; succirubra broken quills and chips, 49 b es 93 cases ; Succirubra root, 12 bales ; Officinalis quills, 3 cases ; Calisaya quills, 26 cases. Of manutacturing bark : Ledgeri- ana broken quills and chips, 4,379 bales ; Ledgeri- ana root, 586 bales; Officinalis broken quills and chips, 349 bales; Officinalis root, 3 bales ; Hybrid broken quills and chips, 276 bales; Hybrid root, 19 bales.—Chemist and Druggist. a —_>—————_ THE AMERICAN VANILLA-MARKET. (October 25th.) The 0O., P., and D. Reporter estimates the average yearly consumption of vanilla in the United States at 936 cases. The present stock in the States is thought to be only about 400 cases, while 60 cases are still in the hands of the yanilla-curers in Mexico (the bulk of the condi- ment used in the States is of Mexican growth), leaving an available supply of 460 cases to supply the requirements until the next crop comes in over eight months hence, for, in the ordinary course, the new beans donot arrive in New York before April or early in May, and the bulk of the crop comes forward in instalments during May, June and July. It is believed that the stock of extracts in the hands of manufacturers is light, and that it is only a questionof a short time when they will be obliged to comeinto the market to secure their beans. Meantime there is considerable inquiry in America for French account, which appears toshow that France, also, is practically without supplies.—Ibid. eer INDIAN TEA SALES. (From Watson, Sibthorp & Co.’s Tea Report). Caucurra, Noy. 21st 1894. There was a strong demand for all grades in the sales held on the 15th instant, and the advance quoted last week was fully maintained, common sorts being in some cases fractionally dearer.’ 10,560 packages changed hands The average price of the 10,580 packages sold is As. 9-9 or nearly 10d per lb. as compared with 13,909 8 sold on the 16th November 1893 at As 6-l0 er about per lb. and 17,428 pactnged sold on the 17th November 1892 at As 9-0 or about 104d per Tb, The exports from 1st May to 19th November from here to Great Britain are 88,002,634 lb, as compared with 83,788,908 Ib. at the corresponding period last season and 78,942,662 lb. in 1892. NoTe.—Last sale’s average was As, 9-7 or 9jd per lb, Exchange.—Document Bills, 6 months’ sight, 1s 1-7-16d Freight.—Steamer £1-7-6 to £1-17-6 per ton of 50 c ft. ~~ THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE LANKA PLANTATIONS COMPANY. THE resolution adopted at the recent meeting of the above Company practically ensures its ne- construction in a certain sense and degree. Mr. Henry Bois made at that meeting a statement to the effect that the Company had estates standing in its balance-sheet at double their actual value. It had also a Suspense Account, and altogether the sum of £174,000 was sup- posed to represent the value of the estates, when their real present value was something like half that amount. It can be little matter for surprise that the Directors should regard this state of things to be very unsatisfactory. It has, there- fore, been very properly. determined to have the estates valued, and to make the total of the resulting valuation the capital of the Company. We think that all who have the interest of the tea industry of Ceylon at heart will approve of the decision now taken. It is only a wonder to us that the old system should have been so long maintained. Possibly, the fact may explain the dissatisfaction that has been sta to exist with regard to the system of audit practised, by some Companies. The fact further has an important bearing upon the arguments put for- ward by Mr. Welton in his several letters to the London Times on the subject of auditing Companies’ accounts generally. If the existing system were as thorough as it should be, we can hardly believe that such discrepancies as those pointed out by Mr. Henry Bois could have escaped public knowledge ; and yet we do not consider that the men who have steered the Lanka Plantations Company through its many years of difficulty, can justly be held responsible for the tardiness with which this acknowledgment has been made. There has been a talk of great difficulty and of unusual circumstances. Origin- ally, hottie Paty in coffee estates, the Com- pany has had to revise all its operations, and gradually to plant these with the newer product, Daring the years of this transition, the profits annually made have been absorbed by the cost of re-planting. To have written down the value of the estates while the operation was going on, would have been to acknowledge the almost entire loss of the capital invested in them. As it is, the Company has succeeded in at least pulling half of this out of the fire. But it is evidently now the wiser course to face the matter thoroughly. With a fictitious capital, whereupon to declare a dividend, the. amount of the return must natu- rally have appeared disheartening to the share- holders, and depreciatory in the eyes of the general public. With the capital written down to the actual present value of the estates, future disabilities in this regard will be avoided, and the shareholders ‘will know exactly where they stand. We are not aware if any other of our Planting Companies occupies the peculiar position in which, up till now, the Lanka Plantations Company has stood. If there be any such, about Dac. 1, 1894.) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURISD. 4t7 think it high time that the wise example now set them should be followed, so that, no ground shall remain for a possible suspicion that fictitious amounts of assets may appear in the published accounts of any Ceylon Estate Companies. ee ee LANKA PLANTATIONS CO., LD. PROPOSED REDUCILION OF CAPITAL. The ordinary general meeting of this Company was held at 12, Fenchurch Street, i1.U., on Wednesday, Mr. GrorGE ALLEN presiding. The Secretary (Mr. C. M. Robertson) having read the notice convening the meeting, and the report and accounts haying been taken as read, ‘Whe CHARMAN said :—Gentlemen, it now becomes my duty to make a few observations on the proceedings of the past year. You will see from the seventh para- graph of the report that, shortly after the last general meeting, our late chairman, Sir Robert Harding, re- tired from the board, and soon afterwards was taken from us, leaving me the only survivor of the original directors. My colleagues asked me to accept the chairmanship, which I did with great pleasure, know- ing that I could rely on their co-operation and support. Now, with reference to thereport itself, you will see that we had very satisfactory returns from our coffee, although there was a decrease of 122 acres in the area under cultivation, and a diminution in the amount sent home. Before very long, I am afraid, a great part of this coffee will disappear, but it has been our endeavour to protect it all we can, and we shall continue to do so, it is somewhat gratifying to me that our views, as to _ the desirability, in the first instance, of going into cotfee as a venture from which we might fairly expect every possible success, have been supported by the late Sir Wm. Gregory, a former Governor of Ceylon, whose memoirs have lately been published. Two years after the formation of this company, he satisfied himself that cottee would continue to bea profitable product, and joined our company, in which he took a large interest. As recently quoted in the Standaid, he says: ‘‘I well remember going through the thriving coffee districts in the spring of 1877. ‘he blossom was out, and they were as white as a table-cloth. Isaw Mr. Uhwaites on my return, and rather mocked him as a prophet of evil, since, although there had been disease for. several years, coffee had still such a vigorous appear- ance. ‘he following year the blow fell, and when in 1883 [ visited these valleys, the former splendid plan- tations contained little more than dried sticks, except where tea had begun to show itself.” Now we come to the cocoa. You will remember that last year, when I had the pleasure of addressing youl said we had had an extraordinary crop and extraordinary prices, but could hardly expect it to continue. hat turned out to be true, because this year, although it is avery satisfactory crop of nearly 1,000 cwts., and we realised £3,060 from it, there is a considerable decrease of £3,390 in cash, which would have been enough to pay a much higher dividend on our shares. I have rea- son to belieye that the American demand from which we profited last year may be revived, Im- mediately after that crop had been shipped to America, all the trouvie commenced of which we know so inuch, and the cocoa sent out there was practi- caliy unsaleable, But things are improving very much. Messrs. Wilson, Smithett w Co., in their circular of the 4th September, say :—* The Boardof Trade livares for the past eight months show an inerease in the ome consumption, the duty payments in August ex:cel- ing those of the same month last year by 33U tous,” wud in their circular of the 12th October, they say tut cocoa has ‘attracted more general attention than of late, and fine qualities realised an advance of from 2s to 3s per cwt;” so that there is no season to suppose that cocoa will not continue to be a profitable product. We have received a good deal more tea this year than heretofore, and although the price has fallen gd per lb., we have realised more money than last year. I do not think we need despair of tea in any way, because such great efforts are being made everywhere to extend its sale, and ther is no doubt that Ceylon tea is apparently more whole- some than most other teas. Many people can drink it when they cannot drink any other without suffering from indigestion. This is owing to the smaller quan- tity of tannin in it. In the official catalogue of the Chicago Exhibition, there is a paper written by Mr. Waiker one of our visiting agents and now a Member of Counczil in Ceylon, who says that Ceylon tea contains 10°12 per cent of tannin, against 15 found in some of other teas. ‘Then, again, the progress of the sales here is very great. Messrs. Wilson, Simithett & Co. in their circular of 14th Sept. says :—‘‘ Lhe imports for the last 8 months were 58,300,000 lb., against 52,500,000 1b. for the same period of 183, and the home consumption rose from 42,700,000 lb. for the first eight months of 1893, to 48,200,000 during January to August last;’’—that is for Ceylon tea) and thence the development of the taste for Ceylon tea at the expense of China is more apparent when comparing the home consumption of this year with that of 18)J1; that during the past eight months of the latter year the duty payments on China tea exceeded those on Ceylon «by over 2,500,000 lb., whilst up to date this year the home consumption of Ceylon has been more than three times as heavy as that of China. ‘I’hat shows how Cey- lon teais displacing China tea. At the end of Sep- tember they say: ‘‘ A very firm tone has prevailed, but any marked advance in value was generally as- cribable to improved quality, and several good orders from Russia secured high prices.’ In October they say: ‘‘Imports were practically the same as those of September last year, whereas the deliveries show an increase of close upon 1,000,000 Ib.,’’ and again, on October 12th, “all the best liquoring invoices were strongly supported, and. several good continental orders, principally from Russia, again secured full prices for some of thebest .. AG i BG OG The imports for the nine months show an increase of 50,100,000 lb., and home consumpéion an increase of 6,00,000 Ib., while the exports are, if anything, still more satisfactory, being nearly 1,090,000 lb. heavier than for the same period last year.’’ And the last report is very gratifying to us, because it shows that our tea from Vhotulagaila has realised 1s 33da price which leaves a very large profit, and what the directors are endeavouring to do is, by improving oar machinery to improve the quality of tea, at) the increase in value niore than justifies the expease. ‘The circulars only refer by name to the Russian export de:nand, but I think you will be interested to hear a few lines from an article in the Zmes of 6th August dealing with the efforts made to introduce our tea into the United States..The article coatains the following passages :— “The efforts which the British tea planters of India and Ceylon are now muking to effect an entrance into new markets are extremely interesting. While the honours of prompt action belong to Ceylon, the re sults . . . have been satisfactory alike to Ceylon and India.” ‘Next to Great Britain the United States are the largest tea purchasers in the world.”’ ‘Before the close of the edhibition, 1,500 American tea firms had stocked British-grown teas.’’ ‘The Ceylon plan- ters have opened a central permanent depot for Cey- lon tea in Chicago itself,’ and in the Colombo paper, received on the 20th of this month, it is shown that the imports of Ceylon tea for seven months ending 31st July were 563,819 lb. in the United States. and 467,173 Ib in Canada. If Ceylon teas are going to supplant China tea, I do not see how it is possible that we shall not see an increase in our profits and more satisfactory divi- dents. Now we come to the part which is not as satisfactory as it might be, because we are only able to declare a dividend of 2 per cent. It is really accounted for by the fallin the price of cocoa and the diminished cocoa crop. But the whole of our estates are in good order, and each has producued a profit on the year. Within the last week or fort- night the price of tea has risen rapidly, and our prospects are good. That brings us to consider the suspense account. You willremember that we were somewhat heroic in what we did when we re- planted our estates, first with cinchona and then with tea: we charged all the money that it cost us to suspense account, and that account up to the 418 — i time amounts to £18,950, all of which we Fee alkén out of profits. his year we had to take £1,830 out of the profits, or more than 1 per cent., and really it becomes very burdensome. We have consulted the auditor, who represents you, as to some mode of mitigating this burden. ‘There are two ways of doing so: one is by starting with our present balance of £10,000, and spreading that over a period of ten years, and the other ~is by reducing the capital of the company according to the present value of the assets, by which we should nominally get a better dividend, though practically it would be the same thing. But we should not then be strangled by yearly writing off these large sums. Unless we do something we shall have to deduct this sum of nearly £2,000 a year from our profits for the next three years, and I think the time has come when we should avoid that if possible, and the board is now considering which is the better plan. We shall be very glad to have your views on the question, in order that our hands may be strengthened. Per- sonally, I am ‘in favour of reducing the capital by converting the £10 shares into £6 or £7 shares. now beg to move that the report and accounts be received and adopted. Mr. BE, Perrirr seconded. Mr. Cozies supported the reduction of the capital, as he saw no advantage in having the shares taken at a fictitious value. Mr. W. Austin was of opinion that the suspense account could be got rid of by a simple vote of the shareholders. Nothing wasto be gained by reducing the capital. Mr. E. Forp Norrn said that if they closed the suspense account they would have to open a depreci- ation account. . Henry Bors explained that the company hav® pacar stood Fo the balance-sheet at double their value. They had also a suspense account, and altogether the sum of £174,000 was supposed to re- resent the value of the estates, when their actual value was something like half the amount, and the directors proposed to have the estates valued, and make the valuation the capital of the company. When it was once put onthe basis, all the company earned would be available for dividend, and they would compare favourably with other tea companies. The CHarrman said, in reply to Mr. North, that all the machinery and tools were kept in a high state of efficiency, and were worth the value re- presented in the accounts. The cost of reducing the capital would be very small, as it was not necessary o reconstruct the company. ‘ : some further discussion the motion was Gined unanimously, and dividends were de- clared at the rate of 6 per cent. on the Preference, and 2 per centon the Ordinary shares. Qn the motion of the Cuarrman, seconded by Mr. Contes, Mr. Bois was re-elected a director. . NortH moved the re-election of Mr. Austin as B Acne which was seconded by Mr. C. Brrcz- MAN, and carried unanimously. : sTIN, responding, advocated a liberal expen- iets of inpiovemeils in machinery, with the object of obtaining a better rice for the Company’s Tea. On the motion of Mr. C. Waite, seconded by Mr. Nort, the auditor, Mr. John Smith, was re- “E Phe. vet eg closed with a cordial vote of thanks to the Chiarman and Directors. a INDIAN TEA COMPANIES. Industrial securities to which investors ge’ Ne turned their attention are those of the Indian “ea Planting Companies. In the earlier stages of the life of this remarkable enterprise there was a very limited number of Companies hawing the head-quarters of their administration in London. The larger portion of the estates were owned ‘either by private planters, gmall syndicates of capitalists, or THE TROPICAL AGRICOLTURIST. -in the (Dee. 1, 1894. by small Companies having their headquarters in Calcutta, and were managed and supervised by one or other of the large and werful agency houses of Calcutta. During the ten or twenty years, however, this has been ‘greatly changed. Companies have been formed in. TLondoo with sterling capital, and many of these—starting with comparatively small possessions, as did Com- panies like the Jokai, Dooars, Doomdooma, Majuli (old Luckimpore Company), Chargola, and others— have, by the successive acquisition of other gardens, and by increasing their producing area by uew plant- ing now become large and powerful Corporations, some of them with individual capitals amounting to as much as aquarter of a million, producing annual crops worth about £150,000. Nearly one-half of the cultivated area under tea in Assam, Darjeeling and the Western Dooars (the three largest producing dis- tricts) belongs to English registered Companies with limited liability, while their united capital amounts roundly to about £6,000,000, and tbe value of their united produce to about £2,500,000 or, say, one- half of that of the total anuual tea produce of British India, exclusive of Ceylon. A few years ago, while the shares of many of these Companies were a sufficiently desirable invest- ment, so far as returns were concerned, there was this disability attaching to them, that they were frequently very difficult to negotiate, either in the way of buying or selling, and the market for the shares was in consequence limited, and their attraction for investors not very great. Nowadays this is greatly changed, and—resulting in a large measure from the increased publicity of late givento them—a large number of the Tea Companies have now a freedom of market perhaps greater than the shares of almost any Other single class of Industrial undertakings. Only a limited number of these, including the old Assam, Darjeeling, Jorehaut and Lebong Com- panies, are officially quoted, although the list of publicly quoted ones steadily increases: but there are something like a dozen other Companies in the shares of which there are very considerable and frequent dealings, and whose stability is quite as good in every respect as that of the round dozen which are officially quoted. The position of Indian ‘Tea isat present exceptionally strong. Notwithstanding an unprecedented inerease produce from Ceylon (which has almost doubled in the last five years), consumption has been so much stimulated by the lower range of price at which tea can now be produced, and the China product has been to that extent supplanted by Indian (and Ceylon) produce, that consumption tends fairly to outrun production; while for the current scason, owing to a curtailed production, r-- sulting from somewhat unfavourable climatic cor- ditions, prices tend to rule very high indeed. ‘I'he low value of the rugec, too, is in the main in favour of the Tea Compunies, as their expenses are mainly incurred in Indian currency, while their prc- duce is soldfor gold in London. The China-Japan War, moreover, is: another factor which is in favour of Indian and Ceylon planters. Two other points may here be referred to as haying a favourable bearing on the future prospects of Tea Companies, the one local and the other distant. The first is that the Coolie labour question is now on a footing much more auspicious to planters, owing to the favour with which immigration into the tea districts is now regarded by the agri- cultural labourer of Bengal, on account of the high wages and comfortable, and well-sanitated quarters in which he is housed there. The second is the favour- able outlook for the opening up of fresh markets all over the world, especially in the American Continent and in Russia, which, owing to the vigorous action of the Planting Committees, both of India and of Ceylon, now exists. British investors, who are hold- ing back alike from Home securities, which hardly return a yield adequate to the risks attended on labour difficulties, et id genus omne, and from “Foreigners,” from which they have received so much disappointment, may with advantage, we believe, turn their attention to this British Indian Industry— London Financial Times. . Dre, 1, 1894.] Soyyespondencs. —__9—_— To the Editor. “TEA SWEEPINGS” AND CAFFEINE. London, Noy. 1. Srr,—I send you enclosed particulars of the “Tea sweepings” as a friend received them last season ac- cording to the dates on the sheets from all the docks and warehouses but two. This you will find on sheet No. 1. On sheet No, 2, you will note the position of affairs as they appear for this season showing that the London and India Docks and Hay’s Wharf had such pressure brought upon the directors by influential men who store goods, although other than Tea, and perhaps not understanding the Tea ‘trade, that ‘they had to agree to allow the Tea to igo to the “ea Merchant” at Hamburg. These Tea sweepinigs are separated from the woody matter by sifting, then the iron is taken ont of them by mag- nets, then the dust is blown out of the tea leaf and the Tea is sold as “Indian” and ‘ Ceylon,” the dust is treated for Caffeine. There was no question of price because the Caffeine manufacturers in_this country offered to pay the Dock Company and Hum- hrey’s Wharf any amount that was offered to them by Pega As this large quantity ‘of Tea will seriously compete against, low class teas coming from India and Ceylon, the Tea trade are taking the matter up, because as long as they knew that the Tea sweepings were being denatured and turned into Caffeine they knew that they would not compete against shippers. Further than this, the Tea mer- chants and owners of tea estates looking into this affair ask “By what right or authority do these wharves and docks allow the Tea to go to Germany to be there sold against them as Tea?’’ Some of the Wharyes have sent notice to the Custom House to come and examine Indian Tea which has been sent to this conniry, in China packages, all marks haying been removed. When calculating 390 tons of Tea Busepings as the quantity made per annum, as far as I can learn, about 20% to 25% of this material is dust and dirt. —Yours truly, OBSERVER. SHEET No. I. Particulars of the disposal of Tea Sweepings de- livered from the different Wharves and Warehouses, from Oct. Ist, 1893 to-30thSept. 1894. Which were denatured and turned into Caffeine in this ‘country under. PORT ORDER = 33 1888 London and India Docks, Manager : Mr. Champ. St. Katherine’s Dock : 6 tons Commercial Road - - 28 tons Cutler Street : - 638 tons 97 tons Wrightson’s Trinity Bonded . : 25% tons St. Olaye’s : : 22% tons 48 tons _~Buchanan’s Wharf - - 6 tons Oliver's Wharf - - 22 tons _—_—— 58 tons Monastery Bonded - - 8 tons Abbey Wharf - - 4 tons 12 tons 215 tons Humphrey Hay's Wharf - 45 tons Red Lion Wharf - - 10 tons Chamberlain’s Wharf - - 11 tons Colonial Wharf : : 8 tons Brook’s Wharf - - 12 tons Metropolitan Bonded Warehouse 24 tons Monument Bonded Warehouse 15 tons 125 tons ‘ 340 tons The Tea Sweepings from these two establishments were sent, we understand, to Hamburg to Tex merchants. Lafone Butler’s Wharf 40 tons Barber's Warehouse 10 tons, Estimate 50 tons 53 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 419 SHEET No. 2. Probable quantity of Tea Sweepings that will be made in the year from Ist October 1894 ta the 30th September 1895. The Wharf-owners and Warehouse-keepers who have decided to act under the Port order viz., that it be O° 33 denatured and 188s turned into Caf- feine in England, Buchanan's Wharf - 36 tons Oliver's Wharf - 22 - — 58 tons Monastery Bonded - - 8 ant ) Abbey Wharf ; a AC — 12 tons (a) Musset offered 65s per ton for this man’s tea, but he said nothing would induce him to let it go to Germany. Wrightson’s Trinity-Bonded _ 254 tons St. Olave’s - DO. — 48 tons Red Lion Wharf - : : Om Chamberlain's Wharf - cD y, Colonial Wharf — - , ; 8 Brook’s Wharf : 3 5 12a Metropolitan Bonded Warehouse — - ital 183 ,, The following firms, warehouses and wharves have, understand, agreed to allow Mr. Musset, a well-known tea -dealer in Hamburg, to have their tea sweepings, He treats these with magnets to get out the iron and then blows the dust out of it. The larger leaf is sold as tea and some has been sent to England in plain packages. It is. well known on the Continent and sold to the English Colonies, and seriously competes with the low priced tea‘and brings great discredit on “ Indian” and ‘‘ Ceylon Teas” :— London and India Docks—Manager, Mr. Champ. St. Katherine’s Dock : 6 tons Commercial Road - Cutler Street = - - we- Bore 63 ,, — 97 tons probable quantity. Humphrey Hay’s Wharf 45 fons ae Lafone Butler’s Wharf : 40, Barber’s Warehouse : 10 K 192, Monument Bonded Warehouse 45 i ; Total - 390 ,, The proprietor has not yet decided what he will do with the tea sweepings this year. P.S.—No question of price could arise, 55s per ton or any ‘higher price that was offered by forel ners, It was given to the foreigners to be treated to obtain tea at the same price, rather than let our Caffeine manufacturers have it. P.S.—Noy. 2nd.—Since writing you last night I learn that the Tea Trade and Vea Brokers’ Associa- tion have decided to have a meeting and they have called it for Monday. Yesterday Messrs. Machin Appleton & Smiles discovered that they had bought some tea at 44d per lb., and when they came to look at it found that it was marked B.P. and it caine b the ‘Tris’’ from Hamburg. They asked a friend to look at it, and he at once detected the wood and dirt in it, Further than that he put it under a strong power and distinctly saw pieces of glass and also pieces of white wood which always gets into what is called the hole in a warehouse. Into this hole everything is swept from the warehouse, frequently broken bottles and broken glass. When the warehouse Q@is- oses of the tea for making into caffeine they pass it through a coarse sieve, sufficient to stop the iron hooping and some of the nails and large pieces of wood. This tea was sold at 44d per Ib. here, and it was put up in two lots, one marked No. 1/17 and 18/34. The question arises how was it that the Cus- toms allowed this tea to pass without recognizing it? One of the surveyors this morning mentioned that for the last aa? they had not been troubled with the “low quality” teas coming from Hamburg and that he supposed they had been lax in their inspec- tion. Another tea merchant most pertinently en- quizes how was it that this tea came into the country eclared as Ceylon tea or Indian tea, and what was the nature of the packages and marks. Here again that ought to have been stopped under the Merchandise for we offered — a sf eo. we”) ee ae ee: lle UU 420 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Dec. 1, 1894. Marks Act because this tea could not be really classified as ‘India’ or “China” or “Ceylon,” being the sweepings of warehouses. All these facts are perfectly well-known to the managers of warehouses who have sold their ‘‘Tea sweepings” to the Ham- burg firm. They also knew what was going to be done with the tea and that it was to be used as an article of food. It is hardly to be surprised at, that some of our Dock Companies are in such a pitiable position, finan- cially, when they will descend to thwart honest English trade in this country and actually throw their interest and energies into augmenting the trade of foreigners who are doing their utmost to cut against English industries. I hope next week to be able to send you a report of what took place at the meeting.—O. “COCA PATE.” London, Noy. 1. Dear Sin,—In reading the Vropical Agriculturist I note there has been a discussion on the word ‘ Pate.” When speaking of the material which is made in South America and comes over here it is always called Pate: this may mean paste, but we look upon aste as something liquid; this stuff is as hard asa Prick and I take it to be the native name.—Yours truly, COCA. INDIA-RUBBER: VARIETIES AND THEIR PREPARATIONS. London, E.C. Nov. 6. Sir,—Last night at the meeting of Chemical In- dustry, Mr. F. W. Reid, read a eure on oxidised Linseed Oil. He showed distinctly the decay in Linseed Oil by process of time. In his paper he compared the action which takes place with that occurring in india-rubber. I do not follow this interesting paper any further, as no doubt you will see it in the “Journal of Chemical Industry; and no doubt you will extract the details and also the dis- cussion for your 7’ropical Agriculturist, but I would like to add that the President of the Society, who attended last night, stated that during his travels in South America he had carefully watched the preparation of the india-rubber and he wished it to be distinctly un- derstood, that it is his opinion, that the vapour from nuts or special woods had nothing whatever to do with producing the coagulation of the milk. He said that in carefully watching the Indians, most of the large families or tribes employed a different nut or different wood; but he was convinced that the only action upon the india-rubber was the drying action from the fire. I was much struck by these remarks, because during the week I have read with great interest a paper published by Mr, Thompson, who is now located in the United States of Columbia. He also agrees with this. You will no doubt have this paper and if you turn to the last report from the Government Gardens in Jamaica I think you will see that they also are of the same opinion.* I would like to carry the point one step farther by saying that the Landolphia is known as having a very thin stem and also a thin root when in the young state, and naturally it will be impossible to tap the stems of this valu- able rubber plant. I suggested that it would be a good plan to take the stems, cut them to a suit- able length and boil them. This has been done on the Congo: and I have the results, which may be classified thus :— : The stick very quickly yields the bark and can be taken out of the cauldron quite clean without any rubber in it. By continuing the boiling the rubber falls to the bottom, and the bark, like saw- dust is easily extracted. By continuing this process the rubber is easily separated sufficiently to make it a marketable article. As many of the readers of your paper have cultivated the Ficus varieties of rubber and know how easily they sprout after being * We have quoted already into our Topical Agritultuisti—Bp. 2.4, . Says Louis XV. cut down, it will occur to them that if the branches of these varieties were boiled, both leaves and stems they ought to yield the rubber, because the actual juice of the rubber has been supposed to be insoluble. I have instituted experiments with this object in view in different parts, because if this plan answers with all the varieties of the rubber-yielding plants, then it will be easy to greatly increase the yield of rabber—Yours truly. THOMAS CHRISTY. INFLUENCE ON “TEA FLUSH. ” Talawakele, Nov. 15th. Deak Mr. Epitor,—You may be surprised to learn of the moon’s influence, asa factor in tea flushing (a much discussed subject in your columns of late). Let me stand or fall by my opinion in public estimation, and let practical planters of experience say, if, in flushing season, the best flush of the month is not always when “The Queen of Night” shines her lovely face on it, and the sun his warming influences during the day? At this very time the moon has played her part in forcing on the now abundant flush. We are busy, and pressed to keep up to it, Yours faithfully, AGRICOLA, THE MOON AND TEA FLUSH. Dear Sir,—Agricola is desirous “to stand or fall in public estimation by his opinion," as expressed on this subject. I wonder what will happen if he “falls 7” —if, like Lucifer, never to rise again? And if he “stands ’’ I suppose we ought to give him a monnu- ment, or a medal ? But to the question itself. It is a curious fact that some men will persist in turning away from causes which are obvious and natural— staring them daily and hourly in the face—to search elsewhere, anywhere, so that it be in the wro direction. Here we have the glorious Sun, the lor and giver of light and of life, who makes the wind to blow and the rain to fall, summer and winter seed-time and harvest, all over the world; yet with all this fathomless influence we are asked to ignore it, and to turn to the miserable Moon, I beg pardon the ‘‘ Queen of Night,’’ to pay our homage and thanks giving. ‘Agricola’ does, indeed, save his credit, and I suppose his fall, by linking the Sun’s “ warming in- fluence during the day”’ with the greater influence of the Moon’s lovely face during the night. Well Iam rather gone on lovely faces myself, and, there-, fore, I don’t wonder that the “ilush” also likes Coming out to-night, Coming out to-night, To dance by de light ob de moon! In Arago’s “‘ Popular Astronomy ” there is an amusing chapter, too lone quote, bearing on this subject. to his assembled astronomers, “Tam delighted to see you all around me; since you will explain to me clearly what the red moon is, and how it affects the harvests.’’ ‘“ Laplace remained as if pinned to the earth.” Though so great an authority on the moon, he had never heard of the “ red moon.” All he could answer was ‘“‘ Sire, the red moon does not occupy a place in astronomical theories; we are not, therefore, prepared to satisfy your Majesty's curio- sity.” Later in the evening the King joked a good deal about the embarrassment into which he had thrown the learned astronomers. Laplace heard of this, and determined to find out all about the red moon. He consulted Arago who more astute replied : “Twill go and collect information on the subject from the gardeners of the Jardin des Plantes and other Agriculturists,”’ like Agricola. Well, to cut a long story short, it proved to be a popular, unscientific belief, or superstition, like the moon and the weather lore still so ignorantly believed in. But the red moon did not foster growth, but checked it; that is such nights, in Europe, are colder, “ the moon was by no means,” he says, “the agent,’’ but only the sign of a clear sky, and ‘‘ whether she has set or is still above the horizon, the phenomenon equally occurs. Modesty in scientific matters, as our friend in Jaffna has taught us, is a great virtue. ONE INTERESTED. THE MOON'S Dec. 1, 1894. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. oe vw _ suas sz E Y S . 4at -)— ~~ are pe AN OLD COFFEE PLANTER ON THIS YEAR’S COFFEE BLOSSOM. Talawakele, Nov. 13. Dear Epitor,—For some time past it has been my intention to put on record, a fact connected with our old friend coffee. During the month of March last, coffee burst out into blossom, and within the month, there were three full blossoms, which my old experience would have led me to estimate each ‘at 5cwt. blossoms.’’ I never before remember, having all our blossoms in one month, as during this year, as we in this locality had no blossom, either before or after, and now judging from the overladen and leafless bushes, bowed down with their heavy load of ripe and green berries, it stands before us ‘“‘a bare fact’ that the blossom set well. Coffee, the poor remnant left, is doomed, and fast dying, but dying hard. I could show you patches with from 5 to 8 and even 10 cwt. on it, and without a leaf left to clothe itself, yet a good many of the berries, are fast taking on the ‘‘cherry bloom” under our present genial showers and sunshine, and will soon be garnered, and passing merrily through the ulper. This is truly a record year for the dear, departin, “Old King’ and blest are they, who own even a smal remnant, sad, as it is, to behold the bare branches, dropping their fatness into a premature grayve.— Yours faithfully, AGRICOLA. “SPENT TEA”—AND WRONG PROCESS OF INFUSING TEA IN LONDON. London, Oct. 26th. 1894 Dear Sir,—I enclose you a cutting from Zhe Times of the 22nd October reporting a case in which spent tea leaves had been systematically mixed with unex- hausted tea leaves and the mixturesold at 94d a lb. The case has been yery fully reported and commented upon by the London press so that no doubt your special correspondent will also have brought the matter before your readers. I should like to take this opportunity of directing attention to the careless and highly unsatisfactory process of making tea adopted in many of the London refreshment shops. They profess to provide a fresh brew of tea for every customer and a spoonful of tea is certainly put into the pot which is allowed to stand for a minute or two only and the infusion so prepared is poured out into the cup and brought by the attendant to the customer. Instead, however, of removing the spent leaves from the pot, a fresh spoonful of tea is added when the next customer comes, and so on, till the pot becomes so full of leaves that they have to be remoyed. The con- sequence of this neglectful method, is that the customer, instead of getting a cup of freshly drawn tea, really gets a cup made up of the previous brews, which, moreoyer, is largely impregnated with the objection- able tannin. Customers should insist upon having a separate pot of tea freshly made put before them, and not be satis- fied with a cup of tea which, as the writer has seen, is frequently poured from two different pots at the counter math very unsatisfactory results.—Yours faith- fully, JOHN HUGHES. CINNAMON BARK DECOCTION CANCER. AND Nov. 15. Dwar Sir,—The treatment of cancer to which you have calledattention by a para in your issue of the 13th inst., has not been noticed, so faras Iam aware, by the Medical Journals. As, however, the outlay involved in the trial of the drug merely amounts to the price of the cinnamon bark—any one can prepare the decoction—there can be no harmin any patient of the class, giving it a trial. The decoction in itself is harmless, and can be taken by anyone. If cancer is really, as many competent authorities helicye, 4 parasitic disease, the parasite belonging to the animal kingdom, it may not be out of place t6 inquire how the decoction of cinnamon bark can possibly affect this low form of animal life. Cinnamon bark contains an essential oil (Ol. Cinnam:) which finds a place in the ‘ B. Pharma- copea,”’ and is generally used as an agreeable adjunct to tonic mixtures, &c. Like all other essential oils, it possesses antiseptic and disinfecting properties, and is deleterious to low forms of animal and vegetable life. The oil is clear like water when fresh, but in course of time it acquires a yellowish tinge, and deposits clear, colourless crystals of Cin namic Acid, doubtless the product of oxidation. This Cinnamic Acid is an antiseptic and disin- fectant ranking in this respect with Salicylic Acid, but its price prohibits its use as a drug. It is possible the process of boiling may lead to the oxi- dation of the oil, and the formation of this acid, and that it may be present in Dr. Ross’s decoction. The bark further contains tannin, some sugar, &c. but nothing else than the oil which could account for any therapeutic effect in cancer. Does this Cinnamic Acid, which can only be present in minute quantities, affect the micro-organism of cancer? It can be taken in comparatively large doses without any injurious effect to the system. ‘This does not, however, exclude its being extremely poisonous to low forms of life. We have an analogy in the case of quinine. which is much more posionous to low forms of animal life than either nicotine or strychnine, and yet even in large doses does no harm to the human system, whilst the latter drugs act as violent poisons even in minute quantities. I would therefore say to any one, giveit a trial. If it does no good it certainly does no harm, and there is nothing else to offer to such patients by the medical profession but the knife, and even that with only a change of a cure.—Yours faithfully, M. D. YOUNG COCONUT PROPERTIES IN THE KURUNEGALA DISTRICT (CEYLON). A RusH FOR LAND. Dear Sir,—Your correspondent omitted to make a point of this important fact in reporting the sale of the coconut land belonging to the estate of the late Mr. James de Silva, viz., that it isa young planta- tion, none of the trees having yet come into bear- ing. Under these circumstances, the sum of R15,000 for the 43 acres odd will give you some idea of the price which coconut land can fetch in the market. There is one mistake in “ Critic” ’s out- spoken letter, which requires correction. The land has not been bought up, neither the half-assessed value paid by the planter, Mr. David Perera, who died a short time ago, gifting over the whole of his estate in fayour of his son-in-law, on the condition that he should pay off his debts. What is known as the “ Legal Nest’’ is situate on the Kandy road, about three or four miles from the town of Kurunegala. Here Mr. C. P. Markus, Proctor, has a desirable block over a hundred acres in extent under coconut. Mr. Frank Modder, Proctor, has as large an acreage just opposite, similarly cultivated; while a few miles away, Mr. Fred. Daniel has the best out of all these certainly, in a sixty-acre block which forms a delta,—the road bounds it on ona side, the Kospotu Oya and Dedurn Oya on the re- maining two sides. Mr. Edgar Ferdinands of the Fiscal’s Department is planting up a land with coconut this side of the river, and there is a large demand for land suitable for coconuts. Mr. Chas. fr Braine, on behalf of Messrs. Finlay Muir & Co., is opening out large tracts, purchased from nativea mainly, about 16 miles from Kurunegala in the same direction. A dispensary will shortly be established here. Till then, Dr. Wright has been ordered to pay weekly visits to the sick. The minor road which branches off at the Mallowa- pitiya toll-bar, is the chief means of communication to this group of estates, and it will be well that the District Road Committee should see to its ®repairs. It is in some places hardly passable, especially in rainy weather. The Superintendent of Minor Roads requires waking up, Up the Kandy road, but nearer to the Rambuk- kana station, Dr. H: M. Fernando has an excellent bit of land, which is being opened out and planted with coconuts, Considering the large number of new openings, is it not time to seriously begin the building of the bridge over the Kospotu Oya at Hunugal Kadulla ? The river is fordable in dry weather, but during the rainy season the bed of the river just at the ford is ‘so narrow that it rises high and all means of com- munication are suspended. Some of the yillagers who are daring enough cross the swollen torrent on jungle ropes which aré secured on either side of the banks to trees, and drawn tight and taut one over- bead to hold by and’ one underneath to walk on, Feats which might make Blondin himself shiver for insecurity are thus pérformed, One mis-step, and one's fate ‘would be sealed in the waters of the rush- ing torrent. What a age improvement a bridge would be? Willthe G.A. make note of this suggestion. Yours truly, KURUNEGALA RESIDENT. ENEMIES OF THE CACAO TREE. Doar Sirn,—Reading a French treatise on the culti- vation of fruit trees, it struck me that the method therein adopted of giving a list of the enemies of each and hints about the means of destroying them, might ir adopted by your valuable Z'ropical Agricul- turist for the principal products of the Island, in calling to aid the experience apdiised by the culti- vators and to prevent often much damage, I herewith send you a list of the enemies of the cacao tree, which I remember having come under my notice, I dare say that 1t would pay cacao planters to offer a good premium for the best way to pre- vent the destruction made by the little beetle ‘“Tomici perforans’”’ alone, which is yearly the cause of the destruction of a large number of trees. [N.B.—(a) According to enmity.] ENEMIES oF THE CACAO TREE. TO THE ROOTS. (aaa) 1. A mycelium, which causes the destruction of the rootlets, Appeared in 1884 and spread rapidly. The crop, in place of a large mcrease, as the three pre- ceding years, showed a large decrease. A large acreage had to be abandoned. Since two years, this disease is gradually disappearing. (aa) 2. Several species. of white grub, sometimes very numerous as. in the coffee days, feed on the rootlets, and cut young plants at the surface. The cockchafers feed on the leaves. TO THE BARK AND WOOD. (aa) 3. Tomict perforans, a small beetle 1-10’ long, inserts its pupa in lower part of stem, when the bark weeps and decays, getting-claret colour in well-defined atches. ‘The grub tunnels the trunk as well as the beetle, but the latter prefers the branches. Few trees survive their attack. 4..4 pink. grub borer, (same as in coffee) tunnels in the heart of the stem of young trees and branches. 5. A white grub borer, rings the tree between bark and wood, tunnelling his abode in'the latter. 6. 0A reddish black grub borer, eats the surface of the bark, tunnels his abode in the wood. TA flut small reddish grub, feeds on the surface of the: bark, under a dark brown cover, rather a bark cleaner. 8. A. small longicorn’ beetle, rings young trees and branches. é J 9:' Parasites ofthe Mistletoe family. 10: 4 winged large black bug with the strong particu- lar ¢smell, ejecting a liquid when disturbed, infests dadap trees in enormous numbers, clustering on the branches. EFhey settle also on the branches of the cacao tree (when falling off the dadap I suppose) which they kill as well by sucking the sap. I do! not ‘count the white ant,-as I thinkit is erro- neously’ thought that it nibbles off young plants, which I found to: be only done! by earth grub, nor the lizard which is our ally by feeding on the 11. Crickets which nibble off young plants. THE TROPICAL’ AGRICULTURIST. , tract the beans which he drops after sucking the " crop of plantation cacao ‘Police in reference to cocoa stealing. Iam in the Yelieved after delivering himself of his wonderful ‘support of this I quoted the words and names cf | is to be shallow and contemptible at the same time. [Dec, I, 1894. ™ TO THE FRUIT. (a) 12. A come borer, tunnels in pods; 13. Helopeltis Antonit, puncture the young pods and sometimes the young shoots, The damage wrought b; ig Sn (No 1) has been wrongly attributed o him. 14. A purplish black grub, enclosed in a carapace of dry sticks lined inside and kept together by a silky texture, rings the stem of young fruits. (aa) 15. The porcupine, barks the trees, often en- tirely round fora foot and more and pulls off the unri pee which he leaves on the ground, some partly nib- led, The most mischievous and cunning animal that Iknow. It isalsoa Fae destructor of young coconut trees. I have vainly tried cyanide of potassium, strychnine and arsenic. The bananas loaded with . these poisons disappeared and also the porcupines, but these to return next night. Seldom a trap gun has killed any. The stocks of two such guns were chewed by them in contempt, I su) y Sinha- lese neighbours found them one nig t. One of them got six months’ hard for it (when it was still soft) but useless to say he kept the gun.) (a) 16. The monkeys, very destructive to pods and branches, when they make a raid in fields close to forest. (aa) 17. The squirrel makes a hole in the pod, ex- juicy pulp. (a) 18, The Kalavedda (Sinh.) (Paradozurus typus) climbs on the trees to feed on the ripe a 19. The whole family of rats eat the beans dropped by squirrels. So does 20. The moose deer, which also browses the top of plants in nurseries and field. 21.' The sag makes small holes in the pod to suck the juice of the beans. 22, The flying. squirrel and 23. The fying-fox eat the beans out of the pods, (aa) 24. The wild pig feeds on the ripe more particularly and injures the bark by the rubbing of his teeth or his skin. He partly redeems his faults by destroying grub. 25. A small borer which settles in the dry bean. I shall not include my native neighbours as they seldom damage trees but only their proprioter, These enemies are unfair for they do not take a percentage, buta quantity, which I value at a minimum average of 12 pods per.tree in the year. It would be interesting to know what is the average ar acre in Ceylon, taking in ac- count the acreage of village gardens and the approxi- mate stolen crop. At the present price of 70s. for best, which means 60s average at most, I do not think that it can leave a large margin of profit to the planter, but it. always will to IE BABA. P.S.—What a farce that official letter about the close vicinity of a Police Station, but never heard that any ‘‘bobby”’ was the cause of bringing a thief to book.—H. B. THE MOON AND TEA FLUSH. 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Dr~ om 1) oO nmANne cai De Sao” Pa eed FNDAHD Nao Sa HOARE DS rook 3/34 /8 Stays 5 in hen ny DASA 90 3 © . = oS DH = oe = a ace for) iS > a) RS % os a =) Do Zi)me [on 5 & Qo) aR a 1.48 Bloor srt 1,00 O1As 2s = HONHOMARG ANNHWDONOMA mai 9 3 an no HH AMaAD we Lone Y=) Me Ww Aont ri xt OMA HD d 2 ae = aaNIoON i | isl cal AAO = Es ak : 2 o I) na a) mask Anrob > re) 4 S ns 1D 19 1 > wr a x) : I OK o S NN ) is Est A S Haaser Sss7 Ss Fass "ens d i} co 106 O O93 OI oD " BSIsa a 5 Naw SS io ~ asi = ~ — : 5 3 ar) \Au re 5 n —p ro) a Kj sn] ue s ; leg = oo = 2 foal iS] =) =a 2 ) x SI ig , 3 ae QS ~ Sp ard a8 a2 | 2S t mme. =, b 3 = uno _ VPEHESSS > FSH ea2ben o= ©) Ss'soa eS Seacesso!| & 5 am SOR RS mig Seine Was | Ke FSodnovs BeSaesecsesg |] e+ RPqOQnod SRA ASONAA IS i BREESE OES es i or bir Ns S 426 MARKET RATES FOR OLD THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, AND NEW PRODUCTS. (From 8. Figgis & Co.'s Fortnightly Price Current, London, November 165th 1894). EAST INDIA. Bombay, Ceylon, Madras Coast and Zanzibar. QUALITY. QUOTATIONS — ALOES, Socotrine ..|Good aud fine dry liver,...\£3 a £4 Zanzibar’ & Hepatic|Comnion and good .../408 a £5 BARK, CINCHONA Crown}Renewed | . ee (1h a 4d Chips and shavings «(ld @ 4d Red ...|.Renewed ... see «/1$d a 4d ' |\Chipsand shavings (Lia 4i Bees’ Wax, E. I. White...,G@ood to fine ... + |£7 08 a £8 lus Yellow ...|) 5, 1 eee +. -| £6 03 & £7 Os Mauritius & Madagascar.. |Fair to fine ote ++ (£6 O8a £7 73 6d CARDAMOMS— : Allopee — nile ...|Fair to fine clipped . {ls a 28 6d Maiigalore .,, ..|bold, bright, fairto flue,..|1s 10d a 28 8d Majyabar wee ».|Good to fine mine rnpee 23a 2s 6d Ceylon, Malabar sort|/Fair to fi ebold bleac ed!2g 8d a 38 ' » »» medium ,, {ls 6d a Ys ‘ »» ‘Small ls e ls 64 Small to bold brown ...\Is & 1s 6d Alleppee and/Fair to fine bold ..-/28 8d 4 38 6d Mysore sort) ,, »» medium «-/ls 6d a Qs o >, Small - {Ig a ls 5d Long wild Ceylon...|\Common to good ...|td a 28 CASTOR ‘OIL, Ists| White 33 oa ---/Q§d a 23d Qnds|Fair and good pale (2d @ 2a CHILLIES, Zanzibar ...|Fair to fine near ++ |283 a 388 Ord’y, and middling .../26s a 283 OINNAMON, Istis|Ord’y. to fine pale quill.../6¢d # 18 5d 2nds| -,, ” ” » «(6d 1s Brds) ,, ” » aoe ee Ee a 10d dths ” ” ” . + |6d a 96 Chips) Fair to fine plant o/2¢d a 7d Zanzibar Fair to fine bright «./2#d a 3d NED and Pemba. } (Common dull aud mixed|?$d a 23d » . STEMS Common to good eolid COCULUS INDICUS ...|Fair sifted., ... +153 9d a 63s 6d COFFEE « «./Md. Plantation Ceylou) 92s 4 t6s 1 oo ave on ree aga ie Ss Ai iD 8 ROOT... ..|Good to fine bright sound|;),. gy 5 canons Ordinary& Middiing .../»g a ys CROTON SEEDS, sifted...)Fair to fine fresh ++/203 a 278 6d CUICH .. «+ _ «.|Fairto fine dry +1203 a 32s DRAGONS BLOOD, Zan./Ordinary to good drop .,./9) a 503 GALLS, Bussorah& Turkey|Fair to tine dark blue .../5i3 a 52 bd ood white aie Sreen ../45s a 47s ‘GER, chin, Cut ...|Good to fine’ bold + (6s 6d a d GINGER »» +/Smalland medium » 45s on Roug))...|Fair to fine bold +./873 6d a 46s A .».{Small and medium +1393 6d 4 408 Bengal, Rough Fair to good nom, ..:|26; a 308 GUM AMMONIACUM ...|Blocky totineclem™ .../20s a 60s ANIM, washed .../Picked tine pale in sorts,|£10 03 a £12 03 : ae | ‘Part yellow & mixed du./£9 (sa £9153 Bean & Peasizeditto .|£4 iQsa £8 10s Amber and red bold £5 10s a £7 lus scrajied... pe ee bokt sorts £4 .0s a£7 03 J.& Adeu.../Good to fine pale frosted ARABI sifted eee «(35s a 453 Sorts, Gull red to fuir .../27s 6d a 303 ‘Ghatti ...|Good to tine -pale select...|30s a 45s Sorts middling to good|20s a 2is Amrad cha.|Good and fine pale ,../32s 6da 40s Reddish to pale brown .,./25s a 32s Madras ...|Dark to fine sen ae 15s a 30s ; IDA Fair to tine pinky block,,, aSseee and drop on +»»/40s & 803s Ordinary stony tomidlin;:| 15s a 4038 KINO wae s.{Eair to fine bright ..|£15 a £18 MI\RRH, picked Fair to fine pale (£5 a £7 ~ = *- "aden sorts|Middling to wood Fi oe a aS ABANUM, iro}...,Fair to one white +-.|308 & 9538 OLIBANTM, as : Reddish to middling ., [17s ‘a 25g picknigs... Middling togood pale ,,./8s a 149 sittings |Slightlytoultotme ~,, |¥sa 13s YARULRER |. ... Red hard clean bull ,../2s 1d a 23 5d IN] frican Ports, Zar zi-,White sofush ditto ...|1e 8d'a 23 Id Hast a Mozuanil que . oas’ ‘Vnripe root son »». {lUd a Ig ad bar av : LV ET ace wes «jis 6d a 8 12d uuskge, ordinary to fi.. |ls a is'ldd "without sticks}2s a 2s 4d _ }aood to fine *,.. /187d a 2s Assam, eae Common foul & middling /9d a 1s 5d Rangoon fo Ee Poop a aa aside 2s 5d " ramatave, ; |aood tofinepinky &wh te a <8 Macagascnr, pete { air to good black .../ls 6d a 1s 9d Meajunet as a good to finepale _.,,/Is 8d a 23 6d ISIN WSs Tongue, ‘dake 0 feir +. {9d_a 1s 4d FISH ladder Pipe|Créan'thin to fine bold...jis6d a 28 6d Puree.,.'Darkunxcd to fine pace.,.jkd @ Is 6d - {East Coast Africa, Mula- EAST INDIA Continued | QUALITY, bar and Madras Coast, QUOTATIONS. Bengal. Karrachea Leaf .../@20d and fine pale 2s a 2. 64 INDIGO Bengal Middling to fine violet...!4. gaa 58 74 Ordinary to middling ... 7 S-a és Gi Kurpsh Ms ...|airto good reddish viol: ; a Ordinary and middling 4 - : rs 4 Mn Madras (Dry Leaf) |Middling to good w.|-5 gg nos Lod Low to ordinary oat C(VORY--Elephants’ Teeth 60 lb. & upwards __,,|30ff sound over 30 & utider 60 Ib. 60 a 100 lb, [Hard 4 iy £48 Scrivelloes .., .,.)Soft ,, close & wiie oe lon £42 108 He lop anf Og ” £16 a £24 Billiard Ball Pieces 2}a $}in|/Souvd soft ~ 1€70 af O1 Bagatelle Points .../Sli, def.to fine sound 80f1) 256 4 £65 109 Cut Points for Balle ...|Shaky to fine solid 64. sf/eg; . £74 10s Mixed Points & Tips...|Defective, parthard .../e-54 £47 Cut Hollows Thin to thick toed. sft jga5 . £42 10s Sea Horse Tecth — ... Straight crked part close/;, . 3, 7 a 14 lb. aigt MYRABOLANES, Bombay|Shimlies I, good ae : e I, tair pivkiug- JubbleporeI, good & flue ale » II, fatr rejectloiia . | . is oa Vingorlas. good and fine};, 4 53 ga Madras, Upper Godavery|Good to fine picked .../g. a 6s ga » 1» « /COmamon to middling .../3¢34 « 4s 6d Coast ba i iReir wos see 6d 4 48 9d Pickiitgs <4 eat and peer ee js a 8s 6d MACE Bombay .../Dark t@ good pale.. r 7 W’d com. darktotine bold ae a NUTMEGS, yee 58'S 8 BYE ane --l@s a 2s L0¢d \90’s a 1125's... «| 8 4d @ Is Lid || NUX, VOMICA Madras Small to nue bold freshiés a 10s | LL, CINNAMON .,.|air to fine heavy : a 196d CITRONELLE ... Bright & good flavour... a jd ag es a a grind & ” nn de i ‘Ceyon _.,,{ id. ne, B 2 \15s @ 228 ONEED | Zarsfbar .{Picked'clean flat leaf. alias & ite Mozambique » Wry o s+ (22s @ 32s PEPPER— Malabar, Black sifted ...|Fair to bold heavy “} da fa Alleppee & Tellicherry| » wood 4, we fF ag® ® Tellicherry, White ..| + oy DOM PLUMBAGO, Lump _..,|Fair to fine bright bold/iig a 175 Middling to goo: smallivs a 11g Chips ...(Sli*tly foul te ine bright i7y « 465 Dust ...|Urdinary to fine bright...j93 gi 4 6s KED WOOD ce ..|Fair and fine bold ...\£3 10g a £4 SAFFLOWER, Bengal |Goodtotinepinkynominallgs, 4 1995 Ordinary to fair +1708 u BCs Inferior and pickings ...\303 4 50g SANDAL WOOD, Logs .|Fair to fine tlayour ...\¢35 9 £55 A a9 Chips,.|Inferior to fine _ +89 a B30 SEEDLAC i .../Ordinary to fine bright!3\s g ggg 3ENNA, Tinnevelly —...|Medium to bold green.\5) 4 104 Small and medium greenizg g 4q ‘Common dark and sualilid g 24 Bombay ...|Ordinary to good --/ld a 2d SHELLS, M.-0’-P. _..,|E@yPTIAN—bold clean.../575 64 a 60g medium thin and stout|7ys g g53 chi. ken, thin andstoutigos a 5s large eve ... BOMBAY—good tofinethic}503 a 604 © medium partstout) clean part good color's5. 993 chicken part ‘stout ” » 9 |803 @ 878 6d oyster & broken pes 99 » ‘» 1558 @ 75s Mussel \.. ~.. bold sorts cos +--1358 a 488 small and medium sorts|i7g 9 308 Lingah Ceylon . Thinand gocd stout sorts/5, g 133 CfAMARINDS ... Mid. tofineblackuotstony|s5 g 193 6a ‘Stony and inferior .../43 9 6g TORTOISESHELL 2is 6d wee ... Sorts.good mottle, heavyjays g ‘Zanzibar and Bombay PicKings thin to heavy.../§s a 15s PURMEKIC,Bengal ~ ... Leanrsh to fine plump ‘ finger ... - is a llg «Fin. fair to tine bold brgtiiis Gd a 143 | Madras to fiz »” ... Mixed middling ... 9s 6d a lls ” =A Bulbs ... see +1786 a Ss 6d Cochin ...)Finger .. as 1s. a 30s NELLOES, | . A Yan otirtoa, Ists .:.{Fime, eryst?ed 5 to9iu.| 239 24s Maurittus, Qnds...|Foxy & reddish 5 to 8 in.|ys a 168 Seychelles, }3rds.../Lean & dry to mid, un- 4 _ der Gin, .. 53 @ 8s 6d Madagascar,’ 4ths:,.|Low, foxy, inferior and ; : ef «| 38 6d a 7s pickings alee Tae, AGRICULTQRAL 11, Gor One Added. as a Supplement Monthly to the “TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.” The following pages include the Contents of the Agriculiuwral Magazine for December :— Vol. VII DECEMBER, 1894, Nos. 6 & 7. VEGETABLE ‘RESOURCES. HN many particulars the resources of India may be said to correspond with those of Ceylen, and hence the memorandum drawn up by Dr. : George Watt, C.I.E., Reporter on Economic Products to the Government of India: on this subject is of particular interest to us. The following is the grouping as regards these resources :-—(1) Food Crops, (2) Oil Seeds, (8) Fibres, (4) Dyeing and Tanning Materials, (5) Drugs and Narcotics, and (6) Miscellaneous - Products. In the first class we would place (as regards Ceylon) the following food products :—Paddy and ice; fine grains and dry grains; starches, spices, the coconut and its derivatives, cocoa &c. Under oil seeds would come coco-nuts, castor seed, gin- gelly or sesamum, mustard, kekuna (A Jlewrities tit loba), margosa (the Indian nim), mi (Bassva longi- folia) Ke. Fibres would comprise, coconut fibre, wara (Calotropis gigantea), niyanda (Sansewiera zeylanica), kitul (Caryota urens), hana (Crotolaria Juncea) &e. The class of dyeing and tanning materials would contain sapanwood, chaya-root, myrobolans, anatto, ranawara (Cassia auriculata), kadol (Rhizo- phora mucronata) &e. . Drugs and narcotics would be represented by tea and coffee (placed in this class by Dr. Watt), tobacco, cinchona, besides in- numerable native drugs. Lastly, under miscellaneous products we might put gums, resins, Xe, Dr, Watt discusses the possibilities of the development of our vegetable resources under two heads; (1) The extension and improve- ment of the supply and quality of existing | products, and (2) the introduction of new pro- i ducts; but the improvement of the future, he thinks, should lie as much as possible in the path of natural selection and evolution of indige- nous materials and systems, and that improve- ment of Indian Agriculture in these directions is desirable and possible, is, he considers, a point .on which it would appear there cannot be two Opinions. Yet there ave those who do not think so, and as regards to this class of people we are told “Tt is impossible to accept the verdict of en- thusiasts who have pronounced the native system of agriculture as superior to those of Europe, and who would have us believe that improve- ment is impossible and undesirable. In relation to existing conditions the native systems are indeed admirable, and need but to be evolved to attain a high state of perfection. But there are few aspects of Indian agriculture in which improvement is not only possible, but in which it is not, as a matter of fact, taking place.” We heartily endorse this opinion of Dr. Watt as applying not only to India but also to Ceylon. The first impressions, or the conclusions arrived at from a so-called close enquiry into, but really a superficial. examination, of the agriculture of the Mast by those whom Dr. Watt charitably calls “enthusiasts”, (however eminent in their own country) cannot of course carry greater weight than the matured opinions of paticnt observers, such, for instanee. as the author of the memoran- dum under review. It is hardly , says Dr. Watt, to specialize herve and there the wild or semi-wild products that deserve consideration, since India (and, we may add Ceylon) can count them by hundreds, ‘and need not therefore look to foreign countries for new crops, while there is a long list of unexploited produets which are running to waste. In Dr. Watt’s opinion, &n extension of the effort to bring these hitherto unknown products (unknown to HMuropean commerce) into a position of definite recognition is more worthy of consideration than the attempt to acclimatize the plants of other countries, Jy necessé Ty serious 428 this connection we might draw attention to the fact that the attempt to naturalize in the East plants which are reported to yield magni- ficent results in other (especially temperate) climes is not infrequently —we might even say generally —actended with failure. We would just refer to one striking example in Lathyrus sylvestris, the much-lauded fodder plant—other instances can be easily multiplied. Dr. Watt thinks that much can be done even by encouraging the people to grow as hedges round their fields, useful bushes instead of useless plants that have the exclusive recommendation of rapidity of growth or efliciency of protection; these hedges being made more and more fuel reserves, or sources of dyes, tans, fibres, and other such products. ‘It is,in fact,” says Dr. Watt, “easy to mention many such examples” (dyes, tans, oils, medicines and edible substances having been referred to) ‘of possible revenues from useless tracts of country, or of wild pro- ducts which, if experimentally grown, might in a few years rank among the recognized and valued resources of wealth to the country.” As an instance of a neglected plant with an industry dependent on it, Dr. Watt mentio.s sidd. ‘The fibre of sida, he says, has from time to time been urged on the consideration ot the textile world with comparatively little result. Interest may, however, be said to be at last aroused in this most admirable fibre, and large supplies are being accordingly collected for ex- perimental purposes, It is hoped to get the ordinary cultivators of India to take to it, since “it affords a fibre in many respects superior to fute.” In Ceylon we have six indigenous species of stda. Drury referring to sida rhomboidea (the Sinhalese hotikan-bevila) says :— The Secretary to the Ohamber of Commerce at Dundee, writing to Madras, says: ‘Ofallthelikely plantsI have seen, aida vhomboider apperrs to be the best, and I sincerely trust India will send us plenty of it. Do use every exertion to haveit cultivated, and sent home as a regular mercantile article, and I gée no reason why we should not tse as wuch of it as we do now of jute, .. From the length of its staple, its similiarity to silk, and great strength, it would fetch a high price in Mngland. A line only half an inch in circumference, after expostire to wet and sun for ten days, sustained a weight of 4001b.” There are of course many other plants that might be mentioned as yielding excellent fibre. Dr. Watt in recommending the cultivation of Crotalaria juncea (Sin. Hana), adds: “Tn the light of the fixation of nitrogen in the soil through the cultivation of plants belonging to the pea family, an extended production of Sun- hemp would be a positive gain to India.” Lastly, there is the following reference to our Muruva- dul: “In Rajmahal-hemp (Marsdenia tena- tissima) India possesses a fibre which is far superior to rhea. It has among Indian fibres the highest known percentage of cellulose, loses considerably less than any other under hydrolsis with soda or acid purification, while its weight is greatly increased by nitration, A line made of it broke when wet at 343 lbs, against a similar line of the finest hemp which broke at 158 and 190 lbs.” These instances will suffice to show that we have in Ceylon unexploited fibres—and no doubt other economic products—which can take the plage of the bes} in use at present, | goda, Colombo. | Teosinte and Cow-pea. _ eight small beds that are thriving luxuriantly. OCCASIONAL NOTES. We are glad to hear that from the seeds of American Dewberry we received from the Saha- | ranpur Gardens and distributed among a number of persons in the Island, about fifty good plants have been raised by the Clerk and Foreman at the Hakgalla Gardens, Nuwara Eliya. We shall be glad to hear of the progress of these plants as well as of the one raised by Mr, Ebert at Demata- The latter plant when we last saw it was a bushy vine, some 12 or 15 feet in length. To the Superintendent of the Saharanpur Gardens we are also indebted for seeds of Lucerne, Of Lucerne we have now Teosivte (Luclena or Reana luxurians) is described asatall annual forage grass. Of the American cow-pea we have received five varieties:— Clay cow-pea, Indian cow-pea, whip-poor-will cow- pea, lady cow-pea and wonderful cow-pea. They are all varieties of Vigna Catiang (which is already represented in the Island), The seeds of Teosinte and Cow-pea have only just reached us, and we shal] have more to say about these two plants and the progress they make with us, later on. We have received a good, though small, sample of jute fibre grown and prepared by Mr, Alwis, Agri- cultural Instructor at Dippitigala, mear Ratna- pura. Its fibre is about 5 feet long, From Mr, Tiathonis, Agricultural Instructor at Pelmadula, in the Sabaragamuwa province, very fine specimens of rope prepared from the fibre of the following plants has reached us: Jute (of three degrees of thickness), bowstring hemp ( Sansiviera zeylansea ), walla (Gyrinops walla). We greatly regret the enforced departure of Mr. George Wall, the veteran colonist, who till his late serious illness was an earnest worker for the public weal. By the keen interest he evinced in the welfare of the native agricul- turist, and the encouragement he was always ready to offer to those who endeavoured to de- velope the resources of the country, he did much to eudear himself to the Ceylonese of all classes, We shall greatly miss him, and earnestly ho that by his rapid restoration to health, his speedy return to the Colony will be made possible. i re RAINFALL AT THE SCHOOL OF AGRICUL- TURE DURING OCTOBER. sas eOe 13 aoe if 25 Does. . Oe 14 -saine OT 26 32 ehp No 15 5,1) 702, 27 4) inf Oe 16 nx. 59) 2038 28 Dac nep Oe A208 BE 29 GS herAhOl 18 .. 7 30 (Creer sit TD rta) 22K 31 S. Oe 20'S, 2 f68 i De. aie 09 2A Oe, 2 eared ul Dee a Oe See eal 2D, sci 300 I ese) 7 Seren: 8) Greatest amount of rainfall in any 24 hours x the 27th instant, 7°79 inches, th Recorded by P, Van Dz Bows; Dec. 1, 1894.) Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” NOTES ON THE CATTLE MURRAIN OF CEYLON. { am of opinion that the virulence of the disease is not developed before the first well-marked symptoms are capable of belay noted. I most fully endorse all that is here stated as to the highly contagious nature of this disease, and the very many and heretofore unathought of means of conveying and propagating the disease. Having been well aware of the highly-iusidious nature of the disease for many years, and having possibly bred and reared more stock than any other individual during my periodin the Island, Isay with considerable confidence that I have safeguarded the herds under my care, and never once had an outbreak of the disease, although the very animals conveying food for the stock have been subjected to the disease and died on the public roads. I have been laughed at for the precautions I have taken, but most confidently assert, that, until the necessity for all and every possible precaution be recognized by the Ceylon Government, and most strictly taught and en- forced, their efforts to arrest outbreaks of rinder- pest will be a waste of time and money. The earliest symptoms should be diagnosed, and immediate and unremitting means taken to stamp out the disease, while there should be constant watchfulness for its first appearance by a ready staff of trained and educated men belonging to an Agricultural Department embracing the length and breadth of the Island. No great scientific knowledge isin this case required, but a sound liberal agricultural education, which should embrace a knowledge of stock, and the diseases they are liable to; and most especially should these men be trained to deal promptly with ont- breaks of disease, us a well-trained fire brigade would on the first outery of fire. It is quite a common mode of dissemination for the disease to be conveyed for many miles by animals seemingly healthy and there communi- cated to others, thus causing a fresh outbreak. I have not seen the disease in sheep and goats, but have been assured by natives living adjacent to forests Where deer abound, that during severe epidemics, deer are attacked and die in large numbers. I have no experience in inoculation but have a cuse fresh in my mind where [ considered pro- tective immunity came in:—A pair of cart bullocks were purchased and bought from Colombo to this distriet—they were warmly housed and well fed and atteudedto, About ten days after their arrival they were found to be ill, and having been asked to look at them, I found in both animals well-marked symptoms of rinderpest. There being no conve- nient building into which they could have been remoyed, they were allowed to remain in the room I found them in, only separated by a wall a few feet high from an adjoining room where some six cows and their calves were stalled. All that was done to further separate the sick from the healthy was to fill up the open space between the wall and the roof by a double fold of coir-matting. Then the following preventive measures were taken, viz:—A strong solution of Jeye's disin- fectant was made up and freely sprinkled over every part of the house, the animuls, and even the coolies in attendance, This was kept up day and night while the disease lasted, and the animals may be said to have lived in an atmos sphere of the disinfectant. The co .vs and calves in the adjoining stall were also freely sprinkled, and the atmosphere kept highly charged. No treatment was employed further than rice conjee with treacle while the animals could not eat, Their mouths were well washed daily with a solution of the disinfectunt, The disease in the two bullocks ran its course, The usual discharge from nose, mouth and eyes, and purging were well marked as all other characteristic symptoms. Both recovered, but one mide a bid recovery. I considered that the disease was developed in the bulls as they were working in a cart—it being monsoon weather. Not one of the cows or calves Was attacked, although two of the cows had come along with the bullocks in the same trucks from Colombo. —————_——..¢-—_______ THE VAUCINATION OF The Public Opinion of October 12th republishes an article from the American Architect with the above title. he researches into the action of ‘bacteroids ” found in the root tubercles of certain plants supported the possibility of soil- inoculation by these organisms, with the result of naturally increasing the amount of nitrates in cultivated land, ands) reducing the expenditure on nitrogenous fertilizers, There is no doubt that cultivators of the soil have for hundreds of years past recognised the beneficial work of these nitri- fying organisms without at the same time identi- fying them as the cause of the results these same cultivators appreciated. 3 explain the influence of certain leguminous plants on the soil,—bringing it into a condition tit forthe growth of nitrogen- consuming crops,—it was first thought that the nitrogen imported into the soil by the leguminosee was got by the leaves from the atmosphere; but this theory was abandoned for the explanation that the nitrogen was brought up from the subsoil by the long roots of these particular plants, Next came the discovery of the ‘bacteroids ” contained in the root-tubercles, to which we must now attribute the credit of working up LAND. ’ the atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates. Of late further light has been thrown on this subject, and we now learn that the tubercular growths found on the roots of plants which harbour “bacteroids” appear only when these plants begin to feel the want of nitrogenous food in the soil,—in other words, when the soil cannot supply the plants with assimilable nitro- genous compounds. We may thus infer that a tolerably fertile soil, or one furnished with the average amount of nitrogenous material, will not be benefitted by the action of bacteroids, so as to have that amount increased, since the root tubercles do not occur on plants growing on such soils. It is only when the plants find themselves starved of nitrogen owing to the low fertility of the soil that the outgrowths capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogea are developed. In fact these tubercles may be looked upon as a form of disease brought on by nitrogen—hunger ; but most strange of all, it is this very disease which is the means of supplying to the soil that which it lacks, 2 a ee Se en ee Oe 430 Bactevoids and root-tubercles were at one time | only associated with the legaminos®, bat further investigations have brought to light the fact that there are other plants whichare also capable of fixing nitrogen in this way. In our November number when writing of useful weeds we referred to the action of Stellaria media (uw ecaryophylla- | cous weed) as an importer of nitrogen into the soil, } Dr. Fream writing in the Royal Agricultural Journal on the German researches into this | subject, says:--*‘In 1891 the experiments were | extended to »} ails other than leguminous species. | Plants bel aging to several different natural orders, as well as peas representing the prpilionaceous | division of leguminoswe, were grown under | similar conditions ‘hroughout, These diverse plauts were :— | | | | Jerusalem artichoke,—nat, ord, Composite. Oats,—nat. ord. Giaminev, Cobaceo,—nat. ord. Solanacex, Mustard,—nat. ord Cress a Giant spurrey, Cruciferae. Two series of experiments were made in 1891, | ln the first series the surfaces of all the soils became covered, to a greater or less extent, with inferior green plants, amongst which were ‘re- cognised certain Mosses (Bryum, Leptobryuim) and certain Algze (Conferva, Oscillavia, Nitzsclita). In all these cases absorption of nitrogen took place, save in two instances in which the develop- ment of these humble forms of plant-life was very feeble. In one case in which none of thie higher plants were present, the soil became clothed with a notable quantity of the lower green plants, and advantage was taken of this Supplement to the Tropical Agriculturist.” ” nat. ord, Caryophyllacez. | circumstance to determine what proportion of the absorbed nitrogen had been taken up by the plants, and what proportion by the soil. It was found that: all the nitrogea that had been gained was aecounted for by the plants, the underlying soil not showing any gain. In the second series of the experiments of 1891 measures were adopted to prevent the apperrance of the inferior green plants. This was cffected by covering the soil, after the seed; had been sown, with a thin lvyer of calcined quavtz-sand, upon which nothing could grow (Mo and Alge possess no roots). In this series of experi- ments there was no fixation of free nitrogen, neither by the sil nor by the plants other than peas. ‘Vhe investigators arrived at the clusions :— 1. The Leguminose (division Papilionaces), as represented by peas, are able to draw largely upon the free nitrogen of the air for purposes of growth. 9 Some of the inferior green plants the same property. 8: Inthe conditions undér which the experi- ments ‘were conducted, bare soils —that is, soils devoid of any apparent vegetition—failed to fix free nitrogen in any measurable quantity. Oxts, mustard, cress, spurrey likewise failed to fix the free ‘nitrogen under conditions identical’ with those in which peas fixed it abundantly. This subject of soil-inoculation, or, as it has also been spoken of, sojl-vaccination, though every year sees more Light throwa on ib, has ua- doubtedly to be worked out a great deal more. following con- We have yet to know why it is that certain plants can act, aud others cannot act, as fixers of nitrogen in the soil; and further we have yet to know some convenient method of distinguishing the one cluss from the other. The appearance of tubercles on the roots is not an absolute guide in discovering the desired plants, since we have seen that tubercles may not be found, under certain circumstances, on plants which under other circumstances develope them. We can but speculate as to to Grevilleas, Albizzias and Toons (these families belonging to three different botanical orders)and other plants being nitrogen fixers, and attribute the beneficial influence which they uppear to have on tea to their action as such, when in fact there may be other chemical and mechanical influences we wot not of, which they exert when interplanted on tea estates, Stall the matter is well worth looking into, and specula- tion may, as it has often done, lead to useful discoveries after prolonged research; and in the interests of all agriculturists, from the humble peasant to the extensive tea proprietor, we trust that science will before long reveal the secrets involved in this subject of soil inoculation or vaccination, so that cultivators of land will soon be in a position to control end impress into their service the newly-diseovered forces which are capable of fertilizing the soil. — —--<>>- tied NEW AND OLD PRODUCTS. A new product has a charm, even from the very fact that we are little acquainted with its habits, and owing to the difficulties of producing 2 paying crop under given circum- stances. There is, of course, always an interest in what is a novelty. Ont of a dozen new species of plants that may be introduced into a country, we may say that hardly a single one finds a permanent place in its vegetable economy. It is important, however, that all should haye a fair trial, or it would be impossible to say. which one will preve a success in the long run. Hence every new product that has any likelihood of growing in our soils deserves attention. It is of greater importance in one respect to look to the development of existing products than to the introduction of new and foreign ones. There are Many products which are now uneared for, or which, grown ina careless way,do not pro- duce a rumunerative crop, but which could with — a little extra attention be made a paying industry. Systematic work is essential if anything like success is to be attained in the development of some of the products which are already found ~ in the Island, and which are not properly cared for. Among these products. we may place cotton — as a very good example. Some time back a stir was made about cotton cultivation on the starting — of the Ceylon Spinning and Weaving Co. On experimenting with the product, however, the excitement about cotton subsided after on3 or two seasens,—not that the experiments were failures in all cases. for in some districts t plant throve well. There was, however, one th wanting, and that was experience inthe man ment of the erop; and if cultivation was pers in, this experience would in the course of th have been gained by the cultivators. In India villager growing cotton would as a matter of co Dec. 1, 1894.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” 431 select the best season; he would know when to plough, when to weed, and how and when to gather in his crop. If, for example, an inexperienced man were given & mushy paddy-field and a stock of seed grain and asked to raise a crop of paddy, the result would be a sad failure. He would not know the time he should conduc. certain Operations in his land, he would lack the local experience necessary to ensure the safety of his crops from floods and droughts and from insects and cattle. If any of these precautions were neglected, the attempt would naturally result in failure. Lhe great aim in the cultivation of a new crop or a neglected one should be to con- tinue the attempt for three or four successive seasons, till the necessary experience is gained. There are many other crops which could be profitably grown, if more attention is paid to them. In this paper it is not possible to give more than a mere list of some of these. Sugar- cane isa product, which, if properiy cultivated, should succeed in some districts, Ginger, ‘urmeric, Coriander, and Spices thrive well in our climate, but no attempt is made to raise them ona large scale. All varieties of grain would form profitable crops. As regards fibre plants no attempt on a proper scale has ever been made to prepare or raise a crop. ‘here is Rhea, Jute, Aloes and other varieties deserving attention. Dye and tanning materials are all neglected though perhaps in their case it might be said that their production will not pay now mm competetion with mineral dye stuffs. W. A. D.S. —_—_—_—_——____. SPRAYING MACHINKS. We find that we have omitted to acknowledge receipt of a catalogue issued by the firm of Strawson’s Limited, the local agents for which are the Kastern Produce and Hstates Company, Limited. The litter firm in sending us the catalogue directs attention to the “ Autipest” machine, described as “a sprayer, improved in design and cheapened in price, to be used either With powders or liquids for removing or prevent- ing blights, fly, insects, and fungus on growing plants economically and without injury to the plant.” We note that the Eastern Produce and istutes Company introduced the spraying machine which the Assistant Government Agent of Matara used with success on infested paddy. This machine, we are informed, was not an ‘* improved” one, and “ cost nearly double the price” of the Anti- pest, but the report of the successful experiments at Matara is said to have effected the sale of 6 others. We do not know what success has attended the trial which the Assistant Government Agent of Kegallais reported to have made with this machine, but we have no doubt that the results were satisfactory, provided the insecticides used were judiciously chosen and prepared of the proper strength. On this latter condition depends not only the destructiou and prevention of the pests, but also the fact of the plants being directly injured or not by the insecticide. We have not had the opportunity of inspecting an “Antipest” machine, but from a diagram given in the catalogue it would appear to be very similar to “ Vermorel’s Eclair Knapsack Spraying Pump” which we have already described in the pages of the Magazine. This latter has been used with suecess for some time at the School of Agriculture; in the case of sucking insects, charged with kerosine emulsion, and for biting insects with solutions of Paris green or Londou Purple. The machine imported for the School was bought of Messrs. Clark & Co., 20, Great St. Helens, London, E.C., and cost 385 shillings in England. We do not quite see the adaptability ofa machine like the “ Antipest” (also costing 539 shillings in London) for distributing insecti- cides in the form of powders; but, as we have said, we have had no opportunity of giving the “improved” sprayer a trial, and are therefore unacquainted with the improvements which are claimed for it. In the last Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England we find a report on the trials of Spraying machines at Cambridge. Among the “Iknapsack” machines entered for trial, were the “ Antipest” (£1 15s.), the “Notus” (£1 8s.), the “ Coronetta” (£1 10s.), and the ‘Fruit sprayer” (£5) all from Strawson’s Limited. The report referring to these sprayers, remarks that some of these “ most useful machines” are well suited for distributing liquids and powders, The “ Antipest’ is described as “a good instrument, modelled on the lines of the continental knapsack machines.” We note that “Shawson’s Limited” are also prepared to supply insecticides such as Bowillve Bordelaise, kevosine emulsion, quassia, tobacco juice, hellebore, Paris green, &c., but there should be no difficulty in preparing or locally purchasing most of these. For powdered insecticides we have been using the “Soufflet” or bellows which isa cheap and handy instrument, costing only 38s. each ia Eneland, We would in conclusion express our gratification that we havea local firm prepared to supply sprayers and insecticides at moderate cost, for we consider that it is of the greatest importance that convenient methods of checking or exterminating insect and fungoid pests should be brought to the nofice of, and adopted by, the cultivating classes in Ceylon, + -—___--—_ DYSTOKIA IN A COW AND IEMBRYOTOMY. On October 25th a sind cow belonging to the Government Dairy was reported to be suffering from dystokia. The cow was a well-formea healthy one and imported to the Island early in January. At the time of landing she was believed to have been in calf for tour or five months. MWTowever, she never showed any signs of labour pains till the 24th of October, ze, nearly ten months after landing. Taking for granted that the cow was at least 3 moutis in calf before it was purchased, the period of gestation is shewn to have béen over thirteen months in this case. On the 25th the water bag was ruptured and tivo limbs were preseuling. On exploration per- vagina if was found that the limbs presenting were the hind ones with the hocks bent in. It was a case of breech presentation. The lower jaw was secured with a cord but the fore limbs were so bent down and the size of the fcetus was so great that the fore limbs could not be reached. After unsuccessful attempts 432 at bringing the foetus into position, embryotomy was decided on, The head was severed first with the knife and removed with some difficulty as it was quite above the normal size, Next the limbs were severed at the hocks, and the ampu- tated foetus was brought into position. The tcetus was now extracted without much difficulty. It was in an edematous condition, the hair having fallen off, and on the whole showed signs of having been lain dead for over twenty-four hours. The cow was much exhansted, was given a dose of alcohol and kept on warm gruel with ginger, The womb was washed with Condy’s fluid anda little oil injected. In the evening as the cow was much worse and evidently in pain, thie following drench was administered :— Tr. Nucis Vomice Tr. Opii Aa hae ii Ammioni Carb. oF 3i Spt. sether ; nit. ; Ziv Aqua Oui M. ft. mist Half the quantity to be given at ouce and half the next morning. In addition rice gruel was given twice a day. The next day the weather was very wet and smill doses of alcohol were administered twice, The washing and injections were continued. Under this treatment the cow completely recovered about the fourth day. W. A. D. S. ee ee es GREEN MANURING. Green manuring, or the ploughing under of green crops, is the cheapest and most effective method for building up poor soils, and for muain- taining the fertility of those already in good condition, says a bulletin of the Mississippi station. It furnishes the necessary humus, it leaves sup- plies of potash and phosphoric acid in the surface soil where they are immediately available for future crops, and when leguminous crops are used, large amounts of nitrogen are assimilated from the air and made ready for other crops to use. On heavy soils its mechanical effects are very marked, not only in loosening the sur- face soil which is turned by the plough but also by loosening the subsoil deeply and so making it permeable to the roots of other cro.s. Green manuring is to fertilizing what grazing is to raising cattle. Crops can be grown by the use of stable manure, cotton seed and chemicals, and cattle can be grown on a diet of dry hay and grain, but neither is the most economical plan to be pursued permanently. In Mississippi we are fortunate in having a large number of plants which can be used for this purpose, some of which are perennials like alfalfa and red clover, others like melilotus are biennials and do their work in two seasons, while still others, like lespedeza and cow peas, are wnnuals. _Vetches and rye can be grown in two months of suinmer weather. ‘There is no time inthe year when it ig not possible to have restorative crops growing which will go far toward preparing the ground for succeeding crops. Puants to Use.—tie plants most commonly used for green manuiing are the Jegumes, the best of which are cow peas, melilotus, alfalta Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” ye ‘Dee. 1, 1894. © red clover and lespedeza and also the grasses. Of these, the leguminous plants are far more valuable than are grains and grassea, from the fact that they have much larger and stronger root systems, and so are able to gather food which is beyond the reach of the more shallow rooting grasses. They are all plants having strong tap roots which will force their way through the subsoil and so make it loose and porous; they bring up from the subsoil a large amount of potash and phosphoric acid which is left in the surface soil, and as nearly all legumes are rank growers they furnish more hamus-making material than do the grasses, NirroGeN GaTHeRsRs.—The most important reason, however, for using the legumes is the fact that they are able to assimilate nearly or quite all their nitrogen from the atmosphere, while most other plants consume ouly that which is already in the soil. Nitrogen is the most expensive element of plant food, and the one which it is the most difficult to secure. The roots and stems of grasses contain only about 14 per cent of nitrogen while the amount found in legumes is about 234 per cent. While the grasses take one anda half pounds of nitrogen from the soil, elaborate it into plant food, and then leave it in an available condition for future crops, the legumes take nearly double the amount from the air where it is unavailable for other plants, and add it to the amount already in the soil. The roots and stems of legumes are also richer in both potash and phosphoric acid than are grasses, and so, both chemically and mechanically, they are the more valuable plants for use as green manures. Cow Pras.—Cow peas are very commonly used for green manures from the fact that they will grow on almost any soil, will make a large bulk of stems and roots, and can be grown in one season. When a restorative crop is wanted to occupy the ground for one summer only, this is the best which can be grown, and if planted early the crop will mature in time for a second crop to be grown on the same Jand if desired. Whether the vines should be cut for hay and only the roots and stubble used for manure, and whetiier the vines should be ploughed under in the fall or left to protect the surface from washing during the winter, aie questions which bring out long discussions at almost every farmers’ institute, and which no single statement will answer. Various plans have been followed at the station, and we find that in this as in all other work with fertilizers we must be governed by the condition of the field in which the crop is grown. On heavy soils we have found it much better to plough under the whole crop, while on lighter and more sandy soils we have found it better economy to graze the crop as such soil needs compacting rather than loosening, and the droppings from the cattle compensate fora large part of the fertilizing material carried off.— Indian Agriculturist. nes ZIILOGICAL NOTES FOR AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS. The group Rumimantia includes the following tamilies: Camelide (camels, Llamas and Alpacas), Tragulidae(Chevronians), Cervidae (deer), Camelo Dee. 1, 1894.] parde (Giraffe), and Cavicornia (oxen, sheep, goats, antelopes). The Cavicornia include the most typical ruminants, and those of most importance to man. The upper jaw is wholly destitute of in- cisors and canines, the place of which is taken by the hardened gum, against which the lower incisors bite. There are six incisors and two canines in the lower jaw, placed in continual series, andthe molars are separated by a wide gap from the canines. There are six grinders on each side of each jaw. The horns ate persistent and consist of bony pro- cesses of the frental bone, or “ horn-core,” covered by asheath of horn. The feet are cleft but are mostly furnished with accessory hoofs placed at the back of the foot. The Cavicornia comprise the Antilopidae, Ovide the Bovidae. The possession of lachrymal sinuses or “tear pits” (found also in the Cervidae. or deer family) distingushes the antelopes from the other Cavicornia. Each pit consists of a sebaceous sac placed beneath the eye, and secreting a yellow waxy substance. The function of these glands is uncertain, but they are thought to be sexual, The domestic goat (Capra Micus) is generally believed to be a descendant of a species which occurs in a wild state in Persia and in the Caueasus (the “Paseng” or Capra dtgagrus. True sheep never possess a beard, and the horns though triangular and transversely ridged, are more cylindrical than inthe goats, and are genetally twisted into a spiral. The true oxen (Bovide) are distinguished by having simply rounded horns, which are not twisted in a spiral manner. Among them we un- doubtedly have the most useful of animals, both as beasts of burden and as suppliers of food. The parent stock of the numerous breeds of iuropean cattle is not known with absolute certainty. ‘Che common buffalo of India and Ceylon (Bubalus bubalis) is an invaluable beast of burden in the East, and it is most used in agricultural operations especially as a ploughing animal; but it is also useful—though to a less extent than oxen—as a source of meat and milk, The horns in buffaloes are of large size, and their bones are confluent, so that the forehead is protected bya bony plate of considerable thickness. The fatty hump over the withers at the back of the neck distinguishes the Zebu (Bos Indicus). The “humped cattle” of the East are believed to have descended from a different stock to that which has given origin to the humpless races. They are known from Egyptian monuments to have been domesticated at an extremely early period, buc their wild form is unknown. Referring to the hump of Eastern cattle, Prof. Wallace remarks: “Vhe hump is erroneously supposed to have some- thing to do with the drawing power of the animal . It is difficult to see the value of the hump in Indian cattie, unless it is simply an ornamental appendage, or a sort of storehouse of surplus material in the animal economy, which may be drawn from to support life in times of scarcity or starvation.” Oy NOTES ON REANA LUXURIANS. By Propopu CuunpRA Dr, F.R.HLS. As an experimental trial Reana Luvurians was grown for the first time in Raesbagh, Moorshe- dabad, in 1892-93, Presuming that the result of Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculiurist.’’ 433 rrr my experience may prove to be of some use to the intending growers of this valuable fodder, I take up this subject for report in full. The seed was obtained very late in the season, that is, about the time of its seeding, but instead of keeping it for the next season, I had it sown as soon as everything was ready. The plot of land selected for the purpose waS lower than the general snrface of the garden, though considerably higher than the surrounding country, and hud been lying fallow for long, because of the salts with which it was impregnated. It was for this reason only that no crops would grow successfully on it: hence the plot had been long neglected. However, I could not give my Reana Iuacurians a better site, for all others had been previously growing several crops of the season. About the middle of October the plot underwent five or six ploughings, the clods being broken by means of the moz or ladder. The land was then divided into parallel furrows, a foot and-a-half apart, running from north to south. When everything was ready, the seed was thinly sown in these furrows by the first week of November, and was covered with soil for about two inches. The soil being very dry and the season cold, the seeds took a long time to germin- ate; in fact at the end of twelve days there was no sign of germination at all. It had therefore become necessary to have the plot irrigated from a tank close by. Aftera second watering, which was repeated the fifth day, almost all the seeds sprouted freely. Now, occasional irrigation was continued until the monsoon set it. The plants remained stunted, and backward in growth until they were favoured by a few showers of the season. In July next the furrows were filled up with soil from the sides, thus making the land even, in order that the rain-water might not accumulate at the roots. With the setting in of the rainy season, the plants began to start afresh, forming into handsome masses, when their luxuriance was everything that could be desired. Until this time the ground had been occasionally weeded, but now it was almost impracticable to continue weeding without injuring the crop. Although it was discontinued, I did not notice any weeds or fumatories( Sic) hindering the growth of the plants; but the plants on the southern part of the plot, which was facing the field where Arar ( Cajanus Indicus) had been growing, were smaller than those on the northern, and the reason for this peculiarity was, it occurs to my mind, the obstruc- tion of ventilation and light caused by the afore- stid crop. The inference that may be adduced from this circumstance is that a site for Reana should be so selected that it might not in any way be shaded or opposed to the direct influences and the free access of air and light, which form the valuable ingredients of plant life. In September, when the crop was in full vigour the height of the plants averaged twelve feet, some being, however, thirteen feet, but as fodder they should never be allowed to grow so big as that, for in such case the leaves become dry and tough, and the lower parts of the stalks dry, which renders them wuneatable by animals, Although some such stalks were cut into very small pieces and given to the plough bullocks of the garden, it was found that they ate only thg 434 ‘upper and tender parts, leaving the hard portions ‘in the feeding-vessels. But subsequent trials have proved that the stalks when green and soft are very much liked, and devoured greedily, thus obviating the use of dry straw or hay. The area under cultivation of Reana having been small, I did not allow the entire crop to be used for feeding the animals, but set aside only afew rows of plants tobe cut from time to time, simply to watch and determine the subsequent growth. It was found, however, that the plants so cut from time to time, being tender, were much relished by the animals; aud the moze the plants were cut, the more bushy the rest became. They seeded in December last, z.¢., after thirteen months from the time of sowing, when the seed was gathered and plants cut down. ‘The manner of seeding was almost the same as that of Indian corn or maize. In general appearance and habit the plants resembled these, but the colour was a little lighter. A second trial is being made with this erop. Hence no conclusive report is possible until the season is over. However, it may not be unin- teresting if I say a few words respecting the current experiment. In April and May last about an acre of land was under repeated ploug ings, although the soil had been too hard to be worked well until the first shower of the season, which fell on the 5th May last, rendering the land somewhat arable. The next day it underwent a first ploughing, in which three ploughs were engaged. ‘This shower was followed by a second on the 7th May, which helped the ploughman a good deal in working the soil. It rained a third time on the 9th of the same month, giving an impetus to the operation of re-ploughing, On the morning of the 11th instant the plot under- went the last ploughing, followed by the seed being sown broadcast, and the soil levelled by means ot country mot, The quantity of seed used was 73 lb. Sorghum Vulgare was also sown in a large area of land. It is largely cultivated in and around the city for feeding cattle, horses, and elephants. This brought to me the idea of comparing it with Reana Luxurians and of determining the ad- vantages of either. Both these crops received like treatment, but Sorghum was not found to be equal in merits and in advantages to Reana in more respects than one. The plants of Sorghum makea very tall growth without forming into bushes, notwithstanding all care and attention paid to them. Hach seed of Sorghum may produce a tall plant, while that of Reana produces handsome bush of from ten to twenty and some- times fifty or sixty plants, This is an advantage which nobody can deny. Moreover, Reana is highly preferred by animals. I have particularly noticed that animals, meaning thereby my plough bullocks, refused to eat Sorghum when they were at the same time served with Reana. Secondly, the former seldom sends out shoots a second time after it has been cut, while the latter makes a fresh growth with a greater number of shoots or stalks, Thirdly, the young stalks of Sorghum are not given to cattle or other animals unless the plants become, at least, half matured, for it is Isnown among the ryots that the young shoots are apt to produce stomachic disorders. For these reasons all who takean interest in Indian Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” 2 a, oe i" [Dee. 1, 1894. agriculture should exert all their influenee and power in having Reana widely introduced in the various parts of the country. Its richness in saccharine matter is another inducement for which it should be grown. From practical experience I amableto say that the labour and expense of cultivation though very little, are fully recompensed. The secret of success lies in the time of sowing and cutting, and in irrigation and weeding. To keep up a constant supply of this valuable crop it is necessary to sow the seed in succession, so that before one plot of land is eut the second will be ready, andso on, This will not only save the farmer from getting straw or hay from the market, which are both very subject to fluctu- ations, but would enable the animals to ‘have fresh green fodder every day. Another advantage of giving them green food is that they eat it in a shorter time and with greater ease, than they eat dry food, while they feel less thirst in consequence of its containing a large amount of water. Thirsty animals are subject to various complaints, for they drink indiscriminately any water that may be available and given to them, in the mofussil in particular, where polluted tanks are common: and it is advisable to allow the animals as little of such water as possible, The cultivator should, however, be particular in noting that Keana is an exhaustive crop, like sugarcane and others of the tribe, and therefore should have new fields every second year at least, or the old ones must be highly manured and deeply ploughed. Nitrogenous manures appeared to me to be the best, for they have the power of forcing a crop to rapid growth. The slower the growth, the harder and tougher will be the stalks, and the less palatable the leaves. The dung from the stables, which con- tains much nitrogen, should be collected by every means for the successful growth of the crop. Irrigation becomes necessary when the monsoon is over andthe soilisdry. One watering every week or two, according to the necessity of the soil, should be provided for. To deprive the plants of sufficient moisture will be to render them stunted and meagre, as well as hard and stiff. My crop of Reana has been cut this season from the lst September, and by this time the remaining roots have begua to make a fresh growth, and I expect a second cutting by the end of October.—Indian Agriculturist. ~~ —_ SALT AND SALT LANDS. In small quantities salt is no doubt a very valuable constituent in the soil. It serves as an insecticide and is also hygroscopic, while it helps to dissolve the more valuable ingredients of the soil. Many cultivated plants such as cabbages and mangel-wurzel have sprung from wild plants growing by the sea, and are hence especially benefited by the use of salt as a manure, Onions, the growth of which is also favoured by salt, probably originated from a wild stock found growing in salt desert regions. Salt is, besides, employed to check rank growth whether produced by the inherent nature of the soil or by the application of certain manures, such as Nitre. Salts of Potash and Magnesia — haye a general tendency to increase the weight Dec. 1, 1894.] of leaves, while common sult favours the de- velopment of stem. The latter will, therefore, be useful also for those fields where the paddy stalks are too weak to support the weight of the corn aud leaf at the top. It was with a view to place such a_ useful substance within easy reach of the Indian Ryot and the Ceylon goiya, thal attempts were made some years back at the “denaturalization” of galt, so as to make it available for agriculture and cattle, without deteriment to the pubiic revenue; but ultimately it was found that the problem was insoluble by chemical or mechanical means, and that its real solution must be found in increased facilities for transport, reduced prices, &c. It is, however, to lands that naturally con- tain too much salt, that I wish to direct special attention here. The cultivators of lands near the sea coast have very often to contend with difficulties arising from an excess of salt in the soil. I know of many paddy tracts of brackish soil in the North of the Island. When the crops on such lands have been liberally irrigated, either naturally or artificially, they tend to im- prove greatly, as the salt gets diluted and much of it is washed out; but it is during a scarcity of water that salt lands suffer most, because the salt is then in a concentrated form, part of it being sometimes seen at the surface as an efflorescence. The crops have a withered, scorched appearance, and in extreme cases die away al- together. There are various ways in which we can get rid of an excess of salt in a soil :— 1. Onder-draining the land.—This — supple- mented by subsoiling,is by far the best method, as the salt is effectually drained off the land from the whole stratum of plant-feeding soil. But in our country, agriculture has not yet ad- vanced sufficiently for under-drainage to receive any serious thought from the land owner. 2. Surface draining or washing out the land by allowing water to flow over it at intervals. This method, of course, necessitates the washing out of some manurial matter from the surface along with the salf; but this result must be accepted as the lesser evil of the two, the alter- native one being the death of the crops owing to the presence of ‘too much salt in the soil. 3. Green manuring tends to diffuse and modify the brackishness of the soil, and is very commonly practised in Jaffua. Some time before the sowing season, whole coconut fronds are buried in the soil and allowed to remain till all the softer tissue has been converted into humus and absorbed by the soil; and then the midribs with the eekels attached to them are withdrawn. Palmyrah olas, especially old ones which had first served for covering the roofs of houses, are similarly utilized, being thus put to a second use. Other leaves, both green and dry, are also employed for this purpose. 4. Liming the soil willalso cure brackishness toa certain extent by the chemical action of the quicklime upon the salt; an interchange takes place between the elements of the former and the latter, caleium chloride and eaustie soda being formed, But liming is not to be recom- mended in the case of a poor sandy soil. Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” 435 By a due combination of even any three of the above methods, many brackish soils under cultivation can be fairly cured. But where these methods do not answer, the land may be planted with salt-feeding crops both for the sake of lessening the salt in the soil as well as for utilizing the land which would otherwise lie usvless. The Australian Salt Bush (Aétriplea num- multria), a crop which has done weil in Madras, may be triedin Ceylon too. An indigenous fodder crop called ‘‘ Avalkeerae” (Obtone konigu) growing on the salf beds near Jinnore in the neighbour- hood of Madras, is also cultivated on saline soils. A fine grain known as ‘ Mondi” is grown in Jaffna and Mullaittivu by way of improving as well as utilizing brackish soils. ‘The ragi (or kurakkan) plant is looked on by Indian ryots as a salt-feeder. There are, besides, certain varieties of paddy which are specially suited for brackish lands, and cultivators of paddy fields of that description are very familiar with them. When, however, a soil contains so great an excess of salt that if cannot be improved by any of the meaus mentioned above, or cannot be profitably placed under other salt-feeding crops, it would be best to plant it with coconuts as they thrive well on extremely brackish soils. Casuarinas also do well on them. %. T. HOOLE. Se oe GENERAL ITEMS. In an article on “ Poisonous Fodder Plants” the Chemist and Druggist remarks: that Tephrosia Purpurea (Sin. Pila.) and 7. Rosea are said to be very deleterious to stock. The favourable influence of proper attention to the skin of milch cattle has long been known. but by no means looked after as is should be. German experiments decidedly show that both the yield of milk andthe perceutage of fat in milk are Imcreased by attending to the coat. Similar investigations carried on in Holland with 10 Dutch cows, led to the conclusion that the attention tothe coat by brushing &e. increases the yield of milech by nearly 4 per cent, and the amount of dry substance nearly 2°5 per cent. As a proof of the efficacy of deep cultivation —which does not mean deep ploughing, as it may be attained by other means: for example, by digging with the Aodah, or in accordance with the Madras method of digging the ground over with crow-bars—it is stated that by inversion of the soil, crops of cotton, pulses, and oil seeds were raised without wrigation on the Cawnpore Government farm, varying in value from R9 to R383 per acre, while on the ryot’s fields round the farm, under exactly the sume conditions, the out- turn of crops was barely worth a rupee an acre. The eflicacy of deep cultivation in seasons of drought cannot therefore be over-estimated. The Scottish Farmer reports acase that came on in a London Police Court, in which a black- smith was prosecuted by the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons for using the words “ Veterin- ary Shoeing Forge and Infirmary for Torses,” 436 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” on the signboard over his door. The Solicitor for the College stated that any person that did not belong to the College committed an offence by appending the word “ Veterinary” to his name, unless he had obtained a certificate from the Highland and Agricultural Society prior to the passing of the Veterinary Surgeons’ Act. The offender, on promising to alter his signboard, got off with a fine of twenty shillings and costs. The Berlin Agricultural Association gives the fol- lowing rules as regards the age of horned stock, as reliable:—Change of teeth begins, as a rule, at the age of 13 years, when the milk middle front teeth are shed and replaced by the per- manent front teeth, which come completely into position towards the end of the second year. At 24 years, as a rule, the inner milk front tee*h fall out, and their successors are in place by the end of the third year. From 3} to 43 years, us a rule, the outer milk front teeth fall out, and their successors are fully in use towards the close of the fourth year. From 4} to 45 years the milk teeth continue to fall out, and their successors are in use by the end of the fifth year. Animals got in calf before the end of the twentieth month have the change of teeth hindered, while it takes place sooner in early maturing breeds. Mr. George Clarke, a Haddington farmer, writes to the Scottish Karmer:—I have been much interested in reading in your valuable paper the west country dairy records of the weight of milk. 1 only keep two Shorthorn cows for my house supply, ana one of them has gone dry after giving milk for eight and a half months ; total yield, 7,840 lb., almost 760 gallons. The other is still yielding well, and when she stops will probably beat the above record. The first-mentioned cow is now carrying her seventh calf, and has always been considered a good cow ; now I am sure of it. She was fed on turnips and straw, and 31b. per day of linseed cake for the first three months after calving, then was grazed on good old pasture. It is the custom here to milk three times daily for first three months after calving. Then twice a-day afterwards. Rankine says that there are certain appearances characteristic of good wood, to what class soever it belongs. In the same species of wood, that specimen will in general be the strongest and most durable which has grown the slowest as shown by the narrowness of the rings. It should show no wooliness at afreshly-cut surface nor should it clog the teeth of the saw with loose fibres. Ifthe wood is coloured, darkness of colour is in generala sign of strength and durability. The SS Daas —————__ freshly-cut surface of the wood should be firm and shining, and should have somewhat ofa translucent appearance. In wood of a given species, the heavy specimens are in general the stronger and the more lasting. Among resinous woods those having the least resin in their pores and among non-resinous woods those which have least sap or gum in them are in general the strongest and most enduring. Timber should be free from such blemishes as clefts or cracks radiating from the centre; cup shakes or cracks which partially separate one Jayer from another; upset where the fibres have been crippled by compression, wind galls or wounds in a layer of wood which have been covered and concealed by the growth of the subsequent layers over them and hollowed or spongy places indicating the comencement, Horse are subject to various diseases, but possibly none is more to be dreaded than glanders. Unlike some others, itis franght with serious danger to the human species, and thus it holds somewhat the same place in the equine world as tuberculosis holds in the bovine world. It has this other point of resemblance, that there is a possible means of diagnosing glanders in its incipient stages, about the efficacy of which the veterinary profession are disposed to be a little sceptical. This substance is called mallein, and, as in the case of tuberculin and tuberculosis, some of the more cautious spirits in the profession are inclined to take up a non-committal attitude in regard to its efficacy in diagnosing glanders. The powers of this new agent have, however, been somewhat extensively tested by other members of the profession, and so satisfied are some Continental experts with the results, that in Switzerland the supreme authority has made the use of mallein compulsory in the diagnosis of the disease, and the French Government seems disposed to legis- jate in the same direction. The procedure in the Swiss Republic is that horses, asses, and mules are valued before being subjected to the mallein test. Should the reaction follow which indicates the presence of glanders, the animals are slaughtered ; and if the post-mortem reveals the presence of tlie disease, compensation is granted to one-fourth the value of the animal; but should the presence of glanders not be proved, full value is given. Amongst those who have borne testimony in favour of mallein in this country are Principal M’Fadyean and Mr. Hunting, F.R.C.V.S. The opinion of the first-named gentleman is, however, couched in language of characteristic caution. He says that mallein is quite as effective for the early detection of glanders as is tuberculin for tuberculosis. Mr. Hunting is more emphatic. After having used mallein in 75 cases, he testifies that in only one has a post-mortem examination failed to verify the indications of mallein. (Dec. 1, 189% : j Lith: § 6. Colombo 12/94 N° 721 P\GAL AGRIC) * «| MONTHLY. de K Vol. XIV. COLOMBO, JANUARY sr, 1895. [No. 7. AN IMPORTANT ENSECE ENEMY: AND THE NEED FOR PLANTERS TO GUARD AGATNST ITS SPREAD. By E.E. Green, Eton, Puspauuoya. 7 * ‘6 y ou j yy, npc menteAnnnalibenort on alm stomnivorous. ‘ Forewaroed is forearmed”’; and, the Botanical Gardens for 1893, though it wou'd be most imprudent to create a scare, it is still most advisable to point out a possible mention vas m de of the oc-/} danger. currence in the Peradeniya As mentioned above, the insect hai obtained a foothold upon lantana. Shoyld it once become widely and firnily estiblished, it will be extremely difficult c which was most destructive to | to deal with, and wherever lantana flourishes there the orvamental shrubs there, As this pest has been | will be a stronghold of the pest. Though most acconimodating in its tastes this bug at present shows a preference for plants belonging to the vatural orders Acanthacew, Rubiacee (which includes coffee and cinchona), and Verbenacexs (of which lantana. Within the Peradeniya Gardens effoits ave being | is a member). To the firs oft these orders belong made to k-ep it in check; but it has appeared on | O8t Numerous species of ‘ Nelu”’ (Strobilanthes) which might form another possible breeding-ground as extensive and even more impregnable than the lan- where it will stop. It has fortunately as yet shown | tana serub. Gardens of a serious insec'-p’ st increasing very rapidly and has already spread beyond the limits of the Gardens, itis important that genera! attention should be drawn to it. lantana in the neighbourhood, and there is no knowing no taste for either of our two most important products The insect is ‘known to Hntomblogists by’ thd hditie of Orthezia insignis, Douglis, being first described by Mr. J. W. Douglas from specimens found in Kew Gardens, where it is now said to be doing an we have no reason to suppose that the Arabian species | enormous amount of damage in the plant-houses. Paimneiiess liable .to attack. It has more recently beon figured and described by ; Mr. Bueckton under the name of Orthezia nacrea, Dr. Trimen is of opinion that this is miinly a (‘Indian Museum Notes,” Vol. IEI., No. 3, p. 103). garden pest, and does not expect that it will spread | The specimens eubmitted to Mr, Buckton were un- to estates. It is to be hoped that this prediction | fortu~ately damaged in transit; his figares are will prove correct; but it would be unwise to ignore | consequently not very satisfactory. Comparison with specimeny from Kew proves the two insects to ke | specifically identical. enormously and might possibly develop a taste for | tea and cacao. Coffee, however, does not share this— _ immunity, for trees of Liberian coffee have been obseryv:d to be infested with the insect, and the fact that, if unchecked, the pest might spread Originating as it doesin the Peradeniya Botanical Gardens, there is little doubt but that we owe the intro luction of this pest to plants received from Kew, confined to acacia and orange trees, finally became | Its native country has not been determined, other plants; as was the case with the ‘‘F luted Scale” (Icerya pwrehasi) which, at first practically 438 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Jan. 1, 1895. Se Like so miny of our insect enemies, this is ono of the “scale-bugs” (Coccidw), but is more active than many of the better known members of that family. Tha accompanying figures (on our frontispiece* ) will be ofassistance in the recognition of the enemy :— Fig. 1 represents a twig with the bugs in -si/u, natural size. To the naked eye the general effect is of a mass of dirty-white insects crowded upon the stalks and slong the prominent veins on the under- surface of the leaves. The iusect itself is dull greenish or browaish; but it is the white waxy appendages that first catch the eye, the most pro- minent of them being the cylin Irical ovisac projecting from the hinder part of the bodies of the adult females. Fig. 2, a half-growa female, upper side highly magnified. Tbe body cf the insect is dark brownish or olive green. There is a double row of short white conical processes along the middle of the back, and a fringe of similar bus stouter appendages round the margin, gradually increasing in length towirds the hinder part of the insect. ‘Thess processes are very fragile; but when broken off are soon reproduced. In front can be seen a pair of moderately-long tapering antenna composed of eight joints. The six legs are well-developed and pr ject beyond the body of the insect. Fig. 8 shows the under-side of an older female insect, greatly ealarged. The beik can be seen between the front pair of legs. Round the base of each lez is usually a ring of white waxy matter. From below the posterior extremity of the body proceeds a stout white cylindrical appendage, fluted above, smooth below, varying in length according to the age of the insect, reaching in some indivi- duals to nearly four times tho length of the body, broad at base and very gradual y tapering to extre- mity which is slightly upcurved. This is the ovisac aid contains a vast numb:>r of ezgs; here they remain until they have hatched when they make their exit through an aperture at its extremity. If one of these ege-cases be broken open, it will bs found to bs filled with eggs and young insects; the egzs at the base of the tube are of a very pa'e creamy colour, having been just laid; lower down they become bright yellow, then orange, then greenish, and the young insects ready to emerge from the ture are olive green, A woolly secretion fills up the crevices between the eggs. Fig..4 represents a still more advanced stage (side view) in which the ovisic has attained its full length. Fig. 5 is a greatly enlarged figure of the male insect. I believe this has not previously been des- eribed. In Mr. Douglas’ original description of the Orthezia, the male of some other insect, probably that of the ‘‘mealy bug” (Dactylopius) has evidently been erroneously tacked on to this species. The real male is a delicate little fly ; slaty-gray in colour; antenns very long and slender, 10-jointed, the two basal joints very short, the others greatly elongated; legs long hed at the Surveyor-General’s Office from i % mpg e y Mr. H, H, Green, Eton, Pundaluoya, © drawings { | | and slender; a single pair of wings, rather opaque, dusted with grayish powder; a tuft of long silky | filaments at the end of the body. Eyes black, with numerous facets. The adult male insect has no mouth, and consequently takes no foodin this stage. The more minute details of structure would be of interest to the Entomologist only, and may be omitted in an artic!e dealing with the subject solely from an agricultural point of view. Remepies. Determined efforts should be made to stamp out the pest upon its first appearance in any locality. Infected plants should be treated on the spot, regardless ofexpense and, if necessary, with com leté sacrifire of the plant. Too great stress cannot be laid upon the importance of ‘Treatment upon the spot” in all cases of serious insect-pests. The pruning of affected plants and subsequent carriage of the cut- tings to some spot where they might be burnt or buried wou'd only serve to sow the pest broadcast along the route of transport. However much a fixture the adult insect may seem to be, as in the case of many of the scale-bugs, it mast be remember: d that the youvg are very minute, very activ, and usually yery numerous, Should acolony of the insects be discovered upon any plant, a good-sized hole might be dug beside it, in which a fire of dry brushwood and grass could be lighted. The plant should then be cut down or praned t2 bare poles, the prunings thrown directly on to the fire, and all dead leavesand rubbish from below the plant swept into the hole. The hole should afterwards be filled with earth to prevent the escape of any possible survivors. In places where the pest has established itzelf on — lantana or other waste land, such patches should be fired. On cultivated land such extreme measures will usually Le impracticable. In this case repeated and thorough spraying witk insecticides will be the only available course. For the purpose kerosene-soap emulsion would probably be the most effective and economical. It should be very carefully and tho- roughly applied, and should be repeated at short intervals until the pest has been exterminated. Where practicable it would be advisable to first prune. the trees (burning and burying the prunings as suggested above), and then to spray the remaining stems and branches.* The formula for kerosene emulsion is Kerosene = .. 2 gallons Common Soap e- 4% Ib. Water ae «. 1 gallon Dissolve the soap in water heated to boiling. Add the kerosene to the hot mixture, and churn till it forms a thick cream on cooling. Dilute with 9 to 12 times water for application. " But we have in reserve a still more powerfal (because natural) weapon to use against our enemy, — in the shape of the small “ Lady-bird”’ (Coccinellid) from _ * A handy spraying machine called “the An-— tipest” is supplied by the Hastern Produce and Estates Company. It is in knapsack form and cal be easily worked by one man, — THE TROPICAL —s Jan. 1, 1895.] AGRICULTURIST, 439 beetles, many species of which feed entirely upon scale-bugs and other injurious insects. We have already in Ceylon many beetles of this family which do good service in their way. But all our native species ave handicapped by the possession of numer- ous insect enemies of their own which prevent their sufficient increase. Itis to foreign species therefore that we must look for assistance,—species that, if brought to Ceylon, will find a fair field in which to increase and multiply without hindrance as long as their food is plentiful; and thit food-supply ends only with the extermination of our coccid pests. To quote Prof. Riley, the American entomologist :—“ Just ‘as we employ cats to kill off mice and ferrets to “Kill rats, so in economic entomology it behoves us ‘‘to encouraze the entomodlogical enemies of our in- “sect foes.’ And how z2an our intermittent and expensive work with pumps and artificial insecticides compare with the costless and untiring energy of these little creatures whose whole lives are spent in seeking out and devouring our enemy ? Mr. Albert Keebals, the celebrated discoverer of the Australian beetle (Vedalia carminalis) which cleired the Californian fruit orchards of the dreaded “Fluted Scale” is now on a visit to Ceylon. He has Seen this Orthezia at work in the Peradeniya Gar- dens, and has made ths acquaintance of the ‘ Green- bag” that killed out our coffee. He asserts that there are Australian beetles that would assuredly destroy these two pests. It is hoped that a consign- ment of these beetles will shortly be procured, and that they will soon become established in Oeylon. In this connection an aczount of the successful introduction of the Vedalia beetle into California may be of interest. The particulars have been gleaned partly from Reports of the Department of Economic Entomology in America, and partly from Mr. Kebele himself :— “Tae Srory or THE Fuurep-Scaue (Icerya pur- chasi) IN CALIFORNIA AND ITS ERADICATION THROUGH THE INTRODUCTION or A PRE- pacrous AUSTRALIAN BEETLE.” The very destructive “Fluted-Scale” first began to attract notice in California about the year 1876. It is supposed to have been brought into the country some ten years previously either upon growing acacia plants or upon orange fruit. By 1888 the pest had become go serious that fruit-growers were in despair, many of them being on the point of aban- doning the enterprise. Whole orchards are described as being white with the pest, the branches and twigs of the trees completely covered with the insects. In that year the American Government finally determined to gend out a qualified agent to Australia—the original home of the pest—to collect and export the parasites of the Icerya. Mr. Albert Kobele was chosen for this post, as being one of the most careful and able of the assis- tants in the Department of Economic Entomology. And well he justified the choice! Arriving at Sydney in Oct. 1888, Mx. Kebele immediately set about his task. He was especially commissioned to procure specimens of a fly that was known to attack the Icerya. In searching for and procuring these he found that a small beetle (the now famous Vedalia carminalis) was greedily feeding upon the scale-insect, Mr. Keebele at once saw the value of this beetle, He found it doing its beneficial work in various parts of South Australia and New Zealand. He collected a large number of specimens, and was able to forward them in good condition to California by placing them on ice and so keeping them dormant. And he finally returned to America with some 6,009 of the insects in yarious stages. These were speedily colonized in different parts of California, and, finding a plentiful supply of their food, increased so rapidly that within the short space of a twelve-month they had practically cleared the fruit orchards of a pest that had for many years reigned supreme. ‘To quote from an American Report on the subject: a correspondent writes that “The Vedalia has multiplied in number “and spread so rapidly that everyone of my thirty- “two hundred orchard trees is literally swarming with “them, All my ornamental trees, shrubs and vines ‘“‘ which were infested with white-scale, are practically “cleansed by this wonderful parasite.” The pecuniary saving is incalculable! Not to men, tion the value of the fruit crops repeatedly destroyed, instead of the costly processes of fumigation and spray- ing and washing with insecticides which it had been necessary to continue year after year, here was an insignificant little beetle taking upon itself the entire burden of the work and most successfully accomplish- ing its task. Subsequently Mr. Keebele found another ‘“ Lady- bird” (named, after its discoverer, Novius Kw beli) that has proved equally valuable in destroying the Icerya An examination of the indices of the yearly volumes of American Revorts is instructive. In that for 1833 there is half a column of references to this pest, In subsequent volumes they decrease year by year till in 1893 there is not a single reference to the Teerya. . The success of this undertaking was so complete that on the general demvnd of the fruit growers, Mr. Keebele was sent, in August 1891, on a second trip to Australia to search for natural enemies and parasites of other Coccid pests then prevalent in Culifornia. He was again successful in finding and exporting two other beetles (Rhizobius toowombe and R. debilis) which feed freely upon scale-bugs of all kinds. The following extracts from recent San Francisco papers will best show the position of affairs before and after this second importation. In one of these papers, datel Sept. 29th, 1894, is an account of “The Value Rhizobius.” It is there stated that “ Mr. Alexander Craw, State Horticultural Quarantine “ Officer, is distributing some 9,009 of the lady-bird “beetle, and directions were given to colonize them “at Cucamonga and Ontario. The value of these “beetles is learnedly set forth by Prof. A. J. Cook, “ entomologist at Pomona College, who has given the “subject much study. The following extracts are “taken from his observations :— “* While attending the Farmer's Institute at Senta ‘““* Barbara, I learned that six miles north there were *« © citrus orchaxyds that had been entirely freed of the 440 ‘“, cleani g out ths aphids. “Mr. Cooper next took u3 to a 50-:ere or:hil of * © olives, wiere Rhizobiids were introduced last ‘** October, and which was at that time sufferinz ‘** fearfully fram black scale. Tha beetls were in- “¢troducad at one end of the orchwr1 and are now ‘¢ just completing ther blessed work at the other “end, atouta half mils distant. We could see the “ “alt=red foliage and renewed vi-or, whi'e many ““*yods away. Upon examination we founl tie lit], “* bee:les in countless mailtitude>, and the seales “ “nearly gone, while at the end of th» orctard where ““¢ the beetles were first introdn-e}, there are almost *“*no scales or beetles. To show the im; ort: nce of “this, Mr. Oooper tells me thath:» used to specd «€ “ $3,000 to $5,000 annually in spraying this orchard, ‘6 and even the results were far from satisfactory— *not to be compared with tha work of the ‘6 ¢ Rhizobiids. ’ ” The Sun Franzisco Examiner of Oct. 19, 1894 has the fol wing article headed “The Black Scale Doomed ”:— ¢ The lttle black lidy-bird introduced into this “ Stat> f:0 1 Australia about two y ars a is * proving itself as relentless ne ens Of hte THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. a [Jan. 1, 1895. “black scale ai was the Vedalia Carwinalis which has “ effectual'y destro,ed the cotton cushion pest through- “cut California. “$» complete haz been the work of the newcomer “in Santa Barbara couuty, where it was fi st cslonized, ‘that there is danger of its perishing from lack “of alim-nt. Quarantins Officer Oraw has be3a “summoned in baste to the Southern county by “Ellwood Ovoper to devise some means of saving “ his pets, who are worth far more than their weight ‘‘in gold tothe horticultarist. For:unately during ‘“‘a visit to the Soath, from which hs bas ja:t ‘“‘returned, Mr. Craw learned that the beetle ‘‘ had turned its attention to the walnut and orange “ aphids, noxiois insects which propagate them:elves * rapidly, ani wi'l furnish nourishment t» the avowed “en my of the black scale. Where the proper parasite “is once established it ia not dstirable that the pest “on which i: feeds should be thoroughly eradicated, “The id al condition of affairs is that it should be “redace! to the minimum qaantity commensurate “with the sussenanca of its enemy. Should “this result not be accomplished there would again “be dug of the reintroduction of the pesc after “the disippearance of its parasite, and the fruit- “ grower wuul-l once more be reduced to the costly and ‘‘ ineffe ‘tual process of spraying. . ... . . It “13 difficalt t» p'ac» a pezuniary estimate on tle “value of t ec enemy of the black scale. In one “rs ect, however, the saving in spraying and © fam'g wing will probably represent $100,000 a year “to the horticulturista of Califormia. oe as “ Toere are fou- or five frait growerain Los Angeles “¢ unty alone wao pay out an averags of $10,000 “each annually in battling against the black szale. * All ths will be saved, for the little beete costs “othing. Tuen, in addition to the esonomy, the “ trees will be more hea!thfal and consequently will “bear more p‘entifully and a better qua'ity of frait. “ The officers uft:e B ardof Horticalture are satis- “fied that the blask scile is doom d.” {We teel we have beau very remiss in Ce,lon in n tt.king s epsi. past dajsto fight “black” “wh te” and “green ” bug ou our coffee by means of intr duced laly-brds,—Iip, 7.4.) —————».-____ RAIN AND Forest Frres.—If forest fires produze rain—says the Daily Chronicle,—the im- mense conflagrations in Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota last summer ought to haye deter- mined the point. But rain did not, unhappily, follow them, so that the rain-makers’ theory is about as defective as their practice. The area covered by the fires was 5,000 square miles, and in this limited space the heat produced was hotter than the hottest sun of June in the ratio of 10,99) to 750. Bat before the effects of the smoke, and therefore the warmth of the air, was alto- gether lost by radiation a space of 1,000,000 miles was covered. However, taking the extra heat produced in this area and comparing it with that of the sun overthe entire country, the former is, according to Professor Cleveland Abbe’s calculation, fifteen times that of the latter—a closet conclusion which may be doubted. If, however, itis correct, the old epigram about a cow- — boy’s carelessness in dropping a lighted match o a dry prairie disturbing a meteorological predi tion is smarter than science justifies, Jan. 1, 1895.] BICE GROWING AND ITS PREPARA- TION FOR MARKET. By R. W. McCuuuoca, (Published by Department of Agriculture, Queensland.) (Concluded from page 373.) RICE SOILS. Provided the water supply, be it rainfall or irrigation, is ample, rice can be grown on almost any soil, and throughout ths year. Bat the “beau ideal” of a good ric» soil is a naturally stiff clay. having an abundance of silica and potash. The roots of the rice plant are very delicate; goo tilt is absolutely necessary to enable the tender root'ets to push their way down. The Ca-olina rice has mnch longer roots than the ordinary Bengal varieties, due eutirely to the deeper cu!tivation, he ce permeability of the soil enabling the roots to gat lowerdown. In the Bengal, methods of cultivation 3 to 4 inches is the lowest depth of tilth, and under this isa hari pid, hence the roots are shorter and travel laterally in search of food, and w re no water provided the pl inta conld not survive. It is certain that varieties of paddy im- ported frm Bengal and treated to scientific farming would develop good reot growth, and in the course of time with care‘ul seed selection, a va iety could, be produced which would really be a dry land crop —that is, entirely independ-nt of added moisture, and one not likely to fail wth a m)derate drought, asby having longer rots, and gol tilth being provided, the plant would r ceive nou ishment from the subsoil, wich in the driest of seasons has a sufficie: cy of moisture if get-at-able by the plant. Tbere need be no fear when entering on rice culti- va io. at the wan: of a market; the existing demad is ample to guarantee a finincial success. Where it is seen that rice cultivation is being taken up, the mill-owner wi'l not be | ng in followiig. In ths event of our farme’s having !0 consume their own crops or pu’ it into pigs fora tim», they would still be th: gainers. Further on is will be showa how small quantities of paddy may be prepared for home consumption. CULTIVATION OF RICE. The farmer having decided on the variety of rice he intends going for—siy any one of the virieties of the “ans” or ‘aman’ crops—will proceed to get his land ready. If in‘endi»g‘o plant the ‘‘aus,’”’ or so- called “‘upl.nd”’ varieties, all he his to do is to select a piece of land, from a quarter to one acre in area, on the highest part of his farm, on a slope if possible, or even on a level bit if the country behind is higher, so as to catch the rainwater, if necessary, by raising an embankment. H+ will plough, cross-plough, and harrow this lan}, and bring it to as fine » degree of tilth as p ssible. The land should be got ready against the first rains, say the en! of Sep-ember or beginning of October. SWING 8SEED. There are three methods of doing this: (1) Broad- east; (2)in drils; (3) t ansp'anting from a nursery. OF the three system; the last is by fir tha best, as it injures a greater regu'arity in the crop, is a geeat saving of seed, and what is of infinite importance, superiority in weight and fulness of grain is attained by it, hence increas d nutri ive quviities. This third method is necessary with the ‘‘aman”’ vyarietie3. Having got th» land ready as abovemention d, as soon as possible aftec th: first rain falls the land should be immediately cross-p!oughed again and harrowed, and if broadcasting or drilling be decided on, the seed immediately sown, and the land harrowed over with a bash harrow. Ifhesows broadcast, 60 Ib. of seed will be p’enty: ifin d ills, 12 inches or more apart, 4) Ib. will be ample. Nothinz more need be done. If the land was clean, the weeds will not trouble. As before siid, the “aus” yarieties are quick growers, and wi'l soon cover ths ground. If tie furmer docide on planting “ aman ” varieties, anil by trvsplanting, he must prspare a nursery, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 44t the area of which, to plant an acre from, should be 30 feet square, or tw> or three euch beds 10 feet or 12 feet square may be made near the field to be planted. If only a quarter of an acre is to be plant d, then a bed 19 f et square, or three beds 6 feet square, will be necessary. The amount of seed required for a nursery to plant one acre will be about g lb, and for a quarter of an acre 2lb. That these nurseries must be thoroughly ploughed and the soil well pulverised need ha dly be said. As the space required is so small, this work should be thoroughly done, the object being to get vigorous plants. The seed shoa'd be steeped in water for twelve hours to assist germination; itia then sown in the beds and lightly raked over. Ths seed beds must be kept moist, in the absence of rain, by the use of the watering-can. In making a nursery, is is always best to use a little extra seed, and select the best plants for transplanting. The nursery will be ready for transplanting in three weeks. Some judg- ment will have to b* exercised in getting this nursery ready, so as to hit off the proper time; for it will not do to have the nursery ready too early, and b fore enough rain falls to enable its being planted out. But should this occur, on no account should the transplanting be delayed longer than a w-ek more; for if the field is in good tilth it is better to put the plan s o1t when three or four weeks old than to wait five or six w eks for rain ere doing so. In lifting the plants from the nursery they are simply pulled up by the hand and tied in bundles and carried on to the field, where they are d bblei in, putting two or three plaits in eich of the holes, which are about 6 inches to 9 inches apart. Regularity of lines is not essential. Three wen should plant an acre in a day. N>» fu-th«r attention is required till the crop begins toripen. If the farmer has had to transp ant from the nursery to save the s-edlings getting too old, he will be wise if he raises an embankment about 4 inches high all round the lower end and two sides of the field, so as to catch the rainwater and give the la d a good soaking. This can be done cheaply and speedily by turning up a couple of furrows with the ploagh, In transplanting, it is often the custom to crop the tops as we'!l ag the roots of the seedlings, when pulled from the nursery, before planting them out, the reason being that it not only makes the plants handier for trans- plan ing, but prevents theic falling down and the remaining leaves withering, as growth begins at once. This system has a good deal to recommend it, and is advocated. To sum up, the “aus” or dry land rice reauires a moderate rainfall to insure success, and can be treated in exactly the sama way as wheatis cultivated, wher as the ‘‘aman” or wet rice requires to be planted just before the heavy rains se: in, requires wet weather during ths whole pe iod of growth, and should, if possible, have an inch or two of water a'ways on the field, best secured by raising a low embankment all round the field to retain the rain- water or irrigatio: adopted. The lan: for the “aman” does not require to be exactly a swamp, as for the “boro” varietie:; bnt should be next door to a swamp—very wet during the whole period of growth. Possibly a spell of dry weather may be experienced about the time nursery is ready to transplant, or shortly after transplanting has been effected, in which ease the prospects of the er sp may be jeopardised. The following cutis a modification of what is known here in Queensland as a “‘wihp.” and in Oriental countries as the ‘* Picco'ta”’ or lever water-lift, used all over ths Enst for irrigating land, and consists simply of one forked sapling to which is fastened another sap ing, having a bucket attached at one end, and a counterpoise in the shape ofa long or a bag of sand atthe other. This primitive appliance needs no en-ineering skili to set up or work, and rather than stand :y and allow one’s crop to perish, might with advantage be adopted. The appliance works well and cheaply for lifting water froma depth of 12 feet, over that depth is becomes cost ly. The follo wing calculations from " Professional Papers,” Vol. I., willillustrate what can be done jn 442 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jan 1, 1895. this way :—Water raised 16 feet: contents of bucket, ='45 enbic feet; number of discharges per minute, 8; discharge per hour, 81 cubic feet; actual discharge per hour, 72°9 cubic feet, or 455-4 gallons per hour. By making small shallow drains and litt'e embank- ments bere and there over a patch of rice, the crop can be irrigated at will, wherever water can be got ait a depth of 12 or 16 feet. The deeper the well the higher the forked sapling must be. Most farms have a bit of a hollow or low land, dry in summer and very wet in the rains. Now, this is just the land for any of the varieties of the “aman” crop. All that is necessary to do is to run a drain, say 3 feet deep, down the e»ntre, with the fall towards the Jower end. At this end an embink- ment about 1 foot high should be raised the whole ‘width of the field. The land should be ploughed, cross-ploughed, and got ready. On the setting in of the rains, the end of the drain isclosed up, and the water allowed to rise and flow over the sides and thoroughly soak the whole field. It is then allowed to run out. The seed may now be sown broadcast or by transplanting as inclination suggests. By occasionally closing tha end of the drain the field may be irrigated at one’s own will, and accordingly ag it is observed the crop requires the application of water. It is not absolutely necessary that the water should lay on the field during the whole period of growth, !ut the land should be kept moist during growth, and the above method is the simplest, ‘cheapest, and most effective method of doing it. The largest yields of rica are got by turning the water on when the plant bunches for blossom, and should remain in on until fully vipened for harvesting. This is done to mature the grain uniformly. Tvriga- tion works in connection with rice growing make it, without exception, one of the most paying crops to grow. The moral is obvious. In the ‘boro’ varieties, the land should be_ pre- pe against the rains setting in,and the seed may be shown broadcast, just after the first two or t»ree showers have fallen, when as the hollow ge's covered with water the plants will grow so as to keep their heads above. Broadcasting is not advocatei; it is better to prepare a nursery, as before mentioned, and as soon as the hollow has an inch or two of water on to commence transp'anting. The “ boro” ‘varieties must always have water lying on the field. ‘No further care is wanted till thee op is ready for reaping. As before said, tha “boo” i:a bigge:ined, “coarse rice, not a table rice, and is capital feed for pigs, and if grown for this purpose alone, and fed ‘to the pigs whole or groind up as a meal, will more tha repay the former for his trouble. With the stoppage of the rains the water begins to dry off the land, ani ‘the crop ripens; it isthen harvested. HARVESTING, Owing to the brittleness of the crops, the harvesting must be done with sicklez: or yveaping-hooks. Care must be taken, however, to cut the crop befor it ‘ge's thoroughly ripe, as a‘ dea’ of grain is sh-d, consequently lost. Some difference of opinion exists on that point. Experience in the Cairns district goes to prove that when thoroughly ripe, the ears are not so brittle or liable to drop off asis the case in India. Harvesting is therefore done when the crop is thoroughly ripe. If this is a fact, then there is no reason why mowing or reaping michinery should not be used in the havesting. When cut the crop is tied in bundles and ec:rried off to the thrashins floor at once, or if the weather b: fine and dry, it may be left on tha fi‘lds fora diy o¢ twoto dry. To save the straw, which is good fodder for cattle, the crop shou'd b; cut as cose to the ground as "possible. In Louisiana, Florida, and the other rice-growing States of America where large areas are put under rice, harvesting machinery has of a necessity be used. The ordinary wheat-harvesting machinery, putes and binder,” or, still be:ter. a “strippar” could bs made to answer the purpose, by havinz broader tyres to the wheels, so a3 49 peevent the machine sinking into the soft, wei, rica lands. An ordinary mowing machine, with the same improye- to | ment to the wheels, would be effective, The price of harvesting machinery, however, being great, the exoense would on'y be warranted with large areas under rice. PREPARING CROP FOR MARKET. Up to this point the crop is known a; “ paddy,’ ‘nd before it can be called “rice” it has to go through the following processes:—Thrashing, to separate the grain f.om the s raw and stalks; hulling, removing the outer skin or husk; separating, clean- ing the rice of thrash and any unhulled grains; and finally, polishing, to complete the process of | rice cleaning for the market by removing the inner cuticle. Machinery for the above operations can be purcyased in eets or separately for eith r hand, animal, or steam power. A complete set of hand-power rice-cleaning machinery, with a capacity of from 300 Ib. to 500 1b. per day, will cost £53 23.64. in New York; ast for animal power of same capacity £37 10; a eet for steam power, including engine and boiler, with a ¢ pacity of from 600 1b. to 1,000 Ib. per day, £225. The best know. manufacturers of r ce-cleaniag machinery are the Geo. L. Squier Mannfac uring Company of Bufialo, New York, their machnery being in use in almost every rice-growing eountr. in the world, and giving universal satisfaction. A set of this firm's machinery, known as the “No. XK.” set, is in use in Oairn: at the present time by the local ric’ company. With the use of a huller, only costing £16 133. 61., our farmer can consume his own rice, the thrashing being done as described farther on. Hullers are procurable capable of prodacing as finished an article, polishei and all, as comes ous of the moderan rice mills. Where smil quanti’ies of rice are grown, and intended for homeeonsump- tion, the fo lowing primitive method of mannfaciure, in use by the natives of India, may be adopted. THRASHING, A level bit of ground will have to be got ready, the crop spread out evenly over this, and trampling resor:ed to by means of two or three bullocks yokrd abreast and tethered to a posi sunk into the ground, beng made to move round a:d round, forking up the straw now and egain; or the thrashing may be done by beating it out by haudfuls over a block or into a box, with two or three bars nailed cross; the bundles of paddy are struck over these bars two or three times, a d the paddy drops into the box, or beating with flails ontil all the grain has been det ched from the straw. It is then winnowed to remove light and inferior grain. The winnowing ig performed by letting ths grain drop from a heizht in a light breeze; the grain fal's on one side, and the chaff and light stuff to leeward. With the nse of a modern hu ling machine the winnowing is not neces:ary. The thrashed paddy has only to be put in the machine, andit is delivered clean rice. dhe grain—still paddy—skould then be spread in the sun for a day or two, then packed away in bags, ont of reach of moisture or rats, till wa ted for us2 or sale to the mill-owner. For home consumption, sma |] quintities of tha paddy can be prepared as follows: —The impleme t mo-t commonly used by ths natives of India for hulling or removing the huskis known as ths “dhekoi” which consists ofa heavy beam of timber or round log, 8 feet long, aud weighing about 300 lb., into ones ead of which a short staff shod with iron is fitted at right angles to the log The centre of the beam rests on a cross bar, t) which it is fixed, resting on two uprights sunk into tie ground. The iron-skod shafi rests ina wooden cup sunk below the jevel of the ground. The implement is worked by one or more persons pressiag the free end of the log down with one foot, and let ing go, when the shod end drops into the cup holding the padiy. A cross bar is usually fixed breast high, by leimicg on whch assis ance is afforded in depressing the log. Ons person 1s coustant!y engaged in pushing back th» grain into the c1p as the pounding ¢g es on. The other implement is in reality a peste and mortar made of wood, and is known as the “ ukhli.” A block of wood 2 feet in lengh by 18 isches in diameter is hollowed out to 9 inches in depth. Tae — JAN. 1, 1895.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 443 ne paddy is plac-d in this mortar and pounded with a shaft 5 feet in length, shod at one end. The shaft is grasped by the middle, raised to the full extent of the arms, and dashedinto the mortar, this pounding continuing till all the gran is busked. Two or three may engage in the work, and, as iu the firstnamed implement, one person has to attend to tha mortar and keep pushing the grain in. There is con-iderable waste by this process, as tha rice gets broken and is winnowed out with the hu-k and dust. But it need not be lost. If all this is collected ani fei to pigs and cows, the grain to the farmer will more than counterbalance the actual loss in rice. Another system of husking i3 to pass the paddy through a small pair of milistones or cyliuders of the same shape, made to hardwood, set on end and grooved on the working surface. The distance be ween is regulated, so as to remove the hnsk by friction without breaking the grain and chaff being winnowed as before describei. After the husk is off, the inner skin covering the grain has to be rem ved by pounding in a morar. The paddy should be ove year old before husking, old rice being preferable to new in point of flavour. The above primitive methods of preparing rice are certainly slow and tedious, and lik-ly to disgust the would-be r'ce-grower, but in the absence of winn»wing and husking machinery they are the only pos ible mak-shifts, and can be worked by himself and family. The greater proportion of the paddy pre- pared for the market in India passed throngh a steaming and ‘soaking process b fore being husked, which serves to render the removal of the husk easier and to minimise breakage. The paddy is steeped in wat-r for forty-eight hours, and is then rus into another vessel with a small quavtity cf water and placed over the fire; just sufficient water is used to merely steam the contents. After this it is dried thoroughly in the sun for two or more days, and then pounded in the mortar b fora mentioned, The pad ly loses one-third in weigit by the husking ; that is to say, tbrea bushe's of paidy when husked will ive two bushelsof rice. A bushel of paddy equals rom 40 to 45 lb., and a bushel of clean polished rice 60 to 65 1b., dependent cn the size of the grain. Ts a cut of an Amerivan hand rice huller, manu- factured ty the above firm, has a capacity of 200 lb. of rongh or paddy rice in twelve hours, and costs £10 83, 4d. in the States. ihe machine is simple in construction and is durable. Represents a hul’er and polisher, manuf ctured by the Evgeburg Huller Coy., of Syracnse, U.S.A. This machine has a capacity of from 75 to 150 bushels in ten hous and both hulls the rough rice and polishes it in the ove operation, and co=t £100. Is a cut of modern rice mill, is automatic in action, and can put throuzh 13,000 1b. or 300 tushels of rough rice per d+y, and costs about £1,230, The above modern rice machinery has all origi- nated from the primitive appliavces used from the days of Abraham, and which m-y, eyen in these days, be seen at work in the Hast. ives a very fair representation of the appliances in question. Their ingenuity cannot be disputed, and for want of a better method, any farmer can easily apply this system. The initial cost of thease machines, taking into consideration the work they perform, 1s not excessive, but doubiless their price places them beyond ‘he reach of small growers. ‘These small hand machines are not = PARTICULARS re RAMIE CULTIVATION, (Forwarded by a Glasgow constituent of Messrs. Bosanquet & Co., of Colombo.) 1st.—Shou'd be grown from plants, not seeds, 2Qnd.—A “Nursery” of say 20 acres should be planted out to begin with. and from this nursery, cuttings obtain= ed for rapid extension to a muci larger acreage. The 9) acres wou'd also give marketable product as below 3rd,—Plant yields 4 crops per annum of “ribbons” (v.¢. the stem ) which is the commercial product, H:ch crop should give at least 10 cwt. of ‘‘ribbons” per acre, which equals 2 tons per season, or probably 24 tons. But in the first year, the first crop should be put back on the ground as manure, as the pro- duct of the first crop is valucless for ‘‘ ribbons,’ go the first year there are but 3 marketable crops each year thereafter 4 crops. The plants, taken care of la-t permanently, and crop for a hundred years, 4th.—The leavesof the plant, and also the rubbish left by the reducing machines, shou d go on the g. ound as manure. (Cat'le also eat the leaves with avidity), 5th.—While Ramie grows wldin China the product is very coarse, and to obtain the commercial material of good quality requires care in cultivation, just as any other natural product. “Che method is as follows :— In hot or dry countries irrig:tion is necessary. ‘No water, no Ramie.” After ploughing toa depth of 15 incbes, and harrowing the ground, ani haying fer- rows three feet apart, the plauts should be ‘set in late autumn, mois tseason 18" apart. Broad cart ways snould be left at convenient distances apart for gettin atthe plants at harvesting time. he ground shoul be plouzhed between the young plats similar to cultivating potatoes. Keep ground well weeded. When once a plantation is formed it keeps down the weeds. Liqud manure is best, but others will do, When harvesting, the stems should be cut when the colour changes a few inches from the ground, conveyed to the decorticating machines, and thea the fibre given from them packed in bales for ship- ment. Machines would be shipped from this tide, Before packing the ‘ribbons,’ thoroughly dry them, s2 as to preyent fermentation, ‘he plants siould 444 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ele [Jaw. 1, 189g) be set out in light sandy deep soil. Crop is yielde the first spring after autumn planting. A zontract to take all that can be produced for five years at London, at the price of £10 per ton cif. equal to £20 at least per acre can be fixed. As cost should work out to about £7 per ton at London, the margin seems a good one. For future guidance it may be mentioned that to cultivate 1,000 acres of Ramie, it is calculated a capital of £15,000 would suffice. Then 1,000 acres, yielding say 2¢ tons per acre per annum at a profit of £3 per ton equals an income ot £1,750 on the capital of £15,000. Setiing off the £750 against contin- gencies the result on this basis equals 40 per cent per annum. Acreage could be extended out of profits till very soon 100 per cent profit basis could be attained. If it were thought well to plant out right away 500 or 1,000 acres instead of beginning with 20 acres of ‘nursery,’ then plants could be supplied for the larger acreage. With the cheap labour of the East, cost might come still lower. eee A HOME-MADE FERTILISER. Every intell gent garden’ r knows the yalne of wood- ashes as a fertiliser, and until a comparative y recent period wood-ashes were reaily almost the only com- mercial manure that was procurable in America, artificial manures not having come into use in that country. But it is somewhat remarkable that the value of woo!-ashes and the beneficial results of their application to the soil, ara generally attributed solely t» the potash which they contain. Undoub- tedly potash is an indispensabls food for plants, and its application to crops is usually marked by cons- icuous results. Those gardene s, however, who have ad long expe ience with potash in the form of ‘wood ashes, and also as potash salts or kainit, find that the latter is not so marked in its effects as the former. The fact is, thatas recently remarked by Mr. S. Macon in the American Agricultwist, wood-ashes are really a mixed fertiliser, and a complete one so far as the mineral elements of plant-food ae con- cerne’. This must be apparent to anyone who considers that they are the whole residue of plants after being burned, except that part which returns to the atmosphere from which it was originally procured. “The nitrogen and the carbo. of the trees alone are thus wanting in tie ashes, which contain every- thing else required by plants. Thus it is cnly reasonable to infer that the benefit d-rived froma dressing of wood-ashes to any crop, must be due to the other elements as well »s to the potash. _ Of course, the value of ashes may vary consider- ably according to theic source, though practically this variation is less than would be supposed at first sight. Ashes are richer or poorer in potash and otuer usefuli: gredients according to the kinds of plants from which they are obtained, and to the character of the soil upon which the plants grew. Also it is found that the value of the ash varie: according to ‘the parts of the plant that have been burned. ‘I'he ashes of twigs (faggots for example), would always be worth much more for horticultural purposes than the ashes of h art-wood taken from the middle of an old tres; and in general the smaller and younger the wood burned the better would be the ashes. Taking what is known of the composition of the ashes from young twigs and that from heart-wood which has fully matured, one would say that the roportion of potash in ashes may vary from 5 to 20 per cent. But a much beter criterion of the real composition of ashes is afford d by the ¢xperience of potash manufacturers, according to whom a bushel of wood-ashes weighs about 48 lb. on the average, and yields rather more than 4 Jb. of potash salts. Professor Storer has investigated this questio » some- what in detail, and has found by the analyses of a number of samples of wood-ashes that selec'ed specimens contain 85 per cent of real potash, avd 2 per cent of phosphoric acid; or say 4 lb. of potash and 1 lb. of phosphoric acid per bushel of ashes. Hence there is ecough potash and phosphoric acid {9 make the buzhel of wood-ashes worth from 10d. | to 12d.; and besides that, some 5d. to 7d. additional may be allowed for the “alkali power” of the ashes This may be explained as the foree of alkalinity which enables wood-ashes to assist in the rotting of weeds, and to ferment peat. The notion that the ashes of soft woods, ruch as Pine and Poplar, are worthless, isan error. The soft woods yield comparatively little ashes, and the ashes are so light that they may readi'y be blown away by the wind; but weight for weight, the ashes from soft woods app ar to be as good for horticultural purposes, or nearly so, as those from hard woods. The percentage composition of wood-ashes com- monly used by garderers is as follows:— Ash of— Potash Lime Phosphoric Acid. Percent. Percent. Per cent. Beach wood 611 564 53 Oak #2 10°0 7393 55 Elm ¥ 210 47°8 33 Apple 7s eae ia 710 46 Fir = on elas 501 58 Poplar ,, oo 14:0 58°4 131 Pear = pe ae | 172 38 Cherry ,, -» 208 28°7 77 Average of 25 des- eriptions oftrees 5°5 34.3 The barks of trees sre s'il more rich in lime than in potash, than is shown in the foregoing tab'e. And as all plants contain lime, this element of the ashes should be t»ken into account, as well as the other ingredients, for it is known that the production of nitrogenous plant-food goes on most easily in soils that have aconsiderabl» proportion of lime in them. In’eed, it may be said that this supply of lime is indispensable to the action of the nitrification-bac- teria, which must have lime within reach for its proper development. Action or Potash on Sort-NrrroGEn. An objection is sometimes made to wood-ashes as a maiure for horticu tural parposes, that the plants to which they are applied grow coarse. This may be du: tothe nitrog n supplid to the plant by the action of the potash on the humusof the soil. This pow r of potashes to make the nitrogen of the soil available for plants is utidoubtedly a ya'uab!e one, and is strikingly sown in clearing wooded localities, For wherever a heap of wood and serub is bur ed, it is noticed that vegetation aft-rwards is apt to be articularly rank and Inxuriant precisely where the ‘rgest quantities of ashes are lying. This rankness of growth is doubtless to be attributed first to a supérabundant supply of nitrogenous food brought into activity by the aid of the ashes, though it is believed that the spots charged with alkali from the ashes are in many cases b tter supplied with moisture by capil- lary action than the surrounding portio ‘s of ground. Investigations haye proved that commercial potash fertilisers, used as such, are decidedly inferior for plant-growth to wood-ashes. The explanation of this fact seems to be that the sulphate and the chloride of potash are devoid of the alkaline quality which is so marked a peculiarity of carbonate of potash which, as is well-known, is the effective agent in wood-asbes. As an illustration of the value of wood-ashes asa fertiliser, I may mention the following fact which has just be n trought to my notice. A gentleman in Nottingham has two Vin.s, which are very old; and were said to be worn out; they had not pro- duced a satisfactory crop for several years. In 1893 they yielded 20 1b. of Grapes of a very inferior quality. In the autumn of 1893 they were heavily manured with a mixture of w-od-ashes and kainif, with the result that in 1894, the present year, the two Vines yielded 120 lb. cf Grapes of excellent quality. The potash in the wood ashes, combined with the potash in the kainit, maturd the wood of the Vine, and developed the fruit tuds. It will be of interest to learn what the result of 1895 will be, but I should think a little more potash will have to be applied in the present autumn, to make up for the drain upon this element by the large crop just gathered. J. J, Willis, Harpenden.— Gardeners’ Chronicle, rast N, 1, 1895.] CINNAMON, A paragraph on the Cinnamon Market we quoted from a correspondent to our evening contemporary, canscarcely be correct in allits particulars. We do not question the statement that the said correspon- dent has money lying idle in the bank ; nor is Aor any reason to doubt that growers have refused his offers for their spice ; but what we take leave to doubt is whether the growers are still holding their crops in anticipation of better prices. The grounds of our scepticism are:—Ist, that cinnamon grow- ers are notoriously weak holders, and, 2nd, that the table of exports does not support the theory of cinnamon being in first hands in any ap- preciable quantity. Our readers are aware how helpless the growers of cinnamon showed them- selves on more than one occasion during recent years, in their endeavours to check or reduce the trade in chips and to compel more frequent sales by public auction of the spice in London, Looking to modern methods, 1t does seem mon- strous that this sole article of commerce, and this spice alone of a great variety—spice sales are weekly, so far as we know—should be offered for sale only once a quarter; and we have not been able to discover that there is aught but the interest of wealthy buyers, who have @ monopoly in the trade, against more frequent auctions. Were cinnamon growers strong holders, and were they able to act with tolerable unanimity, they would have had their own way long ago in the London market, even if the ob- ject of the change they desired had been delayed tor a little time by combination among buyers. Again, the persistent drops in the price of cin- namon, even in face of a restricted output, most of those interested in the trade on this side maintain, might have been avoided had holders been more firm. So we suspect the disappoint- ment of the correspondent referred to must be due rather to higher bids by more venturesome bidders, or to the shipment of the bark by the growers themselves. e are confirmed in the view that there cannot be much cinnamon on this side in first hands by a glance at the Chamber of Commerce Cireular. “We learn from it that up to the 26th instant, 1,730,613 tb of quills were exported, as against 1,729,665 tb in the corresponding period of last year, and 1,821,136Ib and 2,064,714ib during the same periods of 1892 and 1891 respectively. So that, up to date, we have exported more than during the same period of the previous year, not- withstanding admittedly short crops in the Western Province at least! The chips, too, with exports ranging up to 515,8741b stand higher than in 1891 and 1892, though about 46,0001b short of last year. Under these circumstances, it is not easy to accept the statement that growers are holding on in expectation of ‘‘ a big rise in the price at the next sales ’—that is the sales held in London, on Monday last. The statement may be correct only with regard to chips; but that does not appear to be what is meant. The puzzle, however, remains, how have our exports of cinna- mon run up so high, notwithstanding all the talk about short crops, and the information we have from trustworthy sources from some of the best estates in the country, that the last harvest was most disappointing ?—to say nothing of tle ensuing one which is likely to prove still more disappointing. Can any of our friends in the | Southern Province help us with statistics bear- | ing on the production there, or tell us whether the rainiall in the South has been helpful to the harvesting of a large crop? Another statement which is open to question | 56 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 445 n the paragraph we have quoted, is that the anticipated rise in the price of cinnamon is not due to low stocks at home. We have good authority for saying that the stocks are below the average. At the August sales only 517 bales were offered, against 1,076 the previous May, and 1,120 bales in August 1893; and _ three months ago the statistical position was in favour of growers, the stocks, being 2,066 bales against 3,707, 2,590, 4,378 and 4,254 bales for. each of the preceding years up to 1890. ‘The sale of the SRE of the 2,500 bales which were offered on Mon- day last—a by no means extravagant quantity for the season-—is satisfactory, as showing that the demand is now fully equal to the supply; and we shall look forward with interest to the de- tails of the sales which should come to hand three weeks hence. Meanwhile we can_ only repeat what we have said before, that the prospects of the small crop now being harvested—at any rate, it should have been begun ere now— are very poor in the Western Province; so that there is sure to be a great scarcity of the finer qualities of cinnamon in the London market before long. SS — PLANTING IN TRAVANCORE. My. P. R. Buchanan returned from North Travan- corewhither he had gone recently to inspect some ten thousand acres of forest land which had been offered to the North and South Sylhet Tea Companies, and ina short conversation which one of our represent- atives had with him, he said he found the soil in the district very good indeed, better than any he had seen except in the best parts of Upper Assam. He saw some splendid coffee and he found tea at between 5,000 and 6,000 feet elevation looking as well as any he had seen in Cey- lon. The chief drawback at present to the land he inspected was its inaccessibility and he supposed that was’ the reason why a _ great many more people had not looked at it. The journey to it includes a railway ride, about 40 miles in a bullock-hackery and a ride on_horse- back of about 30 miles. On the way he met Mr. Scott of Mayfield, Mr. W. Mackenzie, and Mr. Tait, and he experienced hospitality from Mr. Knight and Baron Rosenberg who showed him a good deal of the district. He was accompanied by Mr. Milne who returned with him and Mr. L. Davidson who has stayed behind to make a visit in South Travancore. Mr. Buchanan has some places to visit here yet, and then he intends to go through the Wynaad and Coorg. ————— TEA SEED. We hear it stated on good authority that the As- sam-Chittagong Railway have acquired 49 acres of Jntinga Valley tea, and that, after infinite trouble, R1,49,000 has been acquired as compensation. The company has booked orders for over 950° maunds of seed, at an average of about R85 a maund. This will give the company nearly R8&0,000 profit, or about 274 per cent on the capital. During the past three months the shares have risen very considerably, and the manager is to be congratulated on a very suc- cessful season’s work.—Tkhe Planter, November 16. 1°: —— Ss 2ovyaL Garpuwns, Krw.—Bulletin of Miscellaneous information for October has for contents :—Lathyrus Fodder; Minor Industries; Deesdes Kewenses: X.; Madagascar Piassava; Three New Species of Tre- enlia; New Orchids: 10; St. Vincent Botanic Station ; Rhabuy Grass;'Bulbous Violet in the Himalayas; Miscellaneous Notes. 446 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. v7 , 7 +2, [Jan. 1, 1895. TEA SWEEPINGS. London, Nov. 9.—It was reported yesterday tha another shipment of the ‘‘ Hainburg T’ea’’ had ar- rived from Hamburg. I am told that the Tea Dealers’ Association have had a meeting and that the tea’ growers anc producers and merchants aye likely to have a meeting on this same subject, as they very keenly resent the fact of the Custom House allowing tea sweepings to be sent ont of the country and returned here as a “food’’ and put on the market. I have no doubt, that I shall be able to send you from time to time this information as it crops up.—Cor. pak Pehl es PLANTING AND PRODUCE, SuccrstepD Rerorms in tur TxA Trave.—Mr, Slaney’s letter, which we printed last week, has called forth the following expressions of opinion on the same subject. A Leeds correspondent of the Grocer, signing himself James Johnson, says: “I have frequently noticed the objectionable ‘ cedary smell’ pervading some Indian, particularly in Dooars growths. The remedy your correspondent, Mr. Slaney, proposes, viz., the posting of marks for information of the trade, op ears a practical one; and perhaps the writer would so far have the courage of its opinions as to exhibit a list in his sale-rooms of marks coming under his notice packed in bad wood. I am informed that the wood com- plained of is shipped from Japan and China to India and Ceylon, principally the former, for use in dis- tricts where there is a scarcity of the right materials. Amongst marks I have noticed where teas come over in exceptionally good packages, I would name the following :—Assam Company, Doom Dooma, Jokai, Upper Assam. One would think it would be to planters’ interests to have due care to the procuring of ‘such packages as would secure the teas arriving in best possible condition. Curious things are certainly found in tea at times, and I quite agree with your correspondent respecting the earthy matter which is sometimes found in Indians, Jayas, and Ceylons. However, some people who are on the cry out for grip, etc., in low teas may like it. would be more strength in it than in the ‘resuscitated tea’. so skilfully manipulated by ‘ expert tea blenders,’ that customers ‘Oliver Twist like,’ called for more,” “Tumsong’’ writes: “I cannot, understand owners of tea estates, putting their teas in cedar wood chests. described by your correspondent Mr. Slaney last week. The trade would think that quite naturally producers, would studiously avoid using chests which may, contaminate their contents. I am of opinion that the’ only remedy must of necessity be of a drastic ‘character, such as Seas the trade with the garden namesior marks when this wood is used,”’ Tun, Kirst ‘Saupe or Inpran TEA In CatcurTa.— The first, we, believe, distinctly public (or commercial) sale of Indian tea was made in the Calcutta market on May 25th, 1841, although as far back as 1788 Sir Joseph Banks suggested to the Court of Directors of the East India Company that the effort should be made to cultivate tea in India. Lord William Bentinck, on the eve of his departure for India, accordingly received instructions that he should give the ‘subject’ his careful consideration. Some eight years previous to Sir Joseph DBanks’s sugges- tion Colonel’ Kyd had actually raised ina tea in the ‘Botanic Gardens of Calcutta. Lord Bentinck,’ on’ his arrival in India, lost no time, however, in taking action. A Tea Committee was founded, with Dr. Wallich as Secretary. In addressing his Council on January 24th 1834, His Excellency mede it clear that he was to Jeave nothing unturned that might help to attain the objeot aimed at, viz., the acclimatisation of the best Chinese plants. The Tea Conunittee do not enpeexr to have informed’ Lord Bentinck that Major Bruce (abont 1821) and subsequently Mr. Scott (in 1824)"had found the tea plant wild inAssam. Much Certainly there. missioner was actually in China (on behalf of the Tea Committee) Captains Charlton and Jenkins re- discovered the wild Assam plant.—H, and C. Masl, Nov. 9. ee = aie BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. MR. JOHNSTON'S REPORT. A Blue-Book was published lately (Africa No. 6, 1894), containing the report by Mr. H. H. Johnston, her Paageetn Commissioner and Con- sul General, on the first three years’ adminis- tration of the eastern portion of British Central Africa. The report, which consists of 43 pages, is dated Zomba, March 31, 1894. Of the 237 Europeans in the country at the time this report was drawn up all but 11 were British subjects, and may be enumerated thus—69 English, five Welsh, 130 Scotch, six Irish, six Australians, six from Cape Colony, and fivefrom Natal. The health is generally good, and the only Malady to be really feared is black-water fever. Mr. John- ston speaks in terms of high praise of the mis- sionary societies at work in the country, of which he enumerates seven—the Universities’ Mission (the oldest of them all), the Chureh of Scotland Mission, the Livingstone Mission, the Dutch Reformed Church Mission, the London Missionary Society, the Algerian Mission, and the Zambesia Industrial Mission, High praise must be given to the missionaries for the extent and value of their linguistic studies, some details of which are siven. When he comes to the trade of the country, Mr. Johnstone tells us that the imports for the year 1893 were 49,142/., an increase of 16,142/, ‘since 1891, while the exports were 22,139/., as much as 18,252/. of which represented iyory. Coffee figures in the list of articles exported to ‘the amount of 2,996/. ————————— CEYLON COCOA. i 'AN INTERVIEW WITH CADBURY BRO’s. REPRESENTA | Everyone, whether interested in cocoa growing or not, has heard of Messrs. Cadbury Bros., the well- known chocolate manufacturers; so that Mr. J. FB, Davis, the representative of that frm, who is now travelling in the East, had litt'e cifficulty in making his firm known, and readily agreed to see a reporter of a contemporary this morning. Mr. Dayis for the last year has been travelling through India for his firm, and has celled at Ceylon en rou‘e. Whilst here he was naturally desirous of seeing a cocoa estate, and, journeying to Kandy, was kindly skown over Palle- kelle by. Mr. Vollar, the experienced and courteous superintendent. Needless to say Mr. Davis is full of praise of what he saw under Mr. Vollar’s guidance, and readily supplied us with all the information he could give regarding the manufacture of ‘chocolate at the prettily-situated works belonging to his firm at Bournville near Birmingham. Asked if he could explain the sucden drep in the price of cocoa which has recently occurred, Mr. Davis said that “it was bound to come sooner or later. Cocoa had had a very considerable rise in price, and the inevitable - reaction set in this year.” Continuing, he said Ceylon cocoa still tops the market, and seems likely: _ to do so for sonie time to come, seeing that its superiority does not lie alonein its better preparation — but in its better aroma and brighter color, due te the _ soil in which it is grownand to cther causes. Do we use Ceylon cocoa largely” ? Yes, we co. Itis not of course exclusively used in our better-class cocozs and chocolates. These are blended with Trinidad and other West Indian growths, but Ceylon. cocoa is too Rood to be used in anything but the best makes.” — iz. Davis then told our represeututive thet his firm expense “and considerable delay were accordingly | shipped more largely to Australia than to any other _ incurred in sending several expeditions to China to procure Chinamen and tea-seed, but while a com ; couitsy, and that Incia was their third largest custo- _ mer; but none of these countries of course take any- Jan. 1, 1895.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 447 thing like as much of this fattening and wholesome beverage as does the mother country. Large quanti- ties are exported raw to America, and Messrs. Cad- bucy Bros. by all theiz requirements in Mincing Lune, not being owners of properties of any cocoa estates. He was naturally full of the praise of cocoa, and gave a most interesting account of the large works established by his firm in Worcestershire, where over 2,000 men, women, and boys are employed. All the fancy boxes which are so admired and are used to hold fancy chocolates etc. are made, it appears, at their own works; and this will give our readers some idea of their variety as well as their extensive- ness. We must refrain today from giving an account of the works, but many intevesting particulars are to be gleaned from abook ‘cocoa and all about it,’’ issued by Messrs. Cadbury Bros. and now before us. We trust that Mr. Dayis’s visit to Pallekelle and the further visits to Ceylon estates which he intends making on his return here next year may do some- thing to increase the interest his firm takes in Ceylon cocoa, and tieir belief in its purity and excellence. Mr. Davis ieaves by the P. & O. boat for Bombay tomorrow, but will be back again in about nine months’ time.—‘ Times of Ceylon.” —____-__@ THE AMSTERDAM CINCHONA AUCTIONS. London, November 8th. Our Amsterdam correspondent telegraph that at to- day’s sales of Java cinchona, 2,601 packages were dis- posed of, at an average unit price 3 cents (9-16ths d. per lb). The following prices were realised :—Manufac- turing bark, in whole and_ broken quills. and crushed, from 84 to 334 cents (= 1d to 6d per lb); ditto, in root, from 94 to 24 cents (= to 1}d to 44d per Ib); druggists’ bark in entire and broken quill, from 63d to 51 cents (1jd to 9d per lb). The chief. buyers were the Amsterdam and Mannheim Quinine Works, the New York manufacturers, and the Auerbach factory. The tone of the market was firm, and the quantity sold realised a slight improvement on last auction’s prices.—Cheinist and Druggist. SS ORIENTAL COFFEE COMPANY. The eighteenth annual general meeting of this company was heid at 32, Great St. Helens, E.C.—Mr. J. Young presided, and in moy- ing the adoption of the report and accounts congratulated the shareholders upon the im- proved position of the company. Last year no distribution could be made; this year the direc- tors were able to declare a dividend of 74 per cent. After the payment of expensesat home and abroad there remained a surplus of £3,680, which would have afforded a dividend of 124 per cent., but the directors thought it more prudent to write off - £1,000 for depreciation, though he (the Chairman) did not know that the estates had really depre- ciated in actual income value. The extension of the Beatrice estate was going on, and, as the Company possesssed a great deal of virgin land suitable for coffee, it was proposed to gradually provide for the depreciation of the old property by the establishment of new fields, in order that the average productive value of the estates might be kept up.—Mr. H. Tolputt seconded the motion, which was adopted, as was also a resolution authorizing the directors to take steps to increase the capital of the Company by the issue of 1,000 additional shares when the time should be con- sidered favourable for so doing.—/. & C. Mail. Pemba ey ote ete - 101 THE TELEPHONE IN THE PLANTING DISTRICTS. fA* Dimbula correspondent writing on the 30th Novy. says that Mr. Sinclair completed his telephone line the precious day and united Bearwell and Mausa Ella estates. He and Mr, Maclachlan, the Superintendent of the latter estate, along with an ordinary factory carpenter, erected the instru- ments and wire without the aid of an expert. There are three ‘‘ Coxand Mathews Telephones” and 7,580 yards of bronze copper wire all of which was supplied by the Colombo Commercial Com- pany ata cost of £36. The lineis a simple one with an earth circuit and it is marvellous how distinetly the voice is transmitted fora distance of 3% miles. Even hard breathing can be dis- tinctly heard through these instruments and one can recognise the voice of any friend speaking at the farther end. The telephone will be of great service to. the proprietor in helping to economise the. labour on both estates and for obtaining early infor- mation as to the quantity of green leaf on its way to his Bearwell Factory, where the Mausa Ella leaf is manufactured. The whole cost of this telephone, with old steel rail standards is only, I hear, R820, Rumour has it that a wire tramway is about to be put up between the twoestates but I don’t know if this is true. Lovely flushing weather. ———— Ss LIBERIAN COFFEE IN TRAVANCORE. Mr. L. Davidson, who returned from _ his trip to South Travancore, expresses himself in glowing terms regarding what he saw of Liberian coffee there. He is convinced that a very great mistake was made in cutting it out here, and he is determined to extend the cultivation of it in Kalutara and Kurunegala. One planter told him that he cleared from £10 to £20 anacre. Heaccom- panied Mr. Buchanan on his trip to North Travancore, but merely as Mr. Buchanan’s guest and not on business. The climate, he says, is superb. There is plenty of sport to be had in the district, and by-and-bye he may tell us of the tigers he met. Se NEW TEA COMPANIES IN INDIA. Messrs. Andrew Yule & Co., have brought out the prospectus this week of the Assam. United Tea Company Jimited. Capital R400,000, divided Baral into 6 per cent cumulative preference and ordinary shares. The dividend on the Preference Shares is guaranteed by Andrew Yule & Co., for the first 8 years, and the company after this period has the option of Tepeying them at 10 premium by annual drawings or otherwise. The property to be acquired consists of 5,800 acres of freehold land, of which 752 acres are under cultivation; it is a goi concern, made profit of R18,785 last season an expects to make R40,000 this season, the crop being estimated at 3,400 maunds, The vendors, Frese A. Yule and Co., take 2 lakhs in cash and the ordinary shares, and they undertake to provide the necessary funds to work the garden at 6 per cent The investment seems a sound one, and the Pre- ference Shares really almost resolve themselves into a loan at 6 per eent with the interest guaranteed for eight years.—Calcutta Cor. Pioneer, Nov. 24. RR Nee How CEYLON TEA Is MAKING ITS WAY INTO AMERICA—is the heading of an extract from the American Grocer which cannot fail to be of in- terest to Ceylon tea planters. It shows that one of the largest American distributing grocery houses—Finlay, Ackers & Co. of Philadelphia— have started a ‘‘special Ceylon Blend tea.” Before long we hope to see, as the result of our delegates’ operations, that this House and other Firms will be advertising packets of ‘pure Ceylon Tea \ 448 HEA REDIVIVUS. About very few products has so much been written during the past twenty years as Rhea fibre, extracted from anettlewort, botanically known as Bohmeria nivea. The plant is in- digeneus in Northern India, especially Assam, and also in China; grows very readily over a wide range of climate and country, and is very easily cultivated and reaped. The great value of the fibre—Chinese grass-cloth—has long ago been recognized; but the difficulty and expense of preparation were so great that the Indian Government, at the instance of Dr. Forbes Watson, offered a prize of R5,000 to. the in- ventor of a machine that would prepare and cleanse the fibre, quickly, efficiently and econo- mically. The fibre is just what the manufac- turers of Bradford have been nearer for as something between jute and silk. e grass- cloth made from it rivals the best French cambric in softness and fineness of texture. When in Dundee in 1884—during the very depth of the planting depression in Ceylon—we did all we could to interest the large jute manufacturers and their Bradford agents, in this island as a fibre- growing country, and in response to our letters in the Dundee Advertiser, there was a move- ment to exploit our lowcountry and form a ““Dundee- Ceylon Fibre Limited Company ” to operate in the Southern Province, a paradise for fibre-growing plants. But the difficulty that could not be overcome was as to the profitable preparation of the fibre, especially of ramie or rhea. Messrs. Death & Elwood were supposed at cne time to have overcome all obstacles with their machine; but it was found there was a guinmy substance which could not be got rid of, save by a slow expensive process ; and so the matter has rested until the present year, although a M. Favier near Avignon in France professes to manufacture ramie to the value of £40,000 a year, getting the raw material from China. Very nittle has been heard, however, of this French Company ; and rhea or ramie has, of late years ather dropped out of view. There has been a special revival of interest of late in consequence of a Mr. A. F. Bilderdeck Gomess, F.R.M.S., a practical Chemist, discover- ing a process by which all difficulties are over- come at very little expense. The fibre pre- pared and treated by him is most highly spoken of by manufacturers who say they can use large quantities of it. A Company has been formed ot take over Mr. Gomess’s Patents, called the “Rhea Fibre Treatment Company, Ld.” with a capital of £130,000, and the prospectus estimates that the fibre can be produced at 3d per lb., while it is valued at from 8d to Is 6d per Ib. A profit equal to 76 per cent on the capital of the Company is accordingly estimated. Patents have been got for the United Kingdom, nearly al the Continent of Europe, United States, India and Ceylon. It is as agent of this Com- pany that Capt. Whitley carries a commission empowering him to deal in the raw material for the Company. Among other proposals is one to cultivate rhea in Johore; but the Southern Province of Ceylon with its cheap labour ought to be quite as convenient. Meantime, however, Caleutta merchants offer to collect a large quantity of the raw material from the indigenous plants and to supply f.o.b. at a rate well within the limit of the London Company. The expectation is that 2,000 tons a yearcan be taken off by manu- facturers to mix with silk at 6d a lb., wool at ls, best hemp 5d, or sea-island cotton at 6d a THE TROPICAL AGRICULTL RIST. [Jan. 1, sibs. Ib. When the indigenous supply gets searce, Ceylon ought to be as good @ country as an in which to cultivate Bohmeria niwea. e await news now of the London Company actu- ally setting to work and earning its 76 per cent dividends. —e—eE—e——— INDIAN PATENTS. Calcutta, the 15th November 1894. The fees prescribed in Schedule 4 of Act V of 1588 have been paid for the continuance of exclusive pyi- ilege in respect of the undermentioned inventions :— mproyements in the construction of metal chests or boxes.—No. 253 of 1890.—Arthur Andrews, of No. 5, Lyons Range, in the Town of Calcutta, Merchant, for improvements in the construction of metal cheats or + (From 24th November 1894 to 23rd Noy. 1895. Improvements in Rice-Milling.—No. 172 of 1690.— Robert Aitken Speirs and Heinrich Stumpp, Rice- millers and Engineers, residing at Upper foozoon- doung, in the city of Rangoon, Lower Burma, fer improvements in rice-milling, which has for its object the better polishing and finishing of cleaned or pearled rice. (From 18th December 1894 to 17th December 1895.)—Jndtan Engineer. eS TEA AND COFFEE IN NORTH TRAVAN- CORE. Mr. Wm. Mackenzie returned from North Travancoro whither he had gone on a short visit to his friend Mr. Kmght. He iuliy corroborates what has been said by Mr. P. K. Buchanan and Mr. ‘. Davidson regarding the soil and the climate. He says he was very agreeably surprised with ali that he said in that vast district and that portions of it both high and low are better suited for tea and Liberian cofiee than ours because of the superior soil. The higher range was in very respect suitable for tea, the soil and climate bearing favourable comparison with the Agras here. The transport was carried on by means of bullock carts which however were much smaller than ours, (the load being only about a third cof what a Ceylon cart carries) over roads which ould not cost more than R2,000 or K3,000 per miles, rivers being forded which we would bridge here. ———ESS SCOTTISH CEYLON TEA COY. We learn that a number of the S.C.T. Co's £10 shares have been sold in London as high as £17 10s pershare. ‘his is, we suppose, the highest attained by any sterling shares of a Ceylon Tea Plantation Company ? i —_ “THE UvA COFFEE COMPANY ”—and its chief local Manager Mr. John Rettie—have to be con- gratulated on the opening of the grand new fea tactory in the town of Badulla—a factory which will serve not only adjacent tea fields belonging to the Company, but also a great deal of leat purchased from small proprietors who will thus be saved the cost of building or machinery on their own account. Such central large Factories are a public benefit ; while we have no doubt that under the shrewd management available in the , present instance, the investment will prove a very profitable one to the shareholders. - up Jan. 15 1895. | NEW AND OLD PRODUOTS IN CEYLON. “THE SECOND STRING”: COCONUTS, CACAO OR LIBERIAN COFFEE. Although recent observation and experience have tended to throw doubt on the wisdom of aay resolute restriction of tea cultivation here, it is very gratifying to observe that Proprietary Planters and Plantation Companies are recognizing, in a practical fashion, the un- wisdom of putting all their eggs into one basket. The lesson which the collapse of coffee taught the community is not one to be readily forgotten yet that there has been a rush into tea and that large expanses, if not whole districts, have been put under that one product, admits of no doubt. The observant and accom- plished Director of the Botanic (Gardens took his parable annually in his interesting Ad- ministration Report, and preached against the prevailing tendency as calculated to de- velope, if not to invite, the attacks of insect and fungoid pests. He seem d_ for a long time as ‘‘one crying in the wilder- ness”; but what the voice of science has not been able to accomplish, is being gradually effected by the louder whispers of finance. Ex- perience of low prices and the apprehension of a yct greater fall, have inducedsome Planters, at least, to turn their attention to other products which are believed not to have been overdone yet. Not only so; but there was, and is, a@ strong feeling that measures should be taken to prevent any farther extension of the acreage under tea. There was much at first sight to commend such a course; and the reasons might have been conclusive in favour of it, did we possess a monopoly of Tea production, or had the limit of the successful growth of the plant in other climes been reached. It can in no wise, however, benefit us to impose restrictions on ourselves—thereby neglecting lands admirably suited for the product—in presence of exten- gions elsewhere, and even of the introduction of the cultivation into altogether new territories. Without, therefore, absolutely inviting and en- couraging extensions, nothing in our opinion should be done, either to stay the hands of the Government in the disposal of Crown land, or to prevent proprietors adding to their acreage, under the stimulus of large crops and satis- actory dividends. The counsel to strangers not to go into tea is naturally liable to suspicion, so long as dividends, in some cases up to 30 per cent, con- tinue, and tea in full bearing is valued, albeit by their owners, at £50 sterling an acre. There are those among us who believe that the Chinese-Japanese imbroglio will enable us to secure a firm foothold in desirable markets, and that once that is effected, there is little to fear from over-production. Others of a less sanguine etemperamnt and of a more cautious habit are not inclined to regard as likely to be permanent any advantage that may be gained at the present juncture ; and without any loss of faith in tea, they prefer to have a second string to their bow. Such are beginning to find in Coconuts, Cacao and Liberian Coftee, the desired alternatives. We certainly commend the action of Companies and capitalists who are possessing themselves of coconut lands in favourite districts, instead of adding to an already extensive acreage under tea. Coconuts have always been regarded as a safe investment, if somewhat slow, and yielding moderate returns; but as times go, and with the demand enhanced by Desiccating Mills, the returns THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. are more promising. The combination of tea with coconuts in the same fields is a different matter; and thers is naturally some difference of opinion touching the wisdom of the combina- tion. That they will grow together is beyond doubt. We know of some estates in the low- country, notably in the Heneratgoda and Ve- angoda districts, in which fields of the com- ined products leave nothing to le desired as regards appearance and promise. The tea flushes “p endjdly up to 400 or 500 lb. per acre; and the coconut plants seem more vigorous and healthy for the disturbance of the soil which the monthly weeding of tea ensures, than they would have been if pasturage protected the feeding roots frem the severity of the sun. But how long will this last? It is well known that tie roots of coconut plants—though planted 25 or even 27 feet apart—approximate as their fronds do, until, when the latter meet, the ground is quite anetwork of rects from stem to stem. When the soil is thus occupied by the roots of trees, what chance have shiuwbs, however hardy, of a healthy growth? In rich, well- drained soil the tea may not die out; but will it yield paying flushes, especially with the over- hanging shade of the palm? We must say we are doubtful of the success of the combi- nation, after the Sth to the 10th year; and the experience with coconuts and cinnamon in the same field, which seldom, if ever, give desir- able returns after a certain period, tends to confirm our doubts. But in the meantime, tea, as a temporary crop, pending the maturing of the coconut palms, is doing very well. Discredited by reason of its numerous mies, and _ thie prices, which witnessed, the most ene- extraordinary tumble-down in the last twelvemonth has Cacao is, nevertheless, one of valuable alternative products fer the Ceylon Planter—always premising a good soil and a sheltered aspect. The insect and fungoid eneinies are such as can be overcome with care, and the prices, even as they are, are not to be despised; while the high reputation which chocolate bears as a specially rich and nourishing food, and the ever-increasing uses to which it is put in confectionery and in flavour- ng dishes, cannot fail to create a steadily in- creasing demand. Perhaps few products have caused disappointment in Ceylon in the past Liberian Coffee—due to a_ considerable tent to the extravagant hopes built on _ its apparent robustness. We know of places in ae lowcountry where it has been so treely su- erseded by tea—is not this the case in the alutara district? And where even as a_ subsi- diary product it has well-nigh disappeared. Bus the survival of bushes and unpruned trees in some localities, many still exhibiting somewhat of their quondam magnificence, suggests the prob- ability that the conditions essential to the suc- cess of Liberian Coffee as a permanent product have not been long enough or sufticiently studied. Its liability to leaf-disease and especially the suc- cess of tea have discouraged experiments. Our own observation is that unpruned trees and bushes pruned high—5 to 6 feet—and having moderate shade, have not succumbed to the disease. There is every encouragement for experiments in the greater than ex- ruling prices, which, there is good reason to believe, will be maintained for a long time to come. In this connection it is interesting to note what a correspondent writes to one of our vening contemporaries ; and it would be useful 450 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. to have the opinion and advice of our own corre- spondents on the following :— “That we were far too hasty in getting rid of our Liberian coffee trees to make room for tea I am convinced. I did not destroy al! mine, but left them in a hollow where they were doing remarkably well, and I have had no reason to regret it. Not only so, but. I am taking steps to extend my acreage, but only under light shade. t fully believe in shade for Liberian, but it must not be heavy shade. In my case rubber trees planted very widely apart afford capital shade for the coffee. If the shade is too thick the trees grow up spindly and without stamina. Moreover, I do not think hand-weedin ‘suitable. lo bare the ground to the tropical sun an the pouring rain is most injurious for Liberian coffee. It induces disease and weakens the trees. I prefer to let it grow up in weeds as they doin India, and then after a time to cut the weeds down with a sickle and later on dig them into the soil. At anything like present prices a very small return per acre would pay better than tea. Tothose who have good land—mind, I only say good land—I advise the planting of this variety of coffee.” DRUG REPORT. (From Chemist and Druggist.) London, November 8. ANNATTO.—One bag of bright, but rather damp, Ceylon seed sold at 44d per lb today, an advance of about 1d ; two other lots were bought in, one of 8 cases fair, but rather bricky colour, from Madrasat 5d, and one of 7 bags, medium quality, via Bordeaux at 3d per lb. AREC4,—The market is still over-supplied, and at to- day's auctions a parcel of 30 bags, oitered without re- serve, realised only from 8s 6d to 83 9d per cwh, which is equal to a decline of fully 3s on the last sale quotation. CAFFEINE has advanced further in the course of this week ; 16s was paid privately on Wednesday, and at auction today'a 9-lb tin of Howards’ band sold with strong com- petition at 16s 6d per lb. CINCHONA,—It is announced that the shipments of bark from Java during the month of October amounted to over 1,000,000 half-kilos, compared with only 530,000 half- kilos in October 1893. At auction today the chief inter- eat in cinchona lay in the sale of a newly-imported par- cel of 24 serons Wild Calisaya from South America. ‘he drug occurred in small to medium pieces ef fair colour, and realised the exceptionally high price of 2s 2d to 2s 3d for sound quality; while the damaged lots brought from 1s 11d down to 74d per lb. This is an advance of fully 5d per lb above the rates recently realised pri- vately, sales having been made on several occasions lately at 1s 9d per lb. Of Loxa bark, 6 serons fair quality, partly thin and split quill, sold at 1s 5d per lb, a decline of 1d perlb on the last quotations. Huanoco bark is also lower, about 41 packages selling at 7id to 93d for partly silvery small to medium quill; and from 7d down to 34d per lb for damaged parcels. Wild red bark : Only 1 bale of 28lb was offered today ; it consists of good but small pieces of fair colour, for which 7s 6d per |b is asked. Fifteen serons very dusty soft Colombian bark were bought in at 33d per lb. Coca-LEAVES.—Nineteen bales of good strong greenish Huanoco leaves are held for 1s 4d per lb, but no res- ponse was made even to a suggestion of ¥;d per lb. Bright green but broken Truxillo leaves were bought in at 104d per lb. QUININE.—A few days ago 20,000 oz second-hand Ger- man bulk were reported to‘have been sold on the spot at ligd per oz. Since then it is said that 11gd has been paid, but we have not been able to confirm this trans- action. The market is quiet. main unaltered. London, November 15th. CINCHONA.—The first of the new series of monthly bark- auctions was held on Tuesday, when an unusually large supply, mostly consisting of Kast Indian cinchonas, was oftered. ‘here were nine catalogues, aggregating as fol. lows :— py pat Packages Packages 638 of which 408 were sold 1496. .6:55/1) 1238 55 Ceylon cinchona Hast Indian cinchona Java cinchona 207 4 161 5 West African cinchona 361 * 361 nS South American cinchona 113 ,, 41 s 2715 2210 The assortment of bark was a fairly good one. It con- sisted chieHy of Kastern Officinalis and Ledger barks and jncluded a small parcel of cultivated bark grown in Manufacturers’ prices re- ‘ ' were sold, at 1s 6d per Ib for fair dry, but rather small. -change in the citronella oil trade, ‘dard. Certain English firms have also taken advantage ' of our energetic action and now only buy the oil upon _ the basis of the tests laid down by us. * requiring the oil toconform to ‘‘Schimmel’s test” should South America, on an estate in Colombia A consider- able part of the Kast Indian bark was i several months ago, and had been offered before. oy ye was fairly yood throughout the greater part of the sale, and though it fell off somewhat towards the end, a slight improvement was made upon the average of i hes auction's prices, the unit being fully ¢d perlb. The total uantity of sulphate of quinine represented by the manu- acturing bark at the auctions was about 320,000 oz. The following prices were paid for sound bark :— CEYLON CINCHONA.—Original,—Ited varieties : Fair, partly woody, to good bright quidly stem and branch ebips, id to 2d; fair shavings, 1-d to 24d; root, partly danty. 1 to 14d per lb. Grey varieties: Ordinary to good bright quilly stem and branch chips, lgd to 3§d ; common ditto, id; shavings, 14d; root, 14d to ugd per lb. Yellow va- rieties; Ordinary to good bright stem and branch chips, $d to 14d perlb; bybrid chips, 1gd to 2d; root, 1d to Yd per lb. Renewed.—Red chips, 1d to 1gd; grey chips 2d; hybrid chips, 14d to 1§d per Ib. Detailed reports of the Amsterdam cinchona-auctions of last Thursday state that the equivalent of 10,746 kilos of quinine was sold, and that of 13,885 kilos bought in, at those sales. In spite of the heavy quantities omered, and the knowledge that the shipments of bark from Java have been usually high lately, the tone of the auctions was rather steady. Pharmaceutical barks were offered freely, and were difficult of sale for ordinary grades, but fine druggists’ quills were firmly held COCAINE is firmly held, although at present there is no alteration in price. KoLa.—At Wednesday's spice-auctions 15 bags newly- imported West-Indian kolas were offered. Only 3 of these There haye been some arrivals this week—viz, 17 bags from Africa, and 10 from the West Indies. OIL oF CITRONELLA, fair native, offers at 10,d to lld_ per lb. QUININE.—Steady, Some little business (about 5,000 oz has been done this week at l1jd per oz for second-han German bulk. Vhe market closes with few further sellers at this figure. rm [From Semi-Annual Report of Schimme & Co. (Fritzsche Brothers) Leipug and New York, October, 1894} CINNAMON OIL.—Owing to the advance in silver the prices of fine cinnamon chips have advanced. Within the last few days offers made to Ceylon shippers have been refused by them, and it appears as though it was intended to make up for the decline in the prices of the better grades of cinnamon, (which are also expected to apply to the new crop now being brought to market,)by enhanced quotations for chips. Under the circumstances it is questionable whether shall be able to maintain our present low price for fine distillate high specific gravity. CITRONELLA OIL.—The indications of impending radical to which we referred in our last Report have already n to be realised, all parcels imported since the publication of the haying been of good quality, and thoroughly up to the stan- The general in- terest of the trade require that this fayourable tendency should not again be lost through negligence on the pore of the buyers, but that in every new contract the close be inserted. The temptation to adulterate citronella oil with a fixed oil or with petroleum is too strong to warrant — the belief that such attempts will not be revived as svon as the buyers relate their watchfulness. We here reprint the test for the beneiit of the numerous new readers of — our report :— One part of citronella oil should give a clear solution with 10 parts of 80 per cent alcohol. The test can be applied most suitably by means of & graduated measure. The sp. gr. of 80 per cent alcohol is 0.8645. If the sample is adulterated with a fixed oil or with petroleum the mixture becomes cloudy, and drops of the adulterant are either precipitated or rise to the surface after the mixture has been allowed to stand for 12 hours. It is not unlikely that the improved condition of the oil now exported accounts for the fact that the shipments of citronella oil from Ceylon, which had fallen off considerably in the year of 1890, already show a de- cided increase for the first half year 1891, and Fpromise again to attain their normal level in the near future. Untortunately, the spirit of blind anachronism which - crease that the statistics relating to this low-priced article shall be recorded in ‘‘ ounces,” continues to prevail. The quotations are likewise still made partly by the o2, although a section ef the exporters in Colombo has be come converted to the far more suitable and easy metho of quoting by the “lb Engl.” “one There is nothing new to report with regard to price of the article, Jan. 1, 1895. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 4st Two samples of citronella oil of very good quality, re- cently examined by us, and enumerated below, were found to possess a lower specific gravity than we had ever be- fore observed in the article. Sample A. Citronella oil is distilled by Winter, Badda- gama, Ceylon :—Sp. gr. 0.887. Opt. rot. ——I° 4. Sample B. Citronella oil distilled by Fischer, Singa- pore :—Sp. gr. 0.891. Opt. root. —— 1° 10’. We had previously iound that pure oils varied in their specific gravity from 0.895——0.$i0 ; samples of lower specific gravity always proved to be adulterated with kerosene oil. his adulterant however was absent in the samples just referred to. These were both pure distillates, giving perfectly clear solutions with alcoho: of 80 per cent. PLANTING IN. TRAVANCORE. Mr, P. 2. Buchanan says that the ‘'ravancore Govern- mentare very helpfulin the way of making roads, and there is already a road leading irom the Western side of the district he visited into the back waters, which he fancies would open up water communication. Of course, so long as transport is wanting, labour is more or less a difficulty. ‘the labour at present employed in the district is Tamil labour obtained from Tinnevelly and, as he gays, of course, there must ‘be proper roads for the coolies to reach the district, and also they must be assured of getting regular provisions for them, and these cannot be secured without a fairly decent road. ‘These are the two great difficulties that he noticed, but otherwise the country is a splendid one,.he says. ‘he soil is very fine, and both coffee and tea were doing well. ‘Viiey also saw cinchonaz; thereare nine or ten planters already in the district which had teen offered to Mr. “Buchanan, and one of the most important concerns is the Tulliar Company, which is worked by anold Ceylon coffee planter Mr. Payne, who is doing splendid work there. That is entirely laid out in coffee, and the crops are excellent. There are a great many cinchona estates bearing very fine cin- chona, and one or two tea estates, which look very well, indeed. Im fact one of the tea estates he saw there produces as good tea as any high-country tea he has seen in Ceylon—and that was Mr. Davidson’s opinion, and also Mr, Milne’s. Mr. Knight’s Moona- velly estate is also in this concession. Of course, if Mr. Buchanan’s companies take over this land they would not attempt to run the estates already opened up, but would simply receive vents there- from. The concession, he says, was originally granted to a Mi. Muric, arc tle Jerd was taen over from him by the Noith ‘iiayancore land knd Agricultural Society, ard they haye developed ahe country as far as their means haye-allowed them tto, but they cannot go far enough. Abkout 40 miles of roads will be required to be cut to get to water co m- munication. ‘he lands is 1£0 square miles in extent, as already stated, end Mr. Euchencn cays that he thinks there are probably 10,(CO acies of gcod icrest Jand high-ccuntry, ard the grace lence are aleo very good. He is now making his 1ecomn:encation to the companies that he represents, in regard to the land, and, not having yet settled whether or not his companies will take over the place, he is not at liberty to state what that recommendation will be, but, judging by his tone all through the interview, Mr. Buchanan was very satisfied with the result of his trip. Ihe matter will develop when Sir John Muir arrives she day aiter to-morrow in the ‘Clan Macintosh.”’—Iocal “ Times,’ Nov. 28. ITEMS FROM ERITISH NORTH BORNEO. (November 1.) Mr. S. A. Korezki brought 55 Ghinese coolies for the tobacco estates. The Hon. C. H. Strutt has com out to see the tobaceo eatates of ‘le New Londou Borneo Co., of which heis Chairman, and will visit the Lahad Datu estates in which he isalso interested. ‘| When Mr. Daly visited the Kinabatangan in |1884 he reported the gold was said to exist in jthe River Maluar. Hadji Dowd, the head man at Tamoy, informs us he obtained heavy gold from the main river bed just above the junction of the Maluar, and the red gravel inthe river bank at Tamoy contains fine gold—both in: small quantity. The news from Lincabo seed pearl banks is very satisfactory. The Bajows stopped work to allow the spirits to be propitiated by the Sherif ; this was done with much ceremony and the re- sult was (?) that after a few weeks seed pearl shells from the size of a cent to that of a dollar were found on the banks. A large crop is: anti- cipated. Mr. Wise got.a record bag of snipe—six couple —early in October on the Papar padi fields. From Taritipan estate we have received a very pretty sample of Arabian cofiee, grown at am elevation of 300 feet and under light shade. It is a small bean, but close, and of a good colour. We are informed that the crop is_ setting well and in good bunches, and that the trees are under two years old. This confirms our belief that the temperature in British North Borneo differs from Ceylon in being cooler at any given elevation and Arabian coffee planters will) not require to plant at a great altitude or far from the sea. Captain Barnett had occasion to visit the slopes of Kinabalu in July, and of one spot called Sayap Pohon he writes. ‘‘It is a most fertile stretch of country situated about 3,000 feet above the sea level, prolific with fruit trees; there must have been some 2,000 coconuts alone. With very little difficulty a road could be constructed to its centre which would bring it within six hours side of Abai.” A new clearing is being made for the plant- ing of gambier near the Sebooga River, ad- joining the Telegraph trace, by a Syndicate of Sandakan Chinese.—B. NV. B Herald, —-——_ ——___@ —___-__ PLANTING IN CENTRAL AFRICA. Although it is only between three and four years ago that Mr. Johnston was appointed first Administrator of what is now known as British Central Africa, the country around Lake Nyasa had been for many years occupied by both missionaries aud traders—for the most part from Scotland—who had sown the seed which now under Mr. Johnston’s skilful watering, is bear- ing such excellent fruit. When the history of British enterprise in Central Africa comes to be written, full justice will doubtless be done to the excellent pioneer work of the various missionary societies and of the African Lakes Company ; but it is impossible to read Mr, John- ston’s report without realising that the introdu- ction of a central government and a regular administrative system has been an unmixed blessing to the country. The Eastern portions of British Central Africa may be roughly described as consisting ‘‘of an elevated plateau, broken here and there by the valleys oi large rivers, or accentuated by occasional heaths and elevated mountain ranges, rising to yet greater heights than the ave:ave altitude of the plateau.” This plateau, or. -railcr, series of pla- teaux, constitutes more than two-thirds of the area of tiie country, and Mr. Johnston tells us that for six months out of the year the temperature is delichtiul, though above 5,00 feet the cold is aptto be somewhat trying. The lake and river system is deseribed by Mr. Johnston in considerable detail, and the rainfall is illustrated by one of the excellent series of maps which acoompany the report. Into 452 Mr. Johnston’s interesting account of the flora and fauna of the country we cannot enter; but it must be counted to him for righteousness that by declaring Mlanje Crown property he has preserved the magnificent cedar forests that crown tle sum- mits of that mountain mass. As for game, British Central Africa is a hunter's paradise. Ivory is the principal export at present, and if the indiscriminate slaughter of the elephant is pre- vented, Mr. Johnston sees no reason why a mo- derate trade in ivory should not continue to exist, and the elephant’s existence be indefinitely prolonged. The rhinoceros, too, he would pro- tect from extermination ; but against the hippopo- tamus Her Majesty’s Commissioner declares war to the knife. Ivory is not, however, likely to hold the place of honour among the exports for long, as it seems certain that coffee will rapidly supplant it. The story of the coffee plantations TF the Shiré Highlands belongs to the romance of trade. A single plant; bought by a Scottish horticul- turist from the Edinburgh Botanical Gardens, was the progenitor of the two millions of trees which are estimated to exist in the Shiré province, and it is satisfactory to know that this patriarchal tree still flourishes at Blantyre, and that the Scottish horticulturist has reaped the reward of his [foresight,. and has now the largest coffee plantations in the protectorate. Rice, too, is grown with remarkable successs, and Mr. John- ston sees ‘‘no reason why the shores of Lake Nyassa should not produce rice enough to feed the whole world.” There is, however, it is needless to say, a fly in the ointment—a metaphor peculiarly applicable to South Africa, where the existence Bs the tsetse fly makes it impossible to employ horses and cattle in certain districts. Time may work a remedy, as the tsetse likes neither the resence of man nor water, and will probably disappear as the country becomes more thickl populated, and reatloresting affects the rainfall. Fen purposes of administration, Mr. Johnston— who has pha to create a system—has divided the country into provinces, in each of which an officer of the administration resides, dis- charging duties of the most multifarious cha- racter. The native chiefs are as little interfered with as is possible, but it is generally under- stood that there is an appeal from the chief to the British representative. Custom-houses have been established and ordinances passed for stringently regulating the trade in arms and ammunition. A hut tax is levied in the Cen- tral provinces where an engagement has been made with the chiefs, and Mr. Johnston justi- ties the imposition of this annual tax on the en- tirely reasonable ea that the natives should eontribute towards the cost of securing im- munity from the slave raids, which formerly rendered their lives a burden and a terror to them. This terrible traffic is not yet stamped out even on Lake Nyasa; but during the three ears of Mr. Johnston’s administration it has een rendered increasingly difficult and dan- gerous and increasingly pony Where form- erly 2,500 slaves were annual exported from the Eastern portion of British Central Africa not more than 1,000 are now smuggled out, and Makanjira’s defeat has strack a deadly blow at the trade. Forts have been built on the lake and along the frontier. Order is maintained, and the salvers are punished by a force of 200 ' Sikhs, who have volunteered for service in Africa, under European officers. There is alsoa Makua police force, and a aumber of native levies are raised when occasion requires it. ‘There remains the further question. what value is British THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jam. 1, 1895. Central Africa likely to be to the Empire? What future is there before the country? Mr. Johnston, though an interested, is a singularly impartial witness. He does not seek to prove that in British Central Africa we have another Australia or Canada. The conditions of life are not such as to enable the white man to engage in the actual work of cultivating the soil, and European colonisation, in its most extended sense, is therefore impossible. But ‘“‘in course of time, and as life becomes less uncomfortable than at present,” he thinks that “it would be actually possible to found Euro- pean colonies on some of the highest plateaux— that is to say, in districts which are over 5,000 feet in altitude.” In these regions he is inclined to think that Europeans might not only re- tain their health, but might even rear children, without much, if any, deterioration of race. Thir view is, if we are not mistaken, shared by others who know this part of Africa—including Captain Lugard—but it is by no means the commonly . accepted view, and can only be tested by actual experiment spread over a long period of years. If, however, the European in Central Africa is to be confined to the réle of ruler and teacher, it is obvious that he must be assisted in the development of the resources of the continent by a race qualified to play the part of hands to the European brain. Is the negro so qualified? Mr. Johnston is inclined to think not. Here we come face to face with a problem of the first magnitude in the future of the African continent, and it is extremely interesting to note the conclusion which Mr. Jolnston’s wide ex- perience has led him to form. He adopts the opinion of a well-known negro-writer—that ‘ the pure and unadulterated negro cannot, as a race, advance with any certainty of stability above his present level of culture ; that he requires tlie admixture of a superior type of man.” Where is this superior type to be found’? Not in the Arab, since the Swahili, the Arab-negro hybrid of the East Coast, though phsically a fine type, is ‘recalcitrant to European in- fluence.” Itisin India that Mr. Jolinston would find the admixture of yellow required by the negro. The Indian ket get the physical de- velopment which he lacks, “‘and in his turn would transmit to his half-negro offspring the industry, ambition, and aspiration towards a civilised life which the negro so markedly lacks.” It is a fascinating speculation, but still a s)ecu- lation; and here, as in the case of Frropean settlements on the high plateaux, it is time alone that can apply the touchstone. It is, how- ever, something to find such questious raised in a blue-book ; and it may serve to mark the ex- ceptional character of Mr. Jchnston’s report that — it is equally interesting as a record of what has been already done, and as a forecast of what still remains to be accomplished.— _ Speaker. ————Se— DIVI-DIVI. An Uva planter writes :— “Can you give me sny information as to the com- mercial value of the Divi-Divi tree and how the seed — or pod, or dye or whatever is used, is prepared for market, as I have s considerable crop on some trees.” A great deal of information about “ Divi-Divi” will be found by our correspondent in his volumes af the — Tropical Agriculturist in February, March, Jane and August 1863 and in December 1888. The value of the neeaanani to vary from £5 to £8perton. We read of 165 cwt.selling in Madras for R¢60, and so on, Jan, 1, 1895.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 453 THE GLORY OF TREES. It can hardly be called an omission, but it is cer- tainly matter for surprise, that in the two bulky volumes of ‘‘The Forester,’’* the standard work on trees and their reproduction, now republished under the editorship of Mr. Nisbet, almost no reference is made to the admiration inspired by the beauty of trees, and its effect in encouraging their preserva- tion. Now that the fire of autumn is touching the leaves, their beauty of colour is obvious. What else is it which makes the glory of trees? Those who to power of analysis add the gift of sight, may some day give to the world a theory of what constitutes their strong attraction to the msthetic sense. But they will have to explain a sentiment far older and more primi- tive than the admiration for almost any other form of natural beauty, and how itis that today, when— “The fair humanities of old religion, The power, the beauty, and the majesty That had their haunts in dale or piny mountain, Or forest by slow stream, or pebbly spring,’— have no longer a place in shaping the minds of men’ the beauty of trees still awakens an echo of the ancient spirit of reverence and homage. “Tf in truth ye anoint me King over you, then come and put your trust in my shadow,” said the bramble. ‘If not, let fire come out of the bramble, and devour the cedars of Lebanon.’’ The shadow of the great tree wasits first appeal to the peoples of the Hast. The banyan, under which fifty genera- tions have sheltered from the sun, is first an “embodiment of benevolence, later, perhaps a sym- bol of endurance. But the size of the tree seems early to have awakened a sense of contrast and injustice. It lurks in the last line of Jotham’s parable.” It awoke whenever Hastern tyranny at last inflamed the passive Wastern mind. ‘Cedar of Lebanon whom God hath not yet broken,” exclaims Augustine. Perhaps this is a relic of Hebraism. How, Indeed, could they appreciate the beauty of trees, in a land so treeless that the poet’s simile invokes not the shade of the branches, but ‘the shadow of a great rock in a dry land.” There is none of this grudging spirit in Homer. His heroes sit ‘‘under a beautiful plane-tree,”’ in which the sparrows build. ‘The tender reverence for trees, from Dodona’s oaks to Daphne's laurel, which assigned to them human souls suited to the suggestions of their form, is one of the contrasts of Hellenism with Hebraism. The fall of a mountain pine is a symbol of ruin, not of vengeance, and the cruel completeness of the doom, “‘ Hew down the tree, and cut off his branches; shake off his leaves, and scatter his fruit,’ is without a parallel in classic metaphor. The*tree won a place in the affections of the Western peoples which it has never lost. From the days of the Druids till now we have never grud- ged the full-grown oak its strength, nor stinted our admiration of its magnificence. ‘Lhe size of trees is part of their individuality. Among a hundred thou- sand oaks or beeches in a forest, the giants are always known and marked for centuries. A really great tree has a royal presence. It keeps a circle round its throne which it allows no others to approach. Thus the mere circumstance of its ball, which keeps all others at «a distance from the shadow of its branches, augments its im- ortance, and is an element in its beauty, consi- ered merely as a spectacle. A long acquaintance with such a tree always increases our admiration for its grandeur. It amounts almost to a tempta- tion to liye under its branches. We note its ehanges in sunshineand storm; its bearing in mis- fortune; the loss of its branches by snow andgales; the cast-iron rigidity of the tons cf timber in its stem; the vigour with which it replenishes the losses from wind and frost. There are those who derive some part of the beauty of trees from their power of motion. Of Some kinds this is true, here is real beauty and solace in the quiver of the aspen, and the waft of * The Forester. By James Brown, LL.D, enlarged by John Nisbet, D,@c, 2 vols, wood & Sons Sixth Edition, London; Blacks the tresses of the weeping-willow. Their movement is in keeping with their place by running streams. It is aformof prettiness :— ‘* Willows whiten, aspens quiver, Little breezes dusk and shiver Through the waye that runs for ever By the island in the river Flowing down to Camelot.” Note how the poet picked his words to paint the pretti- ness. But this beauty of association does not appl to all trees. The timber-trees are tortured by the wind. They grow restless and vociferous. For our part, we would have them always still, these motionless formsin the hushed forest. The impression produced upon the mind by standing alone among really gigantic trees, is at first an ecstasy of pure admiration for their beauty. Yet, if analysed, the feeling is one clearly not due only to the effect of size, mass, colour, and the play of light and shade. It is something personal, due to the influence of the individual trees; for the same feeling is never produced by the view of trees merged in masses, however great. Aman may stand on the high mount of Lyndhurst Church, and look over wave after wave of forest, and breathe the wind laden with the odours of a million trees, and be untouched by the spell which falls upon him when alone, surrounded by the silent forms of the gigantic trees, the remnant of the ancient forest. What then, is the nature of their appeal to the imagination? Highly com- plex, to judge by the recollection of the impression made ; and not dependent on mere grace of form, or on ariety of kind, for they are nearly all beeches. Their beauty, analysed to the common terms of arboreal growth, must depend upon the contras between the perfect lightness of the foliage with the solidity of their structure. The gradual subdivision of the trunk into branches, of the branches into lesser branches, of these into the leaf-bearing branchlets, and the lateral flattening of these intothe pendent leaf, which has colour and the power of partial illumifiation by light pouring through it, possesses a scale of natural symmetry which is perhaps the main element of beauty, but with such exceeding differences, such rugged breaches of the law in different trees, as never to impose itself on the mind as an obvious cause for admiration. This natural architecture never invites criticism, or suggests a plan. The mind regrets the very notion of intentional symmetry, while rejoicing in the effects of some natural complete- ness of design. Yet every well-grown tree has symmetry of a kind: and if this is destroyed by accident, its loss is felt. At the same time, nothing is more resented by the lover of trees than any attempt of art to teaze them into symmetry or to cut them into regular shapes and forms. Another element in the beauty of these great trees is the constant sense of inability to number or become familiar with the enormous detail of their forms. The eager brain which would grasp all their beauties, first in impression and later in detail, so as to carry away the splendid catalogue of their charms, is baffled and rebuked by the silent complexity of their myriad parts. The dry descriptive formulas of the botanic manuals, which allot the same space to the scientific identification of the privet and the oak, ave not more inadequate to the task than is the eye of the keenest observer who would catalogue the prodigal wealth of ornament in the forest tree. But, unlike the lesser shrubs, these giants do leave on the mind associations of beauty so strange and so unique that the sober enumeration of them sug- gests something fantastic, whereas these impres- sions are almost izresistible when amon the surroundings which give rise to them. t may be that their size imposes on the brain. They are the largest of all living things, and that alone though often unrecognised, must disturb the usual order of thought. When the first sensuous shock of their beauty has been received, the trees impose their personality, and seem endowed with some form of will which has made them what they are. They dominate in their own realm. They are genit, latent forces, with power to become not only what they are, but what they will. No two are like, The living force in each hag used the natu 454 —_—_ forcesin a different way. They owe nothing to man, not even the sowing of the parent seed, and “ the human being’s pride”’ asks, how came they to be there, and to be what they are, anembodiment of that idea of magnificence, which we so often wish to realise, and fail? The grandeur of a tree does, in a great measure, depend upon its size. The national pride of America in its giant trees is well founded. In the Sierra Nevada, there are three groves of the “ Mammoth tree,’ which, like the beeches of the New Forest, will for ever be protected as a national inheritance. At the head-waters of the San Antonio river, the num- ber still standing is about two hundred, of which ninety-two are of the largest size. Six hundred more of these giants stand at a distance of fifty miles, on the slopes of the mountains. At a short distance beyond there are five hundred more, and it is said that a fourth grove has been discoyered, which is to be included among the national parks. The average dimensions of these trees are 300 ft. in height and 30ft. in diameter near the ground; ut some specimens are 400ft. high,—a few feet lower than the cross of St. Paul’s. If the giants of our own woods appeal to us as an embodiment of magnificence, what must be the impression created by this hall of _ columns, in which each equals in height the spires of a cathedral, and has stood through ages of whose duration the years of the oak are an inconsiderable fraction ? These Californian giants lack one element of, impressiveness. They have no associations other than those which their size conjures up. Human fancy, has never played with their mighty forms ; so far as is known, no human eyes have watched the _ages of their growth. ahey have no place in the story of nations, they ave built no temples, furnished no navies, They have no _ place in story. They were found alone in the wilder- ness, as the Siberian fur-hunter found the ice-cased mammoth, in a world of their own. To the mind of the educated West, the groyes of thecedars of Leba- non would appeal more strongly than the groves of the Sierra Nevada; the bulk of the one could not outweigh the associations of the other. But to the primitive notions of Eastern peoples, the giant tree makes a direct appeal, not only for respect, but for worship. Whatever departs from the ordinary course of nature strikes them as the immediate work of God, and one which necessarily preserves something of the divine. Such, for example, is the holy pine of Japan, with its double stem, pictures of which are presented to every bride and bridegroom on the ‘marriage day; and this claim to worship is shared potentially in the Bast by every great tree that pvertops its fellows.—Spectator. t =< - THE LONDON CINCHONA-AUCTIONS. London, November 15th. _ Before the commencement of Tuesday's bark auctions Mr. David Howard proposed that the public sales of ‘ einchona-bark in London be held, in 1895, on the twelve dates specified below. He thought that these dates would be the most convenient ones because they were chosen so.as to fall, as far as possible, midway between the Amsterdam auctions. At present it happened occasionally that a heavy cinchona-auction took place in Holland _-within three days of a London sale, with the result that the market was temporarily overfilled, whereby both trad- jing centres were injured. The dates mentioned by him “were only thrown out tentatively, and any suggestions on the subject sent to him before the next (December) - gales' would be welcome. Mr. W. W. Green observed that the Produce Brokers’ Association were considering the whole question of the bark-sales, and thatthe brokers in- tended to confer with their principals on the subject. Sub- “sequently Mr. A. Davitt (lewis & Peat) remarked that the dates suggested by Mr. Howard would suit his firm -yery well. The proposed bark-auction days in Londonand -the dates already fixed by the Amsterdam cinchona-trade for 1895 are as follows :— London. Amsterdam. Jan. 8 July 23 Jan. 24 July 18 ' Feb. 19 Aug. 20 Feb. 28 Aug. 29 “March 19 Sept. 17 March — Sept. — April 30 Oct. 15 April 4 Oct. 3 May 28 Nov. 12 May 9 Noy. 7 June 25 Dec 10 June 13 Dec, 12 _peGhenist and Druqaist. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 7 toll [Jan. 1, 1895, A CHEAP “BULK” MANURE: NILGIRI LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. We have already touched once or twice on the gravity of the manure question on these hills, as in other districts, and recommended giving a trial to the various leguminous plants so abundant on the Nilgiris. We sent Mr. Hooper, Government Quinologist a few specimens to kindly identify for us, which he has done, despite the press of his other work. We thank him cordially for his as- sistance, it is but another instance of the interest he displays in all matters planting; it is a pity that a short-sighted Government does not render his services more available to the great industries of coffee and tea, The wild leguminosae or pod-bearers are known generically on the Nilgiris as kddu-avaré or kadu- iodalé: jungle-peas; the botanical names are some- what different. We may as well mention before proceeding further that in the following list, Mr. ooper is only. responsible for the botanical mames and the properties of the plants, 1. Cassia Occidentalis is perhaps the commonest of our wild pod-bearers, as it is certainly the most conspicuous. It is a shrub, growing perl up alice to 8 or 10 feet high, and its great of bright yellow blossoms contrast markedly with its bunches of pods, which turn a deep black when ripe. The seeds are also black, are thin and flattish, and are closely packed. It springs up freely on all fallow land and yields a large quantity of foliage. In common with other cassias, the C. Occidentalis possesses aperient properties in medicine and yield Senna leaves and cassia and pulp, 2. Aryiosra CanpoLLer is a shrub of about the same size as the fore-going, but its flowers are of a deep orange, and its pods are flat and covered with a thick down. Its foliage is darker than C. Occiden- talis and hangs in clusters. Mr. Hooper informs us that nothing whatever is known of the properties of the Atylosias. 3. SopHora GLANcA does not usually exceed, we think, three feet in height but is more bushy in its growth than either No. 1 or 2, The flower is pink and insignificant, and the leaves are of & peculiar dark shade of green, easy to mistake for that of other plants when growing in the jungle. The Sophoras axe very poisonous, the leayes and seeds being used for destroying fish in many parts of the world, their poisonous properties are due to their containing certain alkaloids, 4, Crorotarta Rugierosa. This is somewhat like No. 1, Casia Occidantalis, the flowers and pods being very similar, the latter are perh&ps more strikingly like the common pea-pod. The properties of the Crotolaria are like those of the Sophoras being very poisonous. In answer to a query as to whether it would be safe to use wild pod-bearers indiscriminately as fodder for cattle (after having first made them into ensilage) Mr. Hooper points out that many of the leguminosae—as instance the Sophoras and Brotolarias—are virulent poisons. The Cala- bar bean or Ordeal bean of Africa may be taken as an example of the deadly properties of these plants. Poisonous, however, or net, when given to cattle, it would not matter to. the plants if used as a green manure. All pod-bearers possess the valuable property of storing up. the free nitrogen of the air, as doubtless all our readers know by this time. Instead of, therefore, buying the very costly cattle-nitrogen or the cheaper form of it in poonacs, why not utilize the products of Nature’s laboratory supplied in most cases at one’s door? At first a trial could be given by simply gathering the plants as they stand; did the experi- ment turn out successful, a piece of so-called / land might be cleared in Badaga fashion for a fey rupees and the seed sown in broadcast in the rains Bulk for bulk green manure made of pod-bearing plants is superior far to cattle-dung, while it usually its equal in nitrogen and minerals, It is difficult at first to say what would be.the best m 1 2 om JAN, 1, 1895, | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 455 of applying it, though it strikes us that thatching the soil in the rains would be agood method. When partially decayed it might be forked in without diffi- culty. ‘The objection to this lies in the fact that a great deal of its carbonic acid—the yalue of which is so clearly demonstrated in our article: ‘‘ The Great Need of Aeration’”’—would be lost. Were it how- ever applied in pits, it would not decay for a long time and if forked in green it would have to be first passed through a chaffeutter and even then might toosen the soil at first unduly. The most convenient way on the whole would by to stack it in long low heaps, mixing lime with it to hasten decay. This should be done in the rains, and it must be re- membered that for speedy and successful decay of vegetable matter, both air and moisture are requi- site besides of course a certain amount of warmth. When sufficiently rotted the mould can be applied as cattle manure, though preferably dug in broad- cast if the draining of the estate allow of this. As with the Australian yellow wattle experiments are urgently required, as if successful they would prove a boon vast indeed to the coffee and tea-planting world. It is at such times that we sigh for an ex- perimental garden, bitterly though, we trust, not in vain.—Nilyiit News. ~~. “ROMANCE OF PLANT LIFE. ” PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS BY DR. D. MOK. RIS, cmc, AT THH RICHMOND ATHENAUM. Dr_ Morris proceeded:—I have to thank yor, my friends, a3 members cf the Richmond Atheneum, for the honour you ave dene me in electing me your president for the current year. In acceptiig this post, folowing the exampe of my distinguished predecessors, i shall present an address, and in my case shall confine myself t» subjects of special in- terest that have becn more or less worked out at Kew or latcly been illustrat-d by specimens con- tribute to the storehouse of botanical information in the megnificent museums at Kew. In plant life, az in animal life, there are certain phenomena familiar enongh at the present day that at one time were utterly disbeleved in. Others, not so ex- traordinary, were looked upon with a certain amount of polite incredulity; whie not a few were simply ignored as not worthy of serious investigation, COCONUT PEARLS. The coconut palm is one of the most striking and cha:acteristic trees of tropical shores. Its uses are too numerous to mention. You are familiar with the fruit, a hard, brown nut, lined inside with white fiesh, ani having a central hollow usually filled with mils. A coconut pearl is now in the museum at Kew. It is egg-suaped, perfecily white, and com- posed almost entirely of carbonate of lime. It has, in fact, a somewhat timlar composition to the pearl of the o)ster, and yet there is little doubt it is a purely vegetuble product. Dr. Riedel, of Utrecht, had fourteen cocouut pearls in Lis possession. One of these, he says, he found, himself, in a coconut in 11866, a: Hclo:talo. Besides thes» coconut p:arls, Rumph = describ:s what he calls “melate” peurls, taken from the flowers of a jasmin; and a “‘ tjampake” pearl taken from the flower cf a Michelia. OPALS IN BAMBOOS. Bambo.s are the giauts of the family of grasses. ‘Lheic majestic plumes are the glories of the tropics. The bamboo item is usually hollow, divided into numerous pockets by plates inserted at the joints. dhis hollow is formed by the rending apart of ‘he “internal structure during the process of giowth. fu the very young state the cavity is filled with a jelly. When this j ly dries up there is sometimes, but 1ot often, a mineral deposit known to the natives of I.dia as “tabvesheer,’ This is ove of the most curious products of the vegetable world; it is, in fact, an opal, formed under somewhat remarkable and anomalous condition. When heated it becomes phosphorescent. It holds as regards the power of refraction an intermediate place between water and gaseous bodies. Brewster summed up his inyesti- gation by saying that all varieties of tabesheer wera in composition and physical character, true opals. STONES IN TREES. Another remarkable occurrence is the deposit of mizeral matter in the wood of trees. This is not accid.ntally inelnded within the trees curing the process of growvh. Is is a deposit from the sap of the plant, often occurring in some trees in large and appreciable quantities. The explanation is a3 follows:—Lime is dissolved by rain water contain- ing carbonic acid gas. This is taken up by the plant, and afterwards when tue gas parts company with the solution tke lime is deposited in a fissure of the wood, as we find it in the iuside of boiler or the tea kettle. We pass now from the class of mineral deposits in plant; to certain pro- pertics possessed by plants affecting the eense of taste. Some euch piants we may cull. TASTE SPOILERS, 3 for they produce a singular effect on the nerves of taste, completely paralysing them in regard to the appreciatiin of certain pubstances. The mest re- markable of these is a plant known in India as Mera-Singi. This was brought into prominence some time ago by a distinguished vice-president of the Richmenid Atheneum, Sir Mountstuars Grant, Dutt, 1.te Gov.rnor of Madras, who first sent some of the leaves to Kew. Tho plant isa stout, woody climber, and the rovts have been long ‘esteemed ‘as one of the numerous remedies for enake bites. Fidgeworth discoyered that chewing the leaf destroyed the power of tre tongue to appreciate tie taste of sugar; powdered sugar taken immediately after, tasted like eo much tand. The WMera-singi has, therefore, been recognised as_a most intresting plant. If sugar is taken in combination with other food, as for instance, in ginger-bread, the pungency of the ginger is alone detected, the rest is taste- less meal. In a sweet orange the taste of the sugar is so suppressed, and that of the citric acid so developed, that in eating it resembles a lime in sourness. The influence of the leaves strangely enough does .ot affect saline things nor astringents and acids, It does, however, affect bitter things, for qninine tastes like so much chalk. Such a plant might possibly te employed fer masking the taste of nauseons medicines; but we do not yet know how far the WMera-singi may counteract the properties of the drug. At the opposite pole of the tas e spoilers may be placed the TASTE IMPROVERS, plants that possess the power of rendering sour or acid substances perfectly sweet. Of these the ‘miraculous fruits’? of West Afcica are very strik- ing instances. Some are borne by a tree belonging to the same family as the gutta-percha tree. It flowers in June or July aid prcduces fruit about the size of small sloes, first green and afterwards dull red. They are covered with aroftish pulp that tastes at first slightly sweet only. he strange part is that this pulp, although slightly sweet in itself, possesses the power of imparting so extraordinary an impression to the palate that the most sour and acid substances become intensely eweet, so that citric or tartaric acid, lime juice, vinegar, and all immature fruit of a sourish character lose their unpleasant qualities and taste a3 if they had been solely com- posed of the sweetest eugar, COLOURING THE SKIN, Before leaying this class of plants I may mention that the pulp of a wine palm, in some parts of America, affects not the crgans of taste but the colour of the skin of persons using it. A regular drink is an emulsion prepared {rem the palp flavoured with sugar. If used at all liberally the skins of the natives become deeply tinged with a beautiful yellow colour. During the season, when the fruits are plentiful, the natives acquire the yellow tinge almost as regularly as the birds their nuptial plumage. A stil more pronounced effect is produced in Jamaica onhorses, by feeding on the leaves of the wild tamarind. They lose all the long hair in their manes and tails. The animals thus denuded look like scarecrows. The effect is singularly grotesque. 456 — JELLY-MAKING PLANTS. The peculiar mucilage just noticed in the taste improvers recalla the presence of a somewhat similar, ! but not an identical substance in other plants There is pectose or a gummy substance found in the seeds of qunce, but more familiar to us in the linseed. It is also present in ripe fruits, and it imparts to their juice the property of gelatin sing when cooked. In Ceylon th«ve is a plant callea Kessi-pissan, which bolds mucilage or pectose in its leaves. I was much struck with an experiment made with this plant coon after my arrival in the island. A freud took some leaves end crushed them in water. Within a few miuutes the water was 80 thorouzhly gelatinise! that it could be taken up in tbe hand and thrown about lik» a compact mass of jelly. This impressed me at the time as very remarkable. A‘ter describing the Pava-para, of New Zealand, which may very we'l be called the bird-lime tree, whch captures birds by its viscid frui:s, the lecturer proceeded:—In Jamaica I described many years «go a grass-like plant, a BIRD-CATCHING SEDGE, that possessed the most effectual apparatus for the purpose. Hwre is aslender plant, not more than eightheen inchs high, with narrow grass-like leaves. The flower heads droop over the streams and risulets near which it grows. If carefully examined it will be noticed that each floret is furvished with a highly specialised bristle attached to the birecf the fruit. ‘Che upper part i; furus: ed with a wonder- fully formed hook, so elastic and tenacious that once it takes hold it cannot be removed, except by ¢rry- ing away the fruit attached to it. Whe object of the hook is no donbt to secure the distribut.on of the fruit. Ifa large bird or animal passes with in reach the hooks immediately attach themselves to it, and the fruits are carried to fresh Jocalities. Li, however, the bird is small it 1s unable to detach the hooks from the plant, and it is effectually caught. The object of the plautin ths case is def-ated, and the bird dies. I saw_ssveral small birds (“gras3-qnits”) caught by this Jamaica sedze, and released them by my own hands. The plant is abundant in mountaiu plac-sin the Wes. Indies or Central or South America, just in the line of flight of migratory bivjs pyszing north and soaty. The hooks evidently do tneir work most effecially in assisting to distribute the seeds. Catching the small birds must be regarded as the result of accident yather than design, for the plant docs not profit by it. While preparing notes for the present address, by a stramge coincidence, there were sent to Kew scme MEXICAN JUMPING BEANS, _ ; about which I had already gathered some information. These beans may already be familiar to some of you here. There are, however, several 1ew iacs connested with them cf considerable interest. The beans are obtained from one place in Mexico only. They have been found nowhere else. A traveller arrived at Southhampt on bringivg what he considered to be a great curesiy, and up n which he set a very high price, name y, some jump ng cr moiiig seeds, obatined from the coast of the Pacific. They had excited ,reav in erest among the ; assengers of the at.amer, and manya w ary hour Lad, no doubt, been lightened vy witnessing theic gambois and speculating on the cause of uction Sometimes the moticn was continued (always in jerk-) for sume minutes, somet-mes oue Or Ol.er tee woud rcinain quiet for a few seconds or minutes, or even for haif- an-hour. If the shell is carefuily laid open ihe cause of all the movements and strange contortios is seen ina fine fat litle maggot careiully housed inside the sed. The lecturcr also dcscribed some odditics of palms and some curious examples of what may be described as the survival of the fitvest in plant life, whered a sesdling growing oat cfa Brazil tut deiebrately eats up its fellows in order to perpetuur- the gp-cies.—At the close on the motion of Mr. Waktield, seconded by Mr. Miller, a most cordia. v.te vi tbacks was pas ed_ to Dr. Morri- for hia orginal and moss interesung lecture,—ZLhames Valley Times, Nov. 7, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Jan. 4, 1895. MAURITIUS, Port-Louis, Nov. 11. Tue Wearner anv THE Crop.—The weather being very favourable for the manfacture of sugar, the ony is being pushedon fast as possible and will pro- bably be foaisken by the end of next month. The gee has generally improved a littne since last month, but the reports we have received from the different districts does not allow us to modify our opinion on the perceptible deficit which we have already men- tioned, Axor Fisres.—The market is firm. We have to quote the sale of 160 bales good to first qualities at R240 per ton. VaniLtta.—The market is firm.—We confirm our last valuation as regards the outturn of the coming crop which will not exceed 4,000 kilos. We quote nominally :— Ist quality R23 to 24 per kilo 2nd do > 19 to 20 do. Good to Middlin 14 to 15 do. (Above 6 inches) Vanillons 8to 9 do. —NMerchants’ & Planters’ Gazette. A a PLANTING AND PRODUCE, Tue Increased Demanp For Tea, COFFEE, 4ND Cocoa.—No one is likely to dispute the opinion put forward in the columns of the Daily Yelegraph, that the most practical promoters of temperance are those who have started and who manage the cheap and good tea, coffee, and cocoa shops which now abound in London and elsewhere. As the writer in the authority we have quoted points out, a generation since it was almost impossible for the working-man, and above all the working-woman, to obtain a cup of coffee or tea save at houses which were often of more than equivocal reputation, while today it is difficult to find any part of the metropolis destitute of cheap, well-conducted, and, as a rule, fairly clean establishments. Apropos of this a comparison is drawn between the old times and the new. “ he first coffee house in London was opened in George Yard, Lom bard Street, in the year 1652, by a Greek named Pasquet, or Pascal, who had come to England as the servant of Mr. Edwards, an English Turkey merchant. The fragrant berry, or rather the roasted seed there- of, was at the outest looked upon with considerable disfavour by the Government of the Protectorate, and five years after the Greek Pasquet opened his house the Rainbow Coffee House, Temple Bar, was presented as a nuisance by the Grand Jury. Again, in 1675, coffee-houses were suppressed by Royal ro- clamation, the motive for their prohibition being that the frequenters of these establishments were too much addicted to talking politics. The proclama- tion was speedily rescinded, and throughout the eighteenth century and during the first decade of the present one the London coffee-houses flourished exceedingly. It was, of course, practicable to obtain a bowl of coffee or a dish of tea at these houses of entertainment ; but, as a rule, the old historic coffee- houses, such as The London Jonathan’s Garraway’s, Mutton’s, Dick’s, Sam’s Betty’s, and so forth, were taverns which did a much larger business in excisable — liquors than in the cups which cheer but not — inebriate. For the rest, tea, coffee, and chocolate © where altogether patrician beverages, and cocoa was whelly unknown, while the high prices of tea and coffee placed those wholesome and harmless drinks RHE er beyond the reach of the poor.—H. ¢ C. Mail, — ov. 23. é ee ——————— THE PROSPECTS OF THE Pappy Crop in Lower B are the reverse of improving, and it is expected that the retail price of rice will rise sixty per cent. a few months hence, causing considerable distress. Already pees aa complain of the hardness of the times. —M. Mail, : Jan. 1, 1895.] COCONUT PLANTING ON THE NORTH- EAST COAST OF INDIA. What are coconut planters in Ceylon to say to the letter of Mr. Lushington, District Forest Officer, Kistna, which we give in another column ? If there is waste land available for coconuts, to be purchased or leased, for planting in that neighbourhood, there must be capitalists in this island who would only be too glad to take it up. For, if coconut palins in Ceylon yielding (in plantations of 200 to 500 acres) from 40 to 60 nuts per tree per annum, give a good return on the capital invested, how would it be with a return of 200 nuts per tree, not to speak of the larger figures! Mr. Lushington is, of course, speaking chiefly of cultivation in small gardens or compounds, and then, untortunately, he has still only native evidence to give us. In statistical matters, we, in Ceylon, have long learned to trust very little to the information ot the Oriental who may not have come under the in- fluence of Western ways of exactitude in such matters for a considerable period. There are, no doubt, villages in Ceylon where Mr. Lushington though in reality the heaviest refurn here is under rather than over the 100. Pluckings in Ceylon are usually once-a-quarter and to get 10 to 12 full-grown nuts per tree at each would make a good average for a plantation of any extent, though in small gar- Nene well-cared for, the yield might rise to 15 or 20 nuts. It is quite evident, though, that the palms in the Kistna and Godaveri districts must be much more prolitic, and we are the more in- clined to accept this news now, because a recent visitor to us from Orissa spoke of our coconut palms even at Mount Lavinia—where they are very fine in our eyes—as to him, more like arecas, so slender were the stems as compared with the much greater size of the trees to which he was ae eustomed ! This fact would lead us to expect greater crops and Mr. Lushington’s 25 to 40 nuts which he has seen from one tree at a month’s pluck- ing, bearsoutthehighestimate. Weshould wishour correspondent, though, to take steps personally to test the exact yield of afew trees, if possible, for a year, and let us know the result. Thirty years ago, to satisiy ourselves, we kept the account for a couple of years of the trees in the seaside garden of a Colombo bungalow with the result that the yield averaged only 33 nuts (or R1) per tree per annum; but, then, these trees, though well-manured, looked as if they might be 80 to 100 years old. Opposite our present residence are ten acres with from 750 to 800 palms alto- gether-and these although 45 to 48 years old, look as if they could go on bearing vigorously for another 40 to 50 years. But their annual crop is seldom or never above 50,000 nuts or 60 nuts per tree—a very profitable return since 1,000 nuts are now worth fully 40 rupees, making the gross income equal to nearly K200 per acre. This may be taken as a maximum return for Ceylon. At 200 nuts per tree, in the Gan- jam or Godaveri district, the return would be over R600 an acre, and the rupee-pagoda-tree would thus be once more realised! Salt has always been found to benefit the coconut palm, though hanging a bag in the heart of the tree seems rather a round- about way of applying it. We are still puzzled as to the several transplantings ; here, they would involve risk rather than benefit to the palm. As 40 to 50 years in North-East India, seem regarded as the limit of age against 70 to THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 457 169 in Ceylon, it is possible that the heavy crops forced irom the palms in the case of the former may account for the difference in their life-periods. It would be interesting to know, too, as to the size of the nuts and the distance apart at which the palms are planted. In Ceylon, 40 coconuts yield a gallon of oil, or 500 nuts give 1 cwt. of oil in weight; while for “ copra” 1,000 nuts are counted equal to 525 1b. of dried copra. These figures should enable Mr. Lushing- ton to compare the relative value of the Ceylon and Indian coconuts. — —$—$—$<_$_@—___. THE NAHAVILLA ESTATES COMPANY, LIMITED. A general meeting of the shareholders of the aboy Company was held last month. ‘The report of the Directors was adopted, and a dividend of 15 per cent was declared. ‘he Directors were re-elected and those present at the meeting were 'T. §. Grigson in the chair, R. P. Macfarlane, A. Orchard, F. J. De Saram, M. Bremer and J. Paterson as Secretary The following is from the Directors’ Report pes Although the purchase of Nahavilla Estate was only completed in July last, the Vendor stipulated that ‘A 4 tk spenditure should valke yer fr would be told of 150 or 200 nuts per tree, al- | qehe expenditure should be taken’ oxerdrom the icom- mencement of the agricultural year, viz. 1893, and notwithstanding a See Cortes rsp oats Profit and Loss Account shows, it will be seen a nett surplus on the season’s working of R6,245-74 after ay- ing all preliminary charges in connection Wathetbe formation of the Company, and expenses incidental to the transfer of the Estate to the Company Lhe Directors propose out of the above sum to Eh a dividend of R15 per share, being at the rate of 15 per cent per annum which willabsorb ., . To pay the Directors’ remuneration ,, Fi oboe To write off from the amount ex- j pended this season on Capital account in order that the cost of Nahavilla may stand at the round R100,000 -. Rl,144-17 To carry forward oe +» R201°57 . R6,245- During the year 32 acres have been planted Tie Tea, and arrangements have been made for plantin a further 23 acres during season 1894-95. : eas Directors have to advise th ry Estate in the Badulla District has bs J en - plete}, and that prospects on both properties fon Nev Se.son so far as they can at present be deter- mined are satisfactory, especiaily as regards the Coffee which has blossomed freely, and there is a good crop en the trees. at the purchase of OO , TEA Crops.—Our contemporary of the «74 of Ceylon ” is agood deal out in reckoning meas Dmnibula tea crop as estimated for 1895 is onl equal to 350 1b. per acre all round. That about the average that may be deduced fr a the Maskeliya estimate which jis 6,200,000 Ib, By ef from very little more than 17,000 i bearing—or rather let us say 360 Ib. KS acre allowing a little for young tea. Now Heal the case of the premier district Association gives an estimate of for 1895, (or 623,000 lb. greater mated for 1894 and 1,918,000 Ib. actual crop of 1893); but the tea for Dimbula was given in at 39,980—practically 40,000 acres from the previous return that must be in bearing, so that the —allowing somewhat for youne te as posses 420 lb. per acre. 7 ingly good return for so laree istri Dimbula, and considering its eleriiont aac _ 3,500 to 6,000 feet above sea-level, ; es the Dimbula 16,172,400 Ib. than was esti- more than the total area in last Directory ; and we know 36,000 of this average yield is tea—is as near This is an exceed- 458 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jan. 1, 1895. a wD TALIPOT PALMS IN FLOWER. Mr. W. L. H. Skeen writes to us:—“I send you with this three photographs of a Talipot in flower. It is not quite up to the old Allagalla one I took 24 years ago, but stillis a very fine specimen. There are a great number in flower just now in the Central Province.” We thank Mr. Skeen for his information as well as for the really very fine photographs he sends, representing three separate specimens of the grandest Horal display any one tree in the world has to show and each, under varying circumstances which make it difficult to say which is more attractive and interesting. In the first we have a grand specimen of the palm fronting and towering over a grove of minor palms, hp old leaves hanging down round the stem and leay- ing the plume-like flowers in full contrast. Secondly, we have a talipot in flower contrasted with a single areca whose slender stem (like an arrow shot to the heavens) was never better dis- played ; and, thirdly, we have a talipot backed by a forest-clad mountain ridge, the flowers coming out on the palms with almost snowy white- ness. Altogether, we have seldom seen three more successful or pleasing representations and we heartily congratulate Mr. Skeen on the result, Nicely mounted they should form very accep- table New Year gifts from Ceylon. ——— THE CAROLINA TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON, LIMITED. SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS. Your Directors have the pleasure to submit the General Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account for the year ending 30th June, 1894, duly audited, and shewing a surplus of £9,575 3s 7d, which accord- ing to the Articles of Association of the Company, it is proposed to appropriate as follows :— Nett Profit 55 ee £9,575 3 7 Debenture Interes . £2,450 0 0 Dividend on Ordinary Shares at 10 per cent per annum .. Proposed to place to Reserve Fund ae +22, 1,200),.40) 0 5,000 0 0 8,650 0 0 Leaving a Balance of .. as oo205o 7 Half of which belongs to the Holders of the Deferyved Shares af sje, §. 402 11910 Leaving to the Holders of the Ordinary Shares : 5 5 39 ative 8 Wns) Add amount at Credit of Ordinary Shares 38 6 1 £500 17 10 From which it is proposed to pay a further Dividend of 1 er cent, making 11 per cent “in all on the Ordinary Shares, absorbing a Leaving a Balance to be carried “forward to the Credit of the Ordinary Shares of 36 17 10 —_——— £500 17 10 The Tea Crop from the Company's Estates amounted to 778,957 lb., being at the rate of 476 lb. per acre on 1,635 acres, as compared with 705,944 1b. last geason at 428 1b. per acre. In addition 114,401 ib. of Tea were made from Puzchased Leat against 72,908 1b. in 1892/3. The average gross sale price was 9°10d per Jb..as compared with 950d per lb. last season. “The cost of manufacture of ‘ea and placing on steamer in Colombo has been veduced from 5:26d. er lb. last season to 479d per lb. In addition to the Tea Crop 360 cwts. of Cocoa and 56 ewts. of Liberian Coffee were shipped. Nhe Cocoa Crop was 121 ewts. in excess of last season, but this. increase £500 0 0 has been neutralized by -the low prices obtained. The. Directors consider it to be satisfactory that notwith- standing the fall in the price of ea during the year, the dividend has been maintained at practically the same rate as that of last year, while the Reserve Fund has been increased to £2,400, and in addition a special sum of £819 19s. 4d. has been placed to Suspense Account, being net proceeds realised from the sale of Timber. Mr. Megginson, the Superintending Manager in Ceylon, reports that all the Company's properties continue in excellent condition. ‘he total quantity of laud under Tea which is now being plucked is 1,685 acres; of planted land not yet ready for plucking, 402 acres; and of new land cleared for planting, 159 acres. It is also estimated that some 444 acres are available for future clearing and planting of Tea. The Direc- tors have: to express their entire satisfaction with the work of the Superintendents and their Staff, ~~ DRUG REPORT. (From Chemist and Druggist.) London, Nov. 22nd. ANNATTO.—Slow of sale. At auction toda dull Jamaican seed were sold without ecu nn Ay ives lb on condition that the amount realised should Redes the charges, CincHONA.—The only important parcel offered at to- day’s auctions was one of 115 packages bold thin flat rather bright cultivated Bolivian Calisaya; 64 packages sold at steady prices, first-class damaged at ls 3d, se- cond class and badiy damaged at from 1s ld down to 10d per Ib. CAFFEINE remains exceedingly scarce. Small second- hand parcels of the alkaloid have changed hands this week at 19s per lb, and there is no more to be had now below 19s 6d per lb. We understand, in fact, that a small lot has actually changed hands at 19s 6d per Ib. KoLa.—In somewhat better supply. Vhirty-nine pack- ages were offered today, and M4 sold at a decline of about 2d per lb; West Indian good bright to slightly mouldy at 1s 6d to 1s 7d per lb; very common damaged at 6d per Ib. VANILLA.—The bulk of today’s supply was in second hand. Most of it sold at full prices: good crystallised 5 to 7 inches, 15s to 18s; medium brownish 7 to 7 inches, 13s 6d to 15s 6d; good crystallised, 3} to 5 inches 128 6d to 15s; common, from 6d to 6s 6d. A 60-lb lot of dull Fiji vanilla realised 3s 6d per lb. ——_——_———>——- INDIAN PATENTS. Calcutta, the 8th Nov. 1894. Applisations in Repeat of the undermentioned in- ventions haye been filed during the Week ending ae November 1894:— het a provements in Machinery for Drying Lea’ of.the Tea Plants.—No. 302 of 1894 Alfred Horatio Bell Sharpe, of 32, Charlesworth Terrace, Foss Bank Lincoln, in the Co. of Lincoln, England, Engineer, for improvements in machinery or apparatus for drying leaves of the tea plant, the same being ap- plicabie for drying other analogous substances. Improvements in Apparatus for Disentangling or Separating Tea Leaves.—No. 303 of 1894—William Jackson, of Vhorn Grove, Mannofield, Aberdeen, North Britain, Gentleman, for Improvements in ap- paratus or machinery for disentangling or epaee ing tea leaves, that get interwoven or united to ep von in the process of rolling.—Jndian Engineer, oy. 17th. 4 Cancutra, Noy. 29.—Whereas the inventors of th undermentioned inventiens have respectively failed to pay, within the time limited in that behalf the prescribed fee, it is hereby notitied that the exclusive privilege of making, selling and using the said in- ventions in British India and of authorizing others to do so has ceased :— iso IMPROVEMENTS IN Furnaces.—No. 168 of 1889.—Mr. W. A. Gibbs’ ‘invention for improvements in’ or con- nected with furnaces, and apparatus for the produc- tion of hot air and for drying coffee, withering and finishing tea, and for other drying purposes. (Speci- fication filed 22nd August 1889.)—Jndian Engineer, vu bs ie Th Jan. I, 1895. ] | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 459 COCONUT AND CINNAMON PROSPECTS. Itis curious that, while our correspondents have been discussing in our columns for some time past the effect of the absence of sunlight on the tea-flush upcountry during the past quarter, the two great lowcountry products should have suffered during the same period as severely as they have done, from the opposite cause, too much sun. The question of the influ- ence of the moon has not been raised in connection with Coconuts and Cinnamon ; and thus. as our friends at Hulftsdorp would say, the issues are simplified ! There can be no question that there has been a serious de- ficiency of rainfall this year in the lowcountry and that crops have suffered disastrously in the Western, North-Western, Eastern and Northern Provinees, which are the chief producers of coco- nuts. On the extent to which the Southern Province has suffered from the drought at the begin- ning of the year, and again during the third quarter, we have not very definite informa- tion, From all we have heard from the provinces named—and to a certain extent from what we haveseen in two of them,—we are satis- fied that the outturn of crop this year will be much shorter than that of last year. There must be aconsiderable acreage of coconut land coming into bearing each year, of which, we re- gret, no accurate and full information is available? and the young plantations may help to reduce the deficiency; but that there will be a defi- ciency admits of little doubt. The information in our commercial column of ‘no arrivals” of copra, or ‘‘ small arrivals,” from time to time, is ominous, and means that the favourate sea- borde-districts from Negombo to Kaipitiya, are sending down restricted supplies. If even the total outturn for the year be not short of the production last year, we fancy few estates will have picked as many nuts this year as they did in 1893; and the complaints we had from all sides of the dropping of miniature nuts in heart-rending abundance, go to confirm our apprehensions. Nor, we learn, is it the case that good prices have quite compen- sated for the smallness of crops. True, they show a distinct advance on the prices realized some years ago; but as compared with last year the average is not likely to show any improve- ment. There hasbeen a run down in the price of coconut oil—instead of an advance which the winter months generally show ; and this has kept copra stationary for many weeks past, thus pre- venting a rise in the price of nuts even in districts from which desiccating mills draw their supplies. In a recent issue we mentioned the opinion of an authority on the subject, who had recently travelled through a considerable portion of the Western Province, that though the prospects of Coconut crops are poor for the early part of next year, the returns are likely to be much better during the latter half, say Aug. to Dee. 1895. A planter with perhaps equal means of observation, takes exception to this forecast as too hopeful. He argues that the March-April, May-June, and July-August crops ave always the heayiest, and that after August the crops keep decreasing— the three pickings between that month and Feb- ruary being generally about a half of the three big crops. The last drought having extended for full three months from July to September ; he fears that the August crop, which is gene- rally the largest, will be below the average: while the October crop too, may he poorer than usual through the falling-off of tiny nuts under the influence of heavy rains after a long and severe drought, such as we had last October. Even in places which escaped this loss through good cultivation or seasonable weather, there are ten months of contingencies to be faced. However, we will hope for the best. The greater attention paid to cultivation by natives is a fact—partly due to the example of energetic and enlightened lessees and proprietors, and partly to the encouraging prices which have ruled for nuts during the past two or three years ; but unfortunately, careful, liberal cultivators are still in a minority. The verdict of the pro- prietor on whose experience and observation the foregoing remarks are based is, that ‘most estates in the Western Province—except where a heavy acreage is coming into bearing—will show this year much shorter crops than last; and next year will scarcely show any improve. ment on this year.” As regards Cinnamon, the outlook is scarcely more hopeful than with Coconuts. The ery from all sides is that there has been no growth of wood to speak of, and on one well-known and extensive estate, the small crop, now on, is ex. pected to be harvested in three or four weeks ! This Se CHa) we regret to learn, 1s not ex- ceptional, as many estates are in a like case, The prolonged drought not only prevented the growth of wood in most places; but absolutely scorched mature bushes in some, killing them outright. One effect of 10 to 12 weeks of rain- lessness, save for an occasional shower, has been, we are told, that the sticks failed to peel even when the rains were on. They took time to recover. A heavy leaf-bud further de- layed operations; and itis only during the past week or two that anything like satisfactory work has been done. With a strong labour force, all that can be done is being done in harvesting; but what, with another bud approaching and the drought that will presently begin—if it has not already begun—the free flow of sap essential to the suc- cessful peeling of cinnamon sticks will cease: and that will be the end of the small crop. Of the big crop commencing in April-May, we are told, it is too early to speak confidently, The bushes are beginning to take heart, and ‘if the spring drought be not exceptionally severe, an average crop may be expected. Let us hope that this cautious forecast will be more than realized, and that a good time will soon be coming for cinnamon proprietors, both in crops and prices. As evidence of the great deficiency of rainfall this year, we may draw attention to the appended state: ment froma plantation, within 25 miles of Colombo, which has been placed at our disposal. Last year was certainly wet above the average; but’ the reaction this year is striking. The fall in December will carry the total for 1894 up to 70 inches. That makes a deficiency of 30 inches, or say 20 inches on the averaee annual rainfall of the district. Can it be wondered that the very scanty rainfall of the first two months of the year, the poor show in May, and the very small record for July-September, atlected produets whose growth and harvesting are greatly dg. 460 pendent on abundant moisture? The following is the table we refer to :— 1893, 1894. January .. ois 3°81 1°81 February .. 4°78 63 March Kis 11°76 8°90 April ra 15°09 6°43 ay An A 10°23 3°20 June ae 44 12°69 16°74 July e 10°13 BrO4 August oe 3°12 2°42 September .. es 1:44 1:40 October .. + 779 11°44 November .. 5°83 762 December .. Br 3°65 — 100°32 63°83 — VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. Coconuts.—The crop of nuts now being gathered, we learn, is generally short, owing to the drought of September-October 1893. A very short crop, indeed, must, therefore, be due from June to October 1895, seeing the long and severe drought experienced this year between these months. It takes twelve months for the coconuts to mature from the small seed: these if formed during a drought usually drop off. CoFrrEE LANDS IN EASTERN JAVA.—We direct the “attention of planting capitalists to the im- ee advertisement in the Observer from r. Lidgerwood of Soerabaya, Java. The estate and forest land offered for sale are situated, we understand, in the vicinity of the investments already made by Ceylon planters and others, among whom we may mention Messrs. Starey, Talbot and Fairweather. The fact of there being such pioneer investors may be a strong inducement with others to look to Eastern Java for coffee land. CryLon TEA IN AMERICA.—Mr. A. H. Thomp- son, Broker, has received from an old friend in New York, a series of Tea Sales’ Catalogues (as arranged for the ‘‘ Montgomery Rooms” so often referred to in our columns), together with sam- ples of Ceylon teas sold there. The prices are iven in cents of a dollar (each cent equal to about 4d) and the best Ceylon only fetched 18 cents or 9d. Mr. Thompson has also got samples of the Indian and Formosa Ooloongs for compari- son, and these should be rather interesting at this time. The Ceylon delegate will give the subject his attention, doubiless, before he starts. Coconuts IN FLORIDA inust flourish exceed- ingly if they yield as thus described :— he coconut blooms every 28 days, and each blos- som puts out a bunch of nuts that are ripe in about six months, and will fill a barrel with the husk on. Like hickory nuts, walnuts, &c., the nuts fall when ripe. Asa rule, the coconut tree drops a nut nearly avery day, or, at least, 200 a year. The blossoms come out every 28 days, yet the coconuts from each blossoming ripen irregularly. We have trees here at Bort Myers over30 years old, and have nuts on them in all stages, from the blossom to the ripe nuts.— Farmer and Fruit Grower. We believe, if carefully checked, 100 nuts would be about the annual crop per tree, even for a few trees carefully tended: 60 is a high rate for a large ishing plantation. saat eae E. A. Holloway, of Torquay, in- forms us that the popularity of his ‘ coca-leaf” preparations is increasing, and he sends us specimens of wine, elixir, and lozenges to enable us to judge why that is so. All the articles are good, and have that not unpleasant taste of the coca-leat, which some people prefer to tea. As Mr. Holloway will send samples to any chemist in business, we gladly recommend them to take advantage of the opportunity, Chemist and Druggist, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (JAN. 1, 1895. | Corton-o1, Rerinmxc my Cuarveston, ‘Tpxas.—An important and successful industry was established in Charleston a few years ago, when the Mutual Re- fining Company commenced the refini of cotton- seed oil. The company was organiz in 1891. Its plant is situated within the city limits on the line of the North-Eastern Railroad, it has excellent facilities for handling its product. So far as the nature of the business permits, the re- finery has been in continuous operation since the time of its organisation, and the results of its work so far have been satisfactory to the stockholders.— Chemist and Druggist. AGAVE AMERICANA.—The agave is used as an edible in Mexico, and Mr. Carnegy, of Oudh, recommended it for use in India in time of famine. Experiments were made at the request of the Government of the North-West Provinces and Oudh; but the report of these was not satisfactory: “The result of the experiments made here was to show that no important adataon to the foodstuffs of the people in times of famine would be furnished by this plant. The difficulty in dealing with it is to get rid of the very disagreeable flayour that both the cabbage and the flower stalk have in this country.”—Public Opinion. Tre OFFICER ADMINISTERING THE GOVERNMENT directs that it be notified in the Gazette” for the information of natives of the island, who may pro- pose to leave Jamaica, in search of employment, that the Government has received official intimation that West Indian labourers on the Northern Railway at Port Barrios, in the Republic of Guatemala, are sub- jected to gross ill-treatment, gg: flogging. La- bourers intending to emigrate to Guatemala, are therefore warned hereby, that they may expect to be exposed to ill-usage, and, that in proceeding to the Republic in question, they do so at their own risk.— Jamaica Post. Tea.—The property of the Selim Tea Company was put up for auction by the debenture holders on Saturday, and realised R2,55,000, Vhis Company was floated in February 1884, and was noticed in the Pioneer of 25th November 1884, and what was then rognosticated has come true. The capital was 10 Co. and there were 5 lakhs of debentures at 8 per cent. On the 31st December 1893 there was due the debenture holders for interest R112,946, and the debit balance at profit and loss was R196,453. There was also due the National Bank of India R80,658. The result of the sale will be that the debenture holders will get about 50 per cent of their money. The spectus represented that the dividends would be 10 per cent.—Puioneer, Nov. 20. A CryLon PLanTER in SumaTRa.—A_ private letter has been received in Colombo from Mr.John Inch late of Matale, and now in Sumatra in the ony of the British Deli and Langkat Tobacco Co. Ld., in the course of which he says:—‘I arrived here safely on the 22d after an interesting passage. 80 far I have been travelling about looking for suitable land, and hope to begin operations soon. ‘The Company has five estates comprising 26,000 acres, so there is a lot ofland to choose from. The staff consists of one chief manager, six managers, twenty-six assistants, three accountants, one engineer, and asuryeyor. Of the foregoing eight are British, only four Germans, and the rest Dutch. I feel very strange, but doubt- less shall get accustomed to the change before long.” —“Times of Ceylon.” FLowers AND Fruir in Centran Arrica—It is reported that Mr. Scott Elliot, who at the begi of the year was engaged by the Royal Society to make a botanical exploration in Central Africa, reached his destination a few weeks ago. His first report shows that the flora over the whole of this region up to an altitude of 6,000 feet remains unchanged, and points to the probability that it extends similarly down to the Zambesi. The Euphorbia and Erythrina are the most common trees, and the variety of plants is like: wise somewhat limited, the principal being an Acanthus, a plant richly ornamented with red spikes of flowers and large prickly leaves. The Banama supplies the wants of the people, but coifee tobacco, and all other tropical plants could be if properly cultivated;—Journal of Horticulture, Nov JAN. 1, 1895.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 461 COCONUT PICKINGS AND CROPS. A coconut planter writes :--‘‘ You made a mis- take in your coconut article in speaking of quar- terly pickings. There are supposed to be 12 blossoms in the year, and there should therefore be 12 pickings. On economical grounds, the rule is to have 6 pickings, in alternate months; but for fnancial reasons a few pick monthly. Ishould be content with 50 nuts per tree over my whole acreage. There are few places of 200 acres or upwards which average that, I fancy. There must be something wrong about the 200 to 300 spoken of by Lushington—unless people deliber- ately choose to plant sora pol—the small or fighting variety—over extensive tracts.” oe Se ee, THE UDUGAMA TEA AND TIMBER CoO., LD. REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS. Though,the estates were only taken over on January 1st, 1894, the company was incorporated on October Qnd, 1893; and it becomes necessary, therefore, in compliance with the ordinance, to close the books to September 30th, and hold the annual general meeting. Saw Minis.—Owing to difficulties about the titles to sites available at Gintota, the mill was not ready for regular work before September 30th. The mill is now in working order, and a large stock of timber has been cut and floated down from theforest. Sawing iin full swing, and the only further delay in turn- ing out tea boxes in quantity will be due to the necessity of thoroughly seasoning the timber. The Directors consider that the shareholders are to be congratulated upon the progress already made, as all difficulties have now been overcome. Lanp.—The directors haye secured on lease, with the right of purchase, and on terms which make the amount of rent dependent on the dividend paid, a part of the land belonging to the vendors referred to in the prospectus; and they have made such arrange- ments with regard to the balance of the land that they can take it up if required. Tra.—The tea estates haye been worked at a pro- fit of about R5,000 for the nine months, after pay- ing cost of manuring. The manure is only now beginning to have its full effect, and will tell on the profits this season, More manure will be applied. Accounts.—A copy of the accounts is annexed. The Directors think that in the saw-mill and machinery as they now stand they haye full value for the money spent. and haye treated them accordingly in valuing their assets. The profits from tea estates, and a small credit for interest (in all R4,898°67), aro available to coyer the office expenses and to set against part of the preliminary expenses; and the Directors recommend that the office ex- pénses, amounting to R2,870:20, be written off; and that of the preliminary expenses, amounting to R4,217°32, the sum of R1,717'32 be written off, leaving a balance of R2,500'00 to debit of this account, and carrying forward a balance in profit and loss account of R31115 to next year. Directors.—Mr. Dobree, having left Ceylon, retires from the board, and it will be for the shareholders to elect another Director in his place. Auprror.—The shareholders will haye to appoint an auditor, Drirecrors’ Frns.—As the company practically only commences its main business of tea-box-making from October Ist, 1894, and as there have been hitherto only the small profits divided from the tea, the Divec- tors have not drawn any fees at all. They hope, however, that the ensuing year may be a success- ful one ; and, if so, they propose to draw out of the profits fees due them for the past year, during which they have had a great many meetings and done a m great deal of work, Estimates for 1894-95 general meeting. Mr. J, N. Campbell moved the adoption of the report. He said that the tea had brought a better poem’ than was expectecl and he hoped for still will be submitted at the better results for the next year. The estimates for the manufacture of tea boxes showed a fair profit bnt if larger orders were received better profits could be obtained. Mr. Unwin, Attorney of R. W. Rowlands, after a few questions in connection with the making of tea boxes, seconded the motion, and the report was unanimously adopted. Mr. R. D. Kershaw was elected as a Director in the room of Mr. T’. 8. Dobree, who had left the island. Mr. Hercules Scott was elected Auditor and the meeting terminated. a CURRENT TOPICS. I have some recollection that the Ceylon Observer, about a couple of years ago, expressed alarm at the rapidity with which THA COMPANIES. were being formed, and at the quick transfer of shares from hand to hand. To be sure there is nothing per se alarming or vicious in the formation of Joint Stock Companies, or in the sale and purchase of shares. Association with limited liability has been most helps ful in the promotion of agricultural and industrial enterprise here, and it has long been recognized as a most legitimate agency in the advancement of commerce all the world over. Especially in setting on foot some great enterprise which is beyond the means of most individual capitalists, or in taking over some grand concern which has outgrown the personal or family energy and capacity which had brought it into being and developed it into unwieldi- ness, has cooperation been a feature of the age. The same principle has been invoked with equal success in small matters; and this island, in com- mon with other civilized countries, has benefited by the system. Tothe legitimate use of the cooperative system, no reasonable objection can be taken; but it is against its abuse that an honourable Press should be very watchful, lest ulterior public advantage be sacri- ficed to present personal gain. It would be idle to deny that joint stock enterprise is liable to abuse. Some of the most gigantic frauds in the history of the world have been perpetrated under cover of it—not only in the misappropriation of profits legi- timately earned, but even in the very initiation of associations which never had any right to public confidence or claim to public support. It isin regard to the latter abuse—the floating of rotten concerns, or of concerns not worth halfthe money for which subscriptions are asked from a con- fiding public—that special care must be taken. Once a company is registered, the shareholders should have it in their power by taking an intelligent interest in its working, by strict scrutiny of accounts, and es- ecially by the election of capable and trustworthy irectors, to guard against any mismanagement and malversation. But there is unquestionably a tendency to go beyond due limits in “helping a poor fellow,” by persuading oneself—and others—that some pro- perty which had never paid its owner might be made to pay its many owners. Then, there is the danger of overvaluation ; and the limitation of liability lends itself to casuistical reasoning in favour of the heads. J-win-tails-you-lose principle, which would neyer be accepted in a personal or small partnership concern. Then, again, the unwary may be misled by a guaran- tee of stated profits for a certain term offered by the vendor who can afford to offer it, or much more, out of the exorbitant price at which he parts with his interest. So with the stipulation of a re- tention of interest in the concern by accepting a cer- tain number of shares. Tor the very reason that these are indicia of the true metal, are they adopted in the pre- sentment of counterfeits; and so the rapid dis- posal of shares at par—and may be at a premium— soon places the sharp promoters out of danger, The words of warning spoken, or rather written two yearg 46a THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. & (Taw. 1, 1895. ego, though resented in some quarters, have had a good effect; and the generally sound position of our Tea Companies and the satisfactory dividends ‘they are declaring, are proof of it, and they have helped to place the tea enterprise on a firm footing and to attract really wealthy capitalists to it. May that advantage never be lost ! ie there not the same danger now in connection wit : COCONUT PROPERTIES? I must confess to a feeling of uneasiness when I read of some of the prices paid for estates. It may be my ignorance of the present value or the capa- bilities of properties whose sales are now and again proclaimed in the newspapers, that excites my apprehensions. I hope it is so; and that for the sake of an old and well-established industry, every parchsser, whether individual or associated, is guided by trustworthy information and RP HOR. In explana- tion of my fears I may say that 1 heard of a brother ‘who had negotiated a recent sale, whose reply to the inquiry, ‘ Do you really think the property worth so much ’—was, “‘ What do I care about the value, so long as I get my commission?” Surely that is not the proper conception of the duties of a brother? Or is it his sole function to arrange the price with reference to the valua- tion of the vendor on the one hand and the pur- chaser on the other, without any knowledge what- ever of the subject matter of sale? If so, I should prefer to buy through the agency of one who can advise me as an expert; and happily there are many safe men in our midst. “Mr. Lushington’s letter on the bearing capacities of COCONUT TREES IN THE GODAVERI district is calculated to take a Ceylon man’s breath away. Though you haye suggested, Mr. Editor, that the 200 to 300 nuts per tree, mentioned in the letter, tnight refer to exceptionally treated trees, the letter fearcely supports that suggestion; for 500 nuts are mentioned as the yield of trees in back yards !—and why not in front yards? ~ I was vacillating between a breach of the 9th commandment—classing Mr. Lushington and (? or) his polysyllabic informant among the votaries of the long bow—and of the 10th By coyeting my Godavyeri neighbour’s trees, when L. D. came to my relief. If he is right, and the heavy bearers are trees whose nuts are about one-fourth the size of the average Ceylon nut, the explanation is easy. The nuts are a particular variety. I remember haying been shown some years ago a tree in a garden not far from the General Cemetery in Colombo, in which there could not have been less than 200 to 300 nuts inclosely packed bunches. They were small enough with their husk; but husked they could scarcely be larger than a Jaffna mango. _ Now, could it be that large tracts are planted with this variety ? Or is it that there is something in the soil which leads to degeneracy of the nuts? I have noticed in Ceylon that districts far removed from the sea produce smaller nuts than those on the gea-borde. Inthe Kandy and Matale Districts, for instance, I have noticed splendid specimens of co- connt palms bearing heavy crops; but the nuts are Secidedly smaller than those in districts bordering on, or not far from, the sea. I have not a yery intimate acquaintance with the Kurunegala district, but a large Sinhalese proprietor pnce told me that, whereas 900 of his Chilaw estate nuts yielded a candy of copra, 1,500 of his Kurunegala nuts were necessary for a candy! Hence, I sup- pose, the preference, which puzzled a correspondent ‘of yours a few weeks ago, shown by planters, for dearer geed nuts from districts within the influence of the gea over the cheaper nuts available in inland districts. : iisttee 8 tf RAMBLER, SELANGOR FOREST LAND. We have to call special attention to the advertise- ment inourdaily issue, from the Selangor authorities —sent tous by Mr. Gerald Browneas Acting Secretary to Government—of animportant sale of Crown forest land to take place at the district office, Klang, on the llth February next. No less than 12 blocks ranging from 260 to 376 acres each are to be offered, and as they adjoin blocks already successfully utilised for Liberian coffee, there ought to be ample competition.—We have re- ceived some copies of the sketch = me of the lands which we shall be glad to hand to planters and others interested. ee CAFFEINE IN CEYLON TEA. Mr. Thomas Christy writing under date, London, Novy 30th, reports to us:— The experiments made this week upon tea cut- tings have not given satisfactory results as far as Caffeine is concerned. The Ceylon Tea clippi only yielded 0°5 per cent of Caffeine, and the small fragments sent home by you by post yielded as follows :—2°4 per cent of Caffeine from the leaves, and ‘8 percent from the twigs. We are this week testing the quantity of Caffeine contained in the fluff. We have had to resort to the purchase of large quantities of tea dust in the market, and as we have to test every parcel for Caffeine, this enables us to fix the quantity of Caffeine in the tea from each Estate. I intend to keep a record of this, and I think it will be very useful, as sooner or later, tea will be quoted as containing certain quanti- ties of Caffeine, because, after all, most pople drink tea, for the benefit they obtain in the Caffeine from the tea, and the Estates that can show a higher yield of Caffeine will certainly command for their tea a higher price in the market. ———— THE TEA-TABLOID BUSINESS. In response to an invitation by Mr. 8. M. Bur- roughs,” writes one of our representatives, “I visited the Dartford Factory the other day to inspect the tea-tabloid department, which has now grown to such demensions that the sixth machines actually at work have been found insufficient to kee with the demand for these popular pellets. sth Rogers, an ex-Ceylon tea planter, who first suggested the idea of the tea-tabloid to the firm, and who takes an active part in the purchasing and blendi of the material employed, was of the party, an insisted that, before ascending to that portion of the works where the tabloids were compressed and put up for sale, I should inspect the miniature tea- plantation which he has reared with watchful care in the hothouse of the factory garden. Mr. Roger's tea-garden is probably the most extensive planta- tion of its kind in the Kingdom. It contains some 200 living specimens of the Thea chenensis, all care- fully potted and tended. The entire first crop of this plantation amounting in the dried state to 3,500 grains of unfermented green tea, has been pre+ sented to H.R.H. the Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne, who has been the first lady to drink a cup of English-grown tea. At present, however, the prospects of tea-raising as a remedy for the agri- cultural distress in Britain are still uncertain, and Mr. Rogers therefore buys the tea required for the tabloid business in the ordinary wholesale way in Mincing Lane. “The tea-tabloid machine used at Dartford are built on the same model as those used by the firm for the preparation of other compressed drugs. The exact quantity of tea required for the tabloid drops from the feeder into a receptacle where it is punched into shape by great pressure from aboye and below more force being required to compress tea into tabloid of the requisite hardness than is n ary for any other drug handled by the firm. The portion — of the machine containing the feeder moyes ; wards and forwards, s9 that, while one iabloliog: ~ Jan. 1, 1895.] being punched into shape at one end of the machine, the material for a second is being poured into the receptacle at the other, and so on. All the tabloid- machines are made in the firm's own workshops, where I had an opportunity of examining two of them destined to increase the tea-tabloid plant. A singular feature in connection with the manufacture of these tabloids is that the dies used in the stamping-process have to be removed almost daily, the constant pres- sure upon the gritty matter present in the powdered tea (for the leaf is reduced to an impalpable powder before being placed into the tabloid-machine) wear- ing out the hardest steel. The hardness and smooth- ness of the tabloids have been greatly improved since the first batch was turned out in October, 1892; a fact of which Mr. Rogers afforded ocular evidence by producing a handful of the first tabloids made and placing them alongside of others of recent manufacture. Mr. Rogers has also invented and atented a spoon with a double detachable bowl, into which the tabloid may be placed for solution. The hot water freely penetrates the metal gauze mesh of which the detachable bowl is made, but none of the dust of the dissolved tabloid can escape, and when the tea is made the gauze covering may be removed from the spoon, and the latter used in the ordinary way. According to Mr. Rogers 30,000 Ib. of tea have been worked up into tabloids since the manufacture was commenced.—Chemist and Drugyist —\+!—>___— 6 CINNAMON. (From Forbes, Forbes & Co., Limited. ) > London, Nov. 27. The concluding Auctions of this year were held yesterday when the total offering was much heavier than of late, the quantity of Ceylon amounting to 2,516 bales, against 517 bales in August, and 2,387 bales at this period last year. Notwithstanding the heavy supply, a good demand was experienced and, the market being met by holders, about 2,200 bales were sold at or immediately after the sales. Privately a fair, speculative business has been done since August to “arrive” at a slight advance on the last sales prices, but at yesterday’s Auctions that small rise was lost and although the prices obtained were somewhat irregular —some marks going. higher and others lower—yet on the average very little alteration can be reported on the values ruling at the preceding Auctions. Fine and superior ‘’ Firsts” realized 10d to 1s 3d per Ib., fair to good 8d to 93d, “Seconds” 7d to 1s 1d, “Thirds” 64d to 1s 2d, and ‘ Fourth’s” 53d to 8id per lb. Chips sold at 2#d, to 24d, quillings, cuttings, &c. 54d to 7d per Ib. Stock of Ceylon quill, 3,567 bales against 1893-3,700, 1882-3,742, 1881-5,377, and 1880-5,785 bales. The next sales will be held on 25th February, 1895. fay ct THE RECENT CINNAMON In discussing the position of lately we confessed ourselves puzzled by the magnitude of our exports of the article during the current year, notwithstanding com- plaints of the disastrous effects of the failure of the last North-east and South-west monsoon rains, and we also expressed ourselves curious in re- gard to the details of the last quarterly sales for the year, then just held in London. There has been no information available on the first point; and we can only conjecture that the outturn from the Southern Province has compensated for the deficiency from the best estates in the Western Province, and that native gardens, in which bark is harvested under almost any and every condition were laid heavily under contribution during the year. The uprooting of bushes, too, to make way for more remunerative products— chiefly coconuts—-and the removal of bushes from coconut tops, in order to inerease the pro- ductiveness of the latter, also probably account to some extent for the volume of our exports. Whatever the cause, the quantity of spice ex- ported this year is, up to date, almost on a par with the figures for recent years; and there is on reason to apprehend—or rather hope ?—that 1894 will compare unfavourably with its pre- SALES. Cinnamon THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 463 decessors. In these circumstances—the production of the year showing no appreciable deficiency, if any, in comparison with recent years—it is not surprising that the advance in prices, ex- pected as a result of short crops, was not realized. Indeed, looking to the uantity offered, 2,516 bales against 2,387 at the cor responding sale last year, the wonder is that the advance made in August last was generally maintained, and that brings us to the details of the sale of 26th November last to hand by the mail of 30th ultimo. Notwithstanding the heavy catalogue, there seems to have been fair competition, the good de- mand being due tothe very small offerings at the previous quarterly sale, when only 517 bales were catalogued. As a _ result 2,200 bales changed hands out of the total offered, either at the auction rooms or immediately after the sale. The prices for No. 1 of the finest bark ranged between 10d and 15d—against 94d to 16d in August, for No. 2, 7d to 13d; for thirds 64d to ls, and for fourths 5$d to 8$d. On the whole, there was no falling-off to speak of ; but certainly there was no advance. As usual, Goluapokuna estate bark headed the list ; but it is noteworthy, as supporting the complaints of poor crops in the Western Province, that fine qualities were searce, and that the number of bales which realized 1sand upwards per lb., was even not one- twentieth of the whole. We have in past issues advanced reasons for anticipating a small harvest between now and the 25th February, the date of the next Quarterly Sale. In the ordinary course this ought to lead to an advance in prices; but recent experience disinclines us from prophesy. The stocks, too, are lower than for five years past, being 3,567 bales against 3,750 in 1893, and 3,742, 5,377 and 5,785 for each of the previous years. This, too, is a factor which in ordinary circumstances should influence prices; but since the opening of the Suez Canal and the increasing direct ship- ments to the Continent, London stocks have little influence on the market. As evidence of the extent to which this one product has been diverted from the old channels by altered com- mercial and shipping arrangements, we may point to the fact that up till the 17th instant, the Chamber of Commerce Circular shows the ship- ments to United Kingdom London this year aggregated only 852,429 lb., out of a total of 1,878,092 lb.; while over 400,0001b. have gone direct to Germany ; over 211,000 lb. to Spain and 172,000 lb. to America. Before the Suez Canal, all but an infinitesimal fraction of our cinna- mon went to London—the great emporium of the world. The advantage, however, which would have accrued to the producer by the establishment of direct relations with the consuming countries, has been lost by overprodue- tion, and to some extent by the telegraph which has helped to reduce the chances of successful speculation in produce to a minimum. Ses? he SH re eg GERMAN EAST AFRICAN VANILLA. November 29. The first sample consignment of vanilla cultivated in German East Africa (Kitopeni plantation) has recently been received in Hamburg and was very favourably com- mented upon, both in regard to natural quality and to preparation. The pods, it is true, are not equal to the best Mauritius vanilla, but the shipment was of thoroughly marketable que the ee being from 6} to 10 inches in length and well crystallised. The great drought of the last season has been very injurious to the development of the fruit, but shade trees nave now been planted and irrigation works started, and it is expected that next year the output will be much in excess of the present. The present season’s crop, however, which amounts to about 10,000 pods, is expected to cover the cost of production, —Chemist and Druggist. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. INDIAN PATENTS. Calcutta, the 6th December 1894. _. Applications in respect of the undermentioned inventions have been filed, during the week endi Ast December 1894, under the provisions of Act “of 1888, in the Office of the Secretary appointed under ‘the Inventions and Designs Act, 1888 :— *Machine for Decorticating Ramie, ete.—No. 336 ‘of 1894.—Alfred Dieudonné Estienné, of 79, Rue de wW Oliver, Marseilles, France, Chief Engineer of the iMessageries de France, for improvements in Machines for decorticating ramie and other plants. Specifications of the undermentioned inyentions -have been filed under the provisions of Act V of “Improvements in the Process of Withering or Limping Tea Leaf—No. 150 of 1894.—Samnel "Oleland Davidson, of “Sirocco” Engineering Works, ‘Belfast, Ireland, Merchant, for improvements in the process of withering or limping tea leaf in the course of its manufacture into black tea, and in apparatus vtherefor. (Filed 23rd November 1894.)—Jndian Engineer. ete CEYLON TEA FUND. ‘Minutes of proceedings of a meeting of the Standing Committee of the “Ceylon Tea Fund” held at ‘Kandy on Thursday the 20th day of December 1894 ‘at quarter to five o'clock (4-45 p.m.) in the afternoon. Present :—Messrs. A. Melville White (Chairman, Planters’ Association of Ceylon), A. Philip (Secretary “to the Planters’ Association of Ceylon, Kandy), A. L. *Oross (Nuwara Eliya and Kandy), James Westland (Chairman, Northern Districts Planters’ Association), 8; Duff Tytler (Honorary Secretary, Pussellawa Association). i The notice calling the meeting was read. ~The minutes of proceedings of a meeting of the Committee held at Kandy on Friday the 14th day of ‘September 1894 were submitted for confirmation. Resolved :— That they be and they hereby are con- ‘firmed.’ °"Read letter from Mr. H. BH. W. Cooper. ' Read letter from Mr. W. Herbert Jones. itle CEYLON TEA IN SAN FRANCISCO. ‘Read letter from Messrs. Leechman «& Co. », Read letter from Mr. John Leechman. Resolved: shat these letters be brought before the ‘Thirty Committee.’ ” Read letter from Mr. T.A. Cockburn. Resolved: “That the letters of application be referred to the ‘Thirty Committee.’ : “Read letter from Mr. J. R. Foster with enclosures. Resolved :—‘That the Standing Committee of the Ceylon Tea Fund is unable to entertain any further application from Mr. Foster.” BX: Read letter from the Ceylon Tea Company Limited. CEYLON TEA IN SWITZERLAND. Read letter from Mr. Alfred Ames. Read letters from Ceylon Tea Company Limited. ae WINDING UP OF THE CEYLON TEA FUND. Resolved (I) :—‘‘ That all subscriptions due on leaf gathered up to 30th June 1894 and any assets other “Ghan those referred to in resolution IT be paid to “the Secretary of the ‘Thirty Committee’ after the Bist December 1894.” ; : “41, That all the right title and interest of the Standing Committee of the Ceylon Tea Fund in the Ceylon Tea Kiosk in Colombo and in the lease of ‘the said Kiosk to the Ceylon Tea Com- any Limited and the Syndicate Boat Company Ee ‘and the same hereby are handed over to the ‘Planters’ Association of Ceylon to be retained by +¢hem in accordance yee the terms of lease of the site ‘granted by Government, on Phot the Balance in hand of the funds at the disposal of the: Standing Committee ofthe Ceylon Tea Fund at 31st December 1894 be and the same hereby eC handed over td the ‘Thirty Committee’ for the pur- pose: of pushing the sale of and advertisin; ea 1 Ceylon foreign countries ; along with any ; iabilities discharge of the same, which may be outstanding at stated date for the IV. That Standing Committee of the Ceylon Lea Fund tenders its resignation to the Planters’ Asso- ciation as from 3lst December 1894 and presents a report of its work during the past seven (sting y That copies of Resolutions I and III be forwarded to the Secretary of the “ Thirty Committee,” and copies of Resolutions IJ and IV to the Secretary. Planters’ Association of Ceylon. REPORT OF STANDING COMMITTEE OF THE CEYLON TEA FUND. Resolved (I) “ That the draft report read be ap- roved and adopted (II) that the Chairman and ecretary be asked to complete the appendices as soon after December 3lst 1894 as possible. JI. That the complete, report be printed, the expense of which shall be borne by the Tea Fund. Resolved :—‘ That a hearty vote of thanks be ac- corded to the Chairman and to the Secretary for their onerous labours in connection with the Ceylon Tea Fund. The Standing Committee of the Ceylon Tea Fund then adjourned. : A. Purp, Secretary to the Planters’ Association of Ceylon. Bek ° IN BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. AN EX-CEYLON SURVEYOR ON HIS EXPERIENCES, We are indebted to the Surveyor-General for Spent to quote from the following interesting etter addressed to him by Mr. T. H. Lloyd :— Blantyre, B.C.A., 25th Oct., 1894. “No doubt, you will be surprised to receive a letter from me after three years. I was on the point of writing you when I heard of your well- earned appointment as §$.-G., which I saw in the Ceylon Observer. “I drifted up this way 24 years ago, and was ap- ointed Govt. Surveyor, which I held up to three or our months ago, when Government funds falling short I was shelved for a time and not drawi pay, although still styled ‘Goyt. Surveyor,’ I di rivate work, and am now laying out the town of lantyre, I then took a partner on, an A.M.LC.E., and we have our hands full to overflowing. Three days ago I was offered the Government Sareepane ship again, and am now debating as to whether I shall take it or not, as I hardly see how it can be done in partnership. The country is fairly settled, but on one occasion I had to lay aside my peaceful occupation for war. It was during the time of the looting of the Mlangi Mission, I was under fire for nine honrs without food or water and got a bullet through my coat, A Ceylon man has just arrived to have a look at the country, Mr. Carson. I did not know him in Ceylon but it was pleasant to talk about the dear old Island. I have never meta Ceylon man abroad who had not a warm corner in his heart for Ceylon and the people in it. Henry Brown late of Matale and Mr. Whyte, late of Kandy, are here, also a Mr. Imlah, whose father was an old Ceylon planter. Mr. Whyte has made a great name for himself on natural history and botanical work, and is now at home, but is expected out shortly again. It’s wonder- ful how he has stood the climate, as he is no longer young, but works hard all day. This is a splendid country for coffee. I am send- ing the Editor Observer some photos of coffee and of the place in general.* I haye gone in for the “art,” (although I have little time for finishing them up, or opportunity either). This is a splendid country for coffee. Curing at this elevation is somewhat difficult although the samples gone home this year are fairly good. To- bacco even at this elevation 3,000 feet and over, grows well and I am sure would do ketter lower- down where irrigation would be easy. No accurate return of the rainfall has been kept for any length of time, but I persuaded H.M.S. Commissioner wl I came to order up a lot for distribution to t ae * Not yet arrived, but will be very welcome | ; they come.—Ep. T.A, \ weep tb os Jan, I, 1845. | several centres where they would likely to be kept carefully. Our average over all parts of the High- lands I should say, was 55 inches; last year however, or rather last wet season was higher, but the rains this year appear to be rather delayed, and rain is badly wanted. We have hada plague of locusts, a thing not known for 16 years, and it is to be hoped will not be known for another 16 years. They however have done very little damage to the coffee, but may cause a famine next year, and most of the “older heads”’ expect one and are buying up food from the people who shortly may be stary- ing. This is the African nigger all over. He lives in the present “and cares not what the next day may bring forth.” What food he has left, he makes native beer of and gets happily drnnk with his wife and children. Aslong as he has a small piece of eloth to cover his nakedness, and a handfull of Indian corn per diem, he is happy. He is not un- like, in some parts of the country, the Vedda. On one occasion in company with Mr. Brown, we tried a new road up the Mlangi plateau, and came on people who were not a whit behind the Vedda and who bolted on our approach yelling out ‘“ wah, wah,” leaving their miserable huts and a few miserable fowls at our tender mercies, only two were left behind, an old woman and a young boy who were rolling over and over with pains in their stomachs, a double sedlitsz powder into each, however, had the same effect as Beecham’s Pills on the “Arab Chief” spoken of by Burnaby, on his ride to Khiva. Mr. Carson has come here at a bad time to see the country. It is very dreary looking, annually the grass is burnt by the natives. (In fact I have seen lightning set it on fire), and now everything is brown and ugly, the locusts not having improyed the scenery. I haye not long returned from surveying the Oataract region of the Shire. (59 miles). I had a lovely time down there but on leaving for here the malaria I got, came out in the terribly cold climate that was experienced when I came up and Ihave hardly got over it yet. The whole length of the Falls is simply wonderful, and I had the pleasure of discovering some new falls and cataracts, and of being the first white man since Livingstone to have passed up the whole way. It was most interesting work, nota single “reach” of the river was dull, any amount of hippopotamuses and crocodiles and fair buck shoot- ing on the banks, but I had little time for sport, food was the only object and I find that hippo meat is the best in this section of Africa unless some body who can, kill a bullock. I'm always round them clamouring for 2 or 3 hundred pounds of it. Tam a Town Councillor of the new and rising Town of Blantyre! We are trying to make a con- stitution, but like everything else, something or some- body stops the way.—October 23rd 1894,—I have accepted the Government Surveyorship again but my partner is allowed to go on with the outside work, which means all private work; I sticking to the Government certificates etc. I shall have to godown to a pretty warm climate shortly. I hear it is 113: in the shade, but I prefer warmth to cold. PROSECUTION UNDER THE TRADE MARKS ORDINANCE. THE ACCUSED CONVICTED. MILLER vs. VYAPRINPULLEY. Judgment was delivered recently by Mr. Grenier in the case in which the accused was charged with selling spurious cigars purporting them to be “ Spencers’ Beaconsfields.”” At the trial Mr. Advocate Dornhorst specially authorised appeared for the prosecution with Mr. Dias, Crown Counsel. Mr. Bawa instructed by Mr. Narayanasamy appeared for the accused. The witnes- ses examined were Messrs. Spicer of Miller & Co. Short of Spencer & Co. Ingleton and Don Nicholas, Mr, Gre- nier stated that after carefully considering the pro- seution which was a novel one and the first under the Ordinance, he was of opinion that the THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 465 accused had committed a serious offence. The accused had sold inferior cigars made either by himself or by others, under a certain trade mark which belonged to Messrs. Spencer & Co. which practically amounted to stealing another’s trade mark. That the whole case depended on the evidence of Don Nicholas who stated that he asked for Spencer’s Beaconsfields when he was given the box produced, and the accused was present and received the money by which he made himself punishable under the Or- dinance. The expert evidence in the case proved that the cigars sold were much inferior to Spencer’s cigars. The accused was therefore convicted of the charge laid against, hinr and he was sentenced to pay a fine of two hundred rupees. He was further ordered to pay the costs incurred for the prosecution of the case. The accused filed an appeal against his conviction. oo DRUG REPORT. (From Chemist and Druggist.) London, November 29. CAFFEINE.—Quiet, and tending slightly easier, although 19s per lb is siill asked for it on the spot. Very little business has been transacted in the drug this week. ‘The American market is described as follows under date of November 17th :—‘‘ This is still something of a puzzle to the trade. The price has appreciated considerably since our last, 10 lb having sold+ at $7°75, $8 being paid ‘for 5 lb. In Philadelphia it is reported that small lots of i or 2 lb can be had at $6°50 to 36°75, though in the face of this there are orders in New York from that city at higher limits. Although there isa scarcity, it appears that some consumers who haye been taking goods on contract are willing to sell small lots at the high- prices ruling, trusting to replace laterat a lower figure. ~ Higher price s are looked for, and some stock is, without doubt, being held out of the market in anticipation of afurther advance.” It is stated that the British caffeine makers are at present using common grades of tea as raw ma- terial in the place of the sweepings. COCAINE.—On Monday last the price of Hydrochlorate of cocaine was raised by the German manufacturers from 16s to 17s per oz for parcels of at least 100 oz. The de- mand for cocaine is said to be very good, while the supply of the crude material is falling off. All the crude cocaine in Hamburg is said to have been cleared. One of the German makers who had lately been in the habit of under-selling his colleages, has now entered the convention. Koua.—At Wednesday’s price sales 2 packages of good but rather small West Indian seeds realised the fairly high price of 1s 6d per lb. eee TEA “TABLOIDS.” Messrs. Burroughs, Welcome, and Co., the well- known firm of manufacturing chemists, of Holborn- viaduct, bave introduced a novelty in the tea trade in the shape of compressed tea tabloids. Mr. John Roger, who is taking charge of the department for the manufacture of tabloids, has been for many years a tea planter in Ceylon; and he informed our repre- sentative that when he first started planting tea in that country in the year 1880 the total export was only 100,000 lb., whereas now it reaches the enormous quantity of 90 millions of pounds. So great an in- crease could not have been effected in so short a space of time had it not been that the coffee planters experienced such bad times that they were obliged \to give up their gardens, and the ground prepared for coffee was taken up by tea planters, who were thus saved the expense, trouble, and delay of preparing ground, making roads, and so forth. Mr. Roger says that the increased demand for tea has had the effect of inducing the planters to use many parts of the plant that were formerly not considered good enough. In the early days of tea planting only the very small- est leaves, the buds, and tops of the plant were used: but now it has been found profitable to pluck a greater number of leaves, including even some of the largest and thickest. By the process of preparing the leaf prior to com- pression the injurious portion of the tea is rejected, and only that which has been properly prepared js 466 used. By a special process of his own he retained the tea and crushes it into a minute powder. It is worked up into small tabloids, and he is able, by means of these tabloids, to give the consumer eight good cups of tea for the popular price of one penny. By experiments conducted in the presence of our re- presentative it was found that tea which weighed the same as four of his tabloids did not produce so good a cup of tea after infusion as was the case when only two tabloids were used—in other words, the two tabloids weighed only half the weight of the tea as originally used. The tabloids are packed up in tastefully decorated boxes, one size containing 100 tabloids and sold at 6d, another containing 200 tabloids and double the price. The 6d boxes will make 50 cups of tea, which should be contrasted with one pound of ordinary tea, which will cost on the average 2s, and which will only make 80 cups. Owing to the very small surface that is exposed to the air the keeping properties of these tabloids are very superior to that of the ordinary tea, and even when acked in paper they have been known to lose very ittle natural aroma even for two or three years. As a matter of convenience the advantage is obvious. Travellers on the Continent can take with them in a space no greater than that usually occupied by the indispensable soap-box enough tabloids to give them 100 cups of tea. For hospital use they should also be generally adopted, and we can strongly recom- mend them to the attention of the salvation army or other philanthropic bodies who attempt to provide for the needs of the destitute by the erection of shelters, or what are more popularly known as doss-houses. In this latter purpose the penny packet of 16 tabloids will probably be found most popular.—London, Noy. 22nd. EE STRANGE TROPICAL PLANTS. DR. MORRIS LECTURE AT THE LONDON INSTITUTION. Up till quite recently travellers’ tales as to the curiosities of tropical vegetation haye been taken very guardedly. It would appear, however, that the later investigations of science by no means give support to the cheap scepticism with which hitherto some of these tales of wonder have been received. Mr. Morris, the assistant-director at Kew Gardens, who has spent many years in the tropics, lectured at the Iondon Institution last night on some yegetable curiosities that he or other botanists have tested and found to be genuine. There is, for instance, the coconat pearl. More than a century ago an old Dutch botanist de- scribed large pearls which he asserted were found in the milk of the coco-nut. But the statement was de- rided at the time and ultimately forgotten. The pearls, however, are what our American cousins would call a solid fact. The coco palm has a fondness for taking up lime salts in its sap, and occasionally seizes, the opportunity to deposit some of the min- eral in the milk cavity of the fruit precisely as does the oyster within his muscular coat. The coconut pearls are a little duller than the mussel peaa but otherwise their composition is identical. earls are reputed by ancient writers out of the buds of the jasmin and magnolia, but there is no confirmation of this yet. oncerning that indus- trious reed, the bamboo, Mr. Morris had a good deal to say. One of its eccentricities is that it de- posits true opals in its joints. These vegetable opals gre much prized by the natives of the Celebes for charms against disease. Other trees deposit their mineral matter in rougher and less elegant fashion. Sir F. Abel found a tree in India with a slab of naturally deposited limestone in its trunk Sft. in length. A good deal of the Indian teak which comes to this country has to be rejected on account of the stony matter it contains, which plays sad havoe with saw igaes and edge tools. There are many tropical shrubs and herbaceous plants which possess medi- cinal and chemical properties that are _ still a puzzle to science. What, for instance, can be made of the Gymonemia or (‘taste spoil- ing” plant of Southern india? If you chew the leaves there is a slightly sweet taste in the mouth. But the next moment you find that the palate has THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. .tons, 7 to 8 per cent; ae ; [Jan. 3, 1895. become absolutely dead to the taste of or other sweet substances, while quinine seston Hike chalk. Then there is what we may call a“ taste improver” in West Africa (Sideronglia), a second cousin to gutta percha family, which heightens the sensitive- ness of the palate, especially to acid fruits, for several hours. In tropical America, at a certain season of the year, the natives turn a bright yellow all over. This means that they have been drinking of the vintage of the Moritia palm, which is obtained from the pulpy fruit, and constitutes the principal native drink forthe whole of the fruiting season. The wild tamarind of Jamaica, which is largely browsed by horses, has the startling effect of causing their manes to drop off and their tails to become barren of hair. But the natives take no notice of the scarecrow appearance of the horses, to whom this novel feed is otherwise quite nutritious. Jel] wieayp plants are common in the tropics. The bea re cyclea if placed in water speedily convert the fluid into a solid jelly. They abound in “ pectose’””—a sort of mucilage. But one of the most serious characters is the Pisonia of New Zealand, which is shocking] carnivorous. It hangs out seéd pods covered = a sort of bird lime, which first attracts flies to their doom, and then fixes the birds which come after the flies. It may be remarked that cats are fond of studying the phenomena here presented. These are only a few othercurious facts Mr. Morris vouched for in his lecture last night.—Daily Chronicle, Nov. 16. _—_—_—_j._____ THE AMSTERDAM COFFEE PLANTING COMPANY. The report of the Amsterdam Coffee Planting Company, presented at the meeting of the share- holders in Amsterdam the other day, stated that the company’s coffee crop (in Netherlands India) for 1893 proved very unfavourable. The total loss was 34,902 florins, and deducting the re- serve profits from the previous year, a deficit of 8,700 florins appears. The prospects for the 1894 crop are also said to be unfavourable, the blos- som having been damaged by rain.—H. & C. Mail. ee Se THE AMSTERDAM CINCHONA MARKET. London, December 6th Our correspondent writes from Amsterdam, on Decem- ber 5th:—All the analyses for our cinchona-bark sales on December 13th have been published. The manufactur- ing bark contains about 32$ tons sulphate of quinine, or 506 per cent on the average :---About 44 tons contain 1 to 2 per cent sulphate of quinine; 374 tons, 2 to 3 per cent; 104 tons, 3 to 4 per cent ; 215 tons, 4 to 5 per cent; 134 tons, 5 to 6 per cent; 68} tons, 6 to 7 per cent; 54+ 14 tons, 8 to 9 per cent ; 8 tons, 9 to 10 percent; 2 tons, 11 to 12 per cent.---Chemist and Druggist. —_ TEA TABLOIDS. We are indebted to the Colombo Apothecaries’ Company for a sample box of the ‘‘Pure Tea Tabloids prepared by Messrs. Burroughs Wellcome & Co.” with all the neatness and finish for which that firm of world-wide-fame is distinguished. The tiny brass case contains some 10 tabloids; it is faced with glass underneath which are full instructions for use clearly printed and yet the whole is only the size of a tiny Geneva gcld watch. Mr. John Rogers formerly of Ambagamuwa and the Kelani Valley, seems to be regularly en- gaged in the preparation of the tabloids for the big London Firm. —————— i —— PLANTING PIONEERS.—In commencing this series, we made it a rule to include no living colonist, and our only exception was to be Mr. George Wall, in view ot what we regarded as his final farewell to Ceylon. But our rule was not to be broken; for, sad to say, death claimed _ Mr. Wall just as our biography left the press! jaw. 1, 1895.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 467 CEYLON TEA CROPS AND THE PROS- PECTS OF FIRM PRICES. The alternation of a big and short crop of coffee became the rule for many years in Cey- lon after we had attained the maximum of production and began to go down the hill. Is it a sign that we are approaching the maximum of our tea production when we find the alter- nation of creps setting in, with this year a decided stoppage and no increase at all over the preceding crop? Up to the 17th instant, the Chamber of Commerce report a total export of 78,904,376 lb. of tea and 5 million lb. more is the outside of what can be shipped to all parts up to the 3lst inclusive. That will give a grand total of only 844 million lb. or 33 million less than the official (Planters’ Association) esti- mate of 88 million! Here is then how the re- cord will compare for a few years back :— Total Ceylon Tea Exports. 1890 46,901,554 1b. 1891 a0 we .. 68,274,420 ,, 1892 a ee -. 71,153,657 ,, 1893 oe a0 .. 84,406,064 ,, 1894 an oe .. 84,500,000 ,, Now seeing our area under tea which was 205,000 acres in 1889 increased to 220.,000 in 1890 and to 250,000 in 1891, the above figures for export are very significant and carry a good many lessons. No doubt an _ unprecedentedly unfavourable season accounts for a good deal in 1894; but the alternative crops are decidedly note- worthy. To the United Kingdom in 1893 we sent 75,841,720 lb. and this year our total thither willnot exceed 754 million lb., ora considerable less quan- tity ! This, takenin conjunction with the fact that there is a decrease in China of 11 million ]b. and that India is to do so little—only 2 million in- crease so far—ought to indicate an exception- ally good prospect for firm prices for sometime to come. In their last circular, Messrs. Rucker & Beneraft say :— ‘While we have received during ten months 84 millions against 79 millions, we haye delivered 96 millions against 83}, so that consumption is overtaking production at present.” The Ceylon planters ought to be fairly well compensated for their short crops, and we_ hail the news of a rise in the average in our special telegram from Messrs. Gow, Wilson & Stanton as a welcome Christmas-box and an omen of a good time coming. We have ascertained the views of several of those eee interested in the tea trade here and they all speak of the prospect as being a healthy one indeed. With a decrease in the shipments of China’s, Indians showing very little increase, and our own crop and exports showing no adyance on last year the market they say is sure to remain firm for sometime, but the duration of the firmness is a matter about which they are not all agreed. On the one hand it is said, looking at the efforts that are being made to open up new markets, that there is bound to be an increase of consumption—and in this connection hopeful reference is made to Australia ax well as America—the demand being further helped by the decrease in stocks that has taken place in London. Taking _ these cirewnstances into consideration it is thought that the firmness will extend well into the year. On the other hand there are those who do not expect much to result inthe first half of the year at all events and that the market will probably be easier in February. The present average Is regarded as a very good one andif there is any advance, the consumption, it is said is sure to be checked. In the meantime the market for good medium teas is good and one broker thinks there is bound to be a run upon them. The shipments for December are not expected to ex- ceed 64 millions and it is estimated that the quantity in January will be about 84.—that is, of course, to the United Kingdom. Ee 6,799 19 8 18,984 63 R108,799°77 at 1s 3d per rupee ” » ” 37,968 74 1893 Jan. ,, ” 43,596 17 April ,, J -- 1,571 15 8] 25,567 29 June ,, te _ 4,373 4 70,707 85 Aug. ,, 24 .. 8,566 12 4 57,723 42 Sept. ,, 4 £. 798 511 11,802 25 Oct, 5, -$ a 820 9 4 18,334 95 Noy, ;, a on 669 1110 10,626 81 Dec. ,, ” -. 8,968 16 8 64,169 77 1894 Mar. ,, * -. 1,14016 8 18,585 79 stein °F : 715 12 9 11,570 78 or) ” ” “ * 143 16 12 2,325 12 ery, 9 -» 1,808 4 9 28681 75 May ,, + “y4 127912 4 1,950 17 "27,802 38 11 439,726 69 To sales of Tea, Exhibits, Courts, Timber Furniture, &c, andrefund of duty also Salaries of Government Officers £12,594 18 2 By Tea purchase & Tea service 4,882 81 7,712 10 1 194,699 O1 19,589 18 10 815,027 68 By amount undercharged on approxinase rates of Ex- change for all accounts rendered to the Hon, the Auditor-General from the commencement of the Ex- hibition; the rate debited in account for money re- ceived fn converting Ster- lingand Dollars into rupees) being at the rate of Is 2 27-32d per rupee thus £27 302 3 4004 at 1s 2 27-824 — R441,433 40 To amount charged in the accounts forwarded from time to the Hon, Auditor-General at various appr Oxi- mate rates of Ex- change R439,726 69 By difference against the Commission R1,706 71 19,589 13 10 316,734 39 1,742 610 28,170 91* 1,706 71 By balance we —_—= £21,332 0 8 344,905. 30 R24,170 91 Remitted to Government on 28th Jane 1894. (Signed) J. J. Grrnuiton, 28th June 1894. Colombo, 28th June 1894. THE MOON—TIDES AND WEATHER. Dezar Sir,—I fear “One interested” jotted down ‘his questions without much cogitation. Aship at sea floating as it does on the surface could not be per- ceptibly affected by the gradual rise and fall ofthat © surface for two or three féet as if rises: and falls with it, unless {he rise were a narrow waye compare Jan. I, 1895. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 473 able with the size of the ship. The old explanation of the tides, which though technically wrong, is prac- tically right will illustrate this. It is briefly as follows. Gravitation varies inversely as the square of the distance, therefore the centre of the earth and with it the earth itself is attracted by the moon more than the more distant water on the farther side. This causes a slight heaping up of the water on that side, not in one place bee more or less over a good part of that hemisphere. For the same reason the water on the side next to the moon is drawn more than the earth and this causes a heaping up on that near side also. The moon causes a tide of a little over two feet, and the sun of a little more than one foot. When they act together as at the times of new and of full moon the tide is the sum of these and is called the spring-tide, which I inadvertently called the ‘flood tide.’” When they act at rightangles, the tide is the difference of these and is called the neap-tide. In order to keep up the elevation or heaping-up of the water in its course around the earth, following the moon there must be some translation of water, which Ieads to currents. These are modified by the shape of the land and of the ocean-bed, and insome places the tide is heaped up 50 or even 80 feet. The air is much more mobile than water, and more likely to be affected by the tidal impulse, and this must produce currents modified by the various con- ditions of the surface, and by the more powerful air-currents due to other causes. Rain usually finds its cause or occasion in air currents, and their concomitant conditions, and these tidal currents must take their share. When other and more efficient causes are just on the point of precipitating rain, this added cause though slight may be enough to bring about the result, just-as the little boy’s “pushing a pound,’‘ in the ship launch turned failure into success. In confirmation of this it may be noted that Guyot says that a comparison of more than 7,000 earthquakes showed that they are more frequent at the time of the syzyies when the moon is nearest the earth, and at the places where the moon is in the meridian.’ This seems to be the result of a tidal tendency in the denser ocean within the earth. The barometer also gives slight variations according to the position of the moon. I would therefore answer the four questions :— zi Yes, the moon does directly cause measurable tides. 2, No. aship’s log does not and cannot have entries as to the tide in mid-ocean. 8. For the reasons stated above. 4, By ‘weather,’ I mean the state of the atmos- pee as to wetness, storm, etc. etc. and think I ave shown that the moon may have a slight effect, —Yours truly, JAFFNA COLLEGE, COFFEE IN MATALE: A NEW TYPE— IS IT A HYBRID COFFEE ? Wiharagama, Matale. Dear Sir,—As there is no possibility of obtaining information except through the Press will you excuse my seeking through your columns to ascertain whether any of your correspondents can report similar ex- perience to my own in the matter of ‘‘ sporting” coffee as lam somewhat puzzled. In a small clearing, in which Arabian coffee was interspersed, plants being taken from my own nur- series of Arabian coffee, one plant attracted atten- tion by the size and its apparent stoutness of leaf, —I expected it might develope the characteristics of Maragogipe ; but it did nothing beyond looking like a peculiar Ream of a robust growth. I was naturally yery much astonished to see a few buds of blossom upon it of unmistakeably Liberian type, the big white twisted bud. The tree to ordinary observers is distin- étly Arabian—the blossom distinctly Liberian. Never- theless when the few flowers opened on the 30 Noy. the manager reports if as not so large as Liberian blossoms opened same day olose at hand, but larger than any Arabian, If then this is a hybrid, it must have been hy: bridized years ago; the tree I think is about three years old. There was I believe an experiment made by a late assistant at Peradenia Royal Botanic Gardens, of grafting Arabian on Liberian coffee but I donot know if anything came of it likely to be of service or was recorded at all—but I haye not heard of any hybrid plants such as mine appears to be. I should like very much to know if anyone has ob- tained bybrids, or can report as to seed from hy- brids, ox plants raised from that seed. For it is manifestly interesting to ascertain if we are on the high road to getting robust varieties of Arabian cotfee. Not so much perhaps to Botanists, as to that ‘“common garden’’ proprietor whose sensitive feelings are roused by the difference between Liberian coffee at R12 abushel and Arabian coffee at R19°50. J. M. [We must ask Dr. Trimen if he has had any ex- perience of a hybrid coffee in Ceylon: some Coorg planters boasted tous a year or two ago that they had hybrid coffee flourishing in clearings which practically defied the leaf fungus; but some of the seed tried in Ceylon did not, we.believe, prove satis- factory in that respect. A hybrid between the Li- berian and Arabian species ought, one would think, to be avery desirable plant for cultivation in Ceylon. —Ep. 7.A.} TEA LEAF WITHERING. _ Srr,—Will you kindly allow the subject of wither- ing tea leaf to be a little more discussed in your columns ? Ist. Haye any of your readers been at the trouble to make a series of exhaustive experiments in wither- ing Tea Leaf, namely in rapid withering and slow withering ? 2nd. I will venture to hazard the statement that slow withering is fayourable to the development of favow: in the Tea, whilst quick withering develops strength of liquor. Will any of your readers, kindly confirm or refute this statement according as their observations may have guided them. 8rd. What steps have as yet been taken to analyze the constituents of the leaf cells before, during, and after withering in order to observe, and follow the chemical changes that transpire during the process of withering ? 4th. What degree of moistnre in the cells is most favourable to the thorough completion of those chemi- eal changes ? 5th. Would the absorption of carbonic acid gas during the process of withering, assist the develop: ment of those chemical changes going on in the leat ? —Yours faithfully, ENQUIRER. RAMIE CULTIVATION. Colombo, Dee. 19. Dear Sir,—We enclose herein particulars +e “Ramie Cultivation’? which we received from one of our constituents in Glasgow, and in their letter they add :—* Plants can be supplied f.o.b. at Spanish Port at 18s per 1,000, whence they could come by direct steamer to Liverpool or London and thence abroad. Number of plants required 50,000 per hectare, say 20,000 to 21,000 per English acre.’’—Yours faithfully, BOSANQUET & CO, [Lhe particulars of cultivation contain nothing new, but we shall give them in full in our Zvopical Agricul- turist. The Ramie or Rhea plant (Bohmeria Nivea) being a native of Assam as well as of China and Sumatra, it should scarcely be neeessary to goto the Western world for plants.—Ep, 7’.A.| CEYLON TEA IN INSTRUCTIONS TO AMERICA : DELEGATE, Kandy, Dec. 18th, _ Sm,—I enclose for publication copy of letter of instructions sent to Mx, Wn, Mackenzie, Representative 474 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Jaw. 1, rgd, to America of the Planters’ Association of Ceylon and the Ceylon Chamber of Commerce, to further the interests of Ceylon tea.—I am, sir, your faithfully, A. PHILIP. LETTER OF INSTRUCTIONS sent to the Represen- tatives of the Ceylon Planters Association, and Chamber of Commerce to push the sale of Ceylon Teain the United States. Kandy, Nov. 1894. To Wm. Mackenzie, Esq. Representative of the Ceylon Planters’ Association and Chamber of Commerce to the United States. Dear Sir,—In addressing to you this letter of in- structions, it is necessary for me first to point ont to you that it is not desired to lay down any strict directions as to your course of procedure. On the contrary, it is the wish of the Committee that you should be given as free a hand as possible, but at the same time that you should be put in possession of the broad views of the Committee. 9.—As regards the scope of your labours, it is deemed desirable that your attention, if not confined, should be particularly devoted, to the large towns Hast of Chicago, but including Chicago, on the ground that in that tract of country, are situated the greater centres of population, andof trade. Those towns West of Chicago, which are not in trade connection with it, should be approached through San Francisco as a trade centre, but it is questionable whether it would prove remunerative to us or economical to operate over so large a tract of country with so scanty a pop- ulation as theSan Francisco trade centre would ne- cessitate. 8.—Primarily your duty should be to ascertain, for the use of the Committee, the conditions of the tea trade in the United States, to follow the tea from the ship’s side to the consumer, to ascertain the customs of each branch of the trade—importer wholesale, and retail dealer—as to credit, profit ex- pected, and method of supply advertising facilities (if any) granted, by one branch of the trade to another, and finally to consult with leading members of the trade as to how the Committee can best push the sale of Ceylon tea without interfering with the usual trade channels and setting the trade agaiist Ceylon Tea. 4.—The Committee deem it very desirable that you should furnish yourself with a list of the Ceylon Firms anxious to trade in tea with the United States; that you should interview those Firms prior to your departure and ascertain their views; and that a list of these firms be handed to the importing houses in the United States. 5.—It will also be your duty to call on as many importers and dealers as possible, to inform them of what this Committee is about to undertake in the interests of Ceylon tea, and to invite their assistance and co-operation, showing them samples of different grades whenever possible pointing out at the same time what the Planters’ Association had already done by similar means in Great Britain, Australia, Russia, and other countries, and means to do in the States. 6.—Attention should be paid to American systems and styles of advertising and pushing new articles so that you may be in a position to advise the Com- mittee as to the best and most economical form of advertisement for their future use—whether by bills or pamphlets or the wrappers of tea packets or through the press or otherwise, or by free distribution of small packets of tea to the consumers. 7,—It is not desired that you should in any way oppose the representatives of Indian Tea. The Com- mittee on the contrary consider that you should act as far as possible with them, and should make en- uiries from Mr. P. R. Buchanan’s firm, and from Mr. Blechynden as to their methods and the results therefrom. rs vont er While expecting your duties to be chiefly thos of Bannaty aid advice to the Committee in regard to futue operations, it Is expected that you will not neglect to seize any good opportunity, which may arise in the course of your travels to push the sale of Ceylon tea, in the eyent of your coming across any importer or dealer anxious to take up the article at once, and who is of good business repute; and the Committee would particularly mention in this respect Mr. L. Bierach of 132 East 23rd Street New York, (who seems to very active in his support of Ceylon Tea and to deserve support) and Mr. A. Cockburn whose last address was c/o San Francisco Lumber Co. N. W. Corner Pine and Montgomery Streets, San Francisco, 9.—It is not proposed that you and your colleague should always carved together, but a is desirabe that you should when convenient consult together in advising this Coimmittee, particularly on financial matters; and it is hoped that you may find time to send a weekly letter detailing your proceedings and giving any information you may have acquired which in your opinion may be useful or interesting to the Committee. 10.—I am anxious to impress very strongly on you that our funds are not unlimited. The amount available for the objects in view are not only limited but comparatively small—say R140,000, for the United States, and this fact must be borne in mind by you when granting assistance to any one as indicated in paragraph 7 above. The funds at the disposal of the Committee are primarily in- tended to carry on a permanent scheme after your report, and therefore it is undesirable that you should throw too great a burden on them at the first, without the sanction of the Committee. 11.—In proposing any scheme to be worked by the Committee in the future, you will require not to lose sight of the fact that the scheme must be such as is likely to meet withthe approyal of the Ceylon Government and that therefore a ‘“bounty’’ scheme is likely to be unsuitable on political grounds 12.—Finally the Committee would invite your at- tention to, and consideration of Mr. M. H. Thomas’ proposed scheme asset forth in his essay and pub- lished by the Ceylon Observer, except in so far as it refers to the establishment of a depét or store at New York (which seems undesirable according to the present information of the Committee and the posi- tion of the two bodies whom you represent;) and they would also wish you to turnish them, when you arrive in London and the United States respec- tively with lists of firms anxious to do business in Ceylon ‘l’ea. You should also provide yourself with as many business introductions as possible, and one from H.E. tbe Governor to our Ambassador at Washington claiming for you such assistance as he may be able to give and a passport. You will haye no difficulty in getting yourself “interviewed” imme- diately on your arrival in New York by several in- fluential papers. You are requested by the Committee to provide yourself and colleague with a Telegraph code on your arrival in London, choosing the one you think most suitable, and to forward to Mr. Philip a copy. You will probably be able to supplement the code with a few words and phrases deemed specially necessary for your purpose. In conclusion I take this opportunity of wishing you a pleasant voyage and safe return, andof hoping your mission will be attended with that measure of success which your ability merits—I remain, faithfully yours, (Signed) A. MELVILLE WHITE, Chairman, Joint Committee, Ceylon Planters’ Association and Chamber of Commerce. —— HEAVY-BEARING TEA.—We hear of a sheltered rich valley of tea near Nawalapitiya where 35 acres have yielded during December at the rate of 1,500 lb. per acre made tea per annum. We should like to learn of bigger yields than this — for December—we hear there are some, pes on Jan: 1, 1895.) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 475 VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. PuRE CEYLON ThA IN Rome.—A passenger by the ‘‘Khedive” sends us a cutting from a Roman paper with a very neat engraving of a “Ceylon Co-operative Tea Gardens Company” advertise- ment for ‘“‘Pure Ceylon Tea—B. Brand.” We trust the English and American colony in Rome are being won over to pure Ceylon tea. NYASSALAND AND INDIA.—It is quite interest- ing to see how Commissioner H. H. Johnston, C.B., realizes the great dependence of ‘‘ Central ” as well as ‘‘ East” Africa on Indian traders and capital. His approaching visit will no doubt be chiefly to Bombay ; but we hope he will extend it to Ceylon and visit our planting districts to get a proper idea of what tropical cultivation really means. “THE Most VALUABLE CEYLON GEM.”—A correspondent asks us if we can tell him ‘what was the value of the most precious Ceylon Gem yet discovered?’ That is a very difficult ques- tion to answer. In some of the old books on Ceylon there are wonderful accounts given, gene- rally on hearsay evidence, of the precious gems owned and worn by the King of Kandy. Dr. John Davy, F.R.S., (brother of Sir Humphrey Davy) has written a good deal on the subject in his folio on the Interior; and Streeter tells us a ereat deal about the most valuable gems. Soine of the finest stones now in the island are, we suppose, in the keeping of the Kandy Maligawa Temple trustees, and we had the priviledge along with two or three other paces representatives of seeing these when unrolled before H.R.H. the Prince of Wales and a few of his suite, in 1875. —Jack Tyndall used to make out—and he was not far wroneg—that the most valuable stone found in Ceylon was a lump of rich limestone picked us on Bogieside estate, (now Broughton) Haputale, He met the proprietor with this specimen at Belihuloya and immediately sent us word to look out for a gem of the first water that Mr. Slorach was bringing to Colombo. The whole Fort in those old quiet days was agog for a sight of the gem and much was the proprietor chaffed about it! And yet who daresay that limestone is not only very valuable, but very rare in Ceylon. As we write, the ‘‘dhonies” are begin- ning to arrive off our Wellawatta-Dehiwala coast with their annual cargoes of coral, to be burnt into chunan, testifying to the poverty of Ceylon soils nearly everywhere in lime. COCONUT PLANTING IN CEYLON.—We have re- ceived for the forthcoming new edition of our “Coconut Planters’ Manual” from an experienced practical planter, a very carefully compiled and elaborate (in all its details) ‘‘ Estimate of Cost of Planting and Cultivating 200 acres of Coconuts up to the 10th year showing also Probable Pro- fits for same Period” and uacompanied by ex- planatory notes. We shall probably publish the whole aswell in the Zropical Agriculturist, Wat meantime we may give the final totals. At the end of the tenth year, the gross outlay estimated for is R63,990 to whichif interest at 8 poy cent (237,838) calculated year by year is added, we get a total debit of R101,828. From this we have to subtract for the first crops of nuts (R2,700 in the 8th ; R6,750 in the 9th and 10,050 rupees in the 10th year) with interest, equalling R22, 128— leaving the estate to standat the end of ten years R79,700 to the debit. This is equal to 2400 an acre and evidently allows for first class work all through with the necessary buildings, and of course it is from the l0th year onwards that the handsome profits would acerue—Never- theless we suspect the estimate before us will be considered a high one by most. coconut plan- ters. Wearelikely to ask for criticism in several quarters, so as to get the fullest information in the Manual. We have already received figures from Mr. W. H. Wright respecting his first- class Mirigama plantation ; and he bears out the importance of spending money in order to ensure the utmost care in the planting and cultivation and then at the end of ten years if the place stands R400 per acre, it ought to be worth in the open market a great deal more in view of the magnificent crops which big healthy trees in good soil should bear, year by year, for the better part of a century if continuously cared for. Coconuts IN NortH BORNEO.—In the British North Borneo Herald tor 1st November, the editor after dealing at length with our reyiew and prices of coffee, turns to coconuts and writes :— “The table of value of coconuts in Ceylon is in- teresting inasmuch as it exhibits a steady rise in value over a period of 54 years. Beginning at 15 to 20 rupees per thousand in 1840 the price has risen some three or four rupees each ten years and today it stands about 35 to 45 rupees per thousand. We should much like to know the number of Ceylon coconuts required to make a pikul of copra to com- pare with our own yield. Speaking to a merchant who lately passed through Sandakan, we were in- formed, that 200 to 300 Molucca nuts woul yield a pikul of copra. The Chinese in Sandakan who buy from the Cagayan Sulu boats state that 200 to 220 nuts yield a pikul, and we ourselves have noticed that the Cagayan nuts are of a good round shape and large, and if picked, should be valuable as seed. A little time ago these nuts were sold at twelve dollars per thousand but, owing to the competition among the Sandakan traders, the price has gone up to seventeen dollars, and we believe the quantity coming in from Cagayan Sulu is unusually large. Sandakan may well be the centre of a large copra trade and with the certainty of direct communication with Europe being established before long and the proof afforded in the above figures of the rising value of coconuts, we think the attention of our population should be directed to that industry.” We may tell our contemporary that 40 eoconuts yield 1 gallon of oil and 124 gallons go to a ewt. or 500 nuts give lewt. Then as to copra, 1,000 good nuts give 5251b. copra dried, or ver nearly 4 piculs (if the Borneo picul is 133% Ib.) so making 250nuts to the picul. Mica mw Travancore :—Mica writes :—In the course of Mr. Wills’ very interesting Lecture, delivered by him lately, the learned Necture: had occasion to refer to the Mica Mining Industry, lately carried on at Neyoor; and made the remark, that he did not know why the works had been discon: tinued. Hereupon, one of the audience—an official of high standing, I believe, and one who should haye known better—volunteered the following very brilliant remark: ‘Because they did not know what to do with it.’ (By ‘‘they,’’ I presume, he referred to the company carrying out the work). This is a most sapient observation indeed, illustrative of the gentle- man’s profound knowledge of the subject. The real reasons why the work was discontinued was, that it was merely Prospecting work, carried on with the view of testing the quantity, and quality of the mineral to be obtained. After an expenditure of several thousands of Rupees, and after something like nearly a ton of the ore had been placed in the market, it was found that the Mica—or Tale as it is termed in the London market—like many other things in the State of Travancore, was rotten— ‘*‘perished,’’ I think, is the technical term—and that the percentage of really sound Tale was so small that it did not pay for the cost of working; in other wards the Hine Noe not worth th® candle.” This was the sole reason why the minimg operations wer discontinued.— Western Bear, fan ie 6 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. — Mr. Georce WAtLL.—We have received several contributions referring to Mr. Wall’s career, more articularly one from Kandy which will appear in an early issue. Writing from Nuwara Eliya on X’mas Eve, the Hon, P. Coomaraswamy says : — Will you allow me to express to you the pleasure I have experienced in reading your article on Geo. Wall. It is one of the best biographical notices 1 have ever read.” THE DIMBULA TEA Crop ESTIMATED FOR 1895. —The Hony. Secretary of the District Associa- tion has now sent us more detailed figures of the acreage of tea in the district and it will be seen how close owr estimate of 36,000 acres as the tea in full, bearing agrees with the Secretary's figures nearly 35,847. It will be remembered we estimated 420 lb. on the average for the 36,000 acres so getting 15,120,000 Ib. and leaving 1,052,000 Ib. for the young tea; and we see no reason for altering these figures, which allow an average of about 240 Vb. for the 4,885 acres between 2 and 5 years of age. Altogether, it will be observed, Dimbula has now 42,917 acres under tea— say, practically 43,000 acres, capable, if cultivation is maintained, of yielding when all in full bearing and in a favourable season, not far short of 19 million lb. of tea—and, perhaps, before the maxi- mum is reached, we may see 20 million attained by the Pioneer Tea District in the world. Such anticipations in reference to coming years, should cause Indian planters to be chary of extending their plantings too freely. TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.—With Mr. Wall’s yortrait and biography published in _ the ecember number, we close the first series of our ‘ PLANTING PIONEERS.” We had hoped before now to beginour Planting District Maps and Gazetteer descriptions; but have to de- lay a little still. In the January issue, thiere- fore, we propose to reproduce as a_ frontis- piece, an insect pest which Mr. E. E. Green of Pundaluoya thinks may give trouble in the country unless its destruction is taken in hand in time and simultaneously by the planters. To enable this to be done, Mr. Green has earefully sketched it full size and through the kind aid of the Surveyor General, we are to re- roduee this in a lithographed sheet with Mr. reen’s explanatory letter-press. In reference to this reproduction and the importance of dealing with the pest, Mr. Green writes :— “T consider the expense ought rightly to be borne by Government. But as it is not likely that they will allow this, it is left to public-spirited men like ourself to throw themselves in the gap. I honestly hink that itismost important that planters should be warned against this pest, which if neglected, pro- mises to be the most generally destructive of any we have experienced so far. I consider that our ex- perience with ‘green-bug’ proves that we cannot afford to ignore such warnings as the damage that is being effected by this insect in the Peradeniya Gaydens. If planters had realized the danger in time the green coffee bug might have been stamped out before it became unmanageable. ‘he inconspicuous colour of that insect made its advance the more in- sidious. Fortuuately the present pest is a decidedly conspicuous one.”’ Dr. Trimen, to whom we have referred, does not think so seriously of the insect as likely to be troublesome ; but it is well to err on the gate side and we are inclined to think our planters will do well to follow the advice of Mr. Green when he writes :-— “ Here is an evil insect that is likely to do great ‘harm if unchecked. Smash itwhenever you see it.” This month’s issue tells all the rest. RA (Jam. a, 18932 VALUE oF CACAO PrRopERTY.—The price at which Mr. Vollar has sold his fine compact Ka- randagalla cacao property of 160 aeres has not transpired ; but it is rumoured to be one of the highest rates per acre as yet paid for estate pro- perty in this island—probably not much under i900 per acre. Enromoiocis?.—I see our Entomologist authority Mr. Green anticipates mischief from a new Poochie. Dr. Trimen is not so pessimistic, but then Dr, Trimen is not an Entomologist. How weak it was of Government to refuse our request to subsidise Mr. Green as a Consulting Entomologist, while it throws money broadcast on Irrigation fads, Tank oil canals, dredging, and wastes the time of official and unofficial members on Committees to enquire into the matter of starting an undenominational High School for Girls. Mr. Georce Wartu.—So we shall never see him again on this side the dark stream. He has left us an example of hard work, indomitable energy— fight of mind against matter and keen fighting for what he considered to be best for his adopted coun- try. There has been no public question of any im- portance in which Mr. George Wall did not take a most active part in the settling of. One might righteously oppose him, but no one could despise him; for; hefeared the face of no one. ** COFFEE CULTIVATION: Mexico compared with Ceylon as a coffee-producing country, by Allan Black.”—Under this heading Mr. Allan Black, formerly of Dikoya, continues to write to the Interstate Grocer of America. We quote a little :— Southern or tropical Mexico's prospects are at the present time perhaps brighter than any other country in the world. The immense available area of 1 fit for the profitable and continuous production of almost all tropical plants, presents a field for safe investment of capital, equalled by no other tropical section of country in either South America, Asia or Africa. The cultivation of coffee and other tropical products may, comparatively speaking, be a new enterprise for American capitalists, but it is by no means a surprise to one who has studied the situa- tion to find the energetic young American inyestiga- ting new fields. Coffee, of course, is the leading inducement, the yearly increase of consumption in the United States alone, is so great, that in looking over the map of the world one wonders where the supply by and by is to come from and what prices will yet be realized for coffee. If a foreigner in Mexico minds his own business, avoids bad company and exercises the usual caution that one should in a strange country, where perhaps he speaks the language in- sufficiently, he will haye no more chances of being molested in Mexico than a Mexican would have in the United States. Foreign enterprise receives all necessary encouragement and protection of the govern- ment, and not only American but ene capitalists are putting their money into coffee and other products of the soil. The development of tropical agriculture is assuming very wonderful Pee There are at present several well established companies now operating on the isthmus lands, such as the “Mexican Gulf Agricultural Company ”’ the “Mexican Land Improvement Company,’ the ‘ American Coffee Land Company,’ etc. The Mexican Land Improvement Company, of which Mr. Louis Kunz is manager, assures us thatone of their largest tracts, of some 13,000 acres has been all sold, and man houses, coffee and fruit clearings are now well savanicat, and that 1,500 acres will be planted in coffee duri the season. The settlers on these lands are all w satisfied with their investments. They have had some hardships to endure, of course; where are they not to be found, but severe weather has not been one of them, nor ill health another. The climate of the isthmus is all that can be desired, being only 143 miles from. the Pacific Ocean to the Gulf of ico, a sea breeze is continually felt, which undoubtedly is not only the cause of the fine appearance of the natives, but of the settlers residing in that section of country. pe ‘ Jan. I, 1895.| THE CEYLON ASSOCIATION IN LONDON AND TEA MARKING. A recent mail has brought us mtormation as to the course followed by the Committee of our London As- sociation with respect to the complaint addressed to it that a certain local firm placed incorrect marks upon the teas vended by it. We have before given our views upon this topic, and have expressed surprise that the practice complained of should be so widely followed as it has been alleged to be. We can feel no astonishment that the Committee declined to take any action in this particular case. It had, in fact, no ground to goupon. A statement male in writing, and not upon oath, by a dismissed employée of the firm implicated from this side, could not be made to support action to be taken on the other. So far as we are informed, the Com- mittee would not seem to have passed any reso- lution in condemnation of the practice. Pro- bably it abstained from doing this because the evidence before it could not justify the assumption that it was other than an isolated case. {t is assuredly known, however, that this last does not stand by any means singular, though we cannot blame the Committee, perhaps, for declining to recognise the fact without fuller eyi- dence coming before it. And even had it been possessed of this, the matter would more properly have belonged to the province of our Planters’ Association to deal with than to our London representacive body. We are interested to know that the question of the practice com- plained of being an infringement of the Merchan- dise Marks. Act was discussed at the meeting of the Committee. It would seem to have been the general opinion of the members _pre- sent that under the English Act a direct offence would haye been committed by the parties implicated. But that Act, it was held, would not apply to offences committed on this side, and there appears to have been some doubt entertained it it would be a breach of the provisions of any local Act of the kind. At all events the Committee would seem to have decided that it was a matter that could not be _ dealt with by it inany way. Had the complaint been addressed to the Planters’ Association, the locus standi of that body might have enabled it to take up the question. As it is, there can be no evidence upon which the London Committee could formulate a legal complaint. We think it to be likely that the subject may be referred from home to the Planters’ Association. Should such be the case, we cannot but think it to be desir- able that the matter should be followed up, as being one gravely concerning the interests and the repu- tation of our planters as a community. aoe eS NOTES FROM OUR LONDON LETTER. LoNpoN, Dee. 7 The meeting of the COMMITTEE OF TH® CEYLON ASSOCIATION IN LONDON took place on Monday last. The complaint as to the false marking of tea was then fully con- sidered. It has not been possible for me to learn of what passed during the discussion of this in very full detail. We understand, how- ever, that the action complained of was very generally considered by the members to constitute an infringement of the home Merchandise Marks Act. . But it was certain that no sutticient proof was before thg Committee that would have 0) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Srirrrrssnnrrn nnn n n eee daa ttt aE 477 justified any proceedings being adopted by it on that ground, even if that Act could have been made to apply. You have, I think, a local Act of a similar nature, but it seemed to be unknown to the Committee if it provided for a case of, the kind its members were considering. These evidently thought the character of the source from which the complaint emanated deprived them of all ground for interference, without reference to other conditions surrounding it. I have not learned, if it was resolved to refer the matter to your Planters’ Association. So far as is known. to me, the only _ resolution taken was to politely acknowledge the receipt of the letter addressed to Lord Stanmore that embodied the complaint. Ié is not known to me if any opinion was expressed condemning the practice of incorrectly marking teas. As you know, it has been admitted to me that this is by no means of unusual occurrence, and that it does not seem to meet with reprobation. Prob- ably the incident will not be heard of im any way again. second matter with which the meeting was concerned was that relating to the sale of the SWEEPINGS OF THE TEA WAREHOUSES. It greatly surprised me to hear it affirmed that the Customs authorities must be aware of the practice, for, that they must collect duty upon these sweepings before they can leave the bond: ing warehouses. It has been resolved to call the attention of the Customs Department to the evils bound to follow the sale of such contamin- ated stuff, and [ presume to counsel that this should be utterly destroyed upon the bonding premises. The recent revelation as to the sale of refired used tea leaves, as to which the Cus- toms prosecuted, must strengthen the hands of those representing this further matter to the department. Butit must seem very incongruous for our authorities to impose penalties in the one case, while permitting the free sale of even more poisonous and deleterious rubbish. During a conversation had by me this week with the Secretary of the Ceylon Association, it was asked by me of him if he thought that body could take action with reference to complaints made in Ceylon as to the RULES GOVERNING TEA SALES HERE. On my showing him the article by one of your contemporaries formulating this complaint, he pointed out to me that it was quite a miscon- ception to attribute blame to the buyers. These are, he said, quite as powerless to elfect any change in the rules as are the sellers. The whole responsibility for continuing the present arrange- ments for weighing teas rest, he told me, with the Customs authorities. He reminded me that similar complaints were made and considered a few years back, and that strenuous efforts were made in Association with the other public bodies concerned with tea to obtain some revision of the rules. On my memory being thus stirred it came to my recollection that the application formerly made was directed against the standing practice of the authorities when weighing tea to charge for duty as full pounds any fractional parts of pounds found in the chests. When this application was made it was certainly con- sidered that redress on this particular yoint would remove any occasion for grumb- fina on the part of those - who had_ to pay duty. However, the Customs would not budge an inch from its established position, | and although the most powerful and combined repre. 7 478 — sentation was made, no concession whateve could be obtained. We fancy that the main feature of the complaint now received from Ceylon is dependent for its foundation on the practice above named. It seems to me that,in a greater or lesser degree, both buyer and seller must suffer from this. Probably the former, could alter- ation be obtained, would rejoice about as greatly as the latter would. It was my intention to have sought the views of Mr. John Roberts on this subject, but it occurred to me that I had ob- tained these when the first action was taken, and that the explanation now obtained covered all the:ground upon which the recent complaints re- marked upon by your contemporary rested. . a “LIPTON”—A CACAO PLANTER. PURCHASE OF KARANDAGALLA ESTATE IN DUMBARA FROM MR. H. J. VOLLAR. We learn that Mr. Lipton has just bought a fine cacao estate in Dumbara, and intends pushing another of Ceylon’s products all he knows. What an enterprising man he is, and what a lucky man too! He buys a tea estate, and gets a magni- ficent property like Dambatenne, he goes in for coffee, and just when everybody hints the old king is dying, he gets wonderful crops from his fine Haputale estates; and now, having decided to ‘‘go in” for cacao growing, proceeds straight to the very centre of the cacao districts, and before you know where you are, picks up the choicest property in the Island. We are told by those who have seen it that Karandagalla (160 acres fully planted and in bearing) “‘is the very best cacao estate, in the very best cacao district, in the very best cacao growing country in the world.” Greater praise cannot be given, and we congratulate Mr. Lipton on his purchase, and his usual good fortune in Ceylon. ed “LIPTON” IN THE COCOA TRADE. In the above paragraph we state that Mr. Lip- ton has just acquired Karandagalla Estate in Dumbara from Mr. Vollar of Pallekelly. We therefore made it our business to inquire of Mr. Duplock what Mr. Lipton’s intentions were with regard to this product. We learn that, probably even by now, certainly in a few weeks’ time, the magic words ‘Lipton in the cocoa trade,” will resound throughout the United Kingdom, to be echoed doubtless shortly over the whole world. Arrangements have been made for conducting this department on the same complete and elaborate scale that every- thing that Mr. Lipton undertakes is planned. Extensive premises have been secured, and the most expensive and perfect machi- nery has been laid down. It is intended to push the sale of every cocoa comes- tible for all it is worth, and we have little doubt that in a short time “‘Lipton’s cocoa and chocolate” will obtain the same world-wide popularity that his famous teas have. Cocoa essence, chocolate, cocoa and milk, chocolate creams, are among the many things Mr. Lipton will. manufacture and seeing that, he has without question obtained some of the finest cocoa land in Ceylon, there ¢an be no doubt that the quality of his productions will be of the highest. — PronNEERS Or THE PLANTING EnTererise.—The pro- prietors of the Tropical Agricultwist deserve credit for their enterprise. No planter’s bungalow ought to be withont it, and the price is most reasonable, —Cor'. PLANTING AND PLANTERS’ IN HAWAIL The following is an extract from a letter sent to us by Mr. R. V. Webster referring to his ex- perience after reaching Honolulu from San Francisco :— RED SPIDER AND GREEN BUG. Shortly after our arrival I had the pleasure of meeting the Hon. Mr. Marsden (Inspector of the Agricultural and Forestry Department) from whom I gained some valuable information as to the most effective way of exterminating the red-spider and prc Lhe treatment is very different to any 1 have heard of in Ceylon. Instead of going round with a gang of coolies at early dawn to sprinkle sulphur on the diseased leaves, as I well remember doing on Kelliewattie Estate in the year 1837. all that is necessary for this remedy is to obtain a few lady-birds in a glass jar (for red- spider the Scymnus variety is the best) and place ti in one of the trees where the pest is most nume- rous; in a short time you will be astonished at the rate these lady-birds increase and spread over the entire plantation, and still more astonishing is the manner in which they devour the pest that at one time was so numerous. On my arrival in Australia I will rr and procure a few specimens of the Scymuus, lady-bird, and if successful will forward them to Dr. Trimen. Mr. Marsden told me only a few years back, the orange groves in California were attacked with a pest similar to our green-bug and were it not for the lady-birds introduced by Mr, Kobele* they would in a few years have lost all their valuable orange groves. TEA AND COFFEE IN HAWAII Later in the day I hada pleasant walk with Mr. May who is interested in the Hawaiian Tea and Coffee Company, started with the object of growing tea and coffee; the latter ought to do well, but as I proved to Mr. May, with labour at the price they have to pay, it would be impossible for them to do any good with tea. Before sailing the Ha- waiian band came down on the pier and gaye us same very delightful music, as we moved away. I was much surprised to hear them play our National Anthem followed by their own. Had they played the American anthem I would not have been surprised as the ‘‘Almeda” is an American ship flying the stars and stripes. ENEMIES — > TEA SWEEPINGS—CAFFEIN—AND THE NEED FOR CHECKING THE SALE OF IMPURE TEAS. (From a correspondent.) London, Dec. 7. The ultimatum sent in by the Tea Dealers’ As- sociation to the clearing-house, probably will have the effect of bringing the Wharves (who desire to send their tea to Germany, so much to the detri- ment of the interests of the tea-dealers, the tea- brokers and also the tea producers both in Ceylon and India,) to see that the time has now come when they will have to act honourably, and conform to the ~ Port Order, by giving over the tea to the Customs to be denatured in the same way as the other import- | ant Wharves continue to do. The tea-brokers now fully appreciate that they act for principals (perhaps resident in this country) and indirectly for the producers in Ceylon andin India: they know that one or more members of their body, and, perhaps, the members of their Association, have knowingly received this tea, such as the ‘‘ Assam Tea Sweepings’’ from Hamburg, and perhaps know that it is being sold in Manchester and Liverpool under © some other name. They consider that a wrong has *Mr. Kobele is at present in Ceylon, and has © been visiting Dr. Trimen and Mr, E.E, Green gf Pundaluoya,—Ep, 7, 4, ae? Jan. 1, 1895.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 479 been done to the “tea producers” and they will be prepared to unite, if necessary, with the tea trade. uring the month of November, while matters have been actually in course of arrangement, 26 tons of tea sweepings were shipped to Hamburg, showing that even in the face of the discussions that were going on, tea was sent away. Tf it is found necessary, through the obstinacy of any of he Whanrves, it is intended to have some of the ordinary tea sweepings, as taken out of the hole of a wharf, shown in the city and analysed by a public analyst. One of the caffeine-makers who received a large parcel of tea from one of the wharves here states that in the month of November he esti- mated that although the tea had been previously separated from large pieces of wood and different foreign bodies that could be picked out by hand or be sifted by a large sieve, he had 38 per cent of foreign matter in these tea sweepings. e does not complain for a moment, because he buys the tea sweepings as they come from the hole: he only gives this information with tbe view of showing that such an accumulation of tea and refuse ought never to be offered for food: to say nothing of the consequences that would accrue to families who might purchase the siftings, as sent from Hamburg and so condemn such a splendid food-product as Assam Tea: for it must not be lost sight of that many people now know that when they buy Indian or Assam Tea, they get more relief from that when they are fagged and tired, owing to the extra quantity of Caffeine it contains, over that from China or Ceylon Tea. It may not be known generally that there are tens of thousands of women and young girls in the country who almost live on tea and bread, and some- times they get butter; and this constantly living on such food entirely changes the ordinary course of nature in these individuals: so much so, that medi- cal men now ask this class of patient if they are in the habit of living on this food, for they then diagnose their complaints accordingly. (The bowels only act, as a rule, once a week, and still the people remain in perfect health.) It is admitted on all hands, especially by the tea producers, that the action taken by the Tea Dealers’ Association in London is worthy of all praise; and it is fortunate that they have such an excellent man for their president. EE ——— BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. The mail has brought The British Central Africa Gazette, dated Zomba, Sept. 26. It con- tains an account of North-East Mlanje, a dis- trict with a large labour supply, excellent crops and peacerally settled ; also of German Nyassaland by C. A. Edwards. Of local news we have the following :— At a meeting held in the Court Room, Blantyre, on Saturday, the 25th August, to discuss a tentative Constitution drawn up by the Council (pro tem) it was decided, That the town shall be known as Blantyre. That a Council of seven Europeans shall be elected, and that the election shall be by ballot. That the following form the Council, Messrs. J. Buchanan, D. C. Scott, I. Lamagna, T. H. Lloyd, J. Duncan, J. C. de Josselin de Yong, L. M. Fotheringham. The Cricket Season at Chinde was opened on Saturday, 25th July, with a match between H.M. Navy and the British Concession, which ended in a draw, on account of time. The first section of the Central African portion of the Trans-Continental Telegraph is now open :— From Chikwawa to Blantyre. The Construction party are at work again on the Chikwawa-Tete section, the progress of which has been delayed for some six months. ‘he line from Salisbury is making progress towards Tete, and it is hoped that the two parties will meet at the Zambesi before the end of the present year, and so put Blantyre direct communication with Cape Town and London Mr. Gordon, recently arrived in this country, t take charge of the Telegraph construction work north of the Zambezi. The first telegraph message sent within British Central Africa was despatched by a native boy (from the Likoma Mission), who has had three weeks tuition from one of the Sikh Non-Com- missioned officers. Postcards for use between British Central African and the United Kingdom, have been recently issued : they are sold at the rate of ten for two shillings. Angoni from Mombera’s and Ntwaro’s country, west of Bandawe, have begun to find their way down tothe Shire Highlands in search of work: the supply of labour thus freshly tapped is a very large one. The animals and birds taken to England by Mr, Whyte in April last, all arrived in London in good condition. They are now safely lodged at the Zooloe gical Gardens. The black monkey sent home, is found to be a new species, also one of the Love-birds from the Upper Shire. The funds have been subscribed, at home, for a preliminary survey of the route to be taken by the roposed railway to connect the Lower with the pper Shire? Timber (Mlanje cypress) is being sawn in consi- derable quantities now, at Fort Lister, of the usual sizes used for building purposes. It finds a ready sale in Blantyre and elsewhere. Dr. Watson reports that the cattle plague has almost cleared off the whole of the enormous herds of buffalo which used to be found roaming over the Itawa plains and swamps, and on the banks of the Luapula River. The plague appears to have now died out. A Public Meeting was held in the Court-house, Blantyre, on September 3rd, to consider the questions of the procuring of a Medical Officer for the Blantyre District, and the establishment of a hospital. _ THe Surre Hicunanps SHoorrne Cxius.—Annual Cup Competition. The third Annual Cup Competition of the above Club took place on Saturday Ist Septem- ber, at the Nyambadwe Range. In addition to the Cup Competition, there were also a Sharp-Shooting Competition and a contest between a Military Team consisting of two Officers andfour Sikhs, and a World Team consisting of six members of the Club. aS ee RUBBER AND GUMS: MEETING OF THE SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY HELD AT BURLINGTON HOUSE. Dee. 3rd. T. Christy, r.u.s., exhibited specimens of different sorts of RUBBER, specially with the view of showing that rubber can be extracted by water. In the first instance the Landolphia was shown with the root and boughs ag cut from the living tree, next the stems after they had been boiled; following on, the next stage was debris of the bark and the rubber still hanging on to one end of a twig which otherwise was perfectly clean and free from any succus; then there was the mass as it fell into the pan with the bark mixed with the gum. It was then shown in different stages of treatment up to the Landolphia rubber as sent into commerce. Another Landolphia was shown from the Congo; this had been porns off direct from the tree into a ball, and dried in the course of winding, Another interesting exhibit was the Almadina, whic took its name from the party who discovered it and worked it out in West Africa; it also goes by the name of potato gum. This gum has the most in- teresting properties, and it has been fully explained in many of the scientific papers, especially by Mr. Lascelles Scott. From experiments conducted over a series of 4 years we found that by placing in a box open to the sun and rain some of the very best Indiarubber and Gutta-percha, pure and as found in commerce by the best makers, then by placing alongside of it the Almadina and also Almadina mixed with Indiarubber and Gutta-percha, it was found that at the end of the experiment the best rubber had almost disappeared and was quite worth- 480 less, whereas the Indiarubber and gutta percha mixed With @ certain proportion of Almadina remained per- factly sound and with full elastic properties. I was determined that this Almadina should be introduced, ‘and to do so I got an apparatus and some tons of Almadina, I melted it and added a considerable quantity of water to it and further some tannic acid. This was well stirred and it took upa large quantity of water. When the mass was sufficiently kueaded it was put into bags and allowed to cool, then it was Sent down to some large India Rubber Works, and the proprietor wasso pleased with it that he offered to take any quantity at 1s 6d to1s10d per lb. This “rubber, we knew, had a quantity of water in it, therefore we made allowance in charging the weight when it was handed to the railway of at least 20 per cent. As Thad gained the point I desired, of getting practical manufacturers on a large scale to adune its great value, I then met them and told them that I could no longer continue to manufacture this gum, and that I was prepared, if they gave me # sufficient order for the raw material* to give them all the in- formation. I further explained to them what I had had to go through to convince them; suffice it to say that they gave the order, and when the foreman heard how he had been victimized he resented it very much and did all he could not to use this rubber for some time’ to come, until his place was handed over to another man who thoroughly understood the valuable properties of Almadina. The consequence was that a very much higher class of goods was turned out of these’ works and large contracts made; this shows how difficult it is to overcome prejudices. ~ Another gum also produced by being boiled was CHICLE GUM. This comes from Mexico, andis known to Americans as the base for their chewing gum. Small pieces were repared for those who desired to experiment with it, But many of the members were afraid of upsetting the good that they had derived from the club dinner, and so many of them missed tasting it. I thought that there were valuable properties other than the | amusement afforded by chewing in this product, and I sent it to one of my friends, who is certainly one of the most advanced men in the rubber trade, and I explained to him the most simple manner of testing it, viz., chewing it; he didso, and he wroteme back saying that be was delighted with the material and begged me to secure him a quantity, at any rate for experiment and if it went downto a certain price to ut his name down for the first supplies. This gum is also found a very great advantage in plaster making and pills. I may addin conclusion that there are many other gums which I believe will advantageously yield to the treatment of cutting down the boughs and boiling them in water, finally extracting the rubber asthe mass cools: [have sent a request to several places where _ the rubber trees are growing wild suggesting that this plan should be tried. : # OO TEA PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION The following circular has been issued by the well-known Mincing Lane Firm of Brokers :— As the time of year has come when it is possible to obtain accurate data upon which to base an opinion respecting the future of the market, we beg to submit the following for your consideration :— ' The total Imported from India, according to the latest information received, is likely to be about 115 million Ib.—1 million lb. more than last season. “Assuming that Consnmption continues to show the average vate of increase of the past six months—the total for the season will be 120 million lb. Of Ceylon the total import will probably be about 75 moillion lb., and the Consumption about 77 millions, taking the figures of the last six months as the basis. “ Of China and Jaya the Supply should be about 45 ——————————— '* At 6d per lb, which was free from water. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. i — ——————————— m--—00_—_OOOODaseo—_—* .to the U.K. than we did last year. We are all 4, “=e / a [Jan 1, 1895. million lb., and the Consumption about 43 millions These figures tabulated show:— Supply Consum in- cluding Spots Indian 115 millions 120 millions Ceylon “4 75 a by 77 > China and Java 45 a 43 oe Total for 1894-95 235 millions .. 240 millions Total for 1893-94 ae was 243% millions +. 2404 millions It therefore appears that the supplies of British grown tea will be 7 millions less than our requirements without any allowance for possible increase in the total deliveries of tea, or any prospect of the defici- ency being supplied from China. As regards the movement of the Indian crop, we have already received 64 millions more than last season, leaving 54 less to come forward; while the quantity passed throngh the Auctions is about 4 millions more than last year, leaving some 3 mil- lions less to sell than there were a year ago. The Stock of Indian in bond is 2 millions hea- vier, and the Trade are now well supplied. Of other kinds the Stocks are 3} millions lighter. The position of Ceylon tea is somewhat different that of Indian, as the Stock is now at a low point, where it will remain until the end of January, when imports will probably become larger than the monthly rate of consumption. China tea seems to be no longer a material factor in the calculation; for it is obvious that the Home Trade will only resume the use of it when Indian and Ceylon teas ‘for price’”’ reach a prohibitive level; and there is the contingency of a demand for Export reducing the emall existing stock of Congou. As regards the position of prices—the current range of value, though silinkabial at a satisfactory level for the commoner kinds, is unquestionably low for the finer qualities, due it would seem to their earlier and rapid shipment. Taking a broad view of the situation—there is reason to look for ahealthy market when the bearing of the figures we have set forth upon the prospects of the future becomes more widely recognized, and the buyers feel the relief of smaller Public Sales.— Yours faithfully, Wm. Jas. & Hy, THOMPSON. 38, Mincing Lane, 6th December, 1894. — ———-- ~>_—___—_———_ COCONUTS. _ It is reported that Dr. Morris has been telling an audience that ‘‘though the coconut has to all appearance only one cell in the flower, the ovary contains three cells, two of which are sup- pressed in the process of growth. But anyone can see that the outer shell is in three divisions, and that there are always three eyes, two of which are ‘ blind.’ In the walls of the two diyi- sions of the shell in which the blind eyes are placed are to be found the suppressed embroys. A three-celled nut has recently been presented to the Kew Museum; apparently no one knows of another in existence. It does not often fall to the fortune of the lover of coconuts to find a heautiful pearl inside one instead of milk; but such cases have occurred. These pearls are white, and resemble oyster pearls in being fomposed almost wholly of carbonate of lime.’ —Journal of Horticulture and Cottage Gardener. Exports.—So we are not really to send more tea anxious to see what the P.A. will estimate for 1895, _ They certainly over-estimated 1894 crop. So much depends on weather that no one ought to prophe: unless he knows,—Cor, cee Jan. 1, 1895] ANOTHER CEYLON PLANTER FOR BRIT- ISH CENTRAL AFRICA: NARROW ESCAPES FROM DROWNING. We have been favoured with the following ex- tract from a letter of Mr. H. L. Thornton written from Chinde dated 5th November last :— “At Aden i caught the German mail steamer, a very nice one, and came down with her to Tanza the new German port on the mainland where they have just opened a railway. Thence to Zanzibar a dirty beastly place; but with a nice set of fellows and a good club. hence to Der-u-salaam a big German port and thence to Mozambique, where I changed into a small 500 ton steamer, as the big steamer cannot cross the bar of the other ports. Thence to Quilimane and here I nearly ended my life by the following accidents. I went on shore to dinner and returned on board at 11 o’clock in a boat paddled by two negroes; it was ebb tide and the river was running down like a miil race, and the breakers on the bar were awful. Halfway bet- ween the shore and the ship both my paddles broke in two, and I was left helpless and dritting down rapidly to the bar. Ihailed my own steamer, they did not hear me, and then I swept past the last steamer, the Union boat, and by jove I did hail her, nearly burst myself. They heard me and sang out they would lower a boat; meantime I went merrily down the river and began to feel very queer indeed. We pulled up planks from the bottom of the boat and paddled like blazes. At last the boat from the ‘Sanon’’ overtook us and precious glad _I was to get into her, and then we had the devil of a pull up to my ship against the tide. Well, we got there, and, of course, I made the officer come up for a drink. Before having one I said I must fale the sailors in the boat a couple of bottles of beer, so down the gang-way I went, a bottle of beer in each hand. Snddenly my foot slipped, head over heels I went into the riyer. I went right down aud came up against the ship’s bottom. Fortunately I kept my presence of mind and tried to catch hold of something as soon as I came to thesurface, and fortunately managed to catch hold of the rudder and held on like a leech till they pulled me on board. After which Ichangedmy clothes and took the men in the boat another two bottles of beer. A narrow Squeeze, was it not? Thence to Chinde where I was unlucky enough to miss an up-steamer by a day and have had to wait here for five days. However, I go up the river in a very nice boat. Chindeis a queer place built on a spit of land between the riyer and the sea. A considerable Huropean population, apparently healthy enough—a very mixed community though. ie will write again fiom Blantyre. I have just seen some Blantyre coffee; it looks a good bean though rather small, its last rate was 112s. and everyone says it is doing well up there.” —_— HOME TEA SALE RULES. When very recently discussing the onerous nature of the conditions imposed upon the sellers of tea in the London market, a contemporary would seem to have overlooked a fact made patent by the inquiries of our London Correspondent. No one contests that these conditions bear heavily upon those who send their tea to London for sale, or that they contrast unfavour- ably with the conditions observed with respect to our local sales. But we are reminded in our last London Letter that the story is an old one, and that in this revival of it the saddle has been placed upon the wrong horse. It has been a mistake, it is now made evi- dent, to assign the buyers at the tea auctions as being the head aime front of the offending. We are further told that at the time this question was previously raised, a few years THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 481 ago, the Ceylon Association in London, in con- cert, we believe, with the Indian Tea Associa- tion and other similar bodies, did its best to get the grievances complained of redressed. Those Associations found that the conditions were in- sisted upon by the home Customs authcrities, who, in so acting, had not in view any benefit of a one-sided character to the buyers, though they appeared to follow that direction. The insistence upon the conditions was made solely to benefit and safeguard the collection of Imperial re- venue. No change has occurred since the former representation was made on the subject. Both buyers and sellers are powerless to ‘effect any change, however desirous they may be to do so. It will be within the recollection of most of our readerg that the gravamen of the offence then charged against the Customs authorities con- sisted in the system adopted for calculating the weight of tea. When the combined Associa- tions approached Her Majesty’s Customs on this subject, they were met by a pointblank refusal to concede anything towards reducing the onus of the practice. Its officers insisted on their pound of flesh, and they kept it both then and ever since. It is this practice that gives rise to the complaints again lately made, and unless the Associations are prepared to go oyer the same ground again—only to meet, we sus- pect, with the same rebuff—it is useless to at- tempt to reopen the question. There is no doubt that these anomalies in practice are net to be justified. Nor can we hope for their removal, unless the House of Commons can be induced to move in the matter. And even if that could be done, we well know what the reply from the Finance Minister would be. It would simply run to the effect that any departure from éstab- lished practice must result in a loss to the reyenue. Undoubtedly, this contention ma be correct ; while equally without doubt the House of Commons would accept it as com- pelling the retention of the system, however unjustifiable it may be. The whole method by which tea is weighed in London is one open to very strong complaint. t the same time it must be admitted that our planters have the remedy, to some extent, in their own hands. More universally careful weighing on the estates would probably deprive the Custom authorities at home of the ground upon which they justify presen practice. On the other hand, all we hear of the Cus- toms and Dock Warehouses arrangements—of the ‘“‘eruel ” way in which our teas are often treated in the re-packing and of the sales of tea-sweep- ings—must surely make every tea planter in Ceylon and India an ardent supporter of Mr. J. Allan- son Picton or whoever newt may take up the motion for “a free breakfast table” in the House of Commons. What an impetus the abolition of the Customs duty would give to the tea trade! ON THE IMPORTANCE OF POTASH TOR TEA. | We give prominence to the following important letter from the well-known Agricultural Analyst, Mr. John Hughes, and direct the special atten- tion of planters to the significant lessons it conveys. Hitherto, the majority of our tea planters have been inclined to pooh-pooh the warning that they should look to their soils, and to the instruction which science ean give them, before it is too late. But we can see that a change is coming over general opinion, 482 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. = 1895. and that an era of “ manuring” is fast approach- ing. Of course, not a few of our thoughtful, shrewd managers have sceaily cultivated after the most approved fashion and with perfectly satisfactory results (as certain letters in our Tropical Agriculturist im one instance have shown). But the time has arrived when the many will have to consider what only the few have hitherto attended to ; and to all such, Mr. Hughes’ present letter should come with full force as showing them the necessary conditions of successful cultivation. It will be for Mr, Hughes to follow up his present letter with another indicating where planters can most con- veniently look for the supply of the potash and soda, required to renew, maintain, or enrich their soils). Mr. Hughes writes as follows :—~ In certain articles publishedin the Vvopical Agri- enlturist at the beginning of 1893, the writer gave the results of some analyses of Indian, Ceylon and China Wea, and drew attention to two important ts s— et ash at . Tnat the amount of soluble ash in Tea coincid- ed with the market price in London, namely, the more soluble ash the higher the price realized. 9. That the chief constituent of this soluble ash was potash. ' 8, That as a consequence potash was the most im- portant of the mineral constituents required by tea. 4, hat if the soil was naturally poor in potash it was necessary to supply this constituent artificially if continuous and remunerative crops of tea were to be expected. As mentioned in a communication dated Nov. 23rd addressed to the Observer the writer stated that during a recent tour in Scotland he was reatly struck by the special luxuriance of the E hone in the woods surrounding the famous Falls of Foyers on the Caledonian Canal and with a view of ascertaining the probable cause of suchluxuriance he icked up some ten specimens of the stones, consisting Piieny of red granite more or less soft in character. nring the past few weeks very careful determi- maneee iy fobion analysis have been made of the potash and soda in these stones, theresuits ot which are now given in table I TABLE I. Soda obtained by fusion ana- : q ee of Potash and 1 Percentage in the woods surrounding the i F Stones picked up sp of alls of Hoyers, Caledonian Canal, Scotland ;— Potash Soda Total Description Red Granite No, 1 Soft 6°385 2°273 8°651 a) Hard 6-291 2032 8373 3 Soft 5905 2093 7998 4 Hard 5095 3°360 8450 5 Soft 4-960 27518 7578 6 Soft 4°496 3°492 7988 7 Soft 4207 3736 7943 8 Hard 3°628 3098 6°86 9 Hard 3°030 4°452 77482 10 Hard 2:972 4:293 72605 Average 4°697 3145 7842 ortions of Potash and Soda are so high ae Pe Biome: if properly selected, so soft and easily ground, that with cheap water power on the spot, and convenient water carriage trom Loch rate available; it is quite possible these stones Bre be quarried and ground up into a fine powder car sold as manure for grass land in the same way an Basic Slag from the blast furnaces is now so largely employed. f comparison in Table II the proportions in some fifteen samples of and the results are certainly By way 0 of Potash and Soda Geylon soil are given, rather startling :— TABLE ITI. Percentage of Potash and Soda obtained by fusion ana- lysis of Ceylon Tea, Coffee and Cacao Soils ;:— Dried at 212° F. Potash Soda Total No. 1 103 acres Tea 573 Cacao 2°045 "B55 2°400 2 Formerly in Coffee 1°563 “540 2°103 8 242 acres Tea 100 acres Cacao 1°408 1425 2°833 4 Chiefly in Tea 1°400 1°200 2600 5 1,681 acres cultivated 1341 1014 2°355 6 Chietiy in Tea 1170 “810 1980 7 Chiefly in Tea 1158 "964 2°122 8 Formerly in Cacao now Tea 1°119 2°204 37413 9 Allin Tea 1110 “390 1°500 10 All in Tea 1°080 “680 1760 lL 690 acres cultivated “O34 “201 1°275 12 From which no ‘Vea has been picked 920 “430 1400 13 Chiefly in Yea formerly Cotfee “714 1°293 2007 14 On which Coffee has died out “636 “bee 1160 15 Chiefly in Tea “540 “390 a Average 1145 “B43 1059 The Potash varies trom ‘54 to 2045 in every 100 parts of the dry soil, in other words No. 1 soil which is chiefly in cacao contains four times as much potash as No. 15 which is in tea. In No. 14 the potash is only slightly more than No. 15 and on this estate coffee has died out. In this country clover sickness or failure of clover if grown too frequently onthe same land, is generally attributed to an insufiicient supply of potash in an available form as plant food; and it is, therefore, quite reasonable to conclude that the failure of coffee on certain estates may be largely due to deficiency of Potash in the soil. Special attention is now be- ing directed to the examination of more Ceylon soils, chietly old samples accumulated, including specimens that have been specially sent because coffee had failed. Planters are only too familiar with the sad spectacle of a coffee tree loaded with cherry, dying for want of proper nourishment under a severe attack of leaf disease. On page 143 of his official Report the writer gives full analyses of healthy and diseased coffee leaves which latter ‘plainly show a deficiency of potash, there being only 1°392 in the diseased leaves as _ against 2°078 per 100 parts by weight of air dried healthy leaves. Indeed special attention is drawn in the Report to the deficiency of soluble organic and mineral constituents in the diseased leaves; in fact a wasting away of the original contents of the cellular tissues of the leaf. he percentage of ash ‘ in made tea is about 6 of which from 2°15 to 2°35 is potash; while the percentage of ash in parchment coffee is only 3°30 of which, however, 135 is potash. Relatively therefore the ash of parchment coffee though smaller in quantity is richer in potash. It may therefore be that the inability of the coffee tree to concentrate sufficient potash in the seed arises from the natural poverty of the soil in potash. It is well-known that the formation and maturing of the seed is a most critical time, and it is just for this reason that the attacks of leaf disease are most fatal when they occur during the period of the ripening of the coifee cherry. According to Sir John Lawes, potash may be re- placed by soda in certain crops so that a soil though poor in potash if it contains a good supply of soda may produce crops which usually show a high pro- portion of potash. When, however, there is a poverty both of soda and potash, as for instance in soils 14 and 15, it appears decidedly unwise to attempt to grow either tea or coffee in a soil naturally so poor, and planters who may be contemplating the opening up of new land may find it useful to bear this point in mind before risking their capital. JOHN HOGHES, F.1.C., Agricultural Analyst, 79, Maik Lane, London, E.C. ee PLANTERS’ BENEVOLENT Funp has now got a good start. I trust every planter will support it.—Ce . Jan. 1, 1395.] CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA. San Francisco, California, U.S.A., Nov. 20, 1894. My Dear Str,—It is some considerable time since last I wrote you, and during the interval I have not been idle, but have gained a good deal of information that may be usetul to the planting community, and may also be of service to the “Committee of 30.” I think [I forwarded you a copy of the Los Angelos Herald, containing a desériptive article I was asked to contribute on “Ceylon” generally; though I was rather hurried when writing it, 1 managed to work in Ceylon tea pretty strongly I think. I remained for some time in Los Angeles and district, and a3 the annual race-meeting took place during my visit there, [I attended the races on two days. There I saw the famousracer, Silkwood, win 3 out of 4 heats, the best time made being 2 minutes 83-5 seconds I think. I donot think either trotting or pacing races are as pretty as flat racing or hurdle racing, but these former are quite a feature of this country, where the breeding of fast trotters and pacers has become quite an industry and a science. CEYLON TEA TOO HIGH PRICED. I found during my second visit to Los Angeles that there was somewhat more inquiry for Ceyion teas, but they required pushing and advertising in some prominent aud novel manner, something that will at once attract the attention and stimulate the curiosity of the people. To the subject of advertising I will refer later on. I mentioned to the leading tea dealers that I thought they had handicapped our teas by charging far too highly for them. At present, the very high grade teas are not what are wanted for the American market; of this I am cerfain, and others will bear me out in this contention. A very small proportion of the tea-drinking people of this country can afford to pay $1 per lb. for their tea. Now this means 4s 2d sterling per lb. and there is no duty on tea, or at present rates of Rupee exchange about 3°58 (say R350). This is, of course, absurd. How many practical proprietors and planters in Ceylon would object to make a yearly contract to sell all their broken pekoe, pekoe and pekoe souchong for Rl, R075 and R050. This would work out at about cents of a dollar 28, 21 and 14 for the three grades, and surely if grocers charged only $0°75, $0°60 and $0°40 they would have an ample margin of profit. I have seen no Ceylon tea in this country retailed at $1 per lb. that was worth such a price! Of course at the Chicago Exposition, our tea was generally beautifully made and served in the cup for the public, and to most it was a reva- lation. Many came there to spend money freely ; but now that times are harder’ even tban ever they were, you cannot persuade them to invest $1 in a lb. of new tea, comparatively unknown to them, when they can get the same quantity of Japan and China, and to wnich they are well accustomed, for $0°40 or 0°50. This isa subject that must be very seriously con- sidered by Planters, Agents, &c.,for it is far better in our present circumstances, to sell a million lb. at a fair business profit, than a quarter or a fifth that quantity atan immence profit, mostly benefiting the dealers, and nof the producers. ‘“ MISERABLE ’’ CEYLON TEA PACKAGES. I met, by appointment, the leading Tea Broker of this City, who is Importing Agent for the leading firms of Yokohama, Hongkong and Shanghai, Amoy, Foochow and Formosa, and Canton; and had quite an interesting interview with him, (by the way he is likely to become a subscriber to your Overland issue.) We touched on several points, and I give you his opinions on the “miserable Ceylon package” as compared with the bright and attractive packages from China and Japan, to which the trade are used here. } , This gentleman further convinced me of the numerous complaints of the trade, which seem justified, for the condition in which Ceylon Teas reach this market, is not at all creditable or conducive to trade, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 483 and in fast very often does more to “ get their backs up”’ and put the trade against Ceylons than anything else. e suid, ‘We have a good article, a first-rate one, why d—n it at the ontset by such a miserable- looking repulsive box: the very poorest rubbish from China and Japan comes to this country beautifully, artistically and attractively packed.” This was the sub- stance of our conversation on that point. Planters, Agents and Proprietors, to capture, or even gainafooting in this market, must pay more attention to their packages, and the unsightly and crude box into which their fine teas have been put from tha beginning, must be entirely dnoe away with, or greatly improved. (N. B.—Has any improvement been effected in the Ceylon Tea Chest generally used, since we began to grow and export tea? I think not.) Look at the care taken by your Eastern competitors, whatever hanky-panky tricks they may play with the contents of their tea chests. The chests them- selves are almost perfect; artistic, and a thing of beauty, therefore a ‘‘ joy for ever.” ‘Loss of weight, open seams, torn bad lining, damaged tea, unsightly appearance, and useless and far too much marking” are some of the loud complaints made against the unpopular chest in vogue in Ceylon. Grozers requize a neat attractive box with which to dress their windows, and stores; where they like to build pyramids of pretty tea chests, and show rows of them on their shelves. Can any one fancy rows of Ceylon chests in high-class grocery stores, as an ornament or attraction? 1 hope in my next monthly letter to be able to send you more definite information on this point, with drawings, cost, and general data, for a chest suitable for this country, more in accordance with the neat papered and matted boxes of China and Japan. Ceylon must be prepared to pay more for a proper package than she has done in the past. Hvyeryoné knows how much there is in appearance, and a few cents extra on a chest would be money well spent, if it assists in gaining a footing for your teas here. Tae size of the chest is an important thing, and the 109 lb. chests are not adapted for this market. I have this information on the best authority: 60 to 70 lb. is the size for the American market. I would advise no large forward contracts being entered into for the supply of tea chests until such time as the desired information mentioned above is available. NATIVES TO EXHIBIT TEAS, While south on my sezond trip, several of the lead: ing tea people, when talking over the pushing of Ceylon Teas, were almost unanimous as to the great benefit that would accrue and the impetus that would be given to these teas, were the idea carried out of having Natives to visit the different towns, in charge of a competent person, one who knew his subject, as well as knowing the Natives, and who could ‘talk tea’ to the crowds who would visit the stores where the Natives would be serving the cheerful cup. Many of them said they would gladly give the requisite space in their stores, supply all things required, such as crockery, heating apparatus for boiling the water, cakes, &c. and bear a portion of advertising locally and send invitations to their customers to attend these ‘“‘afternoon teas”, provided the Natives were sent by the Ceylon Planters, Iam confident this would be one of the best modes to advertise our teas and attract attention to them. I know some people hold that the wholesalers are the ones fo interest first and they will push our teas with the retailers, who will then ask the public to purchase them. There is another way to look at the matter. The grocers say “You should interest the individual members of the community, the families, and then it will be time for us to handle and keep in stock these new teas, when we aie asked for them.’ The whole- salers will then import largely, when they find a steady and increased demand coming from the grocers for them. My immediate object in returning to San Fran- cisco was to meet Mr. R. Valentine Webster, who arriyed from the East on the 12th instant and left 434 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 1895. for Honolulu on the 15th instant. Needless to say I was very glad to see our good friend once more, and found him looking very ‘fit’ indeed. He had hada very successful trip through Burope, visiting the Exhibition at Antwerp. He has done a large business this trip, especially in Canada, and has also done well in the States and Halifax. In many cases he found it very hard to compete with London prices (and this somewhat surprised me) which were cut so low, as in some instances to prevent profitable business being done, but being here to push and sell his teas, he has done so in very large quantities, and is well pleased with the results of his trip so far. ADVERTISING. Mr. Webster said that had he had some assistance in advertising Ceylon Teas, he could, without doubt, have placed ten times the quantity sold at least; but that without some such help it was almost impossible to do so, and he did not feel justified in himsel/ spend- ing a lot of money for the sole benefit of Ceylon. He quite agreed with me in stating that a large sum of money expended in general advertising in the large daily Papers of this country, would be com. paratively wasted; but the same sam, or a smaller amount, judiciously spent in attractive advertise- ments and short descriptive articles, in the leading weekly and monthly journals, papers and magazines, the Home Journals, would be money well spent. He had a large bundle of such journals, selected for him by the leading advertisement agency in the county, and some such scheme will be the most ad- visable to follow, when the decision has to be arrived at, as to what papers are to be selected for advertising in. In this tremendously busy and hurried country, the large dailies go to the ojices and the news, money and stock articles, investments, and politics are hurriedly read by the men and the paper throw aside. The other class of papers referred to, reach the homes, and are read leisurely by the /adies of the family, and our article Yew is altogether in their line. Curiously enough Mr. Webster mentioned to me that some of the largest and best grq@ery stores had offered space in their stores to have our teas served by Natives, provided the latter were sent over for the purpose by the Planters of Ceylon, and Mr. Webster is convinced from what he has observed, that this mode of bringing forward our teas is one of the best, if not the best. 'Vhe Americans like novelty, they also like to see the real thing, and are cute enough to know, that if we take the trouble to send ever Natives at great expense, to advertise our teas, we must be in earnest, and have a good article to sell. It is a telling coincidence that away down south, 500 miles from here, I should haye bad the same experience on this subject, as Mr. Webster had in New York, Chicago and the Hast generally. I forgot to mention, when writing of the im- proved tea chest required for this market, that the one of which I hope to send full particulars in my next, does away with the necessity of lead lining, and is the coming Tea chest, I perhaps should men- tion that I have no interest whatsoever in this pack- age, but simply write about it for the benefit of my brother-planters, and because it will be thoroughly acceptable to the tea trade here, which the present tea chests are not. Itis the tea chest of the future. I noticed that Mr. Webster sported a tie of the Mounted Infantry colovs which look very well. Mr: Webster informed me that he had several visits from Mr. Foster, but the latter’s attempts to borrow money from him were unsuccessful. The head waiter who was in Mr. Foster’s eating-place for a month, spoke to me one dayin Los Angeles, and said he had left Mr. Foster’s employ, as had not been paid a cent allthe the time he worked for him! Simon, the re- maining Sinhalese, is returning to Ceylon shortly, he informed me the other day, in the presence of Mr. Web- ater, and [am gladsuch isthe case, as the place is no credit to Ceylon. I was informed it is likely to close up soon, and Mr. Schrieber, in whose Candy store the eating-place is, has a claimon everythingin it! In a store on Market Street, I saw some Ceylon teas for sale, from the bulk, priced from 50 cts, to 78 cts, per tb, Iwas much disappointed with the appearance of these teas, they were rather coarse, and only a few dull grey tips were visible in the highest priced grade. A good wiry tippy Broken Pekoe is the standard grade for this market; with Pekoe and Pekoe Souchong for lower prices, The best value I have seen in the States, was in Detroit, Michigan, where such a Broken Pekoe as I refer to, was being retailed at 60 cents per tb. (It probably cost 27 or 28 cents. landed in the store.) The manager of the Market Street store said he would let me have any of the teas at 10 cents. per lb. reduction on parcels of 5 lb. This is equal to 5 pence stg. reduction! Mr. Webster, along with myself greatly deplored the delay in deciding what is to be done to carry on permanently the campaign in America. I do not suppose anything will be done for six or eight months yet, to carry ont the suggestions of the Report to be submitted by the two Delegates, to the Committee of 30." This long delay is most injurious to our interests, and much to be regretted. India has now been in the field for months, and leading houses who may have made their arrangements with India’s Representative, will not be so keen to enter into similar arrangements a year or two later, with another party, whose teas greatly resemble those of India. This point should not be lost sight of, and I would suggest that the Delegates be asked to send in a short preliminary Report, embodying such information as they may gain, early in their investigations, and which may re- quire some considerable time to act upon. In this way, some valuable time might be saved, and details could be worked out and agreed upon later. While in Los Angelos I met a Mr. Roberts, an old Ceylon planter, and we had a long yarn about Dikoya, Bogawantalawa, Maskeliya, an Dimbula men, but many names mentioned by him were, alas! gone. As this letter should reach you about Christmas I will conclude by wishing you all the compliments of the season and a Happy and prosperous New Year. These are trite words, but the wish is sincere, I assure you. I notice a lot of lovely China for sale in stores here, but since the war began, would it uot be more ap- propriate to call it Japaned China. ext Christmas I will think of the memorable one I spent with my friend Wales in M. dalsima.—Yours ever, 4 Chad —— VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. LIMITED COMPANIES AND SALE OF PROPERTY. —We feel sure that the detailed lists we pub- lish elsewhere will have been scanned with very great interest. We have attempted to make up the totals and the results arrived at are as follows :— Value of Property Sold in 1894. House Property -. B 658,000 & £ 2,250 Estate 5 -. R2,278,480 & £229,868 R2,936,480 & £232,118 Limited Companies Formed in 1894. Capital Par .- 3,950,000 Paid up (say).. -» R3,000,000 Coconut PLANTING IN NEW GUINEA (AND CEYLON).—It is stated in the North Borneo Herald that the District Officers in British New Guinea have the power ‘‘to enforce coconut planting by the natives.” This is equivalent to theola ‘*‘ Rajakariya” of Ceylon ; but wesuppose it is exercised in New Guinea for the good of the people themselves—that is, that the palms they plant are to be their own property, subject per- haps toa small tax or rent to Government after they come into bearing ?—We should like to see_ power given to District Officers in Ceylon to compel’ the natives to keep their coconut and fruit gar- dens clean—if only to clean them up twice year at inspection time; and also power to pre- yent their growing palms or other fruit-trees tog __ closely together, as we > She ‘ A Fs Eatia- 3 i a 1 4 1, 1895.] THEFTS OF TEA IN COLOMBO OR LONDON! The Committee of our London Association had lately under consideration a matter that is of ex- treme importance to Ceylon planters. It seems that for some months, not afew cases of tea received from Ceylon in London have borne evicence of extensive piltering of their contents. In some instances, this pilfering is said to have extended to as much as 201b. of tea out of a single chest. The recipients of the boxes so plundered have been at their wits’ end to whom to attribute this theft. All concerned have been in their turn, suspected. By some it has been attri- buted to the crews of the transporting ships; by others to dishonest persons in the bonding warehouses; while the rest believe that the rascality is committed in Colombo and rior to shipment. The majority of opinions eans to the last of these suppositions! It must be very difficult to correctly assign re- sponsibility. It would seem almost impossible thad the robbery could be effected on board ship. The stowage of cargo is so close that we should say that when once this is completed, it must be extremely ditiicult to extract a case, open and replace it, without detection being most certain. To our minds, therefore, the ab- straction must take place either in the bonding warehouses at home, or here, in Colombo, before the chests are placed on board ship. In either case, it must be, under existing circumstances, exceedingly difficult of detection. This conclu- sion brings us to the salient question as to why this difficulty should be. If the chests were so packed ag to attord ready evidence of having ee tampered with, responsibility could readily be fixed. Would there be any difiiculty about ensuring this? The boxes from China are, we know, generally provided with some sort of covering, disturbance of which must lead to detection. Would there be much difficulty about our planters adopting some similar safeguard ? Indeed it is suggested in our London Letter—as well as in letters from America—that, to some ex- tent, our teas sufier by being packed in cases of so plain and unattractive a character that they are deemed to be unsuited for placing in the windows of the grocers’ shops. Now the retail tradesman delights in gaudy coloring for his windows.. The exhibition of tea in the original chests in such windows, is often resorted to by grocers at home, as, we presume, being heid to be a sort of guarantee of the genuineness of their contents. but grocers hesitate to expose our own very wnornamental cases as tending to disfigure their general exhibit. It is suggested that if our cases were enveloped in some tastefully coloured wrappings, this hesitation would no longer be felt. if such wrappers, say of paper, were closely pasted over the chests before they leave the estates, the latter, of course, could never be opened without destroying the covers. In such acase it would be apparent at a glance if the boxes had been tampered with. We think that our planters would «lo well to give this sugges- tion their careful consideration. It can hardly be expected that the thefts complained of can be wholly prevented so long as detection is as difticult as it is at present. The thieves must feel that ib must be next to impossible to locate the theft, and that they are, therefore, certain of a large amount of impunity. Once render such localization possible and almost cer- tain, and we may predict we should hear little more of the complaints now reaching us. Such abstraction as twenty pounds of tea from a single chest, must be a very serious matter for 61 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 435 those who may have to bear the loss. And oa matters now stand, how is this impost- to be determined? We can understand that: considerable irritation is felt by the purchasers- of consignments that prove to have been tam-, pered with in the way described. The matter is one that may well engage the attention of our Planters’ Association. For the evil.is one that, left unprovided against, is likely to extend until it may become very serious indeed to our jsland interests. Ree ee ge CEYLON LAND AND PRODUCE COMPANY, LIMITED. Drrectors.—James Wilson, Eisq., Chairman; Wil- liam Keiller, Hsq., and Henry Beveridge, Esq. ; Report of the Directors, to be submitted to the Tenth Annual General Meeting of Shareholders, to be held at the Registered Offices of the Company, Nos. 353 and 854, Leadenhall House, 101, Leaden- hall Street, in the City of London, on Thursday, the 20th day of Dec., 1894, at 2 o’clock p.m. ) Your Directors beg to submit the annexed Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet for the year ending 30th June, 1894, duly audited. f The amount at credit of Profit and Loss Account, after reducing the mortgage over North Matale Hs- tate by £1,000, is £4,195 6s 10d, which, with thesum of £1,688 15s 10d brought forward from last year, leaves £5,884 23 8d to be dealt with. On the 4th August last an Interim Dividend of 74 cent on the Ordinary Shares, and 3 per cent on the Preference Shares was paid, and your Directors now propose to pay, on the 3lst day of January, 1895, the balance of the fixed cumulative Dividend on the Preference Shares (3 per cent) making 6 pex cent for the year, and 74 per cent on the, Ordinary Shares, making 15 per cenit for the year, both free of Income Tax. This will leave a balance of £1,072 2s 8d to be carried forward, subject to the Directors’ remuneration for the year under review, - to be fixed at the General Meeting and to the pay- ment of Income Tax, &c. The result of the operations during the past season has not been so satisfactory when compared with the previous period, owing to the fallin prices . of tea and cocoa, and to the shortage in the crop of the last mentioned product. ‘ Ysa.—Your Directors regret that the range of value for Ceylon tea has ruled lower for the cur-. rent year than in 1893. Cold dull weather gene- rally and excessive drought in many parts of the Island combined to retard flushing, the consequence being a shorter out-put from the majority of estates than was expected. In the earlier months the qua- lity to hand was mostly disappointing, and owing ~ to the comparative absence of fine good liquoving - descriptions, the average gradually fell until it © touched 7gd per lb. for June.- From this point the market rose month by month, until the price obtained in November reached 108d per lb. this advance being due partly to very moderate shipments, and alsota better Teas being sent. For the eleven months of this year a total of 834,700 packages hasbeen sold in London, the average price for the whole being 83d, per lb., against 9§d. per lb. for 774,800 packages in the same period: of 1893. Corrern.—This article has been marketed during the past year at very satisfactory prices, and the range of values continues high, but most of the Coffee pro- ducing countries expect good crops during the season just begun. Cocoa.—The market for this article has shewn a continual decline in values during the year, and the produce of the Island has experienced the lowest prices recorded since shipped in its present style, The quality of the crop has, on account of unfavourable weather, been mostly inferior. The low prices haye, however, had the effect of bringing the growth into more general use among manufacturers, and your Directors look for greater competition in the future. THE 486 ‘PurcuAses.—During the past season your Director have purchased about 175 acres adjoining Strathisla and 14 acres in the neighbourhood of Owella, whilst nearly 60 acres have been added to North Matale. The following Statement shews the acreage of the Company's Properties at date :— Forest, ; Coffee Grass, Total Name of Estate. Tea. and Chena Acre- Cocoa. aban- age. doned, &e. Alloowiharie ae LOB 394 171 670 Andangodde 120% — oe 1203 Fetteresso .- 405 —_ 33 438 New Peradeniya .. 384% 174 564 4584 North Matale Ay oPAslv) 819 468 1,557 Owella oo) 41* 138 179 Rickarton pre ;0) — 96 596 Strathisla oo 183 158 341 Forest Land _ oo 430 430 1,795} 1,4543 1,5504 4,800} * Coconut, coffee and cocoa. New Curarincs.—The subjoined figures shew the extent of the new clearings at date :— Coffee and Tea Cocoa loowiharie see yo) M 21 etteresso Frey 1830) — New Peradeniya .. 13 — North Matale oo 55 Owella .. eo Ab 41* Strathisla — 170 183 296° = 479 Acres. * Coconuts, Coffee and Cocoa. Your Directors are pleased to report that the latest advices from the various Superintendents are to the effect, that these additions to the Company's planted acreage promise to be a success, notwithstanding the unfavourable weather experienced. The crop prospects for season 1894-1895 are so far very favourable, and in the event of the prices of cocoa shewing some substantial improvement, the Directors do not doubt but that the current season will prove an eminent success. The Mortgage over the North Matale, &c., estates, whieh obieinall stood at £15,000, has now been aid off, and the relative deeds will be released in ue course, The extinction of this Mortgage ma- terially enhances the value of the Debenture holders’ security. Mr, Henry Beveridge, by rotation, retires from the Directorate, but he is eligible and offers him- self for re-election. Mr. James B. Laurie also retires, but he is eligible and offers himself for re-election. Your Directors terminated the Ceylon Agency on 80th June last. By Order of the Board, Jas. Wiison, Chairman. AtrrepD H. Lock, Seer tary. Leappnuatu Hovse, 101, LEADENHALL STREET, Lonpon, H.C., 11th December, 1894. ee ee Se COPRA IN FUI. November 19.—Copra is a drug in the market principally on account of want of storage, con- sequently no one cares to buy, and sellers there- fore have to be satisfied with a low price, although one holder is taking advantage of low steamer freights to ship through to London. There is something like 3,000 tons copra in stores and, although one barque has been loaded during the last month and two more are loading in the group, this will not relieve the stores to any material extent. Truly this is a record year for copra in Fiji. The “Titania” is still loading at Loma Loma and is expected to be full ship. The THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. | ie eS eee ne [Tan. 1, 1895. “Valparaiso” left here on 10th with about 650 tons on board and the ‘* Emerald,” which arrived on the Ist instant 35 days out from Adelaide, is loading in the stream from vessels as they arrive. ‘two other vessels are on the way and on their arrival will relieve the stores somewhat.—liyi Times. sce es TEA SWEEPINGS AND CAFFEINE. London, Dee, 14. (From a correspondent.) For some reason or another which we do not know, the Tea Clearing-house up to this day have sent no reply to the ‘T’ea Dealers’ Association ; therefore, further action will be taken next week on their account. Another point is being discussed, and that is, (in all public wharves where there is storage of teas) whether certain surveyors sho not be appointed to superintend the weighing and repacking of teas, and also to critically examine the question of overweights as it is known to the trade that this is a question that will have to come under consideration very shortly. It is also known that great differences occur between certain wharves: when this matter is critically investigated it will be singular to trace out if those wharves who grant no overweight are those which have been in the habit of shipping the teas to Germany. Letters are appearing in the American papers stating that Caifeine is being manufactured from Japanese tea in the United States. In this country the shipments of tea from Japan to England, that is, in 1894, have been almost nil, for the simple reason that it is found that the Japanese tea is remarkably weak and about as opposite to Assam tea as is possible. If the Americans are going to depend for their supply of Caffeine upon Japan tea dust, at the prices they name, 1d. up to 24d. per lb. it will cost them a considerable sum oi money to get out the Caffeine, and this tea will not yield on an average more than 1-14%. These figures will be more easily checked, as experiments are being made to investigate the quantity of Caffeine in Japanese Tea. At present the price of Caffeine has been fixed at 16s perlb., but it is almost impossible to obtain any beta the end of December or the beginning of January. The Caffeine made in Germany is of such a crude nature that it can only be exported to America or used in the manufacture of Citrate of Caffeine. The German Chemists will not offer it for sale, and they depend entirely for their supplies upon the English makes. There has been a decided upward tendency in Indian and Ceylon teas the last 10 days. This may partly be accounted for by the quantity of tea-dust purchased for the manu- facture of ‘ affvine. ns COFFEE PLANTING IN THE STRAITS. The Acting District Officer, Ulu Langat (Mr. J. R. O. Aldworth) in his December report, says :— An application from Mr. D. Kindersley for 180 acres of land for coffee planting near Cheras has been approved. No premium is charged. A gentleman has been writing a series of articles in the Selangor Journal on the subject ‘‘ Coffee Planting,” over the nem de plume ‘* Planter.” In his second article we read ‘‘as far as we know at present, all land, both at Klang and elsewhere, is to be sold by auction.” It is hard to understand how such erroneous ideas e5 abroad. As a matter of fact, four anplicatious from Europeans for an aggregate area of 1.500 acres in this District have beea approved this year, two of them since the publication of the above quotation, and in no case has the question of selling by auction, or even of charging any premium, been raised, Fe > ping Jan. 1, 1895.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 487 COFFEE AND PEPPER PLANTING IN SELANGOR: LAND SALES AND REGULATIONS IN THE STRAITS SETVLEMENTS. Before his departure for Europe, Mr. Hut- tenbach,-—-who is a cultivated and energetic German, or rather Anglo-German from his long residence in a British Colony and whospeaks English well,—laid before us a series of photographs he has had taken on his several plantations in Selangor, Straits Settlements. He has named the divisions or distinct plantations :—Selangor, Glen Mary and Butu, and the views shew a very desirable lay of land, both flat and undu- lating, in the several fields for Liberian Coffee and Pepper. Very fine fields of both products were represented, and some coffee trees, five years old, topped and laden with fruit, specially excited our admiration. Mr. Huttenbach is evi- dently an enlightened cultivator aud he is es- ecially fortunate in having been able to estab- Fish plantations so close to the town and railway, so being able to manure freely for very little expense. We think he said each cartload of town manure only costs him 30 cents of a dollar (70 of a rupee?) laid down on the estate ; while the transport of his produce amounts to very little. Weeding on some of his fields is a heavy item, and Mr. Huttenbach confesses he and his brother lanters could do with more labour, and are loping to establish an agency of their own in Southern India to ensure a steady supply of coolies. Pepper cultivation is specially successful and profitable under his care. Mr. Huttenbach will not admit that the Straits authorities are unwilling or slow to welcome plant- ing capitalists and to give them land on easy terms. Very large expanses of good land are avail- able for selection and can be had, he thinks, in thousand-acre blocks, if so desired, beyond the limits of what: has been surveyed and laid out. It is in the case of a series of lots carefully laid out in 320-acre blocks for the purpose of trying them at a sale by public auction, that a recent refusal to give one ep Leen (Mr. Fort) 1,000 acres or three of such blocks, has occurred. At auction, however, anyone can bid for and purchase as many as he pleases; while if in- tending planters go farther afield and select for themselves, Mr. Huttenbach does not think any obstacle would be offered to their taking np 1,000 or more acres in one place. Our visitor confessed, how- ever, that a change was gradually coming over the Land Policy of the Government. Governor Sir Cle- menti Smith (having profited by his experience in Ceylon) was very eager to add Agriculture and Planting to the Mining industries of the Straits Settlements and wisely encouraged free grants of land, subject to a 10-cents per acre quit-rent. Naturally, as the value of the land is realized, administrators think the Government ought to get some more, and Governor Sir Charles Mit- chell is understood to share the views of Mr. Maxwell, Colonial Secretary, now on leave, who is known to have a strong opinion as to the increasing value of land. ‘The experimental sale by auction in February next will be a fair test ot the demand and should guide the future policy of the Straits authorities. lor, they must remember that there is abundant, competition eyen in the Eastern world for planting capitalists to cultivate coffee and other products. Thereis North Borneo on the one side of them, and East Jaya (where Ceylon men have gone) on another ; and still, nearer home, there is Sumatra where it is reported attention is to be given to coffee and pepper as | well as to tobacco. Then, our Straits governin friends had better take warning by the peda light which Ceylon planters are likely to cast on the capabilities of the Shire Highlands, Cen- tral Africa, for the cultivation of coffee. Never: theless, we quite recognise the fact that the Straits- Government will be merely following in the footsteps of Ceylon in gradually raising the price of its forest land. Sir Edward Barnes began by giving free grants to would-be coffee planters in the Kandyan districts, the grantees only paying the cost of survey and stamps for title-deeds. In this way much land in Hantane, Kadugannawa, Nilambe and the Hewahetas was bestowed, Even the cost of survey and stamps prevented at least one colonist of the early ‘thirties ” from applying for a large slice of the Hantane range; and before he could decide, out came the edict fixing an upset price of 5s per acre} and he went off to pick and choose in Hewaheta and Nitre-Cave! Between 1828 and 1832, at least 13,000 acres were given in free grants around Kandy ; between 1833 and 1844 when the 5s an acre upset price ruled, no less than 267,373 acres were sold; while between 1844, and 1894 under the regime of £1 or 10 rupees per acre upset price, 1,150,000 acres have been disposed of. But then in Ceylon all such land has been sold outright ; while the rule in the Straits, as in India, is to haye a perpetual rent, small enough in all conscience, but still liable to in. erease—thus it has risen from 10 cents to 20 cents of a dollar, we believe. The fact of such a rent prevailing should, in our opinion, be a reason why the Straits authorities, with their vast reserves of land, ought to be specially liberal in encouraging moneyed settlers § and Mr. Huttenbach assures us that so keen are the planters to see more land opened and a strong community formed, that their local As: sociation, if written to, will give any intending applicant for land the fullest information and Help him to select the best available. Finally, it is a satisfaction to us to know that, profiting by ourwarning from Ceylon—often repeated in these columns—the Straits authorities have not allowed the proceeds of land-sales to be absorbed in current revenue, but that they separately fund these as capital available for railway and road exs tensions, ———____4 LIMITED COMPANIES REGISTERED IN CEYLON IN 1894. 1.—The Tonacombe Estates Company of Ceylon, Limited, capital R600,000 of 1,200 sharesof R500 each, 2.—The New Colombo Ice Company, Limited, capital R250,000 divided into 2,500 shares of R100 each. 3.—Pallegama Grant Association of Ceylon, Ltd., capital R200,000 divided into 2,000 shares of R100 each, 4.—The Hapugahalande Tea Company Limited, capital R170,000 divided into 850 shares of R200 each. 5.—The Nahaville Estates Company, Ltd., capital R150,000 divided into 300 shares of R500 each, (capital subsequently increased to R500,000). 6.—The Putupaula Tea Estates Company, Limited, capital R200,000 divided into 2,000 shares of R100 each. Shar‘es Nos. 1 to 2,000 shall be ordinary shares and on demand fully paid up. 7.—Galle Face Hotel Company, Limited, nominal capital R500,000 of which R270,000 only now to be called up divided into 2,700 shares of R100 each with power to increase. 8.—The Equitable Loan Company of Ceylon, Ltd., eapital R1,000,000 divided into 400 preference shares of R250 each, 800 intermediate shares of R125 each and 80,000 ordinary shares of R10 each. Object amongst others to carry on business of bankers, tg nd mone y, &e, 488) /9.—Koshena Coconnt Estate Company, Limited capital R400,000 divided into 4,000 shares of R100 each 10.—'he Blackstone Estate Company, Ld., capital R130,000 divided into 1,300 shares of R100 each. HOUSE PROPERTY AND BUILDING LOTS IN, CHYLON SOLD IN 1894. [For notes see next page. | Situation. Name. Purchaser. Amount Paid. N. Eliya Oliphant Cot. Ph. Freudenberg R10,000 C. Gardens The Tent & block oflandattached Jeronis Pieris R24,800 Kollupitiva adj. wy Stationa Lot 1x 2i p N. D. P. Silva R2,800 edo yy La. do R3,100 do je til F. W. Cannon R3,400 do Peele S. Mories R1,800 do oe Pe) de Run R1,900 do. Sar hi ber) Peterson R2,400 do Sail et do », With house Dadabhoy R2,900 do 1 Lop A. Alwis R2,500 Havelock R'cecourse Lot la1rilp Siman Fernando 4,200 5 (o) » La do R3,100 Kandy Col. house& Cot.C. A. Hamy R7,000 Fort. Lot 38-62 p Capper & Sons R20,700b Mackenzie Place Lot 3 acres I.. L. Pievis 10,000 C.Gardens Mango Lodge §.'T. Muttiah R12,100 Maradana Lake House R.C. Col. Com’tee R60,000 N. Eliya Undercliffe J.E. B. Brine £1,850 Mutwal Rock House Ceylon Govt, R50,300 N. Eliya 4 Rose Bank G. S. Duff £400 Q. Gardens 2% a opposite the a _ Garden Club TT. W. Hall R15,500¢ Kollupitiya Aloe Avenue H.Don Carolis R22,500 Colombo. 83, Maliban St. Eliza Nugara R8 650 do 68, BankshallSt.S. W. Walles 11,300 do 67, do- E. Nugara R10,250 do 66, St.John’sRd, P. J. Dias 6,000 ‘do - 78, BankshallSt. R. J. Fernando Ra 390 do 79, do H.D. Fernando R6,050 do 80, do T. Sochanatker 26,600 do 81&82 do J. Bin Ahmed R6,650 & 8,000 do 83 do A. B. Nugara R8,200 Kollupitiya Galle Face Ho- sryily tel premises Gaile Face Hotel Co., Ld. RR320,000 ’ “ESTATE PROPERTY IN CEYLON SOLD DURING 184. (TEA, COCONUTS, &C.) District. Name of estate. Name of pur- Amount chaser. paid. Dimbula #4 Lanelieré W H. Davies for clisnts R101,000 M.Korle Martagaiane United Planters of Ceylon Ld. £2,000 tb: Kurulugale and Belligalare A. Thomson R3,010d Kotmalie Vellisagalle W.H.and Har- bi , court Master £3,000 Wattegame Galapealey W.B. Banks 32,500 Badulla Unagalle Ryall k20,000 Maskeliya Upper Cruden Standard ‘Tea 3 Co. of Ceylon Ld. £6,600 Ratotte Kinrara Joseph Fraser R8,500 Valley 13/18 Avisawella Greswell & Bois Rid4,444 Badulla. Dotiands Scottish Trust & ai : Loan Co. of Cey- lon Limited £2,000 Tonacombe Tonacombe (Cey- _ Troup (including lon) estate Tonacombe Dewa- Company Li- ture & Lifton) mited. £18,000 Panwila 3/4 Ketugastottte Finlay Muir eins & Co. R32,250 Balangode Medekande do R11,200 Yakdessa Wava.talawe do. £1,920 ari Halgas do £2,290 Balangoda Hopewell do R16,000 Passera Dewature W, W, Martyn £2,409 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. District. Name of estate. Name of pur- Amount chaser. paid, Gampola Bukande & Ambelawe Gaddum £5,500 Hontane 4 Ourugalle Baring Brothers R60,010 Kalutara Indilande 8.2. Muttiah 109, 200e Matale Last Sylvakande Joseph Fraser £1,600 Kelani Valley Mapitigama Hodgson and Wazzen T36,000 Dumbara Middlemarch G.D. Urabazon £3,000 Matale Nevett and West Ballacadua Fletcher Ri12,000 Kadugan- nawa Ranawela C. 8. Morris R16,000 Dimbula Wellington J.B. Sedgwick £6,000 Badulla Nahaville The Nahavilla Estate Coy., Ltd. 295,000 Kalutara Forest Land (277 acres) Proprietors of Palla- *. godde Estate R7,188f oO. do. (7l acres) J.Clovis De Silva R24,64q Madulkele 4 Oonconagalie M. H. Thomas 900 ’ Hewaheta Leangwella D. 8. Cargill £250 Madulsema 4 Ouvakelle W. P. Kellock £3,000 Dimbula 4% Radella Admiral H. 8t. L.B. Palliser £1,200 Rambode Karagastalawa W. 5. Bennett £2,500 Kesbawe Diyagame Murray and Smith R35,000h Ratnapura Carney J. M. Murdoch 60,000 _ Dimbula Hilden Hall Farquharson £14,000 Dikoya Stamford Hill C.E. De Fonblanque & R.H.S. Scott 105,650 Passara Hanifa W. 8. Taylor R3,500 Maturatta MandareNewereN. and 8. Sylhet and Gonakelle Tea Co. £6,000 Dimbule Elgin,Kelly Hill Finlay Muir & Co.'s £13,000 Do. 4 Agrakande C. G. Inglis £5,000 Knuckles Old & New Gomera (Ceylon) Gomera Dolosbage Hillside Agrapatna Holbrook Matale W. Kahawatte Tea Estates Co. Ld. £8,500 Alex. Gilson 500 F. Mackie £9,000 R. 8. Fraser and L.B.H. Dickenson R6,000 Pallegama Grand As- sociation of Ceylon Limited 70,000 « Matale N. Hapugahalande Hapugahalande ‘Yea Co. Ld. 170,000 R2,300 Matale H, Pallegama Gampola Gangatenne alias : : Gampolatotuwa Shelton Agar Rambodde Meymalle W. P.Metcalfe and (part of) R. K. Ritchie R71,718°887 N’Eliya Excelsior W.F.Spranger £7,000 HewaLliya Hewa Hliya A. W. Osborne 4,000 Bogawan- : talawa Bittacy Hudson £5,500. Negombo Sirangapathe and ‘Tursina Jacobde Mel R280,000k Kelani Nabalma Tea ; Valley Nahalma Estate Co,Ld. £24,000 Nilambe Hrin F. Tatham R2,000 Agrapatnas Nithsdale Glasgow HstateCo. £9000 Meeregame Andigame Ceylon Tea Plan- . tations Co. Ld. R90,0007 Udapus- Amherst and : sellawa Stokehill North and N. C. Dayidson £4,750 Amba- venial gamuwa Hyniord W. B. Swan £3,500 © Maskeliya Midford S. Hemming £700 Hantane Dunally Charles Strachan a * & Co. £500 Maskeliya Suluganga C. Dickinson £500 Haputaie Kitulkelle R. C. Wright R5,000 Rangaia Loonoogalle Tue DuckwariCeylon Tea Plantations Co,, 4 Limited £2,3' Bogawan- The Caledonian (Cey- talawa Venture { on) Tea Plantations, Matale Selegame Limited ~ El _manutfacturers Jan. 1, 1 8y5.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 489 District. Name ofestate. Namecf pur- Amount chaser paid. Haputale Cabbragalle Sir George Pil- kington R75,000 Jaffna Arialai Cassipillai R46,500 1 Passara —_ Kitoollelle Capt. Hamilton Gordon R10,000 Panadure Perth Capper, Tarrant, and Pigg R110,000 Badulla Ury Nahavilla Estate Co., Lid. £5,500 Kandy Exmouth H. 1. 'Phornton R15,000 Amba- Ceylon ‘Tea Planta- gamuwa Dloomfield , tions Co, £600 Rangalla Rarvelle BH. J. Young £200 Pussellawa Galatta A. EE. Tunnicliffe R60,000 Do. Li Espoir do. R26,000 Hantane Augusta H. Wills £6,590 Gampola Mount Temple Camm £1,000 Dumbera Karandagalla 'I'. J. Lipton £6,000 to £7,000 stg. Dimbula Bismark A.M. Forbes £7,600 Haputale Nabaville R.C. Wright 2,000 Negombo. Walgapola Oliveira R62,500i Kelani Ivies W.F. M. Reid Valley R33,000 Veyangoda Moropolle Philipp R30,000m Maturatta Wattemoole Clovis de Silva R6,C00 Kadugan- Frankland and nawa Chureh Hill E. Long £2,400 Chilaw Holanduwane Ceylon't'ea Plan- tations Co., Lid. R69,000m Ambaga- Blackstone The Blackstone muwa Go., Ld. R160,000 Udapussel-Tulloes The Standard Tea lawa Co. of Ceylon £5,000 Kurune- 43 acres planted Mrs. Jeronis gala land Pieris R15,000m Nuwara 10 acres land on Eliya Nanuoya road 3,900 Kelani Stinsford W. Mackenzie & Valley Forsyth R67,500 2 Badulla Rookatenne W.H. Hannam R7,000 Wattegame Nikattenne EK. L. F. de Soysa R15,600 Veyanzoda Talahala R. de Silva R18,¢00 a Total about 24 acres of land with four buildings being at the rate of about R8,320 per acre. 5 At the rate of RS87,040 per acre. c Average R5,800 per acre. d subject to primary mortgage for 32,896. e Co- conuts and cinnamon. jf Average per acre R28. g Average per acre R34:70. h'ea and coconut. v Leasehold interest. j Extent 540a. lr. 18p. & 500 acres with cast iron pipes and spouting for irrigation purposes. 7 Coconuts. 7 coconut; n a half share has since been sold by Mr. Mackenzie at a profit of 5,000. ee THE BARK OF THE MANGROVE. Notice is given in the Ceylon Government Gazette that an application has been received from Mr. G. R. Murray, of 8, Central Chambers, 11, Bothwell street, Glasgow, Scotland, on behalf of Crawford's Cutch Company, Limited, for the exclusive right of collecting, for the purposes of manufacture by the Company, the bark of the Mangrove (Kadol) growing in Crown land in a dis- trict of the island to be hereafter determined, and is under the consideration of Government. Itis proposed to grant this concession on the following terms :—1. ‘he concession to be for fifteen years. 2. In con- sideration thereof, the Government to receive a royalty of ten shillings per ton of manufactured cutch exported from the island, provided that after twelve months from the date of the concession, the must have begun work, and that a minimum of one hundred tons per annum be ex- ported by the Company thereafter, (7.¢., in the second year of the concession), otherwise the concession to cease. 3. Nosimilar concession on more favourable terms to be granted in any other districts during the stipulated fifteen years, and no similar conces- sion at all for a period of two years, - FRUITS. The United States raised last year 140,000,000 bushels of apples, 36,000,000 bushels of peaches, and 7,000,000 bushels of pears, cherries, apricots plums and prunes ; 187,000,000 bushels of tropical iruits. Apples are produced in nearly every state and territory in the Union. Ohio leads with 13,789,287 bushels, while North Dakota had only six bushels. The summary given by the Depart- ment of Agriculture is exceedingly interesting. it shows that preduction of nearly all leading fruits is possible in almost any part of the United States.—LRural Californian. sd MYSORE COFFEE PLANTING. South Mysore, Dec. 14.—As crops are not generally big ones, the natural consequence is a well developed bean and little light coffee as compared with a bumpez year. I have neyer seen a better wood or prospects for the coming season than this year, and with ordinary luck in showers most estates will give a very good account of themselves in crop 1895-96. Coffee crop in Mysore appear to haye got into a groove: they run in cycles of a big crop followed by a medium orsmall one, then another big one, and so on, The coffee seems to require a rest every other year.— Madias Mail. pe Se THE. BLACKSTONE ESTATE COMPANY, LIMITED. The Ceylon Government Gazette contains the memo- randum and articles of Association of this Company which has been bound to acquire the Blackstone estate, situatedin the Ambagamuwa District with a capital of R130,000, divided into one thousand three hundred shares of R100 each, with power to increase or reduce the capital. The memorandum and articles are signed by Messrs, G. J. Jameson, by his attorny F. Macindoe, F Macindoe, W. Shakspeare, J. N. Campbell, J. Buchan, V. A. Julius, by his attorney H. Creasy and W. H. Davies. The Company will take oyer the estate as from the lst January 1895. Messrs. Carson & Co., are to act as Agents. a es NEWS OF MR. EDMUND WOODHOUSE, We have a letter from Mr. Edmund Woodhouse dated 2nd Dec. from Dereema estate, Tanga, he having been taken on there by Mr. Cowley for six months. He explains that after a couple of months at Zanzibar, the Consulate finally came to the con- clusion that it was not in its power to help him up to Uganda or do anything for him to that end. On his part he was unwilling to spend the whole of his funds on the journey and run the risk of being stranded in Central Afriea. The Sultan’s Government could do nothing until the question at issue between the I. B. E. A. Company and the British Government is somehow settled, and it is decided what is to become of the coun- try lying between Uganda and the Sea Coast. So finding that Mr. Maudesley was being in- valided home he went over to see the German Company and was advised to see Mr. Cowley who has taken him on for 6 months. Of course he has not given up the idea of Uganda and the Lakes, but will have to wait a while. = Oe “ Correr Puiantrrs’ Manvan: New Eprrron.’'—Mr. Huttenbach, Selangor planter, left in the ‘“ Austra- lia’ this afternoon after a very pleasant stay at Kandy.—He speaks in the highest terms of our new edition, ‘‘ Coffee Planters Manual,’’ a ¢; ° ich he has been studying, 490 MY FIRST MARCH IN AFRICA. (By a Ceylon Planter.) CHAPTER 1. If youdon’t want the trouble of looking through the following relation and yet would like to know what occurred and how the march was effected, all you have todo is to turn over the leaves and pictures of any of Stanley’s works, or say the latest book by Lugard—knock off 75 per cent for exaggeration of height, depth, length and intensity, and Ae ‘ll about hit upon something resembling reality. To my friends who care to know how the peripatetic planter fared in his first 50-mile march from Tunga to the Usambara range, I commend CHAPTER 1] AND FOLLOWING. “Well,” says he, ‘‘ since you are travelling light and have no tent, 4 porters ee to do ou, and theyll be ready by 6 a.in. sharp. So eee up with the tea and finish your packing.” “Rivers to cross?’ ‘‘ Only two—one bridged long ago, and the other being so now.” ‘Swamps?’ “Well of course you ‘Il find some muddy places since the little rains are on; but nothing to hinder you in the least.” ‘‘ Several resting places, needn’t trouble you head—the porters know all aboutit, and make straight for the stations.” Any how I’d better take a good feed before starting you never know what may eventuateand ‘* Feed when you can,” is a traveller's motto all the ‘world over. 6 o’clock—no sign of porters. 7 o'clock do., 8 o'clock do., bless their souls ! doesn’t look like getting away today after all, and we ave losing the fine morning with almost a dead certainty ofits pouring with rain in the afternoon. But a little before ten we make A START FOR THE HILLS. After the heavy rain of the previous night, tlie weather holds to fair and light rain—a flat country to get over, with aswamp or two to be carried over before we reach the railway, about which more in another place. The fates are propitious and we jog along _ steadily through the sticky mud and = slush _ of the line for ten or eleven miles to Pungwe station. The flowers and shrubs that - caught the eye will be noticed later on. One or two Europeans with gangs of men came in sight at intervals. and behold two Germans and E. W. Sua Pian under a thatched roof with open sides having a nip of « Andrew Usher.” One, however, would have none of it after the first taste. The water (brought in a kerosene tin) was much of a muchness in colour with the whisky—or perhaps a little darker. Adieu! and on we go, till we reach the Pungwe station where two Germans and a Greek are enjoying their tiffin, and greet the traveller with the utmost hospitality. English is rather at a discount amongst the railway employeés, but if they were as satisfied with the result of ou conversation as was the visitor, they haven't much to complain of on this occasion. BATHING. By-and-bye the legitimate occupants of Pungwe departed on a trolly, having courteously ordered a bucket of warm water for the eccentric Bri- tisher who wanted to bathe. Bathroom there was none, nor any sanitary convenience of any kind—so that the conjunction of decency with cleanliness formed a bit of a puzzle. “‘ Hont soit qui mal ¥ pense” as Mr. Tupper writes when relating how he found himself in the warm spring in New Zealand with three Maori maidens, eniu- lating in their attire Lady Godiva on her ride THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jan. 1, 1395. The bucket was placed out- side the verandah of the station—‘there’s no need to look if you don’t like it,”—and the little crowd who apparently did like it kept at a respectable distance, so as not to inconvenience the white man. The whole affair reminded me of the remark of the doctor on the Austrian- Lloyd's ‘* Niobe” when the want of bathing ae- commodation for the 2nd class passengers was brought to his notice by an irate passenger. “Sir,” said he, ‘‘this boat was built for the Levant where they do not much wash.” Clean and comfortable, lying on a stretcher in the through Coventry. open air, gazing on the German flags which floated from the station and buildings (said station consisting of 2 rooms 12 feet square with a 6-foot verandah) plenty of time to ‘muse o'er days more blest.” Here I am, the only living thing save a mangy dog and attendant fleas in charge of the Government railway station of Pungwe in German East Africa. owever, there is not much harm to be done, as there are no trains, no signals, and a telegraph line (I sup- pose) going to some indefinite spot in the imme- diate neighbourhood, might be to the coast at Tunga and from which the wind evolved the monotonous hum of a ose-stringed Molian harp:— “’'Twas musical and sadly sweet Such as when winds and harp-strings meet And take a long and unmeasured tone To mortal minstrelsy unknown.” THE PORTERS. How had the porters been getting on? ‘Well, my dear sir, you see they had been having an easy time of it. The loads were light, “i the journey short for men, who had been getting soft and mouldy in a Colombo office for some years, and at the last halting place they had been promised a rupee when the days work was done, which must have been an unlooked-for stroke of luck judging from the discussion which even- tuated, and the number of times ‘one rupee at Punda” (as they called Pungwe) was heard. ** Punda,” by the way, means a donkey in the Swahili language. The traveller was evidently a ‘*Bhana bubwar” a ‘‘darman dorre,” and good-humour reigned supreme. The sun shone brightly, the flags waved gaily, the clothes and boots dried in the sun, whilst in the distance the blue Usambara hills were plainly visible. NIGHT. In due course, the evening faded into night, and the stars caine out one by one. The rail- way men turned up for dinner, but two returned to sleep in the van about a mile away. The third had the only bed, whilst E.W. curled himself up on the floor on a sack and an old shawl of his sister’s which had accompanied him many thousand miles by land and sea. Everything promised well fora comfortable night and a fine morning. Such promises however were not fulfilled, far from it. The floor of Pungwe station turned out no whit less soft than other floors in, or out, of Africa, and in half an hour orso I had altered my niund about having become too stout lately, indeed a little more cushion to save my poor bones would have been a decided improvement —and there—well, we'll leave that to CHAPTER III. It was a beautiful night when we turned in, but somewhere in the small hours of the morn- ing the rain came rattling down on the iron roof and walls, and not content to be outside, came through and roused us all up to search for a dry spot. The only dry place on the floor long enough for me to lie on was occupied by sg Jan. 1, 1895.] 49: the dog, who was speedily expelled from it, (it was a misfortune he didn’t take all his fleas with him) and with the waterproof over the lower extremities, I managed to neep dry till daylight, which was more than could be said of some of my clothes and other things which had been placed in the other room. ‘‘ Farewell,” ‘ood rest,” in various languages, and away we all go for five and twenty blessed miles across country to Migeela, one of the stations of the UNIVERSITIES’ MISSION. It turned out a dreadful day’s journey. Along the partly finished line the mud was ankle- deep; on the grass and chena land the narrow native paths were full of water, which had worn the centre of the track into a narrow gutter into which the feet slipped at every step ; the grass was high, waist high, and in places overhead ; the rain came down in torrents ; it was no use being carried through streams and swamps, as the lower half of me was thoroughly soaked, so, wel. up the thigh in some places, we had to wade through water and mud, the old white umbrella gaily bobbing about above the grass and bushes, whilst its owner cussed tiie country and the weather as much as he liked, and no body heeded. For full 10 miles out of the 25, our feet were under water and a jolly fine mess my garments were in when we reached the Mission station at Migeela. In the afternoon the weather cleared and the sun came out, which did n’t, however, improve the tracks very much except that the streams along the slopes ceased to run, and we need no longer ‘“walk by faith and not by sight.” The porters had one or two tumbles, but fortunately nothing was broken, though the water got into one of the boxes and wet all the contents at one end. Bread, Crosse and Blackwell’s ham and chicken and Andrew Usher’s whisky helped to keep body and soul together. It’s an old joke amongst some of my Ceylon friends that I used to drink Rhine wine out of a saucepan, but now they may say, with about an equal amount of veracity, that I drank WHISKY AND WATER OUT OF A WASH-HAND BASIN, both stories beine founded on fact. And so the sun shone, the country was brilliant in green aid gold of various shades, andthe Usambara_ hills— nearer at hand—came into sight once more—as the good fathers and doctor at Migeela hastened to offer their services. A warm bath—a full gallon of good tea (followed by a bottle of beer) and dry togs and then E.W. was once again ‘elothed and in his right mind.” Dinner, along talk with the doctor and (as Pepys writes) ‘so to bed.” CuHApren. IV. The morning opened far—and after sleeping the sleep of the just and a comfortable daybreak feed, the boxes were again putin order, a cordial good-bye from the doctor, and we passed thie Chureh—with service going on—for was it not the Sabbath-day; anything, however, but a day of rest for us, asit turned out. As we neared the mountain slopes the paths became steeper, and several veritable hill short-cuts had to be negotiated— water waist deep in the hollows and streams and swamps galore—the bushes and grass at times so tall and thick, you couldn’t see your feet, ora man acouple of yards ahead, slither and slip- ping, up-hill and downdale in the dense under- evvowth of the lower hills, the only thing want- ia ‘to complete the difficulty was a pouring rain, which held off till late in the afternoon and THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, nearly finished us off—as will bye. Up and down, round about, over rocks and precipitions paths, over _ rivers, wet to the waist—mile after mile, till “voila”! iron-roofed buildings perched up on the opposite hill almost near enough to ‘‘ coocy,” but all in good time, on and on, down, down the valley till we reached a big river, with sufficient remains of a temporary bridge to allow us to pass dry shod—that is, if we hadn’t been soaking wet for the previous five hours. Surely now our troubles are ended—‘‘take this note—and go ahead at double quick pace and tell the Bhanas we'll be up afasenitle. Take it ‘‘aisy” for a while, the last drop of whisky, rest our wet and weary limbs and now for the haven of rest. ‘Poor be seen by-and- deluded man ! why THE GREAT DIFFICULTY OF THE JOURNEY is before you, a straight, or rather serpentine, short cut of 1,000 feet on end is just ahead.” No. thing doubting, nothing fearing, we faced the brae side, up and up, slipping and sliding, up and up, puffing and blowing, up and up using bad language, up and up surely there’ll be a finish soon, or is 1t like the sailors rope which had no end, for it was cut off and lost long ago. With beating heart, perspiration renning down the face, shorter and shorter steps, and shaking knees, still onwards and upwards, a halt and then another, and still another at shorter and shorter interyals, the sturdy leader of the porters lending a sup- porting hand, and still Hxcelsior. Must rest here, an utter collapse on a friendly, stone, and then came the thunder crash and a_ mighty torrent of rain. However, the Mackintosh was handy and seated on the stone, the water actually poured off in sheets. With painful steps anid slow, the summit was reached at last 3,000 odd feet above the sea, uticrly done up, ex- hausted, hardly able to speak, and totter along a quarter mile of decent cut road, when hur- roosh ! there is the bungalow, and better still an old Ceylon planter hurrying along to meet us. ‘That short cut!! my dear sir, I haven’t breath enough left in my body to speak of it as I would wish, nor can I call to mind expressions sufficiently strong to express my opinion of it, but PI get the dictionary tomorrow and see if I can find any adequate terms of objurgation.” Beer (hurroosh again), bath, tea and ham, dry clothes and Tm AT HOME ON DEREEKMA ESTATE USAMBARA, and except being stiff next day, none the worse in head or stomach for my first 50 miles march in Africa. CHAPTER Y. Wild beasts, such as lions, clephants, rhino- ceroses, W&e., seldom trouble these regions so near the coast, but leopards seem to abound. After dinner at Punegwe Station the alarm was. given, bat the night was dark and nothing could be seen, but next morning it was discovered that a leopard had invaded the fowl-house and killed 8 or 9 head of ducks and fowls. A short time avo a leopard passed within a few yards of the window before which I am now writing. The travelling hordes of BLACK ANTS are even more troublesome than the wild animals. During the first night on the estate, the alarm was given by the goats, and everyone had to rouse out and rescue the fowls and sheep and puppies. One night no less han 5 columns of the ants were found converting on the fowl- house, and since then a fire is kept burning every evening to have hot ashes and burning 492 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. sh ny ie. Oem Oe Cs . + ie “, 4 a 2 ¥ “> Oa2 : * (Jan. 1, 16 pr Nn AC CCC A LL LL brands ready for the ants. i the habit of attacking a house, the best way is to dig a trench round it and fill ib with wood- ashes, across which the ants refuse to cross. When they get into a bedroom it’s a case of clear out of all the other occupants whoever they may be. These black ants sting as well as bite like the “caddias” of the Sinhalese. CHAPTER VI. FLOWERS. s For those who are tond of flowers there is plenty of amusement in these parts of the East Coast, and although my own observations were When they get into | at a discount, owing to the wretched state of | my eyesight, I recognised a. number of old Ceylon acquaintances along the line of march, enough to give rise to regret that I was not botanist, florist, entomologist, and all the other ** ists rolled into one. From the coast to the highest ridges the wild brinjal (Sing. **tibbota”) is everywhere, as also the dwarf yellow éhunbergia with dark eye. Spanish needle and white weed are met with on the hills, as also a_ white lantana. In the lowcountry there is a gorgeous variety of ipecacuana, and the fat seaweed of the Ceylon estate which the coolies call “amala” pilloo, shewed a large and brilli- antly marine blue blossom almost everywhere. Various, brilliant, yellow and scarlet blossoms were scattered, at intervals in the grass land, whose names I have forgotten, or never knew, whilst the eye continually catches a magnificent creeping yellow hibiscus with purple black eye, and yellow standard, the pollen often dotted like specks of gold on the velvetty purple centre. The grasses in the plains are numerous, a species of guinea ass, the kangaroo grass of the Uva patinas, fileele, and others which promise any amount of fodder for cattle, which at one time in the history of the country fed upon the slopes of the plains. A small blossomed sun-flower grows all over the lower hills, and a small brilliantly ellow flowered shrub, with soft acacia-like eaves, closes over the head of the traveller in swampy parts. This is what we used to call the Rose of Sharon, but I believe, inaccurately. The dwarf mimosa, with its ivory white spines, 1s met with occasionally. A lovely melastoma abounds, and in the hills a beautiful dwarf lobelia in thick masses of blue blossom, contrasting with the scarlet balsams. A wild pea, much like an ordinary sweet pea, occurs occasionally, and a common yellow flower in Ceylon usually known as wild indigo. The prettiest flower to my mind, is a miniature ara lily not more than an inch and a half across, of polished ivery white with yellow pistle,—a gem of a flower. One of the nillus is found in the hills (with a delicate lilae plossom) common in Ceylon, and in the same localities the bracken ferns (pteris acquilina) abounds, whilst the jungle is full ot large green bamboos, and hart’s-tongue and other ferns. Any one who could see beyond a couple of yards from his nose, and knew something of his subject could no doubt tell you more of the pbeauties of the luxuriant verdure which ciothes the surface of this part of the country. E {can only add that butterflies and other ilying and creeping things were not numerous, owing, robably, to the heavyrains. There was a little ird at Mageela which most distinctly said “three o’clock, three o’clock,” jungle crows were there too, and wood-peckers could be heard at work in the jungle. Tae ends my notice of the fauna of Usambara as far as Ive got. E. W. VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. Kiwiinc Weeds By Execrricrry.—One of the “la- test '’ from across the water is the method of killing weeds by electricity. It is stated that “not only has electricity been found serviceable for weed des- truction, but the cost is much less than when it was done by hand labour. With electricity, five miles of weeds can be killed in an hour at a very small expense. A brush heavily charged with electricity runs along about 8 inches above the ground, and every weed with which it comes into contact, how- ever big and strong, is immediately killed, and turns black as if frozen.”’— Journal of Horticulture Cryion Season Reporrs.—The abstract of these re- ports for December, published in the Government Gazette (extraordinary) shows that a healthy con- dition prevailed in almost all parts of the island, the crops being good and the prospects fair. The standing »crops, however, in some parts of the Colombo district have been injuriously affected by the uneven character of the Pbalittor and the Maha Pastvend will in conse- quonce be generally rather below anayerage ; while on lowlying fields in the Ratnapura district crops have suffered damage from rain. Foot-and-mouth disease prevailed in the Kegalla district but we are glad to now that it is decreasing in the Dehigampal and Atulugam Korales. CEYLON TRA IN AMERICA.—Jf any such step is taken as Mr. Morton Frewen—a most ardent American bimetallist—indicated to Mr. R. VY. Webster, of imposing differential duties in the United States against Indian and Ceylon teas, undoubtedly a great check will be given to the joint campaign. But we cannot believe yet that the American Congress and Senate will be so > foolish ; although, wemay expect reference to be made to our adverse duty on Kerosene Oil. In the meantime, Ceylon tea is certainly becoming better known all over America—from British Colombia to Philadelphia and from St. Louis to Los Angelos we have letters and information about it. The *Tnterstate Grocer” gives an engraving showing the Court of the ‘“‘ Ceylon Tea Importing Co.” at the St. Louis Pure Food Exposition, accompanied by the following letter-press :— “The Ceylon Tca Importing Company had afine exhibit in charge of Mr. Y. L. Tissera, vice-president of the company, assisted by Mr. Al. G. Marks. This was once of the most attractive booths in the Ex- position, especially to the ladies, as the quaint, thatched Ceylon ‘“‘ Way-side Inn” was furnished with seats where visitors could rest and refresh themselves with a cup of pure Ceylon tea. The leading brands of tea packed by this company are the “ Banner’ and“ Cobra,”’ brands, and samples were freely distributed to the visitors who were en- thusiastic in their praises as to its quality. In addi- tion to these package teas the Ceylon Tea Importi Company do_a heavy business in all grades ala varieties of Ceylon tea in bulk. The headquarters are at Davenport, Ia., with offices in New York. Mr. J. R. Nutting is president, Mr. V. L. Tissera, vice-president; M. D. Petersen, secretary and trea- surer; L. Beling formerly of Ceylon manager.” Mr. 8. Bierach sends us a long and encourag- ing letter about his work and Miss Anna Ballard, an experienced American Journaliss, a life member of the New York Press Club, and who has tra- velled all over the East, besides residing some- | time in Ceylon, is willing to place her services ornbills are heard here every morning, | at the disposal cf our Delegates, as writer, lee- turer or in other ways, in which Miss Ballard cannot fail to do good work fer the staple indus- try of an island in which she took much interest. — Several. of the American papers have reproduced or summarized our little pamphlet on ‘Ceylon — Tea for America,” a large uumber of copies of which have been distributed over the States in anticipation of the visit of the Delegates. ~ Jan. t, 1895.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 493 Goryespondence. ——<————— To the Editor. TEA FLUSH—RAINFALL AND MOONLIGHT. S1r,—I have read with interest the correspondence regarding the influence of rainfall and moonlight on - tea flushes. May I be allowed to state what I under- stand science has to say on this point ? Heavy rainfall is unfavourable to flushes of leaf chiefly on account of the effect on the temperature of the soil. In continuous rain the soil becomes chilled, and the rate of transpiration from the * foliage is reduced to a minimum with the result that the rate of growth- is correspondingly slow. Where there are glimpses of sunshine in between, no such effects as those above mentioned would ensue. During the daytime the plant collects and puSpatee all the materials required for growth, ut it is during the night that the development of the shoot or bud is made. One of the most important discoveries of science is that the processes of assimilation and growth do not gohand in hand as was commonly supposed. When the moonlight is bright enough to increase the turgidity of the leaf-cells, it would tend to promote the rate of growth, but it has not been proved that moon- light can cause that process of assimilation which is the prerogative of the sun by day, for warmth or heat is even more essential than light in order to maintain the initial process of assimilation. But moonlight would be favourable to the develop- ment of the favour of the tea. For instance, in the sub-tropical climates of the hills in India and Ceylon, apples and pears of larger size than those grown in mgland, can be grown. But although of superior size they entirely lack the flavowr of English apples and pears, because they have not the continuous mild light of the English twi-light, which, like moon- light has no appreciable heat.—Yours faithfully, PLANTER. WITHERING: No. L : Dec. Ist. Dear Sitr,—In answer to ‘Enquirer’ I have car- ried out seyeral experiments with tea leaf during the progene of withering but I haye not been able to etect any change in the chemical composition of the leat. Microscopic examination shows no change in the leaf substance neither the Chlorophyll corpuscles or starch grain undergo any change. The only altera- tion observed by me was in the contraction of the protoplasm of the cells and collapse of cell walls owing to loss of moisture. Certainly there is a process of oxidation goes on at the broken end of the leaf, which may pro- duce decompositiou if the withering is carried on too long. I am not prepared at present to give a decided opinion on the question of slow and rapid wither- ing, but I would advocate the natural withering as being superior to the artificial withering by hot air from the desiccators or siroccos. In carrying out my experiments I made an ex- amination of the air coming from these machines and found quantities of ammonia and carbonic acid gas given off. I don’t think that an atmosphere charged with these gasescan be beneficial to the flavour of the tea. If hot air is to be used in order TEA LEAF to overcome the work, it would be better to be drawn from some other source than the driers. The most desirable chemical change for tea- makers is that of oxidation and pure air is essential for this process to go on.—Yours truly, 8. No. II. Dear Srr,—‘‘ Enquirer” will scarcely get answers to his questions that can be of any yalue in practice generally. 62 eee a NS Mr. Kelway Bamber has dealt with the question scientifically up to date, and “ Enquirer ’’ would de well to get his book and read up the subject. His third question is answered in the statement that ‘‘there is little chemical change in the leaf during the process of withering.” An answer to his first question he will find in the words “the amount of moisture which should be allowed to evaporate varies considerably according to the jat of leaf, the time of year, and the weather but above 33 p.c. apparently yields the best results.” “Hinquirer’s’’ second question shows observation and experiment whereby we may stumble on discoveries, but the conditions of tea making vary so greatly from Nuwara Eliya to Kaltura, that, as it is generally accepted that withering is merely a mechanical process to get the leaf, wnchanged chemically, into a condition for rolling, each factory adopts the system best suited to its requirements. Question 4 is answered above. It must first be proved that a ‘chemical change’’ does take place, before we can act on the mere assumption. Question 5 is based on this assumption, and on some further process in Enquirer’s mind. I should say the evaporation going on in the process of wither- ing would prevent absorption, and that the laboratory, and not the factory is the place for chemical experi- ment, ONE INTERESTED. No. 111. Drar Srr,—In reply to ‘‘ Enquirer ’’—Question 1 and 2 are for the planters and tea tasters.—Question 3. Refer to Bamber’s book and chapter on proximate constituents and analysis of tea or latest information. —Question 4. Bamber thought about 33 per cent moisture was the most suitable amount to leave in the withered leaf.—Question 5. During withering little or no chemical change beyond the loss of moisture has been observed to take place so long as the leaves are uot bruised. Any changes that do take place must be due to oxidation and an atmosphere of carbonic acid would rather check than increase oXidation. M. C. NO. IV. Dear Srr—I do not think much reply can be given to ‘Enquirer’ from mere factory experience. He should get laboratory experiments to decide what chemical changes take place in withering, if there are really any such changes in withering ? : My experience is that in wet weather the wither- ing is best when done as quickly as possible up to a certain temperature; but in fine weather, wither slowly and keep leaf cool, &e. I have proved over and over again, that properly-carried_ out, artificial withering with fans, gives as good _ re- sults as any natural withering—except in very hot weather, when the outside air gives a sufficient heat to wither within a day or two at most, the wither will then be a better one without. extra artificial heat. I have got as high price for tea from leaf withered by fans taking the heated air direct from my driers—under proper conditions—as I have ever got from good natural withering. I have often to keep my fans working night and day—for weeks together—and with best results, but never at a temperature above 80° to 90°. } : \ j Bamber gives some useful chemical information in his book lately published ; but each planter will know best what wither he can get in his own factory and how all the rest of the manufacture must fit in with difference of climate this. Then there is, of course, &e. W.B.Jd. TEA IN AMERICA AND ATTRACTIVE PACKAGES. Lebanon, Madulkele, Jan. 5th 1895. Dear Sm,—Mr. Webster's letter is interesting, es- pecially his remarks upon our packages being made more attractive, 494 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Jan. 1, pee, Our present style of packege holds its own against those est India, and [ do not see how they can be made better in the way Mr. Webster advises, to catch the American market. We cannot compete with China and Japan with that thin, tough wood they use, nor can we paste them all over with that fine rice paper they use and ornament them in the way theydo. The cheap- mess of labour in China and the aptitude of the Chinaman in everything belonging to paper lacquering and preparing tea chests, the results of hundreds of years’ practice, render them unequalled. For hun- dreds of years they made all their tea lead and I have heard of a family in England who rose to affluence by buying up old tea boxes and extracting the silver from the lead. The Superintendents of estates in Ceylon have many duties and are pressed for labour to carry them all through ; and to add pasting and lacquering chests is at present out of the question. The Home trade do not want it, for they often pile the loose tea up in their windows in pyramid form or cant an open chest (with the tea in it) in the shop window with their printed statement of its superior quality and marvellous price, and it looks very well. The packet tea also in all man- ner of attractive labels is a prominent feature. But Mr. Webster and your readers must not think nothing is done for new markets requiring at- tractive packages, for inmy frequent visits to inspect my teas at the extensive Warehouses (Bonded) at Cutler St. belonging to the East and West India Dock Coy., I have been much interested in inspecting the work going on in the blending and packing Depat- ment where a large staff of men, women and chil- dren are engaged, weighing and packing tea into very attractive packages—ranging from 4 to 40 lb. made ef japanned tin in various colours with all sorts of devices upon them and sent in by the export mer- chantfor shipment in bond to many foreign markets. It is true itis not all Ceylon tea that is used, for there is a blending department adjoining the packing department into which the merchant sends so many chests of Ceylon, India and China tea to be blended into such a grade as his foreign cus- tomer has approved. We cannot do that blendin here or even in Colombo for obyious reasons; but frequently use the packing rooms noted above for Ceylon teas in canisters such as I have named and possibly a day may come in which those japanned and adorned boxes may be made in Colombo for the American and other markets. At resent their freight to Colombo or to the estates is prohibitory. I have not mentioned the one-pound ackages in lead foil; for as every one knows this er long been practised in Ceylon.—Yours truly, THOMAS DICKSON. —_—_—__—_—_—__— THE INCONSTANT MOON. Dear Sir,—“Jafina College” has answered my questions, and, in doing so, has given us the accepted text-book theory of the lunar tides; but this dces not get us much forrader in the elucidation of the subject, “‘ weather.’’ A closer study of my letter would, I think, have shown that I was not ignorant of these simple facts. The height of the “tide,” at given points, is known and foretold for every day in the year at almost all the ports in Europe and America. But these “heights” are, as I suggested, different in different places,and caused by coast-lines and currents, fluvial and otherwise, forced back upon themselves, as well as elsewhere augmenting the flow. I half expected “‘ Jaffna College ” would stumble over this question. Willhe be good enough tosay when, where, and by whom the lunar tide has been “ mea- sured,” seen, or eyen suspected in mid-ocean? At any given port large allowances have to be made (on account of the causes I have named) in order to arrive at the actual height of the lunar-tide. His first answer is, therefore, wrong. Willhe try again? Mathematicians have, we;know, calculated the mean result of the force of attraction acting on the mobile watery surface of the earth of the moon and the sun acting together, in opposition, and atyarying angles to each other; but by “ measurement” I mean what the word actually signifies. The question I had in reserve, in this connection, was this: what sort of water ** weather’ (below the surface) does the moon cause in the ocean to make the “analogy” he spoke of in the “air,” apart from slight fluctua- tions of density at given depths? In his answer he polis | some comparisons of this kind, but they are only the usual stock-in-trade arguments of the very few moon-and-weather mongers left. They have been answered and done to death a thousand times, not merely by assertion, butby patient observation and the utter failure of adherents of the theory to prove their case in practice. So much is this the case,and so dead and buried, so far as - cal scientific men are concerned, is all discussion of the subject, that id but waste of time to go over itagain. But seeing ‘Jaffna College” still lingering in old paths I thought a prerett er tl of thee eetlaeh from new points might be useful. But the old text-books willturn up! My questions two and three were designedly put to lure him away from these. They may, perhaps, be called “ catch- questions,” but I think the “wh ber three, should have indicate shut up the text-book, and put of tides in language of our own. The moon ig faraway enough trom the earth to illume on hemisphere at a time. Somewhere on this hemis- phere not far from under the moon, the water is said to be “heaped up,” is, in fact, over a given extent as measured from the earth’s centre, higher than mean sea level, but so vast and broad in exent is this slight rise as compayed to the whole surface, that it cannot be seen or measured. If there were no sun it would be a fixed and constant condition in relation to the moon (ignoring the obliquity of her orbit, &c.) It is not a wave, and travels only with the moon round the earth once in a month; but as the earth turns on her axis twenty-seven or twenty- eight times quicker than this slow movement, coasts and islands and rocks overtake this watery curve, go through it, and under it if they are small and low, or dash against it and get their tidal rivers (like the Thames) blocked up by it, till, having passed through and beyond it, all is clear and normal again till the counterpoise in the opposite hemisphere is reached with similar results. ‘Jaffna College’’ has explained the part the sun plays whichI need not repeat. But I invited “Jaffna College’’ away from coasts to the mid- ocean. There, I have shown, we have a slight bulge which takes amonth to move round the earth, asleep old billow too sluggish to make “ sea-weather ” This is done by the sun and the earth’s rotation. But what analogy can exist between a state of things in the partially-spread ocean of varying depths resting on nothing which the sun can affect, with an atmosphere weighing 15 lb. to the square inch resting upon it. And a state of things in a gaseous, com- paratively imponderable ubiquitous atmosphere of practically uniform depth, with which the water of the ocean is for ever mingling, rising in vapour and descending in rain, mist and dews; and trayelli from pole to equator and from equator to pole with, comparatively, infinite velocity, blowing steadily over vast surfaces one way, and another way over yast.sur- faces elsewhere, rent by whirling storms, hurricanes and cyclones, and so obeying the sun as he affects oceans, lakes, islands, continents, and mountain-ranges to such an extent that the moon’s beggarly influence is disturbed, destroyed and so generally “ knocked into acocked-hat’’—as “Jaffna College”’’s countr}.m:n say, that science defies any man to trace that influence in even the slighest degree. “Jaffna Col- lege” may reply, but I have done for the present. ONE INTERESTED. — ES RAT I ee POTASH IN TEA SOILS: AN INTERESTING LETTER FROM MR. JOHN HUGHES. F Lonéon, E.. , Nov. 23. Dear Str,—I sent you last week a copy of amphlet on ‘The Comparative Analyses of Indian Ceylon and:China Tea” being a reprint of the papers — published in the Ceylon Observer in April and Mego re Par Poe Jan. 1, 1895.] 1893. A request from one of the large London firms of Tea brokers for a copy of these papers induced me to have them printed in pamphlet form, and if any planters will write me, I shall be pleased to send them a copy. You will recollect that in that paper I drew atten- tion to the fact of the amount of the soluble ash in made tea agreeing with the market price in London, also that the chief mineral constituent in the soluble ash was potash, and lastly that it naturally followed that the richness of the soil in potash would, largely in- fluence the economical and continued production of tea. Subsequently when reviewing Mr. Bamber’s inter- esting book I drew special attention to the variation in the proportions of potash present in tea soils quoted in the book. The potash in the 27 analyses varied from 2°50 in a soil from Darjeeling to 13 in a soil from Jorehat, Assam in which Mr. Bamber remarked that tea did not flourish. These remarks appear to have attracted the notice of Ceylon planters, for several soils from the island have since been submitted to me for analysis, and Tam still engaged in the examination of others. By way of illustrating the importance of potash as an essential constituent of luxuriant foliage and in promoting the rapid growth of young wood, I took the opportunity during my tour in Scotland last Septem- ber, to select some 10 specimens of the stones picked wears my walk from the Landing Pier on Loch ess to the famous Falls of Foyers which are sur- rounded by a most luxuriant growth of trees whose foliage exhibited that peculiar dark green appearance which is always indicative of a naturally rich soil. The results of these stone analyses are very interest- ing and show upwards of six (6) per cent of potash in some of them.—Yours faithfully, JOHN HUGHES. ee SS ABERDEEN—LEectuRE on “ Tra Cutrurs.’—A most interesting lecture on “ Tea Culture’’ was given in the Schoolroom of St. James’s Episcopal Church last night by Mr. James Peter, who has had 25 years’ experience of tea planting in Silket, Assam, and who is about to again leaye Aberdeen for India. Rey. A. M. Mackay presided, and introduced Mr. Peter to the fairly large audience present. At the outset of his remarks, Mr. Peter explained the various kinds of seeds, and gaye a short description of the soil and situation best adapted for the successful growth of tea. He went on to give a minute and lucid ac- count of the gradual manufacture of tea, dealing with the preparation of nurseries, the lining out of the tea, the transplanting, the tipping, and the process of rolling. In regard to the nurseries he remarked that the making of successful nurseries was a promi- nent feature in tea culture, and commanded the closest attention of the planter. WFollowing his des- cription of the tipping of the tea, he observed that it was often stated and advertised that the first crop of tea was the very finest, but as a matter of fact it was always the very worst—(laughter). Mr. Peter afterwards touched, in an interesting and racy manner, on the occupation of Europeans connected with tea planting. He mentioned most of the amusements and forms of recreation in which they engaged, and concluded with a description of their domestic life. In speaking of the ‘‘ coolies,’’ he ridiculed the impression that existed on some minds that the ‘ coolies” were badly treated. In India, at any rate the ‘‘ coolie’”’ was as well off as any Englishlabourer. At the close of the lecture a short but very interesting discussion took place. One gentleman asked if a sea voyage would do tea any harm. In Russia the people could get much better tea than could be got in England, and he thought that might be accounted for by the fact that the fea was sent overland. My. Peter assured his questioner that the reason was not because the tea was sent overland, but simply because the people of Russia were willing to pay for it—(laughter). A sea voyage would not do tea the slightest harm, but the people of this country would not pay for the same tea as the Russians—(laughter). On the motion of Mr, Wm. Smith, harbour engineer, a hearty yote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Peter.—berdeen Free Press, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 498 VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. TEA-GROWING IN SOUTHERN RussrtA.—We at- tract attention to the extract on page 498. Messrs. Popoff visited Abbotsford (Ceylon) some years ago, and saw all the processes of tea culture and manu- facture ; but they then indicated the likelihood of a large demand for Ceylon tea, not a rival culture. However, even though protected by a heavy duty, we do not think much tea can be grown profitably in Russia. SourH AFRICA.—AN INTERESTING VISITOR to Ceylon at present is Mr. Davies-Allen, a prominent South African Colonist, who arrived at Galle on the 5th instant by the ss. ‘Clan MacKinnon” from Natal, accompanied by his wife (who is a sister of Mr. H. A. Tipple of the Kalutara district) on a brief visit to the island. Mr. Davies-Allen has to be back for the opening of the Cape Parlia- ment in April ; but he finds it is much easier to get here than to find a ready means back to South Africa from Ceylon. It is a great pity, it seems to us, that a direct trade and steamer line can- not be established both ways between India and Ceylon and South Africa. It will come by and bye; but so far, Natal coal (which is excellent) is about the anly thing we could take in quantity, while, although Cape Colony takes two steamer loads of China tea yearly, Natal is ambitious enough to suppose that she is capable of supplying all the ‘‘tea” requirements of South Africa ere-long. Our visitor has been giving us very interesting in- formation respecting political, social and material affairs in South Africa. He quite looks forward to the Grand Federation which he believes Mr. Cecil Rhodes has in view, and the latter is now likely to command not only the direct railway from the Cape northwards (already 1,100 miles long with 400 more under construction) ; but also the Delagoa Bay, Mozambique, and if it should be formed, the Swaziland-Amatonga railway. Mr. Davies-Allen informs us that the gold out: put has exceeded the anticipated 2 million ounces; while it is bound to increase greatly now, owing to deep mine workings having been commenced for the first time. Mr. Rhodes is determined to carry the ‘‘imperial” interest right through Africa, along with his telegraph wire to Cairo; and meantime he has assumed a pre- ponderating control over British Central Africa, for which State, Mr. Commissioner Johnstonis likely to indent on India during his approaching visit for 10,000 coolies. Mr. Johnston’s ambition is to grow tea as well as coffee in Nyassaland: we hope, if he visits Ceylon, that we can con- vince him of the futility of starting an enter- prise for the extension of which India and Ceylon have such facilities—Meantime we trust Mr. and Mrs. Davies-Allen will have a very pleasant stay in the island, seeing Kandy, Nuwara Eliya and especially our ‘Buried Cities’—in view of the fact that South Africa is bringing to the front ‘‘ buried cities’ among its many deve- lopments ! D) EA FI ESS An essay describing a really » genuine Cure for Deafness, Ringing in Ears, &c., no matter how severe or long- standing, will be sent post free.—Artificial Ear- drums and similar appliances entirely superseded. Address THOMAS KEMPE, VicrortA CHAM- BERS, 19, SOUTHAMPTON BUILDINGS, HOLBORN, | LONDON, | 496 COFFEE IN MEXICO. In 1893 the Onited States imported from Mexico 25,417,152 pounds of coffee, or more than twelve times the imports of 1873; four times those of 1878; three times greater than in 1883, and nearly double the imports of 1888. That isa growth full of promise for the future. Mr. Allan Black, an ex-coffee planter of Ceylon, has given considerable attention to the cultivation of coffee in Mexico. In an article contributed to the Inter-State Grocer, he says :— “Foreign enterprise receives all necessary en- couragement and protection of the Government of Mexico, and not only American but English capi- talists axe putting their money into coffee and other products. of the soil. he development of tropical agriculture is assuming very wonderful proportions. There are at present several well established conipanies now operating on the isth- mus lands, such as the ‘ Mexican Gulf Agricul- tural Company,’ the ‘Mexican Land Improvement Company,, the ‘American Coffee land Company,’ ete. The Mexican Land Improvement Company, of which Mr. Louis Kunz is manager, assures us that one of their largest tracts, of some 13,000 acres has been all sold, and many houses, coffee and fruit clear- ings are now well advanced, and that 1,500 acres will be planted in coffee during the season. ‘he settlers on these lands are all well satisfied with their invest- ments. They have had some hardships to endure, of course; where are they not to be found? but severe weather has not been one of them, nor ill health an- other. The climate of the isthmus is all that can be desired, being only 143 miles from the Pacific Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico; a sea breeze is continually felt, which undoubtedly is not only the cause of the fine appearance of the natives, but of the settlers resid- ing in that section of the country. In conclusion, I would say that the key to the situation of success in the raising of coffee and other tropical productions in Mexico is sufficient capital to carry on every work systematically, and a practical knowledge of all the requirements of the plantations from the time of forming the nurseries to the proper manipulation of the berry and bean in all its stages of picking, pulping and curing so that it will command the vices in gold, not only in the market of Amnierica, but Europe.” a CINCHONA AND QUININE. London, December 20th. The Imports into the United States from ist January to 30th September heye been :— 1894 1893 Cinchona Bark 2,191,686 Ib 1,917,586 Ib Quinine 1,931,454 oz 2,395,314 oz The Shipments of Bark from Jaya duriug November were 890,000 Amst. Ib. : The Public Sales in London were, held on 11th instant, when a total of 2,479 packages were ofiered; the quality was mostly poor, and a considerable portion of the Ceylon sold below 1d per lb. The demand was dull and prices ruled in buyers’ favour. The average value of the unit was $d to 3d per lb. On the 13th instant the large supply of 8,224 packages Java was offered at auctionin Amsterdam, but only half sold at lower rates. The average value of the unit was quoted 2°80 cents per 3 kilo (shghtly over 3d per lb.) agaist 3°50 cents at the November sale. : ‘ In Quinine scarcely any business is reported during the past month. German on the spot is quoted 114d per oz. Stock of Quinine 1st December 2,840,816 02. The present value of British Sulphate of Quinine (How- ards’) in bottle is 1s 4d to 1s 5d per oz. against 1s 2d to 1s 3d per oz last year. £ The pvesent value of German Sulphate of Quinine (best ma-ks) on th espot is 114d per oz. C., M. & C. WOODHOUSE. oe THE BARKING OF THE MANGROVE. “Sometime ago it was announced that an applica- tion had been made tothe Ceylon Government by Mr. G. R. Murray for the exclusive right of col- lecting the bark of the mangrove growing on crown land, and it being understood that the Government pre about to grant this concession on certain terms, a THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. a t (Jan. a, 1895. representation by John F. Perera, Customs and Fisher Mudaliyar and the following tanners: W. D. Carolis, H. T. Perera, G. P. Pevera,and A. I’. Anurden has we believe, been forwarded to Government through the Hon. W. W. Mitchell, pointing out that the grant of such an exclusive concession is sure to affect two very important naiive industries, viz., (1) the fishing industry and (2) the tanning industry. As ane the fishing industry it is stated that the bark of the mangroye is used very largely for the purpose of dyeing thenets. Unless this is done, the fishers say, the nets are liable to speedy decay. The peculiar colour imparted to the nets by dyeing them with mangrove juice also renders them less liable to the notice of the fish. Throughout the maritime provinces of the island, there are nearly 50,000 fisher people, and it is said that their interests will be seriously prejudiced by the grant- ing of this concession. As regards the tanning industry, in which hundreds of the native population are em ployed, the bark of the mangrove is largely used for tanning and curing hides, The statement is :— “he bark is obtained thus. The inhabitants of the districts where the tree grows obtain licenses for which they pay to bark it where it grows on crown land. Having barked and prepared the bark, they sell it to people who go to the villages for the purpose of procuring it. These in their turn bring and sell it to the fishers and proprietors of tanneries, It is noted that the application is to begranted for barking mangrove on crown land in a district of the Island to be hereafter determined. “Tt issubmitted that the tree does not grow every- where but only in cert ain districts, If the district where it grows mostly is brought under the opera- tion of this concession, then there will ke nothing left to find ithe native industries here. As a matter of fact the tree not being cultivated fcr trade pur- poses, but being only left to rycontancous gicwth in the whole island, there is really only hardly svfii- cient bark to be obtaine d— just to meet the industries of this island. If it is allowed to ke exported as proposed to be done, the industries of this island are sure to suffer.” ——————.___ THE FARM SCHOOL, REDHILL, SURREY, (From an ex-Ceylon planter in London. ) Towards the end of last century Howard’s ** State of Prisons” called attention to the treat- ment of criminals in England. In 1788 the Phil- anthropie Society was started for the reform- ation of juvenile criminals. After being built out of different suburbs of London the So- ciety in 1847 purchased 260 acres of land at Earlswood near Redhill, where they are now established. One afternoon, I called at the office, and asked for Mr. Trevarthen, the Secretary, who kindly consented to show me the school. There are five houses each containing sixty boys. I was taken first to ‘“‘the nursery.” In the class-room there were about sixty boys between 12 and 14—bright, happy-looking little fellows. They all looked up in hopes of catching the Secretary's eye, who is evidently a great favourite. The dormitories are all neat and plain, much like an ordinary barrack- room, and thoroughly ventilated. ‘ What do you think of the boys”? I was asked. I could only say that they looked very honest. ‘‘ Young thieves every one of them,” was the reply. “ Surely not that boy near the door,” a boy. who had a beautiful face, full of simple honesty. I was shown his history afterwards. Before he was 13 he had been repeatediy convicted of theft ;_ and now was passing his five years at the Farm School. eet We then saw the cattle-sheds full of fine cows which were being milked by the boys. The milk S a ‘is at once passed through a separator, the cream ee Jan. 1, 1895.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 497 sent to London, and the milk used in the school: We then visited the carpenters’, blacksmiths’, tailors’, shoemakers’ and basket-makers’ shops, the lads in which were of all ages from 15. to 20. Here again I was struck by the honest way in which the boys looked one in the face. Both in look and conversation they seemed manly, straightforward boys. When they learn a trade they are helped abroad, unless they prefer to remain in England or enlist. ‘Come and hear our Band.” The practice was in a large room, occasionally used as a_ theatre, called the Moxon Hall. I was quite surprised at the proficiency of the band. ‘The music was far beyond the usual Volunteer Band style; it was really good. Standing among the performers was a young lance-corporal in an infantry regi- ment, who had come back on a visit ‘‘to the old school.” On asking how many of the lads were re- claimed, I was told about 92 per cent. Some did really well and became rich. One of these lately brought his wife down ‘‘to see the place” and evidently took a pride in it. The secretary went on, “The fact is these boys are the same flesh and blood as we are. They, poor lads, have been reared in all the surroundings of sin, misery and yice. It is really a relief to them to get here, they try to forget the past, and consider that their lives really begin when they come to us. They are proud of the school after they leave. No public schoolman_ is rouder of his school than they are. We nd this out from the presents which come to us. One lad in Australia sent us £5 out of his first year’s earnings towards lighting the chapel. Another sent £2 from South Africa towards the lectern. We work with monitors and have a system of honour. Houses which have no mis- co.duct report from time to time receive a reward. Boys receive good conduct stripes, and there are regular systems of rewards for aaeenee by which a boy can earn from 13d to 1s a week, the money being banked for them till they wish to spend it.’ hen one has seen the register giving the histories of these boys, the awful record of pre- mature crime and vice, one can only feel thank- ful that such institutions exist in England. Take my advice and visit the school, my reader, when next you are in England. It is only an hours journey from Lon- don. Jf you can spare a’ half-chest of tea, direct your London Agents to send one to the Secretary, Farm School, Redhill, where it will be highly appreciated. R. CoE: —_————_ > — --—_———_. PLANTING AND PRODUCE. Tea AND THE Lorrery Acr.—Selling tea on the “bonus” system is attended with risk. A London tea merchant was summoned, at the instance of the Grocers’ and Provision Dealers’ Association, for conducting an alleged lottery. It was explained that the defendant opened a shop and issued handbills promising to pay bonds for £10 each to his first 100,000 customers atter 25,000,000lb. of tea had been sold in quarter-pound packets. ‘The defendant said it was merely a scheme which allowed customers to share profits. The magistrate regarded it as a lottery, and imposed a fine of £5, against which the defendant ail appeal. Summonses have been part heard in Manchester against a firm of dealers who gave a coupon to the purchaser of every ound of tea, entitling them to take part in the allot for £5. ‘The prosecution ariecintes that before anyone could win the second prize the firm would have made a profit of a quarter of a million sterling. ORANGE CULTIVATION AND FRurr Preseryarron.—In fa prticle on Orange Qultiyation in the columns of an evening contemporary, the writer, Mr. Sampson Morgan, says:—‘‘ At the present time the fruit pro-. ducers of Ceylon are engaged in a lively argument as to the truthfulness of an assertion that two orange trees have yielded a crop of 25,000 fruits in one year, and the assertion, which is without doubt reliable, suggests the advisability of planting orange groves extensively in Haputale, so that Ceylonshall in time become as famous for its oranges as for its tea. The mandarin tree which bore this tremendous crop should prove an object lesson to the merchants of the undeveloped Indian Empire, especially in view of the fact that a new system of preserving fresh fruit, whilst io transit, for any length of time, and to which reference will be made further on, will enable them to put oranges from Ceylon in good condition upon any market, either of the Old or New World. If a late discovery is confirmed, there is no reason why Ceylon should not send fresh ripe oranges into English and American ports, nor why English growers should not send fresh strawberries, tomatoes, grapes, green, figs, apples, pears, plums, and melons to the Continental, American, Australian, and In- dian markets at the same time. he latest method of preservation may work a revolution in the fruit trade generally. Pears, fully ripe, preserved in car- bonic acid gas, have been kept in perfect condition for months, and upon being tested were found in full possession of their flayour. The system appears to be simple enough; fruit picked and placed in air- tight chambers charged with carbonic acid gas, with- out ice, refrigerator, or any other accessory, it is claimed, may be shipped to any part of the world without fear of change ox damage,so far as the fruit itself is concerned. Considering what science has already done, Ido not see why the preservation in fresh condition of all kinds of fruit should not be secured by some such process, and when that sys- tem has been made known [ do not see why English merchants should not take advantage of it by be- coming exporters of the choice products from the gardens of the British fruit-grower.—Z. and C, Mail, Dec, 21. A Puantingé We Winn Go.—If it were not for his detractors at home the tea planter might have a tolerable conceit of himself. His produce is not only in nearly everybody's mouth, but his pursuit is the ambition of the rising generation. Our youths yearn after the tea gardens of India and Ceylon, and are willing to forsake professional paths at home, and even look coldiy on the naval and military services, for the chances of fortufie on’a tea garden. This is flattering to the planting fraternity. ‘ea planting may not be a bed of roses in reality. The veteran who has passed years of his life at it, and has not reaped what he conceives to be the legitimate reward of his labours, may have his own view of the matter, and even the youngster who has tried it may some- times murmur at his lot before he has given it a fair trial, but for all that there is a never-failing supply of enterprising young men, fresh from public school life, ready and eager to snap at any chance of becoming planters. he fact that all the profes- sions are crowded has much to do with this, but no doubt the position of the tea industry, and the importance of the product itself, have still more. Tea is in eacel- sis just now. Prices may be low, tea dealers may resort to the lottery system in their desire to doa big trade in it, but somehow nearly everyone believes in it and in its future. he tremendous development of British tea enterprise in the last ten years is one of the commercial sensations of the past decade, and it is not surprising that great expectations are formed as to the possibilities in store for the planter who is up to date. It is vain to tell of the glut in this labour market, as in so many others. ‘The market for ‘‘creepers’’ may be _ overstocked, but not even the statements made in _ support of this, nor the tales told of the work expected and the requirements necessary to success, can daunt the ever-increasing crowd of youths who are ready to go anywhere and do anything, if only they can find a chance of growing tea, To sell tea is one of the 498 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. tex [Jam r, 898 t Rn EEE EE EEE Eee desires: of that large class of gentlemen at home of whom Mr. Micawber is still a fair type. To grow it abroad is the aim of the young and hopeful, who scent romance on the hillsides of Ceylon and Dar- jeeling. To him Assam is an earthly paradise if it will but afford him what he and his sisters and cousins and aunts are pleased to call ‘an opening.” —H. and C. Mail. oa Ge TEA FACTORIES IN HALDUMMULLA, CEY LON. The tea factory erected under the able manage- ment of Mr. J. H. W. Mayow of Batgoda Estate has now been completed and only the machinery remains to be fitted up, which will be worked by a tutbine. In a short time the work of manutfac- turing tea in this factory is expected to begin. Great credit is due to Mr. Mayow for his engineering skill in constructing and fitting unaided by any Enginee>. This factory with allits machinery is the largest and best on this side. The tea factory in Lower Wiharagalla Estate has also been completed and Dr. Van Rooyen occupying a bungalow close to it has been noticed to quit the building which belongs to that Estate in order to make room for the tea maker. ee SALE OF ESTATES. We hear that Claremont estate in Lowera Dikoya has been purchased for £6,500 by a Company and that Huakvrugalle in the Kelani Valley has also changed hands, having been pur- chased by Messrs. Deane, Christie and Lindsay— the proprietors of the adjoining estate Kuanwel!a, for R45,000. Claremont estate, belonged to Mr. M. Pascoe and consisted of 336 acres, over 200 of which are in tea. Hakurugalle estate on the’ other hand, included 269 acres, with 125 ia tea rs BANANA LEAVES FOR COWS. There is no green feed-stuff growing in Florida which’ cows will eat more readily than banana leaves, They will even consume the stems of the leaves and the fruit, if cut into suitable lengths, and the fruit itself, if it is of the common or horse variety, cannot be put to better use than to be given to the family cow. Cassava leaves are also relished by most cattle, and they might as well be fed to them as to be left: on the bushes to be rendered useless by frost.— Florida Farmer and Fruit Grower. ( THE CULTIVATION OF TEA IN RUSSIA. The news that about 40,000 acres of Government land in the neighbourhood of Chakva, near Batoum, have recently been purchased by the Department of Crown Estates for tea plantations, and that a commission will proceed to India, Southern China, and Ceylon, with the object of thoroughly studying the methods of tea culture in those coun- tries, lends interest to the consular report on tea cultivation in the Batoum district. Tea lantations are already in existence at Chakva, near Betoun, belonging to Messrs. K. and S$. Popoff, tea merchants, of Moscow, and they have been considerably extended this year under the supervision of the Chinese tea planters who were brought over in 1893; a large number, about 600, natives of the Cau- casus are also employed on the plantations of this firm. Mr. A. Solovtzoff gives an account of his experience in raising this plant since 1884. He states that at that time his chief concern was the ques- tion of procuring tea plants for planting ; he feared to order seed lest old should be sent, and besides this, the seed of tea contains a volatile oil in con- siderable quantity, which, during a long voyage, would be likely to evaporate. Eixcessive dryness deprives it of the onl, and too much damp causes it to rot. He ob- tained.a few plantsin July, 1885, together with some seedlings. The condition of both lefi much to be desired, as they had received but little care and water (uring their transit, and were to a great extent dam- aged by the Customs authorities, who used quicklime for the purpose of disinfecting them against the im- portation of phylloxera! At first they grew badly, and all the shrubs dried up, but from the seedlings he was able to develop his plantation. The land chosen for the plantation was a red, claye soil dressed with a thin coat of manure aaeoaa of thoroughly rotted leaves and branches. The seeds which ripen in the course of a year and are gathered in October, are strewed with dry sand, and are kept in earthenware vessels, and in March are damped with a solution of camphor, spirits, and water, to force their growth. The seeds, after shooting up, are transplanted into the nursery beds, the soil of which is the same as that of the plantation, but which has a certain proportion of sea sand admixed for the purpose of rendering it more friable. The seeds are sown at a distance of three and a-half inches apart at a depth of one and three-quarter inhces. As soon as the young shoots make their appearance above ground it is necessary to cover them over with mats in order to protect them from the excessive heat of the sun. In dry weather the young seedlings have to be watered onee a day, and under this system of cultivation it is found that every seed comes up.” In order to stay the ravages of the mole cricket Mr. Solovtzoff annually removes the nursery beds to fresh ground, and buries in the nursery beds in a line with the burrows of the crickets, grains of Indian corn boiled in a solution of arsenic or cor- rosive sublimate. The propagation of the tea plant by means of cuttings should be avoided: Now that he has an almost unlimited supply of a Mr. Solovtzoff intends transplanting only e stronger ones. The seedlings remain in the beds a whole year, and are then planted out fonr feet apart from each other. The plantation requires to be freed from weeds twice a year. For the first year the young plants should be_ pro- tected from the rays of the sun by branches of trees. No manure has been used hitherto, but when planting out the seedlings this year it was in- tended to manure the soil with timber ashes and refuse from oil mills. During the dry season,’ May and June, when the heat is very great, the grown-up plants stand the climate very well, but young plants have to be protected. The winter of 1892-93 was exceptionally rigorous, the frosts being as severe as six degrees Reaumur, but neither the plants nor seedlings suffered, although the latter were, for several days, almost covered with snow. The plantation, which covers about five acres, contains plants of all sizes, ranging from five years’ to one-and-a-half year’s growth. The num- ber of plants was 5,150; and about 8,000 seed- lings were to be planted out during the present year. There is a sufficient quantity of seed in stock to raise 40,000 more seedlings, and the quan- tity of the tea (Theaviridis) is good—H.& C. Mail. Se BITTER KOLA NUTS. The new products which are brought into the drug- market from time to time are often interesting from other points besides that of their possible commercial value. It not infrequently happens, indeed, that plants are thus brought to light that are new to botanical science, or that the seeds or fruits in their developed or ripened state are seen for the first time in this country through the channels of trade. Weare reminded’ of this by the appearance during the past month or so of samples of some seeds from the West Coast of Africa, which, though known by some oi the dealers as Kola, are so distinct from the true kola (Cola acuminata) as to have buffied some of those who have seen them for the first time. The seeds to which we refer are from 1 inch to 2 inch long, and # inch in diameter across the centre ; they _ of an oval-cuneiform shape, rounded on the external and ~ somewhat flattened or ahfgular on the internal face. In ~ the fresh state they are covered with a light-yellowish — ulp, but, seen as in commerce, this isreplaced by a thin _ Leases skin—indeed, so thin is it thatit is easily broken and, falling away, discloses the actual seed. This seedis ~ externally of dirty-brown colour with a rough or irregu- larly channelled surface ; a section shows a hard yellows — Jan. 1, 1895.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 499 SSeS” ish-white substance of somewhat mealy appearance, thickly studded through with small dark spots, which are vessels containing. resm. These seeds have a strong bitter, as- tringent, -but rather aromatic taste, quite different from that of true kola, and somewhat reminding of the flavour green coffee. Although the use of these seeds does not oduce any notable stimulant effects or ward off fatigue, ey are as much sought after, and fetch nearly as high .& price on the eastern coast. of Africa as the true kola. MM. Heckel and Schlagdenhauften, who have paid _con- siderable attention to the kolas, give ib as their opinion that the seeds of the bitter kola owe their properties to the resin they contain, which is slightly stimulant. The negroes consider them to possess as aphrodisiac action, but the authors to whom we have referred think this doubtful. As a masticatory they are said to be a very useful remedy for colds. The history of the bitter kola is somewhat remarkable, for, notwithstanding that the seeds themselves have been known to botanists for nearly forty years, having been sent home by Baxter and other African collectors, it is only within the last ten years or so that full botanical specimens have been received sufficient to determine its scientific name. For about a quarter of a century it has been well known that the bitter kola of the West Coast belonged to the order Guttiferw, and not the Sterculiacee, of which the true kola is a member. From time to time specimens of the plant have been received, either fruits, seeds, or branches with leaves but without flowers, so that its generic identification could not be determined. Dr. Mas- ters, in an article in the Jowrnal of Botany for March, 1875, figured the fruit, leaf, and seeds, and described it, in the absence of flowers only, as a plant belonging to the Gareinie. Some tew years later MM. Heckel Schlagden- hauffen went further, and named the plant Garcinia Koln, under which name it is now generally known. Itis described as atree of variable habit, from 10 to 20 feet high, with large oval leaves sometimes 12 inches long and 7 inches broad, green on the upper side and greyish beneath. It bears a fleshy fruit about the size of an apple. ‘Ihe seeds occasionally find their way to the English market, and it remains to be seen whether. those recently arrived will establish for themselves a reputation sufficient to make them of . hi aregular article of trade.—Chemist and Druggist. - ——--—- - —-__.p—_—_ TEA PACKER. It seems certain that the new Davidson MaGuire Tea Packer, some interesting particulars of which were given in a recent issue, will effect a complete revolution in the method of preparing teas for ship- ment. Costliness in time and money, and damage entailed upon delicate tea leaf, should now be ébviated : the rough-and-ready method of packing hitherto in up vogue has long needed some such reform as is now offered to planters by the inventors of this machine. Mr. MaGuire, one of its patentees, -has telegraphic information that on the result of the first practical demonstration of this packer last weék at St. Olave’s Warehouse, London, upwards of thirty machines have been sold.—TVhe Planter. — a ' CEYLON TEA AND ATTRACTIVE PACKAGES.— We direct attention to the letter of Mr. Thos. Dickson, snr. on a subject started in our columns by Mr. R. V. Webster (who, by the way, returned recently by the Orient steamer). The work of packing tea in anornamental or attractive form for the American market—that is, for all tea sent direct from Ceylon—must be done in Colombo ; for as Mr. Dickson says estate superintendents have quite enough .of duties to attend to. Of course, home exporters dealing with America will take care to meet the wishes of their customers and Mr. Webster's own Company in Ceylon willnot be behind; but we should think American wholesale houses will care very little for the outside appearance of the packages so long as the teais safe and sound. VHAFED SKIN, PILES, SCALDS, BRUISES, J CUDLS, STINGS, NEURALGIC and RHEU- ,; MATIC PAINS, SORE EYES, EAR-ACHE, | THROAT COLDS, and SKIN AILMENTS quickly | relievers) CALVERT’S CARBOLIC OINTMENT. | use of Large Pots 13}d. each (English) rate.) Sold at | Chemists, Stores, &e. F. ¢. CALVERT & CO., Manchester, VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. Tae. Acme ‘TrA Company—we hear from home—are very busy, Indian planters having taken up the ‘* Acme” boxes in good earnest. OuR THA Exports For 1894—as finally made by the Chamber of Commerce—agerecate 84,591,714 lb. of which 75,348,644 1b. went to the United Kingdom ; 7,446,7871b. to Australasia* oe 008 re aire ie ae Continent of Europe 3 410,422 Ib. direct to Ameri 2. al othe y Oe nerica and 1,281,771 lb. to CEYLON TEA CHESTS IN THE WHARVES AND Harbour.—We mereaecenie planters and home buyers will read our report of a case just tried by the Master Attendant as Port Magistrate, with interested but painful feeling s. It shows very clearly how tea becomes ‘short” in certain Ceylon tea chests when a) 7 ~ 8|au |SkH88 S83 S82 S28 2888 S (RE SRSd S:Or 6 NSS ies: ov i iS AUS] ! HOoODS n SNSSESSHR 3S BS | RSS - By. ICUS Ort oR oe) ee oten we celta € g =i | Gehtes DOr~DHinAr - £ © 18FHiN je je |e . fe Re eB) aa SOO ANA nA’ Fae BSSR8 FI 1 eA Qt Sseeg ANocwda | z | n HOS sx ZB 8 Ssiug hl ay,o (=) as a} oO. DW ems oe a Ss eet 5\|as SHABH SiG ii iQs .S 2k B= Boag Ss oS KOS Shes S 3 a 4 | | aoe . 0 S PSS aS eI aa 2 Se Ss ADS Raw Hq} . [pee ss2 S ase Bans Salata satterie acto, Saha ihe 8.25 Sean Fes [Se pales) Seen patisserie aie Sse iS) | aap 8 = oO wre mo ao. Sans OMe i Oh San Se oases 8 SH: OA A AAN No qeas et ro) -) al ASSS tat Or NOMMO Ole in He DOBNODOSBROS BABA BD APSR > 3 z ono S) D 9 a a) aa » Zz a Le Se Acta eae R Nae S538 2 5 PGT Oy ied scercr Oa 3 mr SBaz iS) “4 | >) ' a ~owm for) rare i a8 aw ON Sr) ASae Rae | SBx8 Qa }|/Oom HN . AN AoA. w6S\ melon . vs) ae = as MN o a A Sr Laie SRI arog igre | E2222 rss ‘ g a z 2 sh rothe mint. wep e'8i <0) (e) (ee) aged oe llans, Lees iS = are cite E833. A= = BE liz ea Zi A. Br ea | se 6 33 ok gis ee | RESSss = on 2) SRA ES SES |e i) Bess aaa | o Sastos &ss|38 SNQROR NAA la Fo me ae ee ta Akan vee pe :|38 Bao Sanus Nn a a nin non nen S 2 500 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ae” (Jan. 1, 1895. MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUCTS, (From S. Figgis & Co.’s Fortnightly Price Current, London, December Ist 1894). ere EAST INDIA. Bombay, Ceylon, Madras QUALITY. QUOTATIONS: Coast and Zanzibar. | ALOES, Socotrine ..._...)Good aud fine dry liver...|05 a £7 Zanzibar & Hepatic|Common and good «+» |303 a BUS BABK,CINCHONA Crown|Renewed ... oes «(Lhd a 4d ; Chips and shaving «lid a 4d Red ...|Renewed ... tos -ellgd a 4d Chipsand shaving well a 44 Bees’ Wax, E. I. White...|Good to fine Yellow ... ir to fine’ Mauritius & Madagascar,,.|Fa ave (£6 03 a £7 7s 6d} CARDAMOMS— Allepee fre) ...|Fair to fine clipped -|lsa 2a 6d Mangalore ... ...|Bold, bright, fairto fine.../ls 10d a 23 8d Malabar “Oy ...|Good to fine plump, cliped| 43a 23 64 Ceylon, Malabar sort/Fairto fiae bold bleached|2s 34 a 33 i » medium ,, |ls 6d a 28 a »» Small ls 41s 6d Small to bold brown ,..jls a 1s 64 Alleppee and}/Fair to fine bold Mysore sort] ,, », medium «(ls 6d a 23 x », soiall jis a ls 6d Long wild Ceylon...|Common to good jd a 23 CASTOR OIL, 1sts| White a his wl 28d a 221 Qnds|Fair and good pale’ ...|2d a 2$d CHILLIES, Zanzibar ...| Fair to fine brigat .--|283 a 3383 Ord’y. and middling .../253 a 283 CINNAMON, Asts]Ord’y. to fine pale quill.../6sd a Ls 5d r 2nds ” ”» ” ” «/61a 1s Brds ye ie Gs on acfOea weld 4ths| ,, a E opbemnlodea’ Oe Chips] Fair to fine plant o/24d a 7d §, Zanzibar Fair to fine bright .../¢gd a 23d CLOVES, --eheperabs, tidommon gill audtua ted | gal ere » STEMS Common to good {id COCULUS INDICUS_...|Fair sifted... os 93 9d a 63 6d COFFER «: ae «{mid. Plantation Ceylon}i03s 105s x aoe ose +|Low Middling ,, », |dda & 1023 QOLOMBO ROOT... -.|Good to fine bright sound]1U03 a 20s Ordinary& middiing — ,,,)7s a 53 CROTON SEEDS, sifted...) Pair to fine fresh -|£6 03 a £7 23 6d «(23 34a 33 6d ..(203 a 27s Gd TCH BO oe ...|Pair to fine dry ...|2U8 a 323 DRAGONS BLOOD, Zan./Ordinary to good drop .,.)40 a 50s GALLS, Bussorah& Turkey|uir to fine dark blue ...)0Js a 52 6d Good white and green ,.|45s a 47s | GINGER, Cochin, Cut ..,JGood to fine bold ./O43 6d a 728 6d | » + /Smalland medium +. /498 a 603 Rough...|Fair to tine bold +».| 323 61 a 408 ” +/Small and medium «..{3J3 a 353 Bengal, Rough |Fair to good [248 a 273 »./203 a 5038 @UM AMMONIACUM ...|Blocky to fine clean ANIMI, washed ...|Picked fine pale in sorts, Part yellow & mixed du, Bean & Pea size ditto Amber and red bold scraped...| Medium & bold sorts ABABIC E.I. & Adeu...|Good to fine pale frosted sifted = ...[308 a 453 Sorts, dullred to fair ...)273 61a 303 Ghatti .../Good to tine paleselecteu| s0s a 4538 : Sorts middling to good}20s a 2/s Amrad cha.|Good and fine pale ,,,|$2s 6d a 40s Reddish to pale brown ,..|25s3 a 32s Madras «(Dark to fine pe on lds a 30s ; WiIpA Fair to fine pinky block... ASS A and atop a ... {723 6d a 137s 6d : Ordinarystony to midlin, |los a 40s KINO on ,».| air to fine bright & fis a £18 MYRRH, picked Fair to fine pale ..|£5 a ST Aden sorts|Middling to gone. 200 abe a 803 jrop...|fair to fine white ...{803 &@ 303 One: . Wl Reddish tomiddling | =. Ws a 253 3 a 14s pickings...|Middling togoodpale .., |e4 i0s a £8 10s’ ..|85 103 a £7 lus £1 03 a £8 lua | £10 03 a £12 03 v9 Usa £9 154 £4 03s a&7 03s siftings .. |Slightly toul to fine [Psa las {NDIARUBBER ... p ...{Red hard clean ball .,,/43 1d a 23 5d Wust African Ports, Zanzi-|White softish ditto .,.{1s 3d a 23 2d bar and Mozambique Voast|Unripe root {luda ls 4d fiver and Lamu “Ball... ls 8d a as 13d ordinary to fi...Jls la 2s Sausage ‘” “without sticks/23 2d a 2s 4d AD ...|Good to fine Assam, ...(|Hair to good clean Rangoon “cd padagascar, ‘Tamatave, Majunga and Nossibe IoINGLASS or|, : FisH mz ws f PonBue Blad Purse Fair to good black j good to fine pale \ dark to feir ony wv. (4s 7d a 2s Common foul & middling|9d a 1s 5d ...(43 7d a 23 4 tood tofine pinky &white/Zs ld a 235 rst Ppiae {ls 6d a 13 9d jis 8d a 23 6d (91 a Is x et der Pipe|Ciean thin to fine bold,.,/is 6d a 2s ss Dark mixed to fine pate... sd a 1s 6d EAST INDIA Continued East Coast Africa, Mala- QUALITY, bar and Madras Voast, QUOTATIONS. Bengal. | Karrachea Leaf ...|G20d ani fine pale 9s a 2364 [INDIGO Bengal Midiling to fine violet.../4s 24 a 53 24 Orlinary to middliag ...\2, 81 a 4s Kurpah pr ...|Fairto good reddish violti2g 81a 33 10d Ordinary and middling j1s 444 2s 6d Madras (Dry Leaf).|Midiling to good «.|(s 44 ags 10d Low to ordinary - (td a ils 2d {VORY--Elephants’ Teeth- , 6) lb. & upwards ..., Soft sound £57 a £63 over 30 & under 60 lb. + - £50 a £62 60 a 100 lb. »|Hard ,, *9 C38 a £43 Scrivelloes .., ++) SLE »» close & wile | £24 lus a £42 10s | ” oa ae FS, i 5 ” £16 a £4 Billiard Ball Pieces 2}a 3}in| Sound soft vee|€70 af LOL Bagatelle Points ..| 3li, def.to flue sound soft/£5§ a £55 19s Cut Points for Balls ..,.| Shaky to fine solid s1. sft)é65 a £74 10s Mixed Points & Tips...|Defective, parthard .../6%6a £47 Cut Hollows Thiu ty thick tosd. sft |€25a £42 10s Sea Horse Teeth— ... $a ld lb. Straight crked part close/ls a 33 WYRABOLANES, Bombay|Bhimlies [, good & fine pale|7s 6d a 93 34 »» II, tair pickiags/3s 6da 4s 3d JubbleporeI, good & fine pale|4s 3d a 7s » IL, fatr rejections)3s 6d a 4s 34 Vingorlas. good and fiuelis a 53 9d Madras, Upper Godavery|Good to fiae picked _...|63 a 63 91 2 = ..|Common to middling .../3s31 a 4s 6d Coast 4 sop] BAK aos, on .../43 6d a 43 Od Pickings .,.|Burnt and defective .../3s a 3s 64 MACE, Bombay ...|Dark to good bold pale ../ls 6d a 2s W’dcom., darkto line bold/4i a@ 8d NUTMEGS, és «al 85'8,. A BIA oop (23 @ 2a LOgd 90’s a 1125's. «3 4d a isild NUX VOMICA Madras|Small to fine bold fresh\6s a 103 LL, CINNAMON ...|Pair to fine heavy .. (5d a 1s 6d CLITROUNELLE .|Bright & good flavour.,.|fd a gd LE WINGRASS one » vy we ( LG AWE Ceyloa .|| Mid. to fine, not woody|l5s a 228 AVERD f Zauaibar ..|Picked clean flat leaf a 123 a 183 Mozambique} 4, wiry 7 we |g28 & 323 PEPPER— Malabar, Black sifted ...)Fair to bold heavy wih dun Al Alleppee & Tellicherry| ,, good ,, ... f |2t Tellicherry, White ...| ,, e +» nomj6d PLUMBAGU, Lump ...|Fair to fine bright bold|lls a 17s Middling to goo smalli¥s a 1ls Chips .../Sli’tly foul to fine brigh\7s a 10s Dust ...|Ordinary to fine bright...28 Sia 6s 2ED WOOD ase ».|Fair and fine bold «| £3 10s a £4 SAPFLOWER, Bengal |Goodtofinepinkynominal 95s a 100s Ordinary to fair {708 @ 808 Inferior and pickings .,.|30s a 50s SANDAL WOOD, Logs..|Fair to fine fayour .,.\£35 a £55 = > Chips..|[nferior to fine -|£9 a £30, SEEDLAC +. «Ordinary to fine bright|30s a 903 3SHNNA, Tianevelly «.|Medium to bold green.../54 a 10d Small and wedium green|2d a 4d Common dark and smalijld a 2d Bombay «.|Ordinary to good {ld a 2d SHELLS, M.-o’-P. ...|EGYPTIAN—bold clean ../57s 6d a 60g medium thin and stout|7Us a 853 chi Ken, thin andstout/8us a 85s large one --.|BomBAY—poor tofiaetuic|50s a 60d medium partstout). clesnpartgood color'85 a 90s chicken part stout 5 » 95 {808 a 87s 6d oyster & broken pes x 4 » [008 a 7d8 Mussel... +|bold sorts = .../308 a 483 smalland medium sorts/17s a 30s Lingah Ceylon .../fhinand good stout sorts|5s a 133 [TAMARINDS ae +««|Mid. tofineblacknotstony|83 a 9s Stony and inferior .../4s a 63 TORTOISESHELL .-.|Surts,good motile, heayy|29s a 2ls 6d Zanzibar and Bombay Pickings thin to heavy...|5s a 15s TURMERIC,Bengal _.../Leanish to fine plump finger ... Js alls Madras. ...'Fin. fair to tine boldbrgi/ils 6d a 183 “5 ...'Mixed middling... —_...|98’6d a 11s ” «Bulbs... 23 ..|78 61 @ 85 6d Cochin ...|#inger ... vee ..|lus & 133 VANILLOES, ; Bourbon, Ists ...|Fine, cryst?ed 5 to9ia.|123 a 243 Mauritius, 4nds... Foxy & reddish 5 to 8 in.|¥s a 163 Seychelles, 3rds...\Lean & dry to mid. un- der 6 in. «(08 & 83 6d Madagascar, } iths.,.|Low, foxy, inferior and pic kings & During the preparation of a new Kdition of the “Ceylon Handbook and Direc- tory,” we are obliged to Suspend attention to the “Planting Gazetteer and District Maps” which were planned to appear, month by month, in the Tropical Agriculturist. They must follow later on, en ie Ne ti a ey atviereaey | gaan en he ~ . j i dd . as a f } c t : a. 4 ‘sh . «| MONTHLY. be IVa FRUIT GROWING IN AND SCALE INSECTS CALIFORNIA. Autumn Meeting proceedings of the Pomological Society. Inyuriovs AnD Benervicran Insecrs. \|;} HE Autumn meeting of the 8. C. Pomolvgica! Society held in Pomona on Thursday and Friday, November 15 and 16, 1894, was one of the most inter sting and best attended in ‘the history of that organi- zation. Pom-na, however, always turns out a good attendance whenever the su'ject of scientific and practical horticulture comes up for consideration ma pubic way. No other single commuvity in Southern California has shown a wider inte est or u keener appreciation of the importance of stimu- Jating and developing our sural industries in all directions. The meeting was called to order at 9-30 o'clock on the morning of the opening day with President L. M. Holt in the chair. Prof. Calvin Esterly made the uddress of welcome in a few brief remarks, to which President Helt responded. The first paper on the program was the report of Prof. A. J. Cook, entomologist cf the Society. 3 REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. Mr. President, Ladics and Gentlemen: I take this first opportunity to thavk you for the honor you conferred upon me at your last mecting in selecting m3 as your ontomologit. I giadly accept the work. I am hearti y interested in entomology asa science, ad especially in all its «conomic plases, and there- fore am bappy to pledge you all the labor and investigatioa that my time will permit. I shall be glad to receive and 1ame any insects that you may find, and shal be happy and willing to give all possible informat on resp cting them, — Po.rnmarioy,—At your Pasadena meeting I reported upon w series of experiments then in progress re- gardng pollinition by imsects of various frui's. As stated then, I ascertained, by covering twigs with cither cheese cl ith or paper bags, that two varieties of plums, one of which 1s the Kelsey; one of cherries, variety usknown, and the Bartlett pear, were entirely infertile to their own pollen, while the Royal apricot was entirely fertiie to its owa pollen Since that timo I haye performed like experiments with olives, COLOMBO, FEBRUARY 1st, 1895. [No. 8. oranges and lemons. Several of my students als? mads similar investigations in relation to pollinatioN of the orange, and with the same results that obtained. In our experiments with the orange, th® flowers were all emasculated before they had opene by cutting off all the stamens. When the glistenin& waxy appearance of the stigma showed that it waS ripe or ready for the pollen, pollen was applied from flowers of the same tree, from those of other trees of the same yariety, and from those of other varieties. To my great surprise the Washington Navel s:ems entirely fertile to its own pollen. From its fragrance I expected it would be wholly sterile to even navel pollen of other trees. While seedlings and Mediter- ranean Sweets, lemons, and all th3 several kinds of olives which I experimented with, are not wholly sterile with their own pollen, though one lemon gave no fruit at all, they are much more productive if cross-pollinated. I covered many twigs of Mission and several other varieties of olive, and while all but two set some fruit, the product in every case was only abont one-third the amount which cet on the check branches close along side. I think. we may assert positively that while olive trees will bear without cross-pollination or aid from nectar-loving irs‘cts, that we can never secure full fruitage or even one-half a crop withont cross pollination, per- formed artificially or through the aid of insects. The experiments of the srason prove conclusively that the presence of the paper or cheese cloth covers of themselves are no bar to fruitage. In every case of covered twigs where the fruit was artificial'y or hand-pollinated, or where tho sacks were removed for a short time to prrmit the visits of bees, or where bees were caught and put into the sacks, fruit was secured. I b lieve the:e experiments are conclusive and need no reps tition. They show us that much of our fruit, especially plums, cherries and pears, are utter’y dependent upon insects for pollination, and that while bees are not absolutely required, they alone ean be depended upon to perform this important service. They also show that some of our fruit, notably olivos, lemons, and some yarieties of pears and oranges, while not wholly sterile to their own pollen are largely so, and will only bear fu'l crops when cross-pollinated. They stow just as conclusively that some fruits, like the Roval ap icot and navel orange, are entirely fertile with their own pollen. As I show d at the last meeting, there are many insects aside fr im bees, that effect cross-pollination of our fruits. Bot as we have all observed, through unfayorable seasonal peculiarities, or from the more serious attacks of birds, lizards, or predaceous and parasitic insects, there often como years when inseuty 502 in general are notably ccarce, This is not true of bees. Their existence i1 great colonies of 40,000 to 50,000 each, and their natural protection from storm and enemies, insures their presence amo:g the flo-ers every year, month, w ek and day, except { reooth that storm or cold—the same that shuts the pollen close in the snthcr—keep them in the hive. Iu California, fortunately for our fruit growers, stich impriso ment is very rave, and can never, is is fr qtiently true in the Hast, stand in the way of a gen rous ¢ op of all kinds of froit. It is also v ry important that in panting our frvit-trees we must see to it that varieties are well mixed. Coniiguous rows should nev x be of the taime variety, uisless we know that the variety is fertile, and fully to with its own pollen. Two Dersrructive DBeErLus.—One of the most destructive beetles of the Hast and one of the most difficult to combat, is the rcse clafer (Macrodac'y- lus subspinosus). uate last May, and eyen on to July and Angust, I took a handsome beete of t' 4 same great family—Scarabseida—which made a se i- ous onslaught on the deciduous tr +s about Clarem nt, especially of the prunus group. A year ago the same insects vere sent to me from the region of Perris, witb the report that it was a serious pest in the prune ani apr cot orchards. This insect I find to be Serica fimbriats, which very clo-el. yesemblis Serica s ricea, a very common beetle of the East, and like that species a dark form is not uncommon. Serica fim riata isa very warm broan in color, with a peculiar catin-like iridescc is lustre. B ne:th, itis thickiy set with yellowish brown hairs ‘specially beneath the head aud thorax. The eyes and fossorial spines of the front legs are b'ackks, aid tLe antenn# are light brown, almost yellow. ‘he eyes are nearly bisected by the projecting ridge of the front of the head. the cariy beetles seemed larger t’ an the la er ones, Of these the females were about 7-16 of an inch Jong, and the males about %. These, like Serica s ricea of the East, have the beautiful iridescent lustre. Iu July and August the beetles were smaller, showed less of the satin-like lustre, and fairly swarmed in the orchards east of Pomona, Some of the apricot orchards were lifera'ly defclia:ed, These later beetles ranged from 6-16 to § of an inch in length. Th se beetles hide in the eirth bene:th the tree by day, and come forth to eat ly night, As they bury th: mselyes only four or five inches, it is net difficult to unearth and destroy them, Of comse the early ones comi:g in May and Jute do much more harm than do those that do not come to eat the foliage until July and August. But even the latter wll do very much harm where it is as abundant as it was east of this place the past scason. No tree can ja t wih its entire foliage «ven in July and Aueust, without serious ir jury. In such case it wculd pay wel', es scon as the despoilation is noticed, to dig the beetles out and kill th+m. This would a!so prevent egg-laying and woud tend to prevent future i:jury. hese and all related insects lay their eg .s in the earih, andthe g ubs or larvee feed ou the roots of various plants. ‘hey are one, two or three years in passing threugh a1 their changes from egg to maturity. The white grub, larva cf the May beetle, in the Hast often works most serious mischief feeding on the roots of grass. It thus oftimes entirely ruins lawns and meadows. Without doubt these Serices, while grubs, feed vpon roots in the earth. Whether they do damage or not in that stage, I am unable to say. I have been toid that it also eats the grass roots, aud so destroys lawns in California. A Destructive Wrryrt.—'The 9th of June I recei- ved from Mr. S. T. Berkeley, Liutle Rock, Ca'ifornia, some weevils, with the info:mation that they were eating the foliage from the young almond trees. This proved to be a beetle new to my Collection. Prof. L. O. Howard, of the Department of Agriculture, informed me that it was Hu,azgcderes varius. As I find no mention of it as a destructive species, it should be recorded as an enemy of the orchardist. This weevil belongs to one of the families of weevils gr snout beetles (Ortiorhynchide), and is not distantly THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, (i, CO OO —-s [Fes 1, 1895. reiated to Orliorhynchus ovatus, which injures straw- | berries in Michigan, while in the grub cr larva stage, aud to Fulier’s rose beetle (Aramigue Fulleri). which works in conservat ries East, and has the same habit of feeding 0» fcliage that is reported of this species. I find this, Fuller's rose beetie, quite common here. I take it in jarring the orange trees. This weevil is white, lined with grey Lrown on 0 ivaceous lines, There: re three Jines on the thor xx, one meridian and two Jateral, one on each side, and three on each wing cover. The wing ¢ vers are also marked with depressed punctulate iines. Whe f et and ui der surface vary from clesr white to clear gray brown. The aniennae are white, elbowed, clavate, the last three joints of the club being gray- prown, Lhe beak is white with sidelines of gray- brown, and i; enlarged at the t p. It probably takes its Specific name fromthe fact that it varies grest'y in color. In some individuals ths white predominates, and in others ihe gray-brown far exceeds the white. They vary also exteedingly in ‘size. I have some that ae an inch long, and others that are scarcely more than } inch from tip to tip. It is probable that the footless grubs live in the earth and feed on roots of some kinds of pl nts. Vuller’s rose beet e feeds on the roots of roses, but as a mature insect feeds on the thick foliage of various ferns, w x p'ants, ete. Should these beet'es come in such numbers asto threaten mischief, they can doubtless be caught on sheets and destroyed, as the curculio is t eated inthe Hast. Iti- possible that these beetles and the species of > erica mentioned above, could be overcome by the use of London purple, although such very probably may not be the case. A New OrancGe Pest.—The old Green-house pest of the, East, known as th: mealy bug (Dactylopius longifili-), had few rivals in real miscuief. Whauie it will snccumb to kerosene emulsion, it: ften requ res that it be so strong that the planis ere likely to be much injured, The past sea‘on another speci.s, which Prot, L. O, Howard infoims me is Pseudocovcus ucc@ Coquiliette, has attacked the oranges about one mile south-east of Claremont, alongside of the- “wash.” Upon examination these mealy bugs were found abundant'y on the wild buckwheat, Erigonum fasicu'atum, Artime-ia: alifornica and Lepidospartum sguamatum of tie wash. In August the males wie abundant, and it was: not dficuit to find innumerable specimens of both sexes attached to the main stems of the p'ant where they leancd over between the plant and the ear h, There can b. litle or no doubt but that if these mealy bugs should become general on he oranges, they would prove a very serious enemy of the orange grover. It will be wice to cut and burn all the wild bush close bes:de the orchards, and to take special pains to kill all the mealy bugs that have gained lodgement on the trees. Tie mea'y bag belongs to the same family that contains the various scale lice, Indeed, ths male mealy bug~, like the male scale insects, bas two wi: gs and comes forth from a whitish cocoon, which is easily found on the plants close among the femaie mealy bugs. ‘he female is covered with huge thick masses of w ite, which is eatily rubbed off, and is without the long tail-like appendages, which are so conspicuous in the o'd Dactylopius longifilis. The Genus Pseudococeus shows nine regments in the adule female, and six in the larva of the female and seven in the larva of the male. Tbe femal- is about 3 of an inch long, heavily frosted, (and not sparingly frosted as stated in the description of P. ucce), with no filaments at the posterior end of the body, but has ecale-like projections enti ely around it. The male is 3-16 of an inchlong, is brownieh-hlack with a brown caudal style, and two Icng filameits aslo: gas the body. The antenne are about as long as the body, sand hairy. The wings are two-veined like most male ccccids, and about as long as the bedy, so that they project beyond ihe tip of the abdomen. The female is very convex, and is more heayily coated with the white waxy coating than are msst mealy bugs. Tue Pear or OneRry Stuc.—The Pear or cherry slug is a common and destructive species in the Haast, I find it is also common here, and as it j Fep, t, 18y5.] double brooded it is quite a serious pest. The fly isa amall black four-winged spacies, and belongs to the saw-fly family, or Tenthredinidae. The flies of this family are more flat than most species of the order Hymenostera, and the females are pecil ar ia having a saw atthe tip of her body, waich sve uses to prepare a groove for herezgs. Tha larve of all saw-flies are easily dist nguished, as they have 18, 2) or 22 legs, which is true of no other jarvw. The saw-fly larva often sesrete a mucus, which fact gives them the common name of slugs. The pear of cherry slug secre- tes this slime, is brown in colour, larger atthe h-ad end, an tapering to the anal extremity; it has 0 legs. It is, an int resting fact, as well as practically im- portant, that when this elug is full grow:, and casis its skin the last time, it becomes bright yellow and is clean from the mucus. Th: larva leaves the tree and goes into the earth to pupate; as doall insects of this family. I donot know the precise dates for this State or region, bu: I think that the flies must deposit their eggs in May and again in late July or early Augu-t. I found the slugs in June and a:ain in August. They are easily fouad, as they simply remove the epi'ermis of the leaves, making them look gray andblighted. They might as well eat tne leaves entire, for to rob th m of their siin is to kill them. Itis very easy to destroy these slugs; wood ashes, lime, or even the road dust or earth from beneath the tress thrown upon them will often destroy them. Lhe arsenites and ker sene emusion are equally efficacious. So easy a remedy should never be neglected. When the trees show the blight d leaves, search should be mide for the s!ugs, and if found, the remedy as ab ve explaine! should at one be applied. If the earth, ashes, etc., bs thrown on to the slugs after the last molt, oc just before any molt, they may not bs effective, for in the first case, as the insect is without the s'ime, the powder will not sick, and in the second, they at once shed their skins and so are rid of irritant, ekin and all. I have known these slugs to be alarmingly abundant. The mucus seems to make them offensive to birds and possibly to other insects, so it is ail the more im perative that we coat them with the cankeving dust as soon as they appear in our orchards, or what wll often be more satisfactory, treat |hem toa meal of the poisonous arsenites. Aa Ichneumoa parasite preys upon theso slugs in the Hast. Puepacsous AnD Parasrric Insncrs.—I need not urge upon you the imporsance of such insects as the ladybirds and chaleid flies. You know what benefits hive come from the Vedalia, and we ave all hope- ful that an equal benefaction ia to come from the Rhizobii. These ladybird beetles are the more ouc frien] , as they aie ravenous feeders both as grubs or larye, and also as mature beetles. They also have tooth for eggs as well as meat and thus they are always at work, and frequently pip the insect evil in the very bud, by eating extensively the eggs of the most destructive sp2zies that infest our orchards. Tous whi'e we are under a great dcbi of grativude to the little oval beetles, we are eveu more indebted to the elongate hairy grubs, or baby ladybiids. It is not alone the importations from Australia that b*nefit us, but often our native species ¢ nfer benefii's that we can bardiy over-estimate. ‘wo ye rs ago I was visiting for » brief period in mid winter in this region, and visited the orchar! of Mr. Meserve, south-weit of this city. I found the black scale (Lecaniom oles) in great abundance. I also found the c:mmon Twice-stabbed ladybird beetle (Chiloco- rus bivulnerus) in great numbers. I said then to Mr. Meserve that I thought in a year or two his olives would be mostly vid of the black seale, and today, I amhappy to say, he has comparatively few scales in his olive orchard. Some years ago many species of our forest trees in Michigan were attacked by a species of Lecaniun, very like the black se+le in appearance and like history. It seemed as if many of our most desirable trees, like the hicko y, tulip, maple and linden, were to be swept from our forests as by fire. The second year of this fearful attack, as tha trees hegan to THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 593 hang out the yelow flag of distress, I found’ a minute Chaleid ily that was increasing in great number , and reported to the press that our forests were,s.ved. i'wo years after, I could hardly find specimens of the scales to snow to my classes. Four or five years ago'he wheat crop of Michigan Indians and Illin vis was seriously attacks! by the grain apis, and was thre tened with entire destraction. When the aphides were well at work, a little Braconid appeared, waipped out the plant lice, and sayed about one-tird of the crop. These Braconid flies a e ex- ceedingty prolific, and so ave more than the equals of evy1i the very fecund aphides or ciecids. I tiid about here in aome orchards very numerous brown scale (arcanium hesperidum). Often these are so avantanut that to touch a branch or twig is to touch several of these suction pumps.. In some cases IL find that the scale is rapidly succumbing to achalcid, or to chalcids, as there are more than one species. Thus, these natural enemies, the predaceous insects as ils ssrated in the lidybird: and the parasitic species represe ted by the Chalcids and Bruconids, are far more sxtisfactory than are artificial reneies. They work for nothi:g anl board thamselve: ; they dono injary to tree or fruit: they make thorough work so tuat there is n> need of repetition before the work is faiily completed. Practica Suaenstrons.—This leads me to two suggestions that tie fruit g owers, in my judgment, ca.not affor] to pass lightly by. One is’ that a p-rson like Mr. Koebele shouid be kept constantly in seirch, in Anstralia Europe or the eastern states, for these benefieul insects. ‘here are no doubt other Vedalias, and tne salary and expense of the person in quest of thea would be a mere bagatelle, compared with the pos ible, I may say probable, outcome. I mike no apology in urging all fruit growers t») unite in demanding that Mv. Koebele, or some otber equally compe'ent men, be kept for a period of years in seir-h of other Vedalia or Rhizobii, that we may noé only be rid of the cottony cushion and black scala, bat of the red and yellow, the peraiciois and purple, and all others, and -hall not be forced to the ex- pensive, unsatisfactory and unreliable methods of warfare heretofors thought valuable and necessary. Again, it goes without saying that immease good might come from a wise and tim-ly distribu‘ion of even our native parasitic and pr dazedus_ species. Mr. Ccaw did adm rable work collecting vad distribut- inz the Rhizovii, but it would be more than wise to keep clos watch of our or-hard: that any valuable species m'ght be distribated. This is the more desir- able as our beneficial species must die with the destruct on of their food, so tha; in collecting and distributing them with discretion we not only con- tinue their good work but their lives as we'l. Again, even the friendly insects have their enemies, which mulii;ly more and more as the insect: remain longer and longerin any plage. Thus a removal or distribution is oft-n the ve-y savior of these little friends. Tu this section we find the Rhizobii falling before the Aphis Lion or !arv« of the Jace-wing fly, Chrysops Ca'if :rni- ca, 4i is als» the Chilocores bivuln ris. In sucha casa no one can doabt but that removal and distribatiou wold be exceedingly wise. The Rhizobii seem also t>» haye fallen before a parasite in Mr. Weight’s orchard. This parasite, whatever it may have been, may be local, or of short life, so that a wd r dis- tribution or introduction a: different times might have prevented its partial or complete overthrow. Again, we mist remember that ‘hess enemies are already in the fie!d in force, and thoroughly intrencied. We bring only a few of the Rhizobii, et:., and of course they find it difficult oy impossib'e to bo d their owo. The case demands, then, the closest attention, and in case we find enemies present, we should introduce an army of our friends into a sin-le orchard, that they might be ablet» gaina foothold even in the face of an army of foes. If we could have koa+wa just how serious an attack was to have been made on the Rhizobii, it woua'd have been wise to have introduced the nearly 200,000 Rhizobii which were brought from Santa Barbara county to this region, into afew or possibly into a single orchard bod ad THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Frp. 1, 1895, It is also very desirable that repeated introductions in: every month of the year be made. It is known that they are breeding here, and we may well hope that they will even now prove more than a »match for their foes and triumph over them, and banis' from our midst not only the black, but the frosted and soft brown scales, I wish to thank Mes:rs. Loop, Ozle, Phiilips, Foote and Ritcliff for coirteous aid, and especially Mr. Pease for most valuable and frequent as:ista ice during the season. Immediately f llowing Prof. Cook's timely report Miss Jean Loomis stud nt of Pomona Colleze, Clare. mont, read an interesting piper illustrated by enlarged drawings, on SCALE INSIOTs Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: Five years az0 California was excce ingly disturbed over the ecale insect question, and she had good reison to b . A soft white scale, introduced into a few orchards on imported nursery stoek, had attained such piopor- tions that it seemed likely tod stroy oar whole fruit industry. The story of the rise and fall of the cottony cushion scale is ‘till fresh in memory, and we love to recall it only in connection with the le sons it taught us. The ladybird Vedalia cardinalis has many cou-ins and allies as ready as she to befri+d us, if on'y we seek them out, andIcerya pu chasi has a leg’ou of confederates, as ugly as he, 1eady t» slip in upon us, if aday off our guard. WHternal vigilance is the price of fruit production in Southern ‘| alifornia. When every orchardist has made hims lf acquainted with the facts in the case and knows the habits of the different spec‘es, then can we expect a complete yiddance of the entire tribe. Our scientists and inspectors visit our orchards only once or twice a year aid are liable even th-n to overlook an important insect, which, if not understood by tbe orchardist hims If, may before another visit revea! an alarming prevalence, ax many insects haye enormous powers of 1eproduction. With the aid of some instruction and the use of a compound microscope, I have lear ed a fw things about the scale insects of our,vegion that may be cf interest, perhaps even new to some of you. Taking the subjcct ecientifically, the general term of the whole family of scale insec:s or bark lice is Coccides. The most of the Coccids are injurious to man’s welfare, but iot all of them. Our cochineal is but the dried bodes of a species living on the cactus plants in M.xico. Shell.e¢ and Chica wax are recretions cf Coccids. “Whe three genera most abun- dant on oar coast are of no commercial value yet ase itiined. The distinguishing feature of these three genera are easiy learned aud readily recozmze}. ‘he Lecania, in the adult state of the fem.le, are usually large, hardshelled, very convex scales. Trey are oval in shape and have a deep incision at the anal extremity: and are illustrated iu the becanium olex, our common black ‘eale. I'he Aspidioti are small flat scales composed in purt of the moulted skins of the insect, and in part of a waxy secretion. Vheir form is circular with a tiny protuberance in the centre. he San José scale (A. pexniciosus) isa fair example. The Mytilaspis is like the Aspidiotus in its com- position of moulted skins and iusect secretions, but there need never be any confusion between the two, for they are very unlike in appearance. The Mytilaspis is a long irregularly shaped scale pointed atone end. We have one specimen here, M. ci:ricola or purple scale. A minute and careful description of the habits of each species would be necessarily long and tedious A correct description would be impossible at this time, for no one has as ; et given the subject a thorough study. In fact nearly all that we do know of them has beeu learned withiu the Jast 15 0r 20 y: ars. A general description should be prefaced with a mention of the differences in repr.d ction aad time of deyclopment of the insects. ‘They are usaally hatched tr.m eggs deposited in varying numbers beneath the shell of the scale, tLe body of the female shrinking in size to make room for them. There have been found from 1000 to 1800 eggs by aciual count, beneath a single shell of the black scale. Th: se are one year developing to the adu't state, Certain species of the Mytila-pis deposit eggs gradually, a few each day, continuing fur several weeks, ani these have four or five generations a year. Other scales are believed to be viviparous. As coon as hatched the young scale leaves the maternal roof and make his own livin, With tharp eyes or a small lens, he can be seen wander'ng about on twig or leaf seeking a location. In a few hours he settles and, with a beak nearly as long as his body inse ted into the leaf tissue or soft bark. he withdraws the sap which belongs to the fruit. When he has grown too large for bis skin, he moults and c»mtinues feeding upon the sap of th- tr e. Until the tims of the seco. d moult t'e male and femile are di-tinguishalle only in size of the scale, the femal- being nearly four times as large as ber brother. But after the second moult the difference between the two is very pronounced. The female, now nearly or quite matured, attaches herself firmly to the branch by finely spun threads or glue, com- pletes her scale covering, pioduces her young and dies while her lord undergoes a complete transforma- tion, and comes forth an airy-fairy little cr ature with a pair of winzs and two long be-utiful anteunw. He loses bis beak and in fact all mouth parts and receives in their place another pairofeyes He sees thereafter and flies, but e ts no more and lives but a short time. There are three common sp-cies of the Lacanium The black scale (L. o'ew . our darkest spec es, is readily recognized by tle Jet*er H upon itsback. It is a most annoying pest, infesting almost every tree and shrub in orchard and yarJ. The excretion of the young scale, a sort of sticky substance sometimes called “honey dew,” upon which a black fangus forms, destroys tie beauty of the tree and injures the sale of the fruit. Many experiments have been tried for the destruction of this scale, but without much success. Vhe most effe tive remedy has been the hydrocyanic acid gas treatment, which has held this pest in check. But it has been found expensive and from t! e nature of the case unable to reach all scale. We wre 1 0w awaiting results of the introduction of tle b'ack Australian ladylird (Rhizobius ventralis) said to be the natural enemy of the black scale, an inset that has done most effective service at Santa Barbara. Unless the green lace-winged fly (Chrysop+ ( alifornica) should prove a formidable enemy to her lady-=hip we may consider our troubles with the black scale as past. Another Lecanium, the soft brown scale (L. hes- peridum) is found only on citrusire s. It has the Lecanium markings excepting it is soft and nearly flat. It is very prol fic and is sometimes so thick upon a branch that one overlaps another. Such a branch is usually removed and burned, or should be. If given a fair chance, the soft brown scale would be a serious pest. It is believed that a small Chalcid fly parasite is keeping it in check. The fros:ed scale (L. pruinosum) has be n recently observed to be increasing. It is a very large dark brown scale, shaped something like a bonnet. At certain seasons of the year it is dusted over witha white powder, whence its common name. It infe ts nearly ali the de iduous trees, seeming to prefer the prune. Its favorite location is just beneath a new shoot. Ifthe black ladybird does all that is expected of her, she will feed upon this Lecanium a’so. Otier- wise we sh:ll have to watch this f osted scale closely, and look for another remedy. Of the Aspidioti we have the San José seals (A. pernicosus: on our deciduous trees. Tuis is a small gray scale with yellow central tip, and is scattered thickly upon the bark of an infested trce. It 8 ttles also upon the fruit which it disfigures und renders unsalabie. The San José scale was once a dr-aded pest, but is now known to yield readi! to the lime, salt wnd sulphur wash ani is no longer feared. More- over, it is afayorite dish for the little twice stabbe1 ladybird, Chilocorus bivulnerus. od The Aspidiotus citrinus or yellow scale, infesting citrus trees only, is quite common in some sections. Fre. 1, 1898.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 505 Tt is a flat pale yellow sca’e, and is very destructive. The yellow scales is otten mistaken for the red scale (A. aurantii) which it closely resembles, but while the latter is found upon fruit, leaf and branch, the yellow scala is seldom seen elsewhere than on the leaf and fruit; and furthe-more, it has a Chalcil fly parasite which will not to1ch the red scale. This Chalcid fly lays its eggs benevth the scale, and the young Chalcid being the more active devours the young citrini before they see daylight, then boring a hole through the shells escapes. The owners of trees infested with yellow scale world do well to obtain some of these parasi’es frora Sin Gabriel orchards, where they are reporte} to be clearing the trees of yello- scale. The purp'e scale (Mytilaspis citricola) isa Florida pest of amos; pernicious character. They have been trvinz for years to destroy it, without much success, and now it has bee) brought into our State, probably on nursery stock. It ha3 not avery strong !odgment here yet, and it -hould be ths duty of every occhard owner t) see that it has no chanve for that. It is a long, curved scale of purplish hue, found only on citrus trees and most abundantly i: moist regions. It develops from the eggs to maturity in about 60 days, making its possible increase enormous, There is no known natural enemy, and our oly hope is that in our dry climate it will not flourish. There is another coccid that is just beginning work npon our orchards. It is nota true sca e insect ; it is rather a species of th: mealy buz that has been so troublesome in the east upon shrubbery and greenhouse plants. It is a soft, fleshy insect thickly covered over with a white wooly substance s-creted through the pores. These have been found loctting on orange trees in this valley. What they in‘end to do, time only can tell. Ayainst these as against all other orchard pests we must be corstintly uyon our guard. An acknowledgment of gratitude is due all our inspectors for their faithfu! performance of duty, by which, even at the risk of personal enmity, they have protected us well from the introduction of new scale. That some scale insec s have escaped their wat-hfulness is inevita>le, that so few have is our rejoicing. Tne du y now lies with u3 to refuse all narsery stock infested with any kind of scale insect, and to exterminate by every known means the pe ts already smong us. With clean frnis and healthy trees, Southern California can challenge the world in fruit production. Pror. A. J. Coox, Claremont.—I want to say here, incidentally to growers to use London purple in praperence to Paris gree. as an insecticide. The ondon purple is not s> apt to be adulterated, is cheaper and equally as efficient. But always ba sure and use it with a little lime. The usual for- mula is one pound to 200 gallons of water; treey are scarcely ev r injured when lime is added. I am notin the habit of aivertising particulir brands, but in this case will depart from the ru'e to s ate that the Hemenway’s London purple I have always found reliable and of uniform strength. Tre Prestpenr.—I learn from newspaper reports that of the thous inds of parasites (Rhizobius ventralis) of the black sca'e (L::cani:m oleae) liberated m San Bernardiio county not a single specimen is to be found. Is thut correct? Pror. Cook.—The statement is hardly literally true; there are some to be found there now, notably on Mr. Wrighc’s place. I hope that the Rhizobii will yet get such a start as to be able to conquer the lack scale, though it must be admitted that we have met with a disappointment in the discovery thit there are a number of predatory insects feeding on the Rbizobii, The lace wing fy (bii—R. ventralis, R. debilis, and R. Two- womabe—but an examination showed this to be an error. What we presumed to be the latter tw) turned out to be a scymnus. THe Presmenr.—In the absence of artificia! means of freeing our orchards of scale and the presence of parasitical and predaceous insects, can it traly be said that the scale is being diminished by the parasites or are injurious insects on the increase? f Pror Coox.—Judging from my short perod of observation—for I have not been among you scarcely a year—l should be inclined to say that the scale is being gradually growing less, though I do not attribute this disappearance to any one parasite or even a single goup. All predacéous insects assist to carry on the war of extermination, some of course more thau others. But for these beneficial insects I believe fruit production would almost be impossible ; at «ny rate unprofitable. : HE Prestpent.— Would you recommend the aban- doning of sprayinz or fumigation to eradicate insect pests, and rely solely on nature’s remedy ? Prov. Vook.—That depends. In Jas white scale it would certainly be a waste of money to spray or fumigate. Regarding other pests, grow- es assure me that it pays them to do so. Of course when you kill the i.jurious insects ou your fruit trees you also destroy the beneficial ones. If ty arandoning artificial methods we could so protect or insect friends until they shall be sufficieutly strong to overcome the scale is a p.oblem that many Just now are anxious to solve. It seems to meftbat this is a matter the wide-awake ,and practicalssorch- ardist must settle for himself. Much depends‘ on ciccumstance: 11 on litions; there are undoubtedly the case of the §06 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, ~_ee (Fee. 1, 1895. cases where it ig not only wise but neces3zary to spray or fumigate. ; Me. Counins.—On or about the middle of Septem- ber a large number, of the Jacz-winged fiy were preyalent in our section, and it was also just at that time that we were anxious to secure larz> colonies of the Rhizobii, which we finally dij by telegraph through our board of supervisors, re¢eiving a consignment of about 10,009. The-e were plac d upon two trees by Mr. Craw of the Srate Board of Horticulture; now none are to be found. Re- garding the decrease of the scale men‘ioned by Peof. Cook, I noticed a similar decrease in the black scale some three years ago. It has been my experience that whenever the thermometer goes over 100 dey. the young scale succum's to the heat. Thasab ut 50 per cent perished during the hot days of August I have known a few intense hot days in July to dastroy fully 75 p-r cent. Tue Presmpent.—lt was suppose! several year; ago that in the dry hot air of midsummer in the interior valleys the black scale conld not exist. I can remember in the early days when we used to plant citrus trees in the interior subject to black scale; in a year these same trees would be free of this pest. But ai the trees came into bearing and afforded protection from the sun, this obnoxions pest becams gradually established. Generally speaking, however, the dry heat of the interior is not so favorable to this scale as the coast regions where the atmosphere is not so dessicwting. Mr. P.J. Drener, Psmona.—I shoald iike to ask of those who have investigated the matter, is Mr. Cooper’s orchard now free from scale? If so is if a fact that its cl-anliness is due principally to the Rhizobii ? ey Pror. Coox.—In answer to the questions I would state that Mr. Cooper's orchards were principally infected with black scale, ‘hough there ws sone soft brown scale. At the tim of my visit in Sept- ember I looked some time in the orchard whee the original colony had been p'aced; bus found no seale worthy of mention; the trees were practica'ly clean In another orchard to which the ladybirds had spread the trees were clean at one end, les: so at or about the centre, while the far end was s‘ill quite dirty. The condition of the tree: indicated the ouward march of the Rhizobii. I think Col. Howlind, who was present, will authe \ticate what T have said : Cou. J. Li. Hownannp, Pomona.—When I fist visited Mr. Cooper’s orcha ds two or thre: years ago they were bad!y infected with black scale, but when I[ re-visited them last September they were prac ica!ly clean. To be sure there is still scale p esent, bit so is there of the cottony cushion. he statement made by Prof. Cook coincides with my observations. Adjourned to 1-30 o’clock p.m —2wral Californian, Dee, 1894, ——__—_—__}-—- —----— FORESTRY IN AMERICA. Tt appears that Great Britain is not the only country which leaves the systematic management of her forests to private enterprise. Im the Alleghany Mountains of North Cavolina, Mr. G. W. Vanderbilt has been devoting some of his spare capital to the urchase of large tracts of forest land which have eee partially denuded by the lumbermen, and in many places cleared and cultivated for short periods. These tracts Mr. Vanderbilt has placed under the care of an expert, with a view to restocking and working them ou principles ‘similaz to those on which the state forests of Continental Hurope are managed. The purchaser, we are told, is animated “with the praiseworthy ambition of thus inaugurating a system of economic forestry in the United States, and, we may also assume, of making a sound investment for the benefit of his heirs. Myr. Pinchot, a i a who has been entrusted with the carrying out of | tris work, has published a pamphlet deseriptive of a portion of the property mown as © Biltmore Forest,” consisting of nearly 4,000 acres lying on the banks of a tributary of the Tennessee River, An account of this forest contributed te a recent number of the Zeitschrift fiir Forst und Jagdwesen, by Sir Dietrich Brandis, furnishes some interesti particulars regarding the present condition an stocsing of the tract. No fewer than seventy-two spezies of trets are to be found, among which may be enumerated seven species of Oak, five of Maple, five of Pine, four of Hickory, &c., Spanish Chestnut being the only European tree. Broad-leayed species predominate, especially the Oak (Q. alba), which, together with black Walnut and Liriodendron, prove the most valuable as lumber, but the two last have, unfortunately, almost disappeared from this forest,— Gardeners’ Chronicle. rer Se es THE SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF RHEA FIBRE FROM THE FIELD TO THE LOOM. NEW AND IMPORTANT DISCOVERY. The memory of even centenarians of this present time cannot rec. 1] the early days «f the manufacture of coconut fibre into coir ropes, but for the two, or possibly three, past generations many unsuccessfal attempts have been recorded in the eateayour to deal practically and economically in a similar direc- tion with the well-kiowa grass called Rhes. The urgent necessity for finding fresh material te meet the enormously :mereased demand fr r pes ani cables, hoze and machine bands, whether for use in navigation or in wo king the innumerable machines which the skill of the inventor in eac year of the lattee half of the nineteenth century has brought into existence, bas stimul:ted the efforts of hundreds of ingenious men. Munificent rewa'ds have from time to time been offered, notably by the Govern- ment of India, f»>r an invention which could sue- cessfully mee: this great and constantly increasing want, but up to the pre-ent year the varied ingenui‘y of the cleverest invento s of our age has fuiled again ani again. It has, however, been lately our privilege to foll-w, through al: its different stages, a process which, under the severest tests. appears, beyond all reason- able doubt, to bave solved this most important question. Mr. D. Edwards-Radelyffe, a member of a we'l-known old English family, has. in conjunction with Mr. Burrows, whose name has’ been long known in the spinning trade, perfected a series of machines which, by processes of which the secret is natura ly st ictly preserved, produce what is known as thie ‘““Filasse” in a perfection that has never b: fore been reached. first, by the use ofa machine which may be caled the ungummer, or the separator of the “bark from the stick, and next by a process of chemi- eal dressing of the ribbons. At this stage the filasse which is intended to be converted into the finer numbers is further carefully ble ched, the preparation of th: r-ugher numbers not requiring that course. In all former processes known, there has been. at this point, a universal failure to economically bring the filasse when ungum- med into a form suitable for spinning. Tearing up and breaking the long tufts of fivre always breke and knot’ ed the materia’, causing much waste and extra labour, so that an all-round fibre has been handicapped for years by th+ want of its special aud appropriate methods of treatment. But by the processes now under notice the filasse is next passed through an extremely ingenious drawing frame, a patent machine which senarates all the fibres and draws them into p:railel lengths corresponding to the kaots in the sticks. This may be said to be t+ tru» requizement, a dbre, ungumme? or t leached, on whatever princi- pie, thus secures the chance of re ching the yara or manufactured state at a price 25 per cent. cheaper than toduy. For the rougher counts, th= whole of the fibre thus obtained is ready for spinniny, a d, when treated by the patent spinner, produces evea yarn of excellent quality, which, for the manufacture of such articles as fishing nets, cannot be surpassed. For fiaer counts the filasse, thas separa’'ed and drawn, is then transferred to a gin or comber, in which it is softened and combed by an en-irely novel Fes. 1, 1895.1 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 5¢7 patent process, a process which, whilst combing out i every impurity, retains the whole of the valuable fibre. This machine has been specially made for combing Rhea, and, being simple in its mechani-m, it will immediately recommend itself to people in- terested in the trade. A saving is thus effected of over 25 per cent. in waste, as compared with any combiog machinery now in use, an advantage the imp rlanee of which, in its bearing o1 the future of Rhea, cannot be too highly rated. The product is at this point pe fectly ready for spinning oy any of the :ecognised mills. Ry the different processes above described Messrs. Edwards Radel) fe and Burrows undertake to treat the Rhea fibre as it is now imported. They h»ve not, however, stopped here, but are engaged in perfecting a machine which will enable the planter to treat the fibre on the ground as soon as it is gathered, and, under these favourable circumstances to there ani then produce the iilasse, thus not only effecting an enormous saying in freight, but also sending into the market a material of better quality and higher value at a less cost than is now incurred in the initial separation and chemical dressing of the ribbons. Such authoritative judges as Sir He:ry Blake and Sir Augustus Adderley } ave expressed their cordial admiration and approval of the processes which are here described, as well as of an equally clever patent now being developed by the same inventors f xr the treatment of the leaves of various tropical plants, such as the cactus, the pineapple, and the banaua. By this machine, even in its present unfinished state, a cactus leaf of great size and thickness was in less than a minute reduced to a mass of silky fibre, the ultimate successful preparation of which for spinning will effect an absolut» revolution THE DISEASES OF TREES. Those interested in the growth of trees, whether as park specimens or for timber-producing properties, will assuredly be interested in this valuable treatise.* In its German text it was known to a few, in its French dress to a few more, but it was high time it was made accessible to the English reader. In no other work that we are acquainted with, is the subject, within the limitations fixed by the author, treated so lucidly; in no other work are the details of the changes wrought by parasitic fungi in the fabric of the tree so caretully worked out. Previously to the publication of this work, there was little or nothing available for the use of the English student, but the papers on vegetable pathology compiled by the late Rey. M. J. Berkeley, and published in in- stalments in these columns. As these papers ran through several yolumes, and were never separately reprinted, it is not now easy or convenient to study them, but for those who desire to do so, it may be convenient to mention that a full analytical index is given at p. 677 of our volume for 1857. Since Berkeley took up the, subject, however, the life- history of many of the fungi concerned has been more thoroughly investigated, and improved methods of research and observation have been devised. Berkeloy’s work, however, for the time at which it appeared was excellent, and more modern research has, in many instances only confirmed his opinion. In the present volume. diseases are considered according to the causes that produce them, such as paresites of all kinds, annie faulty state of soil, ov unfavourable atmospheric condition, VLhis is of course a scientific mode of procedure, and in the long run the best in practice, for, unless the cuuses of the disease are known there can be no such thing as cure. Still, the forester and the gardener require in the first instance, to recognise the nature and * Text Book of the Diseases of Trees. By Professor R. Hartig (Translated b l and, edited by Professor Macmillan & Co, 1894, Dr, Somerville, revised arshall Ward), London : { { in this vitally important branch of the commerce of the world.—Luropean Mail, Dec. 26. ee Sse symptoms, or rather the signs of the disease (for symptoms are subjective, and as such, not forthcom- ing in the case of plants), and these signs, though by no means passed over in this volume, are yet hardly set forth with sufficient prominence for prac- tical use. Take, for’ instance, the ‘“ canker’’ of the Apple or the Beech. There is in this volume a clear summary oi what is known concerning the diseased conditions, but it is placed either under the head of Nectria ditissima, or of injuries due to at- mospheric influences, but how few gardeners have ever heard of or seen the fungus! Similarly, the appearances of Larch-canker are described under the head of Peziza Wilkommii—appropriately enough no doubt, for the initiated, but not so conveniently for those who perforce have to pass from the known to the unknown, and by whom the meaning of ‘‘ my- celium,” ‘“hymenium,’’ ‘gonidia,’’ ‘spores,’ and even of ‘“cortex’’ is only imperfectly if realised at all. The Editor of the present work has recognised this, for while not altering the plan of the volume, he has added in many cases explanatory notes; and these, together with the brief summary of diseases, classified according to the plant, and part of the plant attacked, and an excellent index, do much to diminish the inconvenience we have alluded to. If in a subsequent edition the diseased conditions, as seen by the naked eye of an ordinarily good observer, © could be described under a few general headings, such as ‘canker,’ “ulcer,” ‘tumours,’ &e., before launching into details appreciable only by the trained student, the value of the book would be much en- hanced. The summary just mentioned is all too brief, and in subsequent editions this also should be largely ex. tended. For instance, a few years ago, apparently from some climatal cause, the Lombardy Poplars in this country, and, we believe, on the Continent, suffered great injury, and their upper branches died, as in the case of stag-headed trees, We turn to the classified list of the volume before us, and under Populus pyramidalis (which, by the way, is hardly the correct designation of the Lombardy Poplar), the only statement we find is, ‘“*The branch and twigs die.” A reference to a fungus Didymospheria populina, described at p. 104, is given, but that description does not apply to the particular disease of the Poplar to which we refer. Removal of the heads of the treesin an avenue known to us checked the disease, and its traces are now no longer visible, So under Ulmnus all the information sbout diseases of the Elm vouchsafed to us is this, ‘‘The leaves show vesicular blotches: Hxoascus Ulmi.” On turning to p. 135, as directed, we find, ‘‘Exoascus Ulmi produces outgrowths on the upper side of Elm leaves.” One need not bea forester to know that this states ment is meagre in the extreme, and that it does not exhaust the list of diseases to which Elms are subject. Under Crategus, or Hawthorn, we find no mention of a very peculiar hypertrophy and hardening of the stem, apparently unconected with ~ fungous attack. Whilst thus indicating a few of the weak places which frequent use of the original work has brought under our notice, we do so without the slightest intention to under-value what is, so far as it goes, the best work on the subject in existence. The translation has been well done, and the pre- face, by Professor Ward, is what a preface should be, an introduction to what is to follow. Professor Waid, however, uses the term “pathology” in a sense which is not usual, but in this he is not alone, viz., as the equivalent of abnormal physiology, or as the “study of disease,’ rather than as the result of abnormal or morbid physiological action, The illustrations are excellent, and the work, as a whole, well got wp. It will, we hope, do something towards the establishment here of a central insti- tute, with local branches, for the study of vegetable pathology. In France and in Germany they abound, in the United States they may be counted by the score, but in this practical country we have no such separate department, though the excellent services rendered incidentally by the department at Kew cannot be over estimated.—Gardeners’ Chronicle, 508 THE EUCALYPTUS TREE IN SOUTHERN FRANCE. It is said that there are no less than 150 varieties to be found in the native home of the eucalyptus. Among the best and mo3t useful of the varieties which are known are the ‘ colossus” or “ giganticus,”’ enormous trees, said to reach the height of from 300 to 350 feet, with diameter proportionately large. Another most useful variety is the ‘‘resinefer,” which furnishes, for medicinal purposes, the “kino,’’ or “vhatany,” a valuable astringent. The alpina, ros- trata, amygdalina, coriacea, globulus, gunni, piperita, and polyanthemus are the best known of the other varieties. The native home of these trees is Australia and the Indian Archipelago; but within the past 20 years the remarkable properties and qualities of the eucalyptus have attracted the attention of the world, and it is now to be found in largely increasing forests and plantations in the Argentine Republic, Southern France, and Algiers. The eucalyptus seems destined to revolutionise sylviculture in the countries mep- tioned, not only on account of the many remarkable properti-s of the tree—its resins, wood, and its rapid growth—but also its great power of absorbing enor- mous quantities of wa'er from wet and swampy lands, drying them, and rendering them fit for cultivation, as well as its tend-ncy to thus eliminate malarial conditions from the land where it grows. The United States Consul at Nice says that the eucalyp.usgr ws with wonderful rapidity, develoving within three or four years into a large tree. One, within his imme- diate neighbourhood, planted less than four years ago as a small shoot about the size of a nian’s thumb, is more than 80 feet high, after haying been constantly kept trimmed down, and nearly one foot in diameter. Trees of g eat size in this part of France are said to be less than 20 years old. In Southern France the eucalyptus has b-en planted with remarkable results, and is now fully appreciated for its various qualites, In the Alpes Maritimes it seems especially to flou-ish. The most remarkable species is the one found in Southern France, in the heighbourhood of Nice, Cannes, Toulo», Marseilles, aud various other localities, where there are now large plantations of these trees of great size, and where they prosper wonderfully, and grow with a rapidity which seems almost incredible, fores:3 of large trees being the growth of sevén or eizht years. This species is known as the Hucalyptus globulus or “bluegum tree,” or ‘fever tree.” ‘his tree is now completely naturalised in Algeri: and in the Riviera. A remarkable specimen of the eucalyptus is n ar the United States Consular Office on the Place Massé.a. It is a tree of great size with enormous branches giving widespread shade, and haying the appearance of great age, though in reality it is a neacomer to Nice. It sheds a resinous and pleasant fregrance, indicative of its medicinal properties. So attached are the people of Nice to this tree, that when it was proposed to cut it down to enlarge the street leading iuto the Quai Masséna, there was 4 gen-ral protest against so doing, and upon a vote being taken by ons of the French newspapers there was an oyer- whelming majority against its removal. This tree belongs to the Australian species ca'led ‘‘ colossus ”’ or ‘giganticas” and is said to be one of the largest on the coast of Southern France. To illustrate the firm hold which this tree and its health-giving pro- perties have uponthe public mind in tbe department of the Alpes Maritimes, Consul Hall says thit when these trees are trimmed in th3 early spring in the Jardin Public, in the gardens of private villas and in the streets, the branches are eagerly cough: by all classes of peop'e, who hang them with their cones on the walls of their bedrooms, with the view of keeping cff fevers, and of getting rid of moths, mos- quitoes, and other insects. Many persons make rosaries of the burrs, and strings of beads, which they wear round their necks. he ‘“‘globulus,” or “bluegum tree” does not require much moisture ; in fact, it grows in dry soils, a:'d in sandy or clayey soils, provided they are cool. It will grow only ia hot hvuses in the climate of Paris, end will not hear great cold. Lhe amygdatina is known as the THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURISC. |Fes. 1, 1895, “peppermint tree.” It grows to a considerable height and is the only species which tears the full winter climate in the northern part of Italy, and in the epen air. The rostrata, or red gum tree has many qualities in common with the globulus, but it grows better than the latter in wet and marshy Jands. The “gigant a,” or “giganticus,” hss a stringy bark. It was unknown in Europe before 1856, when Mr. Ramel sent some seeds to France which were sown in Algeria, and the Mediterranean regions. There are now forests and plantations of these trees in the various countries of Southern Europe, Africa, &c. While this tree is strong ani hardy, it is not thought that it would flourish where the thermo- meter indicates a lower degree than freezing point. —Journal of the Society of Arts. —_— — - > EAST AFRICAN VANILLA. A new field of Vanil'a cultivation in German Bast Africa is reported iu the Chemist and Druggist, as follows:—* The first sample consignment of Vanilla cultivated in Geiman East Africa (Kitopeni planta- tio: ), has recently b en received at Hamburg, and was v.ry favourably commented upon, both ia regard to natural quality ad to preparation. The pods, it is true, are not equal to the best Mauritius Vanilla, but the shipm+.t was of thoroughly marketable qua- lity, tue pods being from 64 to 10 inches in | ngth aud well crystallised. The great drought of the lust season has been v-ry injurious to the deveispment of the fruit, bus shade tr es have now been planted aud irrigation works started, and it is expected that bext year the output will be much in excess of the present. Th: present season's crop, however, which emounts to ebou: 10,000 pods, is expected to cover the cot of production.—Gardeners’ Chronicle. TEA PLANTING AN Murtitivs.—In a report on local ‘‘ Exhibitions” during 1894, in the Port Louis ‘“‘Gazette,” we find the following which shews, among other things that tea has been ples to an appreciable extent in the Sugar sland ;— _ The exhibition of tea was niost encouraging, and in this department, almost exclusively, was there an Opportunity of comparing the product of another colony with that of our own. Some fine samples of Liptons teas from Ceylon were curiosities in their way. The leaf from the Experimental farm improves in quality and preparation each year. Mr. Daruty received a prize for the product of his tea garden at Nouvelle France, and samples were shown from Chamarel where 200 acres are under cultivation, and looking very promising; the plantations of Mr. de Rochecouste, Dr. Bour, and others are coming on, and it is to be hoped that the cost of production will allow the competition of our teas, beyond the limits of this Colony. The show of Vanilla was excellent. In fibre there were some good samples of Alewes, and a very long and strong staple, though somewhat coarse in tex- ture, should recommend the Abaca fibre, sent from “Combo,” to Cordage makers. Perhaps in a year or two, we may hope for samples, on a large scale, of Sizal Hemp, from the Yucatan Alcees, of which the number of plants introduced some three years ago, should have thrown out sufficient shoots to admit of considerable extension in cultivation. We forget if any have been raised at the Pamplemousses Gar- dens; but the Fibre trade haying been depressed, we doubt whether the cultivation has been pushed on with the energy which has made the fortune of the Bahamas. _ Arrowzoot, of very fine quality, but not represent- ing quantity for exportation; Cassava, prepared from Manioc, (staple food of a large coloured population in the West Indies and exhibited here, by way of a curlosity);—Yams; and some good looking potas toes from “Midlands,” - Fes, 1, 1395. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 509 TEA IN INDIA. Cold weather operations are in full swing, and there will be but little material for this portion of the paper in respect of the tea districts for the next three months, such is the uniformity of the December to March routine.—The Planter. ee DRUG REPORT. (From Chenuist and Druggist.) London, Dec. 20th. CAFFEINE—The O, P, and D Reporter discussing the position of caffeine from data largely, though without acknowledgment, drawn from this journal, concludes that it would not be possible for America to manufacture a sufficiency of caffeine for its own requirements, inasmuch as the States consume about half of the total output of the drug, At the same time, with a 25 per cent duty, sufficient caffeine may be made in the States to supply the requirements of a few large consumers. Our contem- porary states that at least one of the chief Ameri- can users of caffeine makes all he needs of the drug within a few miles of New York, though it does not know where the raw material comes from, for in hand- ling tea in the States there is very little waste. The fact that the States levy no duty on tea accounts for the small percentage of waste, as the packages do not need to be opened in the same manner as in London. It is barely possible, however, that some of the tea-dust sold at the tea-auctions in New York and other places is employed. About 100 tons, more or less, of Japan tea- dust may be obtained from that country per annum, at a uniform price of 44¢c per lb., though, at times, odd lots ean be picked up in the open market at a lower price. The London market is quiet, 16s, however, has been paid from second-hand holders on the spot. CARDAMOMS—It is reported that the cardamom crop in Ceylon is a very small one this season, the plantations having suffered much from dronght. Increased supplies from Southern India, however, will probably more than countervail the dificiency, the cardamom harvest in that country having been unusually abundant and of fine quality. CINCHONA.—Detailed accounts of last Thursday’s Java cinchona-bark auctions in Amsterdam state that less than one-half of the quinine value of the manufacturing bark was sold, the equivalent of 15,858 kilos sulphate of quinine heing disposed of to the manufacturers (Americanagents bought over one-half of this), and 18,390 kilos being bought in. Of the quinine in the bark sold, 2,167 kilos realised a unit-price of 23c, 7,509 kilos one of 2%c, and 4,299 kilos one of 3c per half-kilo. The greater portion of the bark which was bought in was held firmly at a minimnm price equalling 4c per unit. The richest parcel of bark in sale was one of 22 bales of crushed Ledger bark from the Gamboeng plantation (G in star). This bark contained the equivalent of 12°23 per cent sulphate of quinine, and realised 32}¢ per half-kilo—or, say, 6d per lb. | Druggists’ barks were in plentiful supply, but the demand, especially for really fine bold quill, was quite satisfactory. COCAINE.—Very firmly held. The agents profess to ex- pect a further advancein price shortly, raw material in the shape of crude cocaine being practically “unobtainable at present. It is also said that no important arrivals of cocoa-leaves are likely to reach usfromSouth America for some months to come. ESSENTIAL OILS.—Cassia Oil is dull of sale, 4s 2d to 4s 8d per lb. is the spot quotation, while for arrival 4s per Ib “‘c.i.f.” might be accepted. Citronella oil still offers at lld to 11/d per Ib; Lemongrass oil at 1d to 13d per oz. QUININE.—No business is reported, but second-hand German quinine in bulk could probably be bought at 114d per oz. today. —__—__-__.@— CASTOR SEED—COPRA AND PALM OIL IN FRANCE. CONSULAR REPORTS: FRANCE :—WMarseilles :—MR. PERCIVAL. There is a small decrease in imports of castor seed which have been 20,700 tons, against 24,500 tons in 1892, but this may be attributed to less favourable crops as, otherwise, the fmills which produce this special oil have been in full activity throughout the year, and crushers found a ready clearance of their ‘ils, chiefly to England and Scotland among cloth manufacturers, Prospects are reported very favourable for the new crops from Bombay as well as frem the Madras Coast. Imports of copra and palm kernels only aggregated the end ofJune 20,000 tons of copra, against 34,000 tons 64 during the same period in 1892. For the 12 months the total imports were 46,634 tons of copra and 18,806 tons of palm kernels against 61,844 tons and 17,523 tons respectively in 1892, or a deficit of 15,000 tons. This deficit falls chiefly on imports from Singapore, Penang, and Java. As copra yields 65 per cent oil on the average, a shortage of 15,000 tons raw material means about 10,000 tons diminution in the output of oil. The natural consequence of this deficit was a proportionate enhancement in’values, and from 35 fr. for copra and 52 fr. for oil at which the year opened prices rose unabatedly to 40 fr. 50c. and 63 fr. at the end of July. These prices were maintained without serious fluctuations until towards the end of October when larger sup- plies began to arrive, and prices receded steadily until the end of the year, closingon December 21 at about the same level as in January, viz. 35 fr. 50 c. for copra and 52 fr. 50c. for oil. The trade has been, on the whole, profitable, as athough the largest mills did not work their full capacity over the first 6 months, crushers, gained full compensation in the fuller values at which they sold their products. Ervepects for the coming year are much more favourable in respect of supply. as from all parts of the Malay Archipelago as well asfrom Java crops are said to be very promising. This year Java had no crop of importance, and very little was available for export, whereas the trees are now said to be in full bearing, which may mean an export of 25,000 tons to 30,000 tons about the same as in 1891. Imports of palm oil regained their average and attained 16,235 tons, against 13,000 tons in 1892. Tallow shows a deficit, only 4,904 tons, against 6,494 tons in 1892. The bulk of these imports has been consumed b local stearine and candle manufacturers, and, in ad- dition to these, it must be mentioned that among the imports of oil-seeds are comprised about 12,000 tons of mourah seed and illipe nuts, which yield a concrete oil containing a large percentage of stearine. In round figures the yield of these 12,000 tons of seeds and nuts may be put down at 6,000 tons oil, which sold considerably cheaper than tallow, and were all consumed by the same candle manufacturers as a good substitute for tallow and palm oil. About 75 per cent. of the imports of palm oil are shipped by French factories on the West Coast of Africa owned by Marseilles firms, and the other 25 per cent come from English factories on the same coast. A new product was also imported from China this year, called vegetable tallow, which is obtained from a nut grown in China and crushed in the country. In substance it is much the same as mourah and illipe oil and well suited for mixin with these. About 2,000 tons have been teporied and there is promise for a large increase. By reason of the Plentifa’ output of other oils from local mills, and also large supplies of olive oils, there has been less demand for cotton oil, and imports have been 12,522 tons, against 15,974 tons in 1892. ———_o MOON’S. INFLUENCE ON WEATHER. (From ‘** Handy Book of Meteorology by Alex. Buchan, M.A., Secretary of the Scottish Meteoro- logical Society, 2nd edition. ) It is an opinion which has been long and popularly entertained that the changes of the moon have so great an influence on the weather that they may be employed with considerable confidence in prediction. That the moon’s changes exercise an influence so strongly marked as to make itself almost immediately felt in bringing about fair or rainy, or settled or stormy, weather, an examination of meteorological records, extending over many years, conclusively disproves. Sir John Herschel states, in his ‘Familiar Lee- tures,’ that the moon has a tendency “to clear the sky of cloud, and to produce, not only a serene but THE 810 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Fep. 1, 1895. a calm night, when so near the full as to appear round to the eye.” Arago says, ‘‘Lalune mange les nuages.’”’ If these opinions are founded on fact, then the meon must have a very great and decided influence in clearing ths sky of clouds. William Ellis has ex- amined the Greenwich meteorological records from 1841 to 1847, and shown from these seven years’ observations that such a peculiar and striking effect does not exist.* The popular opinion probably arisesfrom the circumstance thatthe clearing of the sky near the time of full moon arrests the attention, whereas the clearing of the sky when the moon is not present is less likely to be noticed. From a most laborious investigation, which meteor- ologists alone can adequately appreciate, Park Har- risen has shown that shortly after full moon there is a tendency to dispersion of cloud, which, though not very marked, is yet appreciable; and he has further shown, from the observations of temperature at Greenwich for 1841-47 and 1856-64, at Oxford for 1856-64, and at Berlin for 1820-35, that a maximum mean temperature occurs on the average at each of these places on the 6th and 7th day of the lunation, when the moon’s crust turned towards the earth is coldest; and a minimum mean temperature shortly after full moon, when the moon’s crust haying been exposed for some days to the sun’s heat is warmest. The conclusion has been drawn that the lowering of the temperature immediately after full moon, is caused by the partial clearing of the sky of cloud by the higher temperature caused by the full moon, by means of which terrestrial radiation is less impeded, and the temperature consequently falls. Now, itis neces- sary to distinguish here between the facts of obserya- tion and the conclusions drawn from them. The lower averages of cloud and of temperature after full moon, and the higher averages in the moon's first quarter, are interesting facts in the meteorology of the places for which the auerages were taken; and they are also valuable as suggesting further inquiry ; but they do not warrant the broad conclusion which has been deduced from them. Schiibler has examined sixteen years’ observations of the wind, and has found that the S. and W. winds increase in frequency from new moon to the second octant, whilst in the last qurter the same winds are ata minimum, and N. and BH. winds reach their maxi- mum. Glaisher has generally confirmed these results, from a discussion of the Greenwich observations of the wind from 1841 to 1847.+ Let it be supposed that this relation of the winds to the phases of the moon were established, it would then be unnecessary to resort to dispersion of cloud and increased ter- restrial radiation in order to account for the lower average temperature, seeing that the greater pre- valence of northerly and esterly winds would be amply sufficient to bring about these results. it it be the case that there is an immediate connection between the phases of the moon and these changes of temperature, then it necessarily fol- lows that the same relation may be observed any- where over the world. It is self-evident, espcially to those who have charted the weather for consider- able portions of the earth’s surface,that if Schiibler’s and Glaisher's conclutions regirding the wind hold good for France and the south of England, the same winds will not prevail at the same time over even so small a portion of the earth’s surfaceas Hurope. These winds, it will be observed, possess different qualities, the one being moist and warm, and the otier dry and cold; hence they point to a different distribution of the barometric pressure. ‘he proying of the monthly recurrence of such distributions of pressure affecting the winds, and, through them, the temperature at Greenwich; the tracing of these perpetually recurring changes to lunar infiuence ; and the extention of the inquiry into other parts of the world which would bé necessary before any general result could be arrive1 at, present a problem so vast and go laborious that few would care to encounter it. * ‘Philosophical Magazine’ for July 1858. ‘Proceedings of Meteorological Society of Hng- and,’ March 1867. Joseph Baxendell* has examined the St. Petersb observations for the years 1856-64, the years for whi Mr. Harrison examined the Greenwich and the Ox- ford temperature. There were 111 lunations during these nine years, and the mean temperatures were found to be as follows :— Day after Mean Day after Mean New Moon. Temp. Full Moon. ‘Temp. 5th day, 38.32 3rd day, 38.88 6th ,, 38.30 4th ,, 38.79 7th ,, 38.57 5th ,, 39.29 8th ,, 38.16 6th ,, 39.62 9th ,, 37.65 7th 4 39.96 Mean, 38.20 Mean, 39.31 Hence, instead of the highest temperatures occurring after new moon, and the lowest se full moon, as at Greenwich and Oxford, all the highest occurred at St. Petersburg after full moon, and all the lowest after new moon. This result confirms what has been stated, and proves that the moon has no im- mediate sensible effect on the temperature of the air near the surface of the earth. Whether it has any disturbing influence on the barometric pressure, and thence on the winds and the temperature, has not yet been even attempted to be proved. Oo rOC—~—S INDIAN PATENTS. Calcutta, 18th to 20th December, 1894. Applications in respect of the undermentioned in- ventions have been filed, during the 8th week end- ing December 1894, under the provisions of Act V. of 1888, in the Office of the Secretary appointed under the Inventions and Designs Act, 1888 :— Improvements in Retting Fibrous Plants.—No. 343 of 1894.—John Colt Pennington, of Paterson, New Jersey, Chemist, and William Outis Allison, Publisher, of 72, William Street, in the City, « o. and State of New York, United States of America, for sae tee in retting fibrous plants. xtracting India-Rubber from Juice of Plants oranges in India.—No. 346 of 1894.—Sadhoo Muljee Cursundas and Khoja Allarakhya Rahimtulla, con- tractor, of extracting gold and other mecals from various dusts, and stones, residing in Cutch, Bhuj, for extracting India-rubber from juice of plants grow- ing in India. Apparatus for Exposing Tea, etc.—No. 354 of 1894.—Samuel Cleland Davidson, of ‘Sirocco,’ En- gineering Works, Belfast, Ireland, Merchant for im- provements in apparatus for exposing tea, coffee, cocoa, grain and other substances to the drying or other action of air, vapour or gases, Improved Manual Power Paddy Husking Machine. —No. 356 of 1894.—Maung Thein, Maung Myook, at present residingin Wakenma Myaungmya District, Burma, for the improved manual power paddy husk- ing machine. Machinery or Apparatus for Reducing or Breaking Tea.—No. 52 of 1888.—William Jackson, of Thorn Grove, Mamnnofield, Aberdeen, Scotland, Engineer, for improvements in machinery or apparatus for re- ducing or breaking tea. (From 4th i anuary 1895 to 3rd January 1896. Apparatus for Drying Tea Leaves.—No. 30 of 1890. —William Jackson, of Thorn Grove, Mannofield, Aberdeen, North Britain, Gentleman, for improvements in apparatus for drying tea leaves, coffee, grain ox other produce. (From 26th May 1335 to 23th May 1896.)—Jndian Engineer. he is NATAL TEA REPORT. Mr. G. W. Drummond, of Kearsney, reports:—“There was little to note during October of special interest, but November has proved itself quite an exceptional month. The weather in the Stanger district, for tea, has been very favour able, and the outturn in both quantity and quality has been far ahead of any other previousNovember. Every single outgarden supplying the Kearsney factory with green leaf made their * «Proceedings of Lit. and Phil. Society of M chester,’ 1867-68. BoB. it, 1895. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, Gath: record month, up to date. Not one of them failed to exceed any previous year in outturn, and this, with finer leaf, spéaks volumes. Our estimate for this season (Stanger district) is, as you know, 720,000 lb but if the present favourable conditions continue till the end of January we shall not hesitate to clapon another 40,000 or 50,0001b to that total. Our neigh- bours are, I am glad to say,, doing equally weil, so that the MrOSp ect is decidedly encouraging.—)atal Mercury, Dec, 14. — <> NEW PROCESS FOR EXTRACTING RAMIE FIBRE. Ramie or Rheea fibre is once more a general subject of attention in the press. New companies and new modes of dealing with the fibre are not unfrequently spoken of; but it would seem as if the latest London Company to which we re- cently referred possessed the truly economical method; for its business is largely on the in- crease. Meantime, we observe the following paragraph from the Singapore Free Press given an extract from a report by the American Consul- General there, Consul-General Pratt :-— ““ My attention has recently been called to a new and economical process for the extraction of the fibre of the ramie plant by simple chemical means and heat. Desirous of satisfying me as to the efficacy of the above, the inventor took a quantity of the plants, stripped off the bark in my presence, and after about forty minutes’ boiling in his mixture, pro- duced a mass of fibre which seemed entirely free from gum or other deleterious ingredients, and which after having been simply washed in cold water, dried a few hours in the sun, and then pulled out with the fingers, appeared in proper shape for spinning. If, as I am inclined to think, the ramie will thrive in our Atlantic and Gulf States of the South, in South- ern California, and in New Mexico, our agriculturists would greatly benefit by producing the plant, were a cheap and easy means afforded for the extraction of its very valuable fibre.’( America is not likely, we should think, to compete with India, Ceylon, Johore, &c., in the cultivation of Bohmeria nivea, indigenous as it is to Assam. But what we are curious to know is where Consul- General Pratt met ‘‘the inventor of the new process’ of dealing with the fibre? If in the Straits, there must be an additional ‘‘ Richmond in the field.” eee ee RECENT PATENTS. IMPROVEMENTS IN CINCHONA PREPARATIONS. No. 12,796. 1894. EF. W. Fletcher, Enfield. This invention consists in the extraction of cinchona- bark by means of a menstruum consisting of water, glycerine and hydrobromic acid. The process em- loyed is a special one, and the evaporation is in vacuo. By this means an extract is obtained containing the whole of the alkaloids of the bark, together with the kinic, kinovic, and cincho-tannic acids. and the other natural and more or less undefined constituents of the bark, all of which possess valuable tonic, aro- matic, and astringent qualities.—Chemist and Druggist. ——E—E HAWAILAN COFFEE. The coffee industry of the islands is still in an ex- perimental stage. ‘Chere are a number of plantations, a few of which will obtain a small crop this season. In North Hilo, a plantation of thirty acres, in dif- ferent stages of growth, will yield over a ton of coffee. In this neighbourhood there are about 30,000 trees out. In Kona about 10,000 pounds is estimated as the crop from the wild groyes located there. In Kai- lue, on the plantation of the Hawaiian Coffee and Lea Company, the coffee trees are in fine condition. The company has 160 acres in coffee, of which a small por- tion has trees three years old. The bulk are from three months to two years old. The oldest trees, topped at four and a half feet and set six feet apart, are quite full of fruit, and a considerable number in the large fields have quite a sprinkling of berries onthem, and they promise eel for the next crop. These are set wider apart, and will be topped higher. In some localities the soil is not of the right sort; in others its capacity of growing coffee is to be tested. In Hilo a Mr. Rycroft has thirty-five acres of trees three years old and fifteen acres just planted. He expects to gather two tons of coffee this season. In Olaa about 300,000 trees are out and more being set out. The trees and young plants show a vigorous and healthy growth. ‘There are no trees over two years old at present, and very few have yet attained that ago. In Kau there is land adapted for coffee, but not much has been done. In Hamakua a number of Portuguese haye many trees more or less neglected. The Kukaiau plantation embraces sixty-five acres set at two different elevations, one part being 1,400 feet and the rest 2,000 feet, in both of which the coffee looked very well and compared favorably with any seen, both in growth and _ bear- ing, although a little wind-blown on the lower tract on the exposed ridges. This coffee is from two to three years old, planted seven by eight feet and being topped at six feet in height, and is just coming into bearing, and will possibly yield two tons of coffee. As in all countries where a new planting indus- try is started, views differ as to methods of culti- vation, and Hawaii is no exception to the rule. The proper height for topping, distance of setting the trees apart, and hade, are all matters about which planters differ. One grower, with 1,500 trees, costing $300, expects to get 1,500 pounds from the patch this year. From the above facts, reported by a committee of investigation, whose report in full is published in the flanters’ Monthly for November, it is fair to con- clude that coffee promises to be a productive indus- try on the islands, where the soil and climate are favorable, provided cultivation is intelligently carried forward. ild coffee was found growing in the forests and by the roadside, and producing fairly well—Ameri- can Grocer, Dec. 12. ae COCONUTS IN NORTH NEGOMBO DISTRICT. NORTH OF THE MAHAOYA. Jan. 12. _ Rain seems to have been pretty general all over the island last week ; and this side has not been forgotten. On one estate there was a fall of 4°35 inches on the 7th and on the same day 1:60 on another estate 25 miles farther north-west. This rain has been most welcome as cultivators were beginning to fear they were in for another year of drought seeing that rain ceased so early in December. Ithas also sayed the paddy crops which were beginning to suffer. Colds, rbeumatism and slight fevers have prevailed fora month past owing to the long-shore wind. Can you give me the address of one or two tanners? Tcan’t get the information in the “Ceylon Handbook and Directory,’ but ‘even Jove sometime: nods.” More powerto H.W. His ‘‘ First March in Africa” shows pluck and endurance of no mean order. That last 25 miles and the final climb would have “ done’ for many & younger man. I laughed considerably over some of his quaint conceits. [Written of course, before the nes of poor BH. W. s death arrived. A long—a last farewell to all his travels and jottings.—We shall certainly add a list of tanners in Colomho to the * Directory” now passing through the press and hope to give addresses of one or two for our correspondent’s benefit by Wednesday.—Had. 1'..4. | 512 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Fes. 1, 1895. THE FULL EXTRACTION FROM TEA: AND THE TRADE IN ‘‘ REVAMPED” TEA LEAVES. A somewhat curious point has been raised upon proceedings recently taken in London against the vendors of used tea leaves. It will be re- membered, perhaps, that the Customs authori- ties were the prosecutors in that case. These held that the revenue had been defrauded by the sale of the used leaf, and the judgment given appeared to uphold this view. In one sense, no doubt, this contention could be justi- fied. For if this revamped stuff had not come into the market for consumption, as a mat- ter of course, unused tea that had paid the full duty, would have been used instead of it. ut the question would seem naturally to follow, at what point can it be claimed in con- nection with excise, that tea leaf can be said to have been ‘‘used”? Until that point be reached, whatever it may be decided to be, surely the Customs authorities, having once received duty upon tea, cannot fairly claim any interest in it? The replies to the question raised, must, of eourse, vary considerably. Taking the average of households among the better-off classes, it may be assumed that the tea consumed therein would be deemed to be waste after but a few minutes of infusion. In poorer households, however, this limi- tation would not be accepted. A smaller quantity of tea would be made to do equivalent duty, and would besubject to infusion for ten minutes or a quarter of an hour, or even longer. In such cases, of course, the ‘‘used” tea would differ greatly as to remaining strength from that in the first case considered. But between these two classes of tea-drinkers, there intervene a third. Thisis that of the extremely poor, who are satis- fied with the liquor to be obtained from the leavings of the other two. Nodoubt, in the first case referred to, there remains a very considerable amount of strength in its leavings nor could it be said, perhaps, that its extract would be likely to proye distinitly injurious, or even, to coarser alates, absolutely distasteful. It seems hard to insist that such leaf should be consigned to the dustbin, while there are many thousands of the poor who would gladly use it. When we give consideration, however, to the second class of eases, we should say that any further extraction from the used leaf would be likely to prove most injurious to the consumer. That there remains in tea leaf even after ten minutes or so of in- fusion a certain amount of strength that may be got by boiling andstewing, we see little reason to doubt. But the result must be an extraction of the tannin and chemical residuals that no one desirous of maintaining health would think of drinking. But there is even a “‘lower depth” in the grades of poverty, and until tea has been made to yield its last component, the chances are that people will be found only too glad to use it. The difficulty of determining ~ how such use can best be checked, must be ap- parent from what we have written. How and by whom should a standard of finality be fixed? As we have shown, a large amount of tea dis- carded as ‘‘used” cannot in the strict sense of the term be said to be so. Further extraction from this may be unpalatable, and yet it would be resuming too much to say that it is unfit for Maier food. But although this may be conceded, how can the distinction necessary between the first and second cases, be discriminated? On the whole, we think, that although in the ab- stract the right of the Customs cannot be sup- ported, it may be that the judgment given in its favour ma prove the best means of checking a practice likely to be hurtful to the public health. We are, therefore, inclined to accept the anomaly of the claim, because we deem that it may serve a useful purpose. That the re-consumption of tea leaf can ever be entirely checked must be very doubtful. We should be content to pass it over in all cases such as we have mentioned where it might be acceptable as a form of charity. We would, however, put down with a strong hand all attempts to deal with the article as a matter of trade, in which case colouring with injurious material is almost certain to be resorted to. —————.—_____ A QUININE FACTORY IN JAVA. The project to establish a large quinine factory in Java has entered upon an active phase. A company is said to be in course of formation, and it 1s mentioned that 300,000f. (25,000/.) have already been subscribed towards the capital. At a meeting of the Java Cinchona-planters’ Asso- ciation on November 15 a detailed scheme was peries to be submitted.—Chemist and Druggist, ec, 29. —-— oo BRITISH-GROWN TEAS. TO THE EDITORS OF THE “‘ LEEDS MERCURY.” Gentlemen,—You have been good enough at this season in former years to print a few notes from us about tea, so we venture to hope that you may insert the following, as possibly of some interest to your very numerous readers. The rapidly increasing demand for the British-grown leaf and the diminishing consumption of China teas, which have been the most remarkable facts in the trade during the last few years, have been still more accentuated in 1894. At the present time, barely one- tenth of all the tea consumed in Great Britain comes from the Celestial Empire, and it is probable that even this comparatively small proportion will dwindle almost to nothing by the approaching end of the century. The China-Japanese war is not, therefore, likely to appreciably raise the price paid by the British consumer for his pound of tea, as many have feared. The war, however, especially if it be of long duration, will indirectly affect the prices in the wholesale markets, since Japan, which has hitherto supplied the wants of North America, and China, from which the Russians have hitherto im- ported all their requirements, will naturally not be able to produce their normal quantities of tea. Our transatlantic cousins and the subjects of the Czar will thus be obliged to buy from the only other tea-producing countries. India and Ceylon, and when once these stronger and more economical British- grown teas have taken hold, as they assuredly will, of the affections of the Americans and Russians, the old-fashioned prejudices in favour of the thinner- liquoring growths from the two Empires now at war, will have been permanently overcome. Owing to the troubles, present and impending, in China, the merchants are already naturally shy of journeying, loaded with silver, up into the interior of that vast Empire, as they have customarily done hitherto, for the purpose of buying tea and sending it down to the shipping ports. They have heard that there are some very obvious reasons why their silver, and their bodies too, might perhaps remain perma- nently ‘‘upcountry;’ thus, diminished and oyer- taxed cultivation, and paralysis of interior commerce, now threaten irreparable damage to the China tea trade. As to this season’s crops, the quality is good, and above the average, but the quantity is not up to the estimated yield, owing to unfavourable climatic influ- ences. Wholesale prices have consequently risen slightly all round. Fes. 1, 1895 | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 513 As all Englishmen are proverbially interested in the weather, and as atmospheric changes have of late been really remarkable, it may be worth notice here that continued wet weather tries tea as well as some people’s tempers. For instance, the late excessive rains, especially in the Southern and Midland Counties have temporarily affected the tastes of very many tea drinkers. It is well known to experts that autumnal flood waters are liable to be slightly contaminated by decaying leaves and dissolyed earthy matters, and that thus they injuriously affect the delicate flavours of the finer teas. In the autumn and winter, too, the improper feeding of cows often results in their yielding a milk which neutralises the most appetising properties of the tea into which it is thoughtlessly oured. All lovers of the fragrant leaf should there- ore take daily care to infuse it only with fresh pure water, and put into it only pure milk, and sound, odourless sugar, or the innocent product of the East may, as so often happens, be unjustly blamed for the faults of its Western associates.—Yours, &c., Brooxr, Bonp, AND Co. Lurep. 11, Boar-lane, Leeds, November 23rd, 1894. ieee THE PRODUCTION OF TEA IN JAPAN. The United States Consul at Nagasaki, says, that in that Ken, tea cultivation is conducted as follows :— On inclined ground the tea is planted in furrows, but on level ground the plants are grown separately. The space between each row is about three and a half feet. On the hill sides it is planted in rows, but on the plains and near the houses it is grown in circular patches. After the first and second leaves are picked the branches are cut with shears. The object in cutting is mostly to make the plant round or semi- circular. Formerly the plant was cut down to the ground every three years. The ground is cultivated three or four times in the spring, summer and autumn. The grasses arecut, and manure applied twice a year —in spring and inautumn. For manure, night soil, green weeds, accumulated soil, oil cakes, and fish, are used. These manures are used only forplants near people’s residences; for those on the hill sides, weedings are performed twice a year, in spring and in autumn, and the weeds are used as manure. The season for gathering first tea buds or leaves begins on the first or second of May, but in some localities first leaves are gathered about the 20th of May. Second buds or leaves are generally allowed to grow, unless the market price is very high, or the first leaves gathered are found much smaller than usual. In the vicinity of Omura and Hirado, however they gather both first and second leaves. In picking leaves for the best tea, three tender leaves are picked together ; for the middle of lower classes of tea, five leaves are picke'l atonce; and for the lowest, all the young leaves are gathered. In picking leaves women are usually employed. The average quantity of the three leaves icked by a woman is from ten te thirteen catties a ay (a catty is equivalent to 1-31 pounds ayoirdupois). The manufacture was formerly conducted in two ways, namely, by drying in the iron pan, or in thesun, then drying in paper utensils was introduced, and more recently drying in bamboo baskets came into vogue. The method of drying in the iron pan is still ex- tensively used. For manufacturiug black tea, the Indian method was formerly followed, but at present the Chinese method is adopted. For sorting tea leaves, heated in paper utensils, round and square sieves are used, and for rolling utensils, either case or bag is used. Night soil, oil cake, dried fish, green grass, and weeds, are considered the best manure for tea plants. The hours of labour are from 5 in the morning untill 6 inthe evening. The daily product per man is as follows :—‘ With the iron pan, xbout thirty catties: with the paper utensil, about twenty catties; with the bamboo basket, about forty-five catties. The women are employed only at steaming the tea leaves, and are paid only half the rate of the payment to the men. When the season arrives, the workmen are hired daily, the farmers helping each other. In Omura, contracts are made before-hand by advancing money about January or February. —Journal of the Society of Arts. [ BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA : NOTES FROM BLANTYRE. Perhaps a few notes regarding this part of the world, one of England’s latest possessions, may be of some interest to the readers of the Journal of Horticulture. Of our journey up the Zambesi and Shire rivers we will not say much. Suttice it, that we had a most delightful voyage; but what else could we expect, considering we had the good fortune to beon board the best, fastest, cleanest, and most comfortable steamer plying on the great Zambesi—namely, the mission steamer ‘Henry Henderson?” Shortly after leaving Chinde, the port of debarkation (formerly it used to be Quilimane), we in due time reached Shupanga, where we went ashore, and visited the grave of Mrs. Livingstone (27th April, 1862). The Baobab tree under which she rests was measured by one of us, and found to be 50feetin circumference 5 feet from its base. What a splendid forest there is at Shupanga, and what magnificent trees grow therein. From this forest come most of the canoes used onthe lower reaches of the river. Rosewood we saw in abundance. also some splendid trees of Lignum Vite. There is also a vast number of Mango trees, said to have been planted by the Jesuit missionaries centuries ago. Wedo not contradict the statement, for it may well be true, but today these trees are a living testimony of the good those early missionaries did. At Shupanga the Zambesi is much over 1,000 ards wide, and beautifully studded with is- ands. Along the river banks grow many curious and beautiful plants and flowers. The most common are the Convolvuluses of various colours, climbing up to the tops of the trees, and hanging down in graceful festoons. Pal- myra palms are abundant all the way up the river, and are most Invaluable as timber for house-building. _We also noticed great tracts of the Zambesi Cabbage (Pistia stratiotes). Very fertile seemed the gardens of the natives, Along the river banks we saw considerable areas of Rice (the staple article of food of the natives on the river banks), Ground Nuts, Sor- ghum, Beans, Peas, and Sweet Potatoes. Maize, grown so much in the Highlands, does not seem to do so well in the lower districts. Ten days after leaving Chinde we reached Katungas or Port Blantyre, and here our river journey ended. After resting for one night we set off early the next morning to walk to Blan- tyre, a distance of twenty-five miles. For the first few-miles of the journey we travelled over a comparatively level road, and then we came to the ascent of the hills, which in some places is as much as lin 20°. However, after an hour’s steady climbing we reached the top, and right handsomely were we rewarded by the magnificent view that burst upon us. Away down on the plains the atmosphere was close, the air too thick and hot to breathe ; but here, up on the hills, how cool and exhilarating ! What a charming country! What richness of vegetation! A land that knows not frost or snow ! and so, resting at the roadside under the shade of a Bamboo clump we uttered such expressions of approval, on this, our first en- trance, into the Shire Highlands of British Central Africa. Continuing ow journey we soon reached Mlame where, by the kindness of the present administration, a half-way house roughly constructed of Grass and Bamboo, has been put up for the accommodation of travellers, and here we rested for ourmidday snack. Mlame is 514 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURISYI. fourteen miles from Blantyre, the metropolis of the Shire Highlands, and four hours’ walk through most beantiful scenery soon brought us to our journey’s end. Tne Church of Scotland Mission Station at Blantyre occupies a most delightful position, nesbling amongst the many undulating hills for which the scenery of the Shire Highlands is justly famed. We entered the Station from the Manilala side, passing up a milelong avenue of Eucalyptus trees, planted some thirteen years ago. They have now attained to a great height, some of them to nearly 6) feet. In the centre of the square is to be seen a giant specimen, towering to a height of 89 feet, with a stem 18 inches in diameter, and as straight as a telegraph pole. The square in front of the church is a delightful spot. In the wide flower borders which surround it are to be seen such lants as Roses, Pelargoniums, Pentstemons, Dahlias, and Sweet Williams growing alongside ; Poinsettias, Clerodendrons, Hibiscus, and Plum- bagos, bordered with Alternantheras; while the lawn in the centre is dotted over with some fine specimens of Conifers, Eucalyptus, two Cocoa Nut alms, and some native trees. The kitchen garden covers an area of a little over 2 acres, and is laid out in the form of ter- races, five in number. An irrigation stream, brought from a distance of nearly two miles, runs through the garden, and, but for a few weeks towards the end of the dry season, gives an ample supply of water, consequently vegetables can be grown nearly all the year round. Let- tuce, Leeks, Onions, Carrots, Asparagus, Peas, Beans, Tomatoes, and English Potatoes do well, giving an abundant return. One cannot say the Cauliflower is a success. The plants grow well, but the ‘“‘heads” are small, while Cabbages, as may be imagined, are a never-failing vegetable. We were rather interested in the propagation of the Cabbage, as practised at Blantyre. When the Cabbage proper is cut for table the stems are owed to remain in the ground for a fortnight or so, by which time ‘‘ offshoots” will have formed. These are taken off and inserted about 6 inches apart in the ordinary garden soil, which at Blantyre is of a licht texture, a little sand being first placed on the surface, and are well attended to in the matter of watering, a process requiring to be done every day in Central Africa in the dry season. After about a fortnight or three weeks the cuttings are sufficiently rooted to allow them to be planted out, and in another four weeks’ time, are ready for use. We have seen Cabbages grown in this yay at Blantyre weigh from 15 to 25 1b. weight. ‘pcting the dry season, from May to November, all =a otables are best grown in trenches. A line is set, and 2 trench taken out about a foot in depth, and the same .a breadth, which is filled with water from the irrigation stream. After about a week some well-cecayed manure is dug into the trench, and the Seeds sown. In the rainy season ridges take tie place of trenches. Turnip seeds germinate in 1rom two to three days, Peas in four days. The varicties of Peas which seem todo best in this part ar¢é Lightning, Fill- basket, and William the First. We have never et been able to grow Melons. They grow toa certain length until the fruit is the size of an Orange, and then the plants become eankered and imately die. ] a eee quarter of the garden is devoted to fruit trees. Apples, both culinary and dessert, do extremely well. The trees are all about ten years old, though there are some fine young ones to be seen. Orange, Lemon, Gra- naJilla, Guaya, Peach, Pomegranate, Fig, Lo- quat, and Papayas are all grown. Cape oo. berries have made their home in the Shire High- lands, and are to be found in nearly every village. Pine Apples and Bananas are equally as plenti- ful. A beautiful avenue of Lemon trees sbretch- ing through the station gives a never-failing sup- ply of fruit, and in a tropical climate there are worse things than a “ L2mon squash” when one is thirsty. Tea is also grown in the Blantyre (Garden. though not to any great extent. In the dry sea- son it is only by irrigating the plants that a flush can be had. Little over a year ago aconspicuous object in the Blantyre Garden was the first Coffee tree (Coffea arabica) introduced into the Shire Highlands in 1878. Mr. Dunean (then gardener at Blantyre) brought with him from the Botanic Gardens in Edinburgh three coffee trees; two of them died, but one lived, and grew, and flourished. In 1878 there was one coffee tree in the Shire Highlands, today there are millions. The Shire Highlands of British Central Africa have come much to the front of late as being suitable for coffee growing and in looking pround at the many oat managed coffee plantations in the district one has no hesitation in saying that there is a bright future before it Noticeable amongst the foreign trees is the Camphor Laurel, Camphora officinaram, the well- known Laurel of China and Japan, introduced into the Shire Highlands in 1884 Nothing as yet has been attempted in extracting the cam- phor. but if any of your readers wish to know 10w the camphor is extracted by distillation we would refer oe to page 289 of the Journal of Horticulture for September 28th, 1893. But apart from home flowers and _ plants there are many handsome ones indigenous to the country, and that rightly merit a place in the garden. There is the fine shrub, Tephrosia Vogeli, having a profusion of large white flowers, and it keeps flowering allthe year round. There is also the white variety of the Datura, Datura alba, but it is not very abundant, and we scarcely think it is a native of the district ; very probably it has been intro- duced from the coast. Lilies are not very numer- ous, and as faras we have seen theré is but one variety worth cultivating. The nameof it wedo not know, but its flowers, and in fact the whole habit of the plant, is closely allied to Gloriosa superba. Water Lilies are more abundant, but their home is down the lower river and hidden away in the marshes. There is one species, a pale blue Nymphzea, which is well worthy of cultiv- ation. Irises are tobe found, one variety, achar- ming yellow, named Cadalvena spectabilis, we have never seen before. Of ground Orchids there is an endless variety, but nothing very special. Such families as Malvacez, Labiatze, Convolvu- lacee, and Sterculiacee are very numerous, and include many species. But now the sun is far down in the west, and soon darkness will be upon us. So we retrace our steps to the manse. From the manse verandah what a beautiful scene is before us! We first rest our eyes on the Palms and other fine-foliaged plants beneath us, and then they wander away to the fine undulating belt of hills, “The Minchiru Range,” over which the sun is just setting in all its beauty of crimson, blue, and gold—truly an African sunset. We will not attempt to describe it, but surely it requires no great stretch of the inne tion to convince one that ~n Central Atrica (Fes. 1 : am ) ios THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Fre. 1, 1895. | Blantyre Mission Station occupies a very home- like scene, which is not easily surpassed.—Nos- DAMA, Blantyre, B.C.A., September 28th, 1894. [So rarely does an article reach the gardening press direct from Central Africa—the ‘‘land of the future” it has been called—that we have pleasurein giving a leading position to the inter- esting communication of ‘‘Nos-dama,’ from whom we hope to lear again.—Hd. ‘‘ Jowinal of Horticulture.” | SS eee TEA AND SCANDAL. MoNoDY ON A TEA KELTLE (By S. T. Coleridge, 1790.) 1 Oh Muse, who sangest late another's pain, To gpicts domestic turn thy coal-black steed ; With slowest steps thy funeral steed must go, Nodding his head in all the pomp of woe; Wide scatter round each dark and deadly weed, And let the melancholy dirge complain, (While bats shall shriek, and dogs shall howling run,) “The Tea-kettle is spoiled, and Coleridge is undone.” ) Your cheerful songs ye unseen crickets cease ; Let songs of grief your altered minds engage ; For he who sang responsive to your lay, What time thejoyous bubbles ’gan to play, ‘The sooty swain has felt the fire’s fierce rage. Yes, he is gone, and all my woes increase. I heard the water issuing from the wound: No more the tea shall pour its fragrant steams around. 3 Oh goddess, best beloved, delightful Tea, With thee compared, what yields the maddening Wine ? Sweet Power! who knowest to spread the calm delight And the pure joy prolong to midmost night, Ah! must Lall thy -varied sweets resign ? Enfolded close in grief thy form I see. No more wilt thou extend thy willing arms, Receive the fervent Jove, and yield him all thy charms. 4 How sink the mighty low by fate opprest ! Perhaps, oh Kettie, thou, by scornful toe Rude urged to ignoble place with plaintive din, May’st rust obscure ’midst heaps of vulgar tin ; As if no joy had ever seized my breast, When from thy spout the streams did arching fly ; As if, infused, thou ne’er hadst known t’ inspire All the warm raptures of poetic fire. | a But hark! or do I fancy the glad voice ? “What though the swain did wondrous charms dis- close (Not such did Memnon’s sister, sable drest), Take these bright arms with royal face imprest : A better Kettle shall thy soul rejoice, . And with oblivious wings o’erspread thy woes.” Thus fairy Hope can soothe distress and toil ; On empty Trivets she bids Kettles boil. You will observe that Coleridge, a Devonian (born at Ottery, St. Mary, hence Ottery in Dikoya) calls | a kettle “he”: in Northamptonshire it is a ‘‘she”’ for they call her sukey, and say that “ sukey sings just before the water boils.” In this county the also have a queer mixture called tea-kettle broth, which is compounded of bread, butter, pepper and | salt, with boiling water. In South Warwick, where they pronounce tea as “tay,” tay-kettle broth con- sists of bread, hot water, and an onion or two. If their tea is poor, thin or watery, they say “this is very blashy tay—it is water-bewitched.” With them a tea-drinking is a bun-feasf anda Warwickshire man says, “If Igo to the bun-/east IT must put on my roast-beef (best) coat.’ If he is a harvest man his tea or beer is brought to him in a jfoust, a tin or earthen bottle, and with him a weak argument or weak tea is cat-lap or cat-blash. In Antrim very weak tea is dubbed dleerie, and in Lincoin, alas ! they lace, or mix spirits with, their tea. At Win- chester School very poor tea is called squish (the Cambridge equiyaient for marmalade I believe), and a tea-chest in Zw doces (thou teachest). he following extracts may interest old Wykehamites in Ceylon: —‘''ay-time over, the valets set to work to make their master’s coffee or tea (‘‘Mess’’). We used to make the former very good, our plan being to let it simmer for a long time, but on no account to let it boil over. In Belgium and France, however, where it is still better, I find they never boil the coffee, 515 but simply pour scalding water over it.” ‘The ju- niors got their tea (“Sus’’) anyhow—generally in bed—and swigged it out of a pint-cup; and how delicious it was! Not unfrequently it was accom- panied by a“ Thoker,” 7¢.e. the evening ration of bread soaked slightly in water, and then put down to bake near the hot ashes.’ And lest the Carthu- sians should be jealous, heve’s an extract from Char- terhouse (before it was moved to Godalming):—‘t The principal kinds of fagging in London were as follows. Firstly, Tea-Fagging. Hach upper retained the service of two fags to make his tea and toast, who were in consequence exempt from some other duties; and the custom became established for the upper, on leaving, toe ans each of his tea-fags with a “leave-book !’’ Does the voice of the Cantab here grumbl- ing complain, thatit’s surely his turnto be mentioned again? Well, in the Gradus ad Cantabragiam pub- lished in 18241 find the following :—dAct’s Breakfast: a treat given by the act to the opponents* prepa- ratory to their going tologgerheads. It is pleasant to see what a good understanding prevails between these wordy chanpions.. They do not quarrel in jest, like the gentlemen of the long robe. If it be not prophaneness to paraphrase on Milton, we might say that, at the act’s breakfast, They eat, they drink, andin communion sweet, Quaff coffee and bohea t— secure of surfeit. {* This compliment is now returned by each of the Opponents, but consists of ‘‘ Tea and turnout.” + A learned French physician, who wrotea Latin poem on Tea (‘Thea Sinensis”) says of it—nostris gratissima Musis,] On the Frst Fit of the Gout. By Elijah Fenton 17—?) From that art us’d to sit on ladies’ knee, To feed on jellies, and to drink cold tea; Thou that art ne’er from velvet slipper free ; Whence comes this unsought honour unto me! Whence does this mighty condescension flow ? To visit my poor Tabernacle, -—- 0! A. M. FERGUSON. nies NEW GUINEA NEWS. The schooner ‘‘ Myrtle” arrived from British New Guinea lately and brought — the largest cargo which has yet been exported from that young colony, véz., 600 bags copra, 70 tons of sandalwood and 31 bags of beche-de-mer. Mr. W. H. Gors, M.L.C., Manager for Burns, Philp and Co., Ltd, at Port Moresby, also exme Across, owing to a recurrence of ill health; hut we are glad to state he is now much better. He will, however, proceed south as far as Brishane, if not to Adelaide. At the former place he hopes to assist the formation of the Company which is intended to commence a coconut plantation in New Guinea on a large scale. The New Guinea Government have at last consented to form a dray road to the summit of the Astralab Ranges at the rear of Port Moresby ; and as soon as the prisoners have finished filling up the swamp at Samarai they will be removed to complete the road decided upon. When completed, the road will for the first time open up the country some distance inland for settlement. The land on the Ranges is described as very rich indeed, and the Government have purchased several suitable areas from the natives which will be thrown open to selection. This is a wise step. Once Puro- pean settlers get inland they will expend and develop the country’s resources much more pidly than when confined to the coast Lorres Straits Pilot. ra: line.— A New Uva PLANTING ComPANY.—We learn that Messrs. Whittall & €o. will shortly brine out a new Company to take over three plantations on the Uva side of the country. The railway has made a wonderful difference in reference to investments in Uva, by making the Principality its rich soil and fine so readily aceessible and climate so much better known. 516 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, VARIOUS PLAN'TING NOTES. PATENT COCONUT SPLITTING MACHINE.—A machine has been invented to split wp 8,000 to 10,000 nuts a day efficiently for factory use. “CHEAP TEA PLUCKING.”—It is stated that the average price for plucking tea leaf for 1894 on an estatein Dikoya has been as low as 7°87 | raising the temperature. cts. per lb. This is an extraordinarily cheap rate. One would imagine that this very low average, would have been attained as the result of very coarse plucking, but from inquiries we learn this could not well be the case as the average price of made tea from the same estate for the year has been quite equal to previous records. This is more astonishing as we hear on every hand complaints made as to scarcity of labour in this district, an experience common to the past year. Messrs. Marsaauy Sons & Co.—This firm has now removed into its new premises No. 99, Clive Street, which have been specially erected for them, and of which we gave a short description a few weeks back- erection of these buildings with their somewhat imposing front is another adyance in the improvye- ments to ‘the appearance of o1r commercial buildings and Messrs. Marshall Sons & Co. are to be congra- tulated in being one of the pioneers to erect offices worthy of this city, and which compare with those at home.—Indian Hnqineer. A Patent Tea Packer.—An invention which will commend itself to all interested in the proper and careful packing of tea preparatory to shipment, is on view just now on Messrs. Kilburn & Co’s. premises. This well-known firm are inviting all concerned to view the machine at work. Visitors are received by Mr. F. G. Maguire the joint-inventor, and the work- ing of the machine fully explained. Not the least interesting part of the exhibit, if we can so call it, is the Hornsby-Akroyed Oil Engine which works the machine, and which in itself is a novelty. fil description of the above will appear in our next issue.—Jndian Engineer Purcuase or LAND iN TRAvANcorE.—The large tract of land in Travancore, visited sometime ago by Mr. P. R. Buchanan, has been acquired by the | A } Sylhet Tea Companies, and the work of open- ing will proceed at once, both in tea and | coffee. Mr. Benzie will cross in a few weeks to make a suitable trace for outlet road. A con- temporary says :—‘‘The Superintendents at present on the Travancore land are remaining to work it in the new interests, and their ranks have been supplemented by a Ceylon planter, Mr. Graham of Udapussellawa, and by a planter from Permaad. Mr. Milne, Visiting Agent, says that good weather ruled when he was in Travancore, and the health of the natives was good, though cholera was very bad on the plains below, and as many as 40 deaths a day were occurring. This, though, did not effect the estates, as they get all their labour from Tinne- velly.” PROGRESS IN JAMAICA.—Sir Henry Blake, replying to the addresses of welcome he received on his return to Jamaica, informed the inhabitants that he had reason to believe his connection with that island as Governor would not cease in March next, when, in the usual course, his term of administration would expire. In one of his speeches he said: ‘* Look- ing forward as I do to the establishment of factories — that may greatly increase the value of our bananas and of our coconuts; the possible establishment of a direct line of steamers to England by which our fruit may be regularly placed on the London market and the fact that capital, which always flows in the line of least resistance, is becoming alive to the fact that among all the islands of the West Indies, Jamaica stands forth pre-eminently, is being best supplied with roads, bridges, and other means of communication, I confess that I am hopeful for the future of Jamaica and grateful that I may be per- mitted to take my share in shaping it.” - ARTIFICIAL PLUMBAGO.—The Daily Chronicle of Dec. 25th has the following paragraph :— M. Moissan is continuing his investigations by means of the enormous heat developed in the electric furnace. His latest discovery is that any variety of carbon—charcoal at one end and diamonds at the other—can be converted into graphite by sufficiently This graphite may be amor- phous or crystalline, with an ignition point in ory- gen of about 660 deg., while the stability of the i stance. as shown by its resistance to transformation into graphitic acid, depends on the temperature to which it has been raised. If M. Moissan’s cenclu- sions are correct, it is certain that we are within measurable distance of producing marketable dia- monds and, what is in our opinion much more im- portant, graphite of the fine quality of the vanished Keswick vein, which filled the ‘lead pencils” of a generation now getting grey. At all events, what with discoveries inade at low temperatures and others made at high ones, chemistry seems on the eve of some startling revelations. We do not think our plumbago merchants need be seared at this announcement. Some years ago there was a great deal in the papers about artificial quinine; but the gen ine article has not yet been superseded: nor will real plumbago, we expect. CEYLON COFFEE PLANTERS are to be found all over the world pretty well; and especially where there is any ‘‘ boom” in planting, there are they ready to lend a hand, whether it be in North Bor- neo, Java, the Straits, Nyassaland, Brazil, Gua- temala and, latest, Mexico. We have already no- ticed the connection of three ex-Ceylon planters with the enterprise in the last-mentioned. Mr. W. J Forsyth (the well-known Tropical Agriculturist as well as Observer correspondent) is hard at work on the Western slopes; Mr. Allan Black has been exploring and writing ; so has a third whose name escapes us as we write ; and now we have Mr. E. O. Darley, formerly of the Knuckles on the scen>. The Mexican Investor—an English monthly chisly devoted to ‘* Mining’—has in- terviewed Mr. Darley with the following result :— “T have just returned from an extensive trip through the Coffee districts of Southern Mexico and have found the Coffee interest all that it was re- p-esented to be and far superior to anything I had imagined. With few exceptions, the soil was of the richest quality and practically inexhaustible. As a rule, the Coffee trees were entirely umpruned and not weeded, and yet they were vigorons and healthy and were bearing astonishingly one pouad per tree of four years and Sieher up according to age. Insome cases I saw trees, ten or twelve years old, literally bending under the load of berries. “Under the same condition of cultivation, or rather lack of cultivation, that these trees were thriving in, coffee trees in Ceylon would hardly exist and certainly would bear no crop at all. I attribute this to the richness of the soil and the fine climate, which is especially adapted for coffee, and gives also wonderful results in sugar cane and similar crops. During my trip, I saw sugar cane four months old, ten feet long and one and one half inches in diameter, growing under the rich alluvial bottom lands. I also saw-many large rubber trees growing wild in these coffee lands, that I suspect with hardly any care or attention could be made to yield a good re- yenue. “ Considering the very cheap price of these lands, as compared with Ceylon and India, where coifee ' lands readily sell for fifty dollars per acre and more | and the still cheaper cost of bringing a coffee plan- tation into bearing, as compared with those countries, the conditions, for coffee growing in Mexico are immeasurably superior, and an immense fortune can be realised in a few years by any one engaging -in this pursuitin Mexico with a very moderate amount of capital.” [Fee. 1, 1895. ‘i ¥ << Fes. 1, 1895.| THE, TROPICAL. AGRICULTURIST. 517 PLANTING AND PRODUCE. Tur Posrrron or THE TxA’ Inpustry.—The down: ward tendency inthe price of produce of all kinds, culminating in a glut of some articles of imported produce at the present time, is'a noteworthy, feature of the great economic question. Fortunately, the wind is tempered to the shorn lamb, and the pro- ducer has, somehow or other,’ risen to the necessity of the occasion. He has in many instances surpassed and astonished himself by the development of econo- mical methods. Tea may be quoted as an example. The price at which it can now be “laid down” in Mincing Lane, although this year’s average gives no special cause for complaint, would have amazed a planter in the early days of the, industry, and, yet gardens that are favourably situated) and . well managed show results. which have. also astonished tbe yeteraus. The lower level of prices during the past few years, if it has demonstrated the impossibility of successfully cultivating tea under unfavourable conditions, has also proved that if the handicap is not .too ‘severe, competition and the'necessity for economy have but sharpened the wits and developed the ‘resources of the grower. °It is unquestionably a oase of ‘‘the survivalof the fittest.'’ There are a few tea concerns whose long- suffering shareholders have been expecting the advent of better times, and are doomed to further disappointment. Ifa garden be hopelessly encum- bered and restricted by conditions which fetter it in the competition with its le the chances are extremely remote ‘that it will ' ever’ recover its lost osition. Anything approaching the good ‘old days. of pie prices are gone, a fact the wide-awake planter has for some time recognised. In times when ‘tea is unduly depressed, and the seasons are.) specially adverse, the planter has his gloomy, moments, but up to now he has shown himself equal to all emer- gencies. The opening up of new markets is a neces- sity of the situation, and one which has_ been foreseen, and, as far as can be, provided for. During the last ten years the activity of the lanting organisations in India and “Ceylon” has buen displayed in this direction with re- markable Vigour, and,as a result, the’ position of the industry is materially strengthened. ea has stood the test of hard times remarkably well; and in. the caso alike of private and joint, stock enterprise, those concerns which were well managed have reason to feel well satisfied with the outlook, and encouraged to play the game of patience and perseverence, which in the end overcomes all obstacles. It' may be safely asserted that the planter of the day is pre- eminently amaster of the methods of economic culti- vation and resource, and that the exigencies of: the situation, so far from daunting him, haye but served to develop his staying power, and strengthen his determination to place the industry he represents on a sound and permanent footing. Liverpoon Anp its Tea TrapE.—A circular letter refers to a movement, which is supported by the in- fluential téa merchants in Liverpool, for the purpose of bringing tea round by sea from London at a cost of 268 4d ér ton as against’ 37s 6d by the rail- ways, The circular states that an arrangement has been entered into with, Mr. Samuel Hough, of the Liverpool and London Steamship Company, to bring tea round by sea from London and deliver ex quay at the Trafalgar or Victoria Docks at the rate of 23s, per ton weight, cartage to the warehouse at the rate of 1s. 8d. per ton. In addition there will be a charge for marine insurance of 2s. 9d. per cent. on value, which covers all risks. Total about 26s. 4d. per ton as against 37s. 6d. per ton rail. The vessels leave London every Wednesday and Saturday. The first collection of orders will be made on Jan- uary 7, 1895, Cuicory CuLtryation.—It must be very gratifying to coffee planters; to learn that the cultivation of chicory occupies a yery important position in Flan- ders. Two centuries ego some of our ancestors, we know, “swore terribly in Flanders.” If coffee plan. ters were not too polité for anything so common: pee they might feel disposed to swear at Flan- b) | figures of the exportations : ders and its chicory trade. According to. the United States Consul at Ghent the present large trade in the commodity owes its begining to the native demand for a Substitute for coffee. Not only is chicory much che per for home consumption, but the doctors have recommen ied it as a very, healthy riuk.. lt is said to be specily beneficial to persous suffering from disoide s cf the Stomach. Be'gians use it almost universally for a mixtcre with coffee, as they consider hat the resul\ is a greatly improved flavour. The chicory root grown in Western Belgium is considered to be superior to the French or German product. The conditions of its growth and the faci- lities for its ,reparation are, in this country, most favourable, .A sandy soil and an abundance ’of water for, properly washing the roo: are essential. Both these requirements pre-eminently. exist. in | West Flanders, A secondary quality ;rows in the Walloon provinces. Its inferiority consists in the fact that) much earth clings to the root,, it being impossible. to thoroughly wash. it, owing, to the lack of water supply. The .yearly chicory .crop. of Belgium amounts. to from 280,000 to 350,000 tons; In the preparation by washing and drying , this total is reduced 26 per cent.—that is, to.-70,000 or 80,000 tons of root. Of this quantity, the, greater ortion.is exported, and the remainder, about. 25,000 ons, consumed in Belgium. ‘The exportation for, 1893 was. approximately as follows;.To France, 25,000 tons; Germany, 10,000; .. United States, 4,000; England, 3,500; Austria, 2,000; Northern. countries, ,2,000; Switzerland, 1,500;, Italy, 1,500; Baltic countries, 1,000; total, 50,500 tons. Formerly the greater quan- tity of chicory sent tothe United States. was manu- factured in Belgium. before export; now,. however, almost. the entire trade consists;in the, shipment. of the raw root. As an illustration: of the growth. of the American trade, one, firm giyes, the. following Years. ending October 1, 1892 and 1893, 500 and 931 tons respectively, and for the three months ending. December 31, 1893, 450 | tons.—H. and C. Mail, Dec. 28. —____> PLANTING PROGRESS IN, NORTH BORNEO. CorrEE—CACAO—TEA—ROOM FOR INVREST- MENTS. [The following letter, has been sent by our-old Ceylon friend, Mr. Henry Walker, to Mr. W. D. Gibbon of Kandy, and placed at our service.— Ep. T.A.] Sandakan, Dec. 265. We are going on slowly here, but we are getting something..to show and I, wish your surplus popula- tion of young Planters would give us a visit. Our CorFfez is good, there'is no doubt:about that, and Sarrell tells me the Cacao at Taritipan is very promising. As that estate was only opened in September 1891 the cacao cannot be three years old (it was planted in 1892) but he tells me that one of the young trees is covered with pods, and he consulted me about | stripping them off, to which Iagreed. He will also, in future, take the first blossom off the Liberian coffee.. We have too forcing a climate, and I think we should control the bearing, power of the young lants until. they have a large quantity of wood. s fo cacao, I believe, we have a, great future be- fore us, but I think we should go a little higher than sea-level, so as to approximate more to the lati- tude of Caracas or even of Guatemala. The Cacao shade tres of America, the Erythrina, _appears to be indigenous here.’ We have two kinds, one with a haridsome parti-coloured yellow and green leaf, the other a greén leafy; both thorny; and I think, we have also aj green. variety) without) thorns. The green yariety. is,the fayorite, and it seems. to grow taller than the coloured one. Old coconuts, I think, beat Ceylon. We have no drought and our Bei is always green, not burnt up like Galle Face. believe the coconuts here may ‘be relied on for a crop in the 6th year, 518 ‘I showed Sarrell some TA growing in the grass, (which he see vatioic ait be to prune) and he has Been it growing at Kudat also, both doing well. When Ceylon tea goes out of fayour(!) your planters tan come here and they will find a better and more forcing climate for the shrub. ‘Sarrell thinks that the yield would be so much above the Ceylon yield it would meet the extra cost of Malay, &c. labour. I spoke to a Japanese Emigration Agent lately, who brought some Japanese labourers to Sandakan, and he said he could get the tea pluckers of Japan to come here without difficulty. As to price of labour, I believe, there would aed be much difference; the Malays, Chinese’or Japanese are so far superior tothe Tamil and we do not pay head money as in Ceylon. At present we can bring Liberian coffee into bearing for less than £20 per acre and coco- nuts can be planted and upkept by Malays better than by Sinhalese. The higher class of labour here renders ‘constant supervision unnecessary in Cases such as coconut planting, and we can, therefore, lant and upkeep coconuts at a figure that is impossi- le in ‘Ceylon even tf you paid half the price you now pay for theland. © The. same will apply to cacao'planting when once we get a ‘start, but the difficulty of seed has not yet been overcome. I have pafd for some thousands of pods from Singapore and the islands near us, but before “they reached the estate they were rotten. The fact that they grow freely at Looloo (18 hours from Sandakan) is an additional proof (if any is wanting) of the suitability of our position, and the soil at Taritipan is equal to that of the famed island of Looloo where an extinct volcano is the most prominent feature. Now that we haye the telegraph cable to Labuan we are much better in touch with the rest of the world and as soon as we have any coffee in quantity to add to our tobacco ‘exports we shall get the ocean steamers to eall here. North Borneo is bound to go ahead; we are on the high road of commerce to China from Europe, and from China to Australia. Of course, it takes time, but things move more quickly now-a-days and measures from the past are not applicable today. Tell your surplus young men to come here. I do not think they will be disappointed. We have no work as, yet for assistants and you cannot be too careful in dissuading anyone from coming on the chance of getting employment. Men who come must have money to open land for themselves. Henry WALKER. a THE AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL: PALM, FRUIT AND TEA CULTURE FOR THE CEYLONESE. - It may certainly. be regarded as a feather in the cap of Governor Havelock, that his ‘‘ happy thought ” of forming.a Government Dairy and attaching it to the. Agricultural, School, should have resulted not only. in supplying the hos- pitals: with thoroughly: good milk, and in doing much ‘towards improving local ‘‘stock”;. but should also yield such a profit as to make’ the whole School’ self-supporting. This is going a long way beyond answering Sir Hercules Robin- son’s ‘‘ Will it pay ?” test; tor, the advantages of technical instruction are so great that no taxpaying community grudges payment for. the same; while here we..have, the, best. of object lessons resulting in a large profit! It now re- mains for a similar profitable as» well as bene- ficial ‘adjunct to be applied to Mr. Human’s industrial establishment, in order to place it on a par with Mr. Drieberg’s agricultural branch. It is possible tiist this may be found in the di- rection pointed out bv His Excellency as the result of his observations in India, namely, in improved art-work. There is scone for the es- THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. .Drieberg’s Report that man _wish to. point . out the (Fes. 1, 189s. tablishment of certain descriptions of artistic work in brass and silver, as well as in carvings and furniture, out of our finest woods, for which there would certainly be a profitable demand; and we hope to see something of the kind realized. But, meantime to return to the Agricultural School, and yesterday’s meeting, it will be seen what an immense scope there is for the graduates of this Institution influencing their countrymen and local industries for good, when it is understood that the raising of the ereenens ield of coco- nuts per existing tree in the is by only five nuts per annum would mean an addition of about ten million rupees to the income of the owners. The gross income already aggregates in all probability a sum in excess of the value of the total tea crop, or about 50 million rupees, and that an i ireansd erop of nuts by 200 million is by no means an impossibility through better cultivation over the existing acreage, is shown by the fact that a very ordinary aver for, a plantation is 40 nuts, while this is uced by one-half for the island in consequence of the utter neglect and mismanagement of their gardens by the natives, Still more can the need and feasi- ableness of improvement be shown by the recent experience of. Mr. J. D. Vanderstraaten, the well-known coconut estate agent and inspector. Mr. Vanderstraaten has made a business for some years of leasing native gardens at rents generally im excess of what the owners derived as tenants on their own account and then by setting to work and cultivating and manuring, with the material terra pre within his reach, Mr. Vanderstraaten has doubled, perhaps trebled, the net income, to his well-deserved advantage. This Mr. Vanderstraaten has done so freely in one district that we hear on good authority that his example has begun to tell—his object-lesson has taken effect—and the owners of neigh bour- ing unlet gardens have begun to cultivate on their own account, with the best possible results. Here then is a Ceylonese gentleman who not only deserves special mention in Administration Reports with an account of his operations and the out-springing results; but who deserves to be recognised with an honour or medal. at the hands of the Government. Then as regards the great Tea Enterprise of the country, it is very encouraging to learn from : of his lads find openings in connection with Tea plantations and factories, and that they are well epproree of. A planter lately sent us copy of a ridiculous “soil report” by an Agricultural School boy as a re- flection on the teaching; but this was absurd and, we meant to say so at the time. For it is surely a great matter to get it into the ordin- ary Sinhalese boy’s head ‘that there are good and bad soils—soils .:suited for tea, palms, pasture, paddy, &e. To make him think at all is an achievement; and the teaching is not to blame if youngsters attempt to go peyund their scope zak pose as scientists. As the Report explains, the raw material on which the Director has. to work, is often very unpromising. But we reat future that is before: native agriculture in the direction of tea growing and making in the lowcountry as well as from palm and fruit culture. In this con- nection we may quote from our impromptu address before the Royal Colonial Institute in May 1884 when we ventured in their presence to combat the over-sanguine views of Sir Wm, Gregory, Sir John Douglas and Mr. Mosse as to the probable great spread of paddy culture and the all-importance of that industry, Fes. 1, 1895.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. eae OE 519 We said in the course of a long address :— ‘Buy in the cheapest, sellin the dearest market’? settles the question, and it must be noted thatthe great import of Indian rice has _ taken place part passu, with the advance in planting. Thus, forty- five years ago, when coffee planting had only begun, less than half a million bushels of rice imports into Ceylon sufficed; in 1877, nearly seven million bushels were required, but with the check to coffee (from the dire nin disease on the coffee leaf), this has now fallen to five million bushels, No doubt. there are Sinhalese and Tamils in Ceylon who, if they devoted time and energies which at present are far from. being fully utilised, to rice culture, might furnish a larger local supply; but when the emulative spirit and educatioa come to call out the dormant of people referred to, query, whether they may not find palms and tea more profitable to, cultivate, even it they have to buy their rice India is likely, as time 7Ol8 on, to beat America and Australia in the supply of cheap wheat; and should the export duty on her rice be taken off, India is certain ) to give Ceylon, Mauritius, and even the West Indies, Cheaper rice than they oan raise, and this fact would, I am sure, be still more fully realised. if the so-called ‘food taxes’’ in Ceylon (the Customs duty on imports and the rent on rice fields) were both abolished. Inasmuch as this (grain) is the only branch of agriculture in Ceylon on which a@ divect revenue levy (rent) is made, civil servants, I sometimes think, are apt to _ over- estimate its importance, just as they are obliged to give it so much more of their personal at- tention. But I hope that both the Government and their officers will realise the vast advantages Ceylon has as a palm, fruit, tea leaf, bark and fibre producing country—the land of spices and tropical products par excellence—and will do all in their power to encourage the Beople in these profitable industries, while by no means discouraging the rice cultivation to which they are already attached. As regards the occupied, populous districts of Ceylon—the Western, Central, and Southern provinces (Mr. Ferguson here illustrated his remarks on a large map of Ceylon on the wall), in which 2,000,000 out of 2,800,000 of people are found, and oyer which there is a well-distributed and generally abundant rainfall, we have conditions of climate, soil, and transport which point to plant- ing and garden cultivation as more suitable and profi- table than rice or other cereal cultivation.** Nor can it be said that the native Sinhaleseand Tamils, among whom education is rapidly spreading, have shown any lack of emulation in competing with, or copying the example of, the European planters. The fact that, before the disease-fungus appeared, the natives had increased their export of “native coffee ’’ from 10,000 to 220,000 ewt. of coffee in a generation, shows this. The greatly-increased export of cinnamon bark, and of plumbago, almost entirely from native hands, offers other proofs; but still more striking is the enormously developed cultivation of palm trees—more especially of the coconut, palmyra, areca, kitool palms—within the past twenty to thirty years. So great is this industry now that it covers a cou aie area than rice culture, and if we add in other edible fruits, we get 860,000 acres planted with palms and fruit trees, ainst 810,000 acres cultivated annually with rice and all other cereals. I fear the Government and Civil servants of Ceylon do not altogether realise that their palm and fruit tree industry is at least of as much importance to the natives of Ceylon as their rice culture. Not only does the former supply an export trade worth fully 800,0007 a year, but the fruits enter very largely into the food of the people; so that while grain is the staple, yet, if rice failed altogether, there are pro- bably large districts in Ceylon in which the natives with their coconut, palmyra and fruit trees, could ward off famine effeetually. Vennent mentions a Kandian industry of the sections | family in Ambegamua, who supported themselves by | the produce of one kitooll {Varyota wrens) tree; and the ownership of ten coco-palms and two jak trees have been counted to render a Sinhalese man in- dependent. A crew of English sailors wrecked on a South Pacific island two years ago lived for some months on nothing but coco-nuts and fish, and gained in weight. * * * Norare our Sinhalese and Tamils backward to copy the HKuropean planters in refer: ence to the new products of late years being in- troduced into Ceylon. They have gone in for cinc- hona planting—the complaint being that they too often steal the nursery plants of the colonists— (laughter)—-for cacao and even for rubber trees; but especially are the Sinhalese likely to. become ex- tensive growers of the tea plant, which flourishes 80 well ak sea leyel to 6,000 feet high all over the south west, and centre of Ceylon, that the wonder to us is that we did not all begin tea growing 20 or 30 years earlier, a leaf crop in our Ceylon climate being so much safer and more abundant than one of fruit, such as coffee. Tea-growing by natives is not regarded. with fa- your by the owners of big plantations in proxi- mity; but it -must goon and become a big in- dustry. Weare just waiting returns from the Gam- pola and Nawalapitiya districts which will show a very considerable area under tea in small gardens on native account. In some instance paddy-fields have been converted into tea-gardens and splendid tea-producing fields such flat alluvial land often makes.- Then we learn that in the Hanwella as in the Moratuwa, Kalutara, Galle and Matara districts, tea-growing by natives is rapidly ex- tending. In the Hewagam: Korale, the owners of small gardens make the tea by hand-rolling, —rolling on tables with their hands—and sell the product to the villagers at 25 cents a lb. Now, there is plenty of scope for an extension of this industry. We shall hail the day when our three million of natives are drinking not as many, but ten or even fifteen million lb. of tea —all of their own growth and make—per annum. It would be an immense benefit to the health of the people if they followed Chinese example and kept the ‘chatty’ or ‘teapot’ ready to boil water all day, adding the tea leaves for their favourite infusion. The Indian Tea Planters have formed an Association to promote the drinking of tea among the natives; and the Governments of Bengal and the North-West Provinces. have taken practical steps towards the same end. Here is now Professor Hart de- monstrating that not only cholera but malarial fever in many forms, is’ probably due to drinking bad water ; and he is reviving the crusade in favour of boiling all water before being drunk. How much better as a Madras contemporary has it to add tea to the boiling water and drink a refreshing infusion. We have wandered a good way from the School; but all we have written has a direct bearing on the future of Native Agriculture, and on the several interesting addresses given re- cently by His Excellency the Acting Director of 2 Public Instruction and ‘ty. Dornhorst ; while Mr. A. F. Broun must be as interested in the spread of palm aid fruit-tree gardens as in arboriculture. al Ue} gai horthn. PICE PACKETS OF TEA. A contemporary’s correspondent supports Mr. Ernest Hart very eagerly in the boiled water cru- sade [which we have preached in Ceylon ever since we visited China in 1884.—Ep. 7.4.] but he thinks that the Native needs something more than mere preaching to induce him to take the seemingly use- ess trouble of cooking his cold drinks. The corres- pondent has a “happy thought’ on the subject, which he offers to any one who will take it up. His suggestion is that the Post Offices and thanas that sell pice packets of quinine should be turned into grocer’s shops as well as dispensaries, and made to sell pice packet of tea. The drinking of tea necessitates boiled waters and a_ serious difficulty in the way of Mr. Hart's campaign seems in a great measure solved. Our contempor- 320 ‘s correspondent is of Darjiling, amnd—he is ‘ in” tea ‘dudohe no doubt, imagines that he is doing a ood; turn to his trade, while at the same time he isiplaying the philanthropist to the cholera-scourged Hindu. "linet hyrroeiid seem at times to be simple folk to judge from their guileless proposals for booniing their wares. The idea of pice packeta of tea is on par) with the idea of the Indigo-planter of last year who called on the “‘women of England” to ead inblue. garments in order ‘to bring a blessing ‘on ‘the poverty-stricken indigo-workers of Behary Surely!) our ‘contemporary’s correspondent does noti imagine, even if the pice packets were sold, that the: thirsty: Native would give up drinking water altogether,! except under the likeness tea! and if he did, the directors would surely have to start a new crusade,against the inordinate use of the teapot. But, theré ,is another thing to be anticipated. The Indian ; villager, like | most peoples nels to get the most out, of his money, and. his pice packets of, tex would do. duty over and over. again before the leaves were \gubodd away, and the last state of the men with his ovér-boiled char would be almost worse than the first with his unboiled water.—WM. Times, Jan. 15. AN INSECT ENEMY OF’ PLANTERS AND OTHER AGRICULTURISTS. ; We have to plead forbearance for another late lissue: of the. Tropical: Agriculturist ; but the. reason.is- one of:iso’much general interest that we feel sure ‘allowance will be made. The dela has been :due to a desire to enable’Mr. Ey ] Green of Pundaluoya to make as full as’ cir- cumstances.| permitted, the notice with which he has favoured us of what he calls “‘an important insect enemy” and one which he thinks planters and other agriculturists in Ceylon should be on the, watch to guard against. It is known to entomologists as ‘‘ Orthezia insignis (Douglas)” and is supposed to have come to Peradeniya (where | Dr. ‘Trimen' has observed'and described it) from Kew. Like so many of our insect enemies, this is one of the scale bugs so painfully familiar. to our coffee planters in their various popular forms of ‘white,’ ‘black’ and ‘green’ bug ;/and although Dr. Trimen thinks the present one chiefly a garden pest and does not at all fear! its spread; yet. we. think his’ brother planters’ should «acknowledge Mr. Green has taken the right course in affording a full des- scription of the insect atithis early stage; and in supplying sketches of no less than five figures which we have had carefully:lithographed (to accompany Mr, Green’s little monograph) through the courtesy of the Surveyor-General. | These figures shew briefly:—Fig. 1 represents a twig with the bugs an situ, natural size. Fig. 2, a half-grown female, upper side highly magnified. Fig. 3 shows the under-side of an older female insect, greatly enlarged. Fig. 4 represents a still more advanced stage (side view) in which the ovisac has attained its full length. Fig. 5 is a greatly enlarged. figure of the male insect. For the. full description together with ample details as to prevention and remedies we must refer planters to the Tropical Agriculturist for this month, January. <‘‘'I'o be forewarned is to be forearmed,” more particularly as Mr. Green indicates effective means of fighting, clearing out and exterminating this new bug should it appear on or’ near any plantation or garden. It has already shown a decided liking for lantana, and would probably develo 8a cinchona and coffee plants if it got the oppor- tunity. as } F _ But, perhaps, the most interesting part of Mr. Green’s: paper is the account he affords us THE! TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. the same for the nilu, | (Fee. 1, 1895. rts and ly on the Koeble himself’ how in the island) of the wonderful extermination of bug from the orchards and gardens of California through the introduction of ** lady birds” (beetles) by Mr. Koeble from Australia. When we visited (partly from official r authority of Mr. California in 1884 we carried by. special re- quest, a sample of our dire coffee fungus (hemileia_ vastatriz) in a way that it» should not escape abroad (!) to Professor Harkness of the. Academy of Sciences, San. Fran- cisco. He was intensely interested in’ the fungus and in our ten years’ fruitless conflict with it; and in return he shewed us specimens of fungi and other enemies which had Wrought destruction among frnit-trees in several States of the Union —among the rest shewing how cherry trees had been rendered fruitless or killed out over a large area, and he spoke very seriously of the way in which ‘‘scale-bug” was even then (1884) baffling the efforts of orchard-owners in California. Mr. Green tells us how matters came to a climax in 1888—fruit-growers’ ihought they were ruined— whole orchards were white with the pest; and it was then that the Government got. Mr. Albert Keble (Assistant in the Department of Eco- nomic Entomology) to, go. to Australia—the original home. ot this particularenemy, “ fluted scale,” to collect and export the parasites of the pest.. Mr. Keble did better—he found a small beetle which greedily fed upon tie seale insect and for the extraordinarily successful re- sult of his mission thereafter, we must refer to the details in the paper under review. Suiffice it to say here that in this and another trip to Australia, Mr. Keble found beetles which have devoured and cleared out scale-bugs of all des- criptions from the Californian orchards—so that an industry which was threatened in 1888 with entire destruction (like our own coffee) is now perfectly clean of the bug’ enemies and thoroughly established on a flourishing basis! Surely never was there a greater triumph, or more romantic experience, in the scientifie world; and surely also, steps should be taken with the advice (if not aid) of Mr. Koeble and Mr. Green. to get the proper parasite for ‘‘ green bug” stillsuch an enemy of our remaining coffee in Haputale? At any rate, we fee! sure all thoughtful planters will agree that Mr. E. E. Green has done the community a real service, in taking’ up his pen and peneil at this time to describe “a. new insect-foe which has already found a lodgment on the threshold, shall we Bay, ef the planting districts, and which, notwithstand- ing precautions taken, may spread and appear sudueate elsewhere ; but which, after paesiet this paper and illustrations, can be readily recognized and as readily dealt with and exter- minated—thanks to Mr. Green’s remedies—by any planter on the lookout, as all planters ought to be, for strange and unwelcome visitors. ee RESOURCES OF MADAGASCAR. At the Balloon Society, last night, Captain E. W. Dawson lectured on the commerce and in- ternal resources of Madagascar. Mr. John Had- don presided. The lecturer maintained that the island has a great future before it, being capa- ble, by reason of its soil, climate, and formation; of yielding in profusion all the most valuable _ products of the temperate and torrid zones. It needs, he remarked, only British capital and en-- terprise to reap one’ of the richest harvests in a country where Englislimen are welcomed. The Fes. 1, 1895.) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 521 climate, though trying to Europeans who live'on the coast’ and in the lowlands, is described as perfect in the interior of the island. There is probably no part of the world in which sugar may be so well and so cheaply produced. Such woods as ebony, mahogany, and rosewood are plentiful, and for the growth of cereals the island would be second to no. country in the world. Tobacco grows wild, and cotton may be- come one of the staple products. Fruit is plen- tiful and the forésts abound with trees that yield india-rubber. Having dealt with the mineral resources of the island, Captain Dawson laid down his views of the most suitable means of opening up communication by means of roads and railways, and concluded with an estimate of the prospective traffic.—During the evening there were exhibited an illuminated address and_ por- traits in oil of the Queen of Madagascar and her consort Rainilaiarivony, Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief, which Captain Dawson _ is commissioned to present to Her Majesty on his approaching visit to Antananarivo.—Globe, Dec. 28. A TEA FACTORY TOTALLY DESTROYED BY FIRE. We learn that the factory on lLynsted Estate: Bogawantalawa, has been totally destroyed by fire: The fire occurred last night, and all efforts to save the building proved unsuccessful. The factory, which is almost new, was, we learn, insured with the North British and Mercantile Insurance Company, the local agents of whom are Messrs. Volkart Bros. Lynsted Estate, we may mention, is owned by Mr. John Hamilton of London, the local agents for whom are Messrs. J. P. Green & Co. Mr. R. Plum- ridge is Superintendent of the estate, and Mr. F. G. A. Lane Visiting Agent.—‘ Times of Ceylon.’— The amount for which the building was insured is we understand about R30,000. It appears that the whole Factory with all the contents including 8,000lb. of made tea packed and ready for des- patch, was burnt within one and half hours. The two Superintendents were at the other end of the estate at the time, and the only responsible person resent was the tea maker. The cause of the fire as not yet been found out. —EE—E—E—EEEEE———EE AGRICULTURAL LANDS AND MINING IN SELANGOR. In another column we quote an extract from a leading article in the Straits Times commenting in zeny severe terms upon a petition to Govern- ment by the coffee planters of Selangor craving for an alteration in the land reeulations. How far the criticism is justified; our readers may be able to judge from the following summary of the memorial in question aud connected correspondence. It appears that the law as it stands at present is that all lands in the State are liable to be resumed for mining purposes by the Sultan on payment of compen- sation for the value, other than metalliferous, of the land and improvements, the amount to be ascertained in case of disagreement hy arbitra- tion according to rules, which shall also govern the conditions of resumption, to be made from time to time by the President; and that the Collector and the parties interested shall each appoint an assessor to assist the Chief Mag- istrate in determining the amount of compensa- tion. What the planters now ask is that when it is determined that agricultural land shall be mined the lessee should be given the option of mining it himself, and that in the event of arbitration the duty of the Chief’ Magistrate } (who should be a barrister-at-law) should be con- fined to ruling upon points of law and procedure. It is contended that these reeulations divert capital from the State that would otherwise be invested in planting, capitalists believing. that the property can be resumed at any time by the. Sultan under rules which © are not stated. and which if they were free agents they might not accept. They point out that it is now an _ accepted fact’ amongst coffee planters, that Liberian coffee thrives best on alluvial and possibly metalliferous flats, and when feasible it is land of that nature that the planter tries to procure. The Petitioners adinit that, in cases where it-is distinctly apparent that the value of the minerals in the ground far exceeds that of whatever product may be growing on it, it may reasonably be held that the land should be mined; but they submit, that before such a decision is arrived. at, the strongest possible proofs, of the existence of a rich mineral deposit should be adduced. The matter had been first represented to the State Government who de- clined to discuss the question ; then before the Governor in the petition which -we have en- deavoured to summarise, and His Excellency has also declined to comply with the request, stating that with every desire to assist legitimate agricultural operations, he cannotconsider that the concession ‘asked for will in any way do this while it will, at the same time, in His Ex- celleney’s opinion, hand over the property of the State without proper compensation therefor. So far as we can see the Selangor planters have done nothing to deserve the character they have got from one Singapore contemporary and we think that those who are engaged in the enterprise here will heartily sympathise with their brethren in the Straits in carrying’ on their operations, particularly in these alluvial districts that may prove to be ‘tin-bearing, under circumstances—as the Singapore Free’ Press puts it,—‘‘ that render their tenure of these lands exceedingly precarious.” There will also, we should fancy, be general concurrence in the statement of the Free Press that it is ‘“‘essential to the success of an enter- prise of so gradual development as a_ coffee estate that for the term of years needed to bring the whole estate into a productive position there shall be no disturbance of tenure.” SQ MARKET FOR TEA SHARES. THE YEAR 1894. The year just closed has beena rather remarkable one in the history of Joint-Stock Tea Companies’ Shares. The final results of working for the year 1893, which were made public in May and June last, were, with a few exceptions, much tee satisfactory than those of the proceeding year, and most of the Com- anies were obliged to diminish their dividends. alues of the shares accordingly drooped towards the middle of the year and some very low ex-dividend quotations were current. With the opening of the new season, however, a high range of yalues was established, especially for the teas from Assam and Darjeeling, and better quality being also attended with a diminished output, the Mincing Lane market advanced first for the higher grade teas and latterly for the cheaper kindsalso. These improving condi- tions naturally reacted before long on values of shares. Dealings in the shaves of all the better known Tea Companies have been on a yery much larger scale than heretofore. his has been due largely to the publicity which has been given in the press to their soundness as investments. But it has also been largely contributed to by the necessity which investors have found of discovering a security of a safe and solid kind, which would also yield a good rate of interest. 522 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, [Fee. 1, 1895. These requisites have been found both in the Ordi- nary Shazes of the strongest _Companies and more especially in the Preference issues, of which there are now a considerable number available. The Rupee Exchange having continued at a low level, has again favoured the ‘’ea companies by en- abling them to further reduce their sterling cost of production. 4 ; We appended a table showing, in the case of the best-known shares, the range of values during the year, also the rise and fall. compared with quotations current at the end of 1893. Cryton SHARES, 1894, Dey ase awed -B 5 Ao BoeBoie of a. 2 5 wb 6 2s mS oOo nH BB OC Mn BAR C?'T., Plant*‘Ord}' <5» 15% 20 “20° "+5 95 do Pref. 2. 1S a 5 he New Dimbula B. «. 13! 124 144 144 414 14 THE PAST WEEK’S BUSINESS. Owing to holidays and the closing of the old year, business in Tea Shares has been rather restricted. Minoinc Lanst Market reopened again this week, and prices were firm. ; t Crynon SHares.—There is nothing to record in Cey- lon plantations, but New Dimbula B’s have again been taken at 14. Ouvahs came to business at 47%, but have all now been taken.—H, & C, Mail, Jan, 14, ee ee PLANTING AND PRODUCE. Tur IncREASING PopuLARity oF TEA. One feature of the tea industry during 1894 should not be lost sight of. bat is its widespread popu- larity as an article of produce, We refer more par- ticularly to the prominence given to it in the public Press and amongst public men. The rise and the development in recent years of the tea industry of India and Ceylon has given a remarkable impetus to the tea trade not alone in the matter of increased consumption, but in regard to its importance as a food product, Tea has been talked of and written about more this past year than at any time in its history. In the Press and on the platform it has been discussed, and if the comments have not always been favourable they have from an ad- vertisement point of view been very effective. A daily contemporary, in reviewing the position of tea last week, bears this out. It says: “In no article of daily consumption does the help of science and machinery show itself so palpable as in the case of tea. For sometime the struggle between China and British-grown teas (India and Ceylon) has been watched with considerable interest, not only by those interested in the development of British industries, but also by the public generally, who fully appreciate the efforts made by the British planters, as shown by the yearly shipments from the two countries. The scientific cultivation and improved machinery for the preparation of the leaves have enabled Indian and Ceylon tea planters to produce teas much finer in quality and at a cheaper price than those produced by the Chinese planters, who have persistently held to the old methods, and have not advanced with the other tea-producing countries. Thus British-grown teas are able to compete with, and to super- sede, China teas in most of the large tea- drinking countries of the world and at a pace which exceeds the expectations of the most hopeful. During the Chicago Exhibition £28,000 was expended by Ceylon and Indian tea-planters in in- troducing their teas, with the result that at the close af the exhibition no less than 1,500 American tea firms had stocked Indian teas ; and in the United Kingdom the importation of Indian and Ceylon teas has wonderfully increased. 1881 Great Britain con- sumed 112,000,000 Ib. of China tea in 1893 she con- sumed only 36,000,000 1b. In 1881 Great Britain con- sumed only 48,000,0001b. of teafrom India and Ceylon, and in 1693 the consumption reached 172,000,000lb., and not only has the quantity of British-grown teas increased and the prices been reduced, but they are also superior in strength and flavour, giving the consumer more value for the money. So. recently as the ad 1881 the average price of Indian tea imported into this country was 1s 9d. per lb., whereas in 1893 it was reduced to ls 14d, per lb. and Indian teas which were retailed in 1874 at 2s 5d. per lb. can now be bought at Is 7d. perlb. Thus a great indus- trial revolution has been’ accomplish without a parallel in the history of the world: Like all strug- gles, it ultimately resolves itself into a question of quality and price.’’—H. dC. Mail, Jan. 4th. a, BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA, (From the British Central Africa Gazette, Nov. 21.) THe MuAnse PLATEAv. The whole plateau drains from both north and south to the valley of the Ruo. This valley cuts Mlanje completely in two, and raping at one spot, the lains of the Tutshila andthe Matshinjiri Hills, in ortugese territory, are both in view: this is at a height of about 7,000 feet. The valley of the Ruo ascends to about 7,000 feet, and the sources of the Ruo and Likulezi streams are only separated by four or five yards of level ground. The north-eastern endof Mlanje is greatly prolonged to the east, and appears to consist of nothing but rough granite, peak afterpeak. The whole mountain thus becomes a gigamtic figure 8, with the Ruo valley for its waist, its two extremes lyi nearly north- east and sonth-west. The tee pla- teau should be an ideal sheep farm or cattle ranch, the grass in the lower valleys appearing de- lightfully green. Our camp was close on 7,000 feet, near to a small stream of clear and very cold water. The temperature was charmingly cool while the sun remained up, but after its disappearance it at once became very chilly, and with three blankets at night it was just pleasant. Here is a sanatarium pend, made; also a race- course, with a grand-stand to hand, cricket and polo ground. Such a splendid stretch of high platean in India would be the most frequented hill station of auy in the Himalayas, and no doubt, as this country ex- ands, this Mlanje plateau will become a second Simla. t is unnecessary to go south fora change when such alovely place is within two days of Blantyre. The highest peak of Mlanje was recently ascen- ded, to its summit: the»whole Mlanje Mountain was also traversed from N.E.to S.W. The highest point of the mountain is 9,680 feet above sea level. An account of this journey and ascent appears in an- other column. Locau NEws. Road robberies have been frequent of late. A recent one took place near the Lirangwe river, on the Matope road. We are informed that a Sikh Post has now been established at the Lirangwe, where caravans can sleep on the journey, and whence a certain amount of patrolling can be done. The force of Sikhs in this country, however, is too small to enable much patrolling of roads to be done. There have also been a number of burglaries re- cently in Blantyre. The culprit in one case has been caught and punished. It is with deep regret that we have to announce the death of Dr. McKay of H.M.S. “Pioneer.” While shooting on the South shore of Lake Nyasa on the 22nd ultimo he was attacked by a lion, and died from the injuries received, on the 26th. He has been buried at Likoma; we have no particu- lars as yet. The Telegraph line from Tshikwawa, is now joined with the Portuguese temporary line, and, for the time being, messages can be sent from Blan tyre to Tete, Quilimane, Tshinde, Tshiromo, etc. The question as to whether’ the locusts were likely to attack coffee plants was also discussed: and a re- port of the proceedings of the Association during the Fes. 1, 1895.] past year was read by the secretary, the balance sheet, showing a surplus. of £28. 9. 3. Officers for the ensuing year were also elected. As we go to press, we hear that another road robbery has taken place. In this case a party of Angoni disappeared with 15 loads, mostly calico, on the way from Katunga to Blantyre. ‘This is the second case within’ the last few weeks of Angoni stealing their loads. ae THE AGRICULTURAL CLASS OF PEOPLE IN CEYLON. Our contemporary of the ‘Times of Ceylon ” is puzzled over the difference between the Censuses of 1881] and 1891 in respect of the ‘‘ occupations” of the people. The explanation is that in the first, the wives and ‘children of agriculturists were given as of the ‘‘domestic” class—a decided mistake. In the census of 1891 we have the total’ of all connected with or dependent on “agriculture,” and it fully bears out the Gover- nor’s remarks at the Agricultural School as. to the overwhelming importance in Ceylon—far more even thanin India—of egret to the people. We quote as follows from Mr. Lee’s elaborate and ever-intecesting report :— To the fourth or Agricultural Class belong 2,119,868 persons, of whom 1,487,590, or 70 per cent, are Sinha- lese. Lhe proportion of the agricultural ‘Population to the total population was 70°5 in a hundred, the propor- tion in England and Wales in 1871 being 15°44, and the average in India in 1881 6409. Of the entire class nearly 92in every hundred are cultivators and agri- cultural labourers. There are few personsin the Sin- halese population who have not some interest in the soil,—it may be but an infinitesimal fraction of an acre, ora small share in a single tree. These persons, although they are compelled to engage in other oc- cupations than agriculture to find food for themselves and their families, call themselves cultivators in prefe- rence to claiming to follow any other occupation, for agriculture is an occupation dignified in Buddhism, and entirely im accord with the natural inclinations of the people. ‘The Climbers, of whom there were 34,131, are employed in picking the fruit of the coconut or palmyra tree, walking up the tree) with their ankles encircled by a ring of coconut or ola leaf, and twisting the fruit off with the hand or cutting down with a heavy. curved knife or sickle. Of 34,131 persons so employed 30,417 were Tamils. The oecupation is almost confined to the Northern and Eastern Provinces and the Chilaw Dis- trict. In the Western and Southern Provinces the use of the sickle is hardly known, the fruit being twisted off with the hand. The Fishermen num- bered 70,985 persons, of whom one-half were Sinha- lese. The Gardeners and Garden Cultivators, num- bering 18,907, cultivate betel and vegetables for mar- ket. nder the heading ‘‘ Land Proprietor” are in- cluded only those who derive their incomes from land, but are not engaged in agriculture as an occupation. In this class the females largely preponderate. One Sinhalese po himself down as a boftes Planter, but under the heading ‘‘ Planter’ are included others so employed, as well as tea planters. There were 1,870 Europeans returned as “ Planters,’’ of whom the greater number are known to have been engaged in the cultivation of tea. Of 5,618 Tobacco betes 4,118 were Tamils, the cultivation of tobacco bein confined to the Northern and Eastern Provinces, an to the Chilaw, Puttalam, and Negombo Districts: The Sugarcane Planters were few in number, and all found inthe Galle District. The Camel Dealers and Camel Keepers were strangers. 4 Coconut DESICCATING MACHINERY—about to be erected at Cochin by a Colombo Firm-— is not good news for those already engaged in an in- dustry which is supposed to be overdone or nearly so. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 523 VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA.—A Home paper, in reviewing the tea market for 1894, states that atthe close of the Chicago exhibition no less than 1,500 American tea firms had stocked Indian teas. THE Two RANGALLA ORANGE TREES with their 25,000 fruit, haveattracted the notice of homeautho- rities on fruit. It is pointed out that if Uva provided a large crop of oranges, they could be profitably exported to fhe London mar- ket, seeing how it pays to ship oranges from New South Wales. Such an industry may_ be among the possibilities of the future in Uva, though scarcely during the era of tea prosperity. RHEA FIBRE.—Says the London correspondent of the Indian Engineer writing on 7th Dec. :--We recommend you all to have a look at the samples of Rheea fibre we are sending you this mail; the fabrics which you will get next week will aston- ish you still more. There are millions in it and don’t you forget it. We are also going to as- tonish you with some preparations of fur, a 70s-fur for 4s 6d, which will make your mem-sahibs’ and missee-babas mouths water allin good time ; it is no use giving you too much at once. LAst YEAR'S TEA Crop.—Some planters think sufficient notice has not been taken of the fact that the. unexpectedly short export of tea last’ year. was due to “finer plucking” to some extent, as well as to unpropitious weather. This is brought home to us by one_ proprietor who says he did much better (financially) off his. last year’s crop than off that of 1893. But is not this due partly to lower exchange ; for the actual average price for Ceylon tea was lower last year. Our TEA Exports.—December’s shipments tc London were disappointing, only aggregating 6,361,311 lb. (against over 8 million in December 1893) so making the year’s total to United Kingdom 75,250,752 or nearly 250,000 1b. less than in 1893 when the total was 754 million exactly. To Australia and New Zealand there is anincrease of only 391,000 lb.; while of Indian tea there is a comparative decrease of nearly 1 million lb... All this we learn from Messrs. Forbes & Walker’s circular in which also it is stated that the estimated shipments for January is only 74. million lb. . The Chamber of Commerce pub- lish no cireular this: week. TEA CONSUMPTION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. —Messrs. Gow, Wilson & Stanton are very prompt in -issuing their annual Report on this subject which will be found in our’ Tea Circular Supple- ment. Their figures show a_ satisfactory in- crease in the total consumption for 1894, more particularly considering how the stronger Indian’s. and ‘Ceylon’s have increased at the expense of China’s. Thus of Indian and Ceylon tea, 189 million Ib. were taken last year against 172 in 1893+ while of China’ the consumption fell from 36 million in 1898 to 26 last year—the total con- sumption per head rising to 5°53 lb. per head which we deem equal to over 7 lb. per head of China tea. This must now be remembered in comparing the consumption in the United King- dom: with that in Australasia or America where the weaker China teas still form the larger proportion.—The average price for Ceylon during 1894 we regret to see is given at 84d as com- pared with 9d in 1893. An improvement may come in 1895 should America and Russia have to look to India and Ceylon to make up deti- ciencies in China and Japan, owing to the con tinuance of the war, 524 VALUE OF PLANTATION PROPERTY.—The sale of Bogawane estate, sy eit Pe, the other day .would seem to establish a. ‘‘ record ” rate for tea. The upset. price was £17,000 and the property was. knocked, down to Mr. Fort for R500 above this rate or say £17,030. Then the property consists of 436 acres, of which 273 are in ‘tea, 66 in coffee and the rest in forest, patana, &c. This works out according to thie rates we venture to put down as follows :— 273 acres tea @ £53—£14,469 67 ,, coffee @ £25—£ 1,650 97 ,, forest grass @ £98s— .- 911 436 = Totals £17,030 So eee a value for tea has seldom, if ever, been paid before now. Bap Nrews For CACAO PLANTERS—is inyolyed in the fact that Java with.its superlatively rich soil is not only increasing its output of cocoa ; but that its planters have Jearned all about the Ceylon mode of “curing,” and,.to this fact is attributed the fall of well-nigh. 30, per cent in the London price. of choice Ceylon marks. One gentleman tells us how the keenly shrewd Chair- man of the Ceylon Land and Produce Compan shook his head over Java samples—fine bright red, with better shaped beans than Ceylon—which were coming home quite a year ago.—It is just pos- sible, therefore, that Mr. Vollar has got the better of the ‘bargain with*Mr. Lipton this time; but the latter has facilities for getting his produce into consumption which cannot fail to make his cacao investment pay. TEA ,PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION.—We direct attention to the important circular issued by the leading firm of Mincing Lane Tea Brokers Messrs. Thompson give the total supply and con- sumption of tea for season 1894-5 within the United Kingdom as follows :— Supply. Consumption. Indian tea 115,000.000 1b. 120,000,000 Ceylon tea .. 75,000,000 ,, 77,000,000 China and Java tea.. § 45,000,000 ,, 43,000,000 Total . 235,000,000°',, © 240,000,000 The consumption is therefore to be 5 million 1b. in excess of the production and doubtless it would» be more with a better supply. . As’ it stands the: actual: total consumption will be half-' a-million lb. less ‘than’ mi’ the: previous season 1893-4 ; but there is this difference ‘that a larger roportion of Indian and Ceylon teas and a much ess supply of China is used) in 1894-5. which means an actual. increase..in. consumption.. ;As regards the total supply thereis a compara- tive deficiency. this season on the last of, 84 million Ib., but this is, nearly all in ,China tea. The.conclusion of the.whole, matter, however, is that. the tea market, is likely to continue very firm for some. months: to come and, if ‘an. in- creasing. demand sets in. from America, and, Aus- Rivas TO CryLon’ CacAo.—The correspon- dent who brought under our notice the progress made in Java with cacao, sends us London ‘re- ports indicating’ a°very dull and depressed market for our Ceylon product with ““‘no demandi’ Can this be ‘owing ‘to the continental’ countries chiefly using cacao, ‘beginning to get ‘their sup- 1 re however, that the best’ Ceylon’ ““ bold: to fine bold bold”? is quoted by Messrs. Lewis & Peat iw the circular before us (December (13th): at 60s to 658; while over the page, ‘‘Java good red” is quoted 62s to’75s” and ‘we are: told im the THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. direct.'as in’ the case of Coconut-Oil? We | [ Fes. a 1895. same report that “‘ privately there have beea sales (of Java) at 70s for fine”—nothing’ said a “‘dullness” here. ‘‘ Madagascar “coeoa’ fair - dish” is quoted at 45s to 60s in Messrs. Arbuthnot, Latham & Co.’s report, we read what may explain about Ceylon :— Cocoa.—A very quiet tene continues to ru’e the market, and Ceylo» was represented chiefly by old imp°rts and unattractive quality, But the stock of cocoa on 30th Woreatiuk at London Liverpool and Havre w«re“all, unusually high, aggre- gating 198,752 bags against 158,226 at same date of 1893. We trust to see this worked off soon, and more particularly in a year when the avaiable tea supp y is likely to be scarcely equal to the demard, Tea iy THE Kexdnt VAtiey.—At a time when | there are not wanting croakers who insinuate that the yield of tea on our older estates is falling off, it is pleasant to find a planter with so long an experience of the low country as Mr, A.M. Forbes, who has just returned from a visit to the Kelani Valley, bearing | testimony to the fact that he never in his life: sew | the Valley looking better than at present. The estates Fee to the onpany of which he is ing 1 Tea Company) all look ex- | Director (The Panawa' | ceptionally well, strong, and vigorous, some fields of | Ernan having given over 900 Ib. an acre this year; , whilst the average yield for the whole acreage in | bearing on Ernan and Glassel—some 443 acres—is short P80, lb. an << In a — ear this must be considered yery satisfactory. e Com is . ,ing more land on Rangagamma, naan! a eit to promise well, *‘COLONIA.”—The. issue for the winter ses- }sion of the ‘Colonial » College Magazine” is _a very interesting one. It is really of great _ practical value to get together the ‘experiences | of old students as young colonists or lers in | different parts of the world, and in regard to Aus- tralia, New Zealand, America, West Indies and _ Argentine, really useful information is given in this department. We refer separately. to Mr. | Stapleton-Cotton’s rather sanguine opinion about Antigua, and Dominica: he says nothing about labour supply unfortunately. . Mr. Percy H. | Browne, an old student, contributes a per on | Mashonaland and Matabeleland in the course which he ‘remarks :— pe p> The'country is capable of growing almost anything, wheat, oats, barley, maize, rice, etc, in anlimaited quantities. In many localitiés tea and coffee would thrive well’as we have already proved. . Another ex-student gives an account of Bush- | fe aiong in Tasmania. Natal comes in for a good word :— A recent correspondent in Natal writes ‘‘Tak- ing it all round, after soldiering in the four gnarters of the globe, I know no pleasanter place than the ‘Garden Colony of South Afzica’ to quietly rest in jand wait for the restitution of all things.” |The work of the College in all its departments | goes on steadily. . We quote. as‘follows :— ‘| We_had ja fortnight’s visit this Term from Mr. A. | C, Hardy,,one of the earliest Students of the Col- tralia, there may be ascarcity of supply for London...’ lege, who gave us.e.great deal, of waluable:informa:! ‘tion: about tea | occupation he | able to confirm our opinion that.a knowledge of many’ | of the branches of, instruction here is of great value | to those engaged in:Tea,. Coffee, nao planting, &c, 1 lanting in Ceylon, to. which pleasant S since returned. Mr. Hardy was in India and.Ceyion... The, Tropical Agriculturist, a | monthly magazine full_of useful information, publish-' _.ed in Ceylon, in referring to the College, (lately ' ‘expressed similar views, and remarked that a Student | from Hollesley Bay would be well fitted for planta- ' tion life. Ceylon has now’ half-a-dozen representatives of. Hollesley' Bay College in Messrs. S. P. Blackmore, | A, O. Hardy, B. HL Jenkyns, EG. Jones, Mi. a ‘|W. Grant-Peterkin, and “ME L. Rolph. — ‘FEB. 1, 1895.] PLANTING AND PRODUCE. Tux Cocoa Marxet Last Yrar.—Unexampled de- pression in cocoa occurred last year, the deprecia- tion for some descriptions amounting to nearly 50 per cent. on the average value of the preceding five years. The cause must be attributed partly to the depression in trade, necessitating traders to buy entirely from hand to mouth; but the chief factor was the increased yield, particularly in Guayaquil (Ecuador), where itis stated to be the result of an enlarged area of planting. Ceylon cocoa, which suffered the heaviest depreciation, is mainly used by American manufacturers, and for some years commanded a price almost double that of other sorts —viz.,from 125s to135s per cwt.; but large yields from Java, the only country which produces a cocoa capable of competing with Ceylon, | combined with the American financial crisis, caused a grandual downfall in value, and for many month of this year the ruling price for fair estate marks was only 58s to 63s, per. cwt. West India growths maintained their value better than any other class, and Trinidad cocoa, which is always in demand be- cayse of its superior strength for mixed cocoa, has practically held its average value all through the year. Grenada, which was in plentiful supply the crop being larger than BnY yet received, and other minor varieties were greatly depreciated during the latter months of the year by the extremely low quo- tations of Bahia. Next to Ceylon, the severest fall was experienced by Guayaquil cocoa, particularly the fine sort known as Arriba, which was in excessive supply, and, notwithstanding a rise in the spring, oaused by the efforts made by the Guayaquil houses to ‘rig’’ the market by keeping back receipts dur- ing January to April, prices quickly fell from 85s, in May to 57sin Novembez, but some reaction was seen during December. The closing price is about 68s for good, Lasv Yuar’s Correr Marxet.—During the year just passed the chieffeature has been the great scarcity of good to fine qualities suitable for the home trade, and for these descriptions prices throughout showed but little fluctuation, and close, if anything, rather higher. Commoner qualities, on the other hand, were very plentiful, particularly Costa Ricas, and met generally with an indifferent demand at lower prices. ‘The year opened with offerings of more or less undesirable quali- ties, which found a slow sale at rather irregular rates, but later, with larger arrivals affording a better selec- tion, the tone became more buoyant. Costa Ricas, being of poor quality, dropped about 5s per ewt., but the decline stimulating the demand, especially for ex- port, there was a slight reaction. Later on, supplies continuing heavy while the general condition was in- different, a further decline of 2s to 3s was submitted to. During June and July supplies were lighter, and with a pact export, demand prices materially recovered, though atterly, with an unattractive assortment, consisting largely of second-hand parcels, the tendency was dull and slightly irregular,except for home trade qualities. Fort the small supplies of new crop East India the demand was throughout good at steady prices, but the quality was not altogether up to the usual standard, and indifferent parcels. made lower figures. It is noteworthy that the new crop reached here three to four weeks earlier than in the preceding season. Good to fine Costa Rica realised very good prices. Guatemala, being in smaller supply on this market, averaged well. Mocha commanded little attention during the early part of the year, but towards the close met with more inquiry, and, owing to scarcity and the lateness of the crop, advanced 10s to 15s per cwt. Ceylon, which shows increasing scarcity, punough indifferent in quality, commanded full prices Colombian kinds, owing to differential duties in the United States, haye been mostly shipped direct there, and the supplies of Jamaica to supersede this growth having been small, a good average advance on the year is shown. A recent feature has been the im- portation of plantation African, which has met a good demand and sold at satisfactory prices. Good coloury Santos suitable for the home trade for mixing pune has sold well,—//. & C. Mail, Jan, 4. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. “was 525 SMALL ‘*BREAKS” OF TEA IN LONDON. For some time past I have occasionally at- tended the sale of both large and small breaks, and have given the matter my closest. atten- tion to enable me to form an impartial and reliable opinion regarding this vexed question. On the several occasions [I have been _ present during the sale of the sinall breaks, I found that from thirty to forty buyers remained for them. In all cases the competition was keen. I sat throughout, I may say, the whole of the record sale of November 3rd, when over 30,000 packages passed the hammer, and found after all, the competition for the small lots (though their sale did not commence till, almost 6 p.m.) brisk, and lots that I was interested in realised highly satisfactory prices. I, therefore, failed to discover-that»the—small breaks were placed at any disadvantage compared with the large. Of course it would be different all round in a really depressed market, but I am_ of opinion that large breaks at the main auction would be affected equally with the small. We hear of small lots having been withdrawn from auction and 2d. per lb. more obtained for them by private contract next day, but the same applies to large breaks. One small Darjeeling garden, which has about the highest, if. not the very highest, average of the season, has sold numerous small breaks, and the proprietor has failed to discover any drawback in the manner in which the sales have had to be offered.—_ or. “OQ. FURLOUGH” in H. & C. Mail. = 3 gg CEYLON TEA IN AUSTRALIA. (From Alfred Harvey & Co.’s Tea Report.) MELBOURNE AND SYDNEY, Jan. 8. LARGE AND GENERAL.—A steady trade has continued through- out all but the holiday portion of the month, the market maintaining a firmness for almost all grades. Several small shipments ex early steamers from Foochoo were somewhat erratically placed on the market, and sold within a few minutes of samples being shown, through importers accepting prices below market rates. Since the holidays shipments ex ‘“Tsinan’’ have been shown, and fair sales effected, 2,400 half-chests of fair common at 5}d to good medium at 6}d going in one line. Indians continue firm at last month’s quotations, but only 3,000 chests have been sold publicly, im- porters are still chary of printing at present rates, and shipments show no sign of increasing, there being still about 1,000,0001b. less than at same time last year. A small shipment of 1,200 chests is printed for Thursday, when somewhat firmer rates are looked for. Ceylons continue to arrive more freely, the bulk at lower costs. These sold as soon as shown; but the badly-bought shipments hang fire, as also do the somewhat large accumulations of dusts and fine orange pekoes, both these grades showing a marked fall in values during the month. Cryion.—Shipments to date are 4,600,000 lb., or 400,000 ib. less than at same time last year. The Colombo market has, in sympathy with the fall in values in London, eased materially ; it has, how- ever from latest advices, again firmed up for com- mon and medium grades, making many of the recent shipments difficult to place. Arrivals have been fully up to the average, and sales fairly good. The demand is strong for all grades up to pekoes at 94d, except dusts, which ure fully $d lower; over-supply, in fine qualities from 10d to 1s 2d, has reduced values from 4d to 1d per lb, 526 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, [Fep. 1, 18y5. Only one public sale was held, on 13th December, COFFEE IN ASSAM. when 400 chests were printed, almost all of which We are interested to hear that a Sylhet planter, sold at full rates. Sales effected make the market— Mr. Hunt, has got six or eight acres of land under For dust, 54d, 54d; fannings, 6d to 63d ; broken leaf, coffee, and should be still more interested to hear Gad to 7d; whole leaf, 64d to 74d; fair to good of what jat the plant is. Liberian, we fancy, would pekoe souchongs, 63d to 84d); fair'to good pekoes, 1 Fs Pg rl ge Bn gg 74d to 94d; orange pekoes, 9d to 1s od for choice. fe pelker nee Tan. re r, Pp Stocks in bondon the 29th December were 264,412 lb. —— —— “ POULTRY KEEPING IN INDIA, —a simple and practical book on their care and treatment, their various breeds, and the means of rendering them profitable; by Isa Tweed with numerous illustrations.” This is the title of a very useful publication which has just reached us from Messrs, Thacker, Spink & Co., Calcutta, and which will be noticed at greater length by- and-bye. plied ones Sere THE POSITION OF THE TEA INDUSTRY TO THE EDITOR O¥ THE HOME AND COLONIAL MAIL. Sir,—Can you generously allow me space for a few remarks, which I consider called for from a shareholder's point of view, to supplement your able article of week on “the Position of the Tea Industry.” You do not put it prominently, or hardly by in- ference, that amidst the general depression, last season is most likely to prove a specially prosperous one for tea. Owing to various causes (amongst which the brokers, and not unlikely the producers, will class the ‘‘climatic’’) prices have ruled at least from 14d to 2d per lb. higher than for crop 1893, and are likely to prove as remunerative as those of any season during the history of the industry. That is to say, ————».—____ TEA-PRUNING. Upon respective tea qualities from leaf off light pruned and off heavy pruned bushes, we do not think that heavy pruning need necessarily give poor teas, on the contrary we should decline to accept sucha tee as any excuse. But we do think that as a rule etter prices should be got from a light pruned area, dhe See an equal area pruned heavily.—Plantér. an. Je Se: RHEEA FIBRE. In our issue, of . the 22nd December last, we shortly noticed the fact that the Mid- lands Spinning Go., Lids; of Long Eaton, Derby- shire, had overcome the difficulties hithertofore ex- eriencéd in breparing and ‘working up this valuable Fore, and that this Company were able to turn out yarns which were rapidly taking the place of silk in the manufacture of laces, &c. We are glad to be able to announce that we have received samples of the above-mentioned yarns, and worked up material, which we shall be happy to show to. any one interested on their favouring us with a call. The, specimens we have received are :— 1.—Raw Ramie ribbons as imported into England. 2.—Ramie,. cleaned and treated ready for combing. 3.—Combed ready for spinning technically known as ‘‘ Silver.” 4—Ramie ‘‘ Noils,”” 7.e., the waste from the comb- ing machines, of commercial value. 5.—Pure Ramie yarn, two fold eighteen gauge (silk counts). This is spun on ordinary silk machinery. The Rheea fibre industry'is one which is especi- ally suited to India, where thousands of acres of land are lying waste and of no profit to their owners. Now Rheea, or Ramie, is a plant which will grow any- where and with the least: possible cultivation, and these self-same acres will render crops which wili prove the source of an income as large as the trouble to obtain it is small. We had hoped ere this to have been in a position to chronicle the invention of Rheea leaf decorticat- ing, and fibre-preparing machinery of real value nearer ourselves here, than to have to hail its advent from England, the more so as a certain local com- pany bad mentioned in their prospectus that they were on the fair road to perfecting such a much- desired invention. What is really wanted is a type of domestic or house machine, of comparatively little cost, and simple in its details, altogether such as what would meet the requirements of village families who could then grow their small patches of Rheea, and pre- pare the fibre for export in much the same manner that jute is now grown in the villages in Bengal. —Inaian Engineer. an average of ls 1d this year must prove at least as profitable as ls 10d or 1s 8d twenty or sixteen years ago respectively. This and in many cases the splendid results of this season are due mainly to low exchange and other causes entirely beyond the control of the management. Such a season is not without its peculiar dangers, demanding grave consideration. I should be the last to knowingly depreciate the ain from the ‘‘deyelopment of economic methods,” ut beyond the saving from rolling by machinery in- stead of by hand, which has indeed been immense, the economy effected, as far as I can make out, has not been startling. Much remains to be desired in the way of econoimising for further developments in dryers and other mechanical lines, as well asin the price of tea machinery generally. There is also undoubtedly scope for economy, wherelittle or nothing has yet been achieved or even attempted, in some items altogether beyond the local management on the gardens. This is particularly the case in concerns not .yet too remunerative even to the original share- holders. All admiration and sympathy, as you indi- cate, are due to managers and other employés on the gardens for manfully contending, year after year, in retirement and solitude, against os markets, blights, and perhaps the errors of others, as in many cases their efforts have been most conscientious and unflagging, and insome instances little short of heroic. May such always meet with due encouragement. Though tea, must have suffered in some res- pects, it has gained much more in others from the general depression and even from the misfortunes of others, It. has been profiting mainly, and immensely, so far, from the fall in exchange, and is gaining, for instance, over 70 per cent. on marine freights, 50 per cent. on the price of tea lead, and largely on other material and requirements, compared with those paid at one time. Can all these gains be permanent? The gain by exchange (which has simply been the salvation of the tea industry in the face of the fall in the sterling prices) has to some extent been at the expense of labour, and in many cases of managers, and assistants; and if exchange does not rise, it is but fair and reasonable to expect that / wages and swlaries must do so, as the cost of food and living his increased since the fall in silver. We, [ fear, may not be entirely at one in regard to the Indian methods for the opening up of new. markets. Wein India, have, doubtless, from first to last participated in the enterprising and persistent efforts of Ceylon more than our own—though we have also accomplished something—in that direction ; and the present position of the China trade, together with the warin the Far East, cannot fail to aid us greatly through the ordinary trade channels, though other agencies may receive the credit. oT ae ee eer ea er aa a an Se ye Pe ee get Fes. 1, 1895.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 829 But my object in writing: is to call attention to what are clearly some of the dangers of the future. Those who have carefully marked the ups and downs of the enterprise cannot fail to be con- vinced that some infatuation attends tea, which leads to the most fatal mistakes in times of prosperity. Judging from the past, extensions will now be ‘too rashly undertaken in all possible directions, which must greatly aggravate the labour difficulties, already sufficiently acute in most districts. ‘These extensions cannot come into profitable bearing for years, under the most favourable conditions for growth, when, to a certainty, supplies will have again outrun the demand. It behoves all, therefore, to be very careful, and those only should extend who can do so under the most advantageous conditions as to soil, manage- ment, capital, &c. Rather let them fortify their existing plants and increase their reserve funds. As you have put it, Mr. Editor, it is unquestionably a case of ‘the surviyal of the fittest.’ Increased attention has in the most praiseworthy manner been given to manufacture, resulting in greatly improved methods and appliances and better quality, but it remains open to doubt whether equal advances have been made in the direction of restorative or even preservative cultivation especially in the case of hill gardens; and it is upon enlightened cultivation and the judicious treatment of the bushes, that the staying powers. of a garden must depend. Pro- prietors should see to this, and also ascertain what precautions have been and are being taken to con- serve timber—a vital matter in any district without coal, where wood is scarce, and transit difficult and costly. A. SHAREHOLDER. —H. & C. Mail, Jan. 4. ed TEA PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION. An Australian Tea circular by a recent mail, responsible for the following deliverance, which as regards the United States, contains a statement it is impossible for us to accept :— “The fact is, that the consumption of the World is, for the first time for many years, equal to, if not actually exceeding production. ‘Supplies from China, both Black and Red Leaves, have fallen off, and Russia and Western Asia have had to come on to the Calcutta and Colombo markets to make up their requirements. This extra demand has had an appreciable effect on prices in both these centres ot production, and, being once established, is pretty sure to increase. The United States have doubled their consumption during the past 12 months, and may poss?bly double it again during 1895. A good deal of this business is being done by re-export from London, but the direct Imports are also increasing largely. There is no new country ready, like Ceylon (from 1885 to '90), to increase the eunuly to the extent of 50,000,000 lb. per annum, though India will continue to show a regular steady addition to her exports. Therefore, giving due consideration to these points, it is not unreasonable to expect a marked advance in the average price of I'ea throughout the world, and Blenders will have to make a choice between curtailing their profits or increasing the selling prices of their Registered Brands.” We trust that some of these handsome prog- nostications may be realizel, and no doubt tea consumption is increasing throughout North America; but to say that the United States has doubled or even added 25 per cent to its con: sumption of tea during the past twelve months over the previous year cannot, we fear, be main- tained by the actual figures for imports and deliveries, ee ee 1) eer CEYLON PRODUCE IN LONDON. A few lots of Plantation Ceylon sold without alteration in value, Mocha was firmly held ;a small quantity of shortberry sold at 118s. In auction 23 casks, lO tierces, 12 barrels Plantation Ceylon sold, smalls at 983 to 983 bd, pile size at 103s, boldish ‘Fd and 1 at 1053 to 107s, sold at 109s, peaberry at 1128 to 125s, low middling of common quality: sold at 84s to 96s 6d, peaberry at 99s... Mocha.—Of 228. pack- ages 20 bales green short berry sold at 118s per cwt. COCOA.—This market has remained closed since the Christmas holidays, but in the absence of pub- lic sales a fair demand has prevailed and consider- able business is reported in Bahia on cost and freight terms. he auctions will be resumed'on the 8th instant, when the accumulated avrrivals. of British West India will be brought to the hammer Ceylon kinds have experienced some demand privately, and 250 bags Ceylon are reported sold, good and fine red at 60s to 683. 300 bags Trinidad, mixed red at 62s, middling red at 63s, and good red at 663 6d to 67s; 100 bags Bahia at 47s to 52s per cwt. An extensive business in Arriba Guayaquil has taken place, fine summer having advanced from 57s up to 46sep r cwt. and sales amount to between 7,000 and 8,000 bags. In Caraquez, Balao, &c., transactions are very small at 50s to 54s. CINCHONA BARK.—This market will reopen on the 8th instant, after an interyal of five weeks with- out sales, and extremely moderate quantities are advertised, amounting to barely 1,200:packages. The first sales in Holland will be on the 24th inst. The year 1894 has witnessed a still further diminution in the yolume of the trade in this article in London, and the very unremunerative prices so long prevailing, ‘and the moderate interest the planters in India and Ceylon now take in it on this account, and the ‘fact thatthe land is required for the cultivation of tea which has proved very profitable, make it more than probable that, as far as our Eastern imports are concerned, the trade will still. further diminish. In view of this state of things it. was thought best Guang the year to abandon:the old established fort- nightly series of auctions, and to ‘have sales only once a month. The total imports in the, year have been 29,000 packages, against 37,000 packages in 1893, and 46,000 packages in 1892, while the deli- veries of all kinds have amounted to 34,000 packages, against 38,000 in 1893, and (56,600 packages in 1892, and the stocks in London have thust been reduced to 32,000 packages, against 37,840 in 1893, and 38,900 in 1892, shewinga much larger reduction than in the two previous years, The year commenced with a unit value of 3d, and closed at barely jd, and during the greater part has fluctuated between ; the last four months, owing to thecon- tinued heavy shipments from Java, which growth virtually rules the market, as we wrote last year, and to the large quantities put on sale in Amster- dam, have been marked by successive falls in value, and we close at the lowest point of the year. It rests entirely with the Java planters, or with those responsible for the regulation of the quantities put on the Amsterdam market, whethr future prices shall remain at the present unsatisfactory level. A feature of the sales has been the large quantity of African bark, from the Portuguese island of St. Thome, which has been sold during the year. The following are the figures for the last four years of the movements in London :— Stock in Londor on Dec. 31st. 1894, 1893, 1898. 1891. Pkgs. Pkgs, Pkgs. Pkgs. East Indian 11,980) 14,600) 15,880) 22,260 South American 20,080f 23,240f 93,010) 6,880 Imported in the Year. East Indian roeeur 23,890) 33,460) 38,620 South American 10,460)" 8,130f 12,900f 11,700 Delivered in the year. East Indian 21,380) 29,580) 39,840) 40,920 South American 12,740 } 8,500; 16,750f 11,410 SULPHATE OF QUININE.—The market is life- less, with no transactions to report. The stocks have again been reduced during the past month by nearly 90,000 oz. and now stand at 2,753,000 oz. The reduction since the figures were first published at beginning of February has been half a million ounces, and as imports are very moderate, and eee in the article is for the time dormant, the figures should be further reduced The present 528 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Fes. 1, 1895. spot value of second-hand German is 114d, against 103d at the same time last year, and 94d in 1892, but during the year has been as high as 1s id ; manufacturers have maintained their price at 1s 2d, and have refrained from offering against each other, and with the low range of value of the raw article the margin of profit-has thus been greatly increased. During the year considerable quantities of specu- latively-held quinine have been sold, and the position of genuine holders in the trade has been consequently strengthened.— Wilson; Smithett & Co.'s Circular, January 4th. ————————EEE DRUG REPORT. (From Chemist and Drugqgist.) London, January 3rd. CAFFEINE.—The English manufacturers still quote 16s per lb for small wholesale quantities. Itis possible, how- ever, to buy about 6d per lb below their quotations from second-hand holders. arket quiet. Messrs. C F Bohrin- ger and Sohne, of Mannheim, take exception to the state- ment published in our issue of December 15th last (page 859) that the quantity of the German caffeine, whith was then being offered on the market slightly below the price quoted by the Knglish makers of the drug, was not considered equal to that of the English. They say that, as they are well known to be the prin- cipal makers of caffeine op the Continent, such a sugges- tion may do them injury. We cannot admit that our statement bears the interpretation which the firm seem to attach to it—viz, that German caffeine is, de facto, inferior to English. At most it may be construed as a declaration that, justly orunjustly, many buyers on the English market have a predilection in favour of the English-made article. We certainly did not say that that predilection ‘was well founded. In fact, from inquiries which we have since made, we have no hesitation in stating that we ‘believe that the article supplied by Messrs; B and S is im ‘every respect equal to the best caffeine made in this country. ESSENTIAL O1LS—Citronella oil is slow of sale, at 1ld to 114d per Ib on the spot, and eil of Lemongrass ditto at 1fd to 13d per oz. —EE————EEEEEEE TEA AND SCANDAL. Under the pseudonym of ‘Tom Treddlehoyle” Mr. Charles Rodgers has written many amusing sketches illustrative of the Lancashire Dialect. One of them is entitled ‘“‘Sum Thowts abaght Nan Bunt’s Chresmas Tea Party,” from which I give you the extracts peated tea, leaving out the scandal which is only locally interesting : Nan Bunt’s Chresmas Tea Party. Fine Mistriss Bunt Shoo did invite Five ‘gossaps all ta Tea ; ‘And az. the smooking cups went raand ; They cuddant let Nabors be. _ The’r tongues they. went like new-rung bells, The'r Chins just like a spring ; An meny a cup of Tea went coud, While they wor gossaping. No Nabor near did owt escape, Thaze praters cud invent; Backbiting wor ther sole maath-piece, An mischief thare intent. , Mike Mortal. Ben Bunt — * Nay! Nay! drop it, preya, an let foaks alloan, for ha ben lishing to yer ‘tawk wal am ‘reight slekt: yo wimmin-foaks nivver naws i wen ta gie ovvar, wen yo staxt'a maggin. Ha allas think at tea brews. moar mischief then owt thear iz it nashan beside, for it tells all it naws, an a gud deal moar beside, that’s wun.reason wha am ageant teatoatal trade, cos ha: naw weel enuf at chatter-watter caant speik well anoabde, an if ha mud hey my mind, ad hev all’t teapots thrawn inta chancery, an’t kups an ’t) sausurs ;speng..wewd aboou’t clawds, an tea kettals, an all ’t xest at parafanalea blawn away in a wirlwind to Sibearea: na that’s mind; then thear woddant besa much illefying goaing off, am suar, wun amang another; foaks ad mind ther awn consarns, an not be magging and tawking abaght this boddy an ’tuther boddy, for tea brews ansurka- lates; moar mischief amang ’t nabaz, then all ’t ale thear iz it| kingdom put tagether, for when a chap goaz tut) public-hause, and gets a toathree pints a ale, it maeks him sing an look cheerful], an if he happenze ta hey owt on hiz mind abaght onny boddy, he tells am to ther faices) wot he thinks like, but tea maeks an az crab’'d am az ill-tempered az wesher-wimmin on a rainy day: am another thing it maeks am pool faices az long az jack-planes, an call foakes behint ther backs, a shame ta be ead: hey, it brings ta mind wot Mike Mortal sez up at same subject,— Thus plain to all, this Kettle-Broth Duz nowt but mischeef maek ; While Ale it calls foak to ther faice, To calls behind ther back. Na doant let me drive ye all away we wot ha been saying: Sit yer senze doane, its nobbat just nine o’clock. Nan Bunt.—Gud neet to ye all, if yer goin: gud neet, Peggy, an be suer an doant taek na noatis at wot arr Ben's been sayin, cos it wor nobbat iz nonsense like. Gud neet. A ae many books have been published with- in the last twenty years or so upon the “Ame- rican” language, and I have just been dipping into one by M. Schele de Veere, called “ Americanisms: the English of the New World 1872." It contains not only a Slang Vocabulary but chapters on ‘“‘ The Indian, Immigrants from Abroad, Politics, Trade, &c.” From that on ‘Natural History’ I cull the following :— The herbs of the land suffer under the unfortu- nate tendency Americans have to soften initial vowels by an additional Y: as they say year for ear, and even yere for here, chiefly in Maryland and south- ward, so they also say over a wider region, yarh for herb, and yarb-tea is a very common article, especially in the New England States.. “Then we had an Erie Railroad "’ ‘splendid breakfast: bean- coffee, yerh-tea, leather-steak¥ and rain-water milk.”’ (New York 7ribune, January 23rd, 1871). That arti- cle of Tea is altogether a great mystery in the United States. While their fast clippers bring fresh teas in enormous quantities, and the new railway from the Pacific enables the. best qualities to reach the great marketsin still shorter time afterthe crop has been gathered, Americans drink, perhaps, agreater variety of decoctions under the name of tea than any other nation. It was a great puzzle to benevolent ladies who, at the begining of the late civil war, tried to make themselves useful in tending and nursing the wounded soldiers: The question . ‘t will’ you have a cup of tea?’’ was very apt to elicit the counter question, ‘“‘what kind of tea have you got. Sage— or sass—or store-tea?’’ It was soon discovered that store-tea was all over the interior of the country the name for genuine tea, or at least such as is sold under that title in ‘stores.’ Tay, however, they pronounced it, the Irish of Swift— ‘* And sneers. as learnedly as they Like females o’er their morning tea,” wheneyer they were Southerners, following here also the good old English custom, derived from the Chinese : ere, thou great Anna, whom three realms obey, Dost sometimes counsel take, and sometimes tea.” (Pope.) Sage-tea and Mint-tea were, of course, familiar to all nurses, and Sass-tea made ‘itself known as Sassafras- tea, a decoction made of the tender shoots and the roots of a laurel (sassafras officinals), the bark of which has an exceedingly pleasant taste and fra- grance, and valuable medicinal properties. Spice- tea is in like manner, made from another laurel common at the South, the spice-bush (Laurus ben- zoin: Linn); the bark of which is very spicy and much yalued in fever, whence it is also own as fever-bush. Jersey-tea (Ceanothus Americana) is known to New Jersey only, and Bohea-tea means a dark tea made of every other herb and plant in America —only not of the Chinese shrub known by that name. South-sea-tea or Yopon (Ilex vomitoria) occurs North and South, and in spite of its formidable, scientific name, makes a pleasant and slightly in- toxicating tea—at least so say the people of North Carolina, in whose state it is indigenous. They dry the leaves by a slow heat and then make an infu- sion of it, which may be ue paletable, as the plants belong to the same family from which, in Fes. 1, 1895.]. Peru, the famous Mate-tea is prepared. Even dis- tant Labrador is called upon to aid in furnishing a variety of the favourite beverage: at least in_ the North-west they have a tea called Mash-tea and an- other called Labrador-tea, made from two plants (Ledum palustre and Ledum latifolium), the leaves of which hossess moderate narcotic qualities, and are said to Fdveioh a pleasant infusion. At the other end of the Union, in Texas New Mexico, and the adjoin- ing territories, Sunta-/’é-tea ispopular, made of the leaves of a plant which has the modest merit of looking like the tea-shrub (Alstonia theaformis), al- though the likeness does not extend to taste or flavor. I the Far-West at the foot of the Rocky Mountains grows a shrub known as Red Moot, which produces a tea not unlike the genuine article, and 1s said, like the latter ‘“‘to cheer and not inebriate.”” The sarsaperilla of the United States is not the Mexican plant (Smilax) with its tea and other far-famed pre- parations, but a yariety of the ginseng plant, an Aralia and other herbs, used as substitutes. Teas are made, besides, from balm and elder blossoms, catnip and pennyroyal, horehound and snakeroot (ludicrously written swccrut by Signor Boccone, Rayo, 1698). Dittany (Cunila Mariana) also furnishes a tea, and as it is apt to grow plentifully in its loca- lities, there isa popular notion that, when one has been found its leaves will point ont the direction of others.” Kyidently they understand something of the of editing in Germany. Humoristiche Blatter’ :— Druckfehlertenfel (Printer’s Devil). Er erhob das Hanpt und blockte sic lange wehmutig an (He raised his head and Dellowed at them sadly for sometime) It ought to he blickte —an, gazed at. The same paper contains the following, which amuse the few bachelors left in Ceylon : Proof. HMe—* You still doubt me? Put my love to the proof: shall I fight with wild beasts, travel among savages, go to the North Pole, or descend into a volcano? Kverything, everything will I dare !” She—That’s right! Go straight to Papa and ask for my hand !” sorrows Teull thisfrom ‘‘ Meggendoerffer’s may him A. M. FERGUSON. A SS BUILDING MATERIALS IN CEYLON. The habitations of the lower classes of natives are formed of a rude framework of stout bamboos, the sides and roofs consist of reeds, closed in with the interwoven leaves of the coconut palm, the latter being washed oyer with the slimy juice of a native fruit, which, when dry, resembles copal varnish. In the huts built of ‘wattle and dab,” the framework is made of roughly squared jungle trees, the space be- tween being filled, and both the inside and the outside of the hut being covered, withclay andsand wellkneaded, afterwards plastered over with earth thrown up by the white ants, mixed with a powerful binding substance produced by the ants. Superior, houses are built of ‘‘ cabook,’’ a soft kind of rock, found at a few feet below the surface. This material has the appearance of a coarse sponge, the interstices being filled with soft clay. Before being used the blocks should be exposed to the rain, to allow some of the clay to be washed out. Cabook requires to be protected from the weather, but if covered with a thin coating of lime plaster it will last for years. Hard kinds of stone are not much used owing to the expense of working them, and rubble masonry is not approved, as there is difficulty in obtaining even beds and good bond. Bricks as a rule are so badly burut and the clay is so badly pugged that brickwork in exposed situations and unprotected will erish very rapidly. It is advisable that it should in all cases be well plastered with lime mortar. ‘Two or three coats of boiled linseed oil will preserve brickwork without hiding it, but the expense prevents its general use. Coal tar is an excellent preservative, but on account of its unsightly appearance it cannot be often employed. Lime is generally made by calcining white coral. When taken from the kiln it is in a fine white powder fit for immediate THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. —_——_—s 529 use, after being mixed with twice its own bulk of sand and water. It sets so rapidly that in the Public Works Department it is the practice to keep the lime under water for two days before using it. This has the effect of making it longer in setting, but it is more easily worked and eventually makes better work, equal in fact to the best blue lias lime. Well-seasoned timber, with free ventilation, will endure for many years if the white ants are kept away, without any precautions being taken to preserve it. In exposed situations and where subject to the attacks of the white ant, Stockholm tar is the best preservative, while creosoted timber is free from their ravages. In sea water and even in fresh water lakes and canals, timber is speedily attacked by worms, notwithstanding that it is painted oiled, or tarred. Iron exposed to the influence of the varying weather speedily oxidises, but oil applied hot is a good preventive. Coal tar is, however, the best covering applied either cold or hot, or before or after oxidation has commenced. Ordinary galvan- ised sheetiron does not last many years unless pro- tected with good red lead paint frequently renewed, but zinc wilt last for many years with little or no decay.— Builders’ Reporter, Dec. 26th. eee ee ee PH@BUS AND THE MICROBES : THE WHOLE ART OF BACTERIOGRAPHY BY PROFESSOR MARSHALL WARD, Professor Marshall Ward in his Sunday lecture at Langham-place yesterday afternoon gave some interesting facts as to the bactericidal effects of sunshine upon the great microbe family. Science has suspected for some years that Nature never intended the bacteria to have things all their own way, without providing some check on their sur- prising powers of multiplication. Messrs. Downes and Blunt as far back as 1877-8 found out that of two tubes taken and filled with water swarming with bacteria spores, that kept in the dark exhibits most rapid growth. The organisms exposed to direct sunshine scarcely increase at all. In later years Professor Marshall Ward and other investigators have gone into the matter fully, and achieved some startling results. The bacteriologist generally cultivates his germs in'a species of nutrient gela- tine. At this time of day everybody knows that these minute organisms are to be found widespread overthe face of Nature, but not everybody has a true conception how really minute they are and howrapidly they multiply. One of the largest species—the bacte- rium of the anthrax disease—is only one twelve thousand five hundredth of an inch in length, and you could put 500 millions of them in a drop of water the size of a pin’s head. A single spore in twelve hours under favourable conditions will gradually elongate into a continuous thread—like a chain of microscopic sausa- ges—fully 160,000,000 times the length of the parent germ. This, of course, is only the case when grown under favourable conditions, that is to say, with plenty of nutriment, gentle warmth, and in darkness. It has now been abundantly proved that sunlight, either direct or diffused, checks this growth, and if strong enough stops it altogether by killing off the spores. Professor Ward has devised a picturesque way of demonstrating this. He infuses his spores thickly and evenly in “agar” jelly, spreads a thin layer over a glass plate just like a photographer uses a thin film of sensitised collodion. And, curious as it may seem, the microbic jelly makes an excellent sensitive plate to print on by means of light. You may cover it up with a stencil-plate in which a design is cut out —say ‘‘Typhoid’’—and after five or six hours’ ex- posure the word will be found standing out in bright white letters on a dark ground. The dark ground represents millions of colonies of microbes which have come to life and waxed fat on the jelly under shelter of the dark plate. The white letters mark where the daylight has come in and slain all the spores under its influence, leaving the clear jelly unstained with the evidences of bacterial life. Itis 530 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTORIST. (ree. ', 1868. quite possible witb a good sharp photographer's negative to obtain a‘ bacteriograph,’’ as Professor Ward calls it. Now this fact is eminently important and sugges- tive. It seems to say that after all the best disinfectant is to have plenty of sunshine or daylight about. The Italians have a proverb to the effect that the house into which the sun does not enter the doctor does. Here, clearly, is another of those previsions of popular experiences which science has not. seldom Had the honour to confirm. It may be, asked whether the heat of the sun's ray’s has anything to do with this curious check on the undesirable expamsiveness of the microbe. The answer is nothing whatever. Most microbes, to start with, will stand a temperature a little less than that of boiling water, and the rays supplied to thebacterial plate are never sufficient even to melt the agar Dies The destructive effect seems to be confined mostly to the actinic or chemical rays of the solar spectrum. If the light is ad- mitted through a red glass (by which means most of the blue or violet rays are kept back) the growth of the microbe colonies is unaffected. ith blue or deep violent glass the bactericidal effect, on the contrary, is perfect. Professor Ward showed many interesting photo-lantern slides in proof of this, of which perhaps the .most interesting were “ bacterio- graphs”’ of the solar spectrum, showing that the white area of slaughter lay amongst the blue and violet rays. It is only reasonable to suppose that the increased number of bacteria found in streams and rivers during the winter months is owing to the decreased strength of the sunlight. The moral seems to be that if bacteria are responsible for sprending disease, not only plenty of fresh air but plenty of sunshine Sane be allowed to penetrate into our houses.—Darly Chionicle, Dec. 31. —————E————— TEA DRINKING IN THE UNITED STATES. The people of the United States having shown a disposition to take kindly to Indian and Ceylon tea, the not quite disinterested ory is being raised against tea drinking. The New York Tribune gives currency to some remarks made on the subject in the Medical News. ‘‘No longer” (says the Tribune) “may we speak of tea as the be which cheers but not inebriates. It may, indeed, still sheer. It certuinly does inebriate, with most deplorable effects, ranking as an intoxicant a good second toalcohol itself. Tosome, perhaps, the idea of a temperance crusade against : the teapot will appear grotesque. Yet in all serious- ness that very iiae is urgently needed. Accord- ing to statistics recently furnished to the Medical News by Dr. James Wood, of Brooklyn, of all the patients applying for treatment at the chief. dispensary of that city, no less than 10 per : cont are tea-dr@nkards. They are not aware of the fact. Not one asks to be cured of what we may call teamania. But the symptoms of their cases point unmistakably to over indulgence in tea, and that presumption, on inquiry, is confirmed by their confessions. They suffer from headache, vertigo, insomuia, palpitation of the heart, mental confusion, nightmare, nausea, hallucinations, morbid depression of spirits and sometimes from suicidal im- piles acl a formidable list of symptoms. These patients are of both sexes and all ages, and confess drinking from, a pint and a half to fifteen pints of tea each day. Another interesting fact is that nearly one-third of them are of Irish birth, and it is sife to assume that of the nearly two-thirds of American birth a large proportion are of Irish arentage. For in Ireland itself tea-poisoning has ong been recognised as a widely prevalent evil, contributing largely to the number of inmates of insane asylums; and here, as most housekeepers know, the most inveterate and inordinate tea- drinkers are the domestic servants of Ivish origin. The evil of tea-drinking is due, however, not only to the amount consumed, but also to the manner in which it is prepared. An unmeasured quantity of the leaves, says Dr. Wood, is thrown into the teapot, and an unmeasured quantity of boiling water added. In any tim} from ten to thirty minutes this infusion is used. ‘Then new leaves are thrown in with the old, which ave been left to soak, and more water is added, anl so on. Sometimes leaves are thus kept soaking for a day or more. Tho rosult is thit the decoction is loaded, not only with then, but with from 7 to 17 per cent. of tannin, andi with other even more deleterious substances. This form of preparation is almost universal among kitchen servants, and amoig shop and factory girls, who also are great tea-dvinkers, and is too often practised among other people of small means, who do not wish to waste a single leaf so long as there is any ‘strength’ in it. There is serious reason to believe that many cases of suicide and insanity are directly due to tea-poisoning, while the number of chronic invalids from the sime cause in this city alone is to be reckoned by thousands. It is high time for the evil to be recoznised and checked.” We have heard all thiskind of rubbish about Ire- land and tea before, and it grows state. As every article of food comes in for its share of attack in one or another of the medicine papers, and as exag- geration is usually necessary in support of the as- sertions mide, ter planters and tea drinkers must perforce be content to smile at them. There is another aspect of the case. It must be soothing to the feelings of those who sell as well as those who drink whisky and other strong drink to find that tea is the object of abuse by the medical faculty. The term “tea drunkard” suggests to the inebriate from spirituous liquors thit touch of nature which makes the whole world kin, and greedily swallows not only his own form of intoxicant, but all that he hears also to the detriment of tea. If there are people who oison themselves by excessive tea-drinking, the main ault lies in their ignorance on the subject of brewing the leaf and their indifference onthe score of purity and quality. There is much to be said on the subject of expert tea blending and proper tea brewing. Until quite recently the American market has been well served in the matter of tea, and the consumer may have suffered in consequence. But after allowing for this and more, such statements as those circulated by the Tribune are ridiculous by reason of their exaggeration, and they are merely a rehash of simi- lar twaddle which has appeared in some of the papers here.—H. and C. Mail, Jam. 4. —_—__——_?>_____——__ COFFEE PLANTING: MEXICAN COFFEE LANDS. A Trip ToHroven Msxtco—Tue Isramus or Tenvuan- TEPsc—Oorrer CAFFATELS. Special Correspondence to the “ Interstate Grocer.” SDP J] Tropical land hunters ani winter excursionists can secure round trip tickets to the City of Mexico over ra one of three routes good for six months. n each side of the Republic, running parallel with the Gulf and Pacific coasts and distant there- from fifty to one hundred miles there are ranges of mountains extending North and South. These two ranges close into a single one at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and at that point drop from a height of several thousand feet to 800 feet, rising again toits full height as soon as the Isthmus is crossed, and extending through Central America into South America. The major perion of Mexico, comprising the great plateau several thousand feet in height between the two mountain ranges, is a very unproductive country seldom offering any inducements to Americans ont- side of mining op2rations or mercantile pursuits. The condition of the native population on this plateau convinces the traveller that with the poorer classes life is but a strugzle for existence. Beggars are always met with in the plateau district and are seldom seen in the tropical districts. On the plateau we see Indians who look ve poor, cattle and work oxen so bony and miserable as to excite our commiseration. The catsand dogs are even bony and starved-looking. In fact, the first part of Mexico seen by the traveller, seems to convince him that it isa Fes. 1 1895.] poverty-stricken country. He wonders that such a country as the United States, with all its luxuries and conveniences, can be on one side of the Rio Grande, and that such a country as Mexico can be its nearest neighbour, and only separated by a narrow river. On one river bank the nineteenth century, on the other bank the seventeenth. On the plateau there is nothing to compare to the small farms of the United States. There are only haciendas with here and there small improve- ments. here are no public roads and no lumber wagons. All produce is carried on the backs of burros or mules, or hauled in carts with pondrous wheels. It is no unusual sight to see burros carrying a load of stalks and other burdens so large that only the feet of the animal can be seen. Half barrels of water, boxes of merchandise and machinery are carried by these hardy and docile animals. At the mining town of Matehuala several carts were seen that had brought the timbers from the mountain range seventy- five miles east. Hach two-wheeled cart had as many timbers piled upon it os it could carry, and to it was hitched a mass of trace-chains, whiffie-trees, wreckage of harness and incidentally eleven mules —one in the thills and one on each side of the thills; four abreast hitched to the thills and four abreast in the lead. ‘This mass of wreckage and mule-yard required one cart driver and one outrider to sail it. One Yankee with a four-mule team and four-wheeled wagon would have readily hauled the same load. i ; : Desiring to drive a distance of thirty miles with » party of three over a level trail, the only rig possible to secure in Cedral was a canvas-covered apology for a coach with five mules for motive power, one driver to steer the outfit and one outrunner to chase the leaders, whi them and throw stones and sticks at them. We saw no reason why such wagons as are used in the United States could not be used in that section of the country. But, “it is the custom of the country,’ and that is one thing that never—that is, hardly ever— changes in Mexico. It is the plateau country that has, perhaps, given us a poor opinion in the United States of the Roxicants’ e have only seen a class of Mexicans in this country who are here often for their health and who are termed “ greasers.” In Mexico the better classes have seen more of our tramps and criminals than they have of our best citizens, hence it is not to be wondered at that the better classes there have as poor an opinion of the ‘ Gringos’’ from the United States, as we do of the class termed greasers. The traveller finds the landed proprietor, the merchant, the dealers, government officials and the Mexicans generally to compare favorably with the people of the United States. It is only the mot polite people ot the States that can hold their own with the Mexi- cans in every day intercourse. American travellers are treated with great courtesy in Mexico. The Mexican gentleman seemed never tofail in courtesy, however rude the stranger may be. We sometimes were embarrassed by the rudeness of fellow Ameri- cans, but the courteous Mexicans overlook any breaches of good manners without notice. As we go South toward the City of Mexico, the BAe Toate plateau gives way to green vege- tation, improved tracts of land and more general ap- earances of wealth and comfort as we n:ar San Louis >otosi. Mexico improves with the travelier as he goes South, and in the City of Mexico he is delighted with allhe sees. It is a beautiful city, very clean and with so much clear sunshine and temperate weather the year around that it is entrancing to a citizen of * Del Norte "’ who has just left the snow, sleet and ice of his native country. A stroll in the beautiful Alameda (a world-re- nowned park) in mid-winter, with the bright sunlight gilding its still summery dress is a pleasure. I[t is a pleasure to drop into the rooms of our consul- general, the Hon. T. I’. Crittenden, or that of our minister, Mr, Grey, both of which face the park, and while chatting with the very agreeable attaches of the oflices, drink in through the open windows the “ ethereal mildness ” of this fortunate and distressed, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 534 this very rich and very poor, this most promising and most discouraging republic. There are no arringe- ments for heating in the houses of Mexico and rarely ever any necessity for them. In summer the heat is never so great, at any altitude above 2,500 feet, as that which existed in the western United States from June 5th, to September 5th, this year. Except in the Tierra Caliente (the low, hot coast regions) the climate of Mexico is far superior to that of the United States, except perhaps a portion of Southern California. One can but admire it and wonder at it hourly. The land prospector is perhaps most interested in learning the political conditions of the country and the probable stability of the government. Whatever Mexico is today inits high stand amongst the governments of the world is due largely to the talents of its re- markable president. He who has read Mexican history and has travelled through the land must acknowledge the genius of Porifio Diaz, who has made law and order respected in Mexico and who has made Mexican credit respected in the financial centers of the world. The aristocrats of the republic, those we may term the descendants of the conquistadors, are not perhaps in sympathy with him. He is an Indian and proud of it. As we go about the length and breadth of the republic unarmed and in pertect safety, the heart beats with a freeman’s pride that this is a free country, ruled by a native citizen, whose almost regal authority is tempered with such wise judg- ments for the greatest good of his heretofore distracted countrymen. It is conceded in Mexico that there will be no internal troubles as long as Diaz lives. It is the universal opinion of Americans in Mexico that the mass of the leading Mexicans now realize the beni- fits of a settled government and that there will be no more revolutions in that country. In proof of this we find Americans settled in every state and large numbers of them are at this time buying coffee hands in different parts of the republic. Regarding revolutions in Mexico, new elements have appeared, the telegraph and the railroads. It is now impossible for a revolution to gain any headway before it is known and crushed out. Disappointed ambition cannot ever hope again for relief in revolution in Mexico. Those-Americans who fear personal danger in visit- ing Mexico should know that there is more crime com- mitted in the United States every day than is com- mitted in all Mexico ina month. Occasionally we learn of some American with con- siderable sums of money upon his person who has gone into some wild portionoft the country unguarded and who has been murdered for his money For every one suchin Mexico there are 100 in the United States. The writer procured the best revolverto be had of St. Louis house, carriedit a few weeks in Mexico and then sold it at a sacrifice as a useless ornament. It is only necessary there to use the ordinary caution that a stranger in a land of strange customs should use. While this is true it should be stated that the Mexican, going about the country, always carries a large revolver and hunting-knife in his belt. He sometimes has a sword or ‘Machete’ attached to his saddle. He says that he carries them for ‘‘ show,” to scare the Indian. (‘I'he poor Indian, whose every spark of grit has been ground out of him and who dare not claim his soul for his own.) So far as the writer is concerned, if any one will guarantee him against the Mexican and his armament, he will guarantee himself against the Indians, except those in the north-western part of the republic. Nearly every American in the City of Mexico has some land for sale, or knows some one who has or can put a fellow “Gringos’’ from the United States on to some special bargain. he realestate agents of the capital city are not inferior in any respect to their brethren of the United States. Ii ascertained that the general opinion is that coffee cannot be successfully raised below an altitude of 2,500 feet and that all the coffee districts of Mexico range from 2,00 to 45,000 feet in height. It requires but a short examination of the maps to decide that the location of lands at that height is such as to proclude the possibility of successfully raising bananas, It was soon ee DADA, TADIIOAT GH 2081 1% a94 832 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. EB. 1, 1895, pineapples and other fruits,,owing to the difficulty | leaves, and whether it would obviate the of quick and cheap transportation to the one | necessity of having the elaborate rolling tables great market—that of the United States. On account of the transportation question along the western and southern slope of the republic was at once rejected. On the Gulf slope most of the locations of 2,000 to 4,000 feet was believed to be more remote from easy, prompt and cheap transportation than is at the pre- sent time necessary to take. Later on, when the most accessible locations are taken many of these inland tracts will likely command even higher prices than are now asked, although we now reject them with good reasons. Nearly every American pyros- pector is looking for coffee land because his attention has been more particularly called to the profits of coffee culture. Believing that the rule of planting a diversity of crops will apply as well to the tropical roducts as to the temperate zone products of the Tinited States, the wise prospdetor will select a lo- cation where rubber, cacao, vanilla, sugar cane and other crops will also grow at their best. Those pro- ducts do not grow at their best at the height of 8,000 to 4,000 feet, where coffee is now grown in Mexico. Another objection, a very serious one, is found against many of the locations offered. A settler upon many of them will find himself isolated to a large extent, in qa strange land, surroundel by strangers speaking a strange language. He will find himself without political power and without neighborly sympathy, His position will be an unpleasant one, even if the surrounding Mexicans are very friendly. _ If they are suspicious and consider the ‘ Gringos’’ a legitimate object of prey, then, indeed, is his posi- tion a trying one, and will likely end, sooner or later, in his abandoning venture and returning to “ Wife’s Folks” in the States. Americans who haye located in Mexico without con- sidering allof theabove a:entioned matters, must be the ones whose experience resulted in the late warnings sent to the United States by some of the consular agents in Mexico, The American prospector shonld go to that point where the majority of the settlers will be English- speaking and where the American influence will be felt and respected: by Mexican citizens and govern- ment officials. He will be wise to go to that part - of the country that is attracting the attention of the world in the matter of transportation and that - will in a very short time offer his products com- petitive rates of freight to the world’s markets. He will use good judgment if he does to that district where every known tropical product can be raised with certainty. ‘Finding these conditions of a friendly social population, a soil and climate unsurpassed for ionients parts of the world, the prospector may invest with the absolute certainty that history repeats itself and that his lands, bought today for a song, will soon command many times their first cost. That there is such a location we haye the testimony of many shrewd Americans who have returned to the United States most enthusiastic over the opportu- nities for investment there at this time. ——___——_—>—_————_ INDIAN TEA NEWS. (Contributed.) I have just received that excellent magazine the Tropical Agriculturist and in it every month one gets a very great share of all tea news, as well as pene topics in general. The article from the ondon Times on ‘‘ Imitation” Tea is given in full, I have not seen much on this head in the Planter. The most remarkable feature of the case against the promoters of Imitation Tea is that they could re-make the tea by the simple process of blowing the infused leaves ‘‘against a large pipe heated nearly red-hot. By the time that they cevched the end of the pipe, the tea had curled’ again, and then they fell, looking like ordinary tea, into a‘receptacle at the end.” This leads one to enquire how far the same machine would act in giving the desired twist to fresh tea products and linesof transportation to all- now in use. One cannot i ine anything flatter than a well soaked ten idaty a Seltebe taciaritie action of hot iron seems sufficient to rofl it. An- other marvellous item is that the Imitation tea was sold at 64d to the dealer, and this will make all who sell tea for a lower figure feel very small indeed. The average price paid for tea in 1894 was higher than that of 1893. Who has paid for the in- creased valueof the crop? Shall we find retail prices higher in 1895? We are told that the dealers have paid for the better average quality of the crop, but we do not expect to hear that the consumers are paying more for their tea, in fact every quarter shows a decided reduction in retail sales. think that we may presume that the dealers would prefer inferior quality and smaller prices.—Vhe Planter. ~- — + ee ~~ VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. TEA CONSUMPTION IN THE UNITED SraTEs— must certainly be going ahead since the 4 merican Grocer shows that up to the end of October last the imports into the States were 33 per cent above those for the 10 months of 1893, NATIVE AGRICULTURE. —“‘A Wellwisher” favours us with a long and interesting review of the prize-day proceedings at the Agricn}tural Sehool and their bearing on the conditions of native agriculture. There is good sense in much that he says and no one is entitled to write with greater authority. But as regards the risk of increasing the production of coconuts too rapidly, we would point out again, the great scope there is for increased consumption of the nut for food pur- poses among the natives themselves, apart al the new and old uses appertaining to this valuable source of export trade. THE KANGANI AND CooLy ADVANCE SysTEM. —We are yery pleased to haye the following re- ply to our inquiry as to the above system in the early days of coffee-planting here, “from one of the oldest pluiers remaining in the island, Mr. W. H. Walters of Gonavy, ‘Hewahetta. Mr. Walters writes :—‘‘In reply to your query re Kanganies,; when I came out to Ceylon in 1841, to joi my uncle on Kondasalle, © the Kangani system was then in vogue; there were not many Tamils employed in those days, but we had a Head Tamil Kangani, also. a Sinhalese. Robert fyiler on the n>xt estate had the same, and so had R. D. Gerrard on Degalle.. I have no recol- lection as to whether they received head money or not, but fancy they received a monthly «a- lary, for supplying and overseeing their coolies. Our headman was a Havildar, had been in the Indian Army for many years and I knew how to apply the rattan when needed.”—Another very old planter, Mr. John Stephens of Dolosbage (did not he and Mr. Walters travel ont together?) writes :—“‘I had large gangs of Sinhalese working on the Cinnamon Gardens Kaderani from 1841 to 1856, at three fanams per day; Kanganis at six; and Head Kanganis atseven. They were paid about every two months.” —Of course for such there were noadvances. Still further the veteran, Mr. W. H. Wright, tells us that when, in 1839 he went to the Rajawella estate, Dumbara, Messrs. James and Geo. Reid were Managers and Superintend- ents and they paid the Kangani ld. a day per head of the coolies working on the estate 24 days in the month. Advances were also given to bring coolies from the Coast, and in those earl days there uever was trouble about repayment. Indeed, during Mr. Wright’s five years on Rajawelle, he never heard of a run-a-way coolie. * ae Fre. 1, 1895.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 533 Goyjespondence. Tyee Of) jrott 10. To the Editor. CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA. New York City, Dec. 12th 1894. Dvar Sm,—I was much pleased to receive the pamphlets you so kindly sent me; I thank you very wuch for same. I was particuiarly well pleased on account of my mentioning in my last the de- sirability of publishing in that form your well-writ- ten article of October 27th. If I had alot of these pamphlets I would see them properly put out and {£ am sure ovr good friend Mr. Cockburn would do the same. In fact by placing them into the hands of the importers and wholesale trade in advance of the coming of the Ceylon delegates would prove a sort of opening wedge ox introduction for the Dele- gates. * ; Just about now, is a more than busy time in and about New York, and I presume the same can be said of the other large cities of the Union; the people are busy preparing for the holidays; the shops are unusually brilliant in their large and varied displays ; the window arrangements and decorations are truly beautiful and I can assure you very enticing to passers to enter and buy. An attractive present can be purchased for ten cents or for a thousand dollars or more according to the size of the purseof the purchaser. If you could see 14th Street, Sixth Avenue and 23rd Street of New York City and Fulton street of Brooklyn, you would be astonished and wonder whence come all the people, an element of respectability, and the very people we want to drink our good and delicious Ceylon ‘Lea, Another Company, I haye it on good authority, is defunct: THE INDIA*CEYLON TEA CO,, I am sorry to say, isa thing of the past, My infor: maht, a large retailer in the city of Brooklyn, on accoutt of a friendly feeling to its president and in ah ehthusiastic spirit, took quite a slice of the stock and induced a few of his Associations to do likewise ; they now give him the laugh for his enthu- siasm, but Iam glad to say that this same retailer is just as enthusiastic as ever oyer Ceylon Tea and told me that since his retuzn from the World’s Fair, after drinking Ceylon Tea in its perfection in the Commissioner’s Room, Ceylon Main Cow't, he conld and would not drink any other tea. I take it that the collapse of this Company was caused by the asso- ciation of an undesirable party within the fold of the India-Ceylon Tea Company. What is left, I am in- formed, has been taken up by a party that lacks capital to forward the interests of his undertaking. have just received a very nice letter from My. Cockburn dated at San Francisco; part of the con- tents relating to the Ceylon Court at the Mid-winter, ained me. Iam so sorry that Mr. Cockburn eyer ecame associated with this man Foster; an associ- ation that has done neither him nor Ceylon any ood, After he, Cockburn, has lost some $550 by is connection with this man, it seems hard that he should suffer by paying another $3875 from his own pocket to henor his name in the transaction of the pirchase of the Court from the special Commissioner, the Hon. Sir John J. Grinlinton, Kt., at Chicago by Messrs. Foster & Cockburn; well, Foster hasmade away with the Court—and our friend Cockburn feels that he is in honor bound to meet the demand of Goy- ernment and will foot the bill gracefully. I have written him and he will leave no stone unturned to vegain the possession of the Court. I believe that $s *A very large number of the pamphlets in ques- tion; “Ceylon Tea in North America’ has been sent to the American press, and to Messrs. Bierach, CockWurn and other friends for distribution,—Ep, TiA. oe tey he has placed the matter in the hands of his lawyers at San Francisco, for action; should he succeed in regaining the Court (if I remember right, it alone, contains twelve beautifully-carved pillars) it could be well utilized if the Atlanta Exhibition be taken up and possibly used at the Canadian International Exhibition in 1896 at Montreal. On this account, possibly, the money could be refunded Mr. Cockburn by Government, ox the committee might reimburse him so that he may not suffer all this loss. In my proposition as to the COTTON STATES AND INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, I only called for four pillars but could use the twelve togood advantagein my plans for the exhibit. The same being in America would be a saving of freight from Ceylon to this point. Possibly, with a success- ful management at Atlanta, a further proposition may be taken into fayorable consideration as tothe coming Exhibition in 1896 at Montreal, Mr. Cockburn being now in correspondence with the Director- General of the said proposed Exhibition. Itis my candid opinion that for the next two or three years Ceylon cannot. take advantage of too many Exhibitions in the United States and Canada. Such Exhibitions as the Cotton States and International at Atianta and the Canadian International at Moutreal are special opportunities not to be missed, and then we have the smaller Industrial or State Exhibitions such as are held annually at Boston, St. Louis, Milwaukee and other American cities, the pure food shows and the country or agricultural fairs that are important; as our success lays with the consumer itisat these exhibitions we accomplish our object and reach the consumers by the thousand, interesting them by the nature of our exhibit: our native attendants, the goodness of our teas; then, comin from the gem of the Hastern Sea, the beautifu Island of Ceylon, lends a charm that the people cannot very well get away from, Pazxt of my scheme in connection with this exhi- bition work would be to advertise the dealer that sells Ceylon tea, so that he may feel encouraged to push the same and at the same time be an in- centive to that class of trade that does not take up our teas, When such trade find that the dealers that ave interested in Ceylon tea are being advertised, why they will feel quite anxious to come in and share in adyertising that costs them nothing and feel as if they were part of the enterprize and so the fame of Ceylon tea will be carried from town to town, city to city, and state to state and in due season will become as well known as China, and to better satisfaction on account of its cleanly manipulation and making, its pwity and good drinking qualities, delicacy, whole- someness and desirablility in every way to be used in every home in north America. I had the pleasure of a call from Mr. EH. A.Felder, the Assistant to the President and Director-General of the Cotton States and International Exposition and in charge of foreign affairs; he is more than hopeful for the success of the Atlanta Exhibition and very much delighted at the prospect of a ey- lon representation and has promised that everything will be done to make owr visit to Atlanta a satis- factory one, and also informed me the space that would be at our disposal, on’ account of adirect representation, would cost us nothing and would make a satisfactory arrangement on a concession to sell tea in the cup &e. as at Chicago. Mr. Felder who was the Cheif of Admissions at Chicago Exhibition, seemed somewhat anxious or hinted at the desirability of a show in the women’s building ; we well know the success of the Ceylon Court in the Women’s Building at the Worlds’ Columbian Exhibition, and it might be to our advantage to make a small display of women’s work in this building in a suitably prepared show case of say about fifty to one hundred articles, not more, such as articles of art and merit in laces Xe. Tt will help to advertise Ceylon and in advertising Ceylon we are advertising Ceylon Tea, and so place us at the Exhibition that we will be in direct touch with the ladies, and add largely to our success, My plans for THE CEYLON cCouRr, I am preparing to submit to the Ceylon delegates and will, [ am sure, look more imposing than the drawing I sent the Chairman of the Planters’ As- sociation, A. Melville White Esq., with my proposition for the Mxhibition ; I have not altered the effect of the original, one bit; I have simply added a wing right and left on the front elevation ; this change 1 find practical as it will accommodate the tea service, tea and other exhibits to good advantage and with the tea being displayed, each grade in separate glass Jars with screw tops, properly labled will make this exhibit of the teas of Ceylon a very interesting one, and to make the exhibit still more attractive, 1 hope that a representation of other products of the island will share a space inthe representation. ‘Chis seems to be the feeling of My. ‘elder also that we make a good and interesting display and that a direct representation will be the most satisfactory. f find that I am imposing too much on your valuable time, dear Mr. Wditor, though a few more words and I will have finished. With your own favour- able visit to Atlanta in 1884, and your endorsement as to its central location, coupled with the visit that in all probability the Delegates will make to Atlanta on their tour of the United States, 1 feel that the xe- presentation at the Cotton States and International Hxhibition is assured, and that not only the flags of Ceylon .and America will wave over the Court, but a banner, with ‘Drink Cryton Txra.’—l am, aithfully yours, S. BIERACH. N. B:—The New York office scheme I sent with- out any explanation, was prepared by me to submit to the ( eylon representatives. LIBERIAN COFFEE IN CEYLON. ‘Dear Sir,—The sale of Ceylon Arabian coffee at R20 per bushel did not come as a surprise to the “Inowing ones’’ and though it may seem incredible, that figure will not be the limit, so long as even 20,000 cwt. only is exported. he cultivation again of this product notwithstanding the present and increasing value, should not, however, be undertaken save by those who have some experience or can entrust it to those with experience, beginning with the knowledge of soil, climate &c. New cultivations will not last and must be planted with the object of forcing crops and falling back on some other product planted amongst it. As regards old existing be done in the fortunes yet te be made in this product by some— particularly those who start early and plant sell. Lhe price of this product is rising and is as certain to: sell at’ R15 a bushel in 1896 and for several years after, as Arabian coffee will, at R20 to R25. Between this and April. land can be cleared and _ prepared for the S.-W. season, the best season for planting of any product. Plants are cheap enough and precurable from many sma)! Libesian estates now being extended. By careful planting, [ mean the making of good holes and filling them: with all the ashes and surface soil, for coffee loyes a vich soil. Particular care should be taken to fill in vacancies, and where plants look seedy and stunted to put in fresh plants. The tea planting (or “ sticking in”) style must be dropped, if anything like a decent tield of coffee is expected, yielding heavy and steady crops of fruit—not leat. A 25-acre field of Jiberian coffee properly planted and attended to, promises in a year or two to give a Uetter return than 75 to 100 acres of good tea. You cannot expect a crop “ to clear all expenses’ earlier than the 4th year, but from a clearing 24 years old the tvs} picking begins pod being always im fruit, a special large stat of THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Te?" A an (Fen. L 189s. . coolies for picking is not needed—not more than one- third the number of men to keep the place going that is required for a like extent in tea. Mac and buildings for gathering and curing erop will cost 40 per cent Jess than same for manufacturing tea, With cocoa coconuts and ether preducts among the coffee and with prices good for one decade at least, there is nothing to fear, D. &. THE MOON’S INFLUENCE ON WEATHER. Dear Six,—Your correspondent ‘“ One Interested ” is very clever to * lure’’ another on in order that he may “stumble,’’ and so very wise that he can “shat up the text-book" and speak as the authorized expounder of Science herself, saying “ science defies any man to trace that intluence in even the slightest degree, &c."" Ihave given names and statements of men high inscience, to the effect that there is some influence on the weather. But I do not care to discuss that point as it is admittedly small. As to the stumbling, he does not yet make it clear. Per- haps he has another trap laid in the multiplicity of his words. I was amazed at his questions betore, and I cannot see that he has bettered the case now. Vhe fact that no oue has measured the tide in mid- ocean does not prove that it cannot be measured. If he will furnish the money I willagree to get it measured as a distinct definite tide twice a aay a hundred miles from land. A rise of three feet in six hours is not easily measured from a moving vessel over a depth of several miles, but it can be done. I fail to see what he means by “a slight bulge which takes a month to move round the earth, a sleepy old_ billow, too sluggish to make sea-weather."’ In what possible sense can the tidal elevation be said to move around the earth in a month? He says the coasts, islands, etc., through this watery elevation, or dash against it and so have their waters disturbed, just as if the sea were a watery shell thicker on the side next the moon, and the solid earth were moving within it. It does not seem possible that any one can hold such an opinion, and yet this is all I can make of his state- ments. He says that this elevation “is not far from under the moon,” He is evidently not aware of the fact that the tide in the middle of the Pacifi is the principal tide on the earth, and controls the tide in all other parts of the earth, In the centre of the Pacific it is comparatively free, and rises there twice in 25 hours, nearly under the moon or opposite to it, and in order to an elevation of three feet every particle of water must move on the averag a half: mile to and fro, Where the water is less deep the motion of translation of the water is much more, After the tide has risen in the mid-Pacifie the ele- vation tends to follow the moon, but the obstrue: tions hinder the moyement of the water so much that before it reaches that part of the Indian ocean south of Ceylon, the moon has gained a whole quadrant, and is at right angles to the tide. The local tides are overpowered, but this one elevation keeps steadily on and when it reaches the south-east Atlantic it is enforced by the opposite tide, but before it reaches the mid-Atlantic it is a quadrant behind that, and by the ime it reaches the shores of Eng- land it is 36 hours behind. In the eastern Pacitie the tide moyes in the opposite direction, i.¢., from West to East. I do not see how these facts are con- sistent with your correspondent’s statements. ‘The tidal movement affects the water to its lowest depth and amovement varying from a half-mile to several iniles in six hours must cause some ‘sea-weather,”’ as he calls it. Although the air differs in many respects as he has pointed out, it may help us if we remember that more than half of the atmosphere is below the level of the highest mountains, and that very small variants when frequent may have con- siderable effect on nearly balanced forces. Tennyson calls the “moon-led waters” may haye their counterpart in a small degree in moon-led aixs, —Yours truly, JAFFNA COLLEGH Es THE What - ee 4 Fes. 1, 18y5.] THE TROPICAL No. II, Dear Sir,—Referring to the closing lines in the extract you give from ‘ Bachin’s Hanay-book of Meteorology,” Buchan, of course, like all practical scientists, sits on the moon influence theory, but in saying that the ‘moon's influence on barontetric pressure and thence on the winds and the temper- atures, has not yet been even attempted to be proved,’ he is wrong, and has overlooked Avago’s declaration in book xxi. chap. xxxvii. page 321, thus : “Tt was ascertained at Paris, by twelve years’ ob- servations, that the mean height of the barometer at the moon’s quadratures and syzgies’’ (when, if tha moon caused high tides in the atmosphere, they would pass over Paris, high and low,) ‘that the differences differ only by a thousandth of an inch, a quantity evidently less than the errors of observa- tion "; which, of course, means there ws no differ- ence at all !—Yours truly Ong: TECHNICAL TEACHING: THE AGRICUL- TURAL AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS : How vo Improve Coconut CuLtrurs. Veyangoda, Jan. 21. Dear Sir, —The words which fell from Mr. John Ferguson, at the prize distribution on Thursday last, have naturally suggested a few thoughts to me as a coconut planter; but will you allow me, before giving expression to them, to congratulate the Go- vernment on its gradual appreciation of the true educational needs of the country. It would, perhaps, have done wisely to haye recognized the importance of technical teaching earlier; but in view of present efforts it would be ungracious to snarl at the past. If it has been slow in awaking to a sense of its obligations to the agricultural interests of the coun- try—and_ unquestionably they are the most iniportant, as on them hinges the material prosperity of the people—and if it may be convicted of some dilatori- ness in establishing a Technical Institute for the development of industrial arts and manufactures, it has not run away with the notion that facilities for the acquisition of knowledge bearing on agriculture and handicrafts supersede the necessity for encouraging general education. It is only those whose general education has been neglected who could imagine that one form of instruction could supplant the other, instead. of supplementing it; and it is gratifying to find that the Governor is deaf to the clamour which arises periodically from certain quarters; and that apparently it gives him as much leasure to promote the advancement of general know- edge in institutions like the Royal College, as to give countenance and encouragement to special or technical teaching in institutions like the Agricultural and Technical Schools. His Excellency wisely takes note of the fact, that the condition and tastes of every class of the community are not identical, that it is impossible to direct them in one or two grooves, that. even if it were poosibleit is not desirable that the training of youth should have reference merely to a future calling ov profession, that special know- ledge is best built up on a broad foundation of sound general knowledge, and thut the Stateis the greatest beneficiary from variety in the tastes and pur- snits of the people under its care. Tthas been made the subject of reproach to tie Ceylonese, that they have been attracted to the learned professions and to quill-driving. Shey are not singular among nationalities in the exhibition of such tastes; nor could they haye been weaned from them by the attraction of the goiya’s crapper or the blacksmith’s forge. With the means of know- ing that agriculture need not begin and end with paddy field mud, and the manufactures with the smithy’s grime, the better class of Ceylonese are sure to be drawn over in larger numbers to the callings for which the foundations are to be laid at the Technical and Agricultural Schools, than to the professions to which they have hitherto been natu- rally attracted, AGRICULTURIST. 535 Now to coconuts! Mr. Ferguson miust have rather startled most of his hearers, and perhaps & goodly number of his readers too, by }iis state- ment that the produce of the coconut pam is of higher money value than that of the greaf Pew industry. And yet, on the assumption that there are 700,000 acres under coconuts, the annual value: of the produce cannot be less than that of Tea. The explanation of its making less noise than the fragrant leat is that whereas the latter owns. the proprietorship of only hundveds of prominent ener- getic men, the former counts thousands of proprietors, the majority owning only a few trees each, and a great number only a few acres each; and these have neither the intelligence not the influence to make much noise. Add to this the fact that the capital invested in coconuts is almost wholly local capital; and one cin at once undersiand why tbe industry is not as prominently before the public in the news- papers as Tea. I have retezved to the estimate of 700,090 acres under coconuts as an assumption. I do not mean thereby to impugn th2 estimate as incorrect, but as based on information which is notoriously care- lessly compiled. Every’ Tea Planter knows his acre- age and supplies the information annually to the com- pilers of the Directory. Only the acreage of the larger coconut plantations is thus returned to the Direc- tory. Will Sir Arthur Havelock give practical proof of his penchant for precision by requiring every Revenue Officer to obtain trom every headman the name and extent of every cozonut plantation in his division, and, in the case of small and dwelling gardens, the number of trees in each. Hyery kachcheri could then supply approximate figures, counting 70 trees to the acre; and the Government would then have the means of judging whether Mr. Ferguson’s esti- mate—compiled [suppose mainly from the Blue Book* whose untrustworthiness is proverbial—is near the mark or not. But taking 700,000 acres as correct, the number of trees (50 millions) must be fairly approximate, as also the yield of nuts—1,200 mil- lions—which would be between 29 to 25 nuts to the tree. Where I am disposed to revise his esti- mate, is in regard to the value cf the annual crop which, at R50,000,000 would assume an aver- age of over R4l per thousand nuts. This is de- cidedly too high tor the year, though the rates ruling at the present time may seem to justify it. A safer calculation would be R35 per 1,000 and that would work out 42 million rupees, or about the same value as our ‘ea Exports! This, however, is a commercial question. What has a special interest for the agriculturist is Mr. Fer- guson’s suggestion, that the average yield per tree might easily be increased to 30. I heartily agree with him. The neglect with which the coconut tree is treated is simply disgraceful; and the slightest attention to village gardens should result in doubling their yield. Not the least of the drawbacks agairst which the hardy palm has to contend is over-crowd- ing; but the gardens between Colombo and Monnt Lavinia, which haye vexed Mr. Ferguson's agricul- tural soul areas nothing compared to those farther south, on which it would not be impious to invoke a botanical cholera to sweep off the redundant popula- tion. During a recent journey to the southernmost point of Ceylon, I passed numerous and extensive patches, in which the trees were almost as close as in a nursery and in which they cannot possibly bear more than half-a-dozen nuts each tree, even if so many. Indeed I saw several plintations which could not be less than 20 years old in which the trees had not a single nut, but which, judging from the girth of the plants and the nuts on isolated trees, should be yielding 40 to 50 nuts per tree if they had been properly planted. It would uot be enough to cut down every other tree from some of these patches. Three trees out of every four would be nearer the mark! Iam rather conservative about the interference * Not so ; see “ Agricultural Review " in our‘ Hand- book and_Directory'’’—or rather yait for the new edition —Ep, 7.1, 536 of the Government with private enterprize ; but lam almost persuaded that the Observer's suggestion of legislation to prevent overcrowding of trees would be about as beneficial as legislation t» prevent ov r- crowding of population. Wheth r ths anticip ted increase in the production of nats will result in a vorresponding increase of income to growers is rath 3 problematical. Heavier supplies will probably sen! down prices*: but the lesson Mr. Ferguson intends to teach is obvious an] practicabl+; aud such lesson can best be taught through the agency of azricultural schools, through simple scientific lessons in agri- culture. No lai who has passed through an agri- cultnral course, such as is prescribed in the School! of Azriculture, can ever p!ant coconut trees five feet apart. or even ton; or fifteen; nor wil) he ever counte- nance such overcrowding. He knows that it is to liberal cultivation the earth wi'l yield her inevease. —Yours faithfully, A COCONUT PLANTER. AGRICULTURE IN THE LOW-COUNTRY OF-CEYLON: AND THE AGRI- CULTURAL SCHOOL; HOW. TO IMPROVE NATIVE COCONUT GARDENS, Deir Sir,—As a lover of agricultural panes I naturally am interestelin everything on this subject that comes under my notice in theory orin practice, and have done what little I could, wherever I have been located, to try and induce my native neighbours to adopt better and more profitable methods of cultivation, which I am sorry to say but a small amount of success. The proceedings therefore at the Agricultural School Annual Prize Distribution, and your leader on the same, were read by me with much interest. he Report of the Superintendent of the School of Agriculture was I consider very satis- factory, and shows that good work was done, and satisfactory progress mide during the year; and that the institution has taken its permanent and proper place amongst those specially established for the benefit of the Ceylonese community. The remarks of the Director of Publie Instruction re- calls to my mind the first Fair and Ploughing Exhibition held at Kurunegala under the direction of Mr. Green, and Mr. Lushington, the Assistant Government Agent, sometime in 188! if [ remember rightly. The thing being a novelty tierce was a large and enthusiastic gathering ani some excite- ment; and one young student, from the School of Agriculture, plunged into the mud in his patent leather boots to try and control the yather unruly buffaloes attached to the ploughs! There was also a good collection of fruits and vege- - tables and grains, and some caftle, most of which sold at good prices. Was not the D. P. T. his remarks on the Government Agents? I do not think that any amount of interest on their part could have kept up these fairs every two months, as I believe was the original intention; the material for such is lacking. I quite agree with you sir, that Agri-horticultural Shows with Fairs and Prizes, held annually at every Kachcheri in the Island, at the season when products are most numerous, would tend to encourage Agriculture, and improvement in the breed of cattle, fowls, &.; but they should be so arranged as to be profitable to the poor exhibitors or vendors of articles; for should they find that they are losers by bringing their produce to the fairs, or that they could have sold them to more advantage nearer home they would hardly be likely to come again. Not many poor a little too hard in people can afford to bring their produce on the chance of getting a small money prize or a medal; and I take it that such Fairs and Shows would, or at any rate should, be for the banefit of such. The idea of starting a Government Dairy was a happy one, and His Mxcelleney the Governor is to be coneratu- '* Home consumption for probably increase if sa'l gardens Hp. ZA. 5 ons yieid:d more.— food purposes would. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, * [Fap. 1, 1895, lated on the great success which has attended it. The periodical sale of surplus animals from the Farm will no doubt help to improve the breed of cattle, but the benefits will be confined mainly to the wealth who can afford to pay for such cattle. For the orf vantage of the cultivators, who really need to have an improved type of animal for their work, I would suggest that a stad bull of saitable style and size be attached to the establishment of each Ratamahatmeya, Village President, and Agricultural Instractor, a small fee being charged for itsservices. The animal could be placed in charge of a responsible man, atid as occasion required moved to various centres. If this is considered too big an order let it be tried on a smxll scale to test it. Unless something of this kind is done there will be small chance of improvement in the breed of village cattle. I am glad to see that the Saperintendeat of the School of Agricalture is to visit and inspect the work of outstation Instruc- tors; this will be some encouragement to good men to do their duty faithfully, knowi that they will receive credit for good work done; it will also be a spur to any who may be inclined to be lax, knowing that they will be called to account. The villagers will also understand that the objeét for which the instructors are sent out, namely in the interest of the villagers themselves, is being watched over by the Government. You Sir, in your speech say that from 89 to 9) pupils have passed through the School in 11 years; and that seattered as they are all. over the country their influence could not fail to produce much good fruit (in more senses than one!) .No doubt this is to some extent trie, and let us ho even to the degree you anticipate. It would interesting however to learn how many of those who have passed oat of the school have taken to bona Jide agriculture, and how many to other pursuits. From Mr. Drieberg's Report we learn that several have obtained employment on estates as tea-makaers, and doubtless others have taken to other lines, so that the main object of their eduzation- is Jost to the country. I quite approve of your suggestion that the sons of landowners and headmen, who intend living by agriculture, should have a yeur at the School in practical agriculture. It would be of benefit to them and the country; bat I feir the time has not yet come for so advanced a step. Your vision into the future, whea the cozo pum should occupy the place of most of the forest land between Chilaw and Putlam, and even beyond, seems in a fair way of being realized, if one may judge by the activity displayed in that direction within the last few years. Let us hope that the venturous and bold may meet with the suczess that they deserve. You know my opinion upon this, that for coconuts planted in regions subject to periodical severe droughts, an] wnere the rainfall is under 59 inches a year iairly distributed, financia! success is pro »lema- tical. Wht is the yield per acze oa the Pachzhila- palle estutes, Jaffna; how many of the original owners now own estates there; and of those who do what interest do they draw on the money invested ? I may say that most of the original owners drop- ped money; and it is those wa> leased or bought the estates at moderate cost who have made money. By these remarks I do not wish to discourage those who have already opened land in those localities, or woo may wishtodoso;but I would advise the exercise of very great ciution, and very careful selection ofland. [should be rejoiced to know that I am mistaken in my view of the risks involved in plantingin the region; I have mentioned, but such is the opinion I have formed. My remarks refer mainly to opening of extensive estates; smull native holdings havea better chance, as their en- vironments are generally moze favourable. There is certainly, as ya point ot, anvle scope for the passed pupils of the Agricuitural School to employ their energies in teaching owners of Caco- nuf lacits hoy to, with littl troable and small expense, mitcinty imetsas2 the yioll of ter Gress; bai it willbe a loaz syhile before th2izadviceis fol- lowed. 1 have often in conversation upon. this subject: reinarked: that -it-was a blessing that the natives were; so conservative and adopted a aew thing slowdy ; for : Fep. 1, 1895.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. $37 if all took to high cultivation the yield of the island would probably be trebled and the price of nuts fall to R15 per 1,000 and be almost unremunerative! Till new uses can be found to which coconuts can be put it is perhaps as well that high cultivation should not become general. A moderate amount of attention, in the way of keeping gardens and estates cleaner, digging up the soil, and applying the manures available at their doors, would give owners better, returns and not swamp the market by overproduction. As Me. Dornhorst forcibly remavked, Sinhalese do not despise agriculture, as some have asserted they do; it is quite the other way, and the vast mujority of the people subsist by cultivatioa. Few however will I think be disposed to say that they devote the time and energy to it that they might do; they carry if on in a most im- perfect manner, and expend no more energy and perseverance upon it than they can help: indeed I nwy say that they are staunch supporters of the ‘*con- servation of ensrey” theory, and faithfully carry it out in practice! Witness the choking of paddy crops with grass anl wees, the dirty condition of their coconut and other gardens, &e., and all because they will not give the labour to rectify this state of things. It is all nousense to say that they have not got the time ; tell that to those who have not lived amongst them as I have iov many years. For miny things fT like the Sinhalese, but in this matter I blame them. To induce th> cultivators to vestity these and other defezts in their methois of work, while uot neglecs- ins their othe: duties, is worthy the attention of Acricultural Instructors. May their num and “usefulnass greatly increase, and may the institution which turns them ont continue to fourish.—Yours - trely A WECIWISHER. —-~ + BEES AND HONEY ON THE (From @ Correspondent.) It is surprising that on the Nilgiris where honey- yiolding flowers blossom all the year round, it should bs so dtificult to procure honey. Of late years, owing t> the Forest Roservation Act and to the fact of fotest produce being taken over on contract by indi- viluals, it is ulmost impossible to obtain honey, which is appwreatly bought up by a few individuals and exported. The sama remarks apply to wax. There ave at least three varieties of bees on the hills— the large rock bee that builds usually on cliffs, the honey-combs of which reach an enormous size; the ordinary-sizel bee which corresponds to the English hive-bes, and the smi “fly-bee” mentionel above. As to the quality of the honey pro- duzel by the three varieties, that of the two latter is infinitely superioz in quulity, the honey of the youk-boe being somewhat watery and apt to fesmeat ensily. The honey of the ordinary bee, th2 second variety mantioned above, will bers comparison with the bast foreiga or Haglish honey, provided that the be3s hive gathered their honey from girden flowers. Tha will-bee, as a1 rule, however, is nok very dis- criminvting, the aid exudation of the wild tosaczo oc lobalia being quite as aeceptable to it as the sweet nectvr of the lily or the rose. We hwe kiown of eases of illness resulting from the eating of honey gathered from the strobilanthus and similar flowers. In its nutucal state, the ordinwy wild-bee does not store much honey, pro ovbly because large swarms ate const untly leaving the pareat hive. In the domes- tic state this can be remdied by killing off the young queens. The large rock-bee does not readily lend itself to civilization, being savage andl aggressive by nature. Tae further away it is kept feon the neighbourhood of houses the better. In appeavrance and habits it is more closely allied to the wasp than the bee. The Karam- bas are the only people who will venture to take honey from the rock-bee, and their modus operandi consists in eithy: sbagnfying the boos with smoke ov inserting a hollov bumoo with a shy 19d point intothe vill devthosambs. ‘Paoho voy rins down the bams0 wn of received in a vessol boiow, without the bees in any is being disturbed. We haye heard of Kurambas re- moying a5 mach as 40 or 60 pounds of honey from one NILGIRIS. nest. No native thinks of throwing away the young grubs, which are eaten in their cells, either with the honey or alone. Seeing how difficult it is to obtain honey on the hills nowadays, and remembering how favourite an article of fool it is, it is cuvious that apiculture is not common at Ootacumund and in its enyivons. The warm slopes of the hills and dry logalities like Kotagivi and Kalhati would suit admirably for bee-keeping. At- tempts have, we believe, been mide to introduce the Cyprian and English bee on the hills, but how far these experiments have proved a success we do not know. We knew of a lady who a short time ago took infinite pains to bring out three swarms of English bees, which were purchased at Whiteley’s. Bat they all died before the boat reached Alexandria, on wecount of defects in the mode of packing. It is carelessness and want of intelligence in packing that the impocters of trout ova have had to con- tend with, aud which have discouraged and dis- appointed to many experimentalists. We should suggest to those who may be thinking oftrying their hands at bee-keeping to obtain imported queen bees of the Cyprian or Italian breeds, and hand them over to the care of indigenous swarms of what we have termed the ordinary wild-bee. The swarms that are hatched trom the eggs of the new queen will be pare-bread ‘‘ Cypriots ’’ while the indigenous bees will perform the menial work of the hive. Lhe young queens, instead of being allowed to be murdered by their vivals as usually happens, ought to be secnred and handed over to other indigenous swarms. At Ootacamund, during the monsoons, bees ought to be kept in a sheltered place, and given a little artificial food, such as home made barley-sugar and water. It is a mistake to suppose that bees do not require any care in the matier of food, ve. The ancient Egyptians were in the habit of sending their hives on boats down the Nile, to give their swarms the benefit of the ditferent flowers; their modern repre- sentatives do the same, and on the continent and in England a similar course is adopted—the hives being carried about the country in carts to places where the flowers of the wild thyme and heather grow in profusion. An absolute essential for the keeper of bees in India is a bee-shed kept under lock and key. With the predatory habits of the lower class native tuis precaution must never be omitted. Though the English bee is to be preferred on account of its more civilised habits, the ordinary wild-bee will, with care and attention, yield a fair quantity and quality of honey provided the superfluous queens be killed and only ove retained. In dry weather it is advisable to keep bees well supplied with water, for they are large drinkers. The water should be in aplate well filled with gravel, so that the bees may drink what they want without any danger of getting drowned. ‘Che European bee has several enemies against which it has to be carefully guarded. ‘Ihe worst enemy of the apiary is a species of orange-coloured parasite, not unlike the one that attacks the house-fly. ‘The toad and “death’s head” moth, which are spoken of by English writers as the foes of bees, do not, as far as we are aware, give much trouble in India. During the monsoon on the Hills the honey bezomes thin and watery. The best honey is that secreted during the dry months. If you want to keep your bees, have in your garden plenty of migaonette, heliotrope, salvia, nasturtium, cancy-tuft and other Kaglish flowers. Bees, it should be remembered, are very quarrelsome, so that it is advisable to hive the different hives facing north, south, east and west and at some distance from each other, to prevent quarrels arising from bees going into the wrong hives which would inevitably happen if the hives all faced the same direction and stood in a line close to one another.— Madras Jail. ———____ The Sy Ap tana e en- 538 TEA) CULTIVATION BY NATIVES: THE SELLING OF LEAF IN THE GAMPOLA- NAWALAPILIYA VALLEYS. It will Ye remembered that a tew weeks ago Mr. ‘J. A. Roberts of Dartry estate, Ganipola, brought to our notice, a practice at certain factories and depots in his neighbourhood of buying tea leaf for cash which he cousidered to be a strong en- couragement to theft from plantations. He gave his own experience of out-lying fields which laud been ruthlessky plucked by thieves, and/ he con- sidered that simultaneously with the introduc tion of cash purchases, the depredations had become more numerous. On inquiry we found that a considerable business in buying leat existed at nearly all the factories— ~and they are not a few around Gampola and Nawalapitiya—but that hitherto the dealing through monthly accounts with known residents, was «leemed a sufficient check on the offering of stolen leaf. Very soon we had a call from the well-known planter-contractor—Mr, T. R. Walker, who did so much to help Mr. Waring’ to construct the Nanuoya-Haputale rail- way—and Mr. Walker at once accepted the posi- tion of the factory-owner who had introduced ot in the so-called new practice payments eash. with checks which he had explained to Mr. Roberts, and he challenged us to say where be was wrong, maintaining rather that his practice was an improvement on the old monthly credit one in the interests of honest dealing. ©The systein adopted at his factory is to enter every purchase of leaf in a register with the full name and address of the seller and then to pay Cash for the leaf delivered, there being native tea gardens to represent every transaction. ‘* Now if I re- fuse to pay cash to these small owners of tea, argued Mr. Walker, “what will happen t-why they will simply go to the middleman, C. or A. or B. ‘Lebbe,’ as the case may be, who will at once buy for ‘cash without the precaution of registration, and then come and sell it on the monthly credit system to the factory manager without the latter being at all able to tell what; garden is represented?” Clearly, Mr. W alker has here a very strong, if not unanswerable argument. So long as lis register Is caretully maintained with the full name and address of all sellers, we should certainly say it is better in the interests of Mr. Roberts and other planters, that his factory should buy for cash direct, rather than allow the ‘‘Lebbe” middleman do so withont any register at all. : Before, however, writing further on the subject, we asked Mr. Walker to supply us with a copy of his factory ‘“‘register” so far as the names of the native owners of tea gardens selling leaf to him was concerned. This he has done and in sending it on, he writes as follows :— f “Tam of opinion there are more t2.2 1,000 acres of small acreages in tes, between Kaduganawa, Matale Pussellawa and Nawalapitiya. S.nce sceing you im Colombo, I have explained my position to several planters and legal gentlemen, : anything to say against my system either legally or movally.. I forget whetlier I told you that the casi system’ has been in vogue for years, the caddee men in town buying all they could get and selling it ‘to factories at a profit. All I did was to do away with these middlemen by buying direct from growers who got the benefit of full prices. ‘This plan suited the natives so well that I obtained much leaf and now that others have et ech reel ein ie ciate etition, e advane ‘ ae or (rot will no doubt remember the’ O. B. C. cash credits. Even at present the bankers and mer- chants sdvance money against crop and although none of whom havye_ THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURISYP. _for in our estimates and calculations. (Fes. 1, 1895. my advances are as rupees compared to pounds, still the system is identical, “T have not heard of any green leaf being stolen since Mr, Roberts’ complaint and do not myself think there is any cause for alarm, as certainly the game is not worth the candle; but if there are others fearing these petty thefts I would ta few respectable persous being licensed in town to buy green leaf, they being compelled to kee My eneh Lest registers of sellers, gardens, quantity, dec. buying business is very small, compared with ti —nuder 10 per cent, and this is paid to small growers who can’t wait a menth for their coin,” The list itself fills us with astonishment as to the great spread of tea culture among natives of all races in the Gampola and Nawalaptiya valleys. Altogether there are 96 names in thir list from ‘*Aloris Dias Bass of Gedrawatte (garden) in Gampola-Unamboova” to ‘Guna Rathana Priest of Panselawatte in Kobbewala” and from ‘*B. J. Capper of Thololdeniyawatte, Gampola, to the Hon. T. B. Panabokke of Elpitiyawatte” ; besides many ‘* Lebbes,” “ Tam- bis,” Bandas, Arachchis, Kanganis, Appu- hamis and Pinhamis, Pakkeer ‘lwan—all entered with their gardens and villages—and fully indi- cating that not only Kandyans and lowcountry Sinhalese, but Tamils, Moormen, Malays and Eurasians are eagerly engaged in the district referred to in cultivating tea. Where is this to end, may well be the question; paddy fields have realy been changed into tea gardens and aphanalicly. productive of leaf they prove; and altogether it will be observed Mr. T. RK. Walker estimates 1,000 acres of tea as in native hands in small fields or patches, so far as his observa- tion at present extends. He further writes :— “Natives are extending largely andif you could get a list from every factory that receives native leaf, you would no doubt be surprised at the number of native holdings.” We have learned quite enough to shew that we are face to face with a great native industry in our staple—one which must shortly ac- quire the full importance of the native coffee industry of thirty years ago, The latter in its best days—say 1866-68—besides meeting con- siderable local requirements, (for coffee was drunk in every wayside boutique,) showed an export as high as 218,000 ewt. peranuum. The native tea industry umst certainly, henceforward, be allowed The cultiva- tion is spreading all over Kadugannawa and down into the villages by the old coach road below the Pass, and thence, we suppose it will pass on to Kegalla and the lowceuntry. We have already mentioned that the natives on the Hangwella road, freely grow tea and prepare it in some cases by ‘“‘hand-rolling” for local consumption, selling the prepared tea at 25 cents per lb. to the boutique-keepers ! To return to the Gampola and Nawalapitiya factories buying leaf for cash, and moreover sending ont agents and establishing depéts for the purchase of such leaf, we can quite understand the riskrun of encouragement to thieves to pluck the outlying fields of exposed plantations ; but we are ab a loss to see how the needful check can he applied beyond the entry in a register of all purchases’ To drop ‘‘cash” purchases as Mr. Roberts suggested, would be merely to throw the business into the hands of irrespon- sible Tamby middlemen whose registers—if they kept such at all—would be an utter farce. > Royst GarpEns, Krew, Bulletin of Miscellaneous In- formation for November.—Contents :—Tropical Fodder Grasses, Decades Kewenses: XI., New Orchids: 11, Pla- gue of Caterpillars at Hong Kong, Miscellaneous Notes Fer. I, 1895.'| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS. 539 GOOD NEWS FOR UVA COFFEE PROPRIETORS. We had acall recently from Professor Albert Koeble, whose labours in discovering and con- yeying from Australia, the proper enemies of the scale insects affecting the Californian orchards, have been crowned with such marvellous success. Professor Koeble has been here since the beginning of December. He has not found much to interest him as an Entomologist, though he has made a small collection. He leaves this week for China and Japan en route to Honolulu. But the Pro- fessor has seen our coffee bush suffering from ‘oreen bug”? and he has no doubt at all that one of the beetles he introduced into California —nainely, Rhizobius ventralis—would very speedily clear off all the scale insect or so-called ‘* green bug” from our coffee. The proprietor of Non- paril, ever to the front, when enterprise has to be shewn, expressed himself ready after reading our last article, to do what he could to get the needful beetle over from Australia and we trust Mr. Koeble will be able to leave such instruc- tions and addresses as may permit of Captain Bayley carrying out the experiment. Meantime Mr. EK. E. Green of Pundaluoya has arranged to get some beetles from California where Mr. Koeble says they have the breed pure, free from parasites; but it is well to have two strings to our bow. From Mr. Green’s letter we quote as follows :— “T have written to Mr. Alex. Craw, 220 Sutter St., San Francisco, California, asking for a supply of the three beetles— Vedalia cardinalis Novius kobeli Rhizobius ventralis, It is important that the beetles should be obtained only from qualified agents, otherwise diseased and parasitized stock may be imported. Prof, Henry Tryon of the Department of Agriculture, Brisbane, ought to be able to supply them direct from Austra- lia. But Mr. Koebele tells me thers is sometimes a difficulty in obtaining insects from Australia ; while it California they haye a breeding establishment for keeping up a supply of the beetles. “{ should think the Plantexs’ Association might take up the matter, and start a small breeding es- tablishment. ‘Lhneexpense would be very small, A set of large glass jars, a few breeding cages and one or two small muslin tents would be all the apparatus required. I am going to England in May next; but I hope to see a colony of the beetles started before I leave. “Cupt. Bayley would ba a gradually in getting over the beetles: because if consigned to him by one of the P. &. O. boats, they would be sure to receive careful attention.”’ We would suggest to the three Uva Planters’ Associations to unite in supplying funds for a small breeding establishment such as My. Green describes and which he might set agoing before his departure. Or, perhaps, the better way would he for all proprietors of coffee—25 acres and Over—to unite in providing funds, and then directly shave in the resulting benefits. eS UVA COMPANY’S NEW TEA PACTORY, The grand new fea factory of the Uva Company is a thing of beauty. I was privileged to look in and inspect the machinery—a nice little steam engine, two of Brown's desiccators, and a parti- eularly nice compact tea sifter and cutter com- THE bined —all doing excellent) work. This factory reflects the highest credit on Mr. Pottie, the engineer, aad Mr, John Rettie, the chief Manager gf the Uva Company’s estates. It will bea great boon to the surrounding small tea estates and proprietors who wish to sell their leaf or have it prepared economically in town. It should be also a great inducement for native capitalists in and around Badulla to invest in land and plant tea on the hills and in the valleys surrounding the picturesque town and principality of Uva.—Cor. if a z INDIAN, TEA PLANTING COMPANIES. [A correspondent writes:—London Jan. 8. I am ' sending you a copy of yesterday's ‘Financial Times” which contains an article on Tea investments which may be worth reproducing in the Z'ropical Agriculturtst— Ep. 1.A.) Since Samuel Pepys thought it worth while re- cording in his Diary, as a somewhat novel event, that he partook of ‘ta dish of tea (a China Drink,’ the progress of tea-drinking has been something enormous, especially in the British Islands, But it the worthy Samuel could re-visit London at the present time, he would haye to modify his statement about ‘a China Drink,’ since the chances are ten to one that the beverage he quatfed would be dis- tilled from leaves grown in India or Ceylon. Few things, indeed, ave more remarkable in the agricul- tural history of recent times than the rapid manner in which the huge tea-trade which China’ for many years dvove with this country has been diverted to the British possessions in the Hast. The development of this industry in India is the more remarkable since it only dates back for about half-a-century, while China has grown tea from time immemorial, and probably the great Confucius discoursed to his disciples over a cup of excellent Souchong. But there were reasons other than those arising from the excellenoy of the Indian product why China should lose her hold on this market. Her fine teas—and nowhere can finer tea be grown than in China—were too dear for us while her cheap qualities were popularly supposed to, be black-leaded, and to have other atrocities per- petrated upon them for the better deception of the despised foreign devils. So the palmy days of the trade, when the tea-clippers raced across the Pacific for the honour and_ profit of being the first to bring the new season's growth of China tea to the London market, have gone probably never to return. For it is significant that not only are India and Coylon teas increasing their hold upon the British market, but their usc is gradually but surely extending in the United States, the Continent, Russia ad Australasia, where the product of the Middle Kingdom has heretofore been in vogue, Tho widening of the market for Indian tea, and the publicity which the Press has given to the affairs of the British tea companies. has opened the eyes of the investing public to the adyantages offered by this class of security. Asaresult of the demand thus created, and of the much freer market that has been es- tablished in the shares, as well as of the improvement in the Mincing-lane market for tea consequent upon diminished production and better quality, and con- siderable rise has taken place in quotations during the year, as will be evident from the following table :— Quotations 1894 Stock > ‘ ise Jan, Dec Assam . 28 423 14} 3ritish Indian 14 2s 1 Chargola Pref. 13-16ths 15-l6ths 4 Dooars Ord. - 13} 15} 2 Do Pref. 14} 15} 1 Dooma Ord 13 15 2 W Assam : ZR 3} } Jokai Ord 14} 15° BY Jokai Pref ‘ rs 13} af Jorehant 33 4 11 Land. Mort, Bank nil 5 $ Lebong : 9S 11} 2+ Ceylon T Plantation Ord 15 20 5 Pref 18 15 2 One objection to Indian tea companies’ shares as an investment used to be the difficulty of realisation owing to the vory limited market there was for them, but the difficulty has now been to a very large extent B40 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURISY. overcome, and the shares of the leading conipanies are at present readily wiarketable. Since the miajo- rity of the companies do not publish the result of the year’s operations until about May or June, we are unable to speak with absolute certainty as re- gards their operations during the twelye months just closed, but there are nunierous indications which point to the conclusion that 1894 will prove to have been a decidedly more prosperous year for the tea industry in India than its im- mediate predecessor. For exaniple, we may pretty safely calculate that the Und Mort- gage Bank, the British India, and the Bastern Assam companies will this time all enter the ranks of the dividend payers, and with these accessions there will practically be no Indian tea company of any impor- tance which has not reached the dividend-paying stage. ears have been entertained that the success of some of these companies would lead to such a deye- lopment of the industry as would result in over-pro- duction, followed, naturally, by a decline in prices and a contraction of profits. But so far as can be judged there is little ground for these apprehensions. In the first place, the area under tea in India has been ‘little, if at all, extended during the past year, for although several new companies have been brought out, these represent merely the conversion of private undertakings into joint-stock enterprises. The only absolutely new concern that has been forth- coming during the year is the British Dooars Tea Company. It is true other company formvution3s are contemplated, but not to an extent which threatens anything like a disastrous over-production. Hven if there should be an increase in the quantity of Indian and Ceylon tea grown, shareholders in the older companies can afford to contemplate the fact with Ee eeing considering the expansion of con- sumption year by year. In our own market alone the past year’s consumption is estimated at 215 million lb. against 203 millions in 1893 and only 185 millions in 1889. The efforts which have been made to spread the taste for Indian tea in the United States, Australia, Oamada and on the Continent are already meeting with a fair amount of success, and even Russia, hitherto a staunch adherent of China tea, is beginning to waver in her allegiance. Fears of over-production are consequently szarcely warranted, Nor need the depreciation in silver be regarded as a danger to the companies. On the contrary, seeing that their produce is sold mainly for gold, while the large proportion of their expenses are incurred in silver, the decline of the rupee has actually proved a benefit by enabling them to reduce the cost of production. In short, to investors who seek a fairly good return for their money, together with a reason- ably solid security, a purchase of Indian and Ceylon tea companies’ shares, spread over several of the bsst concerns and containing a mixture of Ordinary and Preference securities, may safely be recommended. When the results for the past year are published, we shall probably see a further rise in many of the quotations.—Financial Times, Jan. 7. eee INDIAN PATENTS. Calcutta, 3rd January 1895. Applications iu respect of the undermentioned in- ventions have been filed during the week ending 29th December 1894 :— Process or Priservinc anp HirpEenrine Timerr.— No. 374 of 1894.—Friedrich Maurice Grumbacher, Kaufmann, in Berlin, Linkstrasse, 26, for improve- ments in and relating to the prosess of preserving and hardening timber. OvenING AND CLEANING Corron AND OTHER Freres: —No. 375 of 1894, August Krischner, of 19, Rue Cam- bon, Paris, in the French Republic, Engineer, for improvements in and connected with beating appara- tus employed in opening and cleaning cotton and other fibres, : eS Kn | — ey “ee: [Fes. 1, 1895. VARIOUS PLANTIG NOTES. TEA IN THE KeLANt VALLEY.—A not personally interested in tea” anc has seen niost of the rentlemant f ; yet who : planting districts in’ the island, writes :—T have jast been through the Kelani Valley—the tea looks niagnificent—it is: indeed, the hone of the tea plant.” ; Crovs IN SOUTHERN INDIA.—We learn that the Tinnevelly and Madura districts are nineli in want of rain for their cotten and grain crops, and, indeed, if showers do not fall seon, there will be a considerable deficiency in the returns, and yet at this late date, rain is an uncommon Visitor in Southern India. Tar Fauu rw Cocos Paces Larceny Permanenr.— A review of * Trade in 1894,” appearing inthe London Limes of January 2nd, has the following on the sub- Ject of cocoa:—* The past year has witnessed un- exampled depression in this article, the depreciation for some descriptions amounting to nearly 50 per cent on the average value of the preceding five years. The cause must be attributed partly to the depression in trade, necessitating traders to buy entirely from hand to mouth. But the chief facter was the in- creased yield, particularly in Guayaquil (Ecuador), where it is stated to be the result of an enlarged area of planting. Ceylon cocoa, which suffered the heaviest depreciation, is mainly used by American manufactures, and for some years commanded a price almost double that of other sorts, viz., from 125s to 135s per cwt.; but large yields from Jaya, the only country which produces a cocoa capable of competi with Ceylon, combined with the American financia crisis, caused a gradual downfall in value, and for many months of this year the ruling price for fair estate marks was only 58/ to 63/ per cwt. . . . , Next to Ceylon the severest fall was experienced by eee; age cocoo, particularly the fine sort known as Arriba, which was in excessive supply.” Bo.tviA.—A special correspondent of the London Times has been visiting and reporting on~ the South American State in the issue of December 28th; he states :— The exports from Bolivia are somewhat difficult to ascertain, but I have made a careful estimate, based on fairly trustworthy information obtained exhaustive inquiry. I give this estimate, therefore, as approximately correct, at all events as far as silver and cther minerals are concerned, It is ;— ; (15,000,0000z. silver at 25d... £1,562,500 ‘S | 3,000 tons copper at Bs. 400 per ton 100,000 += | 4,000 tons tin at Bs. 300 per_ton .. 100,000 & | Rubber (chiefly sent via Para and included in Brazilian shipments) 2% 800 tons as oe Ee = 160,000 2 | Wool, hides, and skins ae si 20,000 3 Sere (gold, coffee, cocoa, iS ark) be Aus Ds Faas 30, > |Coined silver .. ae 35 a rr erii4 : ; £1,982,500 At first sight if would appear that Bolivia should be an exceedingly vich country when the value of the exports is more than thrice that of the imports. But an examination of the nature of the exports shows that nine-tenths is the product of mining enterprise andso only benefits a small portion of the population; moxeover, in Bolivia the bulk of the owners of productive mines aze foreigners non-resident in the country, hence the profits made are of little benefit to the natives beyond the duty on the exported material and the wages paid to the labourers and employés. In the case of the Bolivia mines, a great proportion of the capital invested is Chilian, although large sums of English, German, and French money have been employed in various concerns. Mining enterprise has been in the ‘past, and is now, greatly retarded by want of facilities of transport and the lack of sufficient capital to provide - adequate machinery for woring the mines. As these difficulties disappear the value of the exports metals will increase, ; : om a ¥ fee, 1, 1895.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST., 54t CEYLON: THAS. ' Tue Course or tHe Marker.—The falling off in the quality business opened slowly at lower prices, but soon changed to a better demandat firm values. This position was fairly maintained throughout February and March, except when heavy auctions caused irregularity, but common teas on the whole were dearer. In the middle of April large totals again caused unevenness in values, especially for fine kinds. May commenced with a better enquiry, but the heavy supplies and unattractive quality checked the demand. ate in June an improvement took place in the selection, and a better feeling sprung up, leading to a slight advance at the end of Jaly. Throughout August and September business con- tinued good at tirm prices. lui October values fur- ther strengthened, supplies being short. Oh, here's a pretty state of things ! calling 5 And take this deadly liquor and imbibe it without stint, You're certainly preparing a catastrophe appalling 3, Your mirth is as the little lamb’s unmindiul of the mint. Whenever you goa And when your entertainer, who seems so sweetly placid And’ quite unlike a criminal, suigeests ‘* Another Cup” ? She might as well be offering ad dose of prussic acid, And the Public Pruseeubur omit to take the mautier up! * The cup) that cheers ””—that hackneyed phrase is’ fright: _ fully in’ error : If seldom it ‘‘inebriates ” Lhere lurks within its __ terror, * Twill shortly make a funeral your one and only need ! So since a daily cup or two the thin end of the wedge is; And since this revelation of our danger has been made We all will wear red yvibbons and will sign the strictest pledges. And speedily inaugurate an ‘“ Anti-Lea (it does, the doctors plead) fatal draught a more eflicient * erusade. A word to you, AMANDA mine, wnless yow' cruel kindness Your efforts to consign me to an early grave, shall cease, And if you dare, presuming on my _ long-continued blindness, To offer meu cup of tea—l’ll send for the police | — Punch, ‘ 542 R —— THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. PLANTING IN NORTH BORNEO. (From the British North Borneo Herald, Jan 1.) Tea grows well in North Lorneo and plants can be seen at Kudat, Sandakan, &ec., but its cultivation has not yet received attention owing to the want of labour cheap enough to compete with Ceylon and India, but with the introduction of Hakka families from China this want may be supplied. Corrre.—The plantings made in 1892 are beginning to yield a little crop and in 1895 a few hundred piculs will probably be exported. An addition of 40 acres has been made to the Borneo Coffee Company’s Estate in Marudu Bay who propose to make larger exten- tions during the next few months. he suitability of the climate, for the growth of Arabian Coffee at a low elevation has long been proved on _ the West Coast and at ‘l'aritipan Estate a small petinds made in December 1892 is looking very ealthy and yielded a small crop in October. This patch is at an elevation of 300 feet and the Company proposes to make a planting at about 800 feet. he present coffee shows no signs of any disease and is remarkably luxuriant for the age. . Saco.—’he exports from the West Coast continue on a large scale and although prices have fallen the exports trom Mempakol to Labuan in 1894 will pro- bably be more than in 1893. The total value in 1893 was $144,000 while the value exported at the end of the 3rd quarter of 1894 was $109,764. . Coconut Pxianrinc has come into favour and a large number of nuts have been planted during the past year by Europeans, Chinese, and Natives, The imports of coconuts from Cagayan Sooloo and other islands to Sandakan has been larger than hitherto owing to purchases of nuts made by the Sandakan traders for converting into copra, ‘he price early in the year was $12 per 1,000 nuts which gradually rose until as much as $21 was paid before the end of Novem- ber whenthe dry season ended and the trade closed ; we note also that the Cagayan boats do not visit Sandakan during December, January and February when the North East winds ave strong. Now that this trade has been fairly started we lock for a great extension of coconut planting for which our climate 4s very suitable, ‘ Manila hemp continue to be etiltivated and on a Jarger scale and a cleaning machine by Death has been tried and is reported to work economically, The quality of the fibre is highly spoken of, elena. cone GOVERNOR SIR W. F. HELY-HUTCHINSON AND GRENADA. Tn what will evidently be a deeply in- teresting volume on ‘Travels in ‘Tropical Land,”—now passing through Arthur Sinclair has a passage teferring to Grenada and its recent ruler (now Governor of Natal) son-in-law of Major-General Justice, which we cannot help quoting from the advance proof-sheets which have reached us :— - George Town, the beautiful little capital of Gre- nada, was our next port of call. I shall not readily forget the dawn of that first of January (1892). A harbour like glass, a lovely little toy township nest- ling amongst the sweetest of flowering shrubs, noble magnolias, and quivering palms, the picturesque su- burbs rising step by step, completes a picture such as I never expect to see surpassed on earth. Perhaps the hospitality of onr reception has somethmg to do with the pleasant recollections of this sweet spot. It certainly was very delightful on that balmy morning to find the luxurious carriage of the Governor await- ‘ing our arrival on the whart, enabling us to make the most of our time, and particularly to pay a pleasant _ visit to Government House, upon the steps of which the Governor, Sir W. F. Hely-Hutchison—to whom we had letters of imtroduction— received us very warmly. Sir Walter evidently takes a keen interest in ‘the affairs of his islands—for he rules over several smaller isles, the Grenadines—and altogether, ac- gprding to common repute, makes a most conscientjous the press,—Mr. “tour or five oupcgy over the desired weight ape [Fem 1, 1895, Governor. Having been trained under that Nestor of successful administrators, Sir Hercules Robinson, to whou he acted as private secretary, we had some- thing congenial to say abeut ‘old Ceylon and its greatest Governor ere we passed on to the products of Grenada, ‘I'hese comprise cocoa, putmegs, sugar, cotton, coffee, and yarious minor industries. Although the total acresge in cultivation is only 20,418 the exports of cocoa alone is four ‘times that of Ceylon, or over 8,000,000 lb. he pet product of the Governor is, however, the nutmeg, and the picture he gave us of the beauty of these plantations, the pleasant, easy life, and profitable returns, made our mouths water. He ridiculed the pessimism of Mr. Froude, and had figures at his finger-euds to show how a careful man might soon have an income of tén shillings per tree from nutmegs, to say nothing of other products. Indeed, every tropical plant worth giowing seems to thrive on this favoured isle. One curious difficulty has cropped up with regard to nutmeg planting. ‘I'he number of trees of the wale sex are found to be too numerous, and as the propor- tion of male to female trees should not cxceed one in thirty, planters have had to cut down a consider- able number ofthe male sex, thoughone would think that building or grafting might auswer the purpose. The nutmeg requires a considerable depth of good soil. In Ceylon, owing to the experiments having been made in poor, shallow soil, the industry has proved a failure. Under favourable circumstances, the tree comes into bearing in seven years, The rugged nature of this invest has been its salvation ; preventing its being monopolised by the sugar-cane. The eggs are in different baskets, but, if anything, the cocoa basket is rather heayy in proportion, The value of cocoa shipped last year was £200,267 ; of spices, £12,598. Altogether, we found the Governor very sanguine as to future prospects, and so enthusiastically fond of his beautiful isle that he sent a message to the captain, asking him if he Would kindly take his steamer close inshore, and move along leisurely for the first few miles, so as to show us as much as possible of the plantations and scenery. On leaving Governmsut Holse we were met by some of the leading planters, with whom we adjourned to their very pretty little club, and drank success to Grenada—the gem of the West Indies! The captain most obligingly adopted the suggestion of the Governor, and the water being deep, took us so close along the shore that Wwe could almost see the ipouwu in flower. The thriving plantations were a very interesting sight, and the whole scene such as words are useless to describes. The near mountains rise to over 2,000 feet in height, covered with a varied vegetation to the very sumunit. In the foreground stands the extensive stone forts, from which, happily, the last soldier has long since been withdrawn. In keep- ing with this, there is in the background an extinct volcano, in the ancient crater of which, we are told. is the Great Etang: a deep lake thirteen acres in extent. This will give a slight foretaste of an ex- tremely well-written, interesting volume. en as TE HINTS TO PLANTERS. (From Stenning Inskipp & Co.’s Indian and Ceylon Tea Market Review for 1894.) Loss 1s Wricrt.—Much dissatisfaction has arisen from time to time on this point. he gross weight of the package should always be a few ounces—say four or five, over an even number of pounds. The empty package complete, with lead, nails, hands, &c., should be, on -the contrary, just helow an even number of pounds—say by about four ounces; in weighing here the gross weight is reduced to the even number of pounds, whilst the tare is increased to an even number of pounds. " ante With regard to garden bulked teas, it is imper- atively necessary to put an equal quantity into each ackage of the break, and this quantity should’ be ‘Pep. 1, 895.) THE TROPICAL AGRICULTORIST. 543 aT ey tents, viz., if the packages are invoiced to contain 100 lb. Tea each, not less than 100 1b. 4 0z. should be weighed in; test packages, proving here a frac- tion under 10) lb. will be reekoned as 9) lb. only, or a loss of 1 lb. on each chest of the break. We few when great pressure prevails at the London Warehouses some laxity as to weighing taken place; but the loss thereby incurred can be but small, compared with what may be caused neglect of the foregoing precaution at the garden in weighing and into each packages. Wericur or PackaGes.—When a gross weight of 129 lb. is exceeded, there is an additional charge of 51 per chest up to 159 lb. The following scale of charges fully explains this and deserves attention :— Management rate per package, subject to an uni- form discount of 10 per cent. GROSS. lb. lb. lb. lb. 160 to 199 130 to 159 99 to129 80 to 8) 2/9 2/3 1/10 18 lb. Ib. Ib. lb. 60 to 79 45 to 59 35to44 17 to 34 1/5 12 1/- [a Marks on Cuest.—Nothing is wanted oris of any service here beyond (1st.), garden muk; (2ad.), des- cription of tex; (3rd.), garden numbers. Gzoss tare, or net, are not of the last use, and should be discontinued. Meran Packaces.—As these do not yet find favour with buyers, special care should be taken to pack broken descriptions, which are so liable to lose in Weight, in strongly made wooden packages, the dusts should be packed in half-chests. an re THE UVAKELLIE TEA COMPANY CEYLON, LIMITED. The prospectus has now been issued of this Company formed with a capital of R590,000, for the purpose of acquiring the Uvakellie estate, situated in Madool- s2ma, Ceylon, and any other estates which may be found suitable. The Uvakellie property consists of about 561 acres, of which some 460 acres are under ‘Tea (about 70 to89 acres having Coffee interspersed), 60 acres jungle, 41 acres patna; and the factory, machinery, and buildings are almost new, and are believed to be sufficient for the present requirements of the property. A report by Mr. Gibbon points to return of 15 per cent. per annum on the capital price; and it is reasonable to expect that, after providing for depreciation and other contingencies, an average annual profit ot 12 per cent may be looked for, The vendor has agreed to accept £3,090 in cash and £4,000 in fully paid shares, together £12,000 for the estate, as from Ist January last, which sum, at 1/0 13-16th per rupee, plus preliminary expenses and transfer fees, will amount to about R223,780. The only contract in connection with the Company is contained in a letter, dated 7th January, 1895, by Mv. W. P. Kellocketo Mr. W. UC. Gibbon giving a firm offer of the said Uvakellie estate, OF The provisional directozs are Messrs. W. D. Gibbon, F. W. Bois, and W. B. Kingsbury. The agents are Messrs, J. M. Robertson & Co. —<>— SURRENT TOPICS. The annual compilations which the ingenuity and industry of firms engaged in the TEA TRADE in London give birth to, have made ciear already that the Tea enterprise of the island has no reason to com- lain of the gross (and why not net 2) results of ast year’s operations. ‘Ine loyal Britisher cannot be forbidden the exercise of his time-honoured and na- tional privilege of grumbling. It is the fall in ex- change now, as affecting the sterling value of his properties here; it is the fall agin in the gold value of his Tea as bearing on his little total in the Gane ; lut the fact remains that he received in 1894 a higher average price for his Tea in cents than in any of the four preceding years. In 1889 the average per lb. wis 66°5 cants, and last year it was 64 cents; but per contra the number of packages sold in 1894, and I suppose the quantity, was more than double that of 1889, and the labour-saving appliances and greater experience, as compared with five years since, must represent a saving of more than 2 cents per lb. Taking these fects into consi- de_ation, and that practically almost the whole of our production ws taken up last year for consump- tion in the United Kingdom and m Australia, the fear of over-production should not weigh down the Planter. The world ontside those regions, to say nothing of increased conusumptioa per caput and an increase of population in the United Kingdom and Australia, should be able to give good prices for all the island can produce in excess of last year's output —the more, as it has had a taste of our ‘T'eas, and its orders, in the nature of things, should increase. But this matter of exchange, to which I have referred as eliciting growls from one quarter, and satisfaction from another, is altogether a curious thing,if people engaged in the sume trade, can take opposite views regarding its operation. The starting of Mills for Dis C/AT NG COCONtTS in Cochin is not news which will b2 weleomed either by local growers or munufa:tucers; and for “obvious reasons. But the world is too progressive for monopolies now-a-dvys. It was some- time early last year that a iumour to th: same eifect gained currency here; ani it wa3 promptly contradicted as inconsistent with the position of an overdone industry. But appearances do not point to the industry as being in any way oyer- done; and there are said to be large orders al- Wiys awaiting execution at the local mils. Like the unselfish TEA PLANTER wuo, while reaping his 10 to 3) per cent from his estites, the value of which me2anwuile runs up to £40 and £50 sterling per acre, is apprehensive lest others might enlist in his oyer-done industry and aggravate the over-proluction whicn compe!s him to be coutent with such profits, so also I suspect is the Desiccating-Millowner. His benevolencs rebels against unsatisfactory investments, while his own machinery and Desiceators are developing and night work has to be resorted to, to keep abreast of the demand for his stuff which se2ms to be making its way in the market, without any special advertizing. The regrets, however, of the COCONUT ESTATE PROPRIETOR and of the local millownee at the ‘ochin news are not founded on precisely identizal reasons. The former would huve een glad to know that the new mills were to be evected here; the latter that its erection had been decided on in the Red Sea or in Jevicho! And, as if to make mutters worse for the Coconut Planter, who is but a shade better off than the poor Tea Planter with his 10 to 30 per cent—only his hair begins to get gray and his Beart sick before the returns come in!—Mr. John Ferguson must needs get up on a coconut stump and incite the lieges to the immediate increase of their output of nuts by 20 per cent! Why, good gracious, that would be almost as bvi as telling the modest producer of Pekoes to inczease them to Souchongs, and to watch the effect of 109 million lb. on the Lane ! Na, na! Mr. F. Let us literally follow Carlyle's counsel and produce the infinitesimal part of a pre duct, until Cochin transfers some of its mills to Ceylon, and then we might thin the breakwind palms along the sea-shore, scatter Agricultural Instructors wit & pepper castor over the island, and place them all under the sapient direction of H. H. C.! Why do people speak of RAMBLER, he appends byl oe on the - park was offered today. Loxa sold at 10d to 1s 2d per * quill and chips. ~ lower. © yather dark bold prices, and was bought in at 1s 3d per U dbs: For fine hard bright bark 2s is asked, a bid of 1s 544 ca iCATERPILLARS AND PLANTATIONS. “A ‘recent Jamaica paper has a series of papers, beginning with an order in the Government Gazette, which is headed ‘‘A plague of cater- pillars.” Mr. Faweett, Director of the local Public Gardens and Plantation writes about caterpillars attacking the young shoots of cacao trees, and caterpillar plague at’ Hongkong.” We sent the whole to Mr. E. E. Green for his opinion and he thinks the Re- port worthy of being reproduced in this periodical in order to ‘‘show the value of hand- picking in such cases.” Myr. Green adds :— The particular caterpillar that is attacking the cacao in Jamaica is not specified, so it is impossible to say if it is likely to trouble us in Ceylon. The Hongkong pest has several allies in this island. The caterpillax described in my little book on insect pests of the tea plant, undex the name of “the blue-striped nettle-grub ” (Parasa lepida), occasionally completely defoliates a tea bush. And more recently I have receiyed from an estate near Nawalapitiya another caterpillar of the same family (7'hosea vecta), where it was present apparently in enormous numbers, and had completely stripped the bushes of everything but the youngest shoots over about 50 acres. These caterpillars are provided with stinging hairs, which add to the difficulty of collecting them. Mr, Fawcett would do well to get caterpillar identified and deseribed, we give all the available his cacao Meantime information. —_—————<_oa____ WITHERING LEAF, (BY A PLANTER.) The fayourite means for withering in Sylhet and Cachar is to expose the leaves on open mesh trays, which are stacked in racks at a few inches apart; in some cases Hessian cloth is used. In Assam the leaf houses are frequently on a very old pattern. They are some hundreds of feet in length by twenty to thirty feetin breadth, and thirty or forty feet up to the east of the roof ; from endtoend are platforms coyered with bamboo mats. The platforms or ‘““chungs”’ are four feet apart vertically, and the leaf is spread over them, The work of putting up and taking down the leaf is done by boys, who creep about in the four feet space. Owners of gardens which have this style of house speak yery highly of the osystem. I know that some alee which wither on “Chungs” get very fine prices, and the makers of fans, &e., should publish certificates that equally’ good prices have been obtained from tea made from artificially withered leaf. Many planters do not believe in artificial withering if it can be dis- Pee with, but some also say that it has no ad effect.—The Planter. + DRUG REPORT. (From Chemist and Druggist.) London, Jan. 10th. ANNATLO-SEED—Unchanged.—There was a fair supply of East Indian, all of which was bought in, Fourpence per lb is wanted for fairly bright seed. CINCHONA.—A very large quantity of South American Ib for ordinary to fair -quilly, showing a reduction of ‘about 2d per Ib in value Huanoco bark also sold cheaply at prices ranging from 10d per lb for fair bright mixed sound down to 34d per lb for ordinary damaged Guayaquill bought 1s to 1s 3d per Ib for fair grey quill, and from 10d down to 6d for broken and dull to long thin damaged. All” these prices are Of cultivated flat Bolivian Calisaya bark nearly * 800 packages were offered. The bulk of it consisted of thin 8d being refused for this description, Five packages of ‘good hard ditto, but slightly damaged, sold at 1s 9d per ip ~A parcel of 26 packages hard broken spurious Calisaya @ll-damaved; realised the yery low figures of from 5d to THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. | first be discovered in New York instead of in a |Fer. 1, 1898. 6d per lb, A newly-arrived parcel of about ,600 Jb of South American wild ved bark attracted some attention ; Dut no sales were effected when the holders stated that their price for the best lot, good bright split quill, was 12s per lb. They subsequently vetnaell au offer of 6s 3d per Jb for fair pieces. A lot of ordinary wed bark, im- orted via Hamburg, was bought in at fpom Is to 2s per b. Lhe total exports of cinchona-bark from Ceylon were 2,500,000 Ib in 1894, against 3,500,000 Ib in 1893. The bulk of this was of yery poor quality, The Java shipments amounted to 9,500,000 Ib in 1804, against 7,500,000 Ib in 1893, The first cinchona-auctions of the year, which took lace on Tuesday, were among the most insignificant ever hela in London, the five catalogues being composed as follows :— packages ackages Ceylon cinchona 194 of which 91 were sold East Indian cinchona .. 138 u 138 7 Java cinchona re 67 of 67 ee West African cinchona 56 “ 456 - South American cinchona 225 ca 225 BS 1080 981 The tone at the auctions was fairly steady, and the unit may be put down as averaging about $d per Ib. The fol- lowing are the approximate quantities purchased by the different buyers :— Lb. Agents for the Brunswich factory : 35,708 Agents for the Auerbach factory . 34,160 Messrs. Howard and Sons - . 27,637 Agents for the Frankfort-on-Maine factory 6,508 Agents for the American and Italian works 1,275 Various druggists - - - 36,213 Total quantity sold - 141,796 Bought in or withdrawn . 27,975 Total quantity offered - 169,771 The following prices were paid :—Ceylon and Hast In- dian : Succirubra stem chips, fair at 19d toe 19d; Renewed ditto, common to good at ld to 21d; Officinalis, ordinary natural chips at 14d to 1#4; good root at 2)d broken quill at 24d; renewed chips and free fair ut 24d to 2d; Ledger, natural stem chips at 2 to 2}d, branch at 24d; Java: Fifty bales and 17 bags offered and sold ; Ledger dusty chips at 2}d to 24d, branchat 1d. African : ordinary to good quill and quillings at 1d to 24d. Cali- saya: fair te good sound little broken cultivated Bolivian quill at 24d to 44d per Jb. CROTON-SEED—Rather scarce and firmly held. The 3¢ bags offered today do not inclnde anything of fine quality, For ordinary small and grey to damaged seed for Ceylon the price ranged from 26s down t6 208 per ewt. KoLta—Prices are still declining. Seven bags offered at auction today realised from 1s 1d to 1s 4d forfair te bright West Indian. This is a fall of about 2d per lb ax compared with the last sales QUININE—The market has been utterly stagnant this week. The nearest quotation for secondhand German bulk is 114d per oz. VANILLA—About 150 tins offered today, and sold with excellent competition at an advance of from 2s to 3s for fine qualities, 55 to 83d inch realising 19s 6d to 23s ; good chocolate, 5 to 8 inches, 15s to 17s 6d; foxy and brown to fair, from 4s 9d to 11s 6d per lb, a ee ee TEA DRUNKENNESS IN AMERICA, The Spectator, in the article we copy else- where, brings to light a rather serious state of things in America, if it be true that the New York doctors have reported as described. We haye, however, yet to see the Report, and when it comes to Ceylon in a detailed and authentic form, it may be necessary for the Planters’ Association to take some official notice of it. Meantime, while our London contem- porary has shown his acquaintance with the large consumption of tea by the people of the United Kingdom, by Australians and Russians, the writer does not seem to understand that the consumption of tea in America is com- paratively trifling. The average is not much above I to 13 lb. a head against 5 Ib. in the mother — country, and no less than 7lb. in Australasia. — How then is it that ‘‘tea drunkenness” should — London -or Melbourne ? Free, 1, 1895.| atarting the complaint in the New York patients referred to ! case of the We trust that the Editor of the British Medical Journal (Mr. Ernest Hart) whose visit is shortly ex- pected, will have something to say in his in- fluential editorial columns, which may help to set the American people right. oe HAWAIIAN TEA. The Hawaiian Tea and Coffee Company is grow- ing tea on their plantation near Kailua. Parties commissioned to investigate the industry report to the Planters’ Labow: and Supply Company as follows: ‘he plants are two years old, and trimmed down to abont two and a half feet in height. he company was actually producing a fair commercial article of tea, which your comimit- tee had the pleasure of seeing, handling and_ tast- ing. Our surprise was not so much in the growth, number of plants or quality of the tea, as in the methods of gathering and preparing it for market. We had been informed that Chinese and Jap- anese teas were all prepared by hands. Here it 1s all done by machinery, and the human hand never has to touch it, which should be a recommenda- tion. Yom committee cannot see why an _ article equalling the famous Hnglish breakfast tex may not be thus produced. Mia, Milley believes this ean be produced for 10 cents per pound. We were pleased with the ingenuity shown on this_plania- tion. Nothing was done by hand that could be as well done with a machine. The picking of the tea by a machine that made no mistake was to be ad- mized for its simplicity, cheapness and efficiency that it gathered by wholesale only young, tender leaves, never old ones, although there were an abundance of the latter on the trees.’ American Grocer. ee TEA AND SCANDAL. Did you ever hear of Janet Reid, the Scotch poetess? She flourished somewhere about the middle of this century and was a sterling character. Her compo- sitions were in the style of ballads and were evidently appreciated tor their motive if not for their merit, for they passed through many editions. ‘he specimen I give below is marked in the British Museum “thirty- second edition” and is styled ON A COMFORTABLE CUP OF TEA, I wonder how people in drunkenness can delight, For drunkenness often ends in spite. A comfortable cup of tea will neither nor me, Those who only take a cup of tea, To their neighbours they'll have another to gie. Round the tea-table there’s contentment and peace They choose arespectable man to say the grace. The third command at the tea-table is seldom broke, With one another they often passa harmless joke. But with the drunkard it is not often so, God's law they often break, and prove one another's foe. fi pecple would look forward to grey hairs and clothing thin, - They would hang the little gin stoup on a pin, And slip awa’ home with drunken groat, And think on the time they may need a new coat. If working people would save threepence a week, They would sometimes have need for it when they are sick. Though it is but a halfpenny a day, Perhaps they would see need when once grew grey. To beggary with drink many a one does come, For in my lifetime I have seen some, Thomas Boston speaks of an inn by the way, But people should not very long there stay I wish vt drunken people the tifth of Galatians to read, And with sober people begin to take up their head. And them that do love a good cup of tea, It is not like whisky and that youll see ; These are the proper company for you and me. Tea-parties meet im friendship and peace, To young or old theyll never bring disgrace. All drunkards I hope will take an advice from me, Give over duinking whisky and take a cnp of ten. | hope good people God's goodness will not forget, While round the tea-table they do sit, . harm you their hairs THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 545 In a work on ‘“ Gastronomy’’ by J, Berchoux, published in 1810, I find the following lines (with reference to a clown) :— “After strolling around, to his cottage restored, As great he’s become, if as drunk as a Jord !” I make a present of the above to Dr. Murray for his great Dictionary, as an early instance of the phrase as drunk as alord, Inthe same poem are two other lines, which will be of more interest to Ceylon readers :— You of cinnamon know, though so varied its use That ‘tis Ceylon alone can that treasure preduce, Amongst the collections of (single sheets) in’ the British Museum, I quite by chance came across one entitled “A comical and diverting Dialogue between a farmer, a butcher, a miller, a publican, a_tea- dealer, a cheese-monger, a milkman, a baker...... and their old friend the Devil. London, 1830?” The above-mentioned personages have a meeting, with their ‘old friend’ in the chair, at which they all describe the ways in which they swindle the public, of course the milkman has his chalk and water, and the tea- dealer says: ‘“That’s right, keep the game alive. I mix beans with coffee, and sloe leaves with tea.” In looking up slang terms connected with coffee (which I hope to send to you later on) I took a note of a few terms which [ thought might prove amus- ing to various classes of Ceylon readers. Barrvre explains Caiman as being used by the ’Ecole Normale School for ‘usher,’ but Villatte in his ‘ Parisismen’ gives the equivalent as ‘‘Bettler (Beggar). Bangy in Ceylon and India refers to atea-leat, whereas at Winchester School it means ‘brown sugar.’ Caout- chowe is wv ‘clown’ from his elastic qualities, I sup- pose. You already know the difference between cocoa, cacao, coca, and coco-nut; but do you know what coco without the nut is? Barrere says: Cdlin. A small tin fountain which the retail. ers of coco carry on their backs. Coco is a cooling dvaught made of liquorice, lemon and water. Coco (military) horse. a hotte ad coco trumpet call for stables : (literally, /a botte de join a coco, the bundle of hay for coco). (Popular) coco, brandy: head. (Fa- miliax) coco ‘epileptique, champagne wine. I see in the December number of the Girl's Oun Paper that Harry E.Bevany, Ceylon, receives ‘ho- nourable mention’ andis ‘ very highly commended’ for his efforts to guess the amusing cryptographic pictorial puzzles, which that magazine contains every month. I wish him success as a fellow-sufferer, —~ In an American Directory I have found the fol- lowing curious names:—Elizabeth and George Tea. garden: Sarah and William ‘eas. Hofflichkeit im fernen Westen (Politeness in the Far West). Sn [Fep. 1, 1895. impunity. Not long ago we had occasion to com- ment upon thé excess in tea-drinking committed by’ the “Welsh miners, and we should ‘not be sur- prised''to learn that, in spite of the healthy con- CRO a his life, the Australian incurred eqially pleasant results. Another favourite argument of the’ confirmed tea-drinker is the example of Dr: Johnson. The, great ‘doctor, it is true, drank deep, ut’ the ‘strength of his drink ‘is open’ to question. Tea, in” his day, Gost sone BOs? a pound, and hostesses probably were more chary’’ of ‘tea-leaves’ than they are now. Even when blended withthe intoxicating strength of' green ‘tea,’Dt.' Johnson’s cups may have been More innocent of poison than those which are offered by a modern hostess ‘ at home.” But, after all) the question of temperance in Ue an ae asin every other form of bodily i dulgence, is purely a relative one. There are men still’ who can conifortably drink two bottles of port-at a Sitting, and repeat the dose almost every night of, a’ Jong and healthy life; while others ‘cannot finish half'a bottle of claret with- outsufferine from the éffects of intoxication. Tea ‘and “coffee, like’ wine, affect no two men alike. poe, some people’ they act as sedatives, upon others as’ irritants of the nerves. One man will take strong tea to make him sleep; another Will” suffer’ ‘sleepless misery from drinking half'a cup of a weak dilution. Dr. Johnson niay have been singularly constituted by Atute’ for the safe absorption of tea, and, ofall’ one knows, Mrs. Thrale’s generous tea-table’ played havoc. with the nerves of ‘many weaker euests. Every man must be law- giver to himself in the ma*ter of food and drink, for ‘thete are no general laws that can save a fool from the “folly of his own excess. Eyen with regard o “tea-drunkenness,” as the Americans call it, though it might seem that ignorance of the pro- ‘perties of tea and the right method for pre- pase it are responsible for much of the suftfer- tng that excess involves, it does not follow that a better way would mean a cessation of the ‘evil. Tea-drunkards—people who drink tea to excess and suffer while they drink—are not to é deterred by the knowledge of their danger. Like ‘other confirmed inebriates, they drink for the Sake of the after intoxication and not the pre- _present pleasure. —Spectator. ' Motes oo hi} ECHOES OF SCIENCE. _‘‘Kendir’ is the name of a very strong supple fibre obtained from the plant Apocynum Sibiricum, which grows in Central Asia from the Caspian east- \wards,and is made into cords and cloth by the Kirghiz Tartars, buthas been somewhat neglected by the Russians. A French explorer, M. Blane, has brought home specimens of the plant, and Jalso seeds ofa cotton plant which flourishes in a comparatively cold climate, and it is intended to acclimatise these in Algeria. The kendir plant is about sixfeet high, and prefers the banks of lakes and water courses, but will grow in dry spots, especially on flinty and chalky soils. The fibre is at its best when the plantis in flower. As it may _ be useful in some of our owncolonies, fuller par- _ticulars can be found in the transactions of the Association Francaise pour ’avancement des Sci- ences, . The New York State Forest Commission have set apart 30,000 acres of virgin land in the heart _ ofthe Catskill mountains, which are famous as the haunt of theimmortal Rip Van Winkle... The y park is nearSlide Mountain, the highest peak of the Catskills, and the distrietis a great resort of New Yorkers in swmumer-time. It will, of course, be dedicated to the’ preservation of wild animals and plants which the progress of civilisation threat. ens with extinction. M. Roger, a French experimenter, has been try: ing the effect of pressure on bacteria, and finds that it is only when the pressure on the “* culture” containing them rises to 70 Ib. on pe inch and upwards that the bacteria he worked with, ethridligh thoseof erysipelas and some ther’ com- nion diseases, were injured. High pressure -does, however, harm bacteria to some extent. —Globe, ———_—_—_—_———————— ALLIANCE TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON, LIMITED. The following indicates the properties this Company is to take up with its £40,000 of capital paid-up and £30,000 of debentures :— Two Estates in extent about 1,085 acres, of which say— 695 acres are planted with Tea in full bearing. 48 xf 8 young Tea in partial bearing. THE ot ” ” 823 acres Tea. YP 53 Forest, grass land &e. 1,035 acres. These, properties which are situated in the Dimbnla and Lower Dikoya districts, gaye crops im 1893 amounting to 258,523 lb. Tea, and according to recent adyices from Ceylon the yield for 1894 was expected to be about 285,0001lb. The Estimates for 1895 amount to 290,000 1b, at a probable cost of 28 cents per lb. f.o.b. Colombo, equal at current’ ex- change to about 3g pence per lb. Each estate pos- sesses a factory and machinery sufficient for all requirements. ‘lhe price proposed to be paid for these properties is £31,500. Four estates in Dimbula and Maskeliya districts. jn extent about 1,359 acres, of which, say— 778 acres are planted with tea in full bearing. 292 A in partial bearing. 36 not yet in bearing. 1,106 acres Tea. 253 +,, Forest, Grass land, &c. 17 ” ” ory - 1,359 acres The crops secured from these properties in 1893 amounted to 342,373 lb. tea. The 1894 crops will hardly reach this figure, the short fall being due to exceptionally unfavourable weather, but with a larger plucking acreage and with average weatherit is es- timated that 373,000 1b. tea will be produced in 1895, at a probable cost of about 30 cent per lb. f,0.b. Colombo, equal at current exchange to about 32 pence per lb. There are two factories, possessing full com- plements of machinery, at which the crops of three of the estates are dealt with, those from the fourth being manufactured on satisfactory terms on a neigh- bonring property. The price proposed to be paid for these estates is £32,500. : Qe t Trea TRADE with Pxrrsis.—The attention of the Indian tea trade may profitably be directed to the Persian market. The Political Resident in the Persian Gulf states that, notwithstanding the’ diffi- culties with which the trade has had to contend, there has been of latea considerable expansion in the amount of tea imports. Tea introduced into Persia from the south comes almost exclusively from India and Java, and it appears to grow in favourin the Per- © sian markets, Pioneer, Jan, 19, . cris = Dae he Fes. 1, 1895.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 551 THE DUNKELD ESTATE COMPANY, LIMITED. ANNUAL MEETING. The annual meeting of this Company was held on 2nd Feb. at the office of the Agents and Secretaries Messrs. Whittall & Co. when the following report was submitted :— Report of the Directors, for presentation to the annual ordinary meeting of the shareholders, to be held on Saturday, 2nd February 1895, at 12.30 p.m. Directors :—C. A. Leechman, Esq., Chas. Young, Esq., and G. W. Carlyon, Esq. Estate Inspector :— Chas. Young, Esq. Hstate Superintendent :—Hric. 5S. Anderson, Esq. ACRUAGE, ea in full bearing o6 334 acres. Teain partial bearing .. 49°" do Tn cultivation, od 383 acres. Jungle, Wc. os 53 do Total Estate a6 436 acres. The Directors haye pleasure in submitting to the Shareholders the accounts of the Company for the past year. .. The crop secured amounted to 103,517 Ib.. tea, being 21,483 lb. under the. estimate and 14,127 1b, _less than the yield in 1893. ‘he net average sale price was over 57 cents per lb., or about 53 cents better than in the previous year; whilst the cost ‘per pound laid down Colombo, including expenditure on young clearings, was 324 cents, This also includes cost of manuzing, the effects of which have not yet been fully felt. The short yield is entirely attributable to’ an abnormal season, the first four months of the year having been continually dry, whilst throughout the rest of the year mist and rain prevailed. _. The net profit for the year, after making ample provision for depreciation of buildings and machinery, and including a small balance from 1893, amounts to R20,185°36, or over 134 per cenf on the capital of the Company. -An interim dividend of 5 per cent was declared on 30th July last, absorbing 7,500, thus leaving’ a balance of K12,685°36 now to be dealt with. _ | Uhe Directors recommend the payment of a final - dividend of 7 per cent, making 12 per cent tor, the ear; and that the sum of K1,500 be added to the Extension Fund, which will then amount to R7,500, the balance of R685°36 being carried forward to the new year. Phe crop for this year is estimated at 125,000 lb. tea, on an expenditure of 38,194. During last year Mr. W. H.G. Duncan and Mr, ‘A. Thomson haying resigned their seats on the board, Mr. Charles Young and My. G, W. Carlyon were nominated to fill the vacancies. In terms of the Articles of Association, Mr. ©. A. Leechman retires by rotation from the office of Director, but is eligible for re-election. The appointment of an Auditor for the current year will vest with the meeting—By Order of the Direc- tors,—WHItraLL & Co. Agents ci Secretaries. My. G, W. Carlyon presided, the Report and accounts were adopted and a final dividend of 7 per cent was declared making J2 per cent for the year. ——__—_. A CURE FOR GREEN BUG, Dr. Trimen is not so sanguine about the ‘Jady-bird” cure, but he considers the experi- mInent worth making. We quote as follows :— “Jt is quite worth while trying the Australian lady-birds against scale-bugs here, but I do not feel very sanguine as to results. ‘here are many ‘ifs’ to be determined. It must be remembered that Jcerya was known to be an Australian insect and there was axeason for getting its known enemy thence. Our climatic conditions here are very differ- ent from those of Australia and California or Florida. But the experiment is interesting and should it prove successful we shall all feel grateful to Mr. Koebele for his aid.” lo iba a NYASSALAND,, COFFEE. It will be a matter for the young colony of Shire Highland coffee growers to congratulate themselves upon when they hear of the very high ‘prices ‘that their Nyassaland coffee is fetching, ‘hei 1894 jcrop is excellent. We see it quoted in |/Mincing: Lanej as * Central African Plantation : London cleared,;;,and etching as high as'101s to 107s... By, ‘the. last, ac- counts the promise for the coming season,was all that could, be desired, though the rains were anxiously awaited. Locusts have done a good deal of damage, but chiefly to very young trees. On’ the whole’they do not take kindly to coffee. The most favourable circumstance connected ‘with’ the industry is° the abundance of labour, and as the natives fmdthat they ave honourably paid ‘and vigorously protected from slavers and kidnappers) when: working fox, the white men, no doubt they will continue to. flock to the Highlands from afar in still increasing numbers;— African Review, Jan. 12. 4 ee totod COFFEE LANDS IN COORG... *.. The area of assessed coffee lands held in Coorg duzing, 1893-94 by European and: Native owners e+ spectively was,as follows :— d3 No. Acres." European estates 429 ~ 30,347 Native estates 6,523 48,194 | 3 Total R6,952 78i54T 1°? The average extent ofa European estate is thus about 70°73 acres; as against’ only 7°38 acres in the' case ’of Native estates. [he coffee crop - during’! 1893-94 was 3,873 tons, or 829} tons more than’ in 1892-93, ‘and 469 tons more’ than.the aveiage for the: last) five years. The quantity exported from , the; proyinée in 1893-94 was 3,873 tons, as compared, with 3,170: tons in 1892-93; and the average local selling price, about R1,400 a ton, showed an improvement of R100. aton. —Madias Limes, Jan, 31. dl THE,..TEA- MARKED «i Is passing through a course of optimism and there are undoubtedly elenients’ to Warrant the ‘more favourable position which set’ in’ during last mMénth. Prices have been steadily’ advancing, but ‘so ‘far more on the lower grades: here is now ‘consim- able tea to be had under 54d per lb, though: com- monest China is to be got under that) figute,; but; for home consumption it is) of too low,-a quality.,,As previously stated in these columns, the supplies of 1894-95 would not be more than the requirements, New outlets are opening up, especially ‘throughout the immense region of Siberia, and it ‘in a measure accounts for the indifference displayed by the Chinese to the falling off in shipments to this country, /for it would appear that in future Russia will take the bulk of the northern grown tea... At current prices the range is on a moderate basis, and no harm to trade could vesnlt at an all-round adyance,\as supplies must be on a lessening scale for the next four months,—L. & C. Lupress. -_ Honny-prew, a substance found on leaves of yarious plants, has been discovered, by I. ‘V. Raumer ’ to consist of cane sugar, a little inverted sugar, and much unfermentable dextrin, together with ash ahd nitrogenous substances’ When bees eat the dew their honey contains an abnormal amount of dextrin, Cheinist and Druggist, e 552 ———— — ae 3 VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. 6 Tae Postrion (or tHe THA INpusrry "is Jidealt with in a letter to the Home and Colona! Mei whieh we quote on another page, the object of the writer being mainly to point out what he considers to be some of the dangers of tlie future. He warns planters against being in too vreat-a hurry to make extensions and thus aggravate the labour diliculties, and counsels _them ‘‘to fortify their existing plants and im- crease their reserve funds,” pointing out that it is upon enlightened cultivation and the judi- cious treatment of the bushes that the staying ‘powers of a garden must depend.” All this is very sensible and to the point. “FIELD AND GARDEN Crops—of the North- Western Provinces and Oudh, with illustrations.” © —Part IIL of this valuable work has just ‘been sent us by the Department of Land Records and Agvriculture for the North-Western Provinces. The work is compiled by J. F. ' Duthie, B.A., F.L.8., Director, Botanical Depart- ment, Northern India, and printed at Roorkee, “at the Thomason Civil Engineering College ~Press. There are 100 lithographed plates in the three volumes—35 in the folio voluine before us and altogether the compilation must be a very useful one. We quote from tiie Preface as follows:— — ~The first part of this work published in 1882, and the’ second in the following year, contain nearly all the field crops and the more important of those which, are usually _found in native gardens. he planta referred to in this, the third and concluding art, are, with few exceptions, garden crops, grown n comparatively small patches, and mostly for home consumption.” » ,ARIVALS TO CEYLON PLAN TERS—“ Ceylon plan- i ters must look to their laurels.” This is the advice which is given by the Wadras Zimes in ,an article dealing with the proceedings at the ‘¥ecent meeting of the Selangor Planters’ Assoei- ation. It says >— euotMhere is a community rapidly consolidating itself Jd’ Selangor, that bids fair to rival the Ceylon men dn point of enterprise, though not perhaps in adver- fising. The Selangor planters are steadily pushing ahead. They are not only working together, but they are displaying the true spirit of progress.” As an instance of this, reference is made to a ,fesolution to obtain the services of a shorthand writer, We most certainly approve of reporters ‘being admitted to the general meetings, but we must remark that the proviso ‘‘ with the under- standing that they submit their reports: to the committee for approval before forwarding them ‘for publication ” does not show that the Selangor “/men have yery much cofidence in the ability of thé newspaper chroniclers of that State, or else that they want to start a kind of censorship of “the press which is quite foreign to Britishideas ! SALES: OF NATIVE THA LEAR.—Mr. T. R Walker writes :— ‘“T find there are purchasers of green tea leaf in Gampola willing to tale in leaf of any description ; twice during the last fortnight my agent rejected two offers of what he considered a suspicious character, ‘but which found buyers in town. What will some critics think of your Badulla correspondent’s letter ve the Uva Company's new tea factory being a great boon to the surrounding small tea estates and native proprietors who wish to selltheirieaf.” A native industry in tea-growing of very consi- derable importance is bound to spring up in Uva, and especially round the town of Badulla and it is avery great boon to haye a substan- tial factory at which the natives can sell their product ; but certainly caution must be exercised. | “THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS?. (Vent 1, 1395. lieve asin Gawpola and Nawalupitiya, to check thieving and the sale ef stolen leaf, as far as possible. Our eyeniag contemporary has the following editerial note :— “We knowofio part of the Island where natives are going in for the cultivation of tea uiove extensively than near Horane in the Panadare district. Not only so, but in most cases the plots ave well-cured for and as carefully cultivated as on most estates. ‘Lhe proprietors, moreover, have several factories imbhe neighbourhood willing to purchase their leaf.” TEA + PROFITS planter writes : AND COMPANIES.—A_ veberan *“ What a lot of croaking there is heard about the yield often. Can any of these croakers go ‘back to coffee and give as good an account of yields and profits? I think not. Here we are over 5001b. made ten per acre after the pleee had been in eoffee for 35 to 40 years and made fortunes for the proprie- tors, and now paying in tea 19 per cent! What more do you want? We are not given to rush into nrint to let the world know what we are doing; but old Dolosbagie can give a very good account of itself. It is not a good sign, however, to see so many Companies starting up. No man with a good paying estate and no ineumbrances would form a Company one would ‘think. Itis a capital way of getting out of difficulties to form Companies or if you have not enough coin to get along with: In ood old coffee days, proprietors did not- hink of Jompanies. Why so intea—a much more steadygoing concern. Too much money got; eh!” : A word of warning may be necessary about multi- plying Companies; but our correspondent willagree that. each Company must be judged on its own merits, and no one can take exception to. London merchants, who had wuwillingly to take over /pro- perties in the dark days of depression, transferrin these,now they are prosperous and profit-yield- ing, to Companies. Then in some cases there is true economy in a Company which brings ‘two properties to work through one factory, or a pro- prietor may wish to realize part of his eapital while still holding a large share in his property; and then it isa decided advantage to ee a plan- ters to have the means of investing small savings through shares; while it is also urged: that Com- panies do much to support the Jocal tea sales and this is a matter of considerable iniportance. Cryton PLANTERS IN NyAssaLAnp.—It is with pleastre that we note that Mr. J. H. Carson has decided to take up land in Nyassaland for coffee. Mlanji, where he has selected a block. is said to possess a magni« ficent climate and a most prolific soil, whilst, aceord« _ing'to Mr. Carson, labor is both abundant and chea —about 2s a month, paid in calico, We understan that Mr. Hy. Brown, late of Ceylon, who is largely interested in the district, is to haye change,of. Mi. Carson's place, and we sincerely hope that the yenture will turn out, satisfactorily. Why should not a com- pany be formed in Ceylon for the purpose. of taking up: land in this part of Africa now proclaimed Buitish territory? The prospects are evidently excellent. , Tue Latest Uva Company.—A Badulla man writes as follows:—* Uva seems to have been selected lately for the- hunting-ground of the company pro- moter. First we had the Nahavilla Estates Co ny: then the Pine Hill Estates Company bonght | aha- kettiya in Haputale. ‘The Uva Estates Company came next to purchase Damnmieria, Battawatte and Gampaha from Messrs. Matheson «& Co., who, I heir. axe parting with all their interests in Ceylon. The -ipiiee paid was £28,000, and a fair price too, The ast is the Ouvahkellie Company, which has pur- chased that estate from Mr. W. P. Kellock, it is said, for £11,000. I hear the Company are negotia- ting for the purchase of other estates in the distrigs, Mr. Kellock leayes shortly to take up his residence in New Zealand, where he has relatives, and where he intends to settle down,” x e Te as -eases and 7,561 bales, about 6314 tons. ‘seen the formation of Al eB. 1, 1895. THE TROPICAL, AGRICULTURIST. 553 THE AMSTERDAM CINCHONA-MARKEYD. Under date of January 5th,our Amsterdam corres- pondent writes:—VLhe Cinchona-bark sales, to be held in Amsterdam on January 24th, will consist of 356 cases and 7,761 bales, about 706 tons, divided as tollows:— From Government plautations—d5 cases and 200 bales, about 245 tons; from private plantations— 301 This quantity contains :—Of Drugyists’ bark : Saccixubra—quills, 27 cases ; broken quiils and chips, 71 bales 71 cases; yoot, 77 bales 15 cases, Of Manufacturing bark: : Ledgeriana—broken quills and chips, 5,719 bales ; root, 752 bales; officinalis—broken quills and chips, 179 bales ; root, 56 bales; hybrid—broken quills and chips, 783 bales; root, 94 bales.—Chemist and Drugyis!. t ge WYNAAD, PLANTERS ASSOCIATION. ANNUAL REPORT. Phe year that has just closed, has been a most im- portant one in planting annals, inasmuch as it has a United Planters’ Associa- tion of Southern India, and the recognition by the Government of Madras of the political impoitance of the planting industry, by giving it a representa- tive on the Legislative Council. | Unirep PuAnrers’ Assocrarion.—In future all cor- respondence on matters of general interest, such as ‘the amendment of Acts, the imposition of export or import duties dc. will be carried on direct with Govern- ment by our able Secretary Mr. G.L. Yonge with all the weight of a united community at his back, Formerly, though we have united in sending in peti- tions, it has only been atter cousiderable corres: pondence and delay, now, there will not only be a greatsaving of time, but a great access of strength to all ow representations, Menser or Councin.—A great deal has been written inthe press as to the utility and the duties of a planting member of Council, In my own opinion though Iam perfectly well aware of the advantages eonferred on us by the right of interpellation, I consi- der that the planting representative can do moregood by working quietly in the back ground than by_ any ostentatious use of this privilege. At any rate, I can State that all our affairs are receiving due attention at the hands of Government. GENERAL Sussucrsi—l’be draft of the Estates Baber Act is now under consideration, ‘The Advo- cate General has beea told to draft an Act for the compulsory registration of maistries. The amend: ments to the Coffee Stealing Act have again been submitted to the Goyernment of India with a strong representation on the subject from the Government of Madras. The Government of Tndia has also been approached with regard to putting an export duty on bones and relieving chemi- cals imported for manuring purposes from an import uty. eden 2H oetgas these matters of general in- terest, the United Association has been carrying on a considerable correspondence with the coast agents on the subject of freights. We, as an individual Asso- ciation, refused to have anything to do with the matter and I cannot think that any good will result, The whole thing twmns on the freights charged by the coalition, and the obvious answer to those who object to these rates, is that they need not ship by coali- tion steamers. Locan Arrairs.—With regard to our own local affairs the first subject for congratulation is that we have now got a Collector who takes an intelligent interest in our industry and has already shewn his wish to be of service to us by giving us an opportunity of meeting him and of explaining our grievances. ‘Lhe enormous advantage that this is to us has been realised already. Grievances of but small interest to the offi- cial but of great importance to us, which have for years been treated with contemptuous neglect, not- withstanding our repeated representation, have all been rectified. Tor instance, stringent orders have been issued that there shall be no fur- * ther illegal seryice of summons, Lhe Treasuries, at last, give ont small coin in ample quantitie® though, for years we have cried out for this with7 out effect. he Collector himself has inspected and condemned bridges which the Sub-Divisional Officer declared to be sate. Lastly, 1 am glad to say that he has taken into iavorable consideration, the prayer that we made to the Coilector of Malabar in 1889 that the 'Taluq head quarters should be moved from Manantoddy to Vayitri. All this is matter for congratulation but a still greater benefit has been conferred on us this year., I should say. that neyer before within the memory of the oldest. in- habitant of this district has there been so little coffee stolen a3 during this crop. season. This we. owe entixely to the energy of our new Superintendent of Police. The whole country side has been patrol- led night and day and seyeral well-known. receivers haye found their occupation too full of risk for con- venience. ‘ , In conclusion it is usual in this report to give a short summary of the condition and prospects of our agriculture. I said, at the commencement of my report that the past year had been a most important one in planting annals andI say now that the coming year willbe amost important onein the annals of this district. Shipment of tea from the newly planted estates will soon be going home, and itremains to be seen if the valuations placed on trial samples sent by post, will be realized by these shipments. If however they should be, and we can show that we can put our tea on the London market for 54d per lb. and sell it there for an average of Is Id per Ib. (which is the average of the valuations of the samples by post) there should very soon be increased plant- ing activity in the district, and I sincerely trust that this time next year the scheme which this Association advocated tour years ago but which has since been allowed to drop, t.e. the system of small acreages and central factories may be revived and put into practice. Coffee prospects seem fairly good and a quantity of hybrids between the Arabian and Liverian varieties, which seem at any rate in their younger stages to defy ‘‘ Hemileia,’’ have been plan- ted out. In connection with the increased activity in tea planting, a dread seems to have arisen that there may be a scarcity of labour in the future, This seems a curious commentary on the statements of the National Congress orators, that we haye been reading lately, i.c,, that there are 50 millions in India starving for want of subsistence wages, If this be true, it seems an anomaly that we in India, close to a railway; should be. offering a comparatively higher rate of wages than is given to the agricultural laborer. in most countries of the world that is, wages half of which. he can subsist on in comfort, and half) of which he can saye, and. yet be unable to attract labourers in sufficient quantities. During the past year, three members of our Association have died and four new members have been elected. In con: clusion I beg to lay the accounts on the table and my resignation in your hands. It you wish it, I will carry on the work for one year more. (Signed.) Grorcr Rominiy, FS as IMPARTING POTENCY TO TEA. (25,694) Tra—Not being a chemist, I am unable to reply to your query as to the effect of lemon taken in tea on the human body, but the practical experience of the Russians in its use, as generally understood, goes a long way as evidencein fayourof its usefulness. That it imparts an agreeable potency to the insipid teas of the lower class of market quali- ties, there can be no question. Other articles may be used forthe same purpose effectively, such as a leaf of the black currant, mint, and such herbs as were used in olden times for making a hot beverage before what may be described as the tea era. We find mint occasionally in China teas when the use of it is unskillfully manipulated, and also in Ceylons, and some times other scented articles of doubtful origin. ‘hese experiments point to a want of piquancy and point which was not felt when green teas wit scenteds were blended with black tea for commoy 554 use ; but the high price of these rich, pungent sorts is prohibitory to their use in the face of com- ‘parative cheapness, as pushed and advertised at low prices everywhere, although the same money's worth of the finer article is quite as economical, giving care in the preparation, and vastly better all round in the using. ‘I'he quantity of tea now pro- duced in our own Crown colonies is simply enormous, ‘but tie bulk of it is of the lower grade of quality. Owing to the ditticulty of curing by manipulation of the human hand, machinery has to be resorted to —an unavoidable necessity at present, as sufiicient native labour is not on the spot, if it had the apti- tude for the work; and a machine is found, unfor- tunately, to destroy the finer traits of tea, its native ‘fragrance, and its exhilarating properties. An un- ‘expected development may conie out of the war inthe ‘East, and if John-Chinaman should betake himself to ‘our tea gardens, under the British Crown, he would do a fine thing for himself, and also for ourselyes.—W™m. GurEn.—Lcho, Jan. 17. $< re “TEA WORKERS COMPLAIN; * BUT INQUIRY OF THE EMPLOYERS YIELDS QUITE ANOTHER STORY. _ Trouble in the tea trade is the note sounded ina lot of letters which reach Z’he Star Ottice, Lhe latest tefers to thé Terra Bona Tea Company, whose offices “are in the Minories. It was declared over a number _of signatures that the hours were 565 a week and ‘the ‘wages for girls averaging 18 years of age 5s a week. It was also alleged that the boys had all struck work owing to an increase in the number ,of hours to be worked. A Sta man who calledon “the firm was afforded the fullest possible opportunity . to examine the wages book. From his inspection he , gathered that the wages ranged from one at 5s to _.& large number at 7s., 8s and 9s and a fair pro- portion ranging from 10s to 20s and 25s. ‘ AS TO THE HOURS, there does appear to have been a nominal increase. ‘The head of the firm explained that Factory In- "gspector Arbuckle had pointed out to him that the Act entitled him to work his boys and girls from eight to eight, providing proper hours were allowed for meals. The employers thereupon gaye notice ‘that the hours would be altered from eight to seven, to those allowed by the Act. It was explained, though,‘ that’ the workers would be allowed off at seven ‘as. usual in slack© times, and that if ‘they were done at’ six any ‘time they could leave ‘then. ‘The employers, it should be added, keep the employees out of the hands'of the money-lenders by advances without interest,;'and that they gave them "an extra week's wages all round at Christmas,—/S/ar, pe — THA AND? CAFFEINE. \ (From a correspondent.) ‘ London, Jan. 18. I have nothing further I can tell you about Tea ‘dust sales. The members of the committee who are ““4the dealers have been so busy with their Christmas ‘and New Year arrangements with tea, and partly ‘owing to the rise in price, that they have not fol- “lowed the matter up much further. It does seem a “yemarkable thing, after the facts have been published “and it is well known here amongst the tea producers “that these tea sweepings in London warehouses are * allowed to be sold here after being sent to Hamburg to be cleaned, that some of them do not move in ‘the matter. It is not’ improbable that the matter > Will be brought before the Government when ‘Par- “Tiament opens and the question asked whether’ they have been parties to this deception, and if it is not likely to be detrimental to the tea trade of India. We are still buying Indian ‘tea in the market for turning junto Caffeine, fi C i THE TROPICAL AGRICULTORIST. tive to the seeds, After the removal of the skig (Fre. 1, 1895. INDIAN TEA AND LANCASHIRE |, COTTON, The following letter was published in the Times of January 15th :— Sir,—In the Yimes of today, Mr. Kowe presents me with a dilemma, and challenges me to solve it. He asks me what my attitude is towards the heavy duties levied upon Indian and Ceylon tea by this country, and he infers that if I am prepared to de- fend them my letter is illogical. I am not prepared to defend them. To me they are absolutely absurd. To levy an import duty upon articles which cannot in any way be grown or made in this country, which do not compete in any way with the products of this country, and which have become not a luxury buta~ necessity of us all, is to me the ne plus ultra of indefensible finance. Tf' we must levy customs in order to distribute taxation as much as possible over all classes, let it be as much as possible upon those articles the manu- facture of which abroad displaces English labour. To the consumer it is indifferent which of the articles he buys is taxed. To the producer it is everything that the tax shall be levied so as to exclude the competition of the foreign workman. To levy a tax upon tea merely makes tea dearer to the consumer; to levy a tax upon silk manufac- turers may, no doubt, make silk dearer to the) con- sumer, but it will have the corresponding advantage of increasing the wage fund of this country. If we must tax a necessity of life let the English farmer have the benefit of it. We cannot grow tea here, I have never seen any rational answer to this, which is a very real dilemma to the Free-trader. Mr. Kowe may ask me to justify my opinion by my vote. I am quite prepared todo that ifnecessary, but the vote must not have a unilateral effect... I am not like the cultivators of the anti-opium religion, who would sacrifice a great source of reyenue before a corresponding source is proposed, I prefer an indefensible tax to bankruptcy, i If the present Chancellor of the Exchequer, who is. not averse to popularity, will free our breakfast table and draw an equivalent revenue from the taxation of articles which now flood this country from abroad, and which might be made here, I will vote with all my heart for his proposal, which will be both rational and popular. Meanwhile, Mr. Kowe will see that my withers are unwrung.—Yours respectfully, Carlton Club, Jan, 10. Henny H. Howorru. —0. Mail. : iH > THE TRADE IN KOLA. Last summer the United States Government -in- structed its Consuls at Bathurst, Goree-Dakar, Mouro- via, and Sierra Leone on the West Coast of ‘Africa, at Mozambique and Zanzibar ou the Hast Coast, and at Tamatave in Madagascar to colléct information on the cultivation of the kola-tree and the trade in its seed. As might have been expected, the Consuls in Madagascar and Zanzibar report that the kola-nut does not grow im their districts, and is not imported there. No reports from the other representatives who have been written to have yet been published, with the exception of one by Mr. Pooley, the Consul at Sierra Leone. According to that gentleman the kola-iruit grows in pods con- taining from three to eight seeds. When full the pod changes from a green to a red-brownish colour. he seeds when collected, are laid by for a few days to allow the skin to soften, that it may be easily removed by washing. The seeds are exported fresh and dry. Yo keep them fresh care should be taken that they are properly washed with clean fresh water, not a particle of the decayed skin being allowed to remain on. After the water has drained the seeds are put into a cane basket, inlaid with a broad leaf from a plant of the natural order Malvaceoe, peculiarly adapted to keep the nuts fresh — for a considerable time—say, three months and more —and to keep away worms, which are yery destruc- Fee, 1, 1895.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.: 555 by washing, the seeds, if they are to be exported dry, are simply split into pieces and dried in the sun. The fresh nuts are gold in Freetown at from 21..to 4l, per bushel. The total exports of kolas from, Sierra Lieone in 1893 amounted to 9,854 cwt., valued at 40,105/. The natives. says. the Consul, napally eat one nuf in the early morning to ward off craying for food while travelling, and one at night to induce sleep.—Chemist nd Drugyist. ng vo --——__>____— ih - VS EINTDEMPERANCE IN TEA: se ty (To tun Eprror or tay ‘ Specravor.’’) Sir,—The seventeenth century seems, occasionally, to have excelled the nineteenth in the immoderate use of tea, though chiefly, perhaps, as a medicine. When tea first came into fashion in France, Madame de Séyvigné wrote :— “Tia princesse en prend douze tasses tous les jours. Oela, dit-elle, la guévit de tous ses maux. Elle m’as- sura que M. le Landgraye en prenait quavante tasses tous les matins.—Mais, madame, ce n'est peut-ctre que trente ?—Non, c’est quarante ; il ¢ctait mourant, cela le ressuscite a yue d’cil.” E. C.. Price. —Tam, Sir, &., ‘Malvern Wells, January 7th. [Translation :—“ The Princess takes twelve cups every day. That, she says, cures her of all her troubles. She assured me that the Landevaye took forty cups every morning.—But, madam, perhaps. it is only thirty ?—No, it is forty; he was dying, but you could see it reviving him.’ | 45 ast : / TEA AND, SCANDAL. ‘T-have borrowed from the Royal Asiatic Society Library the third volume of the “Manual of the Administration of the Madras Presidency,’ 1893; and from it I think I may glean something useful, if not amusing. I naturally, of course, first turn to the article headed ‘“‘ Tuna,” andI find as follows :— . Dea.—(Chahi Maji.; sii, Ar.; chai, Pers.; cha, Wind.; te, Malay; chigida, Can.; chi ‘os.; téyd- kuchettu, 7’e?.; chiya, Mal. ; té, Singh. ; téyilai, Tam.) Title from Malay ef. tay. Mahr. from Persian. Ar., etc. from Chinese. Tel.from (té tea anddku, leaf and chettu, plant.) Mal from Chinese through Hindos- tany. am. from (té, tea and ilai, leaf). Ar. also shdi. Tel. also nallatéydku (meaning black tealeaf). Tam. also paggaittcyilai, meaning green and tea; karup- puttéyilai, meaning black and tea. Title otherwise char, China tea, Tay. _ Botanically Camellia theifera, gviff., ternstromiaces. Alias Camellia viridis: Thea assamica, cantoniensis, Chinensis, viridis; Thea bohea stricta. Shrubby: leaves lanceolate, flat, Serrated, three times longer than broad; sepals five to six; petals six to nine; flowers axillary, solitary, erect, white; fruit nodding, dehiscent; capsule tricoccons. Hyergreen with thin grey bark, alternate, very short-stalked leaves, saw- edged, and of a deep shining giecn; flowers resem- ble those of a bramble, one inch in diameter, pro- duced in great abundance if not pruned. The alka- loid of tea called theine, is identical with that of coffee or caffeine ; the theine is variable in quantity indifferent teas, south Indian samples containing more than those from China and Japan: the percentage ranges from one to move than six. Plant was intro- duced from China to Assam in 1830: thence extended to Cachar, Sylhet, etc.: introduced in S. India in 1837; the peculiarities of Madras teas as contrasted with China teas, are their much greater strength and stronger avoma. In cultivating small plantations are preferable to large: a rich loamy soil is best; the object is to insure deep soil, free from rock and stones; a tolerably moist climate, such as may be found at elevations of from 2,500 to 5,000 ft. above the level of the sea, is most suitable, and in localities free from all influence of hot winds in sammer; the estimated number of seedlings for one acre is about 1000; for cultivation the ground is cleared as much as possible, marked out in lines, and holes dug at pro+ per distances; plants may be kept in the nursery till they are six months old; after transplanting and when plants are eighteen months old, they are cut down toa short height, and from that time the young shoots are plucked as they appear and manufacture into tea; the bushes require pruning and topping; ground must be kept clean ; the young leaves are used and the tree is not allowed to seed as a rule; the flush is ready at intervals varying from seven to four- teen days; produce is manufactured and ready for market in about six weeks. For Neilgherry tea-plant- ing see Vol. I. 292. Tea-leaves are divided into two classes, green and black, both the products of the same plant. differently prepared for use; the former con- tains a larger proportion both of theine and of tan- nin than the latter, their composition in other res- pects being nearly identical; the green tea leaf is prepared when the plant is in itsless mature state, while it contains a quantity of viscid, and to a cer- tain degree narcotic juice. Green teas which are or have been met within S. India ave; gunpowder, very strong being the leaf rolled quite round; hysona small leaf closely curled and bluish green; bloom tea, light green, and has loose leaf; singlo, similar; green tea is comparatively little used, owing to its high price, its powerful action on the nervous system when genuine, and its great liability fo pernicious adulter- ation. There are three principal varieties of black tex: in the third or fourth year of the plant’s age ov later, the young shoot is plucked as soon as three leaves have appeared on it; the uppermost leaf scarcely expanded when dried gives pekoe, the second about thirty-six hours old gives souchong, the third of forty-eight to sixty hours growth gives congoo; 4 fourth leaf is sometimes plucked and yields bohea, but the proportion of theine diminishes from the topmost leaf downwards and is insignificant in this last variety, which is rarely brought to market; all these varieties of leafare plucked and dried together and separated subsequently by sieves of different- sized meshes, pekoe and souchong passing through the first sieve, leaving congoo behind, and_ being separated from each other by a further seiving; thus the different kinds of black tea may be distinguished by the different sizes of the leaves expanded by infusion. Leaves slowly dried retain more green colour than those that are dried rapidly ; the green tea is carefully dried by exposure to the open air in the shade, the blackby means of artificial heat in shallow pans over a charcoal fire. The above-named classi- ficatory terms are all Chinese. The adulterations of tea leaves are of two kinds, the substitution of leaves of other plants, and the introduction of ex- hausted tea leaves re-rolled and dried: if green tea be adulterated, put a piece of gall [manchicoy] into the liquor, which will turn it to a deep bluish colour, this it will not do unless there be either vitriol or copperas [mayil teottam] in it as gallsdo not tincture the propertea; counterfeit black tea produces a deeper colour by infusion than the real tea, a little copperas put into it will turn it to a light blue, which other- wise ought to be of a deep blue inclining to black; it is with the small, white, pleasant-scented flowers of the osmanthus fragrans, lour., that the Chinese give a peculiar flavour to their best teas. The uses of tea need not be here mentioned, but it is to be observed that its narcotic effects on man increase towards the equator. The oil from seeds resembles that of olive |zeitoon], burns with a clear, bright light, and is free from unpleasant odour; not elible, but can be utilised in the manufacture of a superior kind of soap [sauboon]. Wood grey, soft. There are at present date three varieties of plant, viz.: China, Assam, and a hybrid between those two; the China is hardiest, but the hybrid most prolific of leaf and therefore most cultivated. For other leaves used as tea see Sharb (1) 7’ea grass—chahullu, Can. ‘Titie from use of fresh leaves. Same as Roussa yrass.—(2) Ceylon tea, chidisailin, Hind., same as Nerija.—/ndiantea, chaihindi, Hind., same as Fragrant toolsy.—Shiranjy tea, chiranji, ‘Vel., sme as Godaury. —Wild tea, binri, Hind.; huluni, Can.; neyadassa, Singh. Title from leaf iike tea-leaf. Hind. also gonta); (deurd). Botanically Eurya japonica, than., ternstremiacee. In leaf and general appearance 556 much resembles teaplant; wood brown, soft, close- grained, sometimes used for fuel.’’ There are several things I object to in the above article; firstly, the spelling of proper names small initials ; Pecechil! the use of vo instead of u; thirdly, the omission of any mention of the discovery | of the indigenous Teaplant in Assam; fourthly, that 1000 seedlings suffice for an acre, waich would mean Pgnting 65, by, 63 ft. whereas the Ceylon method 4 by ft. would require 3,630 seedlings per acre; and fifthly that the fourth leaf yields bohea ! o The above has taken up so much space that I can only add this week the sensible definition that ig given of CATAMARAN. (Kattumaram, Jum.) Prom Bains to bind and maram, wood. Raft consisting of three logs of very light, buoyant wood, such as the Erythrina indica (common coral tree). Erroneously said to be made of the cocoanut tree, a wood which sinks at once in water. Uhe length is from 20—25 feet,,and breadth 245—34 feet. he logs are secured together by three spreaders and cross-lashings throagh small holes; the centre log being much the largest with a, curved surface at the fore-end, which trends and. finishes upwards to w point. The side logs ave similar in form, but smaller haying their sides straight and fitted to the centre log. ‘he catamaran is generally navigated by two men, sometimes by one only. Catamarans are used mostly for deep sea- fishing. ‘Lhey also convey letters to and from the shore; the man who takes has leaf of the areca tree tied round his waist in which he encloses it.’’ Dhe grammar of the last sentence leaves much tobe desired, but the substance is good, and con- firms, the impression that the catamaran is the exact counterpart of the Chinese Sampan (sam, three and pan, log.) 3, M. Fercuson,. > — INDIAN PATENTs. Calcutta, the 17th January, 1895. Applications in respect of the undermentioned in- vention have been filed, during the week ending 12th January 1895, under the provisions of Act V, of 18388, in the Office of the Secretary appointed under the Inventions and Designs Act 1888:— Coffee and other Orain-drying Apparatus.—No. 11 of 1895.—Augusto Ferreira Ramos, Civil Engineer, of San-Paulo, in the State of San-Paulo, Republic of Brazil, for Coffee and other grain-drying apparatus. —Indian Bngineer. SNe OU ea ECHOES OF SCIENCE. Ajsimple disinfector and deodoriser for household use has been brought out by My. Wilson under the name of the ‘‘ Beehive Vapouriser,’ and has been recommended by several medical authorities. It is intended to shed the vapours of eucalyptus, terebene, and so on, in the air of a chamber or hospital, and consists of a holder containing water and the essential oil to be dissipated, which is heated by a kind of brick warmed first of all in the fire. The steam and yapour of the disinfectant escape to the air through holes in the case, and as there is no flame, there is no danger of fire, even in the night time.—G lobe. ee Medd 0 A SYDNEY TEA-BROKER IN COLOMBO. Mr. H. M. Rowbotham, the well-known tea- broker of Sydney, who is at present on a visit to, Colombo speaking to one of our representatives today with regard to the tea market in Aus- tralia said that China teas had for the last year or two been very good value, and sold at prices ranging from 53d to 7d, being really as good drinking tea as anybody could de- sire. If it lacked in anything compared with Ceylon tea, it was in strength, but tea of good quality and flavour, though lacking in stzength was preferable to tea with an excess. of with | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURI3TL. | eee a [Fer +, 1899! strength for self-drinking purposes, China tea could be had in any quantity. at the prices! wentioned, but of Ceylon tea, at the present moment, it was barely possible to obtain any at less than 7d. Notwithstanding the prejudice | in favow’of Ceylon, if China continu ae ing tea at such good value, it was bound to get a very large proportion of their custom in Australia. One thing in favour of Ceylon was that the trale were certain that business in Ceylon as well as India was in safe hands, ana the same could not be said of China. Mr. Row- botham characterised the statements that had been inade about China tea being adulterated as ridiculous aud he related an incident which oceurred only Tast month in Sydney. A merchant there recently received a quantity of tea—broken pekoe—from an estate eee “We,” said Mr. Rowhot liam, ‘as brokers, sold it to atirm of tea dealers. On one occasion a Member of our Parliament requested me as a particular favour to purchase for him a chest of the nicest Ceylon tea in the Market. It immediately occurred to me that I might send him a chest of broken pekoe and ac- cordingly I sent him a chest of the same. Some time after I received a letter trem him in- forming me that the tea had made all the members of his family ill, and that he had a sample analysed by the Government analyst who reported that ‘a large preportion’ was made up of leaves other than those of the tea tree, and traces ot _leal througliout.’ He, therefore, requestel me to return to him the valne of the chest, and take the tea back. I, of course, replied that it was all non- sense, as the tea came from a garden which I knew myself. I mentioned, too, that it would cost the owner more to put in stuff that was not tea, than to manufacture the real artiele, and that I could not take it back. On a of my letter, he got another analysis made, with the same result—much that was not really tea, and tracing of lead throughout! The matter had proceeded thus far when I left, You can see for yourself,” said Mr. Rowbothai, “if such has been the case with regard to Ceylon broken pekoe, how much more could be said about China. I consider the tea one of the best I have seen and still do so,” He emphasised the fact most strongly that noth- ing could be said against the black and red leaf from China except that it is thin and poor in comparison to Ceylon ;—he was sure it could not be injurious. Lf Ceylon tea should deteriorate for the next two or three years it would be a bad look-out. At the present rate of prices he could see no chance of shippers getting satisfactory results from Australia, but that is all the better for the growers here. Mr. Rowbotham is suffering from an attack of influenza which he had contracted on the voyage and for which he is now under the treatment of Drs. Fairlie and Rockwood. He proceeds shortly with Mrs. Rowbotham to India on private business, and will call here again on his way to Australia. DEAFNESS. Ringing in Ears, &c., no matter how severe or long- standing, will be sent post free.—Artificial Ear- drums and similar appliances entirely superseded. Address THOMAS KEMPE, Vicrorta CHAM- BERS, 19, SOUTHAMPTON BUILDINGS, HoLBoRN, Lonvon, coq ea An essay describing a really genuine Cure for Deafness, Fev. Lis 18y5.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 557 Gorrespandence. To the Editor. COFFEE, COCOA, COCONUTS. Dear Str,--It is satisfactory to see that progress is being made in the cultivation of these products. Great alarm has been felt at the continued increase of the cultivation of tea in the face of a steady fallin the price of this commodity. The present price is likely to continue for some time but is bound to fall when the supply becomes excessive. The open- ing of new markets is avery very slow matter, and LIBERIAN AND when opened they will not increase the price of the | article. he cultivation of tea is being taken up vigorously by the natives too. Large central fac- tories are being erected by them at considerable cost, aS an additional incentive for the natives to cultivate. Want of labour will not affect them, and tracts of chenas and lands cultivated generally once in 7 years, will yield them in tea yearly as much as they get for this occasional and risky culti- vation of ‘dry’ grain, &c. From Galkissa to Matara and for 20 miles inwards along the sea board tea gardens proper are literally springing up like mushrooms. ‘lhe product, whether from interior jat or not, will realize quite enough to pay them. The Government prohibition of the sale of lands for tea cul- tivation will not check or affect them. ‘The cultivation of other products must also engross the attention of the European planter. Small fields otf Liberian coffee almost neglected haye for nearly 14 years stood the attacks of leaf-disease, and though it is still subject to it, the yield at present prices is suffi- cient to give large profits, and at least for a suffi- cient number of years, so as to cover the cost of cultivation of both the Liberian coffee and coconuts or cocoa, I do not advocate the planting of Liberian coffee alone, as after a long period, like the Arabian variety, it may die out, leaving abandoned and waste land, but with the other products either a profitable coconut or a cocoa estate. An ‘ once in the employ of a mercantile firm there, expressed his opinion that ifa direct trade with New York in Liberian is properly opened with an annual shipment of ten to twenty thousand cwts. and not less it will always last, and, : : average realized for this coffee in America, there is a wide margin for profits. A well managed estate yielding four to tive cwts., after the fourth year will give a clear profit of R200 to R250 per acre, and half that profit is ample for a pro- perty with other products growing to secure “per- manency ’ eyen with a small annual return in the future. Liberian coffee was introduced into the Island at a very unfortunate time, and has neyer had proper atten- tion ever since, especially as the price was /ess than half of what it is now. ‘hose who experimented did so by planting a few acres and leaying the field to do what it could to die out, and many did not. Un- suitable soil was also selected und the trees were rarely, if ever, pruned or manured or aided, as was the Arabian yariety by even the smallest owners. The yield of Arabiun coffee last year was only 20,000 cwt. If an equal quantity of Liberian coffee had been in the market every bushel would have realized the local average rate of R1LO per bushel for consumption in the Island and India alone. As for coconuts, it will bea quarter of a century before the prices fall to even half their present value. The use of poonac as a cattle food is increasing, and will be as steadily in demand in Europe in future as coal is, and will be for lubricating purposes in the East. Cocoa stands next to coconut for permanency, and what matters if the price falls to 40s in London ? Deducting the trifle spent in keeping the planta- tion clean and in gatbering land curing the market. able article, there will be enough to count on as a decent return, and certainly a bettey ono than from some of 70 American visitor, ° calculating the lowest | those 250 Ib. per acre tea, estates with costly first outlay of machinery, expensive labour caused by heavy losses on advances, &c., &e. J.M. Des: Attikakande, Cina Korle. ARROWROOT IN TRAVANCORE. Olivers Estate, Travancore, 22nd Jan. 1895. Drsr Srr,—May I trouble you to give me some information, re the preparation of arrowroot flour, asto a machine for doing it ?—I am about ta make a machine for the purpose, with an old cylinder coffee pulper, and I desire to be quite sure that the contact of the arrowroot with the metal will in no way be injurious or affect the taste of the flour. Therefore, will you kindly satisfy me as to the follow- ing :— 1. Will contact with metal of any sort affect the flour, either the taste of it or chemically? 2. What metal is best for the cover for pulper? And is the teeth of cover closer together than that used for coffee ? And what shape are teeth? Would steel plate cover do with teeth or would that be too expensive ? 3. Would not a crusher fixed between the box and pulper cylinder facilitate the pulping and tearing of the roots? T shall be much obliged if you could give me the above information as this is a new industry for the South of Travancore, and if I can get a sufficient demand in the local markets it will necessitate having a machine for preparing it. Apologising for the trouble I’m causing you. Iam, dear sir, yours faithfully, W. A. COX. [From the Zvopical Agriculturist for Oct. 1889—~ page 238, Vol. ITX., we quote as follows :— “The manufacture as carried on in Ceylon is an affair of the simplest kind, A roller of about eight inches in diameter, and about two feet in length, is fixed against a piece of wood, which is secured. by a couple of uprights. The roller is covered with a sheet of tin, pierced with holes like a nutmeg grater, and it is set in motion by a. wheel just like that of the native turner which communicates with a smaller one on the spindle of the roller. A small space is left between the voller and the board, and’ the roots haying first been washed and peeled with the fingers are chopped into it, a little water being occasion- ally used. As the roller revolves, the rasped _ root falls into a trough placed below it, and is carried to another trough where it receives a first washing, The woolly fibre which floats on the top of the starch is then taken off, and the letter is put into a trough lined with lead, where it receives succes. sive washings until the last water comes off color- less. The arrowroot is then found at the bottom in the shape of a solid white substance. A clean cloth pressed upon it absorbs the remaining surface mois- ture, and it can then be cut with a wooden or copper knife and laid in the sun to dry. When the water is perfectly expelled, the lumps break inta small pieces, and the starch is fit for the market. Great care should be taken not to pack it whilst in a damp state, and for the long voyages it should be put up in tins. The local selling price is at present 1s per lb., but 9d is the wholesale rate. The arrow- root exported from Ceylon is said to be equal if not superior to the best kinds from the West Indies, Six men can manufacture a hundredweight of arrow- root in a day, with the aid of the very simple machinery’ aboye described, to do which they have to manipulate aboye 7 cwt. of roots, the yield of starch being 15 per cent. The cost of the raw miterial being £2 2s, labour 8s 9d, and the price of arrowroot being 9d per 1b., the manufacturer's profit per cwt. is £1 18s 3d, or allowing for contingencies say £1 los. No bad return for the slender capital required in the business.” —Information respecting ** Arrowroot Manufacture in Queensland’ by machinery will be found in the Lropical Agriculiyvist for Noy, 1882 page 449 Vol, I, —Ep, 7.) + 558 THE TEA LEAF CONTROVERSY. St. Clive Estate, Nawalapiciy., Feb. 2. . Dear Sir,—1 have watched wih in‘erest the Tea J4-af discussion and your editorial comments (see page 638) after an interview with Mr. T. i. Walker, ‘his gent eman has been one of my most esteem: d and inti- mate friends for many years past. As for his bona fides as & good and true man, no one need have any qualms of conscience. I cannot, nor ean any sane individual object to Mr. Wa ke- advancing money against crops be the man, a native proprietor or a Buropeati. This custom has been in vogue gs nce Ceylon. was. an island! What I object to though is his, middlemen and receivers and his depdts! Why xp he not let, the producer consign his leaf direct to his address; at Nawalapitiya this is what has been done for the past 10 or 12 years, snd why shoulda tinge honored custom be departed from th reby giving 89me. unscrupulo1s scoundrels (suzh a3 middlemen) to set to and get robbed the snrrounding estites. I _am, losing, leaf and I h ar my own coolies are the thieves. There were no such thieves when there were only European receiyers! On all sides one hears of theft, of ieaf which has suddenly sprung up since vr. Walker opened his. depots. | am, eure if Mr. /, is properly. approached in. a fri2ndly spirit and the ERAtLErP rationally discussed 1 with my know edge of. Thomaa Richard Walk r wiil go back he will very soon put an end to any institution likely to cause Larm an crea‘e bad feeling in our sma] community. Yours faithfully, J. H. STEPHENS. THE TEA LEAF CONTROVERSY. Feb, 7th 1895. -. Duar S1n,—Referring to your editorial and the letters that- have appeared on the. subject of leaf- selling: in the Gampola-Nawalapitiya valleys, should: like to make afew remarks on the subject. The records of: the Gampola Court and the experionce of planters, both European and native, in’ the! districts round Gampola and Nawalapitiya will’ show: that: instances of leaf stealing have become alarmingly. numerous since the opening of leafdepits n- towns, where leaf in large or small quantities is rectived, and cash payments made for it by native agerits, Ido not think a register kept by a native agent; who has the paying of money in his hands, can be depended on, and nothing would be more easy than for: him to palm off: stolen leaf on his principal without the latter having any suspicion of anything wrong: Mr.° Walker's Sige of cash payments and adrances to-growers is, rightly or- wrongly, blamed for putting capital in the hands of dishonest receivers where- with:to tempt estate coolies and: villagers to steal and: sell leaf.’ Agents ae catering for leaf at Kadugannawa, Perade- niya Gampola, Pussellawa, and Nawalapitiya (Ido not presume to say they are Mr. Walker’s agents), and I think you will-agree with me that this practice is a direct: inducement: to leaf stealing. You have, on imperfect information, championed Mr, Walker as the benefactor of the small grower, forgetting that the latter has for years had a fair market, for-his leaf:at other factories, and has not been. under the necessity. of going to a middleman, unless' be preferred to do so. How has Mr. Walker improved matters for the small garden owner ? jome..of the enterprising ‘‘ Lebbe’’ middlemen, as they! are called, might object to Mr. Walker’s in- sinuations, and might challenge comparisén between their honesty and that of his native agent in Gam- pola, and’ it'is just possible that they might be able to show as clean. a record. May. I’ suggest that, instead of the idea of licens- ing persons to deal in leaf, the Pussellawa, and | Dolosbagie District Associations should fee a Proctor | of the Gampola, Pussellawa, and Nawalapitiya courts to send them short particulars of each case institu- ted in those courts for stealing leaf or tea, whether ' ® somviction be obtained or pot, such particulars to | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. _ the. » ae - [Fee. i 1895. be published in the newspapers. Receivers would then get known, and dealings with them would be avoided. The recor] would also be useful if the P.A. wished to approach the Government on the subject of more stringent legislation on the lines of Mr. Anstra- thers’s motion in the P.D, last year, which has, I understand, unfortunately been treated with thegreatest apathy. M. Ww. No. IL ’ St. Clive, Feb. 5, Dear Sir,—I am sorry to trouble you again, but I hope I may depend on your indulgence to permit me to add an omission in my last letter to you re “Tea Leaf purcliase."’ I should have addéd, there can be no material harm done by Mr. Walker's central places in districts where he has several gardens to receive leaf from, thereby avoiding the bother of ever so many small consignments; but in every such place’ he shonld only have a paid man to receive the leaf from each bona fide garden aring in his books and to grant receipts ; and Mr. Walker himself should make payments direct to the producer. should first find out where the garden is, its extent, age of the tea and the crop likely to be realized. This is what was done in Kandy by Messrs. Holloway & Edley in the good old days of King coffee. They went over or sent over and got estimates of crops on every native garden where the owner wanted advances, and es made such ad- vances against such crops. If Mr. Walker would only do this he would then very soon bein a position to find out’any man over-stepping his margin and'a careful inquiry would quickly lead to the detection of such unscrupulous producers as help themselves to their neighbours produce; but as is ventilated (and which I will not credit)'Mr. Walker has mid@dtemen supplied with coin to buy leaf for lim then the matter assumes very grave proportions; the tempta- tion thus afforded these men can 1 to theft of leaf from estates. If Mr. Roberts reférs only to this as the practice he condemns and is sure such a practice exists he is right, but to try to throw out objections against advances on a man's crop is simply purile. What possible harm can be the outcome of my advancing money to a man for the leaf off his garden of say 10 acres 4 year old tea, fairly good (one would be safe to form an estimate of from 2 to 225 lbs, ‘fea per acre). What can be against my giving an advance to this owner for his crop! ‘he advantage of this advance system is that one who can advance gets all the leaf and can get it a cent cheaper than those who only make monthly payments. It is proverbial the native is a lover of debt, end will be soto the end of the chap- ter. Ramasamy, Marikar, and Appuhamy alike can never. be happy unless they owe some money tosome one, no matter how contracted; they prefer to get 100 rupees advanced them, rather than bemg paid daily for their leaf, I know this is a positive certainty. Apologising once more for troubling : Yours truly, J. HW. STEPHENS. THE TEA LEAF CONTROVERSY St. Clive Estate, Navalapitiya, Feb. 11 Dear Sir,—I have it on unimpeachable, authority that the purchasing of tea leaf for cash has been in existence from so far back as 1893 in which year some well-known. factories had men employed going about supplied with cash to pay for and. purchase green leaf, and that those same factories (or some of them at least) are still continuing the old old game but only on a reduced scale, Mr, Walker having stepped in and secured the lion’s share. I do not for one moment uphold Mr. Walker 77 he is purchasi ; through middlemen indiscriminately, but pane as think, in justice to him I should inform you thes he. is not the only sinner; it seems hard 1 proyerbial cumblie should have fo} slap down on Mr. Walker’s shoulders o: when other sinners equally guilty since Fes. 1, 1395.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 559 (when Mr. W. had no factory) rest calmly and peacefully in their long sleeved chairs and chuckle over the effusions appearing in the planters’ daily journal. This seems Peraly fair. Nevertheless, sir, the murder-is out and the only question arising be- fore us planters is, how can we best prevent and yrotect ourselves from being robbed of our tea leaf? ihe remedy only lies in doing away with the daily purchasers of green leat or so called middlemen who purchase for cash from Tom Dick, and Harry. How is this to be done! One feasible snggestion which crops up to my mind is that of united co- operation; all connected with factories purchasing tea leaf should promptly convene a meeting and agree to pass.rules and-to abide by them, Ruie 1st to read “No Factory to purchase green tea leaf from any person unless the purchaser has quite satisfied himself that the seller is a producer and is well able to dispose of the quantity of leaf he proposes to sell.’ This, sir, will in a great Measure check the Middleman and throw Mr. Lebbe on his beam end. If such an union can be brought about we can also thus regulate the prices to be paid for green tea leaf monthly or quarterly by calling a meeting to fix on such prices arrived at concurrent with the tone of the London market. Union in all things means strength, I therefore throw forward this suggestion. I must again apologise for troubling; you may rest assured this will be my last on this subject until co- operation and unity are an established fact, when T-shall keep you informed how the institution pro- gresses.—Yours truly, J. H. STEPHENS. —————— VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. Jamaica Watnut.—Concerning this Walnut Dr. I. Urban, wh» has made a special study of the Flora of the West Indies, writes to the eff ct that there are valid ditferences between the fruits of Juglans jamaicensis, ©.D.C, and J. insularis, (riseb. He further expresses his con iction thatin this insta’ cr, at least, Descourtilz’s fig: re is an origin: 1 «1 d genuire one. We have not seen fruits of either the Portorico or cuban Walnut; therefore, we are vot in a position to verify Dr. Urban’s conclusions; but, as we stated before. judging from the leaves, we can find 1o character to separate them Perhaps this notic- may be the means of our obtaining more comp’'ete material. Mr. Fawcett, th: Director of the Public Gardens of Jamaica, who is now in England. intends making a special search for the repnted Jamaica Walnut, which Dr. Urban thinks may still exist, as several other trees have r cently been re-discovered, though they had not previously been co leeted since th« time of Br wne or Swar z.—(* Kew Bu letiu.”— Journal of Horticulture. CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES AND FLowers IN Ber- mupA.—The small col ny o the Bermrcas or Somers Isiands in the North Athintic (about 600 miles from the coast -f the United States) furnishes also an ins arce how mnch may be done with small indus- tries. Accordiig to the “Kew Bulletin,” Burimnuda furnishts New York with a large portion of the “Spring Onions’ and young Potatoes consumed in that city. It also grows Lily bulbs (Lilium Harris) for both the U ited States and Europe, and the value of these exported last ye r vus ov r £21,000. The best quality of atrowroot is obtained oni from Bermuda. Altogether its small industries in 1893 furnished exports to the value of nearly £120,000. These and other particulars are more fully set forth in the annual xonore puuiehed by the Colonial Office Colonial K«ports, No. 105), lately presented to arliament. The following extract gives the exports: —The principal export to the United Kingdom in 1893 was arrowroot, valucd at £989. The principal éxports to Canada were Lily bulbs valued at £1,209, and Onins, £956; an to the United States Lily ‘bulbs valued at £21,050, Onions at £59,870, Potatoes £26,622, specie £6,000, and cut flowers £1,367. The prices obtained for the crops in the season of 1893 were sbout the same asin the preceding year,—Jiid. Ban:na CurivaTIon IN JAmAtcA—The. Banana cultivation in Jamaica, says the ‘Kew Bulletin,” my be cited as a most striking and remarkable instances of how a comparatively ‘mivor irdustry”’ may, under suitable encouragement, attain to the rank of a staple product. ‘T'wenty-five years ago the va'ue of the Bananas exported f-om Jamaica was practically nothing. Pecple g ew them for’their own use but never thought of shi; ping them. In the year 1892-3 the value of Bai anas exported from Jamaica reached over £400 000. It exceeded that of either sugar. ru:r, ccffee, or dye woods. In this case « minor industry of a comparatively uppromising character has been called into exis'enc», and so advanced in va'ue as to overtop old industries. carried on for more than a hundre! years >lanana -culti- vation in Jamaica has been cf !enefit also to-other industries. Under:eath the shade of the Banana trees numerous p'ants have been grown likely to inecrea ein the future the exports cf Coffee, Cocoa, Ora‘: es, and-spices, Not only so, but, ‘ready money” to the extent of nearly £200,000 annua ly has “ben ci:culated amongst sma'l cultivators, who are the chi-f Banana growers, and their material prosperity and consequently th. ir purchasing power have been increased. Further, and «verywheie has enbanced in va xe, and a larger demand has taken place ‘for eatile, mules, and horses, with are raised-on ‘pens’ in the interior. Practically, therefore, all classes of the commnnity have beeu benefited and the general resources of the Government for public works :and other undertakirgs improved. The foundations of this prosperity in Jamaica were laid mainly by the enlightened efforts of two able Governors (Sir John Pet r Grant and Sir Anthony Musgrave), toh of whom laboured most consistently for this -end for many years.—Jbid. ImprerraL INsrrruteE.—On Thursday afternoon, Dec. 18, Dr. Somerville. cf thy Durh:m College of Science, read a paper dea ing with “Scme Aspects of British Forestry.” Prfessor Schlich, Ph.D, cf Covper’s Hill, occupied the char. Te exiension of sylvi- culture in this country was di:cussed. chiefly-as an agency for bringing pr fit to th- landlord end-ben: fit to the S:ate The absence of catisfactory returns from many of our exis'ing woods was ‘treced ‘to excessive initial expenses, unscier.tific management, game, and the i:ferior quality and consequent y low price of much of «ur home grown timber. The pocr quality of the timber was shown to be largely due to the way in which cur plantations are minaged, and especialy to ‘heir being usually over-thioned, and too limited in «xtent. Reference tothe Boatd of Trade statisties did not justify a common pr- dicticn that timber will bevome both scarce and-dear ‘n the nar ‘uture. If, however, timber-expsrting cou tries are cutting into the r capital stock ot trees, and are shipping more timber than is annually -pro- duc. d, a period of scarcity may arise with a sudd nness of which the Board of Trade Returns need not be expec ed to give any ivdication. The desirability cf the Stxte purchasing land suitable for forestry »s a meas of providing employment in rural distric!s was +trongly insisted upon. Sylvicul- tual op- rations, and the transport of t:mber to the nearest sawmill or railway s!ation, nec scitate ‘the employment of ap, roximate'y one forester cr other workman to 50 acres of wood; whi e the conversion and utilisation of the timber employ an ev-n larger amount of labour. I: wa: p inted out that, at a low «stimate, bill past-ral fa ms are wttended to by one shepherd per thousand acres, ‘so that forestry can find remunerative employment fer at least tweuty imes as many labcurers as pastoral faming.—Gar- deners’ Chronicle. ; Lae HE BEST SOAPS FOR WARM CLIMATES are CALVERT’S TOILET SOAP (6d. Ta- blets) and PRICKLY-HEAT SOAP (6d. and Is. bars), pleasantly perfumed, for Bath or Toilet, containing 10 per cent. of Pure Carbolic. serviceable as preventatives of Prickly-heat and other skinirritation. Sold at Chemists, Stores, Xe, F. C. CALVERT & CO., MANCHESTER, Very 560 A CEYLON PLANTER IN CALIFORNIA. San. Francisco, California, U.S.A., Dec. 27, 1894. My Dear Sir,—This must necessarily be my last letter to Ceylon for the year just about to close, and I regret the scarcity of news of much interest to you in Ceylon. I delayed writing in the hope of being enabled to send you reliable figures as to the cost of the fine tea chest of which I made mention in my last letter. I hope you have all had a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year, and that the result of tea lanting will fulfil all the wishes of those engaged in the industry during 1895. INTERESTING: INCIDENTS DURING THE CHRISTMAS SEASON. After a protracted rainfall and cheevless cloudy -weather for over a fortnight previous to Christmas, severe. storms on land and sea, wrecks and mmany miraculous escapes from watery graves, the weather cleared up on Sunday and Monday, and though slightly cold to one so long resident in Cey- lon, it was delightful, after the rain, of which we had over 12 inches, a great deal for this part of the eworld.. It was. the children’s festival; they have a grand time in this country, and more is made of them,I think, than at home, One reason is, I suppose, because there are fewer in each family, and also that they are more with their ‘parents, notso much left to the care, tender or other- “wise, of nurses and servants. Then the toys they ‘veceive ; Santa Claus comes before Columbus with Young America, at.this season of the year at all events. It is astonishing how the vegulation mas dimer is partaken ofin so many remote and distant parts ‘of ee world. I was sorry I could not divide myself up, and so dine with several different parties from whom Ivreceived invitations. With some distant relatives, I “ roughed it” en oyster soup, devilled crab, roast turkey, with cranberry ‘sauce, and stuffed with oysters, plum pudding, mince pies, and the usual wines and dessert. The‘ Examiner,” the leading local paper of San -Francisco, ever foremost in good and charitable »works, inaugurated a fund for the hospital for ineur- able: children, and gaye up their entire Christmas ‘edition to the fashionable society ladies, who edited and managed it for that occasion. I think it was 36 ,or.40 pages in size! The number of copies sold was 140,000. at 5 cents a copy. I don’t know how much swas received for advertisements but some days before. Christmas, oyer {5,000 was received ; $10,000 was also donated in sums of 25 cents and upwards, and I would not be at all surprised if the total amount reaches $30,000 or £6,000 sterling. Curiously enough little notice was taken of the great ‘benevolence of the ‘‘Hxaminer’’ proprietor, by the ‘other papers of San Francisco. A very completely furnished and fitted up Doll's House was on view in the ‘“‘Examiner’’ Oifice window, to be raffled for the benefit of the above fund; the ‘kitchen, dining room, sitting room and bed room were quite pretty: a real iron cooking range and coloured cook adorned the kitchen, while everythin: down to a small time piece under a glass shade, co a bird in a tiny cage, were in the parlour. I took a ticket to help the fund and strange to say, mine roved the lucky number, and the house and its belongings proyed a source of great delight to my host’s,little girl on Christmas morning. THE COLOMBO HARBOUR. \ Your Editorial on Colombo Harbour was very interest- ingreading, and it 7s surprising so little notice is taken of the great work, in the recent ‘Message’ to Council. Certainly San Francisco has a magnificent natural harbour, entered through the famous Golden Gate, but it is often very difficult and dangerous to *‘make” owing to the dense fogs prevailing so fre- quently. Columbus sailed past the entrance over 400 years ago! ‘ POSTAL REFORMS. ' Inotice’ your discussion of postal reforms and certainly America’ shows the way, in the matter of letters THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. = ee SS addressed to parties who have meanwhile removed | to another address. Letters can be re-addressed to any — ae ’ (Fee. 1, 1898, part of this vast country, and no charge whatsoyer is made by the postal authorities! ; The Postage is only 2 cents (1d stg.) for one oz : and this rate carries letters to Mecico or Canada! ‘CLIFF HOUSE’ AND BEALS. I suppose there are many in Ceylon who have visited the historic and renowned “ Cliff House” built on the rocks just outside the Golden Gate, and from the broad balconies of which, a magnificent view is obtained of the Pacific Ucean, the entrance to the Harbour, and the Islands in the distance. Here hundreds of thousands of people have come to watch and listen to the seals swarming on the detached rocks a short distance from the Cliff House. These bold rocks have been the home of the seals for ages now, and they are never disturbed, as they are one of the great “sights” of SamFraneisco, ~ The ‘House’ was burned down on Christmas night, and not a vestige remains standing. I went out to see the ruins yesterday ; thousands were there, and one missed the barking of the “sea lions” as the seals are called, for they were scared away by the fire and also the heat. They have gone to some rocks about a mile away, and it is doubtful if they will return to their old haunts; time alone will tell. While out at the Cliff, I visited the now famous Sutro Baths, and they are really magnificent ; they are said to be the finest in the world, and I can well believe it. ADOLPH SUTRO. is the new Mayor, who was elected a popular can- didate, against Republican or Democrat nominees, He is a man of independence, both in means and politics, and will be ruled or dictated to by no poli- tical caucus or'‘party: his wealth is vast and the only regret is his age, though he has the energy and go and perseverance of most men ten or twenty years his junior. He has just beaten the Southern Pacific Railway, who used to charge two fares ont to the Cliff 5d stg: they now only charge one fare 5 cents (24a) and Sutro is to build a Railway of his’ own ! This victory helped to carry him to the top of the poll by a tremendous majority on a wave of popular admiration, enthusiasm and gratitude. LORD RANDOLPH CHURCHILL. We are sorry to hear such sad news about the heath of the late leader of the now defunct ‘Fourth Party.’ Lord Randolph Churchill has had astrange experience, and at one time seemed to me as if he would follow in a great measure the career of Lord Beaconsfield. A gooddeal of interest attaches to him owing to his having married an American lady. I have an impression that he neyer seemed to take things seriously, and entered into «politics more as a pastime than anything else. Perhaps his indifferent Realth may have hoe something to do with leading one to form such a conclusion. CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA. I do not think the ‘ Committee of Thirty’ will have much difficulty in finding ways to spend the funds at their disposal; rather they will be at a loss to find funds sufficient to do all they would wish to further the demand for our teas. There is the Atlanta, or Cotton States International Exposition, where I think Ceylon should most certainly be well represented. Thatis a portion of these States that has been somewhat neglected in the way of adyertis- ing, andI would strongly urge the Planters’ Asso- ciation to make a good eifort there. I have received some literature relative to this Exposition, and believe it would be advisable in the highest degree to be represented there. From your Overland Edition I gather that Mr. Bierarch has formulated some scheme for the Atlanta Fair, and anything he suggests will be found all right I am _ sure. ‘Then there is the great Canadian Exposition of 1896 to be held at. Montreal; I am in correspond- ence with the Director-General of this Exposition, and I am sure everyone in Ceylon will, re that every endeayour should be made to make a great and good impression there; for Canada is tea-drinking country, and is brought pretty close | Ceylon since the great Canadian Pacific ronte * Fer. 1, 1895.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 561 been opened: Canada is like the Australia of the South, and bids fair to take as great a proportion of her tea from us as does Australia, so I am sure a good effort made there by Ceylon, will bear fruit in the immediate future, in the way of largely increased imports from Ceylon. I don’t know if I wrote you in my last that the remaining Sinhalese Simon Fernando Gunesekere had returned to Ceylon. I saw him off on the 4th inst. and he will have reached his destination some time before this letter reaches you. The information given me in reference to the impending failure of MR. FOSTER to carry on his restaurant place, proved to be only too true, for soon after writing you, he was “closed up.” Waiters and others were left without their pay, and Simon informed me he had received no wages for the month of November. Mr. Foster “cleared out” to Los Angeles; 500 miles south from here, and left Simon and others to shift for themselves! I gave Simon in charge of the Purser, Chief Officer and Doctor on board, so he would be well looked after on the voyage, and though his behaviour to me was disrespectful, im- pertinent and rude on several occasions before the public, he wasnot so much to blame. taking his cue doubtless from this man Foster who paid him. JOTTINGS. | Tvegret to say that this Foster has relapsed to his old level; his slight connexion with Ceylon enabled him to shine amongst unknowing ones with a borrowed light for a time, but now that this has terminated he is at it again. There was a balance due the Ceylon Gevernment on the Pavilion of $1,250, since reduced by Government very generously to $375, This person has sold the Payilion, and has ‘“‘ skipped” without remitttng the balance to Government to whom the Pavilion was hypothecated until payment in full was made! I gave notice however to the party who bought the property, of the claim against it by the Ceylon Government, and am holding them responsible. Unfortunately for me, no private deeds of partnership or contract between Foster and myself, can be recognised by Government, and as my name appears along with Foster's on the original agree- ment of purchase from Sir John J. Grinlinton, I have remitted to the Colonial Secretary the greater portion of the amount due: this is rather rough on me, considering I did not touch a cent of the receipts taken at the Exposition, and did not even get the salary~ paid me that was agreed upon. However, one’s name must be protected, and I trust Government will forward me the paper applied for necessary to give me standing in the Courts here. I thought exenie had been settled long ago, but the letter receive from the Colonial Secretary reminded me _ that honourable dealings formed no part of this man Poster's creed, and selling property that did not belong to him, confirmed me in my opinion that such was the case. A NEW TEA CHEST: DESCRIPTION AND PARTICULARS. Under separate cover I am sending you some lithograph forms of the tea chest of which I wrote you in my previous letter. I think these forms fully explain the chest, though the clamps (a_ strong feature in the case) cannot be seen, owing to the boxes being papered. I have seen the models, also the full-sized tea chests, and cannot too highly re- commend them. I have suggested to the patentee, that sample chests, complete in every way, be sent you for the inspection of all interested parties, and know you will permit oftheir being kept on view at the Observer Ofiice; these will most probably reach you through Mr. R. VY. Webster, of the Ceylon Co-operative Tea Gardens Company. The different sides of the chest are fine of one single piece of wood, planed, they fit close together, and the clamping makes them very strong. When the base attachment is fixed, these chests are ready to put on the shelves of the grocery stores and tea dealers’ shops, attractive and original cases, direct from the tea gardens: there is a space on the front paper, on which the individual name of each estate is to be printed. The capacity o each ae st chest (and that most suited for the American Market) is from 62 to 75 lbs. averaging about 66 lbs. all over a crop: the total cost approximately F.O. B. at port of shipment is 89 cents, gold, but this may be some- what reduced, as large quantities are required and machinery kept steadily going. No lead lining is required, the lining of the cases being made of pre- pared metalized paper on the outside, white paper on the inside and an intermediate ply of light cloth or muslin: only the white paper comes in contact with the tea. The requisites for each chest are packed up inside the “shucks” required for each box, so there can be no difficulty in the Tea Factory on the estates, or in the Packing Warehouses in Colombo. The only thing to be done at your end, would be the designing and lithographing of suitable devices, and the names of the individual estates, to be pasted on the blank space left for that purpose on the front of each chest. These goods will be introduced through, andhandled by, Mr. R. V. Webster’s Company, I have been given to understand by the Patentee and Inventor, who has most obligingly placed the for going information at my disposal for the benefit of the Planting Community. I am sending you a number of lithograph forms which please distribute suitably at yowr convenience, to Hon. J. J. Grinlinton, Hon. Giles, F. Walker, Melville White, L. H. Kelly, R. P. Macfarlane, A. W. Osborne, A. T. and John Rettie, Alex. Forbes &c. &c. and the leading Firms in the Fort. The leading tea brokers inform me, that tea packed in such chests would assuredly fetch 1d per lb. at least more than if packed in the old and unsightly rough boxes. The saving alone in leakage will be large, and these boxes are ready to receive the patent attachment and would remain on the shelves of the stores until emptied in the ordinary course of retail sales from } to 1 lb., as the case may be. Your Article on ‘“CEYLON TEA IN NORTH AMERICA’’* is first rate, and I shall be glad to receive some more copies, which will be inserted in the papers shortly before the arrival of the two Delegates. That is the way they do things out here; people have to be announced, and their arrival looked forward to, attention being thus attracted to the object of their visit. In sending further copies of the Pamphlet, would it not be adyisable to omit the resolution of the full Committee given on page 4, under para 4. That seems to be more for the guidance of the Delegates, and enters into the nature of their obligations to their employers for the time being, the remuneration they are to receive, &c., &c. This is only a suggestion on my part, however. The managers of THE DIRECT IMPORTING COMPANY, OF DAVENPORT, OHIO, with which Messrs. Tissera and Beling are con- nected, communicated recently with me, as to the possibility of their doing business in this part of the country, but I had to discourage hopes of business being done, as no tea coming any dis- tance by land, can compete with the Pacific coast, where the chests are landed at the wharf from the Hongkong steamers. I imagine we, from this part, could successfully compete with Ohio! How- ever, Icould do nothing untilsamples and prices were sent me, and on looking at the latter, I atonce gave up hopes of placing any orders whatever, for any grade. The prices were “ away up’’ as they say here, and the best teas by a long way were from the well-known mark ‘“ Ardlaw and Wishford.’’ This Davenport Company deserves the greatest credit for the energy with which they have pushed teas in this part of the country. The literature (pamphlets, circulars. large posters with a Sinhalese waiter carrying cup of tea to a guest, &c., &c.) sent out by them. is good, pithy, to the point. a tractive, a d well-got-up; aso the labeling of their 10 }b. cannis- ters; everythiug is attractive and neat, and I am sure they merit the well-deserved success which will I hope be their's. * A large packet sent.—Ep. 7.4. —— 362 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTORISD. AENATOR FATR AND AN EXPERIENCE AT DINNER TABLE. { nica the dea h, yesterday, of one of Culifornia’s numerous millionair:s, Senitor Fair. He leaves a fortune of from £8 to £10.0090.000 sterins, to be divided equally between his three children, (two daighters anda son) one, daughter still unmurried. Only ths day befors a gentleman entered into ¢>n- versition at dinier with me, anil svid * thisgs wou'd never be right while it was allowable for ona maa to accumulate millions, and others were starving.” I said ‘‘I thoaght if the large fortunes were divided equally between everyone, some himself probably amongst the number, wou'd complain bec.use he did not get more than others; that the amount each one would receive would only be a few poands sterling, which sum would he dissiputed in a few we ks, or months, af most; and thas such people would be worse off than evar they were, and tend to fill the prisons with criminals,” begging him “not to take thy remarks too personally,” I weat on with my dinner, and*the gentlemyn of sozialastic proclivities remind thoughtful and probably disgusted with my old-fashioned and outspoken views, several neigh- hours smiling at his discomtiture. I must close now as itis mail time. Wishing you all a Happy New year.—I am, yours truly, I. A. O, ee PLANTING AND PRODUCE, A’ CORRUSPONDENT OF THE “ Trmes”’ We mentioned last week that the 7’/mes published a letter from a correspondent on Ceylon. It is nearly two columns in length, and touches on several subjects. The correspondent takes it for granted that there is a great deal of ignorance at home as to the government of the island, ani he remurks that Ceylon is widely known as a producer of tea, adding :—‘‘ Perhaps few people realise that it is governed under the Colonial O:fize, ani not as parcel of our Indian Empire.’’ We should not care to say much in defence of the knowledge possessed by the muijority of people at home on this point, or any other connected with informition about our colonies; but we think that more is known about Geylon than the correspondent is aware, and this is largely due to the importance of the tea industry. Produce is a factor in the education of the people, and if it takes some time to acquire a knowledge of geography and the way the British Empire is governed, the lesson is learned as much from produce as’ from the primer. Brazil we know is “the place where the nuts come from,”’and Ceylon, is the place where they grow tea; wide the grocers’ placards. The correspondent of the Times admits this, for he says, ‘‘ Within the last fifty years the development ofthe European planting enterprise in Ceylon, attend- ed by the creation of a powerful official Haropean community, has had a marked non-effect in differen- tiating Ceylon from India.” In his reference to the planting industries of the island, the correspondent cannot be accused of optimism.—Here follows an extract regarding which it is said:—This is ancient history, but the Times correspondent appears to be apprehensive of further trouble.—Another extract follows of which it is said:—There is a “hope for the best and expect the worst’’ air about this which is depressing. It is quite true that no one can predict the fate of tea, any more than they can foretell what is to happen to the British Hmpire, and it is never safe to prophesy unless you know. As the correspon- dent of the7’imes has, however, paid such tribute to the qualities of the Ceylon planter for ‘‘dogzed and undaunted perseverance,” he might have expressed more confidence in their power to keep the teapot boiling for a long time yet. Perhaps his speculative fancy asto the possible dangers ahead is_ merely meant as a warning against rash extensions. Extreme- caution and the apprehension of anger are all very well intheir way, but if the Ceylon planters, after the failure of coffee, had merely wagged their heads and wept at the poxsible mischyn2e which might come if they attempted to cultivate anything else, the tea planting industry would certainly not have bee ee faieneeiaan & 0. Mail, Jan. 18, ON CEYLON.— | left Ceylon on the i -— |

    ¥ |Pes. 1, 1895. A TRIP TO NYASSALAND: RETURN OF MR. J. H. CARSON. Mr. J. H. Carson who returned from Nyaasa- land revently, has been good enough to favour one of our representatives with the following interesting particulars :—~ “Tiere is nothing to tell you about the different ways from Ceylon to Nyassaland and back. If I had been able to obtain time-tables of the different routes in Chindi [ woukl havereturned via Mvnritius, but as [ was unable to get any particulars as regards the sailing of ships, I was obliged to stop at Port Louis aud Darban, and I decided to come back by the way I already knew, namely via Zanzibar and Aden All df can say about coffee in Nyassaland is that pur- chased several blocks of land in different parts of the country, and I think the Sango are good enough to entice me to open land there to the utmost of any spare money I have got, The less said about the climate the better. In the. loweountry it is very feverish and unhealthy, but on the hills it is not malarious. If a mu could be transported from on board ship at Chindi to the Shire Highlands he weuald not get fever, but going up the ondimary way by steam-boat he is almost bound to get it. In fact it is a toll which nature exacts fromevery one going into the country—for have it you must, anid the sooner the better. I myself had a very bad attack at Blantyre and I[ was followed out of the country by another attack which pursued me as far asChindi. While in Nyassa- land, no less than six different parties of people came into the country to find out what they could about coffee prospects. Only two, I believe, yenetrated as far as Blantyre and returned from there. I think anyone going into the country, when he got to Blantyre, should consider his journey only commenced. Not that the diffi- culties of going up are very great—thanks to the facilities now offered by the African Lakes Company. The natives are afraid of travelling with any man they are not acquainted with. had the good fortune to meet Mr. Jolin Muir soon after I arrived at Blantyre and we went through the greater part of the coffee districts together in macheelas. A macheela is a ham- mock carried by two men and accompanied by some | 15 others torelieve them at every few hundred yards, By this means, 5) miles a day can be covered without any great difficulty. £ may say I vi- sited every coffee estate in Nyassa by means of macheela. I went first of all with Mr. Muir to Soche and from there on to Cholo, where there are more estates opened up at present than in any other part of the country. This is abont 30 miles from Blantyre. From there I went on to the Milanjee district and stayed with Mr. Muir for several days. His bungalow is built on an old crater of the Milanjee mountains, with the rock rising up behind from a height of 2,000 ft. where his bungalow is, to 9,700 ft. I saw very good pieces of coffee belong- ing to Mr. Buchanan at Zomba, .a few miles from the residency. It was simply white with blossom at the time I was there. I was told by the Superintendent that last year it yielded 14 cwts. per acre, while this year. he expects about 12 ewts. This is the oldest piece | of coffee I saw in the country—it was 8 years | old. The rest of my time was taken up with | shooting. I must say I enjoyed” myself I am glad that I wet sete OF 16th of August last year so that IT may say that I have been absent from Ceylon for about 6 months only. very much. Fee. I, 1895,] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. So far there has been nothing much to speak of the minerals found. in the country. I met a man at Blantyre who found gold sae digging a few years ago. Whilst travelling on the Chindi River I met another man who was going to, Nyassa Lake to prospect. A rush as they call it in South Africa, has been going on as far as coffee is concerned, for some time past,—not, actually a ‘rush’ but a great many people have gone there recently to try their fortune at’ coffee planting. The. African: Lakes Company is now undertak- ing the transport of goods and passengers as far as the north end of Tanganyika. ‘he first part of tlie journey as faras the north of Nyassa is done by steamer. ‘The rest is made over about 250 miles of land. On the Tanganyika Lake tle Company has a schooner plying. I met Mr. Scott Elliot who was travelling for the Royal Geographical Society. He left Mombassa about 13 months before me, ana walked to Uganda. He then took boat at the South end of Victoria Nyanza where he discovered a river flowing towards the north end of the Tanganyika Lake. He penetrated as far as navigable, and when he left his boat he found that he had 100 miles to walk to the north end: of Tanganyika Lake, so that he has found a new route to Uganda by the Zambizi Shree River and so onto the Lake at Uganda. By this route there is very much less land transport than by any other way known. There was a good deal of talk before I left about opening up this route for this propose.” ———_+—~--—__—_-— 7 THE EILA TEA COMPANY. A general meeting of the shareholders of. the Bila Tea Company of Ceylon, Limited, was held in the office of the agents and secretaries, Messrs. J. M. Robertson & Co., Colombo, at noon, on Feb. 6th, for the purpose of- receiving the following interim report by the directors for the half-year ended 31st Dee. last :— Your directors are glad to be able to report that, although the yield from both Hila and Kanangama estates has not yet reached expectations, the prices realized have been satisfactory. The result for the half-year enable them to recommend the payment of an interim dividend of 5 per cent. being at the rate of 10 per cent per annum, after making ample provision for depreciation and reserve. Mr. F. W. Bots occupied the chair, and the others present were Messrs. Perey and Stanley Bois, VY. A. Julius, and E. John. The notice call- ing the meeting was read and the minutes ap- proved. STATEMENT BY THE CHAIRMAN. The CHAIRMAN explained that the object of the meeting was to declare an interim dividend, and it was very gratifying that they were able to do this, this being the first time that the Company had had an interim dividend. ‘The di- rectors had carefully considered the matter, and in view of the good balance thought they could safely make the distribution for the half-year. It might be interesting to state that although they were able to do this, the crops of the half year had not been so satisfactory as was expected. The original estimate for Kanangaina estate was 150,000 Yb. and it still stood at that and it was considered safe; but the yield to the 31st De- cember for the six months was only 56,500 Ib. as against 59,500 in 1893, being a shortage of 3,000 Jb. on the half year as compared with 1893, He might say, however, that since 31st Dee. the balance between the two years had been very nearly made up. As regarded Kila it was even worse. The original estimate was 190,000 Ib. and although Mr. Smeaton still adheres to his estimate Mr. Gibbon who visits the estates thought it was safer to reduce to 180,0001b. The yield to 31st December was only 65,882 against 82,864 last year, and although that was un- satisfactory in a way it was extremely gratify- ing that they were able to show such a good profit, in spite of the very large reduction in yield. That, of course, arose from the high prices obtained for lowcountry tea. He gave — these figures’ because an enquiry had been made by a shareholder, and he thought it. well that all should have the benefit of them. THE DIVIDEND. On_ the motion of Mr. E. John seconded by Mr. Perey Bois, it was unanimously resolved that an interim dividend for the past half-year be paid forthwith. A_ vote of thanks having been passed to the Chairman for presiding, the proceedings. ter- minated. EL BRS oo a EG CEYLON: EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION 1895, hod) Ono Take Rows gS 16 43 3 Ce ee oy Hare Seger cns.. suite gzas BIS TED IP CID COLE SDS: > SUS | aren sedet Sensiey ry Wee ma BOT SS SON E = LOAN SHS. S 8 RS = = mm. x ee as oo > RD ~~ “Oo oni te.) ols | x log ane eaiey i Os | Oy4oH ~~ oo DS xi z Rane SA a S| |eaSss veues BAG 2 SE Bama SA Ca 1 ele La ‘B bi =~ tana Seer od | z SIG tsi oRi sti siy cO ravi cess Wie sektet «ote | Ors lo“ b ST Rm EE n A = S Conse a, WRU ESy. 5c: San BO TI MES): | ESSa a Oo: oa Oieiiet heme Gat Sonn ne Te) Bp WiCds 6) 8 8 wea anda Giger wisee as aaw g/d cs B ‘ RESBER g 1 mOOrS = Bail. = if t Bl ition SORTS Sere Se tan a3 B.S 3 8 oS é Sead ( 1.8 ; Him eH “aS : SSR S liga e| Bie Og e w = SEH5 = | 5 el oe oh ond = on io 2) Ai Nn - wo ina ~~ vi ite al iS =| : iS os S = See Ore ES 235i z/ 5 RESS s One | 8 4 ti a °o + > ai 3 © || S = r 3) eee rel 3552 Do a tS Dis = iA > 1D eo 248 ee 5S 59 90 9 P|) ar = es) ix B&B] A x aoe 00 ESBS 7) oS Tha eae Gitmo SO a B2Bs Bes > Nis oS oss CORR Lb Be ortes, hehe tetly SUP RIES a/As wm RAS) fo, Guanes desde OND Went ALAS ofS Suey ise 3 l= in 8) WR ta Ss ane nakei baat A mbes alla ea ae eet Siok | Sue) | i Dar iat = GID = . wes ite) © ° rm Aa .N | mt eigetcss 3 a pees) eee Ss S j 5 | 5 ie 5) © OT dom Yo United Kins ) bar and Mozambique coast Tdi C2 PI5\ L AGRICULTURIST. [Fes . 1, 1895. MARKET {RATES/7FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUCTS, (From S. Figgis & Co.'s Fortnightly Price Current, London, 17th January 1895), EAST INDIA. Bombay, Ceylon, Madras Coast and Zauzibar. _— ALOES, Socotrine ... ...! Zanzibar & Hepatic BARK, CINCHONA Crown Ked .,.) Bees’ Wux, E. I, White... Yellow ... Mauritius & Madagascar... CAKRDAMOMS— Allepee ose eos Mangalore ... Malabar ave one Ceylon, Malabar sort Alleppee and Mysore sort Long wild Ceylon... ‘OK VIL 1sts| CAST D Bids CHILLIES, Zanzibar... CINNAMON, Ists 2uds 3rus 4ths' Chips VES, Zanzibar REY : and Pemba. i pecan cocuLus INDICUS .«. COFFEE «, os on cuLvMBO KooT.. OROTON SEEDS, s.fted... CUICH tn DKAGUNS BLOOD, Zin. GALLS, Bussorah& Turkey GINGER, Cochin, Cut ... 99 te Rough Bengal, Rough GUM AMMuUNACUM .. ANIMI, washed . scraped,,. ARABIC E.I, & Adeu...| Ghatti ... Amrad cha. Madras oes ASSAF(UST1LvA KINO one . MYRRH, picked Aden sorts OLIBANUM, trop... pickings... sittings INDIARUBBEK ... East African Ports, Larizi- -|\Low Middling ,, ” |yor & 1028 + {Red hard clean ball QUALITY. Good aud fine dry liver...! Commou wud govd ROUSE tes, aoe a anal Renewed ,.. eee Chipsand shavings =| Goud to fine «. ” ” - Fair to fine ane Fair to fine clipped ..|Bold, bright, fair tu flue... Good to hue plump, cliped Fair to fise bold bieached ” » medium ” », SWwail Suiall to bold brown ... Fair to tine bold y »» cocdium in a4 »y Small Common to good Ps Fair to fiae bright + Common dull aud mixet Common to good on Fair sifted... oa see mid. Plantation Ceylou Good Lo fine origut souud) urainary® Widdiing — ..) Kuir to we iresu oi Fair to nue dry ‘ Urdinary tu good drop .,. air tO ine dark Dive «.! uvod white aud green ..| Good Lo hue boid +!Picked lue pale iu surls, rart yellow & mixed ds, Bean & Peuasizeditto ,. Alber aud red bold Sledium & bold surts ... Goud to fine pale eked White suttiou ditto Assam, ony Rangoon ase Madaguscur, Yamatave, , Majunga and Nussibe BiG or 5 | Tongue. FISH Mé Uuripe root uiver aud Lamu ‘lall | sausage, ordinary Ls ho, ‘without sticks -|Good to fine Common toul & midding -\fair Lo youd cleuu goud tome pinky c Wiite fralr tu youd black oro ) BOoU Lo fine pale ae \dars to fir Ye Pipe} cau tain to fine bold... Purse (carck Mixed to Dae pa’ Cis Chips und shavings ore] (25 3lu «(is a ls dd | jou a 23 White coe en + 2§d a apd fair and guod pale od & 2pu Fair to fine brigat -|2o9 a dU Ord’y. wud widdling -../225 a 253 Ord’y, to fine pale quill... 63d a 1s dd } ” ” ” ” Ga ls ” ” ” ” ealogd a 104 ” ” ” oy oe fod a Da Fair to une plant o2gd wu 7d +e|-US Ww dSZd «0/8 00d dd + (6-3 614 7é8 61 Smalland medio ve |493 a OUS Fair Lo fine bold es| Zo a dus Small and medium sn(203 a ods Bair to guod se/2Zhs a 073 -|slocky tu nue clean «+ 4Us a aus .|£9 lus a £7 lus | .UOTATIONS’ £31084 £5 v/£7 US a £8 lua '£6 Us w £7 23 od |LVORY--Elephants’ Teeth- « £6 108 a £7 lus (bs a 2s 6d 'ls 10a zs 8d Zsa 23 bu 2s St a JS \ls 6d u zg ls a 1s 6d lsu Is 6d 38 6d 1s 6d a 2s 47-léda 23d éju w 2 i-.0d id 08 61 a 78 iUo5 % lude 1U3 a 2Js 73 u os | 2Us a 2s 6d 2) a dus 408 «a 4/s | BLY Us 4d £12 O05 wd isa bY ids g4+ Usa £3 lus £4 0s ak7 US lu, CINNAMUN | JRCHELLA sitted Sos ..-| OS wu 403 Sorts, dullred to fair ... ‘lais 6a a 303 Good LO hue puleselected| Us 4 408 Sorts middling tu guvujz¥s a 2.8 Good and fine pale .,,|508 a 40s Keddish Lo pale vrown ...|208 & 3&3 Dark tO tue pale +. |403 a DIS fair tu ne pinky block... aud drop sae 2/208 & LLOs Urdiuary stony to midlin,|153 a 4Us | air to ane brigut ete & £23 air LU ihe pale [22 + “i Middling tu good _,,|929 & Bus Fuir LO une wile 4..[8U8 4 ed3 Keddish to iniddling 0s a 233 Miduling Loyoud paic ,,,|52 4 14, Shyhtly teui Lu ine .. [22% 43> 4, ld 4 23 5d «3 SU uw Zs 2d [sud a 1s ad “Jas 84 o as 3d as dda es 4s wd a Zs 44 ts Td us Jd a as od [to Td w 23 43s Juda 2s dd 1s 6d a Ls yd is8la 2 6d “|94 a ls 44 23 6d a 23 61 od a is bd EAST INDIA Continued East Coast Africa, Mala- bar aud Madras Uoust, Bengal. Karrichee Leaf INDIGO senzgal Kurpah nest Madras (Dry Leaf). 60 lb & upwards QUALITY, + Good and flae pale |Middiiag tu ae violet... th pepo f WwW middling . -|¢airto gvod reddish viol: \Orulnecy aud middii: Midaliag to good over 3U & uuder 60 Lb.) 60 a LUO bb, Scrivelloes bon || Billiard Ball Pieces 2}. 3}i0 Bagatelle Points 44 Cut ¢vints for Balls .., Mixed Points & Tips... Cut Hollows Sea Horse Leeth — $a lg lb. WY RABULAN Ks, Bombay || Madras, Upper Godavery Geod W ilue pucked ” sdard ” ” souud soft a. sl, def..o flue sound soft \Detectiv e,parthard . ‘Thin to thick to sd. sft Bhinlies 1, goou & fine pare LI, tair pickings Jubblepore I, gous & fiue ale Shaky .o fiue solid sd. sft! < Oe wal "| Straight crke! part close, | QUOTATIONS. ‘2s ae ed ‘43 24 & Sa ad mt 2204 8 «8 as Sia 3s 10d 8s 45a 2s 60 oles 4d a 2s lud Low ty ordimary ede 8 od = . Soft sound |£57 4 £68 =a ae \kOU a £64 + Hard = ,, A wd6 ao £4y ++|S0fC »» Close & wile |©44 tvs. £42 Los Li a wt Woe Ub £0 4 £9) 108 ob) @ Bid Ws \Sas 4 Le lus isads 391 ds Ula 4s 30 \és ate p »» IL, fair rejevtious) * 0d 44s 34 Vingor.as. god sud fiue * Coummouu to middling .. Coast eee “Haire ... onal Pivkings ++|Burat aud defective = MACE, Bombay ... vark w good void pale... W’d vom, durkto une veld |NULMEGS, “ ate eu” a ne vu's a 1125's, NUX VOMICA Madras smatito ine bold fresh CLL RUNELLE LEMUN ¢6A33 Ceyiou 7 Gauzibar wee shuzaubique 2 EPPER— +|Kair to fine heavy ‘ +) Brigit & wood davour,,,@4 @ gu one) ven Mid. to fine, nou woud, | ricked Clean flat lear .., aa 2, on on Mulabur, Bluck silted ...).\4ir to + mice. Alleppes & Velliouerr, Leltivnerry, White ,. PLUM BAGGY, Lump Chips Dust i£D WOOD oat oe sack kLUWik, Bengal SANDAL WOOD, Logs... = Chips... ’ ,EEDLAC ae »sENNA, Linuevelly a Bombay SHELLS, M.-o’-2. large on Inedium part stout chicken part scout oyster proken pes DAUSsCk CAMARLN US ise LURTOISESHELL 4anzidar and woinbay Pickiugs thin W heavy...jds a 105 64 » UR Mei, Bengal 2? || VANILLOES, isuurbou, Ists ... Mauritius, Seychelles, Madagasvar, } tths.. Madras ... : xe J gair to fine bright boudl "aiding ty BO \Urdiuary wy fair soe \lurerior and pickings .,.!gus a oUs +233 & 2Od |e) & £30 lUrdiuary tu fine bright|sus a 90s +|“ledium to vbeid green .. (Sali aud wediuiw green) zd a ad |Commou dark dud sutulilid a 2d + Qidinar, to good ++| BGYPLIAN—pold ciesn .. mediuw tuin and stutt|72zs od & 87561 lair tu Mue Hayuuc luierior Ww fue cul Kea, part Oys.ers +| BOMBAY—pvu-F GOUueGs.c) vs a 63 61 | clesn part good color! 92 6d a ¥js 6d { ” ” ” » “ medium “and bod Sorts smali and medium surts|4us a 523 Lingah Ceylon ...\Ghinaud youd s.oul soris|as a 153 + Mid. CouncdlavkuubslOuy|3> a os dee a @ Os Steny aud literior - Surus.goud motile, hesyy| 2 -Leadish to ume piun, muger ... der 61in, ‘Low, foxy, inferior anu kings pic sinalllys a tte + Su’ uy tudi tv dine brug. 73 u 408 + Urdiuary WO fide DcigUt...izs yi ow Be cuir uud nus bud ae 10s B £4 wood tuiiuepiuky noWwinad yas a LUos ejld & 24 Fiu. fair to uue buld brgijtus a 123 + Mixed soiddiiny ,,. ” eee DULUS ae oo Cochin... kiager 19S Gd a 403 6d + / (80. Hop G4 . lisa ls Fiue, cryst?ed 5 to 9 ia.| duds... buxy & redd sh d to8 iu, ords... Lean & dry tO mid, un- 84 53 Ou os 6d @ Us Bd Pes Pg 4.443 du 2a 3304 «8 od uw Zs dia 6s lis lid @ 2s 100 5864 & we dud os a dus yd & as 61 ] ads & Jde iZ3 4 log s43 uw 32) 44 ® 24 igi * * 4-161 d wiles alis sU3 a 3.3 dia iv0d dus a ois 6d 33 a Tf od 3Us & 92s bd ovs a 723 6u 63 a 523 0d 23 ais 6d ys a lis | 103 a 24s -48 & lcs .|d8 a 8s 61 ss 6d aT 9% — Ae EG AGRIGGLTGRAL MAGAZINE, Gi@iLi®@ ViB.©.. “Added as a Supplement-. Monthly to the “ TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST?” The following pages include the Coutents of the Agricultural Magazine for February :— Vol. Vi FEBRUARY, 1895. [No. 8. THE AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL ~ PRIZE DISTRIBUTION. = HE annual distribution of prizes at the Agricultural School took place in the school hall on the 17th ult, welcoming H.E. the Governor, and the roadway leading to the school was festooned with coconut leayes, and moss. The hall was also, decorated very appropriately, and fine specimens, of tomatoes, and plantains —no doubt, cultivated at: the school—were neatly arranged on the walls within, whilst clusters of flowers tied up. with from the roof by chains, also of moss. Appro- priate mottoes also adorned the walls, such as. “The Tree is known by its Fruit ;” ‘‘ Practice with Science ;’ and. ‘‘ Labour conquers all things.” The Volunteer Band, in charge of Bandmaster Luschwitsz, was stationed in the garden outside, and as His Excelleney the Governor arrived, ROSES, in company with Mr. Ogilvy P. 8. and A.D.C.,.. the. .Band. played the first few bars of the National Anthem. His Ex- cellency .was met at the entrance by Mr. Ashley Walker, Acting Director of Public In- struction, and Ma, Drieherg, Superintendent of the Agricultural School. The gathering which fairly filled the hall, included the Hon. Sir John Grinlinton, Mrs. and the Misses Carbery, Lacy de Soysa and the Misses de Soysa, Mr. and Mrs D. G. Mantell, Messrs. John ferguson, A. PF, Broun and M. Cochran, Rey. S. Lindsay, Dr. Lisbea Pinto, Miss Choate, Mar. and Mrs. F. Dornhorst, Mr. and Mrs... Arthur Alyis, Mr. and Mrs. A. Y. Daniel, Mr. and Mrs. Tampoo, Mr. and Mrs. Herman Loos, Mrs. Vanderstraaten, Mr. and Mis J. L. Ebert, Drs, W. H. and W. A. de Silva, Messrs, C. M. Fermando, Gerard A. Joseph, Hi, &. Lhomasz, and others, His EXceLLeENcy on taking the chair said the roceedings would be opened by the reading of ) Tie Report by Mz, Drieberg. A beautiful arch erected at the | garden gate bore an inscription moss, were. suspended | | | | | | } | | | | j | | | { ‘ Mr, DRIEBERG thereupon, read the following Report of the school for the past year. :— The annual report of this mstitution must need differ from those of most other Educational establish: ments, in that it contains no record of the results of public examinations by which the merits of schools is popularly ganged; so that the course of study here may, in this sense, be said to be an uneventful one, unrelieved by the excitement of competition which our students are fortunately or unfortunately denied, The work of teaching, too, has been carried. on under ditliculties which other schools have not had to face, and which those who are fond of expressing their views on education in the island, have not been appreciated. Our course of study lasts but two years, the junior course extending over the first year and the senior over the second. During the early days of the school it was deemed inadvisable to insist upon any particular standard of efficiency in English for candix dates seeking admission, as this would have had the effect of keeping out boys with a deficient knowledge of Hnglish, bnt to whom a purely agricultural education was adesideratum. The result has been that we have had a very uneven lot of boys to deal with—some of whom have previously had a sound general education ab one or other of our better schools and colleges, while others have had practically no English education to speak of. But no doubt with the idea of, in some measure, smoothing down the discrepancies and difficulties that would naturally present themselves to the teachers on this account, instruction in Englishand Mathematics was included with the technical course in Agriculture in the School curriculum. The attempt to explicitly impart instruction in all the subjects .of an Agricultural course in the vernacular is a well nigh impossible task, and the framer of the dual curriculum no doubt recognised the fact that a know- ledge of English was necessary for a proper under- Standing of Agriculture and the sciences allied to it. And yet in practice, this method of instruction is very hard to adopt with success, since where a student starts with the minimum of a knowledge of English, it is not to be expected that at the end of two years he will concurrently have attained to the status of a fairly intelligent English scholax, and also have become proficient in the technical sciences for which the knowledge of English was necessary. Of late, however, while English and Mathematical classes continue to be held, an endeavour has been made to gradually raise the standard of efficiency for admission into the school, firstly for the veason stated as to the need of a fair intelligence for aright yaderstanding of 566 Supplement to the Tropical Agriculturist.” the special subjects comprised in an agricultural course, and secondly, because there is ample opportunity afforded in most parts of the island, for acquiring the necessary preliminary educationforadmission. ‘here is thus a prospect, especially in view of the further development of the school on still more useful lines, of our securing a more uniform and better class of boys to teach, so that while our work as teachers will be less trying, the results of our labours will be more encouraging to us and more satisfactory to those taught. I should, however, mention that as adjuncts to the Agyienlbural School proper we haye regular classes in agriculture and botany, in which instructions is imparted (aswell as it can be) in the vernacular : and these-classessuch boys as have no knowledge of English are to attend. During the past year our numbers have been about the same as hitherto. There have, however, been changes among our staff of teachers. While Mr. D. A. Perera still continues to work most efficiently as headmaster; Mr, Hoolehas left us tostudy Veterimary science in Bonibay. ‘Mr. W. A. de Silva who was the first Government Veterinary scholar who studied at the Bombay Veterinary College came back in June last after, a brilliant ‘career, and is at present Acting Colonial Veterinary Surgeon in the place of Mr. Lye resigned. Mr. Hoole’s duties are being tem- porarily performed by Mr. Paulusz, while Mr. Samara- nayake remains as our hard-working _ practical instructox/) In my last report I mentioned in what capacities our past students were employed. I was pleased-to hear from an extensive and successful tea la: ter,through whose hands a number of our students Eu “passed before securing eniployment on estates, that he had’ a very good opinion of these boys, of whose activity and zeal he spoke in encouraging terms. The ‘regularity in’ the routine of outdoor and indoor work and the discipline imposed upon the students here ave’in themselves not without a beneficial effect. An ‘important’event in the history of the school has beén the interest which the Consevator of Forests has pepe ‘to show in “its welfare. Mr, Broun had for some ‘timé past been inclined to give the preference fo’ past’ students of this school, in selecting men for fhinor posts in his department, no doubt in the belief that the instruction imparted here to some extent meets the requirements of forest officers. ' The Conser- vator of ‘Forests has also been preparing a series of forestry lectures which have been given to the students, and he has himself come over to the school to explain and illustrate these lectures, Both Mr, Broun and Mr. Cull have already been expressing their views as to'the ‘desirability of grafting on a Forestry School to ‘the présent School of Agriculture, so as to ééonomically establish a’ preparatory school for officers’ of the’ Forestry Department the need for which no one knows better than the Conservator of Forests himself. For my part, I heartily second the'proposal for the reason that the usefulness of the School ‘of Agriculture’ may thus be increased by its contributing’ -a part’ of the instruction necessary for thé’ Forestry course, thus helping to raise up an efficiént Staff of Forest officers. Since Mr. Walker— who has himself been intimately connected with the éarly history of the school—succeeded to the Director's chair; an important innovation ‘has been introduced, viz., that the Superintendent of this School should periodically imspect and report upon the work of the Agricultural Instructors. The result of a close connéction between the Instructors and this central Institution, and the subjection of the former to regular inspection and supervision will, I feel convinced, pro- dudé good results, iDhe- Annual Hxamination which took place on November last, was conducted by Mr. VanCuylenberg, Inspector of Schools (who examined in English aud Mathematies), ‘Dr. BH. M. Fernando and Mr. Mendis (the examiners in Chemistry), Mr. Broun and Dr. ‘Pinto (who set papers in Botany), and My. H. D. _ Lewis, sub-inspector of schools, who examined the studentsin Agriculture. Iam glad to be able to say that the reports of these examiners were very ratifying. - The reportiof the Dairy for the year 1894is not the reqord of prosperity that marked the first 8 months of | granted the request, He hoped that”. with — a (Feb. 1, 1895. its existence. The beginning of the year saw the introduction of the much-dreaded Epizootic known as “‘Mureain” into the Dairy. The loss to the Dairy herd was considerable, and consisted of 17 cows, 18 calves and three bulls. Apart from this loss the operations of the Dairy were, on the recommendation of the C.V.S., suspended fora period of two months, during which the produce of the Dairy was not permitted to be removed off the premises; so that for this time the monthly expenditure on upkeep continued, while there was nothing in the way of xeturns; and it was some months face the Dairy was able to work on its former extensive scale. Another unexpected and serious result of the outbrere was that many of the incalf cows that survived weak found to have aborted, so that practically we shall not have shaken off the disastrous effects of this outbreak till a year or more has elapsed. The extra- ordinary expenditure during the prevalence of the disease amounted to pay R900. In spite, however, of this large addition to the expenses, and the loss from the suspension of operations, the Dairy has again been working so satisfactorily that the receipts have more than counterbalanced the enormous ex- penditure of the year. With the profits from the Model Farm amounting at present to about R160 a month, and that from the lands adjoining the school to R60 amonth, it is satisfactory to know that the cost of all the establishments on these premises including the upkeep of the school with its staff and teachers is at present almost met by the returns from these various establishments. he credit of the successful working of the Dairy is of course mainly due to the energy and zeal of the Manager, Mr. Rodrigo. It only remains for me now, sir, to thank your Excellency for the honour you have done us in con- senting to preside on this occasion, and in encouraging us by your presence here to-day. ; . His EXCELLENCY next called upon the Acting Director of Public Instruction to address those assembled, THE ACTING DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, Mr, ASHLEY WALKER, began by referring to the prophecies of ill-success which greeted the Agri- cultural School when it was first established, but which had not been fulfilled. He said he was appointed the first superintendent of the school, in addition to his own duties pending the arrival of Mr. C. Drieberg who was then pur- suing his studies in the Royal College of Agneul- ture at Cirencester, and had charge of the work for -a period of about two or three years. He eould very well remember the utter astonishment of the natives when first they saw the boys out in the garden handling the plough and should- ering their mamoties, and, still further, lead- ing buffaloes into the field. They were sur- prised that the sons of parents of goood position should thus engage in manual labour. The crowds to witness these operations increased for a few days, but in the course’ of a week or two, the novelty ceased, and they passed by without takine any notice of them. Much was looked for from Government Agents in this country, who could doa great deal to increase the usefulness and pro- gress of the Institution. He was quite certain that where interest was taken, success was assured, but where there was lack of interest, good results could not be expected. In consequence of his being stationed in the Central Province for a few years, he had lost touch with the Institution. When he returned to Colombo in August he had oceasion to read the monthly diaries sent in by the Instrue- tors, and received several letters from Headmen, commenting upon and criticising their work. He at once appealed _to His Excellency the Governor to depute Mr. Drieberg to inspect the work of — the instructors at_ outstations. He was happy — to state that His Excellency very Feb, 1, 1895.] help, they would have better reports, now that the Instructors know that Mr. Drieberg will supervise their operations. The dairy was now fully established ane at =a comparatively small cost to Government. The idea of starting it was first conceived by His Excellency the Governor, and it had certainly turned out a vreat success, and the public of Ceylon should be thankful to His Excellency for the good supply of milk the hospital now received. He would now wish to address the parents of sons sent to the school. It seemed to him, that some were under the impression that this was a cheap boarding school where a little knowledge of English could be obtained. The object of adding the study of English to the curriculum was that the boys educated there, might have access to Enelish books in after life, and that they mieht have a better status in the localities in which they would be placed. Mr. Broun had kindly eiven aldresses on botany and had done much to help them. He hoped that the Forestry Class which was now under consideration, would soon be formed. The Institution, he said, was primarily intended for the sons of men who held landed property, who would derive the greatest benefit when assisted by young men who had received their education at the Colleges in the cultivation on their paternal acres. (Applause). The Prize List. The prizes, as below, were then distributed by His Excellency the Governor :— SENIORS. Special Prize in Botany givenby A F Broun, Esq., R30, GE H Fonseka Agriculture, (Theoretical) B H de Alwis Veterinary, G E H Fonseka English, D A Chinniah Special prize in Practical Chemistry given by J W C de Soysa, Esq., R25, GE H Fonseka Agriculture, (Practical) H D Martin Science, G E H Fonseka Mathematics, G E H Fonseka Sinhalese Literature, B H de Alwis. JUNIORS. Agriculture, (Theoretical) WP de Mell Science, W Welatantiri Agriculture, (Practical) P Van de Bona English, W Rowlands Veterinary, W Welatantiri Field Surveying, M D Aryachandra Mathematics, P Van de Bona Special Prize in Agriculture given by J H Barner, Esq., M D Aryachandra Sinhalese Literature, W P de Mell. His EXCELLENCY in giving away the prizes, mani- fested a deal of interest in the subjects taught in the schooi, and frequently interrogated Mr. Drieberg. H. E. THE GOVERNOR. His EXCELLENCY then gave away the prizes to the suecesstul students, after which he addressed the gathering, his remarks being frequently in- terrupted by applause from the pupils and those assembled. His Excellency said that in a country such as this, where agriculture was, and must always be, the chief employment of the people, a school such as that must necessarily be of the greatest importance and interest, and should attract the warm sympathies of the public. In the report which Mr. Drieberg had read to them, he had given a record of certain difficulties which he had met with during the course of the last year. He had told them that, ina great measure, those diflicul- tieshad been met and overcome and, therefore, he (the Governor) did not think he need dwell on them. Mr. Driebere had also told them, in the report, of the satisfactory progress and advance that had been made by the school during the last year, and he (the speaker) would briefly touch upon a few points that had occurred te him during Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” 567 & ———— the reading of the report. Mr. Drieberg had told them that regular classes had been arranged in agriculture and botany. That, of course, was a very important advance. He had also told them that there was a scheme on foot for opening, im connection with the school, a class for training in forestry. He (the Governor) might say that this matter had been before Government, and the first points of detail had been considered, aad..it. was only on the ground of economy that, after a;more complete agreement with the proposals..that had been made by Mr. Drieberg and Mr. Broun, the matter had not already been completely ,, set,;on foot. But he (the speaker) had hopes that, betore the end of tne present year, Government might be able to see their way to carrying out the scheme projected. (Applause.) The Director of -Public Instruction, in hisremarks, had called attention to a reform which he himself had introduced. among the agricultural teachers in the country districts. His Excellency remembered, before Mr. Walker made the suggestion, that some sort of inspection should be made, that he had felt himself that the scheme of having agricultural instructors in. the country districts needed looking into. | His. Ex- cellency had felt that they were too far away from the eyes of the central authorities, and he had been doubtful whether Government were really getting any return for the money spent upon them. It was, therefore, with complete satistaction that he had agreed to the proposal that Mr. Drieberg should be asked to make a tour in. the. country districts, and inspect and report upon, the, werk of the agricultural instructors. In this, way, His Excellency hoped that a very great, improvement would be made in the results obtained from the instructors. Mr. Driebere had mentioned... the progress that had been made during the last year in the Dairy, and the vicissitndes and difficulties he had met with. The difliculties and vicissitudes had been very considerable, and the loss had been large, but, in spite of all, he was glad to learn the financial results of the dairy were. satisfactory. (Applause.) He (the speaker) took a deep interest in that branch of the Agricultural School, for, as Mr. Ashley Walker had told them, it was to him (the Governor ) a matter for pride to see a; little institution, which was started on his (the speaker’s) suggestion—(loud applause)—getting on so well. He (the Governor) had got the ideaof the under- taking from the Government Dairy which he had found in existence in the island of Trinidad, where he had been some years ago. The Government Dairy there had been started by Lord Harris, the father of the present Governor of Bombay, anda few days ago, when he (His Excellency) was in Bombay, he had the pleasure of reminding the present Lord Harris of the useful institution started by his father in Trinidad, and of telling him of the satisfaction he had received in taking a leaf out of his father’s book and starting something similar in Ceylon. But his (the Governoy’s) object in starting. the dairy was not solely for the purpose of supplying hospitals and other institutions with a good supply of milk. His object chiefly in starting the dairy was with a hope of improving the breed of cattle in the country, and at the same time of teaching the natives of the country the art of curing their cattle when they got diseased—a matter which, he thought, everybody would admit was of the highest importance in Ceylon, where cattle diseases were very prevalent. He did not think there was anything more he could say that would be interesting or advantageous to them, and he would therefore conclude by congratulating Mr. Drieberg on the progress made by the school since he last had the neasase of presiding there, and. by 868 Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” expressing the satisfaction it gaye him to see so “many of his friends around him in that hall. (Loud and enthusiastic applause. ) His Excellency next called upon Mr, Ferguson to address the meeting. MR. FERGUSON, Mr. J. FERGUSON said he had long regarded the Agricultural School as one of the most uselu institutions in the island, and Mr. Drieberg, its Principal, as a very valuable public servant, and emphatically the right man in the right place. He took blaine, however, for the fact that this was the first time he had been present at the School’s annual gatherine. Session after session, °My. Drieberg had reminded him of a standing promise, only to be asked to allow him to plead pressure of work and to accept what used to be the Ceylon coffee planter’s standing promise of “next year.” When, however, Mr. Drieberg came to him yesterday afterioon, and pleaded accumulated promises, and a dearth of speakers, he had not the shamefacedness to refuse to leave the treadmill for once, and enjoy the pleasure of seeing the institution and the pupils and hearing the report for himself. It was certainly a matter for special congratulation 40 H.E. the Governor that, through the expansion of usefulness suggested -by him, an educational institution of this kind caleulated to confer so great a enefit on the community was able,even from a revenue point of ‘view, to answer the economical ‘will it pay” test of one of His Excellency’s great predecessors. The School had been in existence for some 11 ears, during half of which Mr. Drieberg has Beats Principal and its improvement under his ‘eare has been well shown in his successive Reports. ‘ Altogether, from 80 to 90 pupils have probably passed. through the school and scattered over the island as most of them were, he ventured to say the habits of industry and thoughtfulness learned there, the sense imparted of the dignity ‘of manual labour, of the value of careful culture, of ‘the importance of agricultural improvement could not fail to produce much good fruit. He spoke of agricultural improvement and he might say that probably no country in the world of its size stood more in need of improvement in agriculture than Ceylon. or offered more scope for encouragement. To prove this, he would not touch on their agricultural industry usually most dwelt on; for, important as it was, he consi- dered others equally, if not more important in the palm, fruit and leaf culture. [fi any competent agriculturist arrived in this island and took stock of what he saw, he must at once exclain: Why, this is the very paradise for leafage, for palms, plantains, jack, bread fruit and allied fruits. It is related y Dr. Norman Macleod that on approaching Bombay and seeing coco palms for the first time and each scored by its owners he exclaimed: ‘Oh! India, the very hairs of thy head are nun- bered.” The simile is a very forcible one, seeing how the coco palms seem to rise so plentifully out of our soil, And it is quite clear from the way the ndustry in palm-planting has already spread— the acreage had more than doubled during his own stay in Ceylon—that it was not to stop until the coconut spread to Puttalam and on to “meet the palmyra (with its love of sand and “‘dronght) from Mannar and Jaffna and the same on the East Coast until the whole island’ was girdled with palms and there were, perhaps, long avenues of palmyras down the North road to - meet the coconut croves started by Mr. Teversin the North-Central Province. There was therefore, ‘the prospect of a great expansion of agriculture’ (Feb. 1, 1695. in which pupils of the school might)/ be expected! to participate ; Lut stilt more there was room for improvement in much of the 700,000 acres now planted with perhaps: 50 million srees giviug an annual average crop ef | 1,200, million nuts worth more than our tea crop, or say 50 million rupees.’ Now the condition of much of this culture isshown by the average cropfer the island being so low as 20 to 25 nuts | per tree, whereas all well-cared-for plantations! gave 40, 50, 60 or Inore nuts per tree. If through * inmrowed agriculbure,” the crop was raised te ai average oi even 30 nuts per tree, it would) mean an aldition of 10 miliion. rupees ‘to the amuual in- cone of the Colony. As to the actual state of native gardens we need not go beyond thik city of Colombo, where in dozens of cases he could point out spaces overcrowded with neglected palms and fruit-trees, such spindle ‘shanks ‘witli a soli- tary nut or fruit as often tempted him te think the Sinhalese liad heard of, and:taken literally 2o heart, Carlyle’s famous saying =‘ Produce, pro- duce, were it but the infinitesimal fraction ef a product, produce itvin heaven’s name.” (Langh- ter). He (the speaker) had often wished that Mr. Drieberg and his deputies were clothed with authority by Government to enter into mative gardens such as lie saw daily between 'Colonibo and Mount Lavinia and cut down the superfluous palm or fruit trees to allow the rest to get fair- play. At Mount Layinia itself they had a model 10 acres of coconuts, planted under the direction of the late Kev. Dr, Macvicar (Chaplain of St. Andrews) an accomplished writer andan, autho- rity on scientific agriculture and these trees though wellnigh 50 years old were as fruitful as ever. Much could be done by precept as well as example anong the people; civil servants in Java had to pass a year in an Agricultural College before taking up their duties: he had often wished this was the rule in Ceylon to ensure that activeinterest in model gardens and agri- horticultural shows with fairs and prizes such as had been spasmodically carried on at a few stations, but which ought to be the rule axnually at every Kachcheri in the island. (Hear, hear). He would wish also to see the sons of headmen and of landowners sent as a matter of course for at least a year to the Agricultural School before beginning the business of life, and some recogni- tion of such having passed through the School, afforded by Government. ‘Turning to thestudents, Mr. Ferguson urged them to rely upon themselves, to maintain the habits of steady industry and retlee- tion they had formed in class and to keep on the study of Botany or whatever branch was each one’s special hobby. He was delighted to hear of the lectures from the Conservator they had had ‘on Forestry, a branch intimately asseciated with garden culture, and his parting advice. te the lads who had learned to read and think with pleasure in the exercise, was to follow the ailyice of a great teacher and ‘‘always keep a good book by you.” (Applause). ae foods MR.. DORNHORST. Mr. F. DORNHORST said that unlike Mr. Ferguson, he had been present at nearly -every function of the Agricultural School, but that this was the first opportunity afforded him of addressing an audience like the. preseut in connection’ avith the school, and his «task that evening was a pleasant one. At: half-past three he received a tetter trom Mr. Drieberg soliciting hiss presence — »at the meeting to propose a vote» of /thanks!to “a ‘thes Governor for: presiding. That wassa stask — that’) broight pleasure with it.j.de had only;to Feb; 1) 1895.] mention! it, and like loyal toasts at dinner gatherings it did not require words, to recom- mend it—it was cordially received and cordially car- ried. Peoplemight say of him asa lawyer, that there could possibly be no alliance between Law and Agri- culture. ‘That, however, was a mistaken. idea. The prosperity of a country depended upon the development of its agricultural resources, and the prosperity of the lawyer Tees upon the aericultural ‘prosperity of the ‘country. Putting aside patriotic’ reasons and patriotic Motives, it was always the object of the lawyers to encourage” patriotic agricultural tastes. > (Ap- plause.) » The school, indirectly, fulfilled two mis- sions. Being. entirely under the control of Ceylonese, .it -helped to strengthen the confid- ence of Government in the managing capabilities and administrative capacities of the Ceylonese. The confidence of Government, was a tender plant of very’ slow growth, and that tender plant was consigned to the festering cave ‘of the Principal of the school, and they might rest assured that ‘under his delicate manageinent that “tender plant would show sign of ‘steady development. The other mission was to help to remove the fiction, that the Ceylonese despised agricultural pursuits -and only cared to become lawyers and © physi cians.» He hoped that) this Institution and the Technical Institution would. help to redeem the character of the Ceylonese from this somewhat base insinuation, He felt certain that the hope expressed by Mr. Ferguson of the school spread- ing out its arms would be fulfilled in time. They would find that the Ceylonese were as fond of agricultural and technical pursuits, as they had hitherto been of law and medicine. -He © need not refer to the intrinsic worth of the school developing the country. He was sure that on behalf of those present. and all the Ceylonese, he could say that they rightly appreciated' the laudable efforts of H.E. and the Government to yromote the agricultural interests in the island. n moving a vote of thanks to H.K. for. presid- ing, he thought it was only a fitting tribute to one who had always shown a hearty sympathy with the people and institutions of the country which he ruled. (Applause). Mr. A. I’. BROUN seconded the vote of thanks. ‘he proceedings then ‘terminated and: those present adjourned to the garden where they par- took of refreshments. ——<_—_ - —-—— OCCASIONAL NOTHS. A collection of specimens of the rough fibre of the following plants and trees has been received from Mr. Tiathonis, Agricultural Instructor at Godakawela :--Pin.e-apple (Ananas sativus), Geran- didul ( Boehmeria 2), Walla (Gyrinops walla), Wal- hana, Bevila (Sida hiomelis), and | Kctikan-bevila (Sida rhombifolia). Midella (Barringtonia acutan- gula), Mayila (Bauhinia vacemosa), Keta-dimbuwla (Hieus hispida), Suriya (Lhespesia populrea), Pus-wel (Antada scandens), Nava (Sterculia Balanghas), Kala-wel (Deriis scandens), Wal veli- patca | Hibiscus tiliaceus), Kapu-kinissa (Zibiscus angulosus), NNetu (Peus tsieda), Lintyax (HHelicteres 2sora), Daminiya (Greupa téhwfolia). ° Mr, Alwis, Agricultural Instructor at Dippitigala, has also sent ‘some excellent specimens of ‘fine white rope prepared from Bowsting hemp (Sanse- vera zeylanted) the Sinhulese Niyanda. An attempt is being made to cultivate the leguminous plant known in Ceylon as Aswenna | workman Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist,'’ 569 (Alyssicarpus buplewifohus),, and, often found growing together with grass in pasture land. A promising plot of, it has now been kept up for about three months, bat no results are yet ayail- able as to amount of produce. Cattle are known to be fond of the plant, and being allied.to the Clovers it should prove a most nutritious fodder. Oe RAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL ‘OF AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTH oF JANUARY: 1 Nil $35 si oN 25. coi Nil 2 Nil 14 ot 920 BGreg Nal 3 83 Liss; 709 Daal aod 4 03 RGF 22a 22a8 OS eae IL 5 Nil TPs aye UO) SS 295 NG 6 Nil 18} \ 0 SN B0igeee NG i 49 190 eke ae Nal Sone Ne] 8 “42 DAW Pea euch NGL “9 ‘99 Dee CIN DB) al Ke sasecoed NOEL ODL SAR ANGI Total ... 6:93 19,214 SOmNTT 93105 ING pt FOG. ONG 24 4 Nid Mean... / +22 Greatest amount of rainfall in any 24 hours on the 16th instant, 2°38 inches. Recorded_by P. VAN DE Bona. qu. ora: ——<>-——_—_—_——- THE PATENT SULTAN WATER LIFT, The Inventor of this machine has personally brought to our notice the merits jof this machine, The advantages cluimed for it) are :— 1, The buckets, being entirely of superior and thick metal, an important item of expenditure in the shape of the cost of leather is avoided, 2, By peculiar arrangement of the yoke, the bullocks are subjected to a forward movement only at each wali, thus obviating unnecessary strain, and effecting great economy of animal labour. Two buckets are lifted and discharged in the place of one, asin the ordinary mhote, the | buckets descending and ascending alternately with each walk of the animals on flat ground. - 8. The bolts and nails being few, the necessity for frequent repairs is done away with. ’ 4, ‘Yo fill the buckets, it is not necessary to pull the ropes, as the water fills through the bottom by an automatic valve arrangement. 5. There is no wastage of water, asin the old mhote, the buckets being constructed water tight. 6. Any ordinary blacksmith can with ease repair any part of the bucket which might get out of gear, the mechanism being extremely simple, 7. There is no danger to man or beast from snapping of ropes, with which the old mhote jis attended, 8. It bales out a large quantity of water, and does the work of two ordinary. mhotes, or more, und hence there is a saving of the cost of a pair of bulls aud the salary of a driver. 9. It can be used even in wet weather as there is no slope. 10. A boy will be able to work it. 11. It can be fitted to a river, a tank, ora well of any depth, and the water cun be raised to any height. 12. The draught is only about 2 ewts. as indicated by the Dynomometer for 25 gallons of water, 13. Itis transferable from well to well, if neces- sary, and can be easily erected by an ordinary 570 ‘Supplement to the * Tropical Agriculturist.” “44° 411 that is required to work the Liftis to ‘drag the yoke to and fro. We have seena number of excellent testi- “monials referring to the efficiency of this machine from Collecters, Engineers, and others. The Principal of the Madras College of Agriculture considers it ‘very suitable for raising water from au, depth of over 15 feet. The inventor claims is lift that itis capable of raising 9,000 | ete . t for Ht q avg | antagonistic to native prejudice. gallons of water per hour, but we are not in- formed from what depth. Still the invention (appears to us to be an exéellent one, and should be a-gréat bcon in the dry parts of the Island. ‘We have intimated our readiness to arrange for ‘working one of these lifts on the school pre- ‘mises, if necessary, for show purposes. The ‘price of a single lift with two 26 gallons buckets ‘jg R125, exclusive of ropes. Buckets ranging in “capacity from 30 to 100 gallons are also made -to order, , Chain or wire may also be used instead of rope. The Agents for the Machine in South India are Messrs Sultan & Co,, Saidapet, Madras. EEE NOTES ON THE CATTLE MURRIAN OF CEYLON. I have little or no faith in treatment, and on no consideration should it be attempted unless under carefully pre-arranged and utterly isolated conditions. Preventicn is and should be the whole “aim and object of those who have to deal with the disease, to scamp out first indications and ‘with strict watchfulness to guard against 4ts spread. I feel satisfied that under proper organization, it is quite possible to reduce the prevalent annual outbreaks of this disease within the Island to a minimum, and a depart- ment so organized and disciplined as to effect this, would be the greatest blessing and boon vever conferred ‘on the agricultural population of Ceylon. Of my own personal knowledge, after extended and most careful inquiry over the length and breadth of the Island, facts elicited proved ‘to my ‘mind that rinderpest is a bane to all progress ; the sole cause of wide extended poverty, othe desertion of whole villages, the neglect of watercourses and tanks, and, indeed, of the rever- sion of districts to wild beasts and jungle ; since the agriculturist, having lost all his cattle, cannot “cultivate, and must flee and obtain food elsewhere. Many such cases came to my knowledge. “Phe conditions under which cattle exist in this country,” says the Indian report on Rinder- “pest, “are so varied that it is impossible for ‘us tollay down any fixed plan of action, as what would be applicable to one locality would / not) work in another, so that it must be left to the intelligence of those who are entrusted ‘with the duty of repression. The difficulties which are encountered in certain parts in the smatter of the segregation of animals in the same village are so great as to be almost insurmountable, and more especially is this the case where the ‘'yillages are small.” ; - As regards this statement Mr. Smith remarks — Possibly so in India and to some extent in | Ceylon, yet I again assert that by organization and. needed administration by a department, purely agricultural, disease muy be repressed and the cattle of Ceylon might be multiplied ten- fold, Cattle as we know constitute the real Feb. 1, 1895. ‘ , wealth of all agricultural nations. 1 do not think a purely veterinary department the best to combat and repress diseases among animals in India, or in Ceylon. Men simply imbued with veterinary science, be they ever s0 eminent, are little fitted to approach the native agricul- turist, as there can be but little sympathy be- | tween the two classes, and any laws promulgated by a Veterinary Department will ever seem But approach a native from an agricultural astect, look to his stock, their management and well being, and he will understand you. | Set him an example while you instil your pre- cepts, and he will not be slow to take ad- vantage when convinced. It is nota rush hither and thither when an outbreak takes place that can ever do any good, An organized department with its specially educated officers living on friendly terms with the native headmen of his district, commanding their respect and receive their aid in the suppression of disease, through the eatliest intimation being communicated by the minor headmen, is what is required. The services of the village officials when they efficiently per- form their duties should be duly recognized and rewarded by Government. Such a department could in my opinion be self-supporting after being set agoing. Nothing but watchfulness all over the land will ever suffice to keepin due bounds a disease so subtile and stealthy in ap- proach. [Here Mr. Smith’s notes come ito anend, We again take this opportunity of thanking him for for the valuable contribution he has made, and indulge in the hope that he may be induced to still further dilate on a subject which he has made a life’s study.—Eprror. | SS PLOUGHING-IN OF GREEN-CROPS. Th2 following note was drawn up by Dr, J. W. Leather, Agricultural Chemist to the Government of India :— -The manuring of land by ploughing-in an immature crop is not unknown to cultivators in different parts of India. In Dr. Vaelcker’s recent Report on the Improvement of Indian Agriculture (pages 106 and 107) instances are given of this practice. To indigo planters, too, the practice of ploughing-in a young crop of indigo is known. This method of manuring would appear to be capable of wide application. The want of manure in India has been acknowledged by all who have studied the agriculture of this country, and the question whether the want can be in part supplied by the method under notice is worthy of enquiry. In his Report Dr. Vcelcker points out that, judging by the samples of soil which he was able to examine in relation to the enquiries which he instituted, they were notably deficient in two constituerts, viz., nitrogen and organic or carbonaceous matter. The rationale of ploughing-in a green crop is that the organic or carbonaceous matter is taken from the atmosphere by the crops to be ploughed- in and added to the soil, and in,the case of certain crops the want of nitrogen is also obtained from the same source. _ Recent experiments conducted in Germany, and confirmed in England, have shown conclusively Feb. i 1895.) Supplemeni to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” 574 that plants of the order Leguminose are able to assimilate nitrogen from the atmosphere, and that consequently, during the growth of such plants, there is an actual gain of this element. Ifa leguminuous crop, ¢.g., indigo orsan hemp (Cro- talarta juncea) be ploughed-in as a manure for the cold weather crop, both organic matter and nitrogen are thereby added to the soil and act as a manure. At the Experimental Farms at Cawnpore, Nagpur, and Dumraon (Bengal) this subject has engaged attention for some years, and it will be of interest to compare the results arrived at. Indigo has been ploughed-in at Cawnpore in August during the preparation of the land for the cold-weather crop and wheat sown. ‘The average of the results obtained during eight years.is 1,544 lbs. of grain from the plot on which indigo was ploughed-in, and 1,052 lbs, of grain from the unmanured plot. Similarly at Cawnpore, Nagpur, and Dumraon san hemp has been ploughed-in during seven years as agreen crop with the following results. Wheat was the crop cultivated at Cawnpore and Nagpur, aud the figures are the mean of the results. Cawnpore. Nagpur. lbs. lbs. lbs. grain. grain grain. Hemp ploughed-in 1,206 1,273 803 Neh Weis ie 2% 1,052 73 802 The experiments made at the Dumraon Farm have been with different crops. In two years potatoes were cultivated, in three years wheat, andinone year paddy. The yield of potatoes was largely increased in each case. The paady crop was nearly doubled, butin two cases with wheat a smaller yield was obtained from the manured crop than from the unmanured. At Nagpur, too, the results were not uniform. Mr, Fuller, Commissioner of Settlements and Agricul- ture, refers to this in his Reports of the Farm; and it is probable that much depends on the conditions of weather following upon the plough- ing-in of green crops. In four out of seven years an increase was obtained at Nagpur in consequence of the ploughing-in of green hemp. Whilst, however, an increase of the wheat crop has not always been the result, an increase has frequently been obtained with the manure residue when a crop of cotton has been taken off the land in the following hot season. The evidence in favour of this method of manuring is therefore fairly uniform. It is moreover one which is generally quite feasible for the rayat. Its cost may be estimated by that of the seed plus the labour required for the culti- vation of the green crop. The experiments at the Farms are bsing con- tinued, and in a few years more concordant results may be expected. [It seems likely that the subject of green- soiling may assume much greater importance in the future than it has done in the past, when considered in the light thrown on the subject by the discovery of the great merit of the pea family ot plants (Papilionacee) in taking free nitrogen from the air and imparting it to the soil, specially if such plants be subsequently ploughed-in as green manure. In the Dictionary article (W/. 251) it will be seen thatTea Planters are reported to frequently sow mustard between the tea plants and to dig the mustard into the soil with the yiew of green-manuring, In the light of recent _ texture would be more effectual. investigations it may almost be confidently afirmed that very much better results. would be obtained were they to substitute any of the wild papilionaceous weeds of their neighbourhood. - What is wanted is a rapid-growing plant that. in a given time produces the highest percentage of leaf, and one also which hasa readily decompos- able stem. In the above experiments san hemp (Crotalaria juncea) has been most favourably spoken of, but it seems probable one of the wild Crotalarias of more rapid growth and less, woody For. example, C. striata, C. sericea, and C. retusa- are fairly prevalent weeds of cultivated regions - especially so in Western India. These are smaller and more hardy plants than C. yuncea. Of course it would not be necessary to confine. experiment to the species of Crotalaria ; so far as at present. known, itis probable any papilionaceous plant would serve the purpose. It is, however, frequently stated that any leguminous plant possesses the property of absorbing free nitrogen,. but this would seem a mistake, since no member of the Mimosee nor of the Cesalpinee has as yet been proved to have any such property. — FODDER CROPS.AND CATTLE KEEPING IN CEYLON,—YV, ( Concluded. ) [ have already in this series of contributions referred to cultivated. fodder crops, but it has to be noted, that a variety ot. plants which now grow wild are, if properly cultivated, capable of being made very useful fodder plants. Of plants that are likely to be successful, if pro- petly grown, a few tliat aré indigenous to Ceylon shall be noted below. Cattle eat greedily theleavesof many leguminous plants, notably the Desmodium (Sing. Undupiyali), Cajanus (Rata tora), Phaseolus (Mé, Mun) &c., and Cassia (Tora). According to Thwaites there are five species of indigenous Desmodium growing in the Island. These are :—D. trifolium (Hitun- dupiyali), D. Heterophyllum(Maha-undupiyali), D, parvifolium, D. gyrans and D. gyioides. All these are more or less perennial herbs with a fair amount of leafage. Their leaves are generally obovate and are greenand thin, being neither very succulent nor dry. In the fresh state the leaves are ‘readily eaten by all kinds of stock especially when given along with grass. It may be noted in passing that the leaves of Desmodium are specially relished by hares and rabbits. When partially dry they have a fine sweet aroma. The plants respond very readily to cultivation, and regular crops could be easily taken every month or five weeks. The leavesin a partially dry state cannot but be a very nutritrious article of diet for animals. Of Cajanus we have so far only one species that may be useful as a fodder. C. tndicus (8. Rata tora) cannot be said to be regularly grown in Ceylon, though of lute it is common to find patches of land laid under it in different localities, Owing, no doubt, to ignorance of the manner of preparing its seeds for use as human food, its culture has not extended. If, however, the plant be grown asa fodder crop, the leaves which are used as fodder will require no other pre paration than drying. All stock take to thig readily. It grows without much trouble, ‘drag the yoke to and fro. 570 ‘Supplement to the * Tropical Agricultwrist.” innit tm ra SF: “44:' Ail that is required to work the iene _yecies, These are | We have’ seen a numbeforg, some large and “monials ‘referring to theayes are more succuleut from Collecters,,."other species of leguminous Pree of shentioned, and hence would require consideyn drying before being given to stock. » Of ‘the Cassias the C, Occidentale (8, Petitora) grows largely inuncultivated places, bearing smooth green leaves. The leaves are much relished by stock in a gréen state, The natural order’Convolvulacer . also gives a féw species’ of plants relished by stock. The plants belong to the genus Ipomeea, “I. Uniflora Sing. (Potupala), I Tridentata (Havarimadu), I. Obscura (Mahamadu), 2. Cymosa (Kirimadu). These four species of plants are well- knowin favourites of animals. In their green state’ the leaves of the Ipomeeas are slightly sticculent, and if they are cultivated regularly and properly cropped should form a valuable addition to our fodder supply. There is another natural order in which we have a few plants of the nature described. I refer to the various speciesof Amaranthus-of the natural Amarantacex, A) Paniculatus (Ranatampala), A. Spinosa (Katu- tampala), A. Gangeticus (Sudutampala), A. Poly- ganus (Walutampala). and 4, Polygonoides (Kura- tampala) are more or less well known in’ all parts of the Island, W. Av D. 8, (et WATER TESTING.—(Continued.) A satiple of water could be tested for its impurities in four different degrees, viz :— 1. Physical. 2, Chemical (qualitative). 3,° -. Do (hardness), 4, Do (quantitative). By-the first method, ¢.¢., physical examination, we determine colour, turbidity, sediment, lustre taste; and smell, Water containing no taste, smellor colour with a slight sediment, and of good lustre |may be considered as fairly good: water. But this method of testing is a rough one and cannot always,be relied upon. The second or qualitative chemical analysis is of more import- ance, and in fact if properly determined is quite sufficient, except under very exceptional circum- stances, The third, the determination of hardness, ig:important in any examination of a water for industrial use.) The fourth, that of quantitative analysis, is more within the province of the pro- fessional chemist, and while it entails much labour, requires the aid of a well-fitted laboratory. We shall dwell in this paper only on the first three kinds of: tests. The selection of, a sample for analysis should be done withsome care. It should be taken in a clean glass vessel and never in an earthenware one, while the vessel in which the sample is taken should be washed repeatedly with the water to be examined. ‘The vessel, preferably a Winchester quart bottle, should aiso be provided with a well- fitting glass stopper; and the sample obtained should be examined as early as possible; at any rate a sample should not be left more than forty- eight hours, aud in the interval should be kept in & dark cool place, (Feb. 1, 11895; The following table would represent what we! should determine in’ the course of testing the sample, and may be #dopted as the form'in which a report of testing should be recordéd :—= Drawh on. 0599. # 199)...° Fromiy suave 1, Physical Characters :— (a.) Colour (d.) Turbidity (c.) Lustre (d.) Sediment (e.) Taste (f.) Smell 2.. Chemical Qualitative Analysis. (a.) Lime (6.) Magnesia (c.) Tron (d.) ead (e ) Copper (f.)' ‘Zine (y.) Chlorine (A.) Sulphuric atid (7) Phosphorie acid ) Nitrie acid... (k.) Ammonia (L) Organie matter 3. ITardness, (a.),.. Total. (6.) . Fixed. (¢.). Remoyable, REMARKS :— Colow.—To determine the colour pf water two glass. jars,at least 18 inches high should be placed on two pieces of white paper, one should be filled with, distilled water and. the other with the sample of water to be examined. When viewed from the top the eolour of the sample could be. distinguished, the distilled water jar constituting a means of ready comparison. The normal tint of water when viewed as above should be blueish white. If yellow it shows the presence of fine particles of clay. aud ‘sand. A brownish colour marks the presence of organic impuities, Turbidity.—The degree of turbidity, or we may say of clearness, is also seen by the above examina- tion. , Sediment, or the amount of suspended matter is ascertained by allowing the sample in the glass jar to. remain for six to twelye hours, and observing the deposit if, there be any. . Lustie.—The-lustre or the brilliaucy of a sample of water depends on the amount. of carbonic acid gas present. The brilliancy may be great, slight or nil, Taste.—No good water should have a decided taste, . The presence of iron gives a slightly bitter taste, other metals in small quantities do not impart any taste whatever. Dissolved carbonic acid is the chief.cause of taste in water. ; Smell.—To determine the smell of water a small quantity should be heated in a. fest-tube overaspiritlamp. _A smell of rotten eggs indicates the presence of sulphuretted hydrogen and other organic impurities. Any conclusions drawn selely from a physical examination like the above may often prove to be misleading, but if there be an absence of colour, taste, or smell with only a slight sediment, the sample of water may be prononnced fairly good. . Coming tothe qualitative analysis we should first filter the sample through bibulous paper (white blotting paper would serve as well) which has been carefully washed several times with water from the sample. Iime.—lime is the most common dissolved mineral substance we come across in water, A quantity of water, say half a test tube full should be taken; a little of a solution of ammonium oxalate added to it will cause a turbidity if 6 grains of lime per gallon be present, sixteen vs a grains would give a considerable precipita’ Water containing less than 6 grains of lim ‘Reb, 1, 1895)] per gallon is fairly Good { my magnesia = Magnesiais of somevwy. hat rare oceur- renceiniwater, ibut i insome localities if may be met with im considetable quantities. A quantity of swater shoul)’ be-ewaporatedan a small) porcelain basin, over the spirit lamp -to/one, fiftieth of its volume. Vo: this taken im a test-tube, ammonium oxalate is added awd filtered te,remove any lime. ~The resulting filtrate, should. be ijtreated witha few, idrops each of the solutions of sodium, phos- ‘phate; ammonium chloride andjammonia solution. If, any magnesia be presenta crystalline, precipi- tate will be observed, afterthe liquor is pxanted ‘to rest for twenty-four hours, \\) »Iron.—-Vhe presence of iron is indicate 1 ine a) Blue Disc ueb es on the addition of potassium fero eyanide, | i » Lead.—Place some water,in a smbite dish an stir wp with a rod dipped in ammonium, sulphide, a dark colour/not disappearing on the addition, of a fewdrops of hydrochloric acid will be produced. Copper also) presents the reactioa, Dut the presence of lead or copper may be distinguished by adding a few drops of sulphuric acid and filtering the water before it is tested. Ifa slight cloudiness is observed on the addition of sulphuric acid it indicates lead, and if the solution tested after filtering gives the dark colour described above it indicates copper. Zine is rarely found except as an impurity in connection wiih a storage cistern. A white pre- cipitate on the addition of sulphuretted hydrogen indicates its presence. Chlorine.—The addition of a few drops of nitric acid and silver nitrate produces a mere haze if chlorine is present to the extent of a grain per gallon; four grains give a marked turbidity and ten grains a considerable precipitate. The presence of chlorine in water indicates impurities from dissolved mineral chlorides or urive and sewage. : Sulphuric acid.—On the addition of barium chloride a grain and a half of sulphuric acid per gallon of water would give a precipitate aftera while, three grains would give an immediate haze. The presence of this impurity indicates mineral sulphates such as those of lime and sodium. The presence of the former deteriorates the quality ot water for industrial purposes greatly. Phosphoric acid,—Concentrate a quantity of water by evaporation andthe addition of molybdate of ammonium and nitric acid followed by a slight heating and allowing tle solution to stand for a while, would give a yellow colour if phosphoric acid be present, The presence of this substance indicates animal and vegetable impurities in the water, Nitric acid.—Add a solution of brucine to the water to be tested, and pour strong sulphuric acid; if nitric acid be present a red-coloured zone forms at the margin of the sulphuric acid and water, Instead of brucine, sulphate of iron may be substituted when the colour of the zone will be brown ;—nitric acid indicates mineral as well as organic impurities. Ammonia.—On the addition of two or three drops of Nessler’s reagent to about one-fourth of a test-tube full of water, and examining the tube over a white piece of paper, a yellow colour is seen, indicating the presence of ammonia, Small quantities give only a slight tint, but eyen then ‘Supplement.to the “Tropical Agricultuniste” 5738 fhe water is suspicious, and ;may be contaminated With, urine, sewage and other organic impurities. Organic, matter is. best observed by evaporating to dryness a quantity of water in a porcelain,basin and heating the residue, which, if 1t blackens, indicate the presence of organic matter. We-next come to tho third method of testing, 2.6, for hardness, | Water is said’ to:be hardvavheu ib: contitins dissolved mattsrinvit, but’ ‘as al rule the term: “hard” assed to detiote the presence of either carbonate of lime (chalks) or sulphate of lime (y: psum). The fgets due to the presence of.chalkiisremovable ‘either by boiling Corby the aildition of ime-water,' ‘and is henee (known! as “removable hardness,” Whereas water containing gypsunmvis known as permanently hard. Hardness. —There are various elaborate .pro-= cesses of Getermining the degrees of hardness of water, and. these, of | course, give very ‘accurate results but demand caré°and labour which .110-0ne but a professional chemist’ ‘could bestow: © Vor ordinary purposes’ the following method”, may prove serviceable. Instéad of the ‘soap test? we substitute “soap liniment” prepared accord "g in the British Pharmacopia strength, which any dry ug- gist would supply. The test consists in the quan- tity of the soap solution necessary to form a lather in the water. If one drop of soap solution put in half an ounce of water forms a lather, we conclude that the water contains less than one-and-a-half grains of lime per gallon, and an additional drop of the soap solution represents an additional one- and-a-half grains. The number of grains repre- sents the degree of hardness ; for example, if half an ounce of water requires four drops of the soap solution, it indicates six degrees of hardness. In order to find the amount of permanent hard- nessya quantity of boiled water should be treated in the'same way, aad the result will indicate the permanent hardness The difference between total andj permanent hardness will give the degree of removable hardness. The permanent hardness of good water should not be be above 3 or £ degrees. Wi AnD ss: er ee GENERAL ITEMS. A London physician not long ago published an interesting paper in the Lancet on the use of fruits in the relief of diseased conditions of the body. Under the category of laxatives, oranges, figs, tamarinds, prunes, mulberries, dates, nectarines and plums may be included. Pomegranates, cranberries, blackberries, raspberries, barberries, quinces, pears, wild cherries and medlars are astringent; grapes, peaches, strawberries, whortleberries, prickly pears, black currants and melon seeds are diuretics ; gooseberries, red and white currants, pumpkins and melons are refrigerants and stomachic sedatives. Taken in the early morning an orange acts very decidedly as a laxative, sometimes amounting to a purgative, and may generally be relied on. Figs, slit open, form excelleut poultices for boils and small abscesses. Strawberries and lemons, locally applied, are of some service in the removal of tartar from teeth. Apples ave cor- rectives, useful in nausea, and even seasickness peau the vomiting of pregnancy. ‘The oil of the coconut has been recommended as a substitute 574 Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” f. > . 2 1! for cod liver oil, and is much used in Germany — for phthisis. Grapes and raisins are very nutritive and demulcent, te very grateful iu the sick Chamber, ———— . The Editor of the Cape of Good Hope Journal of Agricultures writes :— At the Illinois Experi- meut Station experiments have been made to secure, still further beneficial results, The object of, these experiments was to discover whether ‘the exerescences which naturally form on the roots of| clover, peas, and other legu- minous plants, and which enables such plants to decompose the atmosphere and use its nitrogen, may not be also made to grow on corn, oats, and other plants of the grass family. If this can ve accomplished it will be possible to make corn, oats, and wheat renovating crops, as clover and peas now are, The experiment with maize is reported to be partially successful, but we have to awaitstill further trials. We | tremely and deservedly popular: | seed was sent | planters. [Feb 1, 1895, growing crops and the soil with one of the most important elements of plant food, will. be, if successful and of easy application, a most important step in agricultural Saueanel The following interesting note with reference to the cow-pea which is now growing satisfactorily at the Colombo School of Agriculture, appears in the American Agriculturist:—‘ The cow pea has become established in Queensland, and is ex- The original from the United States and distributed by Professor Shelton among the sugar The Professor says:— From this | insignificant beginning the cow-pea has spread the whole length of the Queensland coast. Indeed, one sées it now on every plautation and nearly need scarcely say that this method of furnishing — psd) 4 every holding in the interior, as well as along the coast. Often areas of fifty to one hundred acres may be seen under cultivation with this crop. It is everywhere pronounced to be invalu- able, furnishing these hungry, washed-out soils with the nitrogen needed for the subsequent crop of cane.’ ” «| MONT Vol. XIV.] COLOMBO, NITROGEN FIXATION IN ALG. N Nature of March 29, 1894, Prof. Marshall Ward gaye a clear and excellent résume of c.rtain aspects cf tle question of nitrogen fixationin plants. Since the publication of that im- article, fresh and most MARCH HEY «Be fy IST, 1895. [No. 9. species alone, but of several intermingled. Accord- ingly when, in 1894, Kossowitsch set himself the task of determining whether Alge in themselves possess the power of assimilating free atmospheric nitrogen or not, the first obstacle he had to overs come was the difficulty of finding a method by which he could obtain a single algal species in absolute purity. This was ultimately effected by growing the Algw on gelatinous silicic acid permeated with a portint additions h.ve been made to the subject. : Last May, P. Kossowitsch published an account of his experiments on Alga in respect to the r nitrogen fixing powers (Bot. Zeitung, May 16. 1894), and a short accoun: of this contribution, should. form an appropriate supplement’to Prof. Ward’s pxper. In 1888, Prof, Frank of Berlin, had stated his opinion: that Algae possessed the power of free nitro- gen fixaition. © In 1892, Messrs. S:h!oesing and Liurent pnblished an account of their classical researches dealing with many pants, among which A'ge also foun] a place, Their experiments with these f rm3 range in two series. In the first they found that if they kept soil, covered with Alga and containing bacteria of certain kinds, under observation for some time, an increyse in nitrogen wis perceptible. On tho other hand, if they preventel the formvt’on of Alem, although the same bacteria remained, there was no noticeable addition to the nitrogen of the system. In the second set of expariments, in which different Algs were employed, no nitrogen fixatioa could be perceived. lt was evident front this that either particular kinds of Algw only hive “ fixing” powers oc that suitadsle bacterin were not simu’ taneously present in the second case, and thut Algwe can only fix with the additional aid of these micro-organisms, In the following yew, Koch and Kossowitsch devo- ted their attention to the smbject, and went over much the same ground as Laurent and Schloesing confirming their results, and adding new facts, the value of which, however, was somewhat enhanced “by the algal culture: never consisting of any single nutritive solution, and subsequently on sterilised sand also containing food solution. The steps by which the isolation was effected were slow and beset with difficulties, which sprang up in the most unexpected manner, and the pages of Kossowitsch’s memoir which deal with thia subjecs possess a separate and great interest of their ow; space, however, will not permit that the matter be detailel here. Having obtained the Alga iu a state of purity, the next step was to transfer them to the apparatus in which their nitrogen-fixing powers were to be tested, This consisted of a central air-tight vessel. con: nected with a saries of U-tubes, which were blown into bulbs at cartain intervals. These bulbs contained strong sulphuric acid. The whole apparatus wa§ sterilised, and the Algs under consideration sown upon a sterilisel nutritive sibst ratum in the central vessel. Air freed from all trasas of nitrogen com- pounds was blown into the vessel through the U-tubes, the sulphuric acd in which killed any organisms which might be contained in this air. The Alga which was first experimented on was Oystococcus (or an extremely similar form). Eyery precaution was takan ia introducing this into the apparatus, (Using &% nutritive solution perfectly free from all nitrates, it was see1 that the Alga refused to show any signs of growth; it was clear, therefore, that ub least to start dovelopmant a trace of nitrate must be added to the sand. The addition of other nitro: gen compounds was found to be useless, aud accord- ingly a small and accurately-measured quantity of a nitrate was mixed with the food solution in the central vessel. The whole apparatus thus fixed up was placed in the light, and left for some weeks, 576 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. {Marcu 1, 1895 A‘ first rapid increase in the Algwm was noticeable, but after the lapse of about three weeks thinss ev dently cvme to a standstill. The addi.ion of more nitrate-free nutritive solution gave no result; but if only the merest trace of a nitrate were added, there was an mmediate resump- tion of «activity. These facts in themselves are very g od proof of the inabiity of Cystococeus to fix atmospheric nitogen; but to make matters douby ture, a careful chemical analysis was made ‘This showed that there wa3 n9 in*rease in nitrogen during all the week; the A'ge had been flourishing, and that accor !i gly no iot. of the stream of free nitr gen which had be. constantly pissing throu:h the apparatus had b3-n “fixed” S$» far, then, the first Alga which had been put to th~ test of experiment showed itself incapabls of utilising atmospheric nitroxen, : Kossowits:h now turned to fresh experiments chos- ing algal cu'tures of sometimes one, sonvetinies several species tauk:n ‘ogethe-; to all of these he added simultaneously soil-bacteria of mixed “sorts. Ths apparatus employed was very neariy the same a3 -thut above described. In these experiments he desired to test the supposition of Berthelot and Winogradsky, who considered the presence of certain organic substances to b2 favourable to the fixa*ion of nit€*gen; he ac-ordingly arranged his experiments injjtivy pairs, both members of evch conple haying iden ical conditions, except that in the onea small nantity of suga* (dextrose) was added to the nutri- ive solution, whilst in th +o her no organic compound was preséu;! One set was arcanged with Cystococcus wud soil-bacteria, aid t e resuits ootiined showel that in the absencs of organic materials a sunul jut yet noticeab e increnxse in the nitry en of the Bystem had taken place (frou 26 mz, to 31 mg.) Where suzar had been previously added, however, there vere three time; as much ni regen after the experi- ‘out a3 before.’ In a Second pair of cilt res the Alga Stichocoécus and ce-tain bad eria were used, but here i mo ease; either wi hor witious suzar, w13 there any increase in nitrogen, Lais shows thut St chocoesus has in itself no power of ni roger fix «tion, "Anodther’ eoup's contained a mixture of severa! Algea,; Nostoc Cylindy sp r nim, &e., »nd certain soi!+ ba sta, Lu this instance a very large fixution of nifrogen took place, both where sugar was pr-sent find) whére nov; ‘in fact, Gia the lormer: case the nitrogen was incre zed more than nine fold. » All these observations shed much light u on the Question of the relatio s existing “b tween A'gw, m cro-orgauisms, and atmospyeric nitrogeu. hey show :— (Hii Lhat at lest two Alges—Cystococeus and Stichococcus—p ss'ss no ‘“fixi:g’ powers in them- Be lves, §(2) Thatimany Algw, taken together with certain Microorganisms of ‘h+ soil, do possess the power of assimilating atmospheric ni rogep. ~ (3) That this power is much increased by the addition of such organic substances as sugar. It should be ‘notic2d that among the ten cul!ures used in the second set of exp-riments, only two contained definit ly isolated algal species, viz. the cases of the two cultures of Cystoc»ccus and soil- | bacteria. , Tt was just ia, this instance, m):eoy>r, that it had | Deen s»ovn wha’ the Algs itself had no capacity © wll could be little doubt that it was through the agency of. the niicro-organisms that the ‘fixation’? had taken | place in these latter cultures. he expe iments of Laurent and Schloesing had shown thit if in a cultuc: of Alga and bacter a 6nd wed with ‘fixing’? power:, the A'ge wer des- troyed, the bactsy a lost partly, if nit entirely, this capacity, which the mixture hal p s.essed. this pointed slearly to the fact that there wrs som close relationship existing between the Al!gxe and micro- Oiganisms, | i », there ave.many facts which seem to indicate the hature of this reiationship, or fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Accordingly, there | | | Berthelot found that the nitrification of the soil coly took place as long as organie componnds were present; if these were exhausted, the nitrifyiv process ceased. Gautier and Drouin also va ds the importance which organic compounds have with respect to nitrification. Mossowitsch’s own experi- ments, in which the advantage of adding sugar to the culture was shown, als» point in the +ame direction, From such observations as these, Kossowitsch concludes that th: relationship which the Algw bear to ‘he micro-organisms is one eonnected with the organic, food supp y of these latter; he thins that the Algz, furnished with nitrozen by the bacteria assimilate carbohydrate material, part of which goes to their own muntenange,-but part also to that of the m‘cro-organisms. It is, therefore, in his belief, anu instance of symbiosisin which” supplies the wa ts of the other. There afe m facts, partl the result of his own Pigott. partly the pals of th s» of others, which uphol dale View. If the mixed culture be placed in the light, there isa far more noticeabe wpitrogen increase than when in darkness. ‘Again, if a rich supply of carbon dioxide gas be provided, this is marked by a decided rise 11 nitrogen-fixing powers. Both thes: conditions are sacb as are known to influence carbohy:lrate assimi- tation chloroppyll--ontaining organisms; but all experienc? js antagonistic to the view that light shud be beneficial ta the yital activity of the bac‘eria, and there ar only one or two exceptional insta ces (Nitromunas, &c.) in whieh carbon dioxide can be directly assim Jated by these m cro-oiganisms. Moreover, in the case where the bactera are b ought into immedia’e contact with the Alga, as in those species of Algw which are enyeloped in a geluti ous covering wherein the micr>- rganisms become embedd-d, nitrogen fixation a pears to be greatly aided, and the addition of sugar to the culture has no such marke | effect as in the instances where none- -elatino .6 Alzw are employed. The explanation of ‘his seems to be thatthe bac eria, onrbedded jn the gelatinous sieuh are amiply provided with cirbouydrate ‘o d without ths additio: of sugar, which, theref re, comes more or less as a superfiuity. All this seems to justify Kossowitsch’s view of the part played by the Alge in the fixation of nitrogen; lt app ars t» siow that they bave an indirect, but none the less import nt, influence up nthe process. _ Lhis is rougtily the ex’ ent of Kossowiteh's article; it has been impossibl. to give here its detaj!s, the bare outlines of his researches could alone be men- tioned, but t is hoped that sufficient has’ been said to show the importance of his wirk, perhaps event» irdicate the terest whieh every page of his memoir p ssesses, dea'ing as it does with one of the most fascivating branches of vegetable physiology. Rupour Brrr, — Nature. ee COLONIAL CHEMISTRY : NATIVE DRUGS AND SOIL ANALYSES. AGRICULTURE AND OHEMICAL PHYSICS. The Government Chemist (Mr. E: Nevill, Fellow of the Institute of Chemistry), reports for the year 1893-94 :— There have been made for Government Departmenta 37 analyses, assays, and other analagous examinations, being scarcely a fourth of the average of former years. Two o' the toxicological investigations were cases of suspected piso ing by me ns of arsenic, and the analyses readere 1 it absolurely c-rtain that the deaths had not resu!ted from arsenical p>isoning. A number of reports h ve bee: furnished for the info matior of the Government ov variou: technical subjects. As the oppor unity has offered investigations have beea made ou su sje :ts ultimutely counected with the progress of the Colony, especially in connection w th mining aud agricuiture. A number of experiments hayé been m de on” best methods of utilising ‘the di various hard anthracitic coals found in the, volony for the purp sz of nual use, so as to give the maximam Marca 1, 1895, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 577 of efficiency’ with the minimum of smoke and ash, The experiments are gradually approaching conc'usion, and will be embodied in a report of the use of the Admiralty. Many of the native drags con‘ain active principies which have never be n sci ntifically investiga‘e’, and others appear to contain alkaloid: which are isomeric with those known to science, »nd yield reactions which differ in inpor'ant r spects from those of the kiown substanc s, In especial the sp-cies of conine has enlour reactions differing in impertant re-pe:tsf om either of the k own bodies, in p rticular giving a red ¢ | uration with n ither nitric nor sulphuric acids One of the dried roots made us: of by the native doctors contains a volatile liquid a kvloid, similar in physicil properties to both conine and nicotine, but entirely distinct in its chemi-al reactions and far more p»isonous and volatile than either. It is quite unknowa to scie:ce. On account of the importance of these bodies from the point of view of scientific jurisprudence, it will be necessary to carefully investi- gate the principa! native drugs and isolate and study the reacti nj of their active principles. Until it has been doe the toxic logical investigations required by the aw Courts will «lways be a work of far greater difficulty and labour than is the case at Home. A number of analyses have been mad: of repre- sentative sampies of soil from different p.rts of the Wolony with the primary view oi determising the best method of asce tai..ing the true value of the soil in contradistinclion to the apparent value as shown by o dinary soil analyses. ne distinction betwee) tha two ix enormous, for though an crdinary analyses may show the presence of | rge quantities of these constituents, which form the -eal fertilising portiou of the sol, yet only » minute fraction of thess my be i: a form availabie fiom immediate p'ant food, so that in reality the soi may be exhausted. The Methodsto b ad>»pted for distinguishing b tween these very different quantities require to be determined not only for e ch class of crop, bu what is more difficult, for each climate, as s0 mnch depends on the meteoro- logical conditions to which the soil is exposed. The determination of the absolute amount of each of thes - essential soil con tituents sould ne div ded isto four cla ses:—(1). ‘he quantity of each constitu nt in- m dia ely available for plant foo}. (2). The quantity of :ach readily convertio'e into the ,receeding form. (3). Whe quintity of each which by s roper cultivation may be converted gradually into the pr ceeding classes. (4). The quantity of each present iu the unde- compo ed mineial and rocky constituen s from who e disintegration the true sol has arisen. Below are some of tie reiults obtai ed so far, Hach is founded on the mean of a number of fairly concordant analyses, showing that there is not so much difference in the compositi»n of the soils in different portions of the principal districts in the Co'ony. The analyses may be taken as giving te average composition of:—I. Tue black loum earths of the up country districts. If. The browu shale earths from th + midland dis! ricts. Ill. ‘he cay sand -oils from he uppsr cost district:. 1V. The greyish clay soils from the lower coast districts. General Group Analysis dis Ts MEISE SITY, S ones At0 , 51382 «6.80 2.50 1166 Undecomposed rock «. 10:88 6.0 3.50 8/10 Sandy Constituents v- =20.94 13.58 47.12 26.15 Clayey Constituents ee = 42.50 56.00 35.18 4694 Calcare us Coustituents .4 833 6.52 38.40 955 Organic Matter ee AO) M25 3B 412808178 Moisture ose tee 4.555162! 62188 882 Complete Percentage Analyses. Sili-a Alumina, &c, ee 76.58 78.16 82.85 77:70 Iron Oxides, &c. Rue 4 GOL) OcLD w ero 2p 4094 Lime, Magnesia, &c. ate FAOLO UanoT ee. Le Ge Da? Potash, Soda, &e. ee oe es Ogre BOP h Shri Carbonic, sulphuric, &. acid 2.08 2.66 1438 2.25 Organic Matter... pee 7 45) Ge et f' B78 Moisture (free) Aaa a7. 8.08. 2.65 995 fe JESS Rang Ge reed NYS Percentages of Ultimately Available Oonstituents. Total unvvailable Cousti- 97.64 tuents see 96.89 97 52° 98.32 Lime see veo 15 87 46 18 Pstash tes se 48 54 aii feted Prloh) Phosphoric Acid dos 12 .08 .03 Aes Organic Matter cee AS) .80 7 256 Nitrogen sae ann .16 alls) Gila .08 Percentages of immediately available Constituents. Lime see ve 230K M4: OI0UT95 Pota h sae ved WD LOate SLES 78 tOZEAT as Phosphoric Acid se) 21.032) 11 5.0120 % .096' 010 Nitrogen do eee 2.041 15) FOZ01-SCOOL E1007. The last division is of far less value than the others, on account of the numbers varying so much in the case of each soil that it is scarcely possibl» to properly average them, and each soil would have to be judged on the basis of its own particular analysis. ‘Lie pre- ceding ry sults will be of interests for the sike of comparison with corresponding analyses of represen- tative Huropean soils. In addition, a number of anal,se3 hav+ been made of specimens of marls and sundy lines‘ones, with the view of ascertaining how far they might be ot value as a calcareous minare for agricultural purposes, and a somewhat smaller number of analyses of simples of phophatie argi!- laceous nodules o* ‘‘corprolites,”’ with the aim of determining their suitability for use as manure. Little use, however, has been made of the Govern- ment Laboratory for the purpose of promoting ‘the agricuitural interests of ths Colony, yes much more might gradually be done ‘n this dir ction than has as yet been attempted. Much cannot be done bya sin.le pair of hands, but one head :an direct many hands, avd itis easy and not expensive to increase the number -f tha ids for performing the more mechanical work. The general ideais to establish a laborator’ , on a similar principle to those in ¢) n ection with some of the agricultural societies, where in return for a small fee—the main expense being borne by: the Gove nment-—thers could be obtained the ordinaty elementary anlysis of soils, waters, feeding stuffs, and manure:, such as commonly fall within the proviuce ot a public analyst. But something else is required beyond 1 laci'g fa ilities at the disposal of the Colonial farmer for obtaining the ordinary deseription of ana- lyses. These are not sufficient, their use will only lead to disa: p istment. and discourage agricu turiss from availing themselves of the assistance of the resources of science What then is wanted from science is: whether the soil contains an’ adequate supply of those particular constituents whch are essential to p'ant life, and whether it contains a suaf- fic'ent p:opo tion of these in a form immediately available for plant food, but also that it does not contain those other constitueuts which are harmful to pant ife, or destructive of manures applied to the soil. This is th: province of chemical analyses. But further it is essential that the soi should be ina fit physical condition for sustaining plant ‘ife, a most important factorin a climate lik: that of South Africa, for however rich a soil may be, unl-ss its ph. sical properties «re favourable, it will yield only poor crops. this is the province of ciemical physics. Finally there comes the question whether the co stituents of the soil are are such as to enable it to steadi y supply the req \irements of the growing crop, not only with its mineral food but with its organic food, by maintaining the condition essen ial for transforming the plant food from the state in which it exists in the soil into the form under which it i- absorbed into the p ant system; and moreover, to supply it in th» order and varying proportions, which are necessary as the crop grows and ripens. It is here that comes in the wide theoretical knowledge of the sc entific chemist and the practical experience of the ekilled agriculturist, together with that most important factor, the judg- ment of the man of common sense. ‘This is the information which agriculture has a right to expect from science But what are the conditions upon which this information is to be based? It shoud be the business of the Government Chemist and the work 578 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. De of ‘the Government Agr'cultura' Laboratory to ascer- tain and make knowa what they are. his work needs be done by the slow, steady perseveraice of a Govyern- ment Department. It would be easy to»btain the co- Operation of the Jeadi:g Colo. ial agriculturists, many, of whom probably would be bo.h able and willing to assist in the investigation, not only by furni-hing samp'es of soil, but by preparing and superintendi: g the cultivation of trial plots, and zarefu ly reporting the re ults obtained by each +pecial crop grown undcr the different experimen al co ditions. If such a system could be orginised it wou'd not only saye the large experse nec ssary forthe upkeep cfa State farm, bat: would offer the gr at advantage of enabli:g trials to be made at p'ace: some distance apart where there would be different smeteorological conditions, thus eliminating a source of unceriai ty is parable from trials made on one firm. ‘he analysi: of the - oil; ma, ures, and crop; wou'd be do eat the Goyer: - ment laboratory. The progre-s of the investiga ion and the results obtained should be publis»ei in detail in a series of yearly reports.—Natal Merewry. —_—__~. PRODUCTION OF JUIE AND SAN FIBRE IN 7 INDIA Juteislargely cultivated in the northern and eastern districts of Bengal, and, to a smaller extent, in the central dstricts of the province. It is grown also although not extensively, in Assam. The United States Consul-General at Calcutta says that jute eSeems |to be capable of cultivation on almost any kindof soil. It,is ‘east successful, hoaeyer, upon “laterite and gravely soils, and most productive upor a loamy. soilor zich clay and sand. The finest (qualities are grown upon the higher lands, upon which rice, pulse and tobacco form the rota ion. ‘Tae corrser and larger qualities are grown chiefly upon mui banks and islands formed by the vivers. When the crop isto be raised on low lands, where there is danger of early flooding, ploughing begins jearlier than upon the higher !ands. ‘Che pre, aration commences 11. No ember or December in the low »lands, and elswhere in February or March; the soil is, ploughed from four to six times, the clods pual- verised, and at jthe final ploughing, the weeds are collected, dried,and burnel No special atte ition is paid to.good seeds, nor do cultivators buy or sell uttheir seed. In the corner of the fie'd a few plants .pre left, to rien and piodace the seed that is sown broadcast, the fo!lowing year . The sowings, accord- ing tothe position and na ure ofthe soil, begin about -\the middle of March and extend othe end of June. The, time for seaping the crop depends entirely on the date of sowing the season ¢ mmenv-ing with the ewliest crop about the end of June and. lasting until October.. The crop is considered to be in season Whenever the flowers bloom, and to be past the j)season whenever the fruits appear. The fibre from j-plants that have not flowered i: weaker than from . those in. fruit; the latter, though stronger, is coarser |,and\qwanting |in gloss. he ayera e crop :f fibre - oper acre ig over 1,200 1b., bit the yield varies considerably, being as high as 4,0:0lb. in some distric's, and as lowas 25) lb. in others At present / @S practised by the natives, the fibreis se arated from the stems by a process of retting in pools of stagnant water. In some disizicts, the crop is stacked in, bundles for two or three days to give tim: for the li decay of the leaves, which are said to discolour th3 fibre; in the vetting process; in others the bundles are carried off and at once thrown into the water. In some districts the buidles, of jute stems are ' submerged in rivers, but the common practite seems sto be in favonr of tanks or roadside stagnant pools. The period of xetting depends upon th» nature of the water, the description of fibre, and the condition ofthe atmosphere and it varies from two to twenty- five days\ The operator has, therefore, to vi it the tank daily to ascertain if the fibre has begun to ' separate from the stem. This period must not be exceeded, otherwise the fibre becomes rotten, and almost u:eless for commercial! purposes. The bundles [MaRcH 1, 1895, are made to sink in the water by placing on them sods and mud. When the proper stage beea reached, te resting is rapidly completed. Ths labourer, staniing up to his waist in the water, proceeds to remove smal! portions of the bark from the ends next the roots, and grasping them to- gether, strips off the whole from eud to end without breaking either stem or fibre. Havin briught a certain quantity into this half-prepan state, he next proceeds to wash off, which is done by taking a large handful, swinging it round his head, dashing it repeatedly against the surface of the water, and drawing it through the water tow:rd: lim so as to wash off the impurities; then with a dexterous throw he spreads it out on the surface of the wate, and concludes by carefully picking off all remaini g black spots. He then wrings it out so as (o 1emove as much water as possible and hangs it up on lines prepared on the spot to dry in the sun. There are i: India 26 jute factories 8,101 looms, and 161815 spindles, which give em- pliyment to 61,915 persons, and consume 2,869,088 cwts. of jute. Toey are almost exclusively employed in the gunny bag or cloth trade, a few only doing business in cordage, floor cloth, or other manufac- tures San or suun is grown by itself, or at times is raised in strips on the margins of fields, an4 is nev rcultivatei usa mixed crop. itis usually sown in June or at the beginning of the rains, and cut at the close of the rain, s a‘on—about the Ist of Octobe. It r quires a light, but vot necessarily, rich soil, thongh it cannot be grown on clay. It is believe] by cultivators to improve the soil; and as it'is supposed to :efresh exhau-ted land, it is con- si-e-ed a govd prepar tory erop, and is grown as such, every second or third year, in fields required for sugar-cane and tobacco. The ground is roughly ploughed twice 1d th+ seed sown broadcast, and as it yerminates immediat ly, appearing ab.ve ground within 24 hours, no weeding isrequied. From 12 to 8) lb. of seed are used to ths ucre, the opinion prevai:i g, h weve, that thick sowiug is more de-irable. Ov inarily the crop is harvested «fter the flowers have pi et but the plants are frequently left on the field until the fruits have begun to form, : nd sometimes until they are ripe. ‘Lbere is a great ‘ifferenc of o;inion as to whether the croy should be dried b fore hein steeped, or carried at o'ce to the retting tanks. When stripped of the leaves, which ar highly esteemed as manu e, tbe staks are made up into bundles and placed upright for a ‘ay «r two in water a couple of feet deep, si ce the bark on the bnt's is thicker and more tenacious than tht on the upper portion, and, ter fore, r quires longer exposure to fermen- tition. the bundies are then lai» down lengthways in the water, and kept submer ed by being weighted with eirth. It can gererally b- ascertained when the 'etting is complet- by the bark of the lower end: of the stems separating ea-il ; but’too long fermen- tation, while it white s, injures its strength.. Haying discovered that the necessary de ree of retting has been attained, the cultivator, stinding in the water up to his knees, takes a bundle of the stems in his hand and hrashes the water with them until the tissues give ay and the long clean fibres sepa- rate frcm the centra! canes When the fibre has been -separated an thoronghly wa hed it is the usual custom. to hang it over bambhoos to be died and bleached ;n the sun. When, dry it is ¢ mbed, if required for textile purposes or fo nets a d lines; but if for ordinary use ‘or rope: :nd twines, it is merely s parated and cleaued by the fingers, while hanging cv r the bamboo. The output per acre of -san fibre ranges from 150 tv 1,200 Ib, but~ the estimated average is 640lb to theacre. The chief purpose for which san is utilised at the present day is the manufcture of a ¢ arse cloth or canvas, uscd _ principally for sacking. A large amount of the — fibre 1s used in the native cordage tra!e, for which it is stated to be well ‘adapted, and considerable quantities of the fibre aye also ec n-umed bv the European rope makers in India. The waste tow and old materials are miade into paper. In many : districts paper is regularly manufactared of this Marcu 1, 1895.| THE TROPICAL material, and large quantities are used by the Indian paper mills. In some parts of India the seeds of the san are collected and given to cattle. The plant its2lf is found to be very nourishing, causing cows to give a larger supply of milk.— Journal of the Society of Arts. a COCA CULTIVATION. Coca.—S nce the coca leaf, another South American product, has been proved to possess great medicinal virtues, coca cultivation has become a subject well worthy of careful consideration by Indian and Colonial administrators. In years now long gone by, I had opportunities of learning something of that cultivation and of experiencing the effects of the coca leaf; so it will perhaps be considered that from some points of view, I may venture to address you as an authority on the subject. Since tbe dis- covery of the alkaloid, coca has become an impor- tant addition to the pharmacopeia; but it should be remembered that it had been for centuries a great source of comfort and enjoyment to the Peru- vian Indians. It was much more than what betel is tothe Hindu, kiva to he South Sea Islander, and tobacco to the rest of mankind, for its ue really produces invigorat'ng effects which are no! possessed by those other stimulants or narcotics. i “Cowley on the Coca ILeaf.—Made known in this ec untry to the very students who were acquainted with the Spanish Chronicles during the 17th centur., it is very curious to find that coca, and ‘ts vir ues, were within the knowledge of Abraham Cow ey, the pet of the days of Charles I. Mr. Martindale, who has written an excellent little book on coca and ereaine, refers to a very curious allusion to coca in the writings of Cowley (ook V. of Plants). Bacchus is supposed to have filled a bowl with the juice of the grape for Omelichilu:, an imaginary American deity ; on which the gcd of the New Wor!d summons his own plants to appear. Various fruits are marshalled on their branches, and Cowley, even adis to his poetic description of the virtnes of coca a prophecy which has now become true. Apostrophising the leaf, be says:— “N ry Coca only usefu! art at home, A famous merchandise thou art become.” Prejudice against Coca.—The Peravians have used the coca leaf fromthe most arcient times. It was - gonsidered so precious that it was included in the sacrifices that were offerei to the Sun, and the High Pr est chewed coca during the ceremony. Iitimaes or colonists, «ere sent down from their native heights among the Andes, to cultivate the coca p auts in the deep valleys to the eastward, and the leaves were brought up for the use of the Inca: of Peru. After the e nquest of P.ru. by the Spaniards, some fanatics proposed to proscribe its use and to root up the plants be*ause the Jeaves had been used in the ancient superstitions, and bi cause the cultivation took away the Indians from other work. The second Council of Lima, which sat in 1569, condemned the use of coca ‘‘as a useless and pernicious leaf and o) account of the belief stated to be entertained by the Indians that the habit of chewing coca gave them powers of endurance, which," said these sapie t, Bishops, *‘is an illus on of the evil one.” Anecdote respecting Coca.—The learned Jesuit Acosta and the chronicler Garcilasso de la Vega, however, bear very different testimony. In speaking of the strength and endurance that coca give: to those who chew it, Garcilasso relates the folowing anecdote:—‘I remember,” he says, ‘‘au incident which I heard of a gentleman ot rank and honour is my native land of Peru, named Rodrigo Pantoja. ‘Travelling from Cuzeo to Lima he met a poor Spaniard wuo was going on foot with a little girl on his back. The man was known to Puntoja, and they thus con- versed: ‘Why do yon go laden thus?’ said the Knight. The poor man said that he was unable to hire an Indian to errry the child, ani for that reason he carried it himself. While be spoke, Pan- toja looked in his mouth, and saw that it was full AGRICULTURIST. 579 of coca, As the Spaniards abominated all that the Indians eat and drink, as though they savoured of idolatry, particularly the chewing of coca, which seemed to them a low and vile habit, be said—‘It may be as you say, but why do you chew coca, like an Indian, a thing so hateful to Spaniards?’ The man answered—‘In truth, my lord, I detest it as much as anyone, but necessity obliges me to imitate the Indians and keep coca in my mouth, for I would have you to know that, if I did not do so, I could not carry this burden, while the coca gives me sufficient strength to endure the fatigue.’ Pantoja was astonished to hear this, and told the story wherever he went. From that time credit was given to the Indians for using coca from necessity, to enable them to endure fatigue, and not from gluttony.” Spanish fules as to Coca Cultivation.—Eventually, indeed, the Sp nish Government interfered with coca cultivation from more worthy motives, and gquitas (turns) of Indian labourers for collecting coca leaves were forbidden in 1569 on the ground of the reputed unhealthiness of the valleys. The Spanish Viceroy of Piru afterwards permitted the cultivation with voluntary labour, on condition that the labourers were paid and that care was taken of their health. Descent to the Coca Plantations.—‘oca has always been one of the most valuable articies of commerce in Peru, and it is used by about 8,000,000 of the buman race. (/rythoxylon Coca) is cultivated between 2000 and 6,000 feet above the level of the sea, in the warm valleys of the easte n slopes of the Andes, wher+ it rains more or less every month in the year- The descent from the bleak and lofty plains of the Andes to the valle s where the coca grows, presents the most lovely scenery to be found anywhere. For the fir t thousand feet of the descent the vege. tation continues to be of a lowly alpine character; but as the descent is continued the scenery increasea in magnificence. ‘T'he polished surfaces of perpendi- cular cliffs glitter here and there with foaming torrents, some like thin lines of thread, oth«rs broader and breaking over rocks, others seeming to burst out of the flecey clouds, while jagged black peaks, glittering with streaks of snow, pierce the mists which conceal their bases, Next the t:rraced gardens are reached, constructed up the sides of the moun- tains, the upper tir from 6 feet to 8 feet wide, and supported by masonry walls, thickly clothed with celsias, begonias, calceo'arias, and a profusion of ferns. These terraces or andeveria are often upwards of a hundred in number, rising one above the othe-. Below them the stream becomes a roaring torrent, dashing over the hugs 1ocks, with vast masses of dark frowning mountains on either side, ending in fan- tastically-shaped peaks, some of them veiled by thin, fleecy clouds. The vegetation rapidly increases in luxuriance with the descent. The river, rushing down the valley, winds along the small breadth of level land, striking first against the precipitous cliffs on one side, and then sweeping over to the other. The scenery continus to increase in beanty, and the cascades pour down in every direction, some in a white sheet of continuous foam for hundreds of feet, finally seeming to plunge into beds of ferns and flowers; some like driven spray, ard occasionally a waterfall may be seen high up, between two peaks, which seems to drop into the clouds) below. Next bamboos and tree ferns begin to appear and we at length reach the region where coca is cultivated in te races, often fringed with coffee plants. In many places these terraces are fifty deep, up the sides of the mountains; the rock is a metamorphic slate, slightly micaceous and ferruzivous, with quartz occur- ing here and there; the soil is a soft brown loam. The trees a'd shurbs in the coca region are very luxuriant; there are beautiful melastomacew with a large purple flower, cinchona plants of the shrub variety, gaultherias, and an imniense variety of ferns. Coca Cultwation.—The coca plant is a shrub from 4 to 6 feet high, with lichens usnally grown on the older trunks. The branches are straight and alter- nate; the leaves alternate and entire, in form and size like tea leaves; flowers solitary, with a small yellowish-white corolla in five petais. Sowing is 580 —— commenced in December and January when the rains begin, which continue until April. The seeds are spread on the surface of the s»il in a small pursery or raising ground, over which there is generally a thatched roof. The following year the young plants are removed to a soil especiaily prepared by careful weedinz and breaking up the clods very fine by hand. ‘his soil is ofton in terraces only affording room for a single row of plants, which are kept up by sustaining walls. The plants are generally place: in square holes a fot deep, with stones on the sides to prevent the earth from falling in. Three or four are planted in each hole aid grow together. lu Southerv Peru a' d Bolivia tbe soil in which th-e ca lants grow is composed of a blackish c’ay, formed rom the decomposition of the schists which form the principal geological feature of the Eastern Andes. When the plantation is on level ground the plants are placed in furrows separated by little wails of earth, at the foot of each of which a row of plats is. p'aced. But this is a modern innovation. the terrace cultivation being the most ancient. At the end of eighteen months the pants yielded their first harvest they continue to yield for upwards of forty years. The first harvest is called * quita-calzon”’ and the leaves are picked with extrem~ care, to avoid disturbing the roots of the young tender plants. The following harvest are called “ mitta’’ (*tme” or ‘‘season”’) and take place three times or even four times a year. The most abundant | arvest is in March, immediately after the rains. The worst is at the end of June. With plenty of watering four days suffice to cover the plants witi leaves afresh. It is necessary to weed the ground very carefully, especially while the plant: are young. The green leaves, when harvested, are deposited in a piece of cloth which each pcker (woman or child) carries, and are then spread out in very thin layers and carefully dried in the eun in yards payed with slate flags: he g een leaf is called matu, aud the dried leafbecomes coca. ‘he thoroughly dry leaves are sewnup in 20 lb. cestos or sacks made of banana leaves, strengthened by an exterior covering of cloth. They are also packed in 50 1b. drome, pressed tghtly down. Dr. Poépping, a» German traveller, some sixty years ago reckoned the profits of a coca farm to be 45 per cent. Lhe harvest is largest in a hot moist situation; but the leaf which is general:y considered the best flavoured by consumers, grows in drier parts on the mountain sides. ‘ue very _ greatest care is required in drying; for if packed up moist the leayes become fetid, while too much sun causes them to shrivel and lose flavo r. Coca Trade.—The internal trade in coca bas be n considerabie, ever since the conque t of Peru, three- and-a-half centuries ago. Acosta says that i: his . time at Potosi, it was worth $500,090) annually, and that in 1583 the Ind ans consumed 100,000 cestos uf coca, werth $24 each in \uzco, and $4 in Potosi, Between 1785 ani179) the coca trattic was calcula- ted at $1 207,430 in the Peruvian Vicero alty, and at $2,641,487 including that of Buenos Ayres. In 1860 the approximate aimual produce of coca in Pe u was abous 15,000,000 lbs., the averige yield being g00 Ib. an acre. Moe than 10,000,000 Ib. were annualiy produced in Bolivia, At that time the ¢ mbor or drum of 50 1b. was worth $9 to $12, the tiuctuations in price being caused by the perisbable nature of the article. he average duration of coca in a sound state, on the coast of Peru, is about five months, after which time it 1s said to lose its flavour, and it is rejected by consumers as worthless Use of Coca.—No native of Peru is wthout hs chuspa ox coca bag made of liama ‘loth, which he carries over one slionlder, suspended at his side. In taking coca he sits down, puts his chuspa before him, and places the leaves in his mouth one by «ne, chewing them, and tirning them with his tongue, until: he forns a, bal’. He then applies a small ‘quantity of carbonate of potash puepared by barning the ‘stalk of the quinna plant, and mixing the ushes with lime and watxr; he thus forms cakes called llipta, which areidried for use and also kept in the . chuspa. oc bag, sometimes in a small silver receptacle. With this there is also a small pointed instrument THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Marcn 1, 1895. with which th» /Ipta is scratched, and the powder is applied to the pellet of leaves. In some provinces a eniall calabash full of lime is kept in their chuspas, called iscupuru. The operation of chewing is usually performed three times during the day's work, and eve y Indian consumes 2 or 3 oz. of coca daily. In the mines of the cold regions of the Andes the Indians derive great enjoyment from the use of coca. ‘Lhe chasque or messenger, in his long journeys over the mountains and deserts, and the shephered watch- ing his flock on the lofty plains, has no other nourishment than is afforded by his chuspa of coca, chunu or frozen potato, and a little parched maize, The feats of Indian couriers, sustai by coca leaf and a little parched maize, are marvellous, It is authentically recorded trat an Indian has taken a message from La Paz to Tacna, a distance of 249 miles, wth a pass 1,300 feet above the sea to go up and come down, in four days, thus accomplishing 6U miles a day, He rested une day and night at Tacna, and then returned, Virtues of the Coca Leaf.—The reliance? on the extravrdinary virtues of the coca leaf amongst the Peruvian Indians is very strong. In the province of Huanuco they believe that, if a dying man can taste aleaf placed on his tongue, it is @ sure sign of his 'utue happiness. A common remedy for a headache is to damp coca Jeaves, and to stick them alt over the forehead. My own experience of coca wai very much in its favour. Besides the agreeable soothing feeling it produced, 1 found that when I chewed it I could endure long abstinence from food with less inconvenience than I should otherwise have felt, and that it enabled me to ascend pre- cipitous mountain sides with a feeling of lightness and elasticity, and without losing breath. This latter quality ought to recommend its use to members of une Alpine Club, an! to walking tourists in general The smell of the coca leaf is agreeable and aro- matic, and when chewed it gives out a grateful fragrance, accompavied by slight irritation, which excites the siliva. Tea made from tbe leaves hus has much the taste of green tes, and, if taken at night, is much more provocative of wakefu'ness. Applied externally. coca leaves moderate rheumatic pains. When used to excess it is, like everything else, prejudicial to health; yet, of all the nare tics and vlimulants used by min coca is the least injuriou , and most soothing and invigorating. Cocaine.—Tbe active principle of the coca le.f was separa'ed by Dr. Niemann in 1860, and cal'ed cocaine. It is an alkalod which crystallises with difficulty, is but elightly soluble in water, bnt exssily so in alcohol, ad still more easily in ether. The discovry of the medicina! virtues of cocai-e followed soon after the separation of the alkaloid. I remember that. wen I was in Edinburgh in 1870; the eminent physician, Sir Robert Christison, spoke to me on the subject of the use of coca leaves, He was then upwards of eighty years of years, and he told me that he had gone up and dowu Arthurs Seat, with the use of coca, with a lightness and elasticity sacn as he had not experienced since he was a young man. He foretold that coca would a‘tain the impor- tant position in the pharmacopmia, before long, which it n-w hoids. 1t was in 1884 that tie great discovery was made by Herr Koller, at Vienna, that cocaine produces local anesthesia. Export—TVhe great medicins] virtues of cocaine have since been ascertained, and a demand has aris: for the leaf which will increase My lates Custom House returns from Pera are for the last quarter of 1890, when the export of coca l aves fro n the ports of Mollendo and Salavery to Engiand and Germany were 14,689 lb. worth £642, and of cociine from Callao 2,046 lb., worth £372. If these re urns may be quadrupled for the whole year, the quantity of coca was 58,756 lb. worth £2,568 a_d-of cocaine 8,184 Ib. worth £1,488. Plants Distributed by Kew.—For the cultivation of the co a plant in our Colonies and in India we are indebted to Kew GurJens, an institution to ech this Empire, and, indeed, the whole, civilised world owes an immense debt of gratitude for its wise: a indefatigable exertions in the distribution of plants, Marcu 1, 1895.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 581 In 18€9 coca plants were raised from ceed at Kew, which came from the Department of Huanuco in Northern Peru. They belong to a distinct variety first described by Mr. D. Morris, the able Assistant Director of Kew, and named by him Nova Granatense. From this variety the plants are derived which are now growing in Jamaica, St. Lucia, Trividad, and Cejlon. They were introduced into Jamaica and Ceylon in 1870. Experience derived from cultivation in our Colonies seems to indicate that the coca plant thrives best at low elevations, from the sea level to 3,000 feet; from the point of view of the largest yield of cocaine. But if the yield of crys- tallisable cocaine is considered, the plants grown at high altitudes are the richest. The Bolivian leaves ield 0°45 of cocaine, neazly all crystallisable. The argest yield is recorded of a plant at Danjiling, in India, growing at 900 feet aboye the sea, namely 08 per cent. of wuich 0°43 was crystallisable. The next highest yield came fom a plant at 100 feet above the sea in Jamaica. which gaye 0°76 fer cent., only 0°33, or less than half, being crystallisable ; while ‘Ceylon plants, at 2,300 feet elevation, yielded 0°6 er cent. of cocaine, the whole being crystallisable. At Buitenzorg, in Java, which is 820 feet above the sea, tue yield was 0°39 per ceut., of which 03 was crystallisable. j ; Tropsine.—I am indebted to Mr. Morris, of Kew, for the information that a new product has been obtained from the smali.coca Jeaves exported from Java, which is called tropa cocaine or tiopsine, and has lately coine into use. It is described as more reliable and deeper in its action than cocaine, and, unlike the latter, it acts as an anesthetic on, in- Hamed tissue. Yield of leaves.—Coca ‘eaves are now expected from Ceylon, Jamaica, Mauritius, Trinidad, and Java, besides Peru; and the Government of India is now proposing to grew coca for its own needs. Of course the yield of alkaloids is the main consideration in the growth of coca leaves for exportition, while the best kinds for home consumption . are those which best suit the taste: of consumers. Deterioration and Price of Leaves.—The dete:iora-— tion which the leaves suffer trom long journeys, and from being kept, cause! me to abandon the idea which I entertained many years ago, of- pro- moting the importation of coca leaves for, use by miountaineers and others.in Europe. It now appears that, there is a distinct loss of alkaloid in the leayes, caused during a long voyage. This circumstance has given. rise to the manufacture of a crude alka- loid at Lima, covtaining 70. per cent. of pure _erystallisable cocaine, which sells at lds, per oz. ' the action of sew Gardens, supply the needs of their own populations. ~ The lewves fetch d from 10d. to 1s. 6d. per, |b. in London and at New York, but now the price is much lower. Last week a parcel of 8500 lb. was sold at 2d, per lb., but they had been under water for severs! hours. It seem:, therefore, very unlikely that it will be worth while to export the leaves from India or the Oolovies. The production in South America is so enormous that Pern will always bs able to meet the demands of the Europe and of the United States with the crude alka'oid, such as is now manufactured at Lima. But it will, doubtless, be profitable, both in India and in the Colonies, to grow sufficient coca for the pur- pose of manufacturing cocaine and tropa-cocaine to meet all local demands, Concluding vemarks.—I trust, then, that the reeog- nition of the virtues of the coca laf will be, in the first pace, beneficial 1o the Peruyians,) it was the Peruvians who discoyerei some of those virtues many centuries ago; it is due solely to their in- dustry and agriculturaleskill that coca was con- verted from a wild and useless to a cul ivatedand most valuable plant, and as to them belongs the honour, so them shonld accrue the princip.| share of pr fit. Great benefit will be conferred upon an increasing Humber of people throughout the world by the use of this remarkabie specitic. Lastly, our oan OMolonies and Britis Tidiw will be able, trroagh to vise sufficient 10 Thus we find, jn the history of cdea cultivation, one markets of | | more instance of the benefits derived by the old World from the products that are jeculiar to the New World; and one more example of the debt we owe to the Incas of Pern. If they had not, by the application of unrivalled skill and care, con- verted the coca and the potato plants from wild to cultivated products, we sheuld probably never have known either the virtues of the one or the value, as a source of food supply, of the other. The cratitude of the peoples of the O!d World is, there- fore, due to the Incas of Peru, whose civilisation secured to us such inestimab!e benefits. Home.—With the increasing cemands. on. the mobility of troops, and the difficulties of supply which the satisfaction of these demands eutail, the importance of some portable form of food which will enable men and horses to endure extreme fatigue and privation has greatly increased. We, therefore, «ffer no apology for reproducing almost in extenso the foilowing notes on a Jecture delivered by Mr. Clements Markham at the imperial - Insti- tntion on the Cultivation and the Properties of the ‘‘Coca”’ Plant.. In the concluding paragraphs, Mr. Clements Markham ca!l's attention to the de- terioration of tbe leaves when stor:d., This deteri- oration undoubtedly occurs, but even with this in- ferior article of commerce we can from personal experience assert that. ‘he endurance of either man or horse can be rather more, than. doubled. by the use of this’ leaf. Personally, we prefer to use the Kola nut, which appear; to possess identical qualites. This also deteriorates in the process of drying, but for private expedi ionary pnrposes tbe full value of the fresh nut can be derived by using powders of theobromin, and caffein', two grains of the former to eight. of the latter.—Natal and Military Notes. Cite VEGETABLE FIBRES IN THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC, The United States Consul at Buenos Ayres says that one great drawback to the production of native fibre. in the Argentine Republic is the lack: of prop r machinery and, the want of enterprise-.Suffi- cient to procure it. There are numerous varieties of plants. growing spontaneously in the country which produce a yery superior fibre. To some extent these have been used, and ‘are still -used not only: for cordag+ ‘and rope, but’ for bagging and other more delicate textile fibres. The most common of these ‘are th» following:—Tbe ayave which: is calle’ Pcta in the country. It is the same plant as that so welland so fayourably known in Mexico, and it has’ all the same qualities and characteristics. The caraguato, the usual name for which” is' the’ chaguar, was employed by~ the Indians before the Spanish conquest, and has been used by the Argentine people of the interior’in a primitive domestic way ever sinc’, It grows with especial luxuriance in the Gran Chaco, and in one part there is a natural growth of it of upwards of 100 square leagues'in extent! The Indians produce from it a thread with which they make their fishing nets, and also the few garments which they wear, the latter being generally dyed in various eolours. The Argentine women of the upper pro- vinees, with their hand looms, aso make various fabrics, some of them of ‘excellent quality. In former years there was a question of the «xport of this fibre, but the difficulty was in preparing t for market in sufficient quantities, owing to the want of labourers, and, in the second place, it was found tha the roads between the frontiers and the Parana or Paraguay rivers were so few and so bad that the cost of transportation would absorb all the prospective profit. It has been stated that the fibre of the chaguar will compete with the hemp of Manila, which is said to be less uniform and durable, In some of the upper provinces, canamo, or hemp, has, to some ‘extent, been cultivated for many years for jis fibre. It grows, however, almost spon- taneously, and ‘althotigh the oil of the count gives it an excetlent fibre, there yet au, cent enterprise to do Linseed ig iS WoOt Much with it &82 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. {Makénw ‘1, 1895. grown in great quantities, especially in the province of Buenos Ayres and Santa Fé, but, hitherto, it has been produced more for the seed than the fibre. The exports of linseed, in 1890, were 30,720,636 kilogrammes, and in the first nine months of 1892 they amounted to 44,160,163 kilogrammes. From these figures it will be seen that the amonnt of fibre left for home consumption must have been very considerable. Besides the above, there are nu- merous plants, especially in the Gran Chaco, known only ‘by the Indian or Guarani name, whieh produce fibre of more or less excellence. One of these is the caza-quata, a species of aloe, which grows spon- taneously, not only in the Gran Chaco, but in Paraguay. A few years ago a firm of American merchants at Buenos Ayres, who own an exten ive tract of land a few leagues above Asuncion, on which this plant grows in a very rank condition, undertook tbe production of fibre, not only for rope and cordage, but also for woven goods. The tests which were made by experts from ths United States were most satisfactory, the fibre, as they reported, being equal, if not superior, to any pyro- duced in the world; but the field of operations was so inaccessib'e and so remote from market, that the industry was given up. There is, however, be- lieved to bs a field for this fibre fully «qval io the one which Manila enjo)s. Jute is not cultivated, not because it could not be grown to advantage in many parts of the Argentine Republic, but because, in a’n-w country ike Argentina, there is not the enterprise or manual labour to cultivate it, A‘l the jute used in manufactures, or at least a very large proportion of it, is imported from abroad. For several years’ experiments have bee: made in Bue- hos Ayres with the ramie plant, and they have been s) satisfactory, tha: a company has been for- med iu that city to grow the plant in large quan- tities)in the: southerhi portion ot ‘he Gran Chaco. Consul Ba*er say; that, in the Arg-ntine contri- bution to ‘he Chicago Exhibition, there will be found a full and interesting display of all the t x- tile plants grownin the country, the whole number Bmounting to 140 varieties, not including the cotton plant.—Journal of the Society of Arts. ee ee CINCHONA GATHERING IN PERU. The mountains of Peru form the natural’ home of the.cinchona-tree, which is easily distinguishable from surrounding foliage by ‘its beautiful leaves and magni- ficent proportions. ‘he trees themselves frequently attain a height of eighty \feet, :are straight as a lance and. covered with foliage. ‘Ihe leaves are large, and of a deep glossy grecii, relieved by dlicate’ pink lines, producing a beautiful, effect’ in the sunshine of that country.,Since 1638 themedicinal properties | of the.cinchona-tree have been known in Peru. The life of a cascarllero,, or bark-hunter, is one of constant toil and. incessant, hardship, and his miain reliance on his long and solitary journeys in search of the bark is the coca leaf, which he: masticates for the strengthening and stimulating qualities it possesses. Since the days of the Incas) this) coca has ‘been in common use locally, and it is said that among the mountains of Boliva and Peru, Indians using coca freely when_driving pack mules over the roughest roads along the Sierras,.outstrip well-mounted horse- jen, From thirty to fifty grammes are consumed daily, serying both as food and stimulant. The cascarilleyo, constantly using coca, finally loses the senses of taste and smell, here are many varieties of cinchona, which the hunter learns to distinguish through the texture and appearance of the bark. ‘They ‘are red, white, orange, yellow, blue and grey; the yellow being \the finest. Although the pay of the -quinine-hunter is very small, it sutfices to meet the gimple requirements of himself and family, and asa class they are happy and contented with their lot. It “4s a vocation that is handed down from father to son, ‘but, despite long years, of experience, coupled with an, intimate knowledge of the intricate trials leading to the, cinchona-tree, the Indian hunters frequently lose their lives in the jungles of the wilderness. dyocasionally, a number of hunters start together as ‘in 1894 is very satisfactorily represented, and a great protection against disaster. Upon reaching a desirable spot where the signs of paying trees are considered good, preparations for careful are at once made, and from the tops of the loftiest trees the hunters the scan forest, quickly recognising the cinchonas. The task of gathering cinchona bark occupies all the working bours between sunrise and sunset. Armed with knives and ropa eas hatchets, the tree is quickly felled and the trunk is stripped and cleared from all foreign growth. This isa task of considerable magnitude, frequently requiring days of constant labour, the sharp edges of Yaiiee like eaves, mingled with thorns and briars, lacerating and wound- ing the hunters flesh. The bark, when removed, is cut into small curling slips and piled up in a convenient spot, where they are subjected to a drying process. The thin portions of the bark curlup, drying rapidly, while the larger and thicker strips retain their shape and are easily packed for transportation. When all is pronounced ready by the torlego, or head hunter of the party, the bark is neatly lashed together with plaited grass and bound round with broad tough leaves, as a protection to the cured bark. The Indians and peous then shoulder their burdens, often welfhing as much ag one hundred and sig or two huni pounds —these are kept in position by plaits of grass passin round the foreheads of the bearers, and are thus carri to market.—Jbid. , eee ee eee KEROSINE VS. COCONUT OLL. Dear Sm,—Although the discovery made by one of our planters is not much extraordinary ofa na- ture, yet so far as I can judge it is a creditable one to some certain exent, for the discovery in question might have stientifically attracted the a’- tention of some plan‘ers who are usivg Kerosine oil lamps for the preparation of tea or desiccated coconuts. It is tue as stated by your correspon- dent that to detect discoloration in prepared'tea is not easy mater since it bears the same resenibiance . similar to t*e discolored desiccated stuff. But, how- ever, it would be advantageous and some benefit would’ follow if planters’ would use coconut oil lamps in factories’ erected for the preparation ’ of cither tea or desiccated cocoannt, instead of"any Kerosine lamps which contain more carbonic’ acids and fumes, and effects the flavour of v' getable sab- stances as wil be seen by the following’ experi- ment: — ane tts * Kerosine ‘is nothing bat liqtid carbonga’e. Carbo- nate is a compound substance formed by the union of carbonic acid, and is like cotamon air “a colont- less’ invisible’ gas we cannot sve.’ Barts’ OF this carb’n yot' may notice going away ‘anburnt’ as smoke or soot and thus affects the genitive colour of substances, notwithstanding the burning wick of a lamp is covered with its chimney and mi di- ¢cinal gla‘s. If you quickly press a sheet of white ‘paper on to the flame so as not to burn the paper, you will see that it becoines stained with’ a b ack ring ot so»t or carbon which by the b'ow of com- mon air naturally combines with other substances. Now the question is whether it is po:sib’e” for ‘a scientific may to prevent ‘this carbonic fume from ‘combining’ with other matters? I think not, as carbon, however, exis's* combined not on'y in ths bodies of plants and animals, but also in the air as carbonic acid gas. ‘Yours, ete., — s- B.D. LYE. Colombo, 18th Feb., 1893, : —* Ceylon Independent,” — ; SELANGOR PLANTERS’ A'SSOCIATION.—We 4t- tract attention to the extracts we take froi the latest Report, of this body. We quote the portions of most interest to our planting readers, and these shew continued progress in this flourishing. division of the Straits Settlements. That 1,000 additional acres of coffee were o shews full confidence in our old staple, ¥ >} Marcu 1, 18y5-] MR A. G.. SPANTON’S PAPER ON TEA, On Wednesday night (Jan. 23rd), before, the Society. of Arts, Mr. A. Gy Stanton, of». the firn, of Messrs.’ Gow, Wilson, Stanton and Co., read a paper on “Lea” before a large audience, includ- ing Sir Henry Peek, Messrs... J. Williamson and, R Lyell (G. Williamson and Co.), -W. Gow, W.-'T. Wil- son, L: °F. Davies (Gow, Wilson, and Stanton), C. W. Wallace, (R, G. Shaw and Co.), H. Todd (dixector Ceylon Tea Plantatious (Company), W. Mackenzie (Commissioner fo Ceylon to America), W. Martin Leake (Secretary of the Ceylon Association in Lon- don), E. Tye (seexetaxy of the Indian Tea Association, Loudon), B.S. Hunves (Hawes and Co.), W. Rich (ditec- tor of Brook; Bond, and Co.), J. C. Sharpe (Ewart, Maccaughiey, and Co.), S, Smiles and Kh. W. Kx. Ap- pleton (Appleton, Martin, and Smilés),-and Messrs. Russell, Grant, Forbes» Lauvie, C. “Wi Christian, J. Hughes, G. Seton. J. H. M. Harrington, H. Pritchard, W. Somervilley “L. Christie, W. ‘Reidy ‘A. J Slatey, J. W. Monékton,) 11. i. Page, and Stringer. ‘Tn the absence of Sir Alexander Wilson through ilmess the chair was taken by Surgeon-General A. C: ©. dé’ Rénzy- Df ie BE Pa “Mr. Stanton’s Paper was as follows :— Phere is no civilised country in the world in which so) large a quantity of tea is used as in the United Kingdom of Great Britan and Trelund. ‘The quantity we annually consume nearly equals that of all other civilised Countries combined. ‘The people of | these islands are the greatest tea drinkers, and wherever the British tlag is unfurled tea consumption. invari- ably follows. To the Hnglish-speaking race, tea dyinking seeins almost as natural as the mother tongue. In our own native land, perhaps there is nothing besides water so generally drunk, rich and poor, old and young, all contribute their quota to its use, but pezhaps those who excel in its consumption, and eveti derive Most enjoyment from it, are the’ fair sex; and to deprive ladies of their afternoon tea would produce littie short of a social yeyolution, while many people would not. think the day ; properly begun if they did not have their cup of tea: before beginning their daily work.: Whether the country be rejoicing in affluent years of plenty, or impoverished by ad- versity gnd distress, the use of tea continues unin- terrupted, and neither strikes nor distress appear capable of checking the steady increase in its annually progressing consumption. . ‘Vo the National /xcliequer, tea has been an untold boon, and the increased “revenue annually derived fron’ it must often have proved a consolation to many a Chancellor of the Exchequer. Perhaps no fax is more clieerfully paid or more imperceptible in its weight than the small duty upon this universally fayourite beverage. “Its price has, forthe past haif- century oY so, contiiued steadily to decline, until it has become a necessity in the household of rich and poor alike, and has so ingratiated itself into our homes, and even onr hours of toil and work, that it seems to have become almost a part of our national existence, and were the supply of tea suddenly to cease, it would bring constéination to many a family, and sadness to many a cheerful fireside. Seated The national character of tea drinking is at once apparent when we Yemember chat the sinall poptla- tion of the United) Kingdom annually uses nearly as much tea as that of the whole Continent of Europe, North and South America, Africa, und Australia com- bined, whith totals perhaps fifteen times the num- ber’ of people our isiands contain. Byery day in the year We use, of an dverage, néarly 600,000 1b, of tea, the approximate ‘gmount of liquid thus consumed teaching, probably, 4,000,000 gallons daily. 73 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. §83 The vicissitudes which have taken place in the public taste concerning tea have been very remark- able. The green tea of our grand-parents has almost’ ceased to bé known in this country, and the Twankay, Hyson, and Gunpowder, with the old black tea called Bohea, are ‘seldom if ever heard of,’ and- perhaps! hardly ‘even understood outside the tea trade itself, while’ the more modern names of Kaisow, Lapsang,’ and:!Moning’ are’far less common than they were’ even ten years ago, so completely has the public taste. changed,,until even the produce of the Chinese Empire. itself, which at one time met almost the whole of otix wants, does not at present constitute more than about one-twelfth of our supplies, so general has become the use of Indian and Ceylon tea. a - But’ the increase in the use of tea was for many years very gradual. In the year 1800 we consumed only 20,358,827 lb. Vhe following figures show the progressive consumption from the beginning of the century ;-- r 5 ib: th. 1800 20,358,827 1860 .. —76,800,0C0 1810. 24,486,408 1870... 118,000,000. 1820 (25712, 9355! i 1880. 4. 158,321,572 1830 30,046,935 1890" 2°"193'949 450" isto 31,716,000 1894; ,. 214,341,044, 1850... 51,000,000 { In! 1800 the average consumption per head of population’ was 1:25 lb.; in 1864 it had increased to 2°95) 1b. ;:and>in 1894 to’ 5°53 Ib. THE GRADUAL DECLINE AND FALL OF THE CHINA WEA TRADE IN GREAT BRITAIN, Inpran ‘Lza—Up to thé year 1862 practically all the tea used’ by us came from China, but after that date the consumption of Indian tea became a growing feature of the industry. ‘he progress it made was, however, for many years very slow. Thus, in 1864 | only 2,796,000 lb were use@, or 3 per cent of the | in consequence fell lower and lower. . being imported than was wanted, and over-supply | becoming acute | entire consumption; in 1870 the quantity had’ only increased to 13,500,000 1b or 11 per cent of the whole; and in 1879 to 34,092,000 lb or 22 per cent, — Lhe year 1879 marks an epoch in the history of the tea industry, because up to and including that year the home consumption of China tea continuously progressed and suttered little if any apparent check irom the increasing use of Indian tea, which in the year was only 22 pei cent of the whole quantity used. But the year 1879 marked the maximum con- sumption of China tea in Great Britain. Since that memorable year its use has steadily declined, the increasing quantity of Indian tea imported into the’ country from this date beginning very percep- tibly to’ interfere with the usé of Uhina tea. It soon became evident that a fearful struggle was about to take place between the two industries. ‘ea caine pouring in from both countries, and the price More tea was was gradually crippling both industries, and it ap- peared as though either Indian or China tea would in course of time be crushed out of the market. Risr or Crynon.—It was while this struggle was that Ceylon suddenly entered the field. But her imports were at first so small—so msignificant—that little heed was paid to them. In the year 1880 only about 100,000 lb. were used, and in 1885 the quantity had only risen to 3,217,000 1b., but from this date for several years, progress was astonishingly rapid, the consumption rising in 1886 to 6,245,000 Ib, in 1887 to. 9,911,000° lb. in’ 1888" ta 1s 00 1b., 2 1889 to 28,500,000 Ib., and in 1890 to 34,516,469 1b., in IS9L to 71,570,078 tb. It has thus continued to increase almost without a single check, eyery year showing a larger consumption than the previous ‘year. The reason’ of its more rapid progress than Indian tea is traceable to the tact that the latter was for many years blended with’ China tea, its great strength being used to add body to the weaker tea from China. This process of admixture of Indiay ? tea had’ been in progress for many years before 584 a) .THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Mar 1, 1898, Ceylon tea had been introduced, each year witness- ing a larger proportion of Indian tea in the blend. Ceylon tea was found to be somewhat similar in character to this blend of India and China tea, which at that time was very rapidly gaining in popularity. Hence an article similar to that which was being produced by admixture of Indian and China tea was found ready made in the produce arriving from Ceylon, and its progress was naturally exceedingly rapid. STRUGGLE BETWEEN BRITISH-GROWN AND CHINA TEAS: As Ceylon continued to pour these annually-increas- ing quantities of her tea into the market, the strug- gle became a sort of triangular duel. There was evidently no room for the three suitors to public favour, and it was apparent that one, at least, must succumb. Enough for years past had been said and known about the impurities of some of the teas from China, and the epithet “lie tea,’’ was a well-known expression as referred to certain teas manufactured in China,. whereas no taint of any kind had ever sullied the reputation of either Indian or Ceylon tea. These teas—instead of being manufactured, as was the case in China, by the unclean and objectionable process of hand labour, aggravated by the heat of almost tropical weather,—were made by machinery; a much more cleanly and salutary mode of operation. In addition to this, as most of the finest Chinese tex was always taken by the Russian market at high prices, we.received less and less of the best China tea into this country; and indeed the general quality of China tea all round fell perceptibly, and continued much below its ancient standard. Economy or InpIAN AND Cryton TrA.—Besides this, it was found that the teas from our own dependencies were more economical than those grown in China because, being stronger, they would go farther. In other words, it was unnecessary to put as much Indian or Ceylon tea into the tea-pot as China tea. Money was saved by using Indian and Ceylon tea, in addition to its being more palatable; and what stronger inducement could there be to a nation of practical people ? Hence; the battle gradually turned in favour of Sndian and Ceylon tea. For the introduction of machinery, European intelligence and skill, enabled India and Ceylon to rapidly and steadily reduce the cost of production. Thus, it soon became eyident that these qualities, pitted against the obstinate barbarity and the ignorance of the Chinese in adher- ing to their antiquated notions of cultivation and manufacture, must triumph sooner or later. Fauuinc-orF 1x TeEA Dury.—About this time, 1885- 1889, a very curious circumstance was taking place, which caused some trouble to the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Though afternoon teas were perhaps imore in vogue than they had ever been before, and tea drinking had become so general that even the inedical faculty were crying out against its possible abuse, the tea duty, instead of bringing in a better reyenue every. year, suddenly became almost stationary, and continued so for some four or five years, and yet less tea did not seem to be drunk. This extraordinary circumstance induced some of the high officials at the Custom-house to try experiments with Indianand China tea, and atter doing so they wrote in the Customs’ report :— < “Prom the information which has been afforded us on the subject, we believe that we make a mode- rate estimate in assuming that Indian tea goes half as far again as Chinese tea, so far as depth of colour and, fullness (not delicacy) of flavour are concerned. “Thus, if 1 Ib. of Chinese tea produces 5 gallons of tea of a certain depth of colour and fulness of flavour, 1 Ib. %f Indian tea will produce 74 gallons of a similar beverage.” This is practically what the British house-wife had found out years before, foris there not an un- written law in every house that tea must have a certain colour, and that if, when poured from the teapot, it is too pale, it must be allowed to stand a little longer? ‘he same Custom-house report also pointed out that the displacement of Chinese tea by that produced in India and Ceylon was practi- cally tantamount to a reduction of duty on Indian and Ueylon teas. Soon after this, on May Ist, 1890, the duty on all tea was reduced from 6d to 4d, a step, which, in the long run, has proved beneficial alike to the National Exchequer and to the public. Directly the displacement of China tea became slower. or was temporarily arrested, the use of dry tea immediately increased. y _At the present time Indian and Ceylon teas have displaced all but about 26,000,000 Ib. annually of China tea, and even this small quantity seems to have but a precarious hold, so completely is the market domi- nated by the prevailing taste for Indian and Ceylon teas—the total quantity of Indian tea having gra- dually risen until, in 1894, it reached 117,000,000 Ib., and that of Ceylon until it reached, in the same year, 71,500,000 lb., against 26,000,0001b. of China; the per-centage of British-grown tea being thus 8k, against only 12 for China and other countries. The annual progress of Indian and Ceylon tea, and gradual decay of China, is traced in Table I. (p. 192), which also shows the percentage used in each year. Showing Gradual Displacement of China Yea since 1366, with per-centage of each kind used, and Quantity of all Tea per Head of Population. Ih : ; ee ‘ Fs r FE = § China, &. © Indian. & Ceylon. 2 Total 2 - E E E z BE 1866 97,681,000 96 4,584,000 4 ~~ = 102,265,000 :3°42 1867 104,628,000 94 6,360,000 6 — 110,988,000 3°68 1868 99,339,000 93 7,746,000 7 — 106,815,000 3°52 1869 101,080,000 90 10,716,000 10 — 111,796,000 8°63 1870 104,051,000 89 13,500,000 11 — 117,551,000 3°81 1871 109,445,000 89 13,956,000 11 — 123,401,000 3°92 1872 111,005,000 87 16,656,000 13 — 127,661,000 4°01 1873 111,665,000 85 1874 118,751,000 87 1875 122,107,000 84 20,216,000 15 18,528.000 13 23,220,000 16 — 131,881,000 4°11 — 137,279,000 4‘22 — 145,827,000 4'43 Phils) Bla BIS Ele plat 1876 123,364,000 83 25,740,000 17 — 149,104,000; 4-49 1877 123,300,000 82 27,814,000 18 — 151,114,000 4°50 1878 120,652,000 77 36,744,000 23 — 157,896,000 4°64 1879 126,340,000 78 34,092,000 22 — 160,482,000 4:68 1880 114,485,000 72 43,836,000 28 — 158,321,000 4°57 1881 111,715,000 70 48,336,000 30 — 160,051,000 4°58 1882 114,462,000 69 50,496,000 31 — 164,958,000 4°60 1883 111,780,000 66 58,000,000 33 1,000,000 1 170,780,000 4-32 1884 110,843,000 63 1885 113,514,000 62 1886 104,226,000 59 1887 90,508,000 49 62,217,000 36 2,000,090. 1 175,060,000 4-90 65,678,000 37 3.217,000 1 182,409,000 5°06 68,420,000 38 6,245,000 3 178,891,000 4-92 503, 83,112,000 45 9,941,000 6 183,561,000 5-02 1883) 80,653,100 43° 86,210,000 47 18,553,000 10 185,416,000 5°93 1889 61,100,000 33 96,000,000 52 28,600,000 15 135,600,000. 4-99 1290 57,530,337 30 101,961,686 52 34,516,469 18 104,008,492 5-17 1891 52,287,304 26 98,941,931 49 51,287,602 25 202,456.837 5°36 1892 34,483,408 17 109,526,169 53 63,102,127 30 207,188,704 5°43 1893 35,735,722 17 108,143,602 52 64,218,061 31 208,097,385 5°41 1894 25,805,313 12 116,965,653 55 71,570,078 33 214,341,044 5°53 The gradual fall of the China tea trade im this country may thus be traced to several causes; but the whole can be summed up in the one great and all-important reason, viz., the triumph of civilisation over barbarism; for melancholy though it is to see a great industry crippled, and well nigh obliterated, in so important 2 market as Great Britain, and to remember the unfortunate troubles which the event must haye brought upon thousands of human beings, and the heayy losses entailed eyen upon our own countrymen and our com- merce in the East, it is, after all, but a natural circumstance that the intelligence, science, and re- search, which are the outcome of European civilisa- tion, should reduce to impotence the obstinate con- servatism which for centuries has characterised, and eyennow characterises, the Chinese Empire. It is not improbable that the present war in the Hast may conduce to a greater displacement of China tea in other markets than those of Great Britain. The injury resulting to Chinese commerce, in the loss of so important a tea market as Great Britain, has now been followed by a terrible national military disaster ; and both these troubles are, ip a measure. due to China's refysal to allow the civilisation 9 Marcn 1, 1893.| Kurope to penetrate her country. May the result of the present war, with its terrible lessons to this great empire, be a means of opening that vast tract of country to European influence and civilisation. RISE OF INDIAN TEA. Considering the popularity of tea in Great Bri- tain, it is not surprising that some of our own countrymen should have conceived the idea of growing tea in British dependencies, and thus supplying the home demand from British-grown produce, instead of from the produce of a foreign power. There is strong ground for believing, and, indeed, it seems to be now an admitted fact that tea is indigenous to India, and that it may have been conveyed from there to the Chinese Empire: in any case, 1f was found about the year 1819-21 in a wild state in the jungle of Assam; but so little weight was attached to this important discovery, that the Indian Government actually imported plants and native cultivators from China, to teach our country- men in India how to grow and manufacture the im- ported product, China tea, actually ignoring the wild indigenous plant growing on their own ground. Much harm has resulted to producers from the hybridisa- tion of the China variety with the indigenous plant of Assam. But Ido not propose to trace in details the rise of the tea industry of India, from its birth to this hour. An admirable paper upon this subject was read here some few years since by a well-known tea-planter, Mr. J. Berry White. Let us, therefore, pass oyer the period of its early history, the trials through which it passed, after the speculative fever of about 1863, when the British public ran wildly into tea speculations, and imagined that a fortune lay in every new tea-planting venture, the un- fortunate effects of which are stillfelt by many strug- gling tea companies, nearly strangled in their infancy by overloading of capital, and the consequent annually recurring difficulty of paying an adequate dividend upon a principal amount greatly in excess of the ac- tual value of the property. Since that date several districts have been openedup at amuch smaller cost per acre, and the money has been sent from Europe at a lower exchange. Increased facilities have been af- forded by the introduction of suitable machinery, im- proved means of communication, and the greater gen- eral experience and consequent knowledge of the sub- ject, together with concentration of labour, and a steadily falling exchange. In consequence of this, the dividend-earning powers of some of these later con- cerns were far greater in proportion to their capital, und they haye thus been placed under greater advan- tages, and have given far more lucrativereturns than muny of the older companies. The cost of production might be still further veduced if the Government could see their way to resume the old policy of giving grants in aid of local funds which are now rather starved. From the small beginning which was made when, in 1834, the Indian Government caused plants to be obtained from China, and tried to open tea planta- tions in Kumaun and at Luckimpore, in the Province of Assam, where one of the first Indian tea plan- tations was started in 1835, the industry has spread slowly but surely, and, for the most part, profitably, until now not only Assam proper, or the Brahma- ee Valley, but Cachar and Sylhet, in the Surma falley, Chittagong, East and Western Dooars, Terai, and Darjeeling, have become great tea-planting dis- tricts, while Chota-Nagpur and the districts of Kangra Valley, Kumaon, and akin Doon, celebrated for the Government plantations, where strong efforts to foster the industry were made in 1850, still continue to grow tea. In Southern India, Neilgherry and Travancore have added their quota to the general production, the latter-named district being the most recent among all Indian tea-producing localities. The total acreage under tea in creased until it has at present 370,000 acres, and the yield in geason is expected to be about India has in- reached over the present 126,000,000 Ibs, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. : 585 SHOWING THE APPROXIMATE ACREAGE UNDER TEA CULTIVATION IN INDIA FROM 1875-76 TO 1892-93,\ WITIL THE ANNUAL LB. YIELD IN Zz 2832 ASSESS ARIES e ‘ oy toll Seo) UL plat H B40 qt UL PIPtX S282 ~an © SCOnANN ri rst i AM aD Bees . a oer x BOVE ION leaner mine co cian aise htc ey Hoe o3e8 ; | o> ‘qulang Bie ' ‘ ‘Old MN n o PA f S) io el “SBIPV]T | q a =) g |S x *TOBSST. [oe eee ee —q ! SV | adacron OOmM wis isis Ssaeeine es (AWNODOoOD 1D SODSH TRsueg | PeSeCnartses MOOisnHwoawos CUA oc 20 oO Ht Ht SH a SE DRBOHAMH Q ST ar cimuetey ee 2 INO DAONNS ay reooree none oO DNODDNDODD WO io) fe ee oe ee ee oe | CEYLON TEA. There is something pathetic about the rise of the Ceylon tea industry, for it rose as a Phenix from the ashes of the ruined coffee plantations, which had brought golden harvests to the fortunate proprietors and were suddenly destroyed by the terrible ravages of the Henuileia Jastatric, large tracts of coffee- bearing land covered with fruitful bushes being sud- denly reduced in yalue from thousands of pounds to almost ni. The planters after trying cocoa, cinchona, cardamoms, &c., with but partial success, finally turned their attention to tea. The extraordinary suitability of the tea plant for the climate compared with the coffee plant was strikingly illustrated by the fact that tea, when left untended, was found to force its way through the undergrowth and jungle, and to thrive and luxuriate in the midst of this tropical vege- tation, triumphing alone and uncared-for over the surrounding difficulties, while coffee untended was soon found to sicken and die. So much more suitable did the climate of Ceylon, with its abundant rain- fall, prove for the leaf crop of the tea plant, than for the fruit crop of the coffee plant, that planters soon grasped the fact that, at last, they had found a product pre-eminently suited to the soil and climate of their island. Hence, once tea was fairly started in cultivation, thousands of acres were quickly planted up, until in the course of a few years large tracts of land were covered with tea plantations some 280,000 acres being under tea cultivation in 1894. So rapidly did the export increase that it rose from about 300lb in 1876 to 81,000 tb in 1879, and 611,068 [tb in 1882, and 4,352,895 Ib in 1885, and about 84,000,000 th in 1894; and the rise of the tea industry, which com- menced when almost the whole island was ina state bordering upon ruin through the failure of the coffee industry, has resulted in the restoration of- pros- erity and comfort to the sorely-tried planters, Tea has, indeed, proved a blessing to them, and not only staved off the wolf from their door, but has again brought comfort and prosperity into~ their midst. A Table is given showing the acreage and out-turn since the commencement of the industry, together with the average prices obtained in Mincing-lane for the crops each year. A paper uyon the Ceylon tea industry was read before the Society of Arts a few years ago by Mr John Loudoun Shand, soI do not propose to go further into the history of Ceylon tea, 886 : THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURISI. SHOWING THE ACREAGE UNDER TEA | CULTIVATION IN CEYLON SINCE 1867,4ND THE QUANTITY EXPORTED SINCE 1873, WITH THE AVERAGE PRICE OBTAINED IN THE LONDON MARKET SINCE 1880. Cultivated Exports in Approximate 2 = acreage. pounds. average price. 1867 35 ‘i : io # ie 1868 af 200 cs 1869 v 250 — - 1870 54 4h 5 ~ 1871 fe ; 1872 at 260 as . ~ 1873: ai ~ 280 93 * 1874 an ‘350 492 x Boy aS 1,080 1,488 1876 Ae 1.750. Tj7T 1877 a5 2,720 2105 1878 4,700 19,607 1879 6,500 95,969 pi - 1880 Y 274 162,575 103d 1851 3,500 348,157 11{p 1882 22,000. 697,268 Is 04d 1883 32,000 1,665,768 Is 34d 1884 70,000 2 392,973 Is 24d 1885 102,000 4,372,722 Is Bid 1886 150,000 7,819,888 Is lid 1887 170,000 13,834,057 Is ld . 1888 183,000 23,820,723 ll4d 1889 205,000 34,845,852 ll} 1890 220,000 45.799,519 lld 1891 250,000 67,718,372 10d 1892 262,000 72 279,985 sid 1893" & oe pie god 84,750,000 9d ( about about 1894 ++ {280,000 84,000,000 Bad PRESENT CONDITION OF TILE INDUSTRY. , Having. now traced very roughly and cur- i sorily the prcgress, of the tea industry to its present date, both at home and: in India and , Ceylon, let us consider the actual position as it now . stands, both as to the consumption. at home and a3 to the production in’ India and Ceylon, not » omitting the vast resources of the Chinese: Empire as @ tea-growing country, andthe smaller but still important tea industry of Japan. In the early part of this paper we remarked upon j the extraordinary fact that the United Kingdom con- sumed at the present time nearly as much tea an- .nually as:all other. civilised countries combined. Almost the entire quantity used in the United Kingdom is now Indian and Ceylon tea, China, as _ before-mentioned, ‘having been at last almost driven. , out-of the field. But the cost of the stwuggle has _ been tremendous, and has resulted in bringing down the average price of Indian’and Ceylon tea from 1s. 5d., in» 1881, when the quantity used was only. A8,000,000 lb. to 94d. in 1894, when the quantity used }. was’ 188,000,000 lbs. Even with this fallin price. room has been made for the produce of India and Ceylon only by turning out Ohina tea, which, in the ‘year _ 1894, shad been displaced except about 26,000,000 1b. | as will be seen from the following Table :-— : “ 22 a | aos g 919 a3 3 Ole oper os me) D- o oe oo “= O _— ! gene es 8) eerie Be aes Bee 7 Se OTE Btn rel wiz OUOdE of ee a i) : cE { = ‘ Ag id Shien bint aele mn dl oonate.b bag r=] o Our ° me) ° np enw million’ milion millon millicn 19 O18 Lderisist dik dps Tb- © ey Ib. 1881.4.1 5. 0 11% |: 48 (trifling) 112 160 1882., 1 3 1 5g 510 dai: 114 165 WSS8B8.si6 Wie2# olen Bhold sg bsvowq boobies 270 1884,..1 1% 1: 2300 69 519} 111 175 1885... 8s de 8k DOK Fos e114) 6489: | TSCCMe 20) periemie MIGO 6 104 .delyer | 1887... 0.113 plcoulads @Byode wv i ght 184 4 1888...) 0 10# 0) 114 19 86100118 Bait 9185 4839...) 0,102 i1/0. 114° 66 WowsovGpedd Ass 1890...01C4 O 11 (2 8497 donebere 194s 5 1891.. 0 14.0 10 + 99 51 KQeG BOQ + 1892..1/0/ 100.0, On She 1110 4. 163. 34 0207! | 1893. 110//19% oMs-o9ory 108 OF Lob4- bas eeZeuvohMosl | 16944, 0 92 O 8% 117 soi nMio) to Bwi-dTs | increase their production, though uot at so _at the time of Chicago Exhibition, to cultivate a “taste, for their teas in the ein tiarkets of the be | Macy 1, 1896. Now, as both India and Ceylon are continuing’ to id a rate as in recent years, the problem which faces us is (1) if it has cost the planter 8d per Ib. to reduce to 26,000,000 Ib. the annual consumption of China tea, from the figure at which it stood in ‘1881, viz., 112,000,000 tb., what further sacrifice will be entailed upon him in dis- lacing the remaining 26,0000 T., “and (2) when he shall have displaced this last figure of annual consumption, where is he to find market for his still-increasing production ? Over-Propvction.—The natural answer to this pro- blem seems at first sight to be, do not prodnce se much. But. when tea proprietors can be reckoned by hundreds, they cannot be prevented from opening up. fresh land except ,by that bitter experience which comes from the disappearance of the margin of profit ; and that experience, must mean to thei, and to a large part of the tea industry, nothing less than ruin. The danger has long | been foreseen, and, as the price has continued to ful, attempts haye now and again been made to, mect the danger by endeavour- ing to open up new markets, It would take too long to go into the details of the yarlous schemes which haye been inangurated for forcing open new markets, and for educating the people of various lands to the merits of Hyitish' grown teas. It. took a lovg time.to establish a taste for Indian tea amongst the inhabitants of the British Isles, even thongh it was produced by their own countrymen, and we must not he surprised, if the progress of British-grown tea be slow in countriés which have to be weaned from « long, established taste, and which would regard its production by our race as carrying with it no pai recommendation. Still, such pro- gress has been made in pushing onr teas in foreign markets, that, with perseverance and redoubled effort, there can. be no doubt of ultimate. success. The im- portance of new markets cannot he over-estimated, for they seem the only means of combating the possible evil of oyex-production, or, in other words, of preventing the price from, falling to that point where cultivation becomes, unprofitable. ' . ie It is, therefcre, with pleasure that oné tells of the efforts which were made by both India and Ceylon, United States and Canada, which have ah annual consumption of over 100,000,000 Ibs of tea.* The sum of some £25,000 which Ceylon spent in the attempt, and the £7,000 which India disbursed® cannot considered as in any sense thrown” away. These efforts are now being supplemented by still further subscriptions both from’ India and Ceylon a voluntary contribution being raised in dia. while the Ceylon colonists have agreed to the levying of a special tax by the’ Government upon the export of tea. in order té provide'a fund for the opening up of new markets.’ ‘Tndia ’ has, at the present moment. 2 Commissioner ‘répresenting her in the United. States, to promote the . growth of a taste for her tea, while Ceylon is taking steps ota similar nature. Hence, in this so-important market -of North America, there’ is the prospect of a. taste for British-grown- tea- being gradually established. The following figures are -encouragimg ; they show the ‘quantity of Indian and) Ceylon tea (in lbs.) ex- ported from Great Britain to’ the United, States and Canada during (1892 and 1893, both from bonded — warehouses. and under transhipment bonds :— ailssrie(l. hes AMERICA... TO THE UNITED STATES OF tardal fieJV Indian Tea. 5) oid 1892.4 9) 1893. oo) 600,216 °°" 818,356" » W20,958)5,/ | 352.961 iL iti From bonded Warehouses Under traishipment bonds Mork nig inxs —senp siodt. behhe Loe otal, Shs” FETA peg 1 NCard 1 sib Mas rel i L . + “ashoi segorx intoi, 5 ee From honded warehouses 710,369. rs 70 ed Under transhipment bonds | 47,974 1 " 28T9A nOO.8e! tnodepoed Te 1 75835300. - 9188 £ oY TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 584 Marcu 1, 1895.| THE TO CANADA. Indian Tea. From bonded warehouses 789,065 631,407 Under transhipment bonds 25,187 154,715 Total lb, 814,252 $36,120 Ceylon Tew. From bonded warehouses 613,817 731,760 Under transhipment bonds 13,330 19,983 Yotal lb. © 627,147 751,743 Russia is also commencing to take a fair propor- tion of Ceylon tea. Persia and Turkey consume an -appreciable amount of Indian tea, but of all the “markets outside Great Britain the only one of any _ magnitude is Australasia. where some 14,000,000 1b, of Indian and Geylon tea are now annually used against only 7,900,000 1b. four years since. But the total consumption of Indian and Ceylon tea outside Great Britain is at present only about 30,000,000 Ib., an insignificant figure in comparison with the total production ; still, abundant encouragement is to be derived from statistics which show that in 1890 the ‘quantity used was about 14,000,000 lb. in 1891 about 20,000,000 1b. in 1892 about 20,090,000 lb. in 1893 about 25,009,000 lb. and in 1894 about 30,000,000 lb. sothat the advance has been steady, and if the figures are not large they are none. the less encouraging, as proving that a foothold has been gained for British grown. tea in many of the miost important markets of the world. There is no reason to anticipate a retrograde motion in this all important matter of increased consumption in foreign markets ; but quite the contrary, for wherever a firm foothold has once been gained for Indian and Ceylon tea its inherent qualities haye proyed sufficient to ensure the con- tinnaace of its use. a _ Everything points to .a marked and important expansion of this vital branch of the trade, the im- portance of which it is impossible to overrate, indeed, it would be a wise policy on the part. of garden owners to spend some of their earnings in the opening of new markets instead of in the opening up of so much fresh land for cultivation. The anneal consumption of tea in the civi- lised world, exclusive of the United King- dom, is about 250,000,000, lb. Of this quantity only about | 250,000,000 Ib. are Indian and Ceylon. How long before the displacement of China tea here becomes as great as in the United Kingdom? It is this great foreign market that producers must now hope to conquer. Such is the present position of the industry. The _few millions pounds annual increase in consumption in the. United Kingdom is inadequate to take the whole of the probable ‘increases from India Ceylon in the near future. But there is hope, great hope, that the effouts to open up new outlets will still meet with success, and in time obyiate any fear of the catastrophe which has overtaken so many producing industries when production has rm so far ahead of consumption as to cause a fall in prices suffigient to render the industry unprofitable. The tea injlustry, has hitherto been cxempt from such diststér, and with prudence,’ forethought, arid per- severing energy = the direction of opening up new and and markets there seems every probability of continued prosperity for the growers. Pe Sinver.—It must not, however, be forgotten that one of the chief factors inthe prosperity of the tea trade has been the continued fall in the pricé of silver. Tea is grown in countries with silver currency (with the exception of Java) and sold in Great Britain -which has a gold currency, hence the proceeds of the sale, less the profits, are used in the purchase of silver, which has declined year by year in yalue as related to gold, and the proceeds ave thus remitted to the country of production for upkeep of estates, labour, &c, But the rupee has fallen so low.that it is’ much nearer the cost of its production than when it stood at 2s, and there seems no reason to believe that it will fall much lower, the action of the Indian Govern- ment in closing the mints to silyer having main- tained the rupee at a value much above its intrinsic worth. ‘Che closing of the mints is of some impor- tance to the tea enterprise, tor it practically places a tax of nearly 1d per lb. upon -the production of Indian and Ceylon tea, as compared with the teas of China and Japan, where actual value regulates the price of the dollar. This tax may be of little importance to a country lke England, where the trade in Indian and Ceylon tea has become thoroughly established; but it may seriously affect the prospects of these teas in countries such as ‘the United States of America and Canada, iwhere the industry, being in its infancy, price-is a serious consideration, for China and — Japan ean furnish an abundant supply of very. low- priced tea of a quality which. has hitherto satisfied the American palate. Our hopeis that as the United States only consume annually about 43 lbs. per head of population and Canada about 41b., while Great Britain takes 55 and Australia nearly 8, the establish- ment of really good drinking tea in the continent of North America will lead toa considerably-increased consumption. - De It is, at any rate, most gratifying to notice that in the last few years a marked increase in-the use of British-grown tea occurred in Australia, as well as in the United States and Canada, and that there is every reason to believe this jn- crease will proceed continuously in these two im- portant markets. The very large market of Russia, which was practically closed to all but. China tea until a few years since, has of laté shown signs of ; opening its doors freely to the teas of India and Ceylon. Unless production be suddenly increased at an alarming rate, as did occur on one or two occasions during the past 10 or 15 years, there seems now no great occasion for anxiety in the near future on the part of our tea producer. Heis fully alive to his dangers ; and_he knows that he has a large part of the civi- lised world still-to conquer, and having already at- tacked, with considerable success, two large continents —North America and Australia—he is confident that he can carry on his operations to final victory He will doubtless remember that nearer home there is a field for his enterprise, for the main portion of the continent of Europe, which is still almost an unknown land to him, has shown signs of willing- ness to yield to well-directed efforts. The whole of South America is, also, as yet ‘almost untouched, and may eventually prove ready to acknowledge the merits of Indian Sank Ceylon tea in preference, not only to other kinds of tea, but also to the beverage so largely used there, and generally knownas “ Paraguay Tea,’ although not belonging to the tea. family :t all, Perhaps, also, more determined efforts might be made by Indian planters to foster a taste for their teas among the 280,000,000 of our Indians subjects. The following Table shows the principal markets gniside, G sat Beitain, with the.amount of tea nsed 588 in various years past, together with the duty at present levied upon tea :— v by z & = = ov i YS ev é Prd Fe (VE) r- Vedim a! BE SH ‘ ‘ =i Its ol = EI gf = FI a4 iS E ee | Be < f * Lt | ~€ S = = 55 s D "i ~ » » | AB | o ae RII Bs sees A\y 36 at oe, Me S| ° £ AS o Phe Wier een Ale | SHA MGAE ons Kn’ Si sf cas iar Ect gee P| & aaa Le Tes SOC oT ~ “> re = ° tin To a sl HSRARAAN DON Stes SOO oOo a ret EO RR CY SR A 7 oe Ti~ be BRAS SAREE ARSE S 25 mloa BMG SHSO SINAN S zs a] % RSSSRSRBRSSR% sa oS rm OHI ANS A ay VAL 1 SEND TC = a) m S vA oOor-noom EANDGSCnHHeaewnoecarase o ON os coLe.con : Sy ae eeeree Z SSSR 25 a olan iS B S Oo aN 4| 2) | REBSSSReasASraeaasae acs a ip Sf oa main Fe =| we tet i] & =] mo o se, | % = SC} Sian ¢ 22 g |2B35R58 EELS: od OEM AMA As toOmN anc SSr aera B jv | BSRSG Se goa SRS Aeee soaaaaen ta mos s Bos a os a = cn x a md = | ei Ble ea Seria oie HOMER AHMOOWONHO MAH A \a 89 | SASAFE DA oak PING Sa SSS SES 1G noe RR OAAMRAOMROSOSOSOCCSoOoC2DOFSCOS De a° 9 oO LD iar) SSanssnsanaas ora os oo gy ~~ aon Sil Jet ABSes Sse e aaah ome sma ae OD :oriradansmascnnonnorayacHwinscnnss mel SiS BOD Soles) a Sen See Seek alats eae sibel ond 2 a 4.00 100 epee te ac & ne Bees sles vedo oirrieae bi ; a mae 2) o | 22 a 29 00,20 Nl fe (“gg | SASLSSAASLS SHR a mSSSoooces Bl ROR | eh ent mroooo Soe SsoSSeSsoSsoosSe Lal eo |Rom |e “ - fs J] gq ['SSSSSSahesesssssieenaezss 2 No > AS AG 2D P| 2 | SSSSASKSARSRR SSSR as ssAsns a AASKRHSADAHRRASHANG AMAR SI OA | # os S oniwd of oo x ‘S| Loa! Leal 4 nih ) fQ ) fetish = tt. fe ates EES OE FS TE = ot < hac pak phOr GaISlDC omoNr ecmeiciowe 2 72 (Fi weg S Br) E>} 2 B x a cS c ; S a . By Bhony gales Carta seg ae eine. See e es [DR IB j a2 0 OF By <2 >, me) He 2 2 S85 8 § elev 2D EA . ° tone) SSREe NS weld oP ae 2B BSsense tse .eePesatpass yee SO 6 Sey eO_si8e SS FESE59S% s 3 5 2: P25. 1s BRteSS osc heSSSEESESESES (| SoZ 58k Sea a SR MSE SS Sar sae leer S258 ; AZAR SZO0RPHOZMARAUAAC AR Eetan ' Total 1880-84. 1885-89. 1890. | 1891. 1892. ‘ all a pI 7 eee eee Tea... | 359,385,593/396,951,647|415,970,297 419,514,604) 142,862,485 Brit?h Ie Grown] 53,000,000] 94,000,000]150,009,000 170,000,000|193,000,000 China,|' ————--] —— — |—— |——— -- |————- &e. ,|306,385,593| 302,951,647|265,970,297 249,514,604 |249, 862,485 : , NATIONAL. IMPORTANCE OF THA INDUSTRY. |: @he welfare of the tea industry is of very great “jmportance to the nation, for the amount of British capital embarked in the enterprise is enormous, that ‘in India probably ‘reachmg £15,000,000, and in * Geylon, £11,000000, making a grand total of £26,000,000, # and this sum is largely held by proprietors at home, Besides this, as a field of enterprise and employment for the rising generation, the tea industry furnishes a most important outlet to the mother country. ‘There are, perhaps, few amongst THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. rates of [MARCH 1, 1895. us who have not friends or relations working under a tropical sun in the tea districts, thus imparting to most of us a personal interest in the welfare of this great industry. The hundreds of thousands of natives in our Eastern dependencies who derive their livelihood from it marks another feature in which its welfare assumes a national character, the native labourers employed in India and Ceylon together aggregating about one million people, besides the een who have to be provided for by these labourers and actually dwell upon the tea estates. If we were to add to these the numbers who earn their livelihood through its instrumentality in this country by the manufacture of machinery, and the export of various necessaries, as well as those dis- tributing tea in Australasia, the imperial character of its welfare would be still more noticeable, and would show even more forcibly the debt of gratitude the nation owes to those who t proved the practica- bility of cultivating the tea plant in India oat Denies Considering the amount of capital embarked in tea cultivation, it is, perhaps strange that so little pecuniary interest in the various producing companies has hitherto been held by the general public. Thisis probably most easily accounted for by the fact of very few of the shares being quoted on the London Stock Exchange, and the consequent fear that they should not prove easily marketable. But during recent years this difficulty has to a great extent been overcome, and at the present moment securities of this kind are dealt in with considerable ease, a fair price being now almost always obtainable for good tea com- panies’ shares, while there are strong reasons for believing that still greater facilities will be forth- coming in the near future; so that tea securities appear likely to become as xeadily marketable as many other shazes. At a time when the difficulty of obtaining more than an extremely small rate of interest on capital is felt by the aatlia as keenly as it is at the pre- sent moment, there certainly appear to be many inducoments for more general investment in tea- producing concerns. By many of these a very good annual return is obtainable at the present market value of the shares, while several have large accumulated reserve funds for equalisation of dividends, added to whichthe security offered b the possession of actual landed b Pgs » wit) buildings, machinery, and crops, should Eid to draw the attention of the public more forceably than hitherto to this class of investment. From an imperial point of view, the greater the pe- cuniary interest the public hold inso far-reaching an industry, the more benefit is the Empire likely to de- rive from it; for, while it is the natural wish and ex- pectation of British tea growers that the mother coun- try will support their efforts to the fullest extent, still there is nothing like pecuniary interest to induce a de- sire for the well-being of an industry. The greater this interest is, the more is British grown tea likely not only to be consumed by our fellow-countrymen at home but to be asked for and demanded in foreign countries. The public thus become instrumental in that most important office of assisting in the opening up of new markets, and acommercial bondis formed between the mother country and her possessions— which strengthened by ties of relationship, as well as by the knowledge that almost 90 per cent. of the tea weuse is nowgrownin our own dependencies, should tend more and more to increase that much-needed feeling of unity between Great Britain and her Colonies, which is the desire of all who wish for the continued prosperity of the British Empire. TABLE SHOWING THE AREA UNDER CULTIVATION OF TEA IN NATAL FROM 1880 To 1898. Year. Acres in Year. Acres in Cultivation. Cultivation 1880 a9 8 1888 ce: eee 1883 oo 149 1889 oe) MOSG 1885 ois 340 1890-91 .. 1,765 1886 .. . 410 1891-92 .. 1,673 1887 ae 576 2,200 1891-93 ae Marca 1, 1895. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 589 TABLE SHOWING THE AREA UNDER CULTIVATION OF TEA IN FIJI FROM 1888 to. 1893. 1888 O° 325 1891 ee 250 1889 50 Nil 1892 ve 456 1890 Nil 1893 460 DISCUSSION. Sir Henri Puex, Bart. said this was a most ad- mirable paper, and contained most valuable statistics. There were two matters to which he should like to call attention, the first being the decay of the China trade and the rise of the Ceylon and Indian trade ; and though, they were all pleased to find that the product of our own dependencies were taking the place of those of foreign countries, he could not help thinking that a great mistake had been made both in India and Ceylon. The way in which tea was roduced in China was certainly better than that followed in our own dependencies. He did not refer to the use of machinery, which was no doubt an advantage, but. to the process which left so much tannin. in the tea. He had in his hand the prize essay by Colonel Money on tea cultivation, which he believed won. a large premium, and in that essay the author distinctly stated that the tannin should not be thrown away. He said that in a certain stage of the process the mass of tea leaves gave out juice freely, none of which should be lost, but should be mopped up into the roll again and again. This ex- plained in a great measure what was called the superior strength of the Indian and Ceylon tea com- pared to that from China, and it was this which gave the large proportion of tannin, which Sir Andrew Clarke att other physicians distinctly said was so injurious to many people. Not long ago, a gentle- man,came to him and said he had a daughter very ill, and that the doctor had ordered her by no means to drink any but, China tea, the tea with the tannin left ‘ont; and, of course, he was very pleased to furnish him with a supply. He could not help thinking that if the present system were continued the Indian and Ceylon trade would suffer in the long run. With regard to what was called the free breakfast-table, he thought it would bea great mistake to vemove the tea duty altogether. In 1863, when the duty was 1s a pound, Mr. Gladstone said, in his opinion, it would be unwise to lower it; and he thought the great art of taxation was that every- bedy should bear their fair share. Now, ifa working man were a non-smoking teetotaller, he paid next to nothing, aud on that ground he was opposed to doing away with the yery moderate duty of dd alb., which nobody really felt, and which brought in a large sum. In 1893 it produced £3,499,000, so that it would provide the country with four new ships of war every year. Lhe consumption of tea had not risen very much within the last few years, only half a pound per head, Mr. Guorcr Sexon thought those best acquainted with the matter would agree that the question of tannin was not one which ought to be despised, and he was glad Sir Henry Peek had raised it, but he believed it must be dealt with not by the planter, but by the consumer in preparing the tea. It was quite true that in Indian and Ceylon tea there was more tannin thanin Chinese, and that was why a smaller quantity went as far, but that ought to be recognised and dealt with accordingly. The tea was quite good and wholesome if it were properly pre- pared, and not allowed to stand too long. Mr. TI, Curiszy said it was well-known to those who had studied the chemistry of tea that the tannin was in the lower leaves and stems, so that it was entirely a quesiion of money. ‘he nearer you went to the top of the plant the less tannin, and the higher the price the tea fetched, and with geod reason. In these top leaves and shoots was found the caffeine, which was really what people took tea for. Mr. Stanton spoke of *fulness,’” but he did not mean the tannin, but the comfort obtained from a cup of tea in consequence of the caffeine. You could obtain no crystallisable alkaloid from the coca plant grown in Java; but in Brazil you got a leat which gave the gikaloid nowsg much used as an anesthetic. In the same way you couldget no caffeine from Java tea nor in that from Japaa,or hardy any. hen coming to China tea, he maintained that the reason why it had gone out was not because of any peculiarity in the make, but because it had not the caffeine it which the consumer so much desired; there was only 1 per cent. he Ceylon tea was very fine and had a beautiful flavour, such as you used to get in China tea; but when you came to India, you get from 3 to 34 per cent. of caffeine; and up in Assam, the natural habitat of the plant, it was the richest of all in caffeine. Last year there was no less than 5,000 lb. of caffeinesent to America, because the Americans knew its value, and they carried little pilules or cachets of caffeine to take of an afternoon, because the tea they drank did not afford it. That caffeine was made from tea which came to London, and if the Americans had drunk Ceylon or Assam tea, they would find they got the caffeine they wanted. Books on chemistry stated that the utmost amount of caffeine found in tea was 4 per cent.; but within the last few months he had found over 6 per cent in Assam tea.. It was not found in the lower part of the leaf, but inthe upper part and the fine shoots and when people paid fabulous prices for the points of the tea plant they were really quite right, because that was the best part. This was the sort of tea the Russians bought; they did not buy the low qualities of China tea. Last year 400 tons of tea were turned into caffeine, and whereas it sold originally at 8s. lb., so great was the demand, that it went up to 20s.in December. It was highly appreciated in America; and no matter what price it was they would haveit. He believed, therefore, that as soon as they found out the value of Indian and Ceylon teas, they would be only too glad. to have it. . Mr. Pye said he should like to ask a question about the keeping qualities of tea. They knew that a sample of Ceylon tea was not worth much at the end of six months, and Indian tea would not keep well for twelye months, but China tea would certainly keep longer than either. Another point in connection with China tea which had not been men: tioned was the export duty. That was on some qualities at least 10 pcr cent, and the inland duty another 10 per cent. With the incidents now taking placo in China, the whole situation might be changed, and if the first cost was reduced 20 per cent, Caina tea might yet be a very formidable competitor. Mr. F. S. Hawes suggested that the reason why Ceylon tea did not keep so well was because it was grown in a damp cllmate; it had nothing to do with the mode of manufacture, My. Ernest Pye thought Mr. Stanton had not dealt sufliciently with-the different varieties of tea grown in different parts of India. The Sylhet teas differed from those of Assam, and those again from the teas of Darjeeling, which were of a particularly fine character, far aboye those produced anywhere else. ‘The teas from some parts of Ceylon bore some resemblance to the Darjeeling tea on the lower altitudes, but, on the whole, no tea yet grown equalled the best Darjeeling. He hoped that in time the English public would learn to distinguish the teas from the different districts and recognise their merits, as they did tonics, and even to know the names of particular tea-gardeus, and the brands. He did not think the ordinary public knew much about the tannin question, but the difficulty would be en- tirely overcome if they would only learn to make tea in one pot and then pour it into another, and not let it stand too long upon the leaves. If Sir Andrew Clarke had had his tea properly made, he would never have raised the cry about tannin. Mr. Curisrison said he had been engaged in the cultivation of tea for thirty years. With regard to the keeping qualities, he thought it largely depended on the treatment the tea received in the London warehouses ; the boxes were broken open and left for months sometimes, with no attempt to preserve them from the air. He had kept Indian tea for seven, eight, and ten years, and it improved by keeping, if it were hérmetically sealed. Tea was peculiarly sus 590 ceptible to moisture, and if left open of course rapidly detériorated. He was one of the judges of the essays referred to by Sir Henry Peek: the competition took place in 1862, it was not avery large prize, und he thought’ too much importance had been attached to the essay, which at any Yate was now quite out of date. He did not think the process referred to had anything to do with the tannin. It was keeping the tea infused too long which brought out the tanuin, Mr. Wm. Macxnnzir said the book referred to by Sir Henry Peek was twenty-five years old; at the time machinery had not been introduced into India, and no tea at all was grown in Ueylon, so that the autbor’s remarks could not be held accountable for amy suppvosed defects inthe quality, It was proverbial again that doctors differed in opinion. China tea was kept a long time because it was not used, but Ceylon tea went off so rapidly that there was’ no occasion to keep it. When there was a constant supply of freshly-grown tea, they did not want stuff which had been kept several years. If they wanted to keep, they would make - it differently, but then it would not be welcomed’ in every household as it was now. They evidently made tea in Ceylon which suited the public taste, or there would not be such a demand for it, and he hoped before long ‘that it would take the same hold. of other countries. Mr.’ Warrer Rui asked if Mr.’ Stanton could throw any light on the question, What kind of be- verages ‘the increased cohsumption of tea was dis- placing—coftfee and ‘cocoa, or alcholic drinks ? With’ regard ‘to future Competition In the tea trade, there were several countries which might at no distant data produce tea; for instance, certain parts of Brazil’ were well suited for the cultivation, if there were a good supply of labour, and possibly Aws- tralia; which was now a large cousumer, might séme day produce’ her own, and even export it ‘I'he question of tannin was certainly one of importance ; not only Sir A. ‘Clarke, but a large numuer of the medical profession were of opinion that there was ‘considerable danger from an abuse of tea. If you put a beverage into the hands of the masses, you could not limit the quantity they would drink, and the result was that fbe tannin acted injuriously on ‘the ‘digestive’ organs. There were two ways of getting rid of tannin: one was, to pick out only delicate leaves, which would be more expensive, but which were certainly better, and contained yery little tannin; and the other was either in the process of manufacture to extract the tannian without extract. ing’ the theine, or to add something’ which would render the tannin innocuous; for he was afraid they would never be able to get eyéryone ‘to’ treat tea properly in the preparation of the beverage. The ‘‘theine was’ what Mr: Christy called the caffeine, but he preferred the old name, because there was some doubt whether it was really the same substance as caffeine. There was a large opening for the preparation of this article. Why should the planters of Assam send the leaves over here for us to extract the theine, and then throw the leaves away, when they might prepare it on the spot, and send it direct to America, or oven to England, where, no doubt, there were many also who would like to be able to carry a cup of tea about with them. It must be remembered that theine was volatile; and it wes quite possible that the proportion found in the leaves when offered to the consumer might depend, in seme measure, on the modé of preparation. Mr. Jonn Hvcnuus said he might read a few figures which he had recently obtained, as so much had been said about tannin. He took three kinds of tea, Assam, Ceylon, and China, and found the per-centage of tannin present to be as follows :— After 5min. infusion After30 min. Assan a 10°35 14°76 ' Ceylon oe 8°60 10°88 China Od dehy 7°80. 9°40 The difference, therefore, was very small indeed be- teen China and Ceylon, and would hardly be noticed. It depended a great dea’ on how the tea was made, | THE TROPICAL AGRICULYTURIST. much due to |Marcw 1; 189 . and he was surprised that Mr. Stanton had not given some directions on that point: He would also recommend people to ask their grocers tg supply them with either India, Ceylon, or China tea, and jnot with mixtures, such as he was sorry to say,seemed to be getting very general. He did not think the increase in the consumption” of Ceylon tea was s0 the taste| ofthe public as to the opera- tions of certain gentlemen in London, who found it to’ their interest in preparing their “* blends’ ‘to use Ceylon tea, He had visited Ceylon’ on two or three occasions, and on behalf of the tea planters he’ asked ‘that the teas they sent over should be judged‘on ’ their jown merits, aud nothing would do miore to recom- mend them than to use them than in a blend. The CuAtrman said he thought Sir Henry Peek was mistaken in his explanation of the strength of As- sam tea; the real explanation was that it was “manu- factured within a few hours of being gathered. China tea was produced by small farmers who, when they had gathered the leaves, had to take them, six,’eight, or perhaps fifteen miles, before ‘they were matnufac- tured, andas the tea was grown in a@ hot, damp cli- mate, a considerable amount of fermentation set mp in the course of a very few hours, and detracted from the strength, since the most valuable “portion; ‘the volatile caffeme, was lost. Then the ASsam ‘téa’ was an altogether different pres from ‘the’ Chinese’ tea’. Many years ago the Govérnment of India went to immense expense in importing’ Ctiinese téa’ plants, pure and simple rather jand for many years they “were spread over As8ami; then it was found accidentally “that there was a species of tea growing in ‘thé jungle, which at first’ was ‘thought to be unnt for’use, but an efiterprisin, Englishman manufactured some of the leaves and’ sent thent over, when the éxpeérts in Mincinglane | pronounced it the finest tea ever sent to” London. This plant was gradually developed, and for ‘many years 1t was cultivated under great diftieulties, for'when everit was in proximity to the Chirese plant the latter hybridised it, with very injurious effects. ‘The indi- genous plant produced a tea of higher strength and quality, more rich in cafferine, than the’ China; and a far larger quantity of'leaf per acre. ‘Conseqtiéntly, for the last 45 years; there had been a struggle on 'the part of the planters to eradicate the Chita ts, which had been imported at such expense. It was a mistake to suppose that the tea plant’ was intro- duced to China from: Assam, because it was quite a distinct species. In ‘Assam, tea was manu- factured on a large scale; 500 acres was coti- sidered about the minimum extent for a garden ; there was extensive machinery, and the plant was manufactured into tea within eight or ten hours after it was gathered: Very often tramways were laid down in order to facilitate the transport of the leaves tc the factory, and of course nothing of this kind could be done by the small Chinese cuitivators. He thought there was very little fear of competition from either Brazil or Australia. The tea plant required for its proper cultivation an ex- tremely damp climate. In that past of Assam which | produced the finest tea in the world, the rainfall was / about 160 inches in the year, and in addition to a | heayy rainfall and a high temperature, yon wanted a large supply of cheap labour. This combination was ' certainly not to befound in Australia, and he doubted | if it would be foundin any part of Brazil. The evidence produced by Mr. Hughes on the tannin question was | pretty conclusive; the difference was comparatively small, and no more than would be acéounted for by the richness of the Assam téa in extractive matter generally. But he really thought this tannin ques- tion was, to a great extent,‘ a mere bugbear; and’ that if a thoroughly scientific analysis were made, it would be found there was nothing in it. All he could say was that on a long march, and where troops were exposed to great hardships, a Cup of Assam tea was one of the most sustaining and invigorating beverages a soldier could have. The advantages which the tea in- dustry had conferred on the Indian Hmpirecouldbardly be exaggerated. Forty years ago the province of Assam’ was a, wilderness covered with jungle and ‘sy the abode of the tiger and Wild animals of all’ 7 t - foun -' entirely owing to the tea industry. Marca 1, 1895. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. sgt but now it had become the home of an industrious peasantry. The districts of Bengal which supplied Tabou to Assam were extremely over-populated, and the people were sunk in poverty. but in Assam they 4 well remunerated labour, and were rapidly con- verting the country into a garden. he revenue had been doubled or trebled within the last ten years, Though there might be difficultiesfrom over-production, he believed there was still great room for improvement, and if the Government would only complete the railway and steam communication with Bengal. they would be able to meet any difficulties that might arise feom a fall in price. Mr. Sranron, in reply, said that most of the points raised had been already dealt with by sther speakers or by the Chairman. He was glad to hear Sir Henry Peek’s remarks with reference to the tea duty, and thought it would be a great pity if it were taken off; for it was so moderate that even the poorest could hardly feel it. He could quite endorse what had been “saidas to tea notstanding more than three or four minutes, and it would be a great advantage if, after standing a few minutes, it were poured off into an- other pot. When it was allowed to ‘stew a long time all the extractive matter was brought out, including the tannin, which was better leftin. What you wanted was flavour, and caffeine, which, more than anything else, constituted tea a real food. Withregard to keep- ing qualities he thought the London warehouses had been rather hardly dealt with. It was absolutely necessary that the chests should be opened, and in a country like this it was impossible to close them up again perfectly air-tight: Nowadays, tea, was not grown or made with the intention of keeping, be- cause there was no need, nor even opportunity, for it; it was sold too fast. With regard to the displace- ment of other beverages, some five or six years ago Mr. Goschen published a table which showed that @ very large increase had taken place in the con- sumption of certain non-alcoholic beverages, whilst the alcoholic had remained almost stationary, or had increased to a very much less extent. With regard to the production of tea in Australia and Brazil, he need not add to what the Chairman had said. The CuirmMAn then proposed a hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Stanton, which was carried unanimously, and the meeting adjourned. - ; ————_»——-- THE HORREKELLY ESTATE COMPANY. The annual general meeting of this Company was held this afternoon in the office of the Seeretary, Mr. R.L. M. Brown. The chair was oceupied by Mr. Y. A. Julius who presided. The others present were Messrs. E. Christian, Perey Bois, H. W. Unwin, FP. ©. Loos, E..5. Grigson, C. E. H. Symons, and R. L..M.. Brown... The notice calling the meeting was read anc the minutes confirmed. The report of the directors was submitted as follows ;— 1. The Accounts now submitted for 1894 shew that the profit on the year’s working, after writing off R3,506'52 for depreciation of plant and machinery, amounts to R18,048'82, which, with the balance of R2,206'02 brought forward from 1893, makes a total of R20,248'84 available for distribution. 2. The Directors recommend that a dividend at the rate of five per cent. be declaved on the paid up capital of the Company, thereby absorbing R18,776, and leaving R1.472'84 as a balance to be carried forward to 1896. 8. The extreme drought of the past two years has much affected the crop of Coconuts, and the result has therefore been unfavourable, although this has to some extent been counterbalanced by the en- hanced prices obtained for Copperah and Fibre. AL Daring the year a further payment of R25,000 has been made in reduction of the mortgage over the Companys property, leaving only R25,000 now unpaid. This will be paid off as the funds of the Company permit, and the item of interest will be correspondingly reduced or dispensed with, — i 5. The working of the seasons 1892, °1893-and 1894 compares ‘as tollows (the item of interest being excluded) :-— 1892. 1895. 1394. Expenditure on the Histate and in Colombo Office R30,576°73 31,385°55 33,243°74 Quantity of Copra produced Candies 738 958 773 Quantity of Coir Fibre made Ballots 44,821 39,869 40,245 Average price obtained for Copra, per candy R40°59 47°43. 48°06 Average. price obtained for Coir Fibre percwt. R 3-02 3°80 4:25 6. Two Directors:—Messrs. EH. Christian and V. A. Julius—retire, and are eligible for re-election. 7. The shareholders have to appoint an Auditor for 1895.—By order of the Board of Directors, R. Lewis M. Brown, Secy. The CHAIRMAN in moving the adoption of the report said he did not think there was much that called for explanation from’ him. ‘AS’ was stated in the report they had’ been ‘suffering from drought during the past year and: thecerop was less than was anticipated. ‘They had vhow- ever, been able tomake up for that by the better prices obtained. The mortgage had been reduced by R25,000. That was paid at the end of the year anticipating a call ef R10 per share which was levied at the beginning of this year and now almost the whole of, the shares were fully paid up. There were a few small calls that had’ not yet been paid but doubtless they would beso in the course of a few days and the dividend would be held against them. On the same principle as before they had written off for depreciation R3,506°82. Shien: Mr. UNWIN seconded and the report was adopted. On the motion of Mr. Gricson, seconded by Mr.. UNWIN a dividend of 5 per cent was. de- clared payable forthwith ; on the motion of Mr. UNWIN, seconded by Mr. Gricson, Messrs. E. Christian and V. A. Julius were re-elected directors, and Mr. Hercules Scott was re-appointed auditor on a fee of R100. With a vote of thanks to the chair the proceedings terminated.. —_—_- -—i — * MAZAWATTE-” It must be more than two years back, that these letters referred to a threatened appeal against the use of the word Mazawatte asa trade>mark, At length the case instituted has been heard and has been decided in Messrs. Densham’s favo Enclosed with this is the Zines report of the hearing of this case, which was brought because **Mazawatte’ blocked the way against the use of the word ‘*‘ Maza” for some wine imported by the institutor of it. Mr. Justice Romer’s judg- ment isa lucid one, but I cannot say I think it is really a sound one. His lordship said :+-‘ The word had been registered as a trade mark for many years without any complaint and without anyone having been deceived by. it.” Judge tomer could not be justified in this assertion. In the first place there has been many complaints, and the Ceylon Association desived to prosecute years avo, and was only prevented from doing so by instruction from your Planters’ Association. More- over, how eould the judge know that ‘it had never deceived anyone?” So far from this having been the case, 1 was myself wholly leveived by it until informed ~ that there was no estate of the name in Ceylon. Many of my acquaintances were sunilarly taken — in, and [ venture to say that if a full. canvass of the buyers of Mazawattetea could be made, it woyld be found that a considerable proportion «believe they are drinking tea from an estate of 4 the’ name in Ceylon. Another point in the pudees review of the evidence strikes me forci- ly. He said :—‘‘{t was in evidence that trade marks were applied in Ceylon without reference to the estate where the tea had been grown.” This reminds us of a late controversy on another point. As Mr. Justice Romer puts the case, it does not matter what words are used, because they are all meaningless in the Ceylon tea trade. And yet the further statement is made that at ‘all sales of tea made at the Mincing Lane Sale Room the produce was sold as the produce of “a certain estate, the English word “ estate” be- ing used as part of the description even when “watte ” was used. Wenecessarily arrive at the conclusion, therefore, that the sales in Mincing Lane are conducted upon false principles. Teas /yare sold there described as the produce of acer- jo tain estate, but the trade recognizes no value in ve Such description, knowing the name of the yiestate to be used only asa trade mark. I must goisay,/that it. seems to me that this is very un- desirable, and that it’s continuance willland your .| tea planters, in difficulties at last.—London Cor. HOOT {i { “ tt (HE "MAZAWATTEE TRADE-MARK CASE. “4, Dhe following is the London Times’ report of this jo base referred to by our London correspondent :— Ki oz of (Before Mr. Justicn Romer.) [Df so (aN RE DENSHAM AND SONS’ TRADE-MARK, .,,, dthis was a case of great interest and importance “as to what is a “fancy word,” which can be pro- erly registered as a trade-mark. In very many Base ‘some of which are referred to below, fancy ‘words have been held to be bad trade-marks, » @ither on the ground that they were descrip- (tive, although truly so, or that they were de- ‘1 ceptive—that is to say, untruly descriptive—the f effect, of the decisions being that no fancy word »») gould. be a good trade-mark unless it was something “i MOXY. like unintelligible nonsense. Some. of the ' decisions have gone a great length. For instance, in “In ve Jackson's Trade-mark” (6 Rep. Pat. Cas., 80), an application was made to register ‘‘ Kokoko” as a trade-mark for cotton goods. There was no trade in these goods with the Chippeway Indians, but the word | in'their tongue means an owl, and as an owl is acom- -‘Omon mark on certain Manchester goods, it was held -Aicthat the: word was not a pdad fancy word, inasmuch leas it was not known how long it might not be before at §.,, there was a trade with these Indians in Manchester .|, goods, in which case these goods might be confused "with those marked ‘‘ Kokoko.” In the present case re the application was to strike off the register certain trade-marks consisting of or combining the word \ *Maizawattee”” which the respondents, Messrs. -'Densham' and) Sons, have registered and use in ‘eonnection with tea and coffee. The applicant, sll Mr. HH. Deskin, does not deal in tea or coffee. ‘oi but thexegistration of ‘‘ Mazawattee”’ stands in the yo way of his, registering his trade-mark ‘“ Marza” in |, ,€ertain classes. It was admitted that there was no estate called ‘ Mazawatte” in Ceylon. ' My. Moulton, Q.C., Mr. Hopkinson, Q.C., and Mr. * John Cutler were for the applicant, and Sir Richard “| “Webster, Q.C., Mr. Cozens-Hardy, Q.C., Mr. Neville, Iyer i Q.C., and My. Sebestian for the respondents. ‘| Mx. Justice Rommr, in delivering judgment, said | the cases as to trade-marks being insufficient on the ‘grounds that they were deceptive or descriptive had gone very far and perhaps beyond what the mercan- tilecommunity thought fair. However that might be, .. if his Lordship acceded to the present application ; i would be going beyond anything laid down in the decided cases. The opposition’ to the trade- “mark was based on the following grounds. It was said that ‘' Mazawattee”’ was a geographical descrip- THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. tm ‘tion as applied to tea or coffee, and that the name [Marcu a, 1895. implied that the articles sold under it were of Cin- galese origin, and therefore that the word was des- criptive and the mark was bad. The word had been registered as a trade-mark for many years, without any complaint and without any one haying been deceived by it. It was not descriptive. The word was an invented word, and when it was composed there was no such word in the English language or known to any class in this country. e word “mazadar"’ was taken from the indn tongue and meant something like “luscious.” That word was too long to be used as part of a compound word and was accordingly cut down to “maza,’’ which in Hindu meant taste or relish. That word would be wholly unknown in Ceylon, for there was no such thing as ‘‘z’’ in the Cingalese language. The other part of the word, “ wattee,” meant in Cingalese an estate, or garden, or growth and when the word was inyented the position was that. the Ceylon tea trade was in its infancy, Few estates there were sending tea to England, and the names of some, but a few only, of these estates had. names with the termination “ wattee.” The word was wholly unknown in the tea trade elsewhere, except that some of the Mincing-lane tea brokers might have known what the word meant. At all sales of tea made at the Mincing-lane sale rooms the produce was sold as the produce of a certain estate, the English word “ estate" being used as. part of the description, even where “wattee”’ was used. As one of the witnesses had said, if the Mincing-lane brokers had seen a box of tea come over marked ‘‘ wattee ’’ they would have known it, not as the proe duce of any particular estate, but as tea sent over by some Ceylon merchant, and it was in eyidence that trade-marks were applied in Ceylon without refer. ence to the estate where the tea had been grown, So that even to Mincing-lane salesmen the use of“ wat- tee’’ would not have conveyed the notion that a particular estate was referred to. England gene- rally it was not known then what the meaning of the word was. No doubt many peoplein England now knew. it, but that was in a great measure dueto the extensive’use of the respondents’ trade-mark, and now there were more-estates in Ceylon the names of which terminated with ‘ wattee,” though even now out of about 900. estates only about; 13. had names so terminating. In England “Mazawattee ” was meaningless. To Hindus it was also meaningless because they would mot understand the latter part of .it. Nor tothe Cingalese was the word inteltigtble, for they could not understand the first part of it. The )word had no meaning in), any one,known language. It had-been said that. to ‘Englishmen, or certain classes. of _ Englishmen, ‘the ‘word would indicate that , the tea had a’ Cingalese origin. But it had no ‘more a Cingalesé’ than a Hindu origin, and did’ not represent to Englishmen a reference to any locality or place. The word! had an Hastern sound, perhaps, and if it conveyed any idea, it’ was ot the Hast generally. But that was not sufficient to justify his Lordship in saying that the trade-mark was bad. as referring to a partic qual- ity or locality. It could not be said that because a word had an Hastern sound it was déscriptive of some place in the Hast. It described no place, in fact, and was neither descriptive nor ¢aleulated to deceive, nor did it denote any estate. In the argu- ment reference had been made to “Jn ré Van Dn- zer’s Trade-mark’’ (Law Report, 34, Ch, D., 623), but the observations of the Lords Justices in that case, particularly those of Lord Justice Cotton, must be considered with reference to cases as to words which in themselyes were either English or had a meaning in this country or to some classes in this country. ‘‘Mazawattee” was not in the true sence deceptive. It would not lead people to suppose that it meant an estate in Ceylon, or that the tea came from there. Some of the witnesses had ‘said’ they had been deceived, but they broke down under cross- examination,, and his Lordship was satisfied that up to the present time there had been no deteption by the use of the word “ Mazawattee —in f respondent’s advertisements had always shown that were dealing in teas not coming from any | MARCH 1, 1895.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 593 cular estate. Although it was practically admitted that the ordinary British public attached no meaning to the. word, it was said that a special class did attach a meaning to it. The only possible class would be the wholesale dealers in Mincing-lane, but the evidence did not bear out the suggestion made.as to them. ‘I'he tea sold under the trade-mark did not go to them, Lut to the general public who used blended teas. His Lordship was not’ bound to consider the case of a few isolated individuals who, having been told that ‘““wattee’’ meant an estate, jumped to the conclusion, without inquiry, that “‘Mazawattee’ meant a par- ticular estate. Reviewing the authorities, his Lord- ship; distinguished ‘‘Jn ve Jackson’s Trade-mark ” (6 Rep, Pat. Cas., 81), ‘“‘ Davis vy. Stribolt”’ (ib., 207), “In re Salt’s Application (Law Reports, 1894, 3 Ch., 166), ‘Zn ve Farbenfabriken’s Application” (Law Reports, 1894, 1 Ch., 645), and “ In re Vignier’s Trade-mark’” (6 Rep. Pat. Cas., 490), and said that with’ all respect to Lord Justice Kay, he doubted whether he himself should have decided‘ Inve Jack- son’s Trade-mark ”’ as the Lord Justice had done. This was the “Kokoko”’ case, and his Lordship would probably, under the peculiar circumstances, have left the Chippeway Indians to take care of themselves, The application was dismissed with costs. > MARKET FOR. TEA SHARES. Thursday Evening, Jan. 24.—In a valuable and instructive paper on ‘‘ Tea’’ read before the Society of Arts on Wednesday evening by Mr. A. G. Stanton, that gentleman made special allusion to tea shares as an investment for British capital. Certain of his remarks may, with advantage, be quoted in this co- lumin. He said: * There are strong reasons for be- leving that tea securities will become as readily’ marketable as many other shares.” And again: ‘At aitime when the difficulty of ob- taining more than an extremely small rate of in- terest on capital is felt by the public as keenly as it is at the present moment, there certainly appear to be many inducements for more general invest- ment in tea-prcducing concerns.’ While further on he says: “The greater the pecuniary interest the public hold in so far-reaching an industry the more enefit is the empire likely to derive from: it, for f there is nothing like pecuniary interest to: induce a desire for the well-being of an indus- try,’ &e. _ We are glad to notice that the Sunday Observer, a paper which is to be found in most clubs and libraries, has, recently included some representative “ quoted,’ tea companies in its weekly list of Stock Exchange securities with yariations of prices for the’ week. | Business in Tra Suares still continues on a pretty full scale, and more than one advance in quotations is notified in the official list. The Miycryne Lane market again. shows renewed stvength, with the lower and medium grades ad- vyancing. CreyLton SwHarnes.—Ceylon Plantation Prefs. have been done at £15, but with shares still available at the price. Nothing in the Ordinary, which, however, ask £20. Eastern Produce and Estates £5 ordinary shares were taken at 23. again been done at £15, and the A’s are asked for. Ouvahs were taken at 8}, and more are wanted with 83 up bid for them. A small line of Scottish Ceylon Prefs. were taken at 134, and now offer at 133. The Ordinary are now called £20!—l. and C. Mail, Jan. 25. [anaes Iy tae Trea Marker the buoyant. tone continues, and the advance is extending to the better grades of Tea. Finest during the season has rvled at a full range, and so far shows no advance. Ceylon tea, of which supplies to arrive the next few months will form the chief imports, is in an exceptionally favourable position, and if an improvement in quality can be effected over the poor stuff of crop 1894, planters will have a command of the market. Deliveries are proceeding satisfactorily and are in excess of last year.—L, & CU, xpress. New Dimbula B’s haye- CEYLON PLANTING DISTRICTS: A LOOK. IN AT DOLOSBAGE ; A FINE OLD COFFEE DISTRICT TRANS-. ' FORMED INTO A GOOD ALL-ROUND TEA DISTRICT, It is not our fault, but our misfortune, ‘that after 33 years in Ceylon, our first visit to Dolosbage-proper should) have been delayed till February 1895. Not that we have not been’ within its boundaries on more than one side often before; for, indeed, on the east no travel- ler upcountry can avoid trenching on Dolos. bage, seeing that as defined by the Commniit- tee of the Planters’ Association in 1856, the district was bounded north by the Mahaoya, east by the Mahaweliganga, south by the Wai- oya and Raxawa ridge, and west by the open country, which forty years ago was never deemed to have, in the womb of the future,’ so‘! im- portant a planting division as the Kelani Valley Tea District. Dolosbage, however, has always been independent and successful enough to stand ° on its own merits. In the best coffee days it used to be regarded as having more individual properties free of mortgages and agents than any other districts of its size in Ceylon—no Inean compliment ! Our invitations and ‘promises to visit Dolosbage go back a long way—to the days when Mr. Henry Saunders ruled over Narangalla and dispensed hospitality with no niggard hand to Railway Engineers busy along the opposite Alagalla range and to other visitors who found their way via Utuwankanda’ and Aranayaka. How. often have we hoped to’ see his successor, Mr. Whitham onhis own diggings; or the Patriarch of Cooroondawatta at another end. of the district; or yet again poor Blackett and Drummond at the Doteloya-Bulat kohopitiya boundary ; and after all our entry has’ been through none of these divisions, ‘but’ | frony Nawalapitiya under the classic © shadow ‘of Raxawa and the ‘‘Sentry-box” and the ‘hospit- able guidance of the manager of Barnagalla. The want of roads used to be the great excuse for not attempting Dolosbage : ‘‘ Get a decent road and then talk of visiting your district !” used to be the ery; but this excuse is now removed to a very great extent. The cart road from Nawalapitiya to Barnagalla and thence on towards Gallemudena, or in its private ‘section on to Penylan, leaves little to be desired so far as it goes; but that is just the drawback, that the section which would carry the visitor on to the further boundary of the district has yet to be completed. It is too late, we fear, to prompt the pride of the present ruler of the Colony. But seeing how many years we have entered in our Handbook among “Roads which ought to be completed ”— that from Bulatkohopitiya to Penylan,—we must- take the earliest opportunity — of placing as a laudable ambition before our next Governor, the ability to drive his carriage and pair not only from Colombe to Ruanwella eaten the locomotive supersedes the neces- sitv—but also from Ruwanwella to + Nawala- pitiya right through ‘the country’ of the five holes.” The Kegalla revenue district is thus well designated. It embraces a goodly portion of the planting division of Dolosbage, and for detached hill ranges and narrow or extensive 594 te undulating valleys, few districts ave such’ a “show.” Another drawback in olden days to visiting Dolosbage was the rain. Many thought it always! rained there; but this was a fallacy. The honour of being ‘‘in the very heart of the rains” belonged rather to its sister Yakdessa, and adjacent Lower Ambagamuwa—to the region circumambient on Padupola with its maximum of 231°54 inches of rain per annum! Dolosbage- proper could never boast such pre-eminence. Barnagalla right under Raxawa, for instance, is content, we. believe, with 156 inches or very little above the average (153) for Nawalapitiya. But WHO IS AFRAID OF RAIN NOW-A-DAYS? Is it) not ‘rather a recommendation in the case of a tea property ? ‘Lropical rain is rich in n‘tro- genous, properties, and tea can scarcely have too much combined with the genial heat sure t6 prevail at ‘all times in abundance from 4,000 feet downwards in Ceylon. | Coffee plantations opened with, much labour and expense on the akdessa side of Dolosbage in the very early days, had.to be abandoned because they were in the very ‘‘heart of the rains”—there was little chance for blossom and none at all for fruit—it was a case of all leafage which the coffee. planter caried nothing about. How differ- ent now! Give us leafage—abundant fiush—and tea, planters care not if they never see a blossom or,a seed! No wonder, therefore, though Dolosbage should be one of the best and most popular of tea-growing divisions of any in the long roll.of old coffee districts in Ceylon. The climate, too, is generally very agreeable—planters like their wet season as being in reality the healthiest ; and theix . convenience in labour, transport, cosy bungalows and, all that goes to make civilized modern life on tropical Ceylon hills are very different from those enjoyed by the pioneers of fifty years ago. The story is toll of a planter in those ‘‘days of old” driven from the neighbonr- hood of the ‘‘Sentry-box” into Kandy to invest in ‘“‘a waterproot;” but as he got to Cargill's store-door, the sun suddenly burst out over “‘Mutton-button”? and (economical Scot, of course, as he must have been!) he took it asa sign he might return without it! ‘‘What are the wants. of the districts?” used to be a com- mon heading in our newspaper circulars for planting information thirty years ago, and we well remember how between Nawalapitiya and Yatiyantota, the return often got filled up “Good soil and a drier climate!” but there is not.much to be said against the average Dolos- bage soil especially for tea. There are planta- tions in the very heart of the district—classic ground dear to a Rollo, a Wm. Anderson, Cuthbert, Harvey (still to the fore), Wm. Taylor and many more—which, after yielding fortunes in coffee to their proprietors, are going on in tea paying —aye up to 19 per cent, per annum on the new capital invested. We retrain from particular- ising too treely, properties that haye continued in the same ace for a long series of years— the Blackett and Laing families’ groups; the Cooroondawatta division, the more distant Naran- gallas, but may say that we have little doubt that the results: we witnessed under Raxawa can be paralleled freely throughout the district. wWolos- age in coffee days used to be famous for good cultivation; yalleys and patanas afforded con- venient means of keeping stock and cattle while axtificial manure used also to be freely applied. ‘The lesson,and, the results are not lost in the ea era. Yields up to 600 lb. an acre are good enough to warrant liberal cultivation ; while re- turns from old coffee land up to 400 Ib. without THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS!. [Marcu 1, 189$, manure, seem to indicate that Dolosbage has a long life before it as a prosperous tea distriet. We found no evidence, such as we have seen elsewhere in younger and higher districts, of a ‘‘weakening” in the tea as regards successive crops—showing the need of cultivation and sup- port; but rather were we staggered hy evidence of progressive advance in crops even on old unmanured Jand. We must not say that in our wanderings we saw nothing to improve in Dolosbage. The uncompleted through road we have specified. Details on plantations were no doubt waiting for the convenient season ; but nothing saye scarcity of labour should exeuse backwardness in pruning or attention to fine bushes. In no district in Ceylon, save Uva, have we been more delighted with diversified scenery— the outlook, even without climbing to the ee box” was most extensive—over Gallemudena, Catherine's, Horavalla, Seaforth, Windsor Forest, Kandaloya—or generally in that direetion to- wards the lowcountry and the sea, on which some (not among the oldest inhabitants) have declared they saw steamers making for Colombo harbour. The splendid rich slopes of Penylan, Cattarem, Mossville, and Stanmore Hill form another fere- ground to the picture while passing over the Kellie Group, Kelvin, Havilland, Gangwarily and further round Doteloya, _Ingurugalla, Amblankanda, Narangalla and Yellangowry, until the eye stretched away to the notable Yakdessa above Kurunegala town; or took cognisance of the telegraph station and a puiiing train on the side of Alagalla. The Matale Hills—old Etta- polla and Asgeriya—and the loftier Lagalla range stood conspicuously out ayvainst the northern horizon, while the Knuckles, Rangala and Meda- mahanuwara ranges were easily defined. Old Pussellawa, with False Pedro and the Pedro ranges, was not the least conspicuous; and to one who has stood at or near the sources of the Mahaweliganga, the Kelaniganya, the Walawe- ganga—in Upper Maskeliya, Dikoya, Nuwara Eliya and Horton Plains—it was of some interest to note the sources of the Maha and Wai Uyas ; ‘for Dolosbage is pre-eminently a _ district of rivers, inside as well as along its borders. Under Raxawa, on the estate of that name, Kabara- galla (famous in its day for some of the finest coffee) Hillside, Craighead, Paragalla, Monte Christo,;:;Cholankande and Shamrock, as well as on Barnagalla and Alagalla, we saw good—in some cases—splendid tea. : We were greatly interested in the Barnagalla bungalow grounds and garden established by Mr. James stone some forty to fifty years ago and so well cared for and improved by the present ocenpants, Mr. and Mrs. T. Smith. Mr. Nock -of Hakgalla was afterwards deeply interested in out description of the Magnificent Qneensland flowering tree ‘*‘Jacacranda Mimoscefoiia” with iis widespreading acacia-like character and grand floral display in thick clusters of hyacinth-blue blossonr covering the whole tree. There is nothing to equal it in the island we ven- ture to think. The Barnagalla tree is about eight years old. Mr. Nock -is at once to try it at Hakgalla, and, perhaps, uuder more favourable conditions, Gardens with their genial climate. Then there are. specimens of cupressus and pinus — seattered over the lawn, from 40 years of a downwards. with» girths of from 4 feet 9 tomo — feet 7 inches at two feet from the ourd. ‘Lhe the Dolasbage: climate here is admirably st for fruit trees may be proved: frok- the: list in the Badnila — Marcu 1, 1895.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 595 presenting the garden which strdek us as em- racing an unusual variety :— Guavyais (of several kinds), Pumeloe, Olive, Mango, Ovanee (Sevile, Chins, Mandarin), Passion Fruit, Fig, Lime, Sou sop, Leechee, Papaw Rozelle, Br-ad- frait, Rambutun, Avocado Pear, Vanil:a, Mulberry, Strawberry, etc.. etc. But we must close this desulury brief sketch, the result of an all-too-brief peep into the old dis- trict, so familiar to us in name and through hosts of friend for a long series of years. In 1856 Dolosbaga had 3,270 acres under coffee ; in 1883 it had 9,238 aces under cultivation; half in, tea, the rest in coffee, cinchona, cocao, car- damoms, &ec. Now, in 1895, it has no less than 15,500 acres cultivated—nearly all tea— searcely a coffee bush on its plantations—save some Liberian in the region where worthy John Drummond grows his cacao and other products as well as the staple tea. How James Stone, J. A. Bell, M. MacDonnell, John Laing, James Kennedy, Alex. Harper, W. Rose, W. Peck, J. Barker, A. Cuthbert and other old residents would rub their eyes, were they— _ to revisit the glimpses o’ the moon p and enter one of the larger typical tea factories— such as that of Barnagalla itseli—with its tur- bine, two steam-engines, rollers, driers (down- draft sirocco), sifters, &c., &c., as compared with the modest Pulping House and Coffee Store of their quiet old days. But no more—suttice it so say that never before in all the century has the old ‘‘Sentry-box’ looked down and across to Narangalla, on a more prosperous industry than that which oceupies Dolosbage in this year 1895. CEYLON TEA IN NEW ZEALAND. GOVERNMENT LOANS TO FARMERS: Tun LAWS AND ADMINISTRATION OF NEW ZEALAND; THE CLIMATE AND BEST PLACE OF RESIDENCE. An ex-Ceylon resident—a recent arrival in Dunedin—who has had the opportunity for dis- tributing gifts of Ceylon tea, writes a chatty letter under date 12th Jan. as to his experience :-— In a few days I had educated the taste of the Manse family to appreciate the merits of pure Ceylon high grown tea. Although Ceylon tea is advertised everywhere throughout New Zealand it is a rare ex- perience to meet with any Colonial or Colonist whose taste has been educated to the Ceylon standard of tea drinking. Hygienic tea-pots are almost unknown, and the barbarous practice of adding water to the ot to draw a second infusion—the leaves being left in the pot—is nearly universal. What sort of taste ean you expect in these circumstances? And perhaps it is. not to be wondered at that the suppliers of Ceylon tea are content to handle only the commonest qualities. Lipton is selling through a retail agent in this city a blend of Ceylon and Indian teas in 3 qualities at 1/9, 2/3, and 3/ per lb. The best is a@ common tea in strength and flavour compared with Ceylon high grown, and I caleulate that at 3/ per tb.; allowing for 6d per tb. duty, a handsome profit is made on it by either the shipper or the retailer, or both. ‘he 1/9 tea competes with numerous brands retailed throughout New Zealand at 2/ per lb., and in my opinion it compares favourably with them, and is far better value than the 3/ tea, But it is a yery common grade of tea, and a taste for fine high grown Ceylons will never be created by it. I sent some of my _ lot of tea to my brother in Invercargill, and he and his fainily ave delighted with it; while the excellence of its flavour vs been repeatedly commented on by visitors here. The Ceylon teas sold by the Indian and Ceylon Lea o. that Mr. Watson was the means of starting after the exhibition in Dunedin a few years ago, are of 5 grades at prices from 2s to 3s 6d per lb., and although the highest priced is a fairly good tea it is not as good as I think it might be at the price. The addition of some fine high-grown flavoury broken pekoe is needed, and the price charged. I think, should ose the improvement of this grade very consider- ably. I have been in Dunedin since the middle of July last, and am now engaged in the office of the Public Trustee, tne Dunedin Agency. Iam occupied priucipally with the administration of the ‘“ Govern- ment Advances to Settlers Act,” an Act that was passed in the end of last session of Parliament for the purpose of enabling settlers, but especially small farmers, to borrow money from the Government at 5 per cent interest. Applications are coming in daily, at the rate for all New Zealand, it is said, of about 50 a day, and it is expected that the 13 million ounds which the Government may borrow and end in one year will be all applied for very soon. Finance and Agency Houses, of course, do not like this departure of the Government, and there has been considerable outcry against Ministers and their sup- porters in Parliament for this piece of legislation. The laws of New Zealand are an interesting study to one who has grown accustomed to the system of Government in a tropical Crown colony, and has been out of touch for many years with what has been going on in the old country. It strikes a stranger at first sight that the people of New Zealand are oyer-governed, but as their circumstances become better known it is impossible to withhold admiration for the results. Nowhere else that I have seen is there such a high standavd of comfort, and although employment is scarcer than it has been known to be for over twenty years yet there is none of that destitution that is so painfully prominent in all cities at Home. A large proportion of the artizans of Dunedin own their houses, and pretty and comfortable residences they are for the most part. Could I choose my residence I would. select Napier on the east coast of the North Island, where the win- teris milder than in Dunedin. We had _ snow in ths streets of Dunedin in September! And in October there was some lovely spring weather ! Since the begin- ning of December there have been summer days that were simply perfect. On the whole the climate here is very enjoyable, andit is certainly healthy. The Dunedin young people are as fine specimens of human- ity as you will meet anywhere. SS eeaE—EEES PLANTING AND PRODUCE. TrEA-TASTING.—The following playful remarks on tea-tasting, written by someone profoundly learned on the subject, appeared in the Pall Mall Gazette last week. ‘‘ Parents with a surplusage of boys should make tea-tasters of them. Recent revelations con- cerning this calling disclose the fact that it is a veri- table gold mine, where men can pick up fabulous incomes by sipping Bohea for a few hours daily. One taster, with a champion palate presumably, is known to have made £10,000 a year; but it is frankly admitted that many hard-working and deserving tasters are compelled to content themselves with a beggarly pittance of £2.000 per annum. As things go that is not so bad; for, atter all, the work is not as hard asstone-breaking or journalism. Still, it has its drawbacks, like everything else in this puzzling world. For instance, the taster who desires to have a plethoric balance at his banker's must deny himself such luxuries as Scotch whisky, and he must also learn to do without strong peppers and spices, all of which deaden that sensitiveness of palate necessary to success in his peculiar calling. Having disciplined himself to this extent, there is no reason—so a trade journal assures us—why the tea-taster should not grow rich beyond the dreams of avarice.” + Mr. Arthur Lampard, who takes the writer's remarks with more seriousness than they deserve, writes in reply :—‘* Will you kindly allow me to answer a paragraph appearing in your issue of today’s date, under the gearing of * Occasional Notes,”’ 596 adyising parents, upon a misleading basis, to educate their boys to become tea-tasters. I haye spent the whole of my commercial career in this particular vocation, and I have no hesitation in saying that. the, incomes which you state (namely, £2,000 to £10,000 per annum) it is possible for a competent tea-faster to make are quite un- heard, of, either in or out of Mincing Lane. By all means let parents place their boys in this or any, other walk of lite for which, they are competent and. out of. which they can earn a living; but as a paper of such, a considerable circulation as yours may, influence parents’ minds, it is a graye respon: sibity for you to publish incorrect statements which might cruelly mislead those who look to you for ad- vice. I have taken the trouble to answer the para- graph in question, as I am perfectly certain that you are,only too anxious to have errovs of this sort cor- rected.” a New Tea Company.—The Jalinga Tea Company, Limited, has been registered by Saunderson, Hol- land and Adkin,’ 46, Queen Victoria Street, E.C., with a capital of £22,000 in £10 shares. Object to carry,,into effect an agreement expressed to be made. between P.C. Leckie of the first part, J. M. Playfair of the second part, G. Lamb of the third art, D,. I. Lamb of the fourth part, H. ©. ewson of the fifth part, W. Duncan of the sixth, part, A. D. Forbes of the seventh part, T. Henderson of the eighth part, A. Milne of the ninth part, and this company of the tenth part, and to acquire and tum to account land of any de- scription in British India or elsewhere; as tea- planters, dc. Managing agents P. C. Leckie. Re- muneration, a percentage of the profits—//. and C. Mat. 104 —_______-—__— OTHE DUTCH CINCHONA AUCTIONS. Ow Amsterdam correspondent, telegraphing on Thursday evening, states :—At our auctions today 7.766 bales and 351.cases Jaya cinchona bark, to- ether weighing 717,335 kilos., and containing the 5 tivalent of 32,629 kilos. sulphate of quinine, wexe offered for sale. The tone was very depressed, and only about two-thirds of the bark offered—yiz., 5,356 representing 21,742 kilos. of sulphate of uckages é 4 Prato cold at a slight) decline, the average unit ein! ly 2:70 cents. per half-kilo,, or just below pra veltobamy. per unit. P The principal huyers were one agents for the Anglish, Trench, and American works, the Auerbach factory, the Amsterdam and Mannheim works, and the-l*rankfort works.— Chemist and Druggist, Jan. 26. Re. : ; Toy gey \ / “TEA SWEEPINGS.” \ ny serious state of affairs is revealed in the aa from. the City of London which we publish elsewhere. For some time, attention has been “drawn in our columns by home corres ndents to asystem which can only meet with the express condemnation of every tea planter and fair-minded tea dealer. We refer to the practice 1m, some of the London Docks or Ware- houses ot periodically selling what is called “Tea Sweepings, the proceeds by no means going to the rightful owners of the tea from which: such sweepings—or rather the percentage of honest tea amongsb them—came; but ap- arently being appropri ted by the owners or employees of the warehouses concerned. Now before we remark on the quality of such “sweep- ines” and ‘thie!’ ‘policy’ of Saran them,— als it 5 Peat what tuey are ; r an express guarantee t y males, wa for human food,—let us touch ob. to be used - ! : : é mE reo of how. any tea finds its way into such sweepings fact ony ie a €‘short’ weigh Hide one “hat would seem, to. make terests of’ the owners or employees he charges from time to time of in any ‘hulking ” warehouses, adverse to those of the ; THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ‘prevent the chance of any -recurrence. | “Broken Pekoe.” ‘able to call the attention of the firm to the at all? Planters ab once say the | and certainly the principle is a | the in-— . ‘MARCH 1, 1896)" owners of the tea bulked, in respect of produce spilt or otherwise going into! sweepings. All this shows what a grand advantage it would he to planters—apart from the re ph to consump.) tion—if a ‘‘free breakfast table” were i lished or if Mr. C. J. Rowe and his friends had*! their way in seeing tea freed from all duty. The” sweeping away of the present restrictions’ and’ warehouse regulations, necessitated by'such duty, would be of greater benefit to the planter than even the abolition of the fourpenny per lb. tax itself, ' But we turn from speculating on the future and on the ‘free breakfast table” which may come some day, to deal with the actual grievance brought under our notice today. And in’ this connection, we greatly regret that our absence upcountry prevented attention being ° given earlier to the correspondence, so that the matter might be formally dealt with at today’s meeting of the Planters’ Association. As it was, ‘all we could do was to forward one of the samples of ‘ the sweepings,” a copy of the catalogne and a letter of ‘atorinuhion: by a member ‘of Committee, on the chance of this being noticed in Committee. The remaining sample* and copy of” catalogue can be seen at our office.” The grievance is that insteal of the “tea sweep- ings” being sold to chemists for the extraction of caffeine, they are allowed to find their way into the open market and have, in some: cases’ heen bought for export to Germany, either “to be passed into consumption there, or manipulated and blended, and returned to the United Kingdom as wholesome tea. The point is that such “‘ tea sweepings ” are wholly unfit for human food. The wonder is, therefore, that, on the very first experience of such stuff finding its way into dealers’ hands, such a disturbance was not made in London, in India and out here as to effectually So far from it, some dealers seemed to think they could go on with impunity ;' for our’ correspond- ence shows that two parcels of what are said to be nothing but'‘‘tea sweepings,” actually got at the last moment, recently, into. a cata /of.a first-class Broking. House like Messrs. Gow,, Wilson & Stanton, and were there described as Fortunately, tea dealers werd actual quality of the tea, and as might be’ ex- pected Messrs. Gow, Wilson & Stanton imme- diately refused to have anything to do with the parcels and pronounced the ‘‘tea” to ,be fit only for extracting caffeine. Our correspond- ents give the particulars of the case in sufii- cient detail ; and we have only to ask that the | Planters’ Association of Ceylon, the Chamber of | Commerce, and the local Tea Dealers’ Associa- ' tion, should take action in reference to the practice of such ‘‘tea sweepings ” from Docks or Ware- houses being sold to any other than caffeine manufacturers. The bona jides of the Rood Lane Brokers in the matter is unquestioned. They not only discarded the lots, but took steps to have the ‘‘tea” tested and expressed their in- dignation at the attempt made to get them to sell such tea. . It is satisfactory to know that the ques- tion is not to he allowed~ to ‘sleep ‘at home. Influential tea dealers like Mr. Peek are likely to move in respect of the whole ques- tion of Tea Sweepings and Tea Adulteration ; * These samples, it seems, are not of the tea in this catalogue; but of other tea sweepings sold consumption, y = : ; ae i Marcu 1, 1895.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. "(597 and the matter of the Customs admitting such teas” from Germany and of their being. sold thereafter as sound tea, is likely to be brought betore the House of Commons during the present Session, None the less, however, is it incumbent ‘on our Ceylen public bodies to express their ‘opinion on the subject and to call on the Com- “mittee of the London (Ceylon) Association to ‘give their special and continuous attention to “the grievance’ until ‘steps are taken to prevent ary chance of recurrence. tt} oeon Syss CEYLON PLANTING DISTRICTS: A» PEEP: INTO PUNDALUOYA. ~The Railway has taken away from Colombo residents, many of the sensations which accom- panied coach journeys upcountry. “‘Sensation rocks” and ‘‘Great Western precipices” are exciting enough fora first trip by rail; but one soon gets use to them in a way that never was the case when sitting on a coach rattling down the Kadugan- nawa, Ballacadua, Ramboda or Attabage Passes, eonsidering the horse flesh and drivers available in Ceylon in byegone days; and yet we dare to say, more accidents occurred between Colombo and Galle on the dead level than on any of - the upcountry lines referred to! At least, so it qwas in our own coaching experience. '. To reyive some of the sensations accompanying ‘a drive along a typical Highland road with grand scenery, frowning bastions of rock over: head, a long line of underlying precipices with awkward turns and exposed corners we can very well recommend —taking Colombo nerves into con- -.sideration—the 6 miles drive from Wattegoda station into the Pundaluoya valley. With a high dogeart and a skittish horse, it must be refreshingly bracing. In arickshaw with a couple of coolies we found the journey comfortable enough, enabling the traveller to enjoy all the changes of scene at every mile of the road, as the magni- ficent _Kotmale-Pussellawa valley opened. up from the Lower Dimbula gorge. The first halt , of, the journey is through the heart of, fields of _ tea, merely marked by a gradual descent which must equal an average of 80 ft. per mile falling _jfrom, 4,400 feet at Watagoda, station to under 4,000 below Kaipoogallafactory. Thedrive gave us _ anew idea of the valuable property the Eastern Pro- duce and Estates Co. possess in Medakumbera. ‘Tt may, be said, of all the estates lying at the base of the Great Western mountain-mass of rock, that they can , never want a supply of fertilizing material im view of the gradual but steady, slipping away of detritus from the moun- tain or rock sides above them. But this must be eculiarly true of, many of the Medakumbera elds which lie like so many basins ready to receive the good stuff that should come to them from above for centuries yet to follow! Not that owners or managers place their dependence on such supply; for there are signs of careful tending and cultivation everywhere, and we saw little that was not up toa remarkably good aver- age of tea in growth, Jat, appearance and flush and we felt, altogether, in passing through this sheet of 2,000 acres of tea, that we had looked over some divisions what is really a splendid property. Piles of cotlee stumps at one or two turns of the road attracted attention for the grand size attained by the old stems; but we were toldat the end ‘of our journey that the tea had immensely improved since these coffee trees had been removed. A feature in Medakumbera common to most Dimbula and upeountry plantations now, we are glad to think, is the free dotting of timber belts and trees—especially places, rich in tea. erevilleas—throughout the tea fields. But particularly. grateful to the traveller in a hot sun and also interesting in itself is the avenue of. diversified trees which form a shade along the, main road—with | fine specimens of sapu, toon (albizzia),. Eucalypts (blue and red or swamp. mahogany), ficus, Cryptomeria Japonicas, mango as well as grevilleas —all prospering and presaging giant. trees, in years tocome. The continuous grove of ereyilleas and acacias above the tea under the mountain mass, makes a capital boundary line for, Meda- kumbera,. besides. being valuable. in. them- selves. Very familiar from days of old is. the group of plantations which face us stretching down from the Dimbula Gap—old Bogahawatte and Kelle- wattie looking as verdanut as ever, until we note the richly clothed-fields of Mount Vernon all dotted over with grevillea, belts. We were surprised, to learn that the rich-looking tea fields below Bo- gawatte on the same side of the river, but under the boldest. rocky feature dividing Dimbula from Kotmalie, belonged, to Medakumbera which has 450 acres in cultivation on that further side of the Kotmalie-ganga. Farther round, there is a nice looking little tea property—of perhaps 100 acres in_all, belonging to Mrs. Hampton which, besides being favoured by its capital. Eastern aspect, must profit like the rest by the rocky hillside above. The first burst of this truly Kandyan Kotmalie valley—the seat of a \Ratemahatmeya—with its terraced rice-fields, glistening in light, green or yellow in, the early, morning or _ after- noon sunlight,—is peculiarly refreshing and the river tumbling white. or, brown,and_ black in the centre, the dark green tea fields and groves. of ornamental trees aboye—all | set in a framework of everlasting rocks or hills, forms a picture once seen to, adyantage as, we saw it, which cannot easily be forgotten, The great feature in advance of the trayeller downto Pundaluoya, is the Moneragalla; or. prominent “Peacock” hill overshadowing what was once the grand. Black Forest of Pussellawa—now; in Rothschild, Delta, Glenloch, Helbodde and other How gratified the brothers Worms would: be not only to see the resuscitation of their Pussellawa properties ; but also the. trans- formation of their grand block. of Lower, Dim- bula.. land into the splendid tea estate of Medakumbera; for, this block.as well as that of Norwood, together with the Rothschild, Con- degalle, Keenakelle and other properties were sold .by the Messrs.. Worms and formed the raison, detre of the Ceylon Company, Limited. Passing along the side; of) a.,steep underly- ing precipice, wisely guarded. by a. well-built masonry parapet, saat rounding the patana-covered shoulder of the range, we pass from Lower Dim- bula into what used forty, years ago to. be described as THE RICH WARM VALLEY OF THE PUNDALOYA, It was our first peep into a district which has long had claims.on our attention. The Planters’ Association of 1856 treated it as a mere, sub- division of Ramboda district, and with only a nucleus of estates and nothing better than a bridle-path to approach it, the distinction of a separate district was then scarcely called for. Joined to Ramboda it continued until 1881, when the separate properties haying inereased from 7 to 12,. we ventured to establish jit in the Directory, as a separate division. Long before this, a eanend road had been constructed into the heart. of the district which, for zigzags through what was Lyon-Fraser’s property, remindg 598 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (Marcn t, 1895. one of the famous zigzags im Kotmalie! Now, | the district is redolent,—was fond of taki with the Government cart road from Watagoda station—(and what a precedent this forms for Uva Railway roads !)—joining on to the grant-in-aid road, few districts in the island are better served. ‘The Chetties and cartmen often find if is best to cart rice up from Gampola, rather than incur the extra railway rate to Wattagoda; but then the carters are clever enough after coming so far, to get loads of tea to the upper station and often to get loads of general goods back. How the men of forty years ago in Pundaloya—dear old sci- entific Aidtner of ‘the enemies of the coffee tree’ (who is succeeded in the same district by the equally accomplished Mr. E. E. Green with the ‘““enemies of the tea tree”), P. D. Millie, Hux- ham, Le Pelly and Lyon Fraser—would stare if they saw the change and progress which mark the present day. To us who had never entered the district Hele; we could only imagine what it must have been in a roadless and bridgeless state. Transport should be a simple matter for every estate in the Valley now. Even Pinehill with its rich fields of tea—geographically in Kot- ~ malie—has its leaf carried by a wonderful wire- shoot across a great chasm and the river to the Company's factory on Wavahena, aad the ma- nager, Mr. Trimen, has his aerial bridge, or higher, up the ferry boat and a long patena ride ‘to bring him tothe farther division of his charge. ’ The only estate of Kotmalie proper visible from the Pundaluoya side is Doombegastalawa—long the home or headquarters of a famous pioneer and sportsman, the late Capt. Fisher, father of the resent Government Agent for Uva; and there is besides a prominent and outstanding mark on the patana known as ‘“‘Tyspane tree” indi- cating the whereabouts of a well-known property. We certainly admired very much what we saw ‘of the lower part of Pundaloya, and we heard famous accounts of Meddetenne,—the propert of a well-known -Dumbera (manager—which is a good way done the Valley towards Pusilava, though included in Pundaloya. The Kandyans have not yet done much in tea about their villages in this valley, so far as we could learn ; ‘nor yet thought of following the Nawalapitiya example about transforming paddy-fields—some of them admirably suited—into tea gardens; but Muttu Carpen Chetty has planted two or three ‘fine tea fields and sells his leaf regularly to a local ‘factory; and we suspect it will not be long before his example is copied in a small way by ‘’many more natives. from Lower Dimbula down to Gampola. Pallerakelly, Choisy and Tava- -‘lamtenne bring back recollections of days of old, and we were pleased to hear of them all flourishing in tea. Higher up, we have Eton, one of the few places with coffee, a field of which stands clearly out from the hillside, looking still vigerous. Fine tea fields here and on North and South Pundaluoya, Sheen, Harrow, Fernlands (redolent with the memories of Nietner), lead us on to what is undoubtedly one of the finest properties in the district, if not the island, namely Dunsinane with its grand lay of land, fine jat of tea, and ample reserves of forest. We take Kaipoogalla last, though it is by no means least. Forty years ago it was owned and indeed opened by Messrs. Kershaw and Le Pelly ; and we recall the day when it was managed by Mr. Lawrence St. George Carey for Mr. Dobree and Colonel Mac- mahon-Salt from whom it was bought by Messrs.” E. Hope and W. 58. Bennett. It was famous for one field that never yielded less than 12 cwt. per acre of ‘ coffee; and a famous V. A.—of memories of whom , and then saying,—*t Now it’s all like this | | tory as Kaipoogalla possesses. the any vel— ; we may as well make for the bungalow.” All we can say is, that if it was rich in coffee, Mr. Hope by his careful work and good management has transformed Kaipoogalla into one of the finest tea plantations of its size we have seen in the country. It is now the property of the Scottish Trust & Loan Co. who took it over in the dark days of coffee depression, and whose agent Mr. Thos. Dickson on a recent visit, was delighted with all he saw. Mr. Hope is a planter of the old, thorough school, and it is a real pleasure to walk over an estate so elean, well roaded, drained and planted and with so pukka and convenient a Fac- Mr. Edward Hope one of the best liked as he is one of the best planters in the country, is going home on well earned furlough very shortly and it is a pleasure to have the opportunity to testify to what we have seen, and to note the pluck and persistent industry of an old friend who has experienced as many ups and downs as any man in the island ; but who has never lost heart or the cheeriness which distinguished him 38 years ago when hé first went to Matale. We casually asked Mr. Hope —in view of recent discussions on the kangany question—if he had any very old servants, “He turned out two kanganies, one of whom held his stirrup in 1856 while he mounted at Matale resthouse, to ride up to Nickoloya to take up his post as Assistant. This young Tamil rose to be kangani and has followed Mr. Hope ever since; another kangani, whom we found busy over a weeding contract, has been with Mr. Hope for ‘0 years. There are not many plan- ters in Ceylon now who have a similar experi- ence to show. . Tea flourishes in the Pundaluoya district from 5,500 or close on 6,000 feet, down to 3,000 feet in the warm Wavahena and Meddetenne valleys. Though bowanded and divided by rivers, water is not so freely distributed as we expected in the district, and steam-power is availed of in most of the factories. We are puzzled as to meaning of the name ‘ Pundalu a.” “Ingé Va” gives it as ‘‘the river of full tanks” with a query; but there is no tank along’ the course of the stream or in the neighbourhood. “An- other interjretation connects it with “‘leeches” —‘“pudawa ” getting altered into “ pundalu” 7— and this imeaning is felt to be nearer the mark by pdantters; but what say our Sinha- lese authorities? We were struck with the size and luxuriance of the clumps of giant bamboos near Kaipaogalla bungalow, exactly 4,000 feet above sea level; while the monster blue gums we had measured, gave 9 feet 4 inches and 9 feet 6 inches in girth at 2 feet from the ground; visitor to see this field—a walk on the and a grand cupressus measured 7 feet 4 inches under the same conditions. hard to be beaten? wien ————————— Text BULKING TEA IN LONDON. — In Messrs. Wm. Jas. & Hy. Thompson’s Indian and Ceylor Tea Circular of 31st January, we haye the following good news :— baer By a recent Custems’ order, breaks passed with an average tare may now be turned out, bulked, These are ‘surely “and re-filled, without having each package re-weighed and separately tared. We have also reason to hope ~ for a General Order enabling Importers to bulk to- gether here, two or more inyoices brought by different ships—a me psure will facilitate putting larger before buycrs, and so lessening the n samples shown. ; ; ohoey Marca t, 18y5.] THE TROPICAL PLANTING PRODUCTS. (From the Forty-first Annual Report of the Oeylon Planters’ Association, held “5 17th Peb. 1895.) TEA. { The past season has been one that has quite upset Estimates. The shortness of crop may be put down to the two extremes of want of moisture in che Eastern and of too much moisture and want of sun heat in the Western and Southern Districts during the South-West’ Monsoon. The average price for the year was about 84 pence in London, as against 9 pence for 1893. ‘lhe difference was, however, more than counterbalanced by the lower rates of exchange. And on thé whole, short out-turn, notwithstanding, the year has been a prosperous one: ‘The develop- ment of new markets makes slow but steady pro- gress, and the real campaign against America may be said to have now begun in earnest. A prolon- gation of the Chino-Japanese war will probably greatly aid in introducing your teas to America and Russia, the two countries it is your aim now to reach. Your Committee deems Messrs. Gow, Wilson and Stanton’s remarks regarding Tea as given in “The Times” on Trade in 1894 worth quoting as follows:—‘The consumption of tea in Great Britain has steadily increased. Public — taste has run more than ever upon Indian and Ceylon growths, bringing the relative consumption of British- grown tea in 1894 up to 88 per cent of the total. Hstimating December figures, the total quantities of Indian and Ceylon tea used in 1894 were 189,000,000 lb , andof China, &¢., only 26,000,030 lb. against 172,000,000 lb. Indian and Ceylon and 36,000,000 China, &ec. in 1893." Hencethe Chino-Japanese war has at present exercised very little influence on the tea trade in the United Kingdom, although such an event a few years ago would have occasioned enhanced prices. The total consumption of all tea per head of population in the United Kingdom during 1894 was 5°53 Ib., against 5°41 lb. in 1893, 5:43 in 1892, 5°36 lb. in 1891, 517 1b. in 1890, and 4°99 lb. in 1889. Again while it is gratifying to notice that Australasia continues t» take increasing quantities of British Grown Tea, it is equally encouraging to learn that the Continent of North America has made remarkable progress in its appreciation of these ‘Teas especially during the present year.” cocoa. The crop for the past year was cwts. 22,791 being less by cwts. 6,984 than that of 1893, on the other hand it exceeded that of 1892 considerably, and as it is ascertained that the advance in cocoa production must be looked for in alternate years, the crop for the year just past may be con- sidered progressive. The earlier part of the year was very dry. The spring crop suffered from this cause, and the autumn crop. has also been retard- ed. Rain, however, fell in the later part of the year, which was of great benefit, and speaking generally cocoa now looks well, and the promise for the coming year is favourable. A very considerable acreage has een added to the cultivation of this product in the last two or three years, and as this comes into bear- ing a large anal increase may be looked for in exports. Prices have ruled very lowduvring the year and have touched, perhaps, a lower point than Ceylon cocoa had ever before reached. Absence of demand forthe American markets is one cause of this, but why that demand should have suddenly ceased is, indeed, hard to say. Itis atleast certain that the reason is not to be found in any deterioration of the bean or in the mode of curing. The following information re- ceived on the authority of London Produce Brokers seems of sufficient interest to be placed on record for what it is worth, The Guayaquil crop this sea- son is very large, viz 350,000 quintals (the quintal being approximately cwt. 1) and a new’ source of wy ) y has sprung up at San Thomé, West Central Africa, recently, resulting in an export of 80,000 Bags in the past pear, obtained entirely from natural in- digenous Cocoa. It appears possible, that this “ in- creased yielding Guayaquil (Ecuador) may have been 5 : ; AGRICULTURINT. 599 / ~+_, a “factor”? in the unexampled depression in Cocoa, while it is noticed that Ceylon Cocoa which suffered the haviest depreciation is mainly used by American manufactureis and for some years cominanded a price almost double that of other sorts, viz. from 125s to 135s per ewt. against only 58s-to. 63s per ewt... for fair Estate marks in 1894. i Li _>> COFFEE. The crop during’ the past year has been svtisfactory owing to a generally, more favourable blossoming season, especially where attention has been given to the cultivation of this now valuable and somewhat scarce product. The cultivation of Liberian, coffee is receiving increased attention and there) is a con- siderable acreage under this product. CARDAMOMS. During the year the area under eight ‘years old bas yielded a good ciop, but the older fields have done poorly and are, in the natural course, gra- dually going out of cultivation, and as the: area suitable for extension is limited, the exports may be expecied to barely maintain the reduzed iout-put of the present year. A remarkable feature ~ of the year, is the large falling off in the exports to British India from 203,571 lb. in 1893 to 31,446 lb. in’ 1894 owing partly no doubt to the good prices ruling in London combined \with a low exchange and largely to the 5 per cent ad valorem duty now+levied in India. ! OFFICIAL ESTIMATE OF THE Your Committee after due cided to Estimate the Tea Crop of the Island available for export in 1895 at 90,090,000 Ib. TOTAL EXPORTS. Your thanks are again’ due’ to the Hon. The Principal Collector of Customs for ‘the following valuable tables wiich are of mucn interest. Statement showing the total exports during the year ended 31st December 1894 fromthe Island of Ceylon of the following articles :— TEA Crop FOR 1895, consideration has de- Articles. Quantity: Arecanuts - CWt 122,269-1-25 Coffee Liberian ewt 790: Coffee Native - Coffee Plantation Cinchona - ew 1,567 ewt 29,629-0-034 lb y ), 261 Cacao ewt '22)791-3-115 Cadamoms ' lb Coconuts - No. Cotton - ew. 1,557 Pepper ewt. ~ 142- Tea c 1bs.85,376, Tobacco - ewt. 54,850-0-27 Unmanufactured Tobacco and Cigars Ib 258,14 and 4 pkgs. Statement of Exports of tea from the island. of Ceylon to the United Kingdom and to other markets in 1891, 1892,.1893, and 1894 :— Countries. 1891. 1822. 1893. 1894. lb. lb. lb. lb. United Kingdom. 62,693,676} 65,824,8225 73,855,840} 79,434,1174 British Colonies. Aden 3,360 5,640 4,455 Australia 3,085,962$ 5,042,648; 6,816,410 British India 573,241 $10,788 1,036,365 Cape of Good Hope 33,251 8,030 20,482 Cyprus 2,800 5,400 4,450 Gibraltar 24,215 41,355 34,025 Hongkong 123,527 9, 149,176 Malta 16,920 21,745 33,895 Mauritius 49,572 $1,202 86,126} New Zealand -- 150,137 Straits Settlement 12,069 12,568 20,301 Canada — - Foreign Countries. ~ | ‘Tunis —_ — 14,850 3,540 Africa J Zanzibar 9,348 11,631 he 12,950 Arabia 3,669 2,870 4,641 2,020 Argentine Republic — — 1,580 - Austria 5,366 3,444 8,972 {876 Belgium 20 450 4,234 1,999 Buenos Ayres $)195 - - Bushire 3,784 $20 - Brazil -- 10 - - China 30,455 21,480 18,471 {093 Denmark 1,250 2,400 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [March 11895, 600 Co: ntiles, . 181, yh Hy R03, 1 94 ib lo lb, lu Dutch Possesstons in India 40 20 70 22 ‘Egypt 48,861 88,006 17,723 17,171 France 5,482 8,694 25,004 29,388 French Possessions in India 40 — 150 116 Germany 100,653 109,752 215,465 170,696} Greece 44 54 1,935 2, Holland _ 783 5,353 100 Italy 12,568 9,5034 5,986 3,425 Jamaica 1,480 = Japan 262 1,520 1,055 1,790 Jeddah 167 2 Maldive Islands 7g 179 201 168 Manilla DAK 150 1,641 Mombassa 725 — _ ad Portuguese Posses- sions in India 200 200 an _— Norway - 100 500 Persia _ _— 1,092 _ Portugal — - 15 Phillipine Islands = — _ 240 - Russia 11,240 805 48,092 42,224 Russian Posses- : sions in China = 150 60 20 Ramoa 400 - - Beychelles 66 — - Spain 600 35 20 15,020 Sweden 2,589 770 4,790 500 Turkey in Europe 4,769 1,950 2,915 8,100 Turkey in Asia _ —_ 1,480 2,110 U. States of Ame- / rica 154, 4,219 85,120 167,691 46,853 Syria - _— 2693 _ W. India Islands = — 600 = 1,500 Total Ib. 67,020,08411-12 72,282,524} 82,269,362} 85,376,322} These table show only the direct exports from Colombo. ;Jt must be borne in mind that the indirect, exports chiefly throngh London to many of these countries are increas- ing as the direct exports fall of LABOUR SUPPLY. Your Committee invites attention as usual to the following Official tables showing the Arrival and Departure of Coolies During 1893 and 1894 respec- tively :— No. since the com- mencement of year. Month. 1893 - Arrivals. Departures. Arrivals. Departures, January - 5,821 6,979 5,821 6,979 lebruary - 7994 7,331 13,115 14,310 March - 8,364 6,519 21,479 20,829 April - 7,462 6,441 28,941 27,270 May = 11,228 6,993 40,169 34,263 June - 9,344 #853 49,513 40,116 July Os) 8764 6,666 58,27 46,812 Augrst > 5,999 6,153 64,276 52,965 Septc mber - 7,504 5,304 71,780 58,269 Octobir - 8,966 4,340 80,746 62,609 November - 5,038 6,368 85,784 68,977 Pecem) er - 5,892 4,204 91,676 73,181 Total- 91,676 73,181 No. since the com- - mencement of year. Month. 1894, _ +. Arrivals. Departures. Arrivals. Departures. January - 2,861 4,519 2,861 4,519 February - 3,850 4,532 6,711 9,051 March - 3,839 7,487 10,550 16,538 ) April - 6,488 5,698 17,038 22,236 May ~ 9,060 5,405 26,098 1 27,641 June - 10,244 6,092 36,342 33,733 July - 10,793 6,146 47,135 39,879 August - 8,916 6,078 56,051 45,957 September - 8,742 » 5,986 64,793 51,943. October - 6,999 5,345 71,792 57,288 November - 6,446 5,584 78,238 62,872 December - 7,018 3,520 85,256 6,6392 Total - 85,256 66,392 ’ : — i tN IE Fr TEA AND SCANDAL. I fear space and time forbid me this week from giving you more than the following piece of’ poetry, (fully bearing out my title), written by Christopher Smart in the eighteenth century. From Jaya ‘on Sth inst, when the small ‘total’ of 3 Tue Tra-Por and ‘ScrvsemoBrrsh (Fable V.) A tawdry tea-pot, a la mode, Where art her utmost skill bestow’ a, Was much estcem’d for being old? And on its sides with red and gold Strange beasts were drawn, in taste Chinese, And frightful fish, and hump- -back trees. Jiigh in, an_ elegant beaufet, This pompous utensil was set, Ane near it on a marble slab, Forsaken by some careless brab, A veteran scrubbing-brush was Tale al And the rich furniture disgrae’d. The tea-pot soon began to flout, And thus its venom spouted aah : “Who from the scullery Brought in this low, this vile 1 blackguard, And laid in insolent’ position, Among us people of condition ’ Back to ‘the helper in the stable, : Scour the close-stool, or wash-house table ; Or cleanse some horsing-box, .or pla Nor dare approach us folks of rank, . Turn—brother coffee-pot, your spout, Observe the nasty stinking Tout,’ ’ Who seems to scorn my indignation, Nor pays due homage to my fashion ; Yake, silver sugar-dish, a view, . And consin cream-pot, pray, do you.” “ Pox on you all! Dad old Serub, Of coxcombs ye confederate club, Full of imperoinEnce and prate, Ye hate all things that «re None but such ignorant infernals, Judge by appearance and externals, Train’d up in toil and nsefnl knowledge, Im fellow of the kitchen college, ° And with the mop my old assnctate, The family uffairs negoviate.— Am foe to filth and things 0 cheene, Dirty by making others Not shining, yet I cause to “shine, ¥4 My roughness makes my neighbours fine ; You're fair without, but fou within, With shame impregnated, and sin ; To you each impious scandal’s owing, You set each gossip's clack a-going.— How dear delicious Polly Bloom Owes all her sweetness to perfu ; Though grave at church, at cards can 2 Atty At once a prudeand a coquette.— Twas better for each British viromgin, When on roast-beef, strong beer, and sturgeon, Joyous to breakfast they sat round, Nor were ashain’d to eat a pound. / These were the manners, these the ways, In good Queen Bess’s golden days ; Each damsel ow’d her bloom and glee, To wholesome elbow-grease and me, But now they centre al) their’ joys In empty rattle-trap and noize. Vhus wliere the Fates send you, they send Flagitious times, which ne’er will mend, © Till some philosopher can find. zs A serubbing-brush to scour i mind, » MM. 'FeRetson, porcine ayer et CINCHONA BARK: es (From C, MW & C Woeodhouse’s aes Londen, January, 24th, 1895" =~ She public auctions held during ‘December, com- prised :— 462 pack. East India )3 3 a( 2 92 pkgs. Rae: Tad 793 ,, Ceylon | , Ce 836 ,, W.C. African aye és ‘AEroot &c. 367. ,,. S. American \ = oS qnape same period ast year. 7 The shipments from Java during November _ and December as adyised by telegraph were. bai ,000 Amsterdam Ib.; therefore the total shi men ts mn Jaya and Ceylon from Ist January to tet: I ber may be estimated as follows :— rs 1894, 1898. 1892. i ARR ee enatieh “Eagtsh ogh 9,966,000 8,176,000° “7,191,000 8,6 Ceylon. 2,500,000. 3,441,000 5S Total. 12,466.00 rik 617,000 14,038,000 Paiha January sales of bark in London } MARCH 1, 1895.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Got were offered, nearly half of which consisted of West Coast African. There was a steady demand and most was sold at 41 to 3d per unit. The next public sales will he held in London on February 19th andin Holland 2n February 28th. Quinine continues dull of sale and scarcely any business is reported during the past month. German on the spet is quoted 1lqd per oz. Shipnients from Ceylon Ist January to 7th Dec. EVI soe Sota ne ae Re ae? CL oa Ua 1393 Fis See iene Ha ESOP agase 1392 =A pe iat Saga RCCL a 1891 Se ee eM SBT SSO Th", ee eee SEE DRUG REPORT. (From Chenust and Druggist. ) 3 London, January 26th. IXOLA.—Selling at much better prices, with improved competition, éspecially for West Indian. One barrel fairly bright seed fron: Grenada (W-.L.) realised 1s 4d per Ib. ‘two other parcels brought the high price of 1s 6d for 1b for good, slightly mouldy, and 1s 3d to (1s. 4d for ‘good brown. For 20 bags rather dark and lean kolas a bid of lid per lb was refused. ESSENZIAL OILs.—Six cases pale yellow Eucalyptus oil from Adelaide sold without reserve at Is 13d per Ib; for Porcupine brand 28° per lb is asked. Fisher's Citro- neHa oil is held for 23d per oz. Cinnamon oil—The quan- tity placed in sale today amounted to 14 cases, much -of mhiee appeared to be of doubtful quality, although all bottles were labelled ‘‘ genuine.” The bulk was bought in at 10d per oz Twenty cases fair yellow Lemongrass oil from Bombay were bought in at 1gd per oz. Of Paraguayan Orange flower oil, 10-cases were offered and bought im at 8d per oz. There were no bids. Coca.—In the five months from July 1st to November 30th, last 330 cases coca-leaves were shipped from Java to Holland. The whole. of this supply is consumed by the Brunswick Quinine-works, which is the only factory making cocaine that uses the Jaya leaf. ———— i REPORT OF THE TEA FUND. The following is the Report of the Ceylon Tea Fund for the seyen years ending 31st December 1894 ;— ‘'o effectively review, the.operations of the Ceylon Tea Fund it is necessary fist to point out that in 1873 no Ceylon ‘ea at all was exported from the colony, Whatever was grown in the Island previous to that date was more as an interesting curiosity and- ‘hobby’ than as a commercial article. he staple product of the country was coffee and continued to be so for some years subsequent to that date although seriously threatened by the ravages of the deadly fungus—leaf-disease, But it was not, however, until the “green bug” appeared that it was fully antici- pated that coffee was. doomed almost to extinction, and that another product must be found to take its place, ‘Then it was that tea came into prominent notice for the first time in Ceylon, and as indication of the fall of coffee and the rise of tea as the staple product of Ceylon it may be mentioned hee that in 1874 the export of coffee from Ceylon amounted to cwh. 730,937. valued R32,166,517, and in 1894 ewt. 31,197 valued R2,773,213 while in L875 the export of tea was 1,435 Ib. valued at R2,402, and in sdb 89,876,322 lb. valued at R46,103,214, In appendix A will be found an interesting table showing the ex- ports of Ceylon tea to the various countries of the world for a period of 20 years, but in using those figures it must not be forgotten that, owing to tran- shipment of cargo at:yarious ports such as London, Hongkong, Suez, &c., the amounts given as exported to America, Russia and other countries, haying no direct communication with Colombo, do not pretend to strict, accuracy in that regard. They have been carefully compiled from the Ceylon Blue Books and official sources. j Vo redeem yast areas of coffee land from unprofit- ableuess owing to the ravages of ‘heuleia vastatria”’ and ‘green bug” was. the formidable task before the Ceylon planters, from 1880 onwards, at which date the continued general cultivation of coffee be- came more than doubtful. The task, however, Bf been re-planted with tea, the next matter importance was to find an outlet for the | pro- duce—the tea for the world’s consumption being at that time amply supplied by India, China, and Japan. An outlet has been found for Ceylon puoduces and it is pretty safe to say that this has een done entirely by displacing China ‘Vea. Before the inception of the Yea Fund, the first attempt publicly to inake Ceylon ea known was in Australia at the International Exhibition held in Sydney in 1879. The Planters’ Association, impressed with the advantages that would accrue to Ceylon from special attention being drawn to its products and particularly to its tea, ‘approached the Govern- ment, but without success, with a view to procuring the nomination of a fully accredited Commissioner who was connected with Ceylon. In 1880-81 an Inter- national Exhibition was held. in Melbourne under the auspices of the Victorian Government, and the Planters’ Association unanimously nominated the late Mr. A. M. Ferguson, ¢.m.G., as Commissioner to represent Ceylon and specially its planting industry. That gentleman's mission was a great success in every way, and there is little doubt that to his efforts is due the foundation of the large trade now done with Australia, which absorbed 6,952,098 lb. of Ceylon hen in 1394, against 120,069 lb. in 1881 (vide Appen- ix A.) A considerable interval elapsed before any further action was taken in the same way on any consider- able scale. Ceylon was well represented at the Cal- eutta International Exhibition in 1883 by Mr. John Capper at the instance of the Planters’ Association but it was not until 1886, at the (olonial and In- dian Exhibition in London, that a fresh and im- portant effort was mace specially directed to benefit Ceylon Tea. Up to this time it had been always difticult in the extreme, often impossible, to induce Government io sce that it h.d any responsibilities in connection witn the welfare of that industry on which the prosperity of the country depended. On this occasion, however, doubtless owing to pressure from exalted personages at home rather than from any lively sense of its duty and responsibility, the Ceylon Government took steps to naye itself repre- sented, and ou the request of the Planters’ Asso: ciation handed to that body the sum of R35,000 (out of vote of 50,000) to secure the efficient re- presentation of Ceylon ‘lea specially, the success of which to the colony generally was more important than that of all the other exhibits. ‘he Association, however, was not backward in its efforts to supplement the amount supplied by Government and to avail itself of the opportunity to make known to consumeis the good qualities of Ceylon Teas, and so to stimulate the demand at a time when the production was incieasing enormously throughout - the island. As 5,550,745 persons visited the Colonial and Indian Exhibition it is obvious that Ceylon Tea there obtained a splendid advertisement in the United Kingdom at any rate. Much of the success of Ceyion’s representation at this Exhibition was due to Mr. J. L. Shand’s able and energetic efforts as Com- missioner nominated hy the Planters’ Association. ‘I'he success of Ceylon’s enterprise at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886 abundantly showed how desirable and necessary it was to continue efforts in the same line in order to place before the consumer the good qualities of Ceylon tea; and hence at the several exhibitions held in Great Britain immediately. following the “Colinderies” in 1886, Ceylon ‘Vea was always well shown (see appendices B&F) and its claims to superiority vigorously re- presented. Whe success at the * Colinderies”’ also clearly indicated that some scheme of a more or less permanent character to ensure representation of Ceylon teaat these and similar exhibitions was neces- sary, and to this necessity is due the origin of the Ceylon Tea Fund. To Mr. H. K. Rutherford is entirely due the credit of initiating the ea Fund and of perceiving that this was not a case of subscribing money toward a big show in the ordinavy sense of the words, but of in- yesting money in one’s own business with every Was successfully accomplished, and the fields haying 1 prospect of securing a good return (vide Book of Pro- 602 ceedings of the Ceylon Planters’ Association for the year! ending 17th February, 1888, page 86). His reso- lution on the subject was unanimously adopted by the Planters’ Association on 16th October, 1887, and in the first year 696 estates (or proprietors and other subscribers) enrolled their names as intending sub- scribers to the Fund. The following table shows the number of estates and contributors at one time registered who made pay- ments during each year of the existence of the Fund, and the total amounts collected :— Nuniber of Total sum estates and con- Year. collected, tributors. { —. 1887 80600 Foz details sce * 676 1888 16,354'43 half-yearly Re- 660 1889 19,957°42 port & Accounts 440 1890 23,467°53 of the ‘Vea Fund 399 1891 30,028°53 in Appendix C. ) 486 1892 31,119°87 B96 1893 12,084 36 260 1894 13,056°22 Total R146,874°36 ‘The total number of estates in the Island is prob- ably about 1,450, so that it will be seen that at no time was there. eyen a majority of estates subscrib- ing to the Fund, and it must always remain a mat- ter of reget that so many were found ready and Willing to reap all the benefits without in any way helping to, mect the, cost of acquiring them. A list of all ‘contributors to the Fund during its career will be found in Appendix D. A table annexed approximately shows the sum spent in the various countries by the Standing Committee of thé Oeylon Tea Fund exclusive of the World’s Colum- pian Exhibition ani the quantity of tea exported to ‘those countries in 1888 and 1894. “At thé inception of the Fund it was thought desirable to have the co-operation of gentlemen with mercantile training, and the Chamber of Comineié> was, therefore, inyited and agreed to act in conjuction with the Planters’ Asgsodiation. After a few months, however, the Chaniber decided to ‘leave the whole matter in the Hands of the Planters’ Association and took no further active partin the proceedings. “Following the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1835 came the Glasgow Exhibition (see ap nendix B) of 1889 at whith the Ceylon Tea Mund secured a thorough representation alniost entirely by its own efforts, Go- ‘Vernment contributing thé small stim of R2,000, but declining further help.’ (See Book of Proceedings of Planters’ Association, in'1888, page cix.; Colonial Se- ‘Cretary’s letter of 12th Jan., 18881) A visit of Her _ Majesty the Queen’ was secured to the Unofficial Cey- | lon’ Court. Tithe same year thé Tea Fund had to provide for re- THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURISI. a russels Hxhibitions, respectively, both of which were as before cazried ont with very small pecuniary aid from Goverhinent, and in'1889 Game the Paris Univer- sal Exhibition. consuming country, it was considered desirable not to let the opportunity pass of at least bringing Ceylon Tea prominently before the notice of the French people, and without receiving any assistance from Government a good representation was made. This closed the list of great Mxhibitions about that time, and itis right that it should be ‘on yecord how little the Government of Ceylon did to help to re-establish the ‘prosperity of the Colony’s staple industry by pushing its produce at a time of deep depression and anxiety. © After thesé various Exhibitions had had attention, it became necessary for ‘the Tea Fund to push the knowledge of! Ceylon ‘by other’ means, and it was about this “time ‘thatthe policy of granting to in- dividuals dhd firms willing to’ push the sale of Ceylon Tea in foreign countries a certain amount) of tea for free distribution''in small packets amongst consumers so that they’ might taste and become “accustomed to the tea from an undoubtedly pure source ‘was adapted. In the United Kingdom it was never, necessar'y to adopt this system, because almost. every planter was himself acting as an Agent of the Tea vesentation also at the Melbourne Centennial and the © Although France is not a great tea |MarcH 1, 1896. Fund by sending small parcels of tea to his relatives and friends, but in foreign countries that system has been consistently pursued by the Committee. Yo the adoption of this systeni, especially (by private effortey in the case of the United Kingdom ut also in other countries, it is believed that the large expansion in consumption is due first of all to the United Kingdom and then to other lands; at the same time where additional assistance was required and could be given it was rendered. In pursuauce of this policy Ceylon Tea was granted for free distribution in the various countries, parti- culars concerning which will be found in Appendix B. and C. Although efforts had been made so early as 1887- 1888 to reach the American market (without much success it must be admitted), it was felt that every energy must be devoted to seizing the opportunity presented by the holding, of the great World's Colum- bian Exhibition in 1893 at Chicago. It became abundantly evident, however that for this purpose the funds at the disposal of the Tea Fund Con mittee were quite inadequate even when supplemented as they were by considerable private subscriptions for the special end in view, aes although the plant- ing community had never received any great encour- agement in the past to justify their hoping for ade- quate assistance from Goyernment in the future, yet it seemed that in the present Governor, His Excellency Sir Arthur Havelock, the colony had # ruler who did appreciate the importance of the panting industry and who would act accordingly. he Planters’ Association therefore approached His Excellency with a view to obtaining the imposition of a special export duty on tea im order that adequate funds might be provided specially for the Chicago Exhibition, and subsequently obtained a grant of a sum from the general revenue of the colony equivalent to the amount raised by the ex- port duty as well as by the funds voluntarily sub- scribed and furnished by*the Tea Fund. In this and in many other ways His Excellency Sir Arthur Havelock has shown by his cordial sympathy and and generous consideration that he was not only fully alive to the importance of the perity of planting industry to the colony generally, but also that he was prepared to act up to his convictions and to help those who were so willing to help them- selves. To His Excellency, therefore, are due your sincere thanks. N.B.—The rate of subscription was reduced in - October, 1892, from 25 cents to 10 cents per 1,000 lb. of green leaf. The Hon. Mr. J. J. Grinlinton (who, since the Exhibition has been knighted) was unanimously nominated the Special Commissioner to represent Ceylon at Chicago by the Planters’ Association, and his reception by the Association on his return to Ceylon is ample evidence that he carried out the objects of his mission with great success and with acceptance both to his Ceylon and American friends. Difference of opinion may possibly exist as to the wisdom of certain steps taken by him after the close of the Exhibition, but as he formed his judgment in in the matter after several months’ residence and on information gained on the spot, and as the venture was his own except in so far as £1,000 sterling was granted him by the Tea Fund towards rent, it is better that some little time should be allowed to elapse before a definite opinion is formed as to the success of his plans. f ; Dissatisfaction with the continued large number of non-subscribers to the Tea Fund now began to gain Exhibition was now fully provided for by a tax which would reach every grower, the voluntary rate imposed on themselves by subscribers to the Tea Fund might well be reduced. Therate was accordin altered in October, 1892, to 10 cents per 1,000 1 of green’ leaf instead of 25 cents at which rate had stood since the commencement of the Func When, however, it became apparent that th of pushing Ceylon Tea in America must be con ‘it was seen that this rate was no longer sui ‘for that purpose, and as a matter of justice to increased force, and it was felt that as the Chicago — ly b. it Marcu 1, £895. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 603 who had so long remained faithful voluntary subs- cribers to the Fund, it was decided unanimously by the Planters’ Association and by a majority of the Chamber of Commerce to request the Government to re-impose.an exportduty on all tea for the pur- pose of pushing Ceylon Tea in foreign countries, and, if this was granted, to close the operations of the Ceylon Tea Fund. Government was accordingly approached on the subject, and your thanks are due to the Government and specially to H.E. the Gover- nor for readily giving effect to your representations. A’ special export duty has been imposed (Ordinance 4 of 1894) and: a special Joint Committee of the Planters’ Association of Ceylon and Chamber of Com- merce has been appointed (and recognised by Go- vernment) whose duty it now is to administer the Funds provided by the export duty in pushing the interests of Ceylon Tea in foreign countries—in fact to continue the work hitherto carried on by the Standing Committee of the Tea Fund. The con- tinued existence of the Committee har, therefore, now become unnecessary and its members now tender to the Planters’ Association their resignation along with this report. { RITE GEO CEYLON TEA AND THE PLANTERS’ TEA~ FUND. Before disappearing from public view, the Ceylon Tea Fund Committee have done well to jlace on record, in the interesting and useful Report we publish today, a full aceount of the various. steps taken to ae the sale and distribution of Ceylon Teas. -To make. their Report complete and all the more interesting, they very wisely afford a recapitulation of the efforts made by the planters to build up a new industry in tea, on the ruins of the old one of from 40 to 50 years’ standing in coffee;. and they shew how gradually their old—as well as new— fields got planted up with the product which has brought back prosperity not only to the Colonists, but, to a large extent, ‘to the native community, the general revenue and the Gov- ernment. If any one were to ask how ruined coffee planters managed to find the means wherewithal to buy tea Seed and plant and wait two or three years for returns, the Report before’ us will not help them to an answer; and it may be well just to indicate that apart from the gradual decay of coffee, ‘‘cinchona” came im as the valuable intermediary which helped to bridge over the transition period between coffee and tea in this island. In 1875, only 19,152 lb. of cinchona bark were exported from Ceylon: but in the five years—1884-88—we sent over 66 million ]b. orn annual average of over 13 million, the export of 1887 being close on 16 million lb! How the price fell in consequence until now we export only between 2 and 3 mil- lion Ib. of bark needs no comment. The prac- tical point is that the planting “of tea steadily extended, so that by 1888, when bark crops began to fall off, well nigh 200,000 acres were under the new staple. It is, however, with the steps taken to find a market for Ceylon teas that the Report has mainly to do. Reference is made first to the Melbourne, then the Calcutta and next to the Colonial and Indian Exhibitions. With the latter may be, associated its dffsprings in the Glasgow an “Manchester Provincial Exhibitions, as also the one at’ Brussels before taking up the one at Paris and finally the World's Columbian Exhibition at Chicago, Credit is rightly given to Mr. H. K. Rutherford for initiating the ‘Tea Fund, and well may he and the Committee and pupperters be proud of a Fund which provided yogether no less than’ R146,874 as a planters’ self-imposed though partial tax for the promo- tion ot the sale of Ceylon tex. Partial”, we say, because out of 1,450 estates in the island, it turns out that only from 260 to 676 contri- buted to this result—so that a minority bore the burden for the advantage of the whole tea community. All honour, we say, to those proprietors who, from first to last, consistently extended their support to the Fund. Their names along with those of Mr. Rutherforl and the Committee ought to be published in a special form, as Benefactors of the Tea Industry of Ceylon. ‘he Tea Fund Committee rightly report that the acceptance of Ceylon tea in tie mother country, in Australasia, on the Continent of Europe and latcerly in North America is, really, in supersession of China tea. Mr. A. G. Stanton brought this out very clearly in his recent lec- ture before the Society of Arts; and we are glad to see the London Times pressing home the lesson taught after the following fashion : -- he bad work, the slovenly manvfacture, and the dishonest makeshifts which gave the names of ‘lie tea’’ to portions of the staple export of China are merely the industrial counterparts of the political corruption brought to light by the present war. In 1866 China had practically the monopoly of the British tea trade, and supplied 96 per cent. against 4 per cent. of British-grown tea from India. In 1894 China had been fairly beaten in the British market, and supplied only 12 per cent. against 88 per cent. of British-grown tea in India and Ceylon. As late as 1877 the the weight of tea imported by Great Britain from China was 123 million of pounds against 27 millions from India. In 1894 the imports were only 25 million pounds from China against 178 millions from India and Ceylon. Mr. Stanton proves that the British tea-growers have won the battle, because by theircare in manufacture and honesty in dealing they deserved to win it. Then comes a fact which cannot be too widely made known or emphasized. The metropolitan fournal notes that Mr. Stanton quotes from the impartial Customs-house Report that ‘‘if 1 lb. of Chinese tea produce 5 gallons of tea of a certain depth of colour and fulness of flavour, 1 lb, of Indian tea will produce 74 gallons of a similar beverage.” He adds, ‘‘ This is practically what the British housewife had found ont years be- fore.”—Finally, here is a bit of warning to us all; as to how India wants addi- tional facilities in order to grow and export still more tea :— But Mr, Stanton’s narrative, althongh full of en: couragement, is not without its warnings. Indian and Ceylon tea has taken possession ot the British market, but China retains her hold on the markets of the world. Mr. Stanton points out that the cost of production in India cannot reach its legitimate level so long as the Government is unable to resume its grants to road-funds, ‘which are now -rather starved.’ The exemption of Manchester goods trom the import duty compelled the Indian Government to axrest the works necessary for the development of the country. In one of the most important tea centres in Bengal, which the next rainy season may: cut off from the seaport by neglect of the river embankments, the district authorities lament their inability to secure the line of communication on the ground that the road-fund is bankrupt. The same cause constrained the Indian Government to cut down to a scaie of ridiculous inadequacy the grants required for the representation of Indian produce at the Antwerp Exhibition last summer and at the Amsterdam Exhibition this. spring. Mr. Stanton summed up the struggle for the tea supply of the world as a struggle between the methods of civiliza- tion and those of a by-gone It is only by utilizing the modern industrial methods to the ut. most that the final yictory can be ‘secured, age age. om: Mey 604 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST: | [MaRoH 1, 2895.) Let Ceylon tea planters, however, take comfort in the fact, that there is stilla very wide field in North America and the Continent of Europe (es- pecially in Russia) for the supersession of China and Japan teas; and let them note what Messrs. P. C. Larkin & Co. of Toronto, tell us in the letter, we gave yesterday, namely that there is no reason why the United States and Canada should not consume a few years hence, 250 million Ib, of purz Indian and Ceylon teas in place of the less than 10) million of inferior and saelnd China and Japan teas now use. ———__—__—__—— TEA. (Fcon Willian Worwe & 09/3 Murket Re vort.) Caucurra, Feb. 13th 18)5. Oa tha Sth inshunt, 7,50) prekazes werd broaght forward ani sold, The quulifty was desirable, aud prices rulel very firm, except for broken pekovs which wre not mush in demuni. Curna Tra. Fodraavy 851—% Ex) orts to United Kinglom from commencement of sexson to date siowa decrease of 7,900,009 1b. compared with the corresyonding psriop last year.” We are favored by the Indian Tea Asso:iation with the following figures, showing estimites and outturn of ‘last years crop. OricinaL Estimate or Crop or 1894. = lb. A330 4 ae 52,173,339 Cuch or ‘ia ras 15, 431,640 Sylhat at a 21,2 46,62) Dirjealing ‘ + 8,016,43) Tearat ae 5 3, £15,399 Doors aa ‘ 17,155,639 Chittagong fe 4 995,2)) Caota-N uzpove .. as 23),0)) Dohra Din, Kimvon ant Kiungi 4,50),0)) Privats aul Nutiva Gusdons 4,09),00) 139,268,239 Reyissp Hsrimare or Cade or dk Assam | |” Ly Siete 55,567,035 Oichw aA a aig 18,793,512 Sylhet z r 20,316,449 Divrjealing en 9 a 7,639,955 Terai wt a ‘3,037,173 ) Dooars.) ’ or A; 16,372,03) Chittagong sa bent 917,737 Chota-Nagpore ‘ 165,457 Kangra 30 aw 3,251,109 Dehra Dun ani Kumion 2,090,009 Private and Native Gardens 4,090,090 133,086,520 Actrusu’ OurrurNn or Crop oF lle ‘Assam. ad "elas 53,459,838 (Cachar af A © 18,157,465" ‘Sylhet ° a8 19,625,680 Darjeeling 5 a 5 7,074,848 erai aC, ( ‘ 2,995,341 Dooars ae 4 16,725,218 . Chittagong ae 5 853,333 » Chota-Nagpore .. a 220,492 Kungra: re ad 9,099,0)9 + Dehra Dun and Kumion 2,000,000 - Private and Native Gardens ‘4,000,000 127,127,215 | The'total shipiiznts to all places from 1st April to 31st January 1895 are “116,870,257 lb: The exports to the Colonies and other Ports together with local | consumption are not likely to exceed 12 millions which will leave about 1154 million lb, fox export to Great Britain, a‘ . | — ‘| persistent artificial manuring ~~; jody VAR OUS: PLANING NO#ES, INDIAN ‘THA, Crop ror 18)4.—It avill be seen from: Messrs. Win. Moran & Co.'s | Reports ia our Comtuercial columy that the original estimate of the Indian crop for 1894 Wwas 130,283,289 Ip. The revise | estimate _ 133, 5 620 ” The actual result «127,427,215 4, bests; “JACARANDA MIMOSGsFOLIA,”—-Weare pleased to learn from Colonel Meaden that two «small, plants of the above received: from Petadentya Gardens about six months ago, have so prospered m the componnd of Mrs.’ Meaden’s” new ” house (‘“*Warrington” occupied by Mr. Moriey) “that they are now about 7 to 8 feet high anil look very vigorous. We shall look forward tg their Howering with intecest. TEA SWEEPINGS.—A Commit e> member of the P. A, (to whom we sent sa uple anl catalogue). writes that he showel the same to several intlu- ential members and adds :—‘‘ It is too bad and shows what these horrid Companies and others who are so fond of bulking our “teas! anake out of their constituents’ in? ‘tea sweepings.’ Messrs, Gow, Wilson and Stanton did wisely ,in chucking such constituents up?) 0 CoFFEE IN- THE AGRAS.— With ‘coffee at R20 per bushel, who will not fe icitate: the: Agras’ proprietors who’ have’ ga heretl °in - 4,80 ',-'4;500 and 2,500 bushels respectiyely this season? The first. is said to be Balmoral; the second Agra-! Uva and the third Holbrook. One would think sac colfee trees worth conse: ving 3 bat we: heir that ‘some at’ least ‘must come. out to’ enable justice’ to be done to the ubiquitous tea; and thac the present big crop’on some fields*hs ouby conte after four years’ waiting. 9" — eit ; POT 7 { wate : - CoFFEE; AND. AN OIL ENGINE. —It is like." a cure for sore eyes” to hear of a Colombo: store and barbecues -being busy witiy our) old staple colfee, This is the: case at present | in. the Colombo Commercial Company s: Stores, Slave Island, the temporary pressure, exercising. even the. supply. of: pickers, while thé drying, ac- commodation is: tully, oceupied and the. sifters whirl inerrily round.—A mew. and! improved , Oil Engine, ‘‘ the Hornsby-Akroya,” is shortly te be, exhibited at the: samie Slave Island Store’. and works. .It is said to ‘bei simpler and more satis- factory tham any other oilenzine. « Li got, last year, the Royal: Agricultural Society :of) England's first, prize asa patent safety ol engine, suitable for farmers. If only the old duty on »kerosene oil were restored, there is novdoubt a great deal more would besdone in vil engines in-Ceylon. MANURING TEA.—Is it true thata well-known Manager has decided. it is mo use going on manuring his tea, since, his trees’ tap root, is down 16 feet and subsidiaries in proportion, dnd (he FA: not get, at them by surfac2; work ?!—The results of manuring in the oweountry not, 100, miles from Colombo are said, to be such. as, eoniae thoroughly, fr ghtened certain V,A.’s as, to, jyhat is coming—heavy. crops, of cheap, tas Lae ReNeS reme out at 15 to 20 cents, per lb...is the. ex view of the, result. psc thi Oo ae the complete, shutting-up, of China;;and pJapan? On the other hand, it) as xeported, that. manur- ing—especially with anything “ artificial ?’—is good a‘prohibited over ;a,,Jarge extent of planta tions by certain responsible Managers; who dread — a pest being introduced ; through the elfecy of f i aoe ‘find a * veteran Marca 1, 1895.] TRAIN TIF ‘SLOW-COUNTRY’—is getting shrivel- lel wp tor want of rain: a traveller by train today says he saw bashes really suifeving, alone the line. T&A SHIPMENTS AND. PRosprEcTs.—The official February estimate for our tea shipments to the United King.lom is 63 million Ib.; but grave doubts are being entertained if it can be realised. We are'told of 3million lb. only being shipped to date and the ‘question is’ if more than’ the same quantity can b2 got off by the end of the month. The drought is, undoubtedly, beginning to take effect in diminishing the flow of tea to Colombo. The lower districts want rain badly ; the middle elevation divisions have their flushes a good deal diminished ; while even from the higher districts =such as Upper Dimbula—comes the ery for rain. Under these circumstances there is no im- mediate prospect! of any heavy supply of tea being available for local sale or shipment ; and soprices ought to become more favourable in the face of this fact.\/ mind jest I THe Visit.or Mr. G. 8. DurF—is a notable event.among. the reapp2arances, from time to time, of old Colonists and. large proprietors ; for Mr. Datfs connection with Ceylon nos only goes back to the early days, but he has for lone been one of the most extensive, liberal and enter- prising of . plantation proprietors. It was a treat ‘to us in’ London, ‘to'meet Mr. Duff and to find him taking so special an interest in all that eoncerned Ceylon; while we much regret on the present occasion, to have been absent from our post when he (kindly eallel in Colombo, and to have missed him upeountry. We are very pleased to learn how well. sat- isfiel he has »been with all he has seen in his lone round of the distriets—on his fine voverties ‘in Haputale, Badulla, Ramboda and ussellawa, apart from the lowcountry. Mr. Duff does not regret his refusal to sell Wihara- galla to the late Mr. de Soyza for a million of rupees, considering all it has done for him since in eoffze, and its promise now in tea. Helbodde under Mr. Gosset’s management, is fast developing into a: splendid. tea property ; and all the other plantations Mr. Duif owns, so. far as we know, are (first class and well managed, as they) ought to be, considering hew the © Managers’ interests © are cared for by Mr. Duff. It is extremely interesting to like the famous . Manager or the Oy B. C. in its palmiest days, speakiug ‘of coming back to sze the island two or three years hénce, considering that even now he is not far off fout-score years !—yet h> has done a ereat deal of his travelling this time, especially in Uva, on-horseback. That Mr. Daff should be ac ompanied by his son, now a Major in the 8th Hussars. (whom many of us renember as a bright boy on Galle Face) alds to the interest of his” visit’; ant we heartily hope that the intention of another visit, perhaps aceom- paniel by Mrs. Duff, may be fulfilled, To afford another evidence of how long age and vigour attend the family, we may men- tion that. Mrs. Browa, mother of Mrs. Duff, still survives, hale and hearty, and as a daughter of the late Mr. Rolney, Seeretary to the (o- vernment, has drawn! a pension from the Ceylon Government for 54 years! [This was under a special arrangement in the days of old, the Story of which we may relate by and bye.] Miss’ Rodney married Col. Brown, R.r., and the narriage, of Miss Brown ant Mr, G. 8. Duff was one of the events of ‘the fifties’ in Colombo. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS? 605 ————————— TRA IN PUSSELLAWA.—We are much pleased to hear of the success of tea in this cood ald district. On an estate in the lower part of the district we learn of an average of nearly 600 lb an acre, and much of the tea planted on old coffee land. TEA SWEEPINGS IN HAMBURG AND Lonpon.— We call attention to the letter of. Mr. Thos Christy, who, along with Mr. Whiffen. is show- ing himself a true friend of Ceylon and Indian Tea planters.—We referred the samples we cot from London by a previous mail, to a Colombo merchant and estates proprietor for his opinion on the business as revealed by the samples and the correspondence, and this opinion he gave tersely in one word :—‘‘D-mn-ble!”. It is time the Colombo Chamber and Kandy P.A. took action. __ Tor ‘“ AGRicuLTURAL GAzETTE’’ of 4 Wales, published by the Department of ae eute Vol. V. Part 12, December, 1894 has for contents : : Useful Australian Plants, J. H. Maiden. No 15, Spiny Rolling Grass—. Sandstay (Spinifex hirsutus, Lwbill.) List of plants collected “by Richard Helns in the Australian Alps, Februar 18% Botanical Notes—Darability of Colonial’ Tim. bers ; Gra s-trea Gam ; The Clustered Clover (Trifolium glomeratum, Linn): Weeds—C. T Muss Wagga Wage. Experimental Orchard—A. H. Monson, C vnning Deying, and Preserving Frait—A. H. Behison, Tae Ayshire Breed of Cattle—J. [,. Thompson. Ch on ical Notes—F. B. Guthrie. Analyses of ‘Ohéése : Nightsoil Prepvwrations ; Bonedust. Poultry—A Con. parative Study of Statistics, Practical’ Vesetabl, Growing—Dire:tions for the month of January O- churd Notes for Jan. Geral Notes—Seeq Maize ; Mae ae Weeds. Agricultural Societies’ Gane WaNAAD PLANTERS’ Assocr ATION, — yn page 553 we vive the annual Sea of this Association. C al report Commenting u ; 1 on the re- port the Madras Mail notices with Etec the interest taken by the Collector in matters affecting the planting community and the removal of grievances in which this has resulted, it beine: remarked that ‘‘so far as Government ane its servants are concerned, the Planter until dnits recently has had little to be thankful’ for For years he has been treated as an interloper his industry harassed and_ his interests ionogred » We congratulate the Planters of Wynaad po the improvement that has taken place, and es upon the very great diminution there has hes it the crime of cotfee-stealing owing entirely ih rary i ¢ = She Lenore of the police. Our contemporary Tea has been planted to in Wynaad during the last the coming season promises t in the annals of the district, first siipuients from the new it wi 9e seen whether the y i e trial samples sent by post winnaar ee be the case, aS we sinzerely trast it will be, Wyr ad muy with confidence look for a flo ‘tide of ek perity before the century dies, * . Bre Lhere are numberless acresof land in Wynaad covered at the present time with lantana and sebondaiy sans gle, and in Ceylon it has been shown how thes avin lies fallow and recuperates beneath this Barren growth and when brought again into cultivation ‘yields’ abun- duntly. Travancore too has declared how abandoned coffee estates make fruitful fields of tea if only che promise of the eueules sent home by post to Min cing Line is realised by the shipments this seas : and Wynaad tea commands a high avera, re bride in European markets, a demand for Jacndtiveil aria, There are acres of it suitable in every Way fotitea, easy and Inexpensive to clear, not for distant from roids; and the climate, the sport. ‘g 1 the wonderful woolland scenery of Wy al , id at tractions not calculable in cash but of high valien some. considerable extent two or three years and 0 be an important one for it will witness the ly-plunted estates, when 605 THE TROPICAL, AGRICULTURIST. [Marcu ft, 4Bps. INDIAN PATENTS. Calcutta, the 24th Jan. to th Feb. 1898. lications in respect of the undermentioned in- velit have been filed during the week ending 10th January 1895, under the provisions of Act V. of 1888, in the Office of Secretary pe Nie under the In- ventions and Designs Act, 1888 :— Improved isn enlbin tae No! 21 of 1895.—G. C. A. Kentish, of Kurseong, Bengal, Tea Planter. for a new or improved transplanter. ; Improvements in, or connected with, stoves or ap- paratus for drying tea leaves, coffee, grain or other produce.—No. 25 of 1895,—William Jackson of Thorn- grove, Mannfield, Aberdeen, North Britain, Enginee*, for improvements in, or connected with, stoves or apparatus for drying tea leaves, coffee, grain or r prodtice. ; rol orovoulente in Apparatus for Treating Tea Leaves._No. 38 of 1895.—William Gow, of 13. Rool Tane, in the Oity of London, England, Tea Broker, for improvements in apparatus for treating tea leaves. ae So TEA AND SCANDAL. ave you sucha dose of the Madras Mannal se nea tion last week that I think I must treat you to something different in. this communi- cation. Robert; Hewitt, jumior, im his excellent work on ‘Coffee,’ says ‘‘Teatakes prominent, rank with many of, the gentler sex, yet its fair fame has been traditionally suggestive of a love of scandal ; while the aromatic berry is wholly free from such a stigma.” I cannot agree that coffee is wholly guiltless of the soft impeachment, but alas! almost all old references to Tea seem to be connected with tittle-tattle of some sort. I have made the follow- ing extracts as bearing out this Stutement, and as being interesting in exhibiting the manners and cus- toms ofour forefathers. x , rose i) Hampstead’ Heath—A comedy: by Thos. Baker, otqoe tet! 1. Sc. 1. p. 6. (Lampoon). “I, Sir, was” Page toa Countess, and learned In- pudence ‘and intreaguing'from my Lady's Woman, and. afterwards getting m with’ the cold Tea Drinkers, made myself perfect in the Art of Detvaction :— ‘on and Ridicule are the only Pleasure of oes ies SIDES one; come to Hampstead, to view the fine Prospect, or to fleer,at the Company.” Act m. Se. (Arabella). “Then comes the. fair Collonel Prettiman, as effeminate asa Page at Court, and has a Regiment of more effeminiute Captains and Lieute- nants; who, when ‘they quarrel with their Men, cry,, ‘As I. hope-to be sav'd Til eme “you; and upon ev'ry i) of War sit and take orders round the Ten- eomea: ae vy. p. 59. (Driver). No gulloping ev'ry Mrs. Kanisters the India woman,! where} you ar Se Drinkin cabals, and me2et officers: ovrithe “Guards, and when you. are half-fAlush’d with «white wine Tea, come home in) a'violent Fit o’ the cholick, and conclude. the evening with a Bottle of Dostor Stephens. ; Hampstead Congress. 1745. p. 16. . ‘ Here then, suppose, our couple met, ‘ The Tea-Table in order set, ot That frequent scene of great Debate; On either side a Party sat, Deeply ex erienc ’d to decree ; The Righ or Wrong of either’s Plea. bridge Walks. comedy > by Thos: defuse Act, 11.{(Hillaxia).. One Liudy loves) hot Tea, another cold/Lea; I drink both... p.37. (Marden). Why, Madam, L never keep comprny with lewd Rakes that go, to the nasty: Pavers : and, drink Tea\and Chocolate... - Dhe Humours of the Baker. 1701. Act m: p. 19. (Peit): She jan . p. 20. A Dining-Room : Servants companies. Ber III. p 3 i] Le _are trod under Foot. Baker. ||) bat. visit the Tadies, Age-—A comedy: by Thomis .... bid’ me | tell you, the Lodgers are just going into’ the Dining fetched very good wrices, the ayerage_ ‘Room to drink Tea, and wou'd be glad of both your “better than’ the average obtained ia Cal bring in a Tea-Table and Chairs. (Lecia)., D'you drink Tea, Gentlemen? (JVilson) Anything, Madam, to oblige the Ladies. (Halton) ‘Lis a good sober Liquor, Madam. (Lucia) Generally, sir; but I have known a Bean’s Brains as much overcome with Lea, as if he had drunk a gallon of Champaine. (f'ree- man) Pray, Ladies, what's ‘the virtue .of this) Noble Liquor? (Zremilia) Oh, sir, “tis good to sefine. the wit. (Freeman) I wonder then the world's so. dull, when ‘tis drunk.so, universally. (Miranda). ; But that virtue, sir, extends only to the Gentry; The citizens and such vulgar sort, use it to imitate us, as they were good clouths; but one no more helps their Understanding than t’ other their Gentility. p. 22. Enter Justice Goose. (J Goose). A certain sign of Scandal and Abuse, when people get round the Tea-Table and ‘Mr. Aailton's in company. En- ter Quibble and Pun. (Lucia). Oh, here's Mr. Qutbble and Mr. Pun. Your servant, gentlemen; we have wanted your good companies all this while to drink Tea with us. The Kine Lady's Airs.—A comedy by Thomas Baker. 170? Act 1. p. 6. (Shrimp) Me. Knapsack, axe you for a Dish of Hohkea: My Masterhas been just drink- ing, and the water Boild—[@ldes ‘out ‘and returns with a ‘ea-l'able|....Ave you for much sugar in your Tea, sir? (Anapsack). As much as you please, sir. p. 9. (Lady Rodomont) (tothe India woman), | Mes. Japan, you ave a stranger here, I haven't seen you since L paid off your-last bill. (Jndia Woman) Oh, Madam, I have been at Death's Door....but I ha’ brought. you;a Pound, o’ Bohee, so pnrifying, ‘twill give your Ladyship a new ss of Blood in a Quar- ter of an Hour. § (/.. Had) rs,, Chince has much better. (India Woman). Then will Leat Mrs. Chince. (1. Rod). Well, you may leave a Pound of Powder. (ludia Woman aside). A ‘Pound of hte Ed igs veat ‘Ladies aré grown as stingy as if they’ pai Bnd ready ‘Money, were it not for a City Battier and then I might e’en go dance with the Dogs in May-Fair.. {I am almost certain that Chince is a misprint for Chinee showing that Japan was as ready . to eat up China in, those..days as she is now !— A.M.F.] (ZL. Rod) (to the Toy-Man). Mr. Gumeragk, hat new Fancies haye you brought this Morning ? oy- Wan). A choice comb for your eye-brows, .... with Tongs, Shovels, Grates, and Fenders for your Lady- ship’s Tea-Table. p. 28. (Nicknack). Mrs, Kanister in Hatton-Garden, buys up all the coarse Bohee-Tea for the Holborn Ladies Breakfasts. fgvely fr The Mulberry-Garden. by Sir Chas. ‘Sedley. 1675. p. 48. Act rv. Sc. 1. ’Tis true, in’ the first place you must shake hands with your. joid friends, Hoquemore and Burgundy for a while. ;..drink wine) and water at/Dable, A, Dish of Tea after Dinner, pd aN wd Yo The Funeral. by Sir Richard Steele. 1702, Abph mr. ‘p.46.. The Baghah will never give a price for any- thing, they, Understand; strange and farfetch’d things they only like: Don’t. you see how they swallow gal- lons of the Juice of Tea; while their own Dock-leaves . A. M. FERcvsoN. Coola Serer mS wi ‘Tur Cancurra Tra Marxet.—A noticeable feature of the season'now closing ‘is’ the large ‘proportion of tea which has been ‘sold in Calcutta and the comparatively small proportion which has. been sent straight to,Mincing Lane. | This is specially notice- able with regard to Darjeeling teas, the sales of which “at first hinds’ have throughout the year been very few indeed. The reason for this is pro- bably to be found in the fact that exceptionally high prices were paid-in’ the Calcutta’ market at the opening sales ‘of the season,’ coupled with the well-known fact tbat some of those same teas were’resold) in) Mincing Lane at considerable loss to, the speculators. There is another fact, however, which may have escaped the notice, of |managers, shich is;that jth» teas sent straisht to _Mincing Lane .have dur ng ;the ;past four or Bre onths 1 Ping much © utte,—The friglo’) ) Planter. MARCH 1, 1895. ] Gorrespondence. To the Editor. CEYLON TEA IN CANADA. HOW TO INDUCE A CONSUMPTION OF TEA IN NORTH AMERICA IN EXCESS OF THAT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. Toronto, Jan. 8th. Dear Sir,—We had put into our hands a few days ago a small pamphlet written by your good self, and previously we were in receipt, from some good friends in Colombo, of a half dozen copies of your paper, from the contents of which we found that there had been several meetings in your town, of the Tea Planters’ Association, and that they were anxious to obtain opinions of the best way of enlarging their market on this Continent, and we note from your pamphlet that they have adopted a plan of campaign which, if you will permit us, we would like to criticize, as we are more interested in any advertising that Ceylon tea gets in the Domi- nion of Canada, than any other firm in the tea business, as our speciality for four years past has been Ceylon Tea and we advertise ‘ Salada” Ceylon Tea (atea which is packed in lead packets) from one end of the dominion to the other. It is now running in over forty newspapers, and we might add, to show you the progress that Ceylon tea has made within the last three or four years, that we believe, judging from our own trade, that fully one- fifth of the people in the City of Toronto drink Ceylon Tea today: therefore, as we said_ before, any plan of campaign that the Tea Planters may adopt, is indirectly of benefit to us, and the better the plan the more benefit we will reap from it. We note that the first item on the plan is;— I. “That a 5 lb. box of Ceylon Tea be sent to 500 or more Editors of American Newspapers, with pamphlet in box.” II. ‘That simultaneously they be asked to insert advertisement, say : “Drink pure Ceylon Tea,’ and that they be requested to send a copy of each paper to the Ceylon Representatives.” ill you permit us to assure them, through you, that their box of Ceylon Tea, in our opinion, will be returned to them from every prominent paper on the Continent, and only the very obscure country papers, with very small circulation, will accept the tea and give you quid pro quo.* We note that two representatives are to be sent to America, and if they are thorough business men and find out the prices of teas that will prove popular to the public, they can be of benefit, but as to their ‘‘ entertaining expenses’’, they will find that this money is wasted, We can well understand that if a merchant in a large way of business, is entertained by their representatives, he can easily be induced to stock up with a few chests of Ceylon Tea but a year will soon pass by and when the time for stoc -taking comes around, he will still find himself burdened with the same quantity of Ceylon Tea that he purchased the year before, and he immediately determines that he will cease to handle this tea, and will have nothing more to do with it, whereas if the consumer asks for Ceylon Tea, the retailer will quickly demand it from the wholesaler, who will soon tind a means of satisfying that demand, and there- fore any money expended in advertising the tea to the public direct will result in more benefit to the Tea Planters’ Association than twice the amount apent by sending out Commissioners to entertain the merchants. The next item on their plan of campaign, that of sending out Sinhalese in their native dress, who would visit all the principal towns to serve the * The idea never was propounded in Ceylon to seek a free advertisement in return for a5 tb box of tea. The idea was to contract, separately for the AATSTEETer ke TA. 6 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 607 new tea, we consider an excellent plan of adver- tising, because it is advertising to the consumers’ of tea, As faras ‘‘ The Ceylon Delegates placing them- selves at the disposal of the Press, in order to tell the story of the Ceylon Tea industry,’ they will find that the Press throughout this Continent will have no use for their ‘“‘story of the Ceylon Tea industry ” unless they are paid for inserting it. It is hard here to get any Newspaper to advertise any new indus- try, without being paid for it, and they are quite right too, we take it, and therefore we think it would be well for the Tea Planters to permit theii’ Dele- gates to spend monies in this way viz: paying for reading notices. Will you permit us to suggest to the Associa- tion through you columns, what we consider would be the very best plan ?—viz: to send through the mail, say two or three ounces, to every consumier, good Ceylon pekoe or pekoe souchong, costing about, say 8d to 9d today in Colombo,—teas, that should they be liked by the consumer, they will be able to obtain from their retailer at about 30 to 40c per lb. Of course it would be impossible to serve every household in the country with a sample without a very large outlay, but this could be easily tried in the Province of Ontario, where a great many people are changing gradually from Japan to black tea, the expense of which would not be more than say $3,000°00 or $3,500°00 including, say the package and postage. Next to this plan, there can be no doubt about it, that reading notices in the papers (and now we are speaking of Canada) showing the people how wholesome,’ etc. Ceylon teas are, and on the other hand how the preparation of China tea lies in the hands of the small native farmers who are by no means cleanly in their habits, and where many diseases prevail, etc. Reading notices of this kind, inserted in the newspapers, would have to be paid for, but if pursued systematically, there is on doubt about it, your island would reap the very greatest benefit from it. We ourselves, can see the market that can be opened in this country, for Ceylon teas and and the Benefit of advertising, as we are by far the largest advertisers of Ceylon teas in Canada; but, of course, in all our advertisements we always make the word ‘‘Ceylon’’ subservient to “Salada,” which is our registered trade mark. Our trade has grown so rapidly during the last few years in this particular line that we are now purchas- ing through two firms in Colombo,—Messrs. Bath- gate, Pim & Co. and Messrs. Delmege, Forsyth‘ & Co., instead of, as hitherto, in London. We are commencing our purchases in a small way in your market until we see how the thing works out, but we can say confidently, that if properly expended the $50,000 or thereabouts that the Association will have to expend yearly, can in the course of three years (and we are not saying this without due thought) bring you a larger sale in the United States and Canada for Ceylon teas than there is at present in Great Britain, for remember there are 70 mllions of people in the United States and Canada, the greater part of whom, in the United States, drink coffee, buta judicious system of advertising, such as we suggest, showing the people the ill effects of coffee on the system, it being pro- ductive of dyspepsia (which the Americans are greatly troubled with) and pointing out to them in these advertisements, that ee in Canada their neighbours the consumption of coffee issmall and the consumption of tea large, dyspepsia is practically unknown, we say that this system of ad- vertising carried on energetically and the reading notices changed often, will, in our opinion, quickly change the people from a _ coffee-drinking people in the United States to a tea-drinking people, and in this country from the use of Japans and China teas to the use of the fine teas produced on your island, which we know to be the finest teas produced in the world. We would be glad to give any information in our power to the Secretary of the Tea Planters’ Asso- ciation, at any time, but be confident of one thing: that the way to introduce teas as a substitute for the 608 ‘THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Marcu 1, 1895. , cheap coffees now used in the United States, is not . to place the finest teas at very high prices, as they did at the World’s Fair, but to place good, cheap teas before the masses and the finer teas will then make their way before the classes. Thanking you in anticipation for the publication of this long letter, we are.—Yours truly, P. C. LARKIN & CO. P.S,—We are sending you per same mail a couple of, our papers to show you hoe Ceylon tea is now being advertised in Canada, and would be pleased if , you wonld put us on your list of subscribers, and mail us the Observer with amount of subseription.— P.C.L. & Co, KEROSINE OIL IN COCONUT DESICCAT- iy in LNG. MILES. Ww Hunupittiya Mills, Negombo, Feb. 12th. ,Drar Sir,—I am not aware whether I am right In stating that I have made a discovery. Whatever it may be, I think it but right that T should publish my experience for the benefit of those who like my- self are using kerosine oil lamps in their factories, whether erected for the preparation of tex or desiccated ‘coconuts. For sometime past {f observed that the ‘stuff prepared by me, after lamp light had a ten- dency te get discolored, and I at first attributed it to foul pipes of the driers, on examination of the pipes, revealed that they were not so. It then struck me that very probably the discoloration was due to the fumes of one of Richardson and Cruddas’ gas generating torch Jamps, which I had been using in my factory with kerosine oil, for two months to test my theory I had thelamp removed and burnt instead some candles, with the result that the discoloration which was immediately apparent when the kerosine oil lamp was burning had completely disappeared. The staining was no doubt due to the fumes drawn by the action of the fan. My experience will, I daresay, be of use to those who work coconut desic- cating mills at night. But the question naturally arises as to whether tea prepared in factories simi- larly lighted is not effected in the same way? Of course, it is no easy matter to detect discoloration in prepared tea, as it bears a strong resemblance in colour to the discolored desiccated stuff. But it ‘would be interesting if the planters would give the ‘subject their consideration, and see whether the fumes of a kerosine oil lamp effects also the flavor” of tea. M.S. J. AKBAR. ADULTERATED TEA AND TEA SWEEP- INGS IN LONDON. Sir,—The Tea entered this week by Messrs. Gow, Wilson & Stanton in their sale of Jan. 23rd, 1895, lots No. 2040 and, 2942, marked B.P., as lying at Mon- astery Warehouse, has so roused up the Yea Dealers and also the Indian ea Planters’ Association that they have called meetings at once of their Commit- tees. ‘I'o prevent any further delay they have also remonstrated with the Board of Customs, and plainly put before them the danger of admitting such Tea into the London market, and they point to the fact of a first clsss firm of brokers having been requested by another firm of brokers to place this Tea in their sale without giving theo any information as to the quality or origin. essrs. Gow. Wilson & Co. have yather a dark salesroom, and bringing this Tea at night time, and being put up to auction next day, it, might have slipped through into consumption ; but owing to several of the Tea dealers having had this Tea offered to them, and owine to some of this Tea being well known in the North of Hngland, and other lots haying been offered in London, the white points in the samples were at once detected, and you will see by the two samples sent marked 1 and correspond exactly With the Vea which — , 2 that the .. you have already xeferred to in the Ceylon Observer, .. when you;explained the difficulty of removing. the sawdust from these leaves. There should now e€ no hesitancy onthe my of your readers the planters in Ceylon and also in India of demanding that some action shall be taken on this side by the trade, and so, bring pressure upon the Board of Customs.. A circular has been sent round to all ‘the Wharves’ to know if they’ are shipping their tea to Germany or if they are, allowing it to be denatured under Customs authority, under the Port Order 33-1888. The replies that bbve come in show that the Wharves which you specified in the Ceylon Observer have adhered strictly to the warrant and sent in the whole of their tea to be destroyed. The other Wharves whom you quoted as selling to Germany have not sent in any response; there- fore the independent tea shippers can, when sending home tea, ae PN to the merchants on this side that “they will not have their tea sent to the wharyes that sell their sweepings to Germany” | when they can get an equally as good price in England. For it will have shortly to be decided whether the interests of the Ceylon and Indian planters are to be put on one side for foreign mer- chants in London who have very small interest in the tea tyade and rely upon securing the tea sweep- ings for the sake of the enormous profit which they get out of their sale when sent back to this country as, an article of food. This last insult which ‘has been put upon the tea trade here, it is fortunate that the plot was made to fall upon such a highly respectable house as Messrs. Gow, Wilson & Stan- ton, because when they repudiated any knowledge as to the nature of this tea, the whole trade and the dealers knew that such was the case; in fact they at once did their best to see that this tea was eliminated from the London market. Although you have published the information from this side it is much to be desired that you should, with the weight of your editorial pen, try and rouse up the planters.—Yours truly, OBSERVER. No. I. Jan. 24th, 1895. Sir,—You appear,by the papers arriving in Eng- land, to have taken up the question of stoping the tea sweepings from the dock warehouses being sent to Germany, and returned here for sale as tea after they haye been cleaned. Enclosed you will find a catalogue, which it will be well for°you to examine from page No. 1 to page No. 8. It sets forth the sale of Indian and Travancore tea by auction, on the 23rd Jan., 1895. You will then come to the words : No. Bro.Pek. At Monastery Warehouse, B.P.. 2,040 17 hf-chests. Do. do. do. .. 2,042 17 chests. Reading that over, you would hardly expect to find upon examination that that was tea thathad come from the holes of the London Dock Warehouses. Dealers who have been victimized by this tea at. once called upon the firm of Messrs. Gow, Wilson and Stan- ton, asking them if they knew what they were offering. They replied that they did not, but that they had been asked by brokers in Mincing Lane to insert this in their catalogue, but as they now knew the history of this tea they should certainly withdraw it. There is a notice on the back of this catalogue mak- ing an alteration in the description of the tea, but there is no alteration notified as to the lots 2,040 — and 2,042 being dock sweepings. If such an unfor- tunate affair could happen to a firm of high standing and a firm well known to support the interests of the trade, and especially of importers, this shows that planters and shippers from the Hast must try — and find some plam of safeguarding their interests. — I regret Iicannot send you a sample of this tea, or — you would at once séethe rubbish that, was offered, — and the selection of Messrs. Gow, Wilson and Stanton’s' room, being rather dark, of course 1 assistan¢e to such’ tea passing through unobserved Jand getting into. coisumption—Yours truly, . * thA IMPOR MArcif i, 1895.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 609 TEA LEAF PURCHASES :—A COR- RECTION. St. Clive, 16th Feb, 1895. Dear Sir,—Kindly permit me to correct an error which crept inadvertently into my letter of the 13th inst. xe “Tea leaf purchase.’ What my informant said to me was ‘ people employed to buy Tea-leaf for cash’ but not as I put it in ‘ people employed going about with cash’’; whether these so calle employees were stationary appendages, or locomo- tive caterers! will remain matters of conjecture. We hear such a deal spoken about this ‘burning question”’ that one’sremembering powers get perfectly dazed. Only the other day I was told that some lunatic had started the theory of a cart and bull with a bell going about convassing for, Tea. leaf ; all this, of course, sir, are purely heights of imagin- ation.—Yours truly, J..H. STEPHENS. Not TDs fds Feb. 17th 1895. Dear Srr,—The “Tea leaf controversy so far as I am concerned is at an end, till united action, as I suggested, is agreod upon. Perhaps Mr. Walker to whom D. J. gives the cake, might if he chooses to call on that gentleman, enlighten him on the subject he is so keen about. Ae dB bootsy, “TEA SWEEPINGS”—AND TEA FROM HAMBURG. Feb. Ist., 1895. S1r,—Some time back there was a shipment of tea which came from Hamburg on the ss. ‘* Iris.’ This tea was sold in the market, and one of the assist- ants of a large tea dealer, thinking that it was very rich in “ points,’’ secured it at 4d per 1b. When it came before the heads of the office they examined critically this parcel of tea, and found that these pekoe points were really only pieces of wood. The contract was repudiated and it was thrown on the broker’s' hands. Last week this same lot of tea was found at another broker’s office, and the young men who had been caught napping with the first parcel, and who were accustomed to go round and look at the teas, at once recognized this parcel by the ‘Tris.’ The dealers very soon enlightened the broker aa to what he was selling, with the result that the samples of tea were brought round to me by this broker, with the request that I would have it valued for caffeine, andif- possible get them a bid for it, as this would remove it from the market. I that very evening sent down to Mr. Thomas Whiffen of Battersea the sample, with the request that he would examine it and test it for Caffeine and send upa bid. On the 30th January My. Whiffen wrote as follows:—‘ The sample from 17 chests and 17 half- chests ex the ‘ Tris’ which you sent me last week struck meat once as being the worst rubbish I have ever seen offered as tea dust. Under the micro- scope I find at least three varieties of wood in chips and splinters, beside some few pieces of ennizels foreign matter, such as oxide of ivon (rust) and small pebbles. I have tested the sample for Caffeine and find a result which is too low for Tndian tea alone, and. would seem to point to a large admixture of Ceylon, or more probably to a proportion of China. The value for Caffeine at pre- sent is 24 pence per lb.’ This letter I handed with the following document to the brokers :—‘‘ Reé- ferring to the bid we haye made for the broken pekoe at 24d per lb. ittis distinctly understood that this tea will not be taken ont of the hands of the Customs until it is destroyed in their presence so as to prevent it being offered again for, food pur- poses.” Much to my susprise on _the following morning I received a letter dated Jan. 30th from the aforesaid brokers, ‘stating :—‘*Replying to your favour of equal date, we have submitted your offer to the owners of the 17 chests an@ 17 half chests ey ss, ‘ Ivis’ and we ave informed that the tea has alveady been disposed of. This we regret, as we consider it would have been fax more satisfactory to have known the end of the parcel in question, as we would have done had you purchased it. We now beg to vettrn Mr. Thomas Whiffen’s letter ad- dressed to you, under this cover. We thank you for haying submitted a bid on the terms you named.” : Of course it is a pity that this Hamburg tea: so fully described by Mr. Whiffen was not denatured by the Customs and destroyed for food. The feeling is very strong in the tea trade that the United Dock Company and the Warehouses who ship their tea swespings to Germany sbould not assist by united action in preventing this tea which they sell to the Hamburg merchants at 55s per ton (which is close upon 4d per lb.) being sent back here after being fanned and sold at 4d per Ib., which was the price fixed in the first instance, and even! valued’ by Mr. Whiffen at 23d per lb. Hither price shows the enormous profit which is made and proyes that as long as the Syndicate in Hamburg can secure London tea sweepings' they can well afford to, part with a share of their profits. Na- turally some of your readers know that.there is in the London tea sweepings a certain amount of wood and iron. If we allowed 20 per cent for this it would still leaye an enormous profit to play with. Take another view of it: after the wood and iron have been removed, then there is a quantity of dust left.’ This dust is sold ‘in Germany to ‘the Caffeine maker and he is willing to pay up to the highest figure for this dust, say 55s. fo 60s. a ton so that there’ is no’ loss from this. It will therefore occur to your readers that it will not be very long before the Dock Companies who now ship their tea sweepings to Germany will have to decide whether they intend to support the Indian growers, the Indian and English dealers in Tea and the brokers in this country or cut against their interests, 3 There is another singular side to this question. The Caffeine makers in England offer to the Tea Clearing-house that if they sell to them the tea sweepings, they ‘are willing’ to pay them an equivalent amount to anything that they. can get from the Continent. This shows that there must be other interests at work besides the first cost of the tea sweepings, and besides the risk they run in offending the Tea merchants. This Hamburg Tea trade is not of novel creation, this ‘well trade marked tea” finds its way to the English Colonies as well as to Great Britain. The tea dealers and tea merchants know perfectly well that it must militate against their interests to have this class of Tea sold as British Tea. Again Beng such broken leaf at such a low price id., per lb. the Hamburg Tea dealer can mix it with other tea and compete against the Tea dealers of London in all paropeat and Colonial markets. They are just rousing up to this fact, not having been informed of the details previously. Now that their pockets are touched, we shall find them uniting to stop this German trade in London Dock Tea Sweepings.—Yours truly, THOS. CHRISTY. CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA. Kandy, 20th Feb. 1895. Srr,—T enclose eopy of a letter from the Secretary Indian Tea Association (Liondgn) addressed to the Chairman which explains itself—I am, sir, yours faithfully, A.-PHILIP. Sceretary ‘ Thirty Committee.” Indian ea Association (luondon) 14, St. Mary Axe London, January 23rd 1894. A. Melville White Esq. Chairman, Joint Com- mittee Ceylon Planters’ Association and Chamber of Commerce, Colombo. DeAR Sm,—I am desired by the American Tea Committee of this Association to inform you that a copy of your letter of instructions to Mr. William Mackenzie has been laid before them, and that they cordially reciprocate the yiews you express. i 610 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Marci 1, 1895. bu — ~ ——EeE—Ee——EEEEEE = = — LS The Committee haye sent a copy of your letter and of this communication to Mr. Blechynden with instructions to him to co-operate with Mr. Mackenzie, and my committee hope the two gentlemen will meet for that purpose.—I am, dear sir, yours faith- intelligent observation went hand in hand with ex- perience, which we know in so many instances it does not. “I don’t know abont the influence of the moon on the flushing of tea,” said an old planter, the other day, “but I know the moon fully, (Signed) Ernest Tyz, Secy. ripened the coffee, in old days.’ The fact is, he ' did not know anything about it, only thought he GOFFEE: THE PAST SEASON AND knew. Said another old planter: “ the timber of trees eut in the moonshine won't keep: that's a fact well known,” It is not known at all, only he thinks so; because somebody else has said so, but nobody yet proved. And so the ball of error and credulity goes rolling along, the worst effect of which is that it FUTURE PROSPECTS. Upcountry, Jan. 30. Dear Sir,—In reporting a good coffee blossom ast season I mentioned that I would let you know what the result would be, and although my field for observation is a very small one, I now do so. King coffee has nearly completed his work for the season and has borne a good crop, (10 oz clean coffee per tree). He looked a good deal exhausted with the effort but is now recovering fast, although troubled with a fresb attack of both leaf disease and bug. The bushes allowed to grow at their own will have borne the best crop and have also stood the crop best. Those topped and those with suckers near the ground have suffered most, both from leaf disease and bug. The cause of this must be a question for experts, but, may it not be that the roots of untopped trees have gone deeper or that the foliage is further off tbeground—the bushes had no cultivation beyond weed- ing.—Yours truly, AN OLD COFFEE STUMP. MANURING. Upcountry, Feb. 18. Desr Sin,—Referring to your paragraph re manuring. I should be very grateful to any cor- respondent who could explain specifically the evils of manuring, beyond the obvious bugbear of in- creasing other people's production.—Yours faithfully, YOUNG PLANTER. WELL. DONE KELANI VALLEY TEAS! Degalessa, Yatiyantota, Ceylon, Feb. 18. §ir,—Perhaps you did not notice that in Messrs. Gow, Wilson & Stanton’s Tea Report of 25 Jan. yeceived by last mail, this estate takes 4th place for price obtained for highest grade i.e. 1s 34d, not so bad for low-country out of a total offering at auction that day of 66,039 pekgs.—Yours &c.. WM. MITCHELL, Manager, K. V.T. Asso. Ltd. COCONUT PLANTING. Feb. 21. Dear Sir,—How should cuconuts be laid in nursery ; on side or end? and kindly give the reason.—Yours faithfully, i Dy (We should preter such authorities as Messrs. Jardine, Wright or Nicholas to answer this question, although as the young shoots come forth at one end, it seems to us obviously better to haye that end up- permost.—Ep. 7.A.| RAINFALL IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND THE MOON. DeAR Sir,—Your article in Tuesday’s Observer re- producing ‘‘Mr. G. J. Symons’ F,R.S., Rainfall in the United Kingdom for 1894” is instructive, and should astonish the moon-weather mongers—if they would only study its significant story; but perhaps different moons shine at Borrowdale in Cumberland with its 145 inches, and at Boston in Lincolnshire, with its 21 inches, to say nothing of the want of uniformity in. the other fifty places named and re- elucidation of such natural phenomen will r see that “Jaffna College’ is leaving us, an his valuable contributions likely to cease. I regret it for one, and beg to wish him God speed : I, too, retire now into my pris- tine obscurity and for the last time “Co. are Secretaries and A shuts the minds of otherwise capable men up from the reception of truth. his own experience how much faster both our nails and hair grow when we cut them during an increase of the moons phase, than when the moon is wan- ing?” nck rubbish as this, and though he worked hard and honestly at the subject, this preoccupation rob- bed his labor of all value. Edward Clodd, “must be built in water-tight com- partments.” ‘““Who does not know from Toaldo of Padua got his head filled with “Such minds,” says Those of your readers who take an interest in the t to that to our knowledge are sign ONE INTERESTED. —___ VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. Tue Season 1x Mapras-—Yesterday the Board of the week en Revenue telepeapued to the Government of India for ing the 16th _inst., as follows :—“ Slight showers inGanjam and Vizagapatam. Water-supply is insufficient except in the Circars. Agricultural operations continue. Standing crops are fair, but suffering in many Districts from ht. Harvest continues with fair outturn. Pasture and fodder are growing scarce in parts. Prices have risen in Tri- quinepaly and Tinnevelly, but nearly steady or falling elsewhere.” PrRosPERoUS TEA CoMPANIES.—Another page contains the Reports of no less than four Plan- tation Companies for which Messrs. Whittall & nts, and in regard to which meetings were held today and dividends declared. Theselatter are most satisfactory as may be seen from this summary :— Glasgow Company (earned 31 per cent. last half year) Declares for the year 18} p.c. dividend. Agra-Uva Company Do. 16 Do. We-oya 44 Do. BD | bs Yatiantota ,, Do. 25 ” Nor are the prospects at all less satisfactory as may be judged from the following estimates :-— 1895—Estimated Tea Crop Coffee Expenditure, Glasgow Company Ib. 205,000 bushels 500 R60,500 Agra-Uva __,, », 160,000 ,, 1000 60,901 We-oya i », 170,000 —— |) R367952 'Yatiantota ,, s, 275,000 —— R57,000 The wonderfully low scale of expenditure in pro- portion to cae for the latter two low-coun Companies will be noted ; but on the other han the teas of the first two (Dimbula) Companies must realize a higher average price, and there is also expenditure on coffee. We heartily congra- tulate Directors, Managers and Shareholders in these four Companies on the splendid results achieved—standing as they do in such special con- trast to those for the unfortunate Tea Company whose. affairs were discussed only yesterday | but for which we trust there is a better’ tim In prospect, covded. Yet would the unsophisticated, untravelled peasantry of each and all these localities swear each by his own particular moon. Ignorance and superstition die hard; but wide experience and Jong life should go far to kill them, if only f MARCH 1; 1895. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. THE ALLIANCE TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON, LIMITED. We have already alluded to this Company which has now been fully constituted—all shares being taken up—as also to the several other Companies promoted by Messrs. Whittall & Co. From ‘the prospectus of the Alliance, we quote :— Ty 6,000 SHARES OF £10 EACH. The Directors have under negotiation the purchase of certain estates of which the following are particulars, viz :— 1. Two estates—viz., Uda Radella in the Dimbula Dis- trict, and Aberdeen in Lower Dikoya District, the extent respectively of which is about as follows :— Uda Radella Aberdeen acres acres Tea in full bearing : - 310 385 Tea in partial bearing - 30 18 Tea not yet in bearing - 80 -- Total tea, say - 420 403 Forest and waste land - 135 77 Total Estate - 555 480 These estates, according to returns from the Superin- tendents thereof, gave crops in 1893 amounting to 258,523 lb. tea, and according to recent advices from Ceylon the yield for 1894 was expected to be about 285,0001b. The estimates for 1895 amount to 290,000 lb., at a probable cost of 28 cents per lb. f. 0. b. Colombo, equal at current exchange to about 33d per lb. Each estate posses a fac- tory and machinery ample for all requirements. The price proposed to be paid for these estatesis £31,500. 2. Five estates, viz., Calsay and Gleneagles, both in the Dimbula district, and Luccombe and Rutherford, in the Maskeliya district, and Elstree, in the Dikoya dis- trict. The three last-named are worked together as the Luccombe Group. The extent respectively of these estates is about as follows :— Calsay Gleneagles Luccombe roup é acres acres acres Tea infullbearing < 248 170 527 Tea in partial bearing - 57 45 190 Tea not yet in bearing + 36 — = Total tea, say - 841 215 717 Forest and waste land - 46 7 200 Total Estate 387 22 917 The crops secured from these estates in 1893, according to returns from the Superintendents thereof, amounted to 391,121 Ib, tea. The 1894 crops, according to recent advices, are expected td be about 362,500 lb., the short fall being due to exceptionally unfavourable weather, but with a larger plucking acreage and with average weather it is estimated that 423,000 lb. tea will be produced in 1895, at a probable average cost of about 30 cents per Ib. f. 0. b. Colombo, equal at current exchange to about 34d per lb. There are factories on Calsay and Luccombe possessing sufficient machinery, at which the crops of those estates are dealt with, the produce from Gleneagles being manufactured on satisfactory terms on a neighbouring property. The price prouceed to be pais for these estates is £36,500. The capital proposed to be raised is sufficient to pur- chase and work both of the above groups, and on a cautious basis of calculation it is estimated that, after providing for Debenture interest, depreciation of buildings and machinery, and all expenses incidental to the work- ing of the Company, dividends of 10 per cent. per annum on the share capital may reasonably be looked for. No promotion money or underwriting commission has been or will be paid in connection with the formation of the Company. The preliminary expenses will be kept down to the lowest possible point and will be charged in three equal instalments in the profit and lost accounts for 1895, 1896, and 1897, or earlier if sanctioned by the share- ! holders in general meeting. ————$ THE TALGASWELA TEA COMPANY, LIMITED. The annual general meeting of the shareholders of this Company was held at the Company's Offices this afternoon. Mr. Herbert Tarrant was voted to the chair, and the others present were Messrs. W. J. Robson, Geo. Armitage, H. Van Cuylenberg, W. H. Davies, J. . Baker and T, W. Hall, The following is a list of shareholders | 61i who were represented stance L. Scott, Messrs. Alex. Mitchell, J. C. Sanderson, J. L. Labouchiere, R. Patey, J. J. Cater,: Mrs.. J: A.. Gs Cater,;Mrs.,.:G,77 Az Borrett, Messrs. John Guthrie, H. P. Cater, C. A. Cater, F. C. Loos, W. Hamilton, Jas. Forbes, G. Chapman Walker, Mrs. H. L. Baker and Mrs. W. H. Davies. The notice convening the meeting and the minutes of the last meeting were confirmed. The CHAIRMAN desired that the Report be taken as read, whereupon Mr. Rosson said by proxy :—Mrs. Con- he would wish to make a few remarks. He considered the present state of aflairs very unsatisfactory. He re- gretted to see that all the Directors were not present, more especially Mr. Grigson. The report itself was most unsatisfactory. Last year hopes were raised that the crop would rise to 160,000 Ib. of tea, but the result has only shown about two-thirds of this. He was once asked to visit the estate and express his opinion on the subject. At that time he had full hopes of the results being good, but as it is at present,—if it con- tinues to be so,—in two or three years more there would be no tea. What he would suggest would be that the hope of giving any dividend for the next two or three years be given up, and that the whole estate be thoroughly and systeinatically man- ured. Mr. Grigson puts down the cause of these unsatisfactory results to unfavourable weather. Perhaps it may be so—but only to a certain extent. For himself, he would attribute the cause of the present state of the estate, to starvation of the place caused by neglect. In con- clusion, he would again say that the only hope that remains is in thorough and systematic manuring. Mr. Hall desired to know if the estate were manured, if the property would prove valuable. Mr. Rogson could not pessibly say it would be considered valuable, but that is the only hope they can have in bringing round the estate. For the present, the strength in the trees is only maintained by the wood. Mr. Baker asked if Tamil labour had proved successful. Mr. Rowson said that Tamils could not work there. He understood that the Sinhalese whowere once employed there were replaced by Tamils during Mr. Broadhurst’s absence, as Mr. Broad- hurst only could manage the Sinhalese. Mr. HALL said that the few remarks that fell from Mr. Robson regarding the Visiting Agent were too sweeping. He referred, not to their Visit- ing Agent only, but he regarded the Visiting Agents as one paicel The Visiting Agent’s report showed that the average of 48°94 cts. re- presented the gross average, whilst 47°83 cts. re- presented the nett average per lb. The average of tea soldup to date was 59°62 cts. as against 35°59 ets. during the corresponding period of last year. The estimate of expenditure for 1895 was R40,800. The estimate of produce for 1895 was 120,000 Ib. This, however, has since been raised to 130,000. He would propose that R3,500 be set aside for purposes of artificial manuring, during the present year, leaving aside any other means of manuring that might be suggested here- alter. He would also propose to spend a cer- tain small sum on waviting portions of the estate with coconuts. On the CHAIRMAN calling attention to the report, Mr. Van Cuylenberg seconded its adoption. Mr. W. H. DAVIES proposed and Mr. T. W, Hall seconded that Messrs. Geo. Armitage and W. J, Robson be appointed directors for thg 612 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [March 1, 1895. \, ensuing year—Mr. Armitage being re-elected, and Mr. Robson being elected in place of Mr. Hall who’ goes home shortly—-Carried unani- mously. Mr. Rosson offered thanks for having his name putonthe Board but asked that he beallowed a few days’ time to consider the matter, before accept- ing the appointment. r. H. TARRANT proposed and Mr. W. H. Davies seconded that Mr. John Guthrie be re-elected Auditor for the present year.—Carried unanimously. This was all the business done, and the meet- ing closed with a vote of thanks to the chair. > CAFFEINE AND CHEAP TEA. Caffeine, for which there seems to be a con- siderable demand, is chiefly made from the sweepings of tea warehouses, which can be pur- cased ab about 4d or 5d per Ib. Recently some enterprising Germans have hit upon a method of getting their caffeine for next to nothing. The tea sweepings haye been bought in the Lon- don market, taken to (Germany, all the actual dust tea, remoyed, by sifting, and the coarser particles of tea, after passing over a magnet to remove particles of iron, have been returned to the London market and offered as drinkable tea. The character of this tea was detected by the use of a lens, which reyealed the particles of wood arising from the opening of tea chests in dock warehouses. These it is impossible to re- move from the tea sweépings. The residual dust serves as thie source of catfeine.—Pharmaceutical Journal and Transaction, Feb. 2. ; —__—_ A BOMBAY SYNDICATE FOR THE TREATMENT OF RHEA. The patents of Professor Gomess for the treat- ment of his well-known and important fibre have been ‘acquired by a powerful syndicate to develop the industry throughout India. The purchasing company will establish branches in each Presidency, in Central India, the Berars, the N.-W. Provinces, Burma, ete. Extensive arrangenients have already been made for encouraging the growth of the plant, which is indigenous to India, and grows wild in, Bengal, Assam and other parts of India. It will be remembered that many years ago the Government offered: a prize £5,000 for the inven- tion ofany process for eliminating the’gum in the fibre, which hitherto has been the only objec- tion and difficulty in dealing with it commercially. This. Professor Gomess now claims to have effected by a ‘simple and inexpensive: chemical agency, andthe ‘‘filasse” is now being extensively spun: in Braford, Manchester, and other placesin ngland; and clothes of various’ fineness and mixed with silk or wool are being manufactured, in converted cotton looms. The Company claims to be able to» produce the filasse at 25d apound —Indian Engineer. : a ; CEYLON PRODUCE IN LONDON. COFFEE—Of, Plantation Ceylon, 47 casks, 7 tierces 18 barrels sold—low middling faded and common at 90s to 93s, peaberry at 105s, middling, smalls at 90s, pile size at 96s to 97s, boldish at 104s to 104s 6d, bold at 108s to 117s, peaberry at 108s to 129s; one fine mark, Fordyce, sold in our sale,as follows': smalls at 95s, pile size at 109s 6d, boldish at 120s, bold at 121s, and peaberry at 133s. | GOCOA,—The market generally remains depressed, | arid with the exceptions of Trinidad, of which the supply is very late, and the better classes of Grenada, which are relatively cheap as compared with Trini- dad, the demand ‘keeps disappointing. ‘The low prices at which Bahia, African, d&c., were lately selling have permitted some of our larger mamnfae- turers to secure supplies privately, and materially reduces the competition in auction. The ordinary and fajr ordinary qualities of West India are now selling below the price of the commoner grades of Guaya- quil, which are consequently neglected. The de- mand for Arriba has for the present become very limited. Supplies of Ceylon remain in excess of the restricted demand, although the moderate prices attract attention from some manufacturers who were not interested at the higher rates. During the first four weeks 3,216 bags are returned as imported, whilst Deliveries have been 813 for Home Gonsump- tion, and 1,014 for export—together 1,827 bags. At this week's sales of 782 bags of this growth barely one-half sold. The following are the detailsc— CEYLON. 23 bags O sold at 70s, 15 bags defective and small at 25s to 28s per cwt. besaes in. Kondesalle 132 bags, Mahaberia 51 do Delgolla... 79 do Maynetrees 30 do My 56 do o. sold, dull mixed weathered at 45s. 35-bags sold, dark very small at 27s 6d, pieces at 31s, import 1893sold at 56s. bought in. do. Yattawatte 81 Tyrells .. 40 Periawatte 125 _ Of other growths 1,300 bags Trinidad sold, middl- ing red at 62s to 63s, good red at 63s 6d to 67s, fine at 683 to 69s, and superior marks at 70s to 72s; 500 bags Grenada, fair common to fair at 45s 6d to 48s, good at 48s 6d to 50s, fine at 51s to 55s, one mark at 56s to 57s; 340 bags Jamaica, common at 42s to 43s, washed fermented at 48s; 14 bags St. Vincent at 44s to 46s; 350 bags Dominica, low at 38s 6d, fair ordinary to good at 44s to 45s; 39 bags Surinam at 50s to 51s perewt. African and Guaya- quil were bought in, but privately 300 bags of the latter have sold at 52s to 58s percwt. CINCHONA BARK.—There is nothing of interest to report. The next auctions in London are on the 19th instant and in Amsterdam on the 28th inst., and the trade await the two series to supply their wants. SULPHATE OF QUININE.—Continued inactivity prevails, and business is of the most limited des- cription ; at the close 5,000 0z. B & §$ sold at lid per oz., and there are further sellers at this price. Manufacturers’ quoted prices remain at 1s2d per oz. —Wilson, Smithett & Co.’s Report, Feb. 1. ' DRUG REPORT. (From Chemist and Druggist.) London, January 31th. CincHonA—The principal. buyers (according to the equi- valent of sulphate of quinine secured) at last Thursday's cinchona-auctions in Amsterdam were the agents for the English, French, and American factories (13,310 Kilos) ; the Auerbach factory, 1,759 kilos; the Mannheim and Amsterdam works, 1,739 kilos; the Frankfort and Stutt- gart works, 1,721 kilos ; and the Brunswick factory, 1,384 kilos. Various small buyers secured 1,829 kilos. was very quiet, with few buyers; about 10,878 kilos being bought in. Of pharmaceutical barks, only fine qualities are at all saleable. Of the Jaya. bark. which was bought in at the Amsterdam auctions on January 24th only a very few lots have since been sold. and the bulk ° is held below the present market rates. There has, how- eyer, been a fair business done privately in fine druggists’ bark in long and broken quill. r rs CaCAINE—During the last four or five days there have been rumours of an impending advance in cocaine. For The tone ~ ; the present, however, all the makers except one still ~ quote the, old terms of 17s per, oz for hydrochlorate in 100-0z parcels. 2 ning of next week the price will be raised to 18s per oz, Scarcity of raw material is said to\be the cause of : j i : 4 ite eof It is expected, however, that in the begin- |, thig | “Marcu 1, 1895. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 613 impending vise. There has just been an arrival in London of 9 packages of crude cocaine from Callao per don. QUININE—Slow of sale. BeandS, and Brunswick bulk quinine in second-hand offers; at. 11d per oz, and some business is reportod this week. The London stock at the docks has been reduced in the course of January by 3,219 Ib. VANILLA—The stock in the London warehouses on January 80th wa. 360 tins. mo Ore CEYLON TEA «IN AUSTRALIA: (From Alfred Harvey & Co.'s Tea Report.) MELBOURNE, Feb. 5. GENERAL.—A gradually advancing market must be ‘recorded for January in all but Ceylons. Buyersiare recognising the certain shortage. of leaf in both Chinas and Indians, and are consequently ready buyers of all grades with point, and also all common kinds with clean water; low common Chinas alone are neglected. Ceylons, in consequence of accumula- tion of high-cost shipments, have been sold at auction at unduly low rates, improving in value at close. ‘The falling-off in shipments continues, Cal- eutta being now 1,500,000 lb. behind same time last year, Foochow 2,000,000 lb., and Colombo 300,000 1b,— in all, 3,800,000 lb, With these figures before us, we look forward to even higher prices than present market for the next two or three months. Cryton.—Shipments to date are 5,250,000 lb., or 300,000 lb. less than at same time last year, with a still somewhat easier market in Colombo. Arrivals have been lighter than usual, and in face of the fall in values at public auction, sales have continued to be difficult to effect.’ here is a good demand at auction rates, but these are not really accepted by importers, owing to high cost of most of the held-over shipments. As anticipated, dust as sold down to 5d for strong water,and 54d for fine quality. Light pekoe souchongs have fetched 7d to 7$d; strong to good quality, 7d to 84d; fair to good pekoes, 8d to 10d; good leaf to good quality broken and orange pekoes, 9d to Is ld. As usual, the bulk of the sales have been effected privately, and the course of the market has been downward, with a firmer feeling at close, which will probably strengthen as the falling-off in supplies is con- firmed. | Stocks in bond on the 26th January were 408,049 lb. ee ts EE Ne FRUIT EXCHANGES BETWEEN AMERICA AND CEYLON. A Planter writes :—‘ Enclosed letter from a friend of mine in the St. Louis Botanical Gardens may be of interest to your readers.” St. Louis, Mo., Jan. 10th, 1895.—The papa ‘seeds came a good while ago and were dale planted and are growing finely, at least most of them are. have written to parties in Southern California and in Florida and will cet seeds of navel oranges if it is possible to do so. You know the navels are seedless and only very rarely produce seeds. The part that ordinarily hears the seeds becomes aborted and is pushed up to one end and exists there as a_ little pip which from the outside looks something like a navel, henee the name. Oranges are like all other cultivated fruit. They mostly do not come true to seed and you might plant seeds of a hundred navel oranges and not get a_ single navel bearing tree. ‘This is the season for budding in California, and if I can get twigs across without getting them frozen (the thermometer hasn't been up to 32° for two weeks), I think perhaps we could, get fresh twigs to you by properly packing. That woulkl be the best way to be sure of your results. A schoolmate of mine is in the Government Laboratory in Florida, and he will send me seeds in their season, Vour-lifths of the Florida | orange crop of five million oranges has been frozen solid, and many groves will be completely ruined. Such a freeze had not been known or over sixty years, and the present generation fhad forgotten that any such thing was liable to occur and so were caught unprepared. T have not been able to find any reference to coca wine, except a sort that is made from the sop of certain palms, which I judge is not what you. are after, you doubtless know of the ‘ coco” plant (Erythroxylon coca) a shrub. of the. flax family from which ‘‘ cocaine” is made. The shrub grows in the Andes of S. America, es- pecially in Bolivia and Peru, at from 2,000 to 8,000 tt. elevation. The leaves are the part used and upwards of forty million pounds are sold annually. The Spanish Americans chew the leaves just as many Americans chew tobacco, except that they mix lime with it. It has a very power- ful stimulating effect on the nervous system. The plant is said to yield 3 or 4 crops of leaves annnally and to grow well under varying con- ditions of soil and temperature, Plants may be propogated from seed or cuttings and I suppose that the Botanic Gardens in Ceylon would get some for you. We have none here at present. The Mexican cacao from which chocolate is made is a bird of another color and I won’t pretend but that you know a lot more about it than I do. a THE FUTURE. OF TEA. TO THE EDITOR OF THE ‘HOME AND COLONIAL MAIL.’’ Sir,—Mr. Seton has clearly stated the causes con- tributory to the prosperous state of the tea industry. Among them I am disposed to give the first place to the intelligence and skill of the managers at the gardens; and they are such a generous set of men that I do not fear wounding anyone’s feelings in mentioning, as an instance, the remarkable results attained on the Assam Company’s estates, for the serve as an object lesson, and teach us the potential value of every good estate, and what a recuperative power there is in even the oldest plantations, But Mr. Seton has not referred to a contin by no means remote—viz., the remission of the duty levied on tea. It is stated by those usually well- informed that the next Budget will give us a “free breakfast-table.”’ Whether this will be the case or not, we may be sure that the abolition of duty is only a question of time. Reduction of the poor man’s taxes has ever been the most popular item in the Liberal programme, and the way has been pre- ared by providing for an increased revenue from the eath duties. When it comes, how will it affect us ? 1. Byanimmediate run upon existing stocks, when they are at a low point, with its natural effect upon prices. 2. By a gradual increase in the number of those selling tea retail, with absorption of floating stocks. 3. By a steady and permanent growth of consump=» tion. 4. By setting free capital now locked up in duty and so facilitating purchase of tea. sie 5. By remoying existing hindrances to export of Indian and Ceylon tea in the form of blends. And who will deriye the most benefit ? Some six months after Mr. Goschen lowered the duty from 6d to 4d per lb., and retailers reduced their quotations 2d, I inquired of some of the largest retailers if their average sale price had fallen 2d per lb. They said, No; many of our customers now buy a better quality than they did before,” and this was reflected in the extra demand and better prices then received for the finer teas in Mincing Lane. That experience points to the conclusion that whenever the duty is ares off, the value of the best teas will be enhanced, and that producers, will possibly enter upon a period of unlooked-for prosperity Apaxt from, this contingency the outlook is im. proved by the gradual change in the method of dis. gency 614 tribution that has been going on for ten or fifteen years, Formerly, grocers bought ahead for three, four, or six months’ requirements, and their shops were full of duty-paid stock all over the kingdom. All that has changed, Few hold such stocks now. The “blenders” having taught them the advantage of taking their weekly supply fresh from London, and the wholesale dealers are rapidly accommodat- ing themselves to the new and healthier system. This has created continuous and sustained de- mand; has made the market sensitive to a tem- porary short supply to a degree unknown ten years ago; and has freed us from those sudden and unwarranted collapses in price which used to occur whenever it suited the London dealers to hold off and let down prices. No, tea producer is ever told now by his brokers that ‘‘ there are no buyers, for there are always buyers ready to take advantage of a fractional turn in the price. This alone isa factor of the greatest importance, as the modern system finds more ad- herents every month, and will eventually enable us to regulate supplies with reliance on buyers every week in the year, instead of spoiling a good market, as importers are now doing by their hurry to sell. recent telegram from China states that the Le-kin dues (internal taxes), on movement of tea, are to be raised 20 per cent, This is indeed good news for India, Our real danger seems to be lest the profit on pro- duction during the next two or three years should be 80 large as to stimulate the planting of new areas unduly, for which we shall suffer in times to come. —Yours, &c., ANON. — —_—_ - > —-— —_ TANNIN IN INDIAN THA. Jan, 31, To the Editor, Journal of the Society of Arts. Sm,—I was very sorry not to be able to attend the delivery of Mr. A. G. Stanton’s valuable paper on tea, and have read the report of it and of the general discussion which ensued as given in your last issue with very great interest. 2 { I cannot help noticing a most important point which was unaccountably overlooked by all the speakers on the subject of the relative quantities _oftannin contained in Indian and China teas. Sir Henry Peek appeared to think that China tea is more beneficial to health because it contains less tannin than Indian tea, and while various speakers who followed him endeavoured to palliate this asser- tion, it does not seem to have occurred to any of them to assert that a cup of Indian tea contains less tannin than a cup of China tea. Yet the figures brought forward that evening—figures that I have not heard disputed—show this conclusively. The analyses quoted by Mr. John Hughes are:— Assam tea, five minutes’ infusion, tannin 10°35 China ” 2 ” ” 7°80 but the customs authorities, whose verdict was quoted by the lecturer, endorsed by him, and, according to him, by the British housewife, shows that 1 1b. of Indian tea makes half as much again of liquid tea as 1 1b. of China tea—say, 73 gallons against 5 gallons. oa If, then, you divide 10°35 by 73=—1°38 and a yn 6 0 7:80 by 5 =1°56 it is evident that a cup of China tea infused five minutes contains 18 per cent. more tannin than a cup of Indian.—I am, sir, your obedient servant, (Signed) R. Gorpon Saw. (Our correspondent refers to a point raised by Sir Henry Peek during the discussion which followed Mr. Stanton’s paper. Sir Henry referred to the large proportion of tannin in Indian and Ceylon teas as compared with China tea.—Hp. H. & C. M.] ——___$_ THE AGRA OUVAH ESTATES COMPANY, LIMITED. Feb. 23. At the annual ordinary general meeting of the Agra Ouvah -Estates Co., Ld. held this day, Mr. W. H. Fige, in the chair, the Reports and Accounts were adopted and a final dividend of 10 per cent was declared making 16 per cent for the year. We quote this Report as follows :— ACREAGE, Agra Ouvah. Fankerton. Acres. Acres. Tea in full bearing - 172 Tea in full bearing - 87 » in partial bearing - 20 ,, in partial bearing - 17 » not in bearing - 110 ,,_ not in bearing - 61 Coffee amongst Tea (110 acres) } Coffee amongst Tea (6Lacres) Grass and Jungle - 29 Grass, Patana and Scrub - 28 Total Estate 331 Total Estate 193 Grand Total 524 Acres. The Directors have pleasure in presenting to the Share- holders the Accounts of the Company for the past year. Notwithstanding a generally unfavourable season for Tea in the higher Districts, the yield was very satisfactory, being 157,351 lb. or 17,351 lb. over the Estimate, whilst the Coffee Crop exceeded the most sanguine expectations of the Directors, the quantity harvested to 31st December being 3,250 bushels parchment against an Estimate of 1,000 bushels. . The average net prices realized for this produce were 68} cents per lb. and R18'26 per bushel respectively. After making the usual provision for depreciation of Buildings and Machinery, the net profit for the year amounted to R100,382°45 or about 27 per cent onthe paid up Capital of the Company. An interim Dividend of 6 per cent was declared on the 4th August last, and the Directors now recommend the payment of a tinal Dividend of 10 per cent, making 16 per cent for the year, and that R10,000 be transferred to Depreciation Account and R25,000 to an Extension Fund. This will leave a balance of R5,382°45 to be carried forward to the current Season’s Account. The profit realized would justify the Directors in recommending a larger Dividend, but they think that the course proposed will commend itself to the Shareholders. As a consider- able sum is required to meet the outlay on Capital Account incurred since the formation of the Company and the cost of further improvements to the property, it will be neces- sary to offer for subscription the unissued shares if a sub- stantial proportion of the year’s profits is not reserved. The Estimates for the current year are 160,000 lb. of Tea and 1,000 bushels of Coffee on an expenditure of R60,901, which sum includes the cost of manufacturing 85,000 Ih. of Tea for neighbouring proprietors. It is estimated that R11,378 will also be spent on Capital Account principally for a dam and turbine. and also for erecting permanent lines, plunting. Timber Trees and supplying all the young tea openings. In terms of the Articles of Association, Mr. G. W. Carlyon retires in rotation from the Office of Director, but is eligible for re-election. It will be open to the Meeting to elect another Director. SSS eS THE GLASGOW ESTATES COMPANY, LIMITED. At the annual ordinary general meeting of the Glasgow Estates Company, Limited held this day Mr. John G. Wardrop in the chair, the report and accounts were adopted and a final dividend of 12 per cent was declared making 184 percent for the year. We quote this Report as chee i 77 ACREAGE,» Glasgow Estate. Nithsdale Estate. Acres. Acres. Tea in full bearing 147 Tea in full bearing 209 Do partial bearing 50 Jungle, &c. 47 Do _ not in bearing 159 Coffee amongst tea (119 acres) Grass - - g Clearings for tea - 20 Jungle, &c. - : 53 Total Estate - 458 Total Estate - 256 Grand Total .. 714 acres. The Directors have pleasure in submitting to the share- holders the accounts of the Company tor the past year. Nithsdale estate, which was purchased by the Company on Ist July last, was worked separately from Glasgow for the six months ending 31st December, but all the pro- duce was disposed of under one mark and, in the annexed accounts, the expenditure and income of the two estates are not shewn separately. This year the two places will be treated as one estate. Owing to unfavorable weather, the quantity of tea secured was considerably less than was estimated, being 98,824 lb. from Glasgow and 38,120 lb. from Nithsdale, against estimates of 120,000 lb. and 40,000 Ib. respec- tively. On the other hand the coffee crop was much better than was expected, the total secured being 1,128 bushels parchment against preliminary estimates of 425 bushels. During the year cinchona bark was harvested to the extent of about 18,500 Ib. of which the greater part has been shipped to London, and, as account sales of this have not yet been received, no yalue is given for it in the accounts. The net average prices for tea and coffee were over 694 cents per Ib. and R18°25 per bushel respectively. After making the usual provision for depreciation of build- ings and machinery, but excluding premium on new shares, the result of the year’s working is a profit of R64,729°17, of which about R13,000° were earned in the first half of the year, and this amount was distributed amongst shareholders in an interim dividend of 67 per cent. at the rate of 13 per cent. per annum. The re- maining profit is equal to 15} per cent. for the second half year, on the increased Capital of the Company, or at the rate of 31 per cent. per annun. The Directors recommend a final dividend of 12 per cent., making 18} per cent. for the year, that R5,000 be added to depreciation account and R6,603°34 to the Ex- tension Fund and that, after payment of R350 extra fees to the Directors in terms of the resolution passed on the 1sth February 1893, the balance of R775°83 be carried for- ward to the current year’s acount. In aczordance with the special resolutions passed | by shareholders on 25th Apriland 1st June last, the capital of the Company was raised from R200,000 to R325,000 by the creation of 250 new shares of R500 each, which were issaed at a premium of R175 per share. ‘The premium so obtained, viz. : R43,750, which now appears at the credit of profit and loss account, the directors propose should be transferred to the Extension Fund, bringing up this fund to R55,000. : The estimates for the current year are 205,000 1b. Tea and 500 bushels coffee, on an expenditure on working ac- count of R60,500. A further sum of R6,800 will probably be required for additions to the factory, planting in tea about 20 acres land and for other works on capital account. ; Mr. W. U. G. Duncan and Mr. A. Thomson having during the year resigned their seats on the board, Mr. J. G. Wardrop and Mr. G. W. Carlyon nominated to fill the vacancies. In terms of the articles of Association “Mr. C. A. Leechman retires by rotation, but is eligible for re-election. During the absence of Mr. W. Meggin- son from the island, the Directors placed the visiting of the Company’s properties in the hands of Mr. A. A. Cross, e : igs 5 eth THE CASTLEREAGH TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON, LTD. The fourth annual ordinary general meeting of this Company was held at the oftices, No. 13 Queen Street, Colombo, on the 25th February 1895. There were }resent Messrs. J. H. Starey (Managing Direc- tor in the chair) V. A. Julius, J. A. Martin (Directors.) B. G. L. Bremner (Secretary), W. Moir, A. M. Caldi- cott Smith and by Attorney, A. H. Diugwall and Mrs. R. B. Richards. The Srcrerary rad the meeting. The Srcrevary read the minutes of the ordinary annual general m eting held 2Ist Febiniry Iso which were {duly confirmed. notice couvening the 616 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Marcn 4, 1895. - The report of the directors was taken as read. Mr. J. H. Svarry in moving the adoption of the report said the profit including the small balance brought forward from lact year wis 9:55 per cent out,,of which it was proposed to divide 8?/o, Th» cost of securing and manufacturing the crop had been less than last year by 118 cts. er lb. while the crop had realised 513 cts per b. more, the profit per lb. being thus 631 cents per lb. more. The crop had turned out less than the original estimate though more than the revised esti- mate made in June. It had been necessary to esti- mate the value of 6,560 lb. tea not accounted for at the time the report and accounts were made up which had been taken at 50 cents per lb, But of this quantity acconnt sales for 4,775 1b. had since been received netting 69 cents per lb, so that the Company was: some R00 to the good on that item. The shareholders were aware that some new machinery had been erected and the shafting &c. re-arranged, but delays had occurred to prevent its being started before the 18th inst. he new crop had begun to come in yery satisfactorily and better prices, conse- quent upon the use of the improved machinery are anticipated. The capital account now vepresents R502 per acre on 476 acres. The profit per acre is R44, Shares had again reached par, and the number of shareholders was 87. Mr. A.M. Caldicott-Smith seconded, and no ques- tions being asked, the report was unanimously adopted. It was proposed by Mr. W. Morr, seconded by Mr. A. M. Canpicorr-Smrrm and carried, and Re- solved :—'‘ That a dividend of 8 Rupees (or § per cent per annumn) per share he declared and made payable on the 27th February.” It was proposed by Mr. A. M. Canpicorr-Smirn, seconded by Mr. J. A. Martin and carried,— That Mr. V. A. Julius be re-elected a Director. It was proposed by Mr. W. Moir, seconded by Mr. A. M. Caupicorr-Smuiru and carried,— That Mr. John Guthrie be re-elected Auditor a fee of R50 per annum. A vote of thanks to the chair was then tendered. at ——_->_ .) THE YATADERIA: TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON, LD. .The seventh annual general meeting of this Com- any was held at the offices of the Company No. 13, ueen Street, Colombo, on the 25th Feb., 1895. There were present, Messrs. H. V. Masefield (in the chair), D. Fairweather, J. H. Starey (Managing Director), G. B. L. Bremner (Secretary), C. M. Gwatkin, J. A. Martin, J. R. Fairweather. S. L. Harries, and by proxy W. W. Church, H. W. Hornby, and A. H. Dingwall. The Secretary read the notice convening the meeting. The Secretary read the minutes of the ordinary general meeting held 2Ist Feb., 1894, and of the extraordinary ‘general meeting held 10th Ang., 1894, which were duly confirmed. The report of the directors haying been taken as read My. H. V. Masprizip in moying its adoption said the shareholders might be interested to learn that he had visited the estate on his way down to attend this meeting and was much pleased with the appearance and condition of the estate which he found in good order. The Manacine Director in seconding said the report was so full in detail that he had but little to add. The property had been extended during the year by 70 acres tea planted, 16 acres cacao (experi- mentally) and 93 acres had been purchased without fresh capital issues. The crop had turned out short . of the estimate and only 3,335 Ib. more than the crop of 1893 which might be accounted for by the rainfall in 1894 having been 18 inches less than that ‘of 1893 and 87 inches less (han he mean of 5 years. Prices, however, were better in 1894 by 81 of a cent ry lb. Plucking bad cost slightly more, but the Factory out-tui per cooly was better than ||’ cost of the cargo and the freight, they had a i —<—<—<—<——$— last year, probably dune, to the dam having al- lowed more economical working of the machinery. It had been necessary to estimate the value of a considerable amount of tea shipped and not yet accounted for and this had been done at the safe rate of 35 cents, so that probably there would be a surplus when all should be realised. The profit exceeds that of 1893 by R860 and is 30 per cent ayail- able for distribution in dividend, equal to R90 per acre. ‘The total dividend that will then haye been paid will amount to 122 per cent on the capital. The reserve fund now amounts to R20,000. Then were proposed extensions of tea this year of 30 to 40 acres. ‘he undeveloped resources of the estate consisted of the 119 acres planted in 1891, the 70 acres of 1894, and the 30 acres to be planted 1895. The coast ad- vances outstanding had Been reduced te about R7 per head. There were 46 shareholders, It was not now intended to build the permanent bungalow this year, but extensions would be made to the present ungalow which the Superintendent found more con- venient. After some questions by Mr. Martin, J. R. Fairweather and 8. L. Harries had been answered and a shareholder had observed that he thought the Reserve Fund should be limited t othe equivalent of one years dividend’s the report was unanimously adopted. It was proposed by Mr. J. A. Martin, seconded by Mr. C. M. Gwarkrn and carried,—That a dividend of R12°50 per share for the half-year ended 31st December 1894 making (with the interim dividend of R12°50 per share paid in Angust 1894) 25 per cent for the year 1894, and a bonus of Ré per share, or 5 per cent for the year 1894 be declared and made payable on February 27th 1894. It was Proposed by Mr. D. Farrwratuer, seconded by Mr. S. L. Harries and carried,—That Mr. H. V. Masefield be re-elected a director. It was proposed by Mr. C. M. Gwarxin, seconded by Mr. J. A. Marrrms and carried,—That Mr. John Guthrie be re-elected auditor at a fee of R100 per annum, A yote of thanks to the chair was then tendered. ee TAMPERING WITH COFFEE IMPORTS. Trieste as well as some other Continental ports have a very bad reputation in reference to the management of their Customs and bon- ded stores: indeed, we hear of firms in London solely engaged in supplying agents to look after cargoes delivered at such ports. Now we are told that a former Austrian Consul at Bombay has been writing to the London Standard ‘* re- futing the statements made in that journal to the effect that coffee imported into Trieste often gets tampered with on arrival. Mr. Stockinger, who is now Austro-Hungarian Consul-General in London, declares that no complaints have ever been made in the case of coffee coming into Trieste from Brazil, India, Java, &c. It is only in the case of London transhipment cargoes that this occurs, and he asserts that the damage is done in London.”—But, how is this denial to be taken in the face of what the Vienna corre- spondent of the Standard reported as follows under the heading ‘‘ A Trade Scandal” :-— The dry goods merchants of Vienna, Prague, and other towns in Austria have for years past been complaining, at times in letters to-the Press, of shortage in goods, mostly coffee, imported from London and other English ports to this country. Inquires were instituted, if I am not mistaken, in England and also in Trieste, the port of arrival for coffee consignments, but without effect. The loss was borne sometimes by the consignee, in other cases by the English commission firm, but mostly _ by the Austrian and Hungarian coffee im rs, whose bitterest grievance was that, in addition whe ARCH 13, 1895. | pay aheayy Austrian duty on about ten per cent. more than they actually received. he mystery has now been cleared up. The Vienna Association of Dry Goods and Colonial Merchants addressed, a few days ago, a petition to the Vienna Chamber of Commerce, asking that the necessary steps may be taken for the remedying of the evil, since it had been ascertained, with practical certainty, that the coffee and other articles. imported from London via ‘I'rieste are tampered with in ‘I'rieste itself, in some cases in the bonded stores: The English agents and the trading vessels plying between London and ‘Trieste are completely ex- onerated. Our attention has been drawn to the matter by a Colombo merchant who declares that he has known the same trouble experienced with reference to shipments and cargoes from the East. We found among tea traders in Carlsbad in 1891, grievous complaints against the Trieste Customs, and that was given to us as the reason why they preferred to import through Hamburg. --Since writing the above, the full text of Mr. Stockinger’s letter has reached us, and we re- produce it, although holding to our view that compiaints from Ceylon and India are by no Ineans unknown :— TampERtInG WitH Corres Imports. To the Editor of the Standard. Str,—In The Standard of the 11th of December last a telegram, dated from Vienna, was published referring to imports of coffee at Trieste trom London, in which it was said that the fault for the frequent cases of deficiencies found at Trieste in the consignments of coffee lies with the latter place, and more especially with the public docks and warehouses of that harbour. : I am directed toinform you that a searching official in- quiry with regard to these allegations has been made, by which it was authentically stated that such deficiencies are found almost exclusively in consignments from London, whereas there have been no complaints, so far, against consigments from Brazil, Jaya, India, Hamburg, Amster- man, Rotterdam, &c. It must also be obseryed that complaints against con- signments from London have been frequently made before the public warehouses haye been opened; therefore no blame could be attached to them, It is not probable that the coffee bags or casks should be tempered with on the voyage from London to Trieste, as there is no transhipment between the two places, and coffee is usually stowed away in special compartments, or right at the bottom of the vessel; on the other hand, coffee is usually transhipped in London or at New York, and again in London, where it often lies in the docks for some time, is frequently sampled, carted away, and back again. On such occasions it is much more pro- bable that malversations or losses from leakage should occur. In numerous cases the bags cleared trom the bottom of a yessel at Trieste have been found to be torn or patched, bearing traces . of intentional or accidental damage done. As_a reswt of the official inquiry, it has been stated, therefore, that the complaints made against the public warehouses are not fonnded on facts. Itrust that you will find your way, in justice to the institution against which such allegations have been made in The Standard, to publish these few lines in your next edition. Accept my best thanks in advance for your courtesy, and believe me, Sir, your obedient servant, I. SvockKiINGER, Austro-Hungarian Consul General. Tnnperial and Royal Austro-Hungarian Consulate General, 11, Queen Victoria Street, London, B.C. Jan. 29. SS SSS eS THE CEYLON AGRICULTURAL MAGAZINE, The February number of the Agricultural Maga- zine contains a complete account of the proceed- ings at the prize-giving ceremony held at the school last January, and gives the text of the Superintendent's Report for the past year, and the speeches made by H. B. the Governor and others on the occasion. The other items which form the contents are:—Occasional notes, Rainfall taken at the school during January. The patent Sultan Water-lift, Notes on the Cattle murrain of Ceylon, Ploughing in of green crops, Fodder crops and ecattle- keeping in Ceylon, Water-testing, and general items. From the description given of the Sultan water-lift, it THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 617 would seem to be a machine that is calculated to save — much time and labour, while it is com- paratively inexpensive. It is to be hoped that the inventor will accept the offer made . to erect one of these machines at the School of Agri- culture premises so that its merits may be tested and proved to the satisfaction of those to whom water lifts will be of use.. We hope, with the editor, that Mr. William Smith’s notes on the Cattle murrain of Ceylen will be followed by further contributions on the sub- ject of cattle disease} on which Mr. Smith is enii- nently qualified to speak both asa Veterinary Surgeon and as a colonist of long standing. he article on green crop manuring is well worthy the | careful perusal of all cultivators in these days when. cheap production is so necessary an element in agriculture. PROPOSED COFFEE COMPANY. Mr. W. W. Bailey has had for some years and area of 2,000 acres of excellent coffee land ‘in the neighbourhood of Petaling station, which’ is about 4% miles by rail from Kuala Lumpur. He has been paying rent regularly upon that land for a number of years, with the intention of opening it’ when circumstances permitted. But the Government now require that at least’ 400 acres of it should be opened at once. Mr. Bailey is therefore to-day ‘en- gaged in obtaining subscribers in Singapore to a Limited Company to be called the ‘* Selangor Coffee Company.” The capital of the proposed company is’ $100,000 in shares of $100 each. Fully ‘paid up shares to the value of $20,000 are to be taken by Mr. Bailey as the purchase price of his land, but, in additional to that, he undertakes to subscribe and pay for 50 $100 shares. The amount subscribed early’ this forenoon was about $25,000, and Mr. Bailey is confident that in the course of a day or two, the whole of the capital will be subscribed, It is not intended to call more than 20 per cent of the capital at once, the remainder being ‘called as the- process of clearing and cultivating the estate requires. The ordinary calculation of coffee cultivas tion is that it takes about fiveyears before the estate is in full bearing, during the whole of which time there is a constant increase of capital outlay. At the end of five years the estate should conie into full bearing, and, if coffee maintains its present price—which seems likely—there should be ‘in the cultivation a very gigantic profit. It will be. noted that the Pengerange Planting Company, of which Mr. Bailey is manager, is doing exceedingly well and the shares ave now much above par. Mr. Bailey has had many troubles with the Selangor Goyernment, and it would please every one to see him rescue this land from the Government, which wants to take it back unless cultivation be begun very soon.—Penung Gazette and Straits Chronicle, Feb. 18. eS BRAZIL. We are informed that the next coffee erop in Sao Paulo promises to be a large one. Some complaints have been made from the Ribeirao Preto district to the effect that the rams have caused much damage, but from other localities the reports are unanimoys in prognosticatine a heavy crop.—lio News, Feb. 8. Se veer od ee i Ys Two More Prosperous ThA ComPANIES.—The Yataderia Tea Company has earned about 40 per cent for the past year, and having declared an ad interim dividend of 124 percent, has now declared a further similar dividend with a bonus of 5 per cent—the lucky shareholders vetting 30 per cent in all. The Yataderia is the Champion ‘Tea Com- pany of Ceylon, or of the world we suppose, seeing it has paid its. shareholders 30 per cent for two years running. —The Castlereagh Com- pany, hitherto under a cloud, has this time declared a dividend of 8 per cent and the pres. pects are good, ; 618 é ! SELANGOR LAND , PURCHASES BY CEYLON ‘The Selangor Government held a sale of agricul- tural land in the Klang district, at Klang, in the District Office, on Monday, the 11th instant. The sale was a success in every respect. The District Officer of Klang, Mr, J. 1H. M. Robson, officiated as auctionecr. All the leading planters in the State ‘were present; amongst them being Messrs. T. H. Hill, W. W. Bailey, G. W. Welman, T. Gibson, BE. WV. Carey, F. A. loynbee, H. Innis, R. 8. Meikle, A. Forsyth, H. Borron, H. O. Maynard, H. C. Rindle, W. Stephenson, G. M. Stafford, F. E. Maynard, OW. Trail, and A. Waller. The lots to cone under the hammer were pub- lished in a Government notification, issued at Kuala Lumpur on the 30th November last year, along with a plan showing the situation of the various blocks. Before the sale began Myr. Hill questioned the District Officer of Klang as to the policy of the Goyernment in respect to the drainage of the several lots, which, Myr. Hill said, the Government had promised to undertake. It would, said Mr. Hill, make a considerable difference in the prices likely to be realised if it were known that the drains were to be made by Government. The plan stated that, there was a ‘drain in course of construction by Government from A. to B,, and from B. to ©.” Mr. Robson said, in reply, that the drain from A. to B. was being made, and that asum of 2,000 dols. had already been voted for the work. The drain from B. to C. had been started, but had not been finished, Mr. Robson could make no promise on be- half of the Government that such drain would be finished by the Government, The sale then proceeded. There were twelve lots put up, with an additional lot, making altogether thirteen lots. All were sold. The sale realised 10,350 dols. The upset price was calculated at 1 dol. anacre; and the average price obtained was over 250 dols. an.acre. Only one lot, and that the additional lot of. 320 acres, brought in merely the actual upset price, »In respect to this, it seems that some amount of sympathy was expressed for Mr, “Tim” Bailey, who bought the lot in question, and who was buying land for which he held the Resident’s grant, which ‘grant, it is believed, had been repudiated by the Straits Government. Consequently no one bid against Mr. Bailey. The following are the details of the pale i— SALE. PLANTERS. Price ‘No Area, realised. Purchasers. ‘ Ans dols. ay 2 B28) 2 800 A Forsyth 82 « 319 3 800 do 383 «- 329 0 800 do 34 - 319 0 1200 W Forsyth 85 - 320 1 1200 do 386 = 320 1 1200 do 3 - 376 1 1075 G W Welman 38 - 876 1 825 do 40 - 289 2 600 HE Hill 41 - 319 3 500 W Forsyth 43, - 261 0 300 do ' 44 - 259 3 400 do ~ 46 - 320 0 320 W W Bailey Tiach lots carried with it afee of 3 dols. for title and registvation. Mr. Wm. Forsyth, of Pambagama, Céylon, is associated with Mr. Fort, the Ceylon planter ' who has kept a watchful eye on Selangor agricultural land for a long time. The biocks of land sold con- sisted of virgin forest in the neighbourhood of land snecessfully planted with Liberian coffee. There is said to be no pyoxpect of another land-sale just yet. ‘Sanger Budgct, Web, 19th. ee see JHE WE-OYA TEA COMPANY, LIMITED. At the annual ordinary general meeting of the “We-oya ‘Vea Company Limited leld this day, Mr. ‘Eric 8. Anderson in the chair, the Report and “Accounts were adopted and a final dividend of 15 per cent was declared making 20 per cent for fe year. We quove this Report as tollows :— THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. + tion Account and that the balance of R43108, be MARCH 1, 1895. ACREAGE. Tea planted 1888—1890 219 Acres. sy » 1892—1893 162 ,, Grass + ~ 5 Cultivated 356 Forest 237 Total Estate 623 Acres. The Directors have pleasure in submitting to the Shave- horders the Accounts of the Company for the past year. The Crop secured amounted to 145,704 Th. Tea, being 20,704 1b. in excess of the Estimate and 35,476 1b. more than the yield in 1893. The net average price realized for the Tea was about 424 cents per lb. against a cost laid down in Colombo of about 244 cents per Ib. The net profit for the year, including a balance of R2,662°43 from 1893 but excluding premium on new Share: amounted to R24,715°25, equal to 23}per cent on the paic up Capital of the Company. An interim dividend of 5 per cent was declared on the 6th October last, absorbing R5,250, and the Directors recommend a final dividend of 15 per cent, making 20 per cent for the year, and that after pay- ment of R500 extra fees to the Directors in terms of the Re- solution passed on the 18th February 1893, R3,215°25 be carried forward to the current year’s accounts, On the 15th January 1894, 50 shares of R100 each were issued at a premium of R100 per share. This premium, qmounting to R5,000, has been credited to Profit and Loss Account, but the Directors propose thatthe amount should be transferred to ‘‘ Depreciation Account” to provide for depreciation of buildings and Machinery, n terms of Special Resolution passed at Extraordinary General Meetings held on 6th October and 8th November last, the Capital of the Company was increased from R105,000 to R150,000 by the creation of 450 new shares ot R190 each, 250 of which were issued at a premium of R50 per share on the 1st of January 1895, With the authority of the Shareholders at an Extraordinary General Meeting held on the 24th November, a factory site has been leased from the ce bein Tea Company Limited and a new Factory, n which water power will be available, is now in course of erection, The crop in 1895 is estimated at 170,000Ib. Tea onan ex- penditure of R3s,252"59 on working account. The estimated expenditure on Capital Account to erect and equip the Factory, to build permanent lines; and to open sufficient land to bring up the cultivated area to 400 acres, is R46,000. In terms of the Articles of Association, Mr. Edward J. Young retires by rotation from the Office of Director, but is eligible for re-election. THE YATIYANTOTA TEA COMPANY, LIMITED. Feb. 23rd. At the Annual Ordinary General Meeting of the Yatiyantota Tea Company Limited, held this day, Mr. W. D. Gibbon in the Chair, the Report and accounts were adopted and a final dividend of 15 percent was declared making 25 per cent lor the year.—We quote from the Report as follows :— ACREAGE. Old Polatagama. New Polatagama. Acres. : Acres. Tea inbearing - 506 ‘Tea and Coconuts not in bearing 235 Vea notin do -148 — Forest - : + 212 TDovest - - 349 1,003 447 Grand Total 1,450 acres. The Directors have pleasure in submitting to the Share- hoklers the accounts of the Company for the past year. The Crop secured amounted to 263,531 Ib. Tea, being 13,531 1b. over the estimate and 67.S87 Ib. more than the yield in 1893. The net average sale price was 41 cents per lb. whilst the cost laid down in Colombo was 22! cents perlb. The net profit for the year after providing for all doubtful debts and including a balance of R2,382°78 from 1893, amounted to R42,683-73, equal to 422 per cent on the Capital of the Company. An interim dividend of 10 per cent was declared on 4th August last, and tho — Directors recommend a final dividend of 15 per cent making a total of 25 per cent for the year, and that, after payment of R500 extra fees to the Directors in ten of the resolution passed in 1893, the balance be dez with as follows, viz :—That R10,000 be added to the tension Fund, that Ré6,752°65 be transferred to D Marcu 1, 1895.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 619 forward to the current year’s Accounts. tion Account will thus be brought up to R40,000 a sum which the Directors consider sufficierit td provide for de- preciation of Buildings and Machinery for some time to come, It will be noticed that the form in whieh the Depreciation Account is shown has been altered in_ this year’s accounts, the amount being placed on the “Liabilities” side, instead of being deducted from coast of Buildings and Machinery as in previous years. The sum of R2,325°55, has been especially reserved to provide for the ‘‘doubtful” cost advances referred to in the last Report. With the sanction of the Shareholders at an Wxtraordinary General Meeting held on 24th November last the Direc- ors have leased to the We-Oya Tea Company Limited, a Factory site on New Polatagama. This Factory will be available for manufacturing leaf from the new Estate when it comes into bearing. During tho year a small block of land (acres 9. 3 26 in extent) was purchased at upset price from Government to secure a water supply from the river for this Factory. The clearing on New Polatagama has been successfully planted with tea and coconuts, aud the last clearing of 148 acres on old Polatagama has been fully supplied. The Estimated Crop for 1895 is 275,0001b. ‘Tea on an estimated outlay on working account of R57,000. In addi- tion to this expenditure it is estimated that the sum of R13,000 will have to be spent on young clearings and in additions to the Buildings on Old Polatagama, whilst estimates are now being framed for supplying water power to the Factory. The expenditure on New Polatagama 1s estimated at R14,500, all on Capital account. During the year Mr. A. Thompson having resigned his seat on the board, Mr G W Carlyon was nominated to fill the vacancy. In terms of the Articles of Association, Mr. Carlyon now retires by rotation, but is eligible for re-election. The Deprecia- —————--+}>—__- --—-- THE PINE HILL ESTATES COMPANY, LIMITED. In accordance with the report issued on 20th Sept. 1894, your Directors have called you together to obtain your sanction to the starting of a General ‘Reserve Fund. The accounts for the half-year ending 31st Dec. 1894, axe briefly as follows :— Expenditure on the Hstates for the six Regd .¢. months : - 37,254 52 Nett Proceeds of 93.828 lb. Tea (partly estimated) - - 66,256 79 Nett Proceeds of 338 bush. Coffee - 5,551- 88 Do, Cardamoms, &c. : 226 38 62,035 05 Leaving a profit of - 24,780 53 Out of this, your Directors propose to pay at once an interm dividend of 5 per cent, absorbing - 17,395 00 And to place the RESEne Fund - 5,000 00 carrying forward the balance. rn THE YATADERIA TEA CO. OF CEYLON, LIMITED. The Directors have the pleasure to submit the Balance Sheet, and Profit and Loss Account for the year ending 31st December 1894, duly audited. The balance of profit (including 10,4546 bronght forward from last year, after crediting Reserve Fund with R5,000, as voted at the last General Meeting; and after writing off for depreciation of buildings and machinery, as Shes by the accounts) is R73,944°26. Of this sum, R23,750:00 has been absorbed in paying an interim dividend at the rate of 124 per cent: and the Directors propose that a further dividend of 124 per cent, and a bonus of 5 per cent, absorbing RB3,250'00, be declared, and made payable on the 27th February, that R5,000 be transferred to Reserve Fund account, and that the remainder of R10,944-26 (after paying R1,000 special fees voted to the Direc- tors at the General Meeting in 1893) be carried for- ward, It will be seen that the property representing capital stands in the Balance Sheet at approximately R266 per acre: cultivated, as compared with about R286 in the previous year’s accounts. No new machinery has been added, and a Sirocco was sold in the past year; but the dam for storing water referred to in the last report has been success- fully completed, and has proved economical in res- pect of fuel. Two wire shoots have been put up, and a third is under consideration. It is proposed to build the permanent bungalow for the Superintend- ent this year. The total tea crop was 488,763 lb., or 46,712 Ib. less than estimated in the last report, the weather being uifavourable, particularly in the first half of the year. The plucking area was 700acres. ‘he total quantity of tea for disposal was 488,763 lb., of which 97,908 lb. were sold locally, averaging 35°68 cents per lb.; and 390,855 lb. were shipped to London, of which 74,665 lb. has still to be accounted for ; but the average obtained for the 316,190 lb. as yet accounted for is 37:12 cents per lb. The cost of the tea delivered to buyers or put on board ship, including all charges and depreciation of buildings and machinery, was 23°47 cents perlb. (being *81 cents more than in 1893). The net value realized from sales (a portion being estimated) was 36°53 cents per lb. (being 1°15 cents more than the previous crop). The sum written off for depreciation represents 2°17 cents per lb. of the cost. The Company’s property (including. 93 acres pur- chased during the year) consisted on the 31st Decem- ber, 1894, of :— Ib. Acres. per = : Acre, 172 Tea planted in 1885} yield in 1894 843) = % 208 ,, ” 887; 4, » S2l|)5 bes 100 ,, MD 1888; ,, Fplust eos (iee ss 770 acres | 43 ,, 3 1889; ,, 59). FB Do, Tea—vizi—) 6, 99)» 18205 0°35 » 598 (eee 52 ” »” 1891; » ” 691 5 e es 119 4, AO 18925) sy a0,-¢, 195 B ai) Om 1804; (not in bearing) & || 16 Planted in Cocoa, 218 Forest, &e, 1,004 acresas per last report. 3 4, purchased from Crown and natives, Total 1,097 acres. The Directors propose an’ extension of about 30 acres in 1895, The estimated crop for 1895 is 550,000 lb. tea. Mr. David Fairweather, who took charge of the estate, thus vacating the office of Director, when the Superintendent was inyalided, was re-elected to the vacancy on the board as soon as his disqualification ceased. M. H. VY. Masefield retires from the Board by rotation in terms of the Articles of Association, and, being eligible, offers himself for re-election,.— Report adopted. : poe THE CASTLEREAGH TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON, «LD. The Directors submit herewith the Balance Sheet, and Profit and Loss Account for the year endine 3lst December, 1894, duly andited. ° ‘ The balance of profit (including R1,979°13 brought forward) is R22,937-72, after providing for doprecia- tion of buildings and machinery as shown in the accounts. The Directors propose to declare a divi- dend for the year 1894 at the rate of 8 per cent. payable on the 27th February, absorbing R19,200, and to carry forward to 1859 account R3,737°72. ‘he crop of tea secured was 109,0241b. against the estimate of 120,000 lb. (reduced in June to 105,000 lb.), the season having been unfavourable, pe ouethy in the early months. The cost of the tea delivered to buyers, or put on board, was 33°88 cents per lb. including all charges, or 31°57 cents exclusive of charges for deprectktion of buildings and machi- nery. 94,934 Ib. were sold locally, realizing 5134 eents per lb.; and 14,090 lb. shipped to London, realizing 68°22 cents (including a portion estimated 620 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Marcu 1, 1895. for). The total net value realized from sales was 52°32 cents per lb., leaving balance of gain 18°51 cents per lb. Cost in 1893 was 35°06 cents, and value 47°26 cents per lb. 61 15-32) bushels of coffee were secured, which sold for R950'14, The new machinery is nearly ready for work; and not having been used, is not at present chargeable. The cost of manuring carried to suspense account in 1893, together with part cost of manuring 1894, is charged in the 1894 accounts; while a sum of R4,246'13 is carried forward to be charged in 1895, representing unexhausted benefit from manure applied. apure in small doses has been applied over about 140 acres, with the object of promoting the growth where it was deemed advisable, and the results appear encouraging. Mr. William Mackenzie’s post as superintendent has been filled up by the appointment of Mr. Arthur Francis White. The Company's property consists of:— 476 acres ‘Tea under leaf 50 ,, Forest Total..526 acres. The estimateed crop for 1895 is 130,000 lb. tea. It will be seen that the property representing capital stands in the Balance Sheet at approximately R502 per acre cultivated, and that the profit per acres 19 R44. Mr. Villers Alexander Julius retires from the Board by rotation, and is eligible for re- election.— Report adopted. x —E—E—e—e——EE—E————e rere LEAD-COATED LEA CHESTS. To tan Eprror or tHe * Western Maru.” Sir,—Would it.not be possible for the whole of the tin-plate works proprietors to call a meeting and ask the Welsh M.P.’s to attend, and put before them the very bad state of the trade, and get them to use their influence, either collectively or otherwise, with the Board of Trade and Custom House authorities to offer, by way of inducement, a rebate of, say one farthing per 1b. to all tea growers and importers if they will pack their téas in steel chests, lead-coated? Let the Cus- toms accept two sizes, namely, the whole chest, hold- ing, say, 60 1b., and the half chest, 301b. This, to my ynind, would be the means of opening up a new trade. Some may ask how this is to be done. I venture to think it can be done in the following way : Let each of the tin-plate firms and merchants subscribe a sum of money in accordance with their make, and haye one fitst-class man, who is a good linguist, and two or three ood tinmen who are in the habit of making the dinner oxes, teacans, &c., as used by our working classes. ‘Tet them each have a set of tinman’s tools suitable for making up these tea-chests, and be sent out to the tea-growing districts. They can then show the natives how to make the chests. I believe if this subject is carefully thought out it may have some good results, because we may think what we like and’ try to put off the eyil day, but there is no gainsaying the fact that, so far as our American trade is concerned and our great export to that country, this in a very few months, unfortunately for South Wales, will be, like our stéel rail trade, a thing of the past never to return.— Iam, &c. LEAD PLATE. Caerleon-road, Newport. P.S.—Shippers should assist this matter, forit would add considerably to their cargo-carrying space. —Western Mail. <> AyotuER New GeErMAN PHaRMAGEUTICAL FAcTorY. —According to the Pharmaceutische Zeitung, the ex- cellent financial results with have attended the pre- sparation of the pharmaceutical articles by amniline- hee works, have led the directors of the well-known Actien Gesellschaft fiir Anilin-fabrikation in Berlin, one of the largest concerns of this class, to com- _mence the manufacture of medicinal preparations. When the decision of the directors became known the shares of the company advanced immediately,— Ghemist and Druggist, Keb. 3 ; oa VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES: THE PLANTING OF CocoNnuTS.—For a variety of opinions as to the mode in which to place coconnts in a nursery, we refer to three letters in our Correspondence columns. ALKALI-wORKS IN GeRMANY.—The Badische Anilin- and Soda-Fabrik are busy building a factory for the preparation of alkali by an electro-chemical process. The words are estimated to cost about 30,0001,—Chemist and Druggist, Feb. 2. A New Source or LAsour Suppiy.—The Planters’ Committee should carefully consider the suggestion offered in Mr. Nevill’s inquiry in our Correspondence columns today: we cannot doubt that both the Indo-Ceylon and Jaffna Railways would tend to increase our supply of labour. Tanocea anp Tannic.—S. J.—China tea is the most digestible. T’anocea, to be procured through any grocer, from the makers at Bletchley Station, 6d and 1s per box, will prove of much service in neutralising the tannic acid in ordinary tea. What renders Tanocea specially interesting is that it is manufactured by ladies, who are usually the greatest sufferers from the tea-drinking habit, and, therefore, nee = ge to suggest a remedy.—British Weekly, an. 24. THE CHINA TEA TRADE.—We find the follow. important paragraph in the Pioneer —Already the war in China is beginning to aftect the trade through Kiakhta. Much less tea has passed through this season than usual, Firms in China have already telegraphed that they are not able to execute orders and refuse to despatch tea. The price is rising considerably, and the Kir- pichny (brick) tea, which only passes via the Amu and Kiakhta has become very expensive. TEA SWEEPINGS IN LONDON.—We are glad to learn by this mail that the Tea Dealers are likely to call on the Indian and Ceylon Associations to take definite action to have a stop put to the sale of tea sweepings from the Docks and Ware- houses to German or any other buyers. In fact they will be called on to have all such stuff destroyed as unfit for human food, because in no case, can such sweepings be said to be owned by the Warehouse Companies. Tue Dericrencies IN Corree Carcors.—A report has been made by the Trieste Exchange Committee to the Chamber of Commerce upon the result of its inquiry into tbe cause of the deficiencies repeatedly discovered in cargoes of coffee from London while in transit to Trieste. The report says that the shortages: occur, not in the Trieste warehouses, but at the different places of reloading between the ports of origin and London. The chamber has de- cided to communicate the result of its investigation to the Ministry of Commerce and to the Austro- Hungarian Consulate-General in London, at the same time requesting the latter to give the matter the widest possible publicity in England.—Planters’ Gazette. Russtan Commerce in Asia.—It it is stated that for the purpose of extendinig Russian commerce in Turkey, Persia, and other Eastern States, the Ministers of Finance and foreign Affairs have ordered that special classes be attached to the Universities for the giving of courses in Eastern languages. Students on passing an examination--will be ayail- able for appointments as sworn translators of the different Russian consulates in~ Asia, Turkey, and Persia. Arailway connecting Astrakhan and Tsaritsin will be begun this spring, and a plan for connect- ing Theodosia with Nicolaieff via Perekop and Kherson is awaiting the Minister’s consent, which is expected next month. This line will be of con- siderable strategic importance, because it will connect Kertch and other important towns in the South with the naval centres of Sebastopol and Nicolaieif.— Pioneer, Fek, 23, BY <. Marcu 1, 1895.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 621 TEA-TASTING. Tothe Editor of the ‘ Pall Mall Gazette.” Srr,—Will you kindly allow me to answer a para- graph appearing in your issue of today’s date, under the heading of ‘Occasional Notes,” advising parents, upon a misleading basis, to educate their boys to become tea-tasters. I have spent the whole of my commercial career in this particular vocation, and I have no hesitation in saying that the incomes which you state (namely, £2,000 to £10,000 per annum) it is possible for a competent tea-taster tomakeare quite unheard of, either in or out of Mincing-lane. By all means let parents place their boys in this or any other walk of life for which they are competent and out of which they can earn a living; but as a paper of such a considerable circulation as yours may influence parents’ minds, it is a grave responsibility for youto publish incorrect statements which might cruelly mislead those who look to you for advice. I haye taken the trouble to answer the paragraph in question, as I am perfectly certain that youare only too anxious to have errors of this sort corrected.—I remain, yours truly, ARTHUR LAMPARD. 1, Warrington-road, Richmond, Jan. 14. Se VALUE OF POULTRY MANURE. A horticulturist of great experience in sending us the following extract from the /lorida Agri- culturist, says :—‘‘ It just expresses ny views on its value, and it is a pity that such good manure should be wasted as it so often is”:— VALUE OF POULTRY MANURE. In figuring the profits in keeping poultry, when labour and every expenditure is made to appear on the debit side, the value of the manure is scarcely ever estimated. It is considered of so little importance, both in quantity and value as to be hardly worth noticing. he object of this article is to shed some light on this subject, for we consider it a very important item to be considered, and especially in Florida where so much money is expended annually for commercial manure, the majority of them being of less value, and costing $30 to $45 per ton. We will first estimate the quantity and then the quality as compared with what we buy. I have one pen of Wyandotte hens consisting of eight birds. The coop is arranged with a wire screen over the hoard that catches the droppings. ‘Chis was sprinkled with dry plaster and the dropping guthered in one week, the fowls occupying the coop at night only, which is about twelve hours from the time the coop is closed at night until opened in the morning. The droppings from eight hens They could not be called green fo’ they have been ex- osed to a current of air and have remained on the yourd seven days. This is equal to one and one-fourth pounds from each hen per week, or 65 pounds fora year. Yhen 100 hens would yield 6,500 pounds counting halt the time, the night only. As barn-yard manure is taken as the standard, here is what the Rural New Yorker says :. The following table gives the number of pounds of the three most valuable weighed 10 pounds elements in a tone of hen manure, and a ton of well rotted barnyard manure, Barn Hen Manure. Manure. Phosphoric Acid - Potash : - 10 pounds Nitrogen - 11 pounds 67 pounds Thus 400 pounds of manure would contain as much potash, phosphoric acid and nitrogen as one ton of barn- yard manure, according to the commercial value of these elements. 6 pounds 48-60 pounds 41 pounds Nitrogen 67 pounds at 18 cts - $ 12°06 Potash 41 pounds at 74 cts. - 3°08 Phos. Acid 48-60 pounds at 124 ets : 501 A ton of hen manure is worth - 20°15 If, as we have demonstrated, 100 fowls produce 6,500 pounds (only counting nights, to be on the safe side), then their droppings alone have a s7u'h6. Lt is well known that the manure from more Valuable than from animals, for it twates and solid excrements combined. cattle is more valuable than the solids. If our domestic fowls are fed upon a meat or fish diet, the manure would sana) guano, but the analysis of the latter shows a much larger per cent of nitrogen and phosphoric acid than the former, and therefore is of more value. ‘This accounts for the low yaluation we frequently see given hen manure, commercial value of birds is contains the The urine from The -samples are taken from farms where half the nitro- gen is allowed to waste, and the fowls have only what they can pick up. The Rural New Yorker says : “We had eight bar- rels of hen manures saved from 40 hens. It was used on three-quarters of an acre of corn, applied to the hill. On the rest of the field a light dressing of cow manure was used, and a handful of high grade commercial fertilizer dropped at each hill. The corn, on the part where the hen manure was applied, was perceptibly taller and greener than the other. Peter Henderson srys:—‘‘Three tons of hen manure is equalto one ton of guano, and that is worth $65 per ton.” The Poultry Keeper says: ‘If the value of the hen manure from a single bird is 15 cents, which we think very low even at this rate, the total value of the manure from all the poultry in the country would amount to $19,000,000 annually.” To show that I have not over-estimated the value of hen manure, I quote from Johnson on practical poultry keeping; ‘SA Mr. Lewis made this statement before the Messeionube rts State Board of Agriculture. He never used the hen manure on the corn crop without having it benefited more than all the hens ate.” The American Agriculturist 1873, page 327, says; ‘‘ Hen manure is almost identical in quality and effect with guano, and may be used in like manner. Its value if dry and free from foreign matter, is $50 per ton.” The Poultry World esti- mates it to be almost equal to guano. The Live Stock Journal estimates that a hen will produce one bushel of manure a year, and that it is worth Sl a bushel. Prof. S. W. Johnson estimates the nitrogen in poultry manure to be worth 30 cents, potash 7 cents and phos- phoric acid 16 cents per pound, which would give it a value of $30 instead of $20.15 as we have it. The value of all the commercial fertilizer manufactured and sold during the year 1887 was $23,650,705. In Dana’s Muck Manual, page 177 he says: ‘‘ The dung. of domestic fowls and birds in general contains salts similar to those of guano, and for mulberries, vines, peaches and other plants the droppings of barn-yard fowls, one part to from 4 to 10 of water, have been found to produce excellent results The trees have, at the end of two years, the most healthy and luxurious appearance imaginable. The poultry yard is to a careful farmer a rich source of vegetable food.” From the above we see that our only source of profit is not in eggs and dressed poultry, but, if properly cared for, the value of the manure will equal the value of the food, and we shall have the eggs and carcasses for our trouble and profit. To realize the full value of the manure, have a dry house, and plenty of good absorbent on the shelves or dropping boards. Gather twice a week and mix with twice the quantity of good woods earth or dry muck, and keep in barrels in a dry place, or compost them as soon as gathered with twice or three times their bulk of dry material, and if you keep 100 hens you will not have to buy fertilizer for your family garden. E, W. AMSDEN. —_———_——-_~>—_ — OIL ENGINES FOR TEA MANUFACTURE. We hear that the Calcutta firm, who recently ex- hibited the Davidson-Maguire Tea Packing Machine driven by one of the Oil Engines for which they are the Indian agents, have despatched, or are about to do so, a couple of this class ot engines to the Tea districts of Assam, to the order of an admiring and go-ahead manager. We have often wondered when in Cachar and Sylhet, why it was that a more suitable type of engines and boilers were not intro- duced into tea work. It did not appear to us that local requirements were studied in fhe right direction by the makers of these necessary accessories to the economic production of tea. Wherever we went, it was the same, a heavy, cumbrous type of boiler, and the engine much the same, though we must admit that those of recent date are much better. We have been given to understand that the fault is not so much with the engine-builders as with the con- servative ideas of planters. These gentlemen have a knack of following a lead, and what one planter has found successtul, his brother planter of a garden miles away, in a totally different loca- lity, and with entirely different surroundings, will also have. Hence we hear it said that any new departure in tea machinery, processes, or culture is looked askance at by planters, and inventors in these lines do not jump into fortunes as a rule. To our thinking motors, such as gas engines, are in every way suited to industries as tea-making and Indigo, where the work is not continuous during the year, and is also intermittent during the manufac. turing season, We hope to go more fully into this 622 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Margen 1, 1895. subject very shortly, as our belief is that oil Engines have a great future before them in working up our industries economically and permitting the employ- ment of engine power where it would otherwise have been prohibitive—Jndian Hngincer. —————<—-————— VANILLA CULTIVATION IN MAURITIUS. A correspondent in Mauritius calls attention to the fact that the cultivation of Vanilla, which has hitherto been one of the staple products of the island, is rapidly diminishing, and will soon be a thing of the past. The cause has been put-down to the continued robbery of the Vanilla estites by the Indian immigrants; but the veal reason of the dis- continuance is the increasing competition of the Vanilla grown in Bourbon which can be produced there at a much cheaper rate, owing to the soil being more: suited for its cultivation. The planters also complain that the fluctuation in prices, says the “Chemist and Druggist,’’ per kilo render the article a very speculative one.—Journal of Horticulture. — = COCONUTS AND CINNAMON IN THE VEYANGODA DISTRICT, CEYLON, Feb. 27. Jupiter Pluvius has at last deigned to remember us. In January we registered here only 2°29 inches of rain—the aggregate of 6 days’ fall. The last shower was on the 17th when ‘65 was measured. The drought continued till the 4th instant when “45 fell. Very welcome it was; but it was only sufficient to freshen the pasturage, and the moisture scarcely reached the roots of trees. It cannot truly be said that the earth was. like iron and the sky like brass on the 20 days that followed. You may have compared the ground to any hard metal you pleased, but the skies promised great things for us with inky black clouds, afternoon after afternoon, which presaged heavy showers; but alas! to no purpose. I began to appreciate the story of R. B. T. shaking his fists at the clouds as they sailed past the Dumbara Valley in the old coffee days, to deposit their moisture in more favoured districts; but as there is no meteorological register of the success of his threats on the threatening clouds, I scarcely felt justified in following his minatory ex- ample. Whether I coaxed the clouds in some un- - conscious way, I cannot tell; but on the afternoon, of the 24th, after a preliminary drizzle, the foun- tains of heaven were opened, and the rainfall of an hour ‘or so registered 1°92. As it was all sucked in, there can be no doubt vegetation was vastly bene- fited. On the 25th afternoon, the clouds again played us false, but only for a while, as the drizzle commenced shortly after 7, and here there was a rattling good shower wich lasted nearly an hour, and measured 1:79. Yesterday was fine; but there is promise of rain again this afternoon; but whether it be fulfilled or not, it is something to have had over 4 inches in February. I can assure you, the outlook was not pleasant for Coconuts and Cinnamon, with the scanty rainfall of 1894, when we registered here only 68°06 inches, against 100°32 inches in 1893, and an average of over 90 ‘inches for 7 or 8 years. The show of nuts onthe trees was poor enough, and the steady droppings struck terror into the heart of the planter. The showers of rain have been followed by a shower of tender nuts ; but that is inevitable, and I fancy the fallen wrumbatties represent nuts which would never have come to maturity. Only they would have drop- ped more leisurely; now we know the worst has hap- pened, and with a normal Mareh and April, the next three plucking should be safe. By the way, it would be interesting to have the names and acreages of the estates Mr. Davidson* referred to yielding a profit of R100 anacre, and the'period they have so yielded. I don’t say itis impossible, but I guess the estates are fewer than the tea’ estates yielding simi- lar results. | Cinnamon too is ‘growing apace; and when the leafbud now on has matured there should be work'for' the peelers for the next few weeks. But ought to receive the attention of the will they come? There are the distractions of the New Year festivities ahead, and the exeuse of work in the paddy fields. The lot of the cinnamon plan- ter isa hard one with a caste industry to manage ! -- - > - ——— CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF CEYLON TEA. Mr. John Hughes in sending us his remarks on Mr. Stanton’s paper (already printed with the full report) draws our attention to the Chairman’s concluding speech as follows :— The Cyarrman (furgeon-General De Renzy, c.3) said the evidence produced by Mr. Hughes on the tannin question was pretty conclusive; the difference was comparatively small, and no more than would be accounted for by the richness of the Assam tea in extractive matter generally. But he really thonght this tannin question was, to a great extent, a mere bugbear; and that if a thoroughly scientific analysis were made, it would be found there was nothing in it. All he could say was that on «a long march, and where troops were exposed to great hardships, a cu of Assam tea was one of the most sustaining aah invigorating beverages a soldier could have. Mr. Hughes comments on this in a way which Planters’ Association, as follows :— From the Chairman's concluding remarks you will see that my determinations of tannin in specimens of Indian, Ceylon and China, which were made in my own prirate research, proved useful to the general interests of the Ceylon tea industry; and I think it would be to the interest of Ceylon planters that there should be some official action taken towards fuller and more complete chemical analyses being made of the different kinds and qualities of tea pro- duced in Ceylon. 1 --- --_~<—— —-. SUGAR IN CEYLON.—Though Ceylon proved a failure in respect of sugar culture and prepara- tion on a large scale, it by no means follows that in a quiet way a good deal may not be profitably done in sugar for local consumption. This has been shown at Baddegama by the * daside Winter & Bowman; while sugarcane is very freely cultivated by the natives over a large ex- tent of country near Colombo as well as near Galle. This native cultivation has hitherto been chiefly for the purpose of selling the cane in the bazaar as a sweet vegetable, to be consumed as the people dispose of bananas or pine-apples. A common resource on a journey is a stalk of sugarcane which a Sin- halese man often throws over his shoulder, munch- ing at the end of it as he goes along! But we were not aware that of late, many of the Sinhalese cultivators had begun to crush the cane and to manufacture sugar therefrom, no doubt after a primitive fashion. Our idea was that of all produce-pceparing machinery that for sugar was the most expensive; but a visit from a Hanwella resident who wished to know about the ‘small mills” employed by his countrymen in the Southern Proyince, led to our discovering that Messrs. Walker, Sons & Co., Limited, have been freely supplying sugar-crushing hand-mills to Sinhalese in the Baddegama district, and that they do not cost R500 and upwards as our Han- welle inquirer supposed, but only a little over R200. Along the Kaduwelle-Hanwella road, a great deal of sugar-cane is grown and with the commencement now to be made by our Sinha- lese friend, much of the produce may erelong be crushed and the result sold as useful if coarse sugar. The Kadawella-Hanwelle district grows its own tea, and has plenty of cattle—so that hencefor- ward the people shoul be independent and have a free and abundant breakfast table!, Tea grown and prepared by the Sinhalese is sold in # Hanwela bazaars at 25 cents a lb. Marcu ft, 18y5.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIAT. 623 Gunrespondence. Yo the Editor. COCONUTS IN CEYLON:—“ THE UNTAXED PRODUCT.’ Feb. 23. Dear Sir,—Will you allow me space to con- trovert certain statements contained in Mr. Sholto Skrine’s speech, which I have just read, on the Kerosene oil duty, bearing on the coconut industry ? Similar statements have been made before now— representing the products of the coconut palm as going untaxed; but they have remained uncontra- dicted, I suppose because the proprietors of coconut estates believed a contradiction of so manifestly un- tenable a position as superfluous. In the present justance, the alleged exemption of coconuts from taxation was ina manner sought to be proved; and certain specific statements having been made in support of his contention by Mr. Skrine, I conceive it to be a duty to expose their hollowness, lest our silence be misconstrued, and allegations touching the coconut industry come to be accepted because of their freqvent repetition. Mr. Skrine's “‘ extravagance” is not wholly respon- sible for the engrafting of coconuts on kerosene. He claimed to have the authority of a speaker at the previous meeting for the statement, that the coconut indastry was ‘directly benefited by the imposition of the Kerosene Oil Vax” I don’t know who the speaker was, or what the arguments, if any, were by which he sought to support the statement; but Mr. Skrine was evidently glad to take it at second hand, with- out any verification, as it was one against an in- dustry in which he did not feel any special interest. As the non-nasal Mr. Gibbon would say, he has a nose for that kind of thing! The only way I can think of by which this benefit could be attained, would be by the creation of a demand for coconut oil as an illuminant through the enhanced price de- manded for kerosene, in view of the increased tax. Now, can Mr. Skrine or his authority produce any figures to prove the increased consumption of coco- nut oil locally since the kerosene tax was raised? Can they name any considerable number of persons, even one, who have given up using kerosene oil because of the tax and fetes themeselves to coconut oil for their lamps? I am myself a coconut grower; but I have not been able to see any pecuniary ad- vantage in using coconut oil which costs R224 a gallon rather than kerosene, the highest market rate of which is R10 per gallon (I am quoting recent Colombo prices), and so my kerosene lamps are still in use! The difference in price in the two illumi- nants should be a sufhcient refutation of the absurd statement; but another is to be found in the fact that the exportation of coconut oil last year—the first in which the enhanced duty appreciably affected the price of kerosene—was nearly 100,000 ewt., or more than 20 per cent, in excess of the quantity exported in 1893, and was indeed the largest on record, if 1892 be excepted when large quantities were rushed into America owing to a scarcity of tallow there. Only ignorance can excuse unfounded statements; but ignorance can be excused only when it is unavoid- able, or correct information is difficult to obtain. T heartily sympathize with Mr. Skrine’s resolution; and even if the produce of my estate had increased some- what in value through the enhanced duty I trust I should have had public spirit enough to support him. His is a righteous cause; but if the Governor uses a weapon he has had put into his hands by Mr. Skrine, and represents to the Secretary of State that a community Which had wholly used till yery recently the more 73 | expensive coconut oil cannot be seriously incon- venienced by a Duty on Kerosene which cannot bring its price to anything approaching the price of coco- nut oil, the fault will not be mine! Mr. Skvine’s second statement that ‘the coconut industry is largely owned by those fortunate in- dividuals who were directly benefited by the abolition of the Paddy Tax,” is as misleading as his first. Paddy lands are scattered over every nook and corner in the island; coconuts chiefly flourish on the sea- border and are unknown in many parts of the country. The vast majority of rice-growers own small patches of mud-land averaging from 4 an acre to 2 acres, which rarely yield sufficient for their personal wants, and leave nothing for sale or barter; the great majo- rity of owners of coconut trees similarly own from 1-24:h of a tree to about two or three dozen trees, which may or may not give them nuts enough for home use. But assuming that any considerable number of diminutive paddy-field owners own a few coconut trees as well, the whole imaginary advantage which the enhanced Duty on Kerosene has conferred on their coconuts can hardly add to the enviable- ness of their lot in being able to retain for their personal use one-tenth of the gross yield of the patch of field which they alone of all cultivators of the soil in the island had to yield to thestate. Of course, there are some large land owners—certainly not running in number into more than three figures —whose fields are now exempt from an immemo- rial direct tax to which they alone were subjected, and who also own coconut land; but the supreme happiness of their lot postulates (1) a direct benett to them from the enhanced Duty on Kerosene, which I have already disproved, and (2) the correctness of the third clause of Mv. Skrine’s indictment against them which I shall next deal with. Mr. Skrine’s words are, the ‘‘ coconut industry prac- tically pays nothing in the shape of taxation towards the general revenue.’ He advances no reasons what- ever for this statement. He is of course as well aware as I am that neither tea nor coconuts pay any direct tax. The medical cess is a diminutive leyy which was started for the special purpose of providing medical aid for labourers and others whom the opening up of land at a distance from the ancient townhips and villages, took away from the central Hospitals which the Government had established and even beyond the reach of the Vederala. The income derived from this cess is not nearly sufficient to pa for the cost of the Medical Aid thus supplied, and the general revenue contributes between a half and two-thirds of the total cost annually. Coconut gar- dens and estates are chiefly situated in proxmity to the inhabited parts of the country, and their labourers are within reach of Vederalas, and of the central Hospitals in which they are treated on payment, as are the labourers from more distant estates. I for one should not object to a cess on coconut exports in return for cheap medical atten- dance and Hospitals for the special benetit of labourers on out-of-the-way cocount estates. Mr. Skrine evidently does not refer to direct taxation; but to indirect; but let me tell him that the coconut industry is not exempted from tax or duty on any goods which it requires, and on which tea pays tax or duty. Whether it be metal, wrought or nnwrought necessary in cultivation and manufactures, or food stuffs of which employes and employers alike partake—they are taxed, irresp ctive of their destination, »hether they are to find their way to coconut estates or to te. estues. If the consumption of these is larger on the latter than on the former, it is so, not from any desre to lighten tho burdens of th» former, but from the nece siti s of the case. Iam not a stranger to the co’ tention that the planter pays the Import Duty on grain in enhinced wig s. Be it so! The coconut planter p:ys the duty qnite as much as the tea pla ter. I am not 30 miles from Colombo, and I pay my labourers 31 cents a day, which is the rat» paid in the Kandy District and beyond. In what s nse am I exempt from the duty paid by my brother at Matale or at Haputale? It issheer nonsense to say that the labourers ou coconut estates live on rice which pay 624 no duty. I know from experience, i: quiry and ob- servation, that 9 men out of 10 cat £0 days out of a hundred, import d iice. And do not the Sinhalese labonrers on t:a estates do the same? ‘he more regular they are at work on estates the less time they have to devote to their fields; the more they earn on estates, th= larger their consumption of rice, salt, curry-stuffs, colton goods and o her duti- able articles—be the r servic: on account e tates or on tea estates. The, M-. Sk ine muy rave ab ut the Railway being an engine of taxation. Ii it is, it. is one of the Planters’ ow: m nufacture; ant my coconnts, | usked, or u huske}, desiccated or sun- dried, whether as oilor poonac, wh tter for export or for up © )untry nurserl s, are as inexorably taxed as Mr. Skrie’s tea; but, curiou ly, both he and I prefer to pay the tax to the evasion of it by paying cart hire! More cu ious: still scores and hundreds of coc nut proprie*or: in the north and east c«f the I-land are clamouring for this en ive of taxation. and con ider themselves ag- gvieved by the dvlay in ¢ ushins them by its means! It is difficu't to understand how men of more than average intelligence could write and speak as reck- lessly as some peope do about the immunity of coconuts from taxation, »ni in forgetfulness ot the fact that, throuzh arrack, coconuts contribute over two million rupees a year to the public exchequer, or over one-tenth of the gross annual revenue. If the coconut planter is more lightly clad, as Mr. Dayid- son suggests, than the tea planter, it is I fancy a matter of choice ; and luxuries have to be paid for by those who affect them; but I have no reason to be- lieve that native tea planters, of the class Mr. David- son evidently has in view, are free from his reprohch —‘‘that they eat rice, do not require many clothes, and need not pay anything”! Fancy not paying anything! Fancy, too, coconuts paying better than tea [and why not coffee?} and Colonists never having made the discovery tiJl Mr. Davidson spoke ! When I met Mr. Skrine once and had a yery in- teresting talk with him, I did not notice that his tailor’s bill was extravagantly beyond mine; and when may coconuts pay as well us does his tea, I may be tempted to keep abreast of him in contribu- tions to the revenue through the consumption of luxures. I quite see that the true and sound basis of all tax- ation should be income, and I do not shrink from the payment of my dues, either through an income tax or a general lan assess2d; butI think neither tea planter nor coco- nut planter—nor for the matter of that the Crown—will be benefited by more expensive and less distasteful methods of taxition than obtain at present; nor have Lany sympathy with those who talk at random and thoightlessly about coconuts escaping all taxation. In coaclusion, I do not know whether it is in proof of lis absolute belief in the correctness of his theory th + e»conut proprietors are directly benefited by the enanced duty on kerosene, or of his abounding con’ d 2nce in their open-handed and self-effacing genero- sity that Mr. Skrine has solicited the aid of the Nato1al Association. Most of its members are largely interested in coconuts! May I express the hope that, when they ungrudgingly give all the he.p they can towards the reduction of the Kerosene Oil Duty, they will at the same time expose the groundlessness of the statement that coconuts are free from taxation,—truly yours, P “A COCONUT GENTLEMAN.” [With the abolition of the internal Paddy tax should come as a matter of equal dealing and justice, the abolition of the Import duty on rice, and then, apart from the saving through Retrenchment, any defiziency could be made up by moderate ad valorem export duties on all produce leaving the island, until suc. time as a scientific General Land, Tax be intro- duced here as in India. To this complexion it must come at last, and we do not see that the planters ornatives of Southern India are much troubled by such a tax. As vegards cocoanut and kerosene oils, the higher the import duty on tbe latter, the stronger undoubtedly the position of the former, and the more it is protected.—Ep. 7.A.] tax—coconnuts and tea being both justly: THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Marc 1, 1895, THE DAVIDSON-MAGUIRE TEA-PACKER. Dear Sin,—In reply to your correspondent's “a Planter's "enquiries regarding the Davidson- Maguire Patent tea Packer, we shall be much obliged if you will allow us to give him the following parti- culars through the medium of your yaluable journal. This machine was only introduced to the market two months ago, and during that short time we have booked more orders than we can execute for the next three months. The machine has been thoroughly tested in London (at St. Olave’s Warehouse), in Calcutta and also at our workshops in Colombo and Henfold Estate, Ceylon, all these tests being carried out in the presence of the foremost “Tea” men in each of the cities and districts. We may quote the results of the various tests as follows :— lst. More tea Pe 8 to 8} per cent. was got into the chest than could be done by hand. 2nd. This was effected without the slightest break- age of the leaf. 3rd. The machine packed from 15 to 20 large chests per hour, which means a considerable saying in time 4th. Owing to the peculiar vibration imparted to the chest the small leaf or dust was not separated from the coarse, and an equal sample was therefore maintained throughout the chest. 5th. The machine packs so evenly that in dealing with properly bulked tea of one grade chests of equal sizes always contain exactly the same weight of tea. The tare being thus kept equal throughout the break the necessity for rebulking in London is obviated, We may quote further the following statement of the saving effected by the use of one of these packers. The statement was handed tous by the Superintendent of an estate in Ceylon where our packer has been in use for the past six weeks. Estimated saving on my crop of 200,000 Ib. made tea. The average saving in bulk packed I find is about 7 per cent. as compared with hand packing, so that I save altogether 140 chests in my total out put. 140 chests with lead, hoop iron, nails &c., including transport charges to Co- lombo say R325 per chest bs -. R455 00 Freight to London (paid on measurement) savesay 14 tons at R30 ths 425 00 Saving in Coolie Labour I estimate at 145 00 1,020 00 So that during the season I expect to save about R1,000 by using the machine.” As the machine costs about R700 we consider the above results very satisfactory. Lhe: proprietor of another estate in Ceylon writes that his ‘London Brokers report most favourably on tbe tea packed by the machine.” This improvement in the quality of the tea on its arival on London is not only due to the size, and ap- pearanee being undamaged in the packing process, but is owing to the flavour being better preserved from the leaf being so much mere closely packed together and consequent better exclusion of the air, We will be happy to give your correspondent any further particulars he may require.—We remain, yours faithfully, DAVIDSON & Co.. H. M. Harris, Manager. JACKSON’S TEA ROLLERS :—A QUERY. Sir,—Can any of your numerous readers say why a piece of rope is very frequently attached to the handle which screws up weights of Jackson’s “ Eco-. nomic” and ‘ Little Giant’ rollers? I have noticed it in many factories, and am inclined to think it is an idea of Rama Samy’s, and tends towards WEAK LIQUOR. [We learn from the Colombo Iron Works that “the rope is used to fix wheel in a position and is tried on to bow or bridge whi:h cavii-:s screw « rolling cap, thus’ preventing the wheel turning on own account.” —Ep, TVA.) - toh 7 - Marcu 1, 1895. | DRUG REPORT (From Chemist and Druggist. ) London, February 7th. ArgECA—Thirty bags were bought in, good quality at lls per cwt. An offer of 7s 6d per cwt for fair partly damaged areca nuts is to be subinitted The market is dull, and prices are likely to remain low for some time. CINCHONA—Of South American bark 175 packages Cali- saya were shown, 92 of these sold at very low prices for genuine cultivated bark; ordinary thin flat of dark colour realising 10d per lb for sound, and from 7d down. to 44d per Ib for damaged quality. A parcel of nice bright thick orange-coloured pieces was bought inat 2s per 1b nominally. Guayaquil bark was also cheap, 4 serons good quilly rather dark partly silvery mixed sold at 7d per lb. Huanoco neglected, 83d is required for good bright quill, and at auction a bid of 7d per lb was refused. Loxa is also dull of sale and easier. A few parcels changed hands at from 1s to 1s 2d per Ib for fair slightly silvery mixed quill. CocaINe—On February 4th the expected announcement of an advance in the price was published. Hydrochlorate of cocaine is now quoted at 18s per oz for 100-07 lots, at 18s 3d per oz for lots from 25 to 100 oz, and 18s 6d per oz for smaller quantities. Coca-LEAVES—Fourteen bales good bright green Truxillo leaves were offered today. For these 1s 1d per Ib was asked, but no bid was made at the auctions. CROTON-SEED—Very scarce, and still selling at high prices from 27s to 29s per cwt being paid for 16 bags of small seed from Ceylon, partly very dark mixed. Kota—About 2d to 3d per lb lower. Three packages fine bright brown West Indian kola-nuts sold at 1s 3d per Vb, and of another parcel of 28 packages, only 1 box slightly mouldy realised about 11d per lb. BSSENTIAL O1~Ls—The chief feature in essential oils in today’s auctions was Cinnamon oil of ordinary quality is difficult to sell. Of 11 cases offered, 4 sold without re- serve at from 43d to 5}d per oz. QUININE—The market has steadily improved since our last report, about 80,000 oz being reported sold in second-hand, at prices ranging from 11d to 114d per oz for HB, and B. and 8. Since then a sale of 2,000 oz is suid to have been made at 114d, and the market ¢loses firm. VANIDUA—Fing quality, which is very scarce, realises Very High prices, but comimon grades were froni 1s to 24 per Ib lower todiy. Tie following prices were paid: 7 to 7% itches, 193 6d; 5 to 5} inches, 178 to 18s 6d; fair chocolate, 4 to 5 inches, 148 6d to 163 6d; and ordi- Harty brown, 5} to 7 inches, 12s 6d to 133 6d per lb; vommon Fiji yanilla realised 33 9d per Ib. tertestise A FEW WORDS ON TEA, COFFEE, AND CACAO, (By an old Planter.) Feb, 93. On veading an article in the Observer the other day by ‘Mr. A. G. Stanton of London, my attention was drawn to two or three rather novel and curious remarks. One speaker recommended that tea should be drawn from two tea-pots, to draw the tannin that is found in tea that is not used quickly, and which is extracted from the tea leaves. I presume this gentleman would haye one tea pot so elevated that by a syphon it could supply the lower one. Such an arrangement would be elaborate and rather expensive for the humbler classes who are quite satisfied with an old black tin pot or even one of earthenware of russet brown. They know nothing about tannin— itis an unkuown word to them; nevertheless, they appreciate au cup of tex of good flavour. That it is inspiving—and believe it lengthens life's winded eat And now that coffee is so scarce and dear in the old country, the humbler classes are obliged to be contented with one home daily decoc- tion, and that is tea, whether from Ceylon, India, or the Flowery Land. In Ceylon and in the Hast generally the natives are fast becoming tea-drinkers, and though the Mohammedan will doubtless have his cup of coffee as long as he can procure it after his hookah, yet on ordinary occasions he drinks with gusto of nis brew that cheers but not inebriates. The scarcity of coffee, 1 may say, in most parts of Europe and the Hast must have been a potent factor in bringing about the greater use of teas, be they from Ceylon, India or China; there can be little doubt of this fact being true: so that it is an ill wind that THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 625 brings no good with it, and onc2 a taste is created; a habit indulged in it is not easily banished or eradi- cated. The first tea shrub I remember to have seen was in Ceylon, 30 years ago, in the Governor's gardens in Kandy. ‘The highly respectable Mo- handiram with his lofty comb was friendly to me, and had for years charge of the Gardens, and after pointing out to me the various tropical trees he said; “Come, I will show you a real tea tree—I think it was of the Chinese vavriety—from which I make tea for myself and very good it is, and I can tell you that the tea bush will grow well in Ceylon.” f think this was in the year 1869 or thereabouts. Little did I anticipate then that coffee would receive its coup-de-grace in Ceylon, and that its rival tea would usurp its place. Many old residents will remeimbet that Messrs. G. W. & Co. supplied tea to upcountry purchasers for some years in small chests of 10 lb. weight at, I think, a rupee per lb., and good tea it was; and there was also a famous brand sold in the sixties by Miller & Co. of Kandy called Fin- cham’s brand. Fincham, I believe, was a tea mer- chant in India, and his brother a coffee planter in Ceylon. It is surprising that cocoa or chocolate does not promise to become a Britisher’s national bever- age. No doubt during the last 4 or 5 decades the use of cocoa in various ways has greatly in: creased. The flavour of a good cup of cocoa is deli- cious, and the decoction, when plenty of cream or rich new milk, is added makes the beverage very warming and soothing to the stomach and nourish: ing too. I have muy times tried strong coffee and tea and have always, I may say, found well-made chocolate or cocoa to strengthen the inner man more than tea or coffze. Whenits nourishing properties are fully known it will be use] moze extensively than at present. Sixty years ago, I can remember, cocoa nibs were retailed by one or two grocers in our town, the second then in the United Kingdom, and only nibs were then offered for sale. It was a great novelty and only one or two old travellers returned from foreign lauds used it in our subarban vile lage, An old soldier particularly, who was suffering from weaknes; of tie stomich, was allowed by a Dr. Ransome, I think, to dink cozoa with milk and eschew tea and coffee. Sonietims ago I had ground some ripe cocoa pods on a clean stone, then the cocoa powder was slightly roasted and afterwards on making a decoction of it I found it Was first-rate; so easily can it be preparel. In some. islands the young women go round of a morning selling sticks of cocoa for 2d each. The roasted cocdris mixed with a little flour and fresh butter and made up into sticks about the size of a stick of Spanish juice and then offered for sale. Oup TRAVELLER. ee ee TEA AND SCANDAL, See round yonder table a party at tea, They appear quite as friendly as friendly can be ; Some talk about this thing and some about that: Now listen awhile, if you please, to their chat. “Your tea is agreeable, ladies, I hope.” “ Quite, perfectly so, my dear Mrs. Gone The flavour delicious, pray where was it bought?” “At Mr. Le Pruen’s.” ‘ Al! who could have thought ? Why, Madam, that manis a terrible cheat ; Few ever can there a good article meet, And then to his wife he's so shockingly near, Poor woman, she-scarcely is fit to appear : Might tell you much more, but always take care, Trading the absent is not very fair.” Tea Table Chat, by My. E Parks, When good Queen Elizabeth sat on the throne, Kre coffee, or tea, or such slip-slops were known, Vhe world was in terror if eer she did frown, Oh the roast beef of old England, And oh! the old English Roast Beef! Yankee Dooble had a wife, And she said, pray, consider, Words is wind, but blows do hurt, And war makes me a widder, Johnny Bull will burn New York, Steam up Potmac, all hot, He'll hoist his flag at Baltimore, And smash your Boston Teapot, 29 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Marcu 1, 1895. When thus equip’d with Tea they do regale ; When that is drank they haste across the dale: * The loving husband by his wife’s desire, Quick sets the smutty kettle on the fire ; The water boils, the cups and saucers clat, The cheering tea again revives their chat : They all repair to hed when tea is done, Kach one next morning rising with the sui: Lhe Hop Garden: A Poem, by Martie, Wadhurst. _., No fleeces wave in torrid climes, Which vérdure boast of trees and shrubs alone, Shrubs aromatic, caufee wild, or thea, pubuleg or cinnamon, or fiery clove, Inapt to feed the fleece. The food of wool 8 grass Or herbage soft, that ever blooms Tn temp’rate air, in the delicious downs Of Albion, on the banks of all her streams. Lhe Fleece: A Poem, by John Dyer. Book I, 1. 244. >_-—_——— IN TROPICAL LANDS. Recent Travets vo THE Sources or THE AMAZON, vue West Inpian IsLanps, AND CryLon. By Arthur Sinclair. Abordeen: D. Wyllie and Son. In this work, a neat, handsome volume of some 200 pages, a well-known Aberdeen gentleman, My. Artliur Sinclair, gives an account of his ad- ventures and observations when engaged a few years ago, in company with two other gentiemen of experience as planters, in an expedition to the inland region of Peru, for the purpose of examining andl reporting upon the capabilities of the country for the growth of coffee, cocoa, and other tropical products. Mr. Sinclair and his fellow-commissioners, in the course of their journey to aud from England, visited some of the West Indian islands—in particular Grenada and = Trinidad—with « view to the observation of facts bearing on the subject of their inquiry ; ns to what they saw in these natural eardens pels) the West a long and very interesting thapter is devoted. ‘lo the account of the! expedition thus given a supplementary chapter is | added on Ceylon—where our author hinself has speut between thirty and forty years as a planter—-sketching some of the leading points of interest for the general reader in connection with that yamous island, with which so many in Aber- tleen and the north-east of Scotland have business br personal relations. Mr. Sinclair has from the inaterial thus indicated, produced a bright and interesting book. The narrative is less connected than it might be, but it abounds in incidents of a novel and frequently striking character. The ex- periences of the travellers in crossing the Andes and in exploring on the lower grounds of ‘the Upper Amazon were at times exciting enough, although the country visited is supposed to be under civilised rule ; and there was much to in- terest them alike in the people and their habits of life, and in the topography and botany of the country. Mr. Sinclair shows himself, im his ae- count of their wanderings, to he possessed hoth of an observant eye and good powers of descrip- tion., As the objects of the expediti6n related mainly to the natural products of the country ex- - plored, it was the botanical character and economic qualities of the plants of the region that chiefly engaged attention ; and on these heads the ex- tensive and valuable experience of our author as a planter in tropical lands is shown to much advantage in the abundant notes he gives on the vegetation in general, and tlle more important economic plants in particular, that came under notice. Mr. Sinclaii and his companions crossed the Jsthmus of Panama, and went inland from Lima, the capital of Peru. They got as far as Chicla, | a distance of 87 miles—but at the enormous ele- vation for the distance of 12,215 feet—by railway; but for the rest of their journeyings they had to depend on mules and other primitive means of conveyance. Crossing the watershed of the Andes, at an elevation of 17,000 feet, they des- cended on the eastern side until they were down at as low an elevation as from 2500 to 1000 feet, and here, on the Perene, amain tributary of the Amazon, they made the selection of Jand for the purpose of the contours settlement. Retrac- ing their steps until well up the Andean slope, they made another descent, this time down to Huanuco, on the main head stream of 1757. | the great river itself, from whence they returned to Lima. Into the details of the journeyings of the party we must leave the realer to follow the author himself in the interesting — ac- count given in the book. It must sutflice us to note here that of the resources of the country visited, and of the possibilities of its reclamation and development under settled rule and industrial enterprise, Mr. Sinclair writes in the highest possible terms. From what the party saw they were satisfied that there was practically no limit to its capabilities in the respects indicated. Under the Spanish rule, with Which, in common with so much of South America, it was so long curse|, progress was impossible ; and the political condition now existing, as Mr. Sinclair fully ae and illustrates, are almost equally hopeless, The only hope seems to lie in the acqusition of proprie- torial and other rights by men of the Anglo- Saxon race; and it is to be hoped that the éxperiment now being tried, in the initiation of which our author and his companions were engaged, of the establishment of a planting colony by a strong British Corporation, will not only be a success in itself, but pioneer the way for a general opening up and development of a country so richly favoured ly Nature and so capable of niinistering to the neéds and the comforts of the human race in other lands. Says Mr. Sinelair of the region selected for this enterprise= his beautiful valley df the Perene has now become the property of a british Corporation, the concession having been duly ratified by the Peruvian Government and arrangements are in progress for establishing a plant- ing colony upon a scale never before attempted in Peru. This land, as selected and conceded, extends to 1,250,000 acres, sufficient to grow the world’s present require: ments in coffee, cocoa, coca, cinchona, rubber, sarsa+ parilla, and vanilla, &c.. for all of which both soil and climate ave admirably adapted. Here will bea favonr: able opening for many a trained Indian planter, and many a restive youth in Hngland and Scotland will here find elbow-room of the most interesting and lucrative description, helping, I hope, to solve to many an ane father the problem ‘what to do with our ays.” The most interesting, and what may coine to be one of the most important, economically, of the plants above namedisthe coca. Of this remarkable plant and its use by the native Indians, Mr. Sinelair says— Coca, from which t':e invaluable drug cocaine is ob- ' tained, is a native of this locality. It is a p’ant not unlike the Chinese tea, though scarcely so sturdy in habit, growing to a height of from four to five feet, with bright green leaves and white blossoms, foliowed by reddish berries. matured, dried in the sun, and simply packel in “bundles for use or export. coca there can be no possible doubt ; ihe Chunchos (the native Indians) seem not only to exist, but to” thrive upon this stimulant, often travelling tor days with very little, if anything else, to sustaintuem. Un- qaestionably it is much superior and less liable to enc the tobacco, betel, or opium of other 1 The leaves ave pluckel when weil — Of the sustaining power of \ Marcu 1, 1895. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 627 tions. The Chuncho is never seen without his wallet containing a stock of dried leaves, a pot of prepared lime, or the ashes of the quinua plant, and he makes a halt about once an hour to replenish his capacious mouth. The flavour is bitter and somewhat nauseat- ing at first, but the taste is soon acquired, and if not exactly palatable, the benefit under faciguing journeys is very palpable. Cold tea is nowhere, and the best of wines worthless in comparison with this pure unfer- mented heaven-sent reviver. Among the tropical plants more especially noted and described by Myr. Sinclair, was found growing he homely potato :— Specially interesting is it to note the luxurious patches of that prince of vegetables, the potato, growing in its own native home, and to think what a marvellous influence this little plant has had upon the world since first it found its way to Europe, so late as the seventeenth century, where it was at first so little appreciated that Frederick the Great, we are told, had to compel his people to give it a fair trial. Scotchmen Potneed to eat a tuber not mentioned in Scripture, while ‘“‘The Complete Gardener,” pub- lished in 1719, contemptuously declares that ‘ this tuber is of less value as a food than horse radish or scorzonera’’! Now, from the Orkney Islands to distant Tasmania, it is the one universal favourite ; probably mankind would rather give up any plant in the vegetable kingdom than the potato. It is in- teresting also to learn that in this its native locality the potato blight has never been so much as heard of. The productive power of the potato here is not more than in Britain, but the quality is very fine, the favourite variety throughout Pert being the Papa amarilla, or yellow potato. It is said, however, that this beautiful tuber loses its distinctive characteristic on being transplanted to Europe, This, however, I hope to test definitely in a few months. In a footnote, Mr. Sinclair reports that, as the result of an experiment in hisgarden at Cults, he finds that ‘the quality of the tuber is found to be quite as good as in its native Peru, but the distinctive yellow issomewhat paler.” But we cannot here follow. further in his account of the wondrous vegetation of the eastern Andean shore, nor do more than refer to his peepee sketches of the people and their ways, iis glimpses at the condition of the country under its ancient rulers, the Incas, his description of life at Lima, or his account of the West Indian islands visited by him in the course of his tour. Nor of his chapter on his own particular ‘‘ tropical land,” Ceylon, need we say more than that it p¥esents to the reader, in brief compass, an_ in- teresting View of the more salient feature of the planter’s life; and of the recent economic history ot the island as affected more particularly by the disastrous collapse of the coffee, and the remark- able poueomont of the tea industry. To the general reader the book will be found to be one of much, and to the class of whom the author is himself a notable representative of special, interest. The book is dedicated to the memory of Dr. William Alexander, ‘‘for thirty-seven years the warm and steadfast friend of the author.” —A ber- deen Free Press. -—-~—-—--~ MARKETS FOR AUSTRALIAN ON CEYLON. BY EDMUND MITCHELL. Utilising the opportunities during a voyage on board the “Ormuz,’ between Naples and Albany, afforded by a full day's stoppage both at Port Said and at Colombo, and being armed, through the kindness of Mr. M. D. M‘Eacharn, of M‘Ilwraith, M‘Bacham & Co., with letters of introduction to leading merchants in’ both parts, I was enabled to gather together a considerable amount of useful Jnformation in regard to the actual yesults aghieved PRODUCE : with Australian produce in Egypt and Ceylon, and to the prospects of still further extending Australian trade in these markets. I was further fortunate in having as fellow-passengers two gentlemen, each pos: sessing a life-long experience of one of the two countries. Mr. R. Ditchburn is a contractor and engineer who has resided for over thirty years in the city of Cairo, and Mr. H. M‘Kenzie is one of the best known men in the Ceylon planting industry. These gentlemen were also voyagers on the ** Ormuz,”’ the former as far as Ismailia, and the latter to Colombo ; and in them I had founts of information in regard to local requirements and openings, of which I freely availed myself preparatory to paying my visits on shore. The facts I garnered from all quarters I shall condense in as brief compass as possible.* * z * * Now, for Ceylon. In addition to my conversation with Mr. M‘Kenzie on board ship, I interviewed at Colombo the managers of the following important firms :—Messrs. Krawehl & Co., Messrs. Cargill & Co., and Messrs. Venn & Co. I also had interviews with Mr. John Ferguson, editor of the Ceylon Observer, and Sir John J. Grinlinton, Commissioner for Ceylon at the Chicago Exhibition—twe gentlemen possessing knowledge of almost every fact con- nected with the island, its resources, and re- quirements. On the whole, the chances of Aus- tralian fresh beef and mutton being taken by Ceylon in any appreciable amount are very small, The European population of Colombo is only 1500, of whom 650 are soldiers. The rest of the Europeans are scattered over the island on the plantations, and would be quite inaccessible as regards supplies of frozen meat, At present the planters send their meat boxes twice a week to the nearest township or rail: way station—often twenty to thirty miles away. They pay for mutton one rupee a pound, say Is 2d and for heet fiom 4d to 5d perlb. The meat is of fairly good quality, and the supplies seem to be adequate to all requirements. ‘I’herefore, it is only Colombo, and more especially the garrison, that would justify the opening up of a frozen meat trade with Ceylon. To commence with a fixed contract with the military authorities’ for a prolonged period would be the first essential preliminary to the erec: tion of a cold storage depot. I believe the, general in command favours the introduction of Australian meat, and would be prepared to pay a higher price for the article than is at present given. The native grown beef is retailed at 34d per lb., and the mutton, most of it imported from Southern India in the live state, 4d per lb. This constitutes such a chep supply, although admittedly far inferior to Australian meat in quality, that overtures for the imported articles are blocked almost at the outset. Double the present figures would hardly suffice for the risks of such a resticted trade, the heavy freight, and the erection of cold stores, and it is absolutely certain that such a price will never be forthcoming. Moreover, the shipping companies show a natural reluctance to open their cold holds at Colombo for the disem-: barkation of such an insignificaht amount as would, under any circumstances, be taken. As for the civilian section of the community, they probably consume much less butcher's meat than the military. Poultry and fish ave very cheap and of excellent quality in Ceylon, and these constitute the staple dishes at most meals. The natives, as nossible consumers, may be wholly disregarded; they could neyer afford to purchase the imported article. Al- together, there is no real demand at present for Australian fresh mutton or beaf in Ceylon. With tinned goods, the case is different. Large quantities of these are imported, for the plantations that are remote from lines of communication, and also as table delicacies in Colombo and elsewhere throughout the island. I saw numbers of Queensland brands in the several stores I visited—boiled, roast, and corned beef; boiled, roast, and corned mutton; beef brawn, ox marrow, beef dripping, ox tail soup, sheep tongues, and also lard. The retail price of the beef and mutton is one rupee per 2-lb. tin, or, at present rate of exchange, 7d per Ib. The Queens, land goods are spoken very highly of, although I 628 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [MaRcH 1, 2895. heard one complaint of unattractive labels and general get-up, points in which the American packers still, except in a few cases, far excel the Australian. New Zealand lambs’ tongues haye also come into great favour in Ceylon. For tinned meats generally, and for delicacies in particular, the islamd affords undoubtedly a good market. Some Australian butter is also imported in tins and jars. One large firm takes all its PaRE Une from the Newcastle district of New South Wales. However, there is competition from several quarters in the butter trade. irst, there is the tinned butter from Europe. Next, there are seyeral dairies on the tea plantations accessible to the railway lines; on these, cows are kept for the sake of the manure, and the butter, of excellent quality, is sent by rail into the Colombo market twice a week, most of it being taken, stored, and retailed by the local ice company. Thirdly, the native plan of making small quantities of fresh butter for each meal simply by shaking up cream in a stoppered bottle suffices in Ceylon, as throughout India, for the requirements of many house- holds; the system is inexpensive, and the article is by nomeans unpalatable. Fourthly and lastly, within the past year considerable quantities of fresh butter from Bombay have entered the Colombo market. This is a new and, in a measure, a startling deve- lopment of Hindu enterprise. The milk from the cows owned by the native farmers on the plains of Gujernot is collected, sent by rail during the com- paratively cool night time to Bombay, and there seperated by modern machinery and converted into butter. This article now dominates the Colombo ‘market by reason of its cheapness. Moreover, Indian butter is not subject to the vicissitudes and heavy risks of exchange. The trade is carried on in rupees, while every fallin that coin means a higher retail price for the Australian article. Cheese from Melbourne has done fairly well in Colombo, There is a market for a small quantity of fresh fruit—grapes, apples, and pears more par- ticularly, but the island grows fine fruits of its own, and consumption of the imported article must always, by reason of its cost, be restricted to the handful of Huropeans in the island. Australian diied fruits have taken ay andi One merchant complained of shortness of supplies; he could sell double the supplies he can secure, and hopes Mil- dura will be able to meet his requirements. Jams, mostly from Adelaide and Tasmania, have also a ready, large, and rapidly increasing sale. The same remark applies to honey from Victoria Valley, Dun- keld Victoria, which is a most attractively-prepared article both as to the contents and outwards appear- atice of the tins. All these goods I saw on sale in the stores at Colombo. Australian wine, at first slow to take is now coming steadily into demand. Ten years ago every planter in Ceylon drank beer; now, imalt liquor is almost wholly discarded in favour of whisky. The full-bodied Australian claret, however, suits the taste of the planter excellently well, and the retail price of 10 rupees per case of twelve bot- tles is low enough to capture the market. The wines of the Talumba vineyard, South Australia, especially seem to have become known in the island. Altogether, the prospects of opening up a general Austialian produce trade with Ceylon of considerable volume are hopeful. It has to be remembered that the island was fiever so prosperolis as it is at the resent moment. Within ten years the tea exports have risen from afew millions to neatly ninety miil- lion pounds per annum. Money is plentiful, and the Buropean population is ees to spend peadly sums on table delicacies. It may be mentioned that all tinned meats, jams, &c., pay a duty of 64 percent., and wines a duty of 25 per cent. The heaviness of the freight, however, from Australia to Colombo ap: pears to be the great drawback. Only the mail steamers call at Colombo, and their rates are for some classes of good prohibitive. Thus, I was told by one merchant that he could retail any quantity ob Australian potatoes at 10 rupees per cwt. or over £10 per ton, but the £3 per ton freight demanded renders the trade impossible. “So we have just to f put up with the trash from India,” concluded my jn: formant. Similarly, Bombay freight is but a fraction of Australian fnight, so that great quantities of pro- duce enter Ceylon from Western India. The x ol ping problem is, of course, a difficult one, for itis certain a direct service to Ceylon alone would never pay. Still, something might be done to secure more reasonabl rates from the mail-carrying companies. In Colombo, I heard in two different quarters com- plaints against Australian firms as to carelessness and delay in answering letters aud even in execu- ting orders. This petty cause of reproach, surely, should never have got the chance of making itself heard. The lax firme should remember that their individual failings tend to damage the business re- putation of the colonies. Only one further point in connection with Ceylon strikes me, but it is one of interest to Anstralian exporters. With a view to push their industry as a whole, the Ceylon tea planters submit to a self- imposed tax of 10 cents on every 100 1b of tea ex- ported. This is collected by the Government in ac- cordance with an Act passed at the request of the tea-growers. But during the past year the planters have got the consent of the Government to double the tax. By this levy a sum of £10,000 per annum is available for the purpose of pushing the Ceylon tea trade. The money is to be devoted for the present to exploiting the American markets, and two com- missioners selected acs | by the Government and by the planters are on the eve of starting for the United States with full powers to distribute samples, advertise, interview importing firms, and generally endeavour to popularise Ceylon tea, It appears to me that the frozen meat industry in Australia might be puton amuch more extended basis if a similar fund were available.-—Australasian Pastoralists' Review. AE. — VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. Mexican Onyx.—Mexican onyx has suffered a gra- dual decline in value for many years past. Itis ge- nerally becoming known that Mexican onyx is not true onyx, but a species of marble. Itis really an ar- ragonite, and is composed of calcium, oxide of iron, and magnesium. The presence of these last two ele- ments gives it its beautiful colour. It wax used by the ancient Mexicans formasks, idols, and similar small objects.—Publie Opinion. Toxs or CATERPILLARS.—Thirty-six tons of cater- ‘pillars and a large number of cocoons were destroyed in the effort to drive the pest from the young plan- tations of trees on Hongkong Island. They appeared on the pine trees with which the Goyernment is try- ing to reafforest the island, and lasted for two months. Stations were established where the caterpillars were rece yed ahd paid for by weight; this method seems to have been successful. It is estimated that 35,000,600 insects were killed.—Tbrd. 'Manurine Fruir Trers.—Old fimit trees need the mst assistance from manurial applications. Of chemical manures slow decomposing kinds are best applied in the autumn and winter. A mixture of bone-meal and kainit may be spread over the roots at the rate of 3 ozs. ‘to the square yas lightly pointed the surface first to admit of itbeing washed in equally. Good farmyard manure partly decom- posed and laid under the spread of the branches 3 inches thick soon has its virtues washed into the soil. It also naturally attracts the roots to the surface. Fruit trees ought not to be too freely manured be- fore they begin to bear, therefore young trees that are growing vigorously in good soil should not at present be further stimulated at the roots. For stich trees a mulching in the stimmer suffices, this con- serving the moisture in the surface soil and keeping the roots from descending too low. By these means the fibrous character of the roots is retained, fruit buds soon form and fruitfulness ensues, while at the same time adequate wood growth for extension is produced. When in full dearing condition the d health and fertility of the trees must be maintained by periodical surface dressings Journal of Horticuls ture, Jan, 10, obi Marcu 1, 1895.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 629 NOTES FROM THE KELANI VALLEY. THE WEATHER AND VEA—THE RAILWAY—NEW STORE AGENCY. Yatiyantota, Feb. 26th. After several weeks of the hottest weather it has been my lot to experience in this otherwise happy and cheerful Valley, with the thermometer register- ing about 909 in the shade, the welcome and anxiously looked for rain has at last descended in copious showers, cooling the atmosphere, gladdening the hearts of the Planters, and imparting fresh life and vigour to their tea bushes. The heat and drought for some weeks past has been very trying indeed for min and beast, and vegetable life, suggesting to one’s mind the desirability of adopting tor the svk2 of comfort, primeval costum:, after the manner of oar first parents. This timely rain will now make the tea bushes “hum,’’ and erelong every available machine in our Factories which performs a part in the manufacture and preparation of tea, will be taxed to its utmost. New clearings at this end of the district are neither numerous nor extensive, so that the prospective Railway into the valley has not, as yet, influenced proprietors in increasing theircultivated acreage to any very great extent and this brings me to say a word on a subject ofsuch vitalimportanze to the well-being and rogress of this young and flourishing district, as ailway extension into its centre. Strange indeed,and diverse are the opinions which exist with regard to the good or evil which mvy accrue from a Railway being constracted into the Valley. Correspondents such as ‘“ Vril’’ (what is the meaning of this heathen “nom de guzrre’’?— excuse my ignorance.) ‘G,’’ and others, put forth arguments, wholly differing from each other, ani in some respeets quite irrelevant to the subject under discussion. While one correspondent would have us believe that there is no actual necessity for a rail- way, another giyes it as his opinion that it would only lead to over-development of the Tea industry in this part of the island, and so on. Their argu- ments and adverse criticism savour very much, in my opinion, of the “dog in the manger’’ style, with a good sprinkling of selfishness to boot. No need to again go. over* the ground of argument traversed by Mr. Kandy meeting, he, in such a lucid, masterly, and convincing manner, stated his case and proved beyond the shadow of a doubt, that there does exist the need for a railway into the Kelani Valley. I don’t know if * Vril” or ‘“ G.” hail from ‘‘ over the Tweed,” but if not perhaps they may have heard the adage frequently usel by North Britons, that, “fyets are chiels that winna ding’’—which being anglicized, simply means that stubborn facts cannot be cotroverted. Well, Mr. Forsythe only stated facts, and was ably supported in his enumeration of them by his colleague Mc. Kingsford, whose facts anil fizares also tanled towards gaining for the resolution, the hsarty support of sucb men of standing as the Hon. Giles F. Walker, the Chairman and Messrs. Gibbon and Skvine, With regard to gauge, we all hope that a powerful deputation will be formed at an early date to wait upon and be received by His Excellency the oyernor to discuss, and it possible, set at rest this much-vexed question. Tae Darjeeling narrow gauge line has often be:n cited as a railway fulfilling all the requirements of the country it serves, and mention might also be mide of the narrow gauge lines of the Straits Settlements which are so cheap and easy of construction, and so economically and _ profitably workel. Moreoyer, these light lines of railway are year by year being steadily extended in all direc: tions proving that hitherto they have been a grext success, The heulth of the district at this end is very satis- fuctory. Messrs, Milsom & Co's “ Stores and Agenzy”’ at Kuawanella supplies a long-felt want in the district, and I hope it will receive the support it deserves from planters and residents in the Valley, as Messrs.M. & Co. intend keeping full stocks of eyerything “froma needle to an anchor’! Forsyth, when at the “LANKA, THE RESPLENDENT.” We have just concluded the compilation of some five to six thousand words deseriptive chiefly of the seenery and sights of Ceylon, for certain enterprising American editors and pub- lishers who are bringing out a grandly its: trated work on the East. It will probably ba entitled ‘‘INDIA AND CEYLON ILLUSTRATED AND DESCRIBED” with some 699 finely-executed en- gravings chiefly from photographs. Such a volume prepared in the finest style of the prin- ter’s and engrayver’s art—and in America they excel in both departments—cannot fail to have a very large circulation in America and Europe, and to direct the attention of the travelling classes more than ever to our shores and to those of the opposite Continent. The consideration of this fact has led us to remark on the very large amount of money even now brought into Ceylon by visi- tors and how this is bound to increase year by year; for we never meet a visitor or passenger who is disappointed or who does not mean, if possible, to repeat the trip and give a little more time (a fortnight or a month) to seeing the place properly: the Buried Cities from Kandy, the climb of Adam’s Peak from Hatton, or Horton Plains and Badulla from Nuwara Eliya and Bandarawella. But for every unit or ten who have so far enjoyed Ceylon there are hundreds and thousands in America and Europe who are bound to come before long. Every year makes the way easier and there are few places so satisfying to the visitor as this little island Trom the concentration of what it has to show and give, into a comparatively limited space and time. The island in itself is as a botanical garden to the European or American visitor ; its towns and people are specially interesting ; its climates on the plains or hills exceptionally novel and varied—suited to every degree of invalid or healthful individual—and journeying by a first- class railway is made wonderfully easy, seeing that about 390 miles cover the whole grounc as compared with the thousands of miles which have to be traversed to see the great sights of India. Then Ceylon isa centre to which visitors and travellers must converge in the East, whil from it they can go anywhere by _ first-class steamers whether to East, West, North or South. The traditional as well as authentic history of this old and renowned, though tiny, island, shrouds it with romance; and its very names seem to justify the grandiose description coined, we believe, by an American traveller, as ‘‘ The Show- place of the Universe” ! Now all this has, it seems to us, a_ truly practical bearing on the future material —pros- perity of Ceylon. It may be said that our planting and agricultural industries are independent of the traveller or visitor; but it can be re- plied that scarcely a visitor or passenger spending a day or two ashore, does not come to be a customer for Ceylon tea and some other of our products ; while again and again have we seen a permanent interest started and capital introduced, through the chance ofa casual visit. Mr. Walms- ley of Liverpool when he addressed us at Nawala- vitiya, merely said what many others have done In more or less complimentary terms :—‘‘I came out to see Ceylon, Heneaee of reading your book on the island”; and if our little volumes, and lectures in the past, have helped to make the place attractive, nA more may we anticipate this result from the grand American beok-venture and from Messrs. Caye’s publications in ‘ Pietur- esque Ceylon,’ Yisitors, we repeat, have 630 been known either to buy, or take shares in, estates of coconuts as well as tea, or in Plant- tation Companies of which the number is fast becoming “legion” ; and in running over our new Directory list, we can place our finger on not a few names, representing a large stake in the island’s prosperity, which five or six years ago were quite unknown out here. But, perhaps, what we have written about travellers and visitors galore in the future to this ‘Showland of the World” has most prac- tical interest to local hotel proprietors and we are quite willing it should be so. Keeping our own hands quite free of any investment in Hotel Companies, however sound and attractive, we can be depended on to be editorially impartial, as well as critical, should the occasion arise. But making all due allowance for the uncer- tainties of the future, we cannot think of any investment more likely to be permanently remu- nerative than that in some of the island’s hotel property. We need say nothing of the large and well-established concerns in Colombo, the steamer port and focus of trade. But we would venture to remark on how excellent must be the prospect before a really commodious, central as well as in every sense, first-class hotel in Kandy. Who was ever disappointed with our Highland capital—the seat ot the old Kandyan Kings— unique in history, in beauty of vegetation and in all its surroundings? ‘A thing of beauty is a joy for ever” expresses the feelings of most visitors in respect of our central capital. Kandy is bound to go on and prosper and is sure of a multitude of visitors year by year enough to fill its big Hotel and the quiet villa Boarding Houses on its shady hill-sides. So must Hatton be- come another centre of attraction: the very name ‘‘Adam’s Peak Hotel” is a splendid adver- tisement. Who would want to leave Ceylon with- out climbing the famous Peak—one of the most striking mountains of its kind in the world—like Fusiyamain Japan, Vesuvius or Etna or Fremont’s Point on the ‘‘ Rockies”, for the expanse of landscape revealed from the summit. _Nuwara Eliya will always hold its own and Bandara- wela is becomingly increasingly popular; while we quite look for a revival of interest in Point- de-Galle with all its many local attractions. But enough of our towns and hotels: we have to deal with the island at large and we think the prosperity of the whole community may well be strengthened by more visitors being at- tracted to our shores. Even the poor lace- workers of Cotta and the basket-weavers of Kalutara must rejoice in these days of multiplied steamers, passengers and travellers. As, how- ever, we may be considered a partial and pre- judiced writer on the subject of the beauties and attractions of Ceylon and its future pros- perity, let us quote in conclusion the words of one of the most cultivated and travelled of our recent visitors and one who has written freely of what he has seen in theisland. Dr. Alan Walters says :—The guarantee of prosperity is found in the central—even magnificent-—geographical position of Ceylon, her ready command of cheap labour, her superb climate, and the amazing fecundity with which Nature, out of a lean rather than a fat soil, pours forth her fruits in answer to human toil. As an emporium of commerce, a coaling station, and a half-way house for the far East aud South—China and Australasia—the place of Ceylon on the nap is unrivalled. To the traveller, apart from, the Cyclopean antiquities, | whieh will no doubt before long be made accessible to the madding crowd by arailway—conductors, coupons, THE [fROPICAL AGRICULTORIS. ! ! / and all a | Maren 1, 1495. ir the rest of it—there are abounding attractions in this beautiful island, be he artist or ennuyé, sportsman, naturalist, or seribe. The way there is, in these days, as easy as rollin off a log; it is only the way back that is han —hard because as the low, palm-fringed shores sink beneath the horizon, and the Peak of Adam cloaks itself afar in a mantle of majestic mystery, you feel and know that yonder flashing point of light in your wake keeps watch by the gatewa of an Eden where you fain would have lingered, and marks the portal of asummer isle where the brain-fogged workman may stand apart from the strain and stress of life, and the lotus-eater (among the visitors with leisure) may take his fill. a Mh. BLECHYNDEN IN AMERICA. Reports received feom Mr Blechynden indicate that he has been pursuing a very vigorous cam- paign in America during the last few months in the interests of Indian Tea. After giving de- monstrations with his native servants in a large number of stores in different parts of New York and Brooklyn, which attracted large crowds of people and resulted in a demand springing up for Indian Tea, he proceeded to Chicago, where, in addition to the same kind of demonstrations, he also attended a Food Show, an essentially American institution, held periodically in the various towns in the States. His men were also located for some little time at two of the enormons stores in Chi- cago one of which, Messrs. Seigel Cooper & Co., claims to be the largest store in the world, the building occupying an entire block in length or about one-eight of a mile and nine storeys high. The result of this sto e was extremely encouraging, and the firm are contemplating introducing different grades of Indian Tea under their own brands. Subsequently Mr. Blechynden secured space for a booth or stall in an _ exhibition which had been organised by some leaders of Society in Chicago as a sort of miniature r2production of the World’s Fair. This was styled “Echoes of the White City” and opened on the 13th November closing on the 27th. A very attractive show was organised here with the aid of photographs of the Tea industry and other articles from India at a comparatively moderate cost, and in addition to the native servants, Mr. Blechynden was assisted by a number of young American ladies who were dressed picturesquely in the costume of indian women. He has now returned to New York and is again working on the same lines in new districts in that yast city.—Pioneer, March 1. eee “BOND TEA.” In the House of Commons, on Feb. 12th, The Home Secretary, replying to Mr. Frye, said he was aware that an attempt had- been made by different firms to promote the sale of their tea by a system ‘known as “bond tea,’ which had been held to con- stitute an illegal offer. He was not, however, aware of any failure of the police to carry out the law, but he would make further inquiries with a view to secure its strict enforcement.— Daily Chronicle. N F A EN ESS An essay describing a really ~UU. genuine Cure for Deafness, Ringing in Ears, &c., no matter how severe or long- standing, will be sent post free.—Artificial Ear- drums and similar appliances entirely superseded. Address THOMAS KEMPE, Vicroria CHAmM- BERS, 19, SOUTHAMPTON BurDINGS, HOLBORN, — LONDON. am Marcu t, 18y5.] AN OLIO. Reverting to the subject of THA-DRINKING BY THE DUTCH, I translate the following from the Vices des Gouverneurs Hollandois aux Indes Orientales by J. P. I. du Bois (1763), p. 296 :— In the course of the year 1720 the Dutch Com- pany had received from the Indies an extraordinary Fleet of 26 Vessels richly laden; but the returns of the following year were even more numerous. They amounted to 33 Ships, the Cargo of which had cost in Purchase 98 Tons of Gold, 33,169 fl. 17: six of these Vessels which arrived first in the Ports of the Republic had taken only 7 months and six days to make the Voyage.* As at the same time the English Company also received 3 of its Ships from the Indies, especially from China, whence they brought more than 425,000 pounds of Tea, of different kinds, and as besides the vessels of the New Ostend Company also returned laden with this Merchandize formerly so precious, the price of it fell so greatly, that Tea was sold in Amsterdam along the streets by barvow-loads. A little further on, the writer, after referring to the resuscitation of the trade with China by Governor Zvwaardekroon, gives the following account of THE BIRTH OF THE COFFEE ENTERPRISE IN JAVA :— It is to his pains that the Company also owes the cultivation of Coffee in the Island of Java, where it has succeeded above all expectation, and has since become a considerable branch of Trade. The General commenced by having trees planted in his fine Estate of Cadauwang, 4 leagues from the Town. The fruit having appeared after some years, the Inhabitants soon imitated this example. The Company made a contract with them, in pursuance of which they were paid for the Coffee at the rate of 15 crowns the Picol, of about 125 pounds. At the end of his work du Bois. gives a lenethy report by Baron von Imhoff, for- merly Governor of Ceylon, and later .on Governor-General at Batavia, dated Amster- dam 24th Noy. 1741, on the navigation, trade and Government of the Dutch Indies, and on the means for remedying the cause of their dlecadence. Chap. IX. treats of the Dutch trade with China; and relates almost exclusively to THE TEA TRADE. I translate as follows :— 1. Although the tragic event which occurred at Batavia in 1740+ dealt to the Trade with China a blow so fatal, that one might doubt whether it still existed, yet in the hope thatit will revive as soon as this affair shall take a favorable turn, we shall here speak of it as if nothing had happened between us and_ the Chinese. 2. The Trade between Batavia and China is very different from that which is carried on with it directly from Wurope. The one can be neither too much encouraged nor too carefully fostered; the other, although important, has fallen off greatly on account of the large number of foreign vessels, which, in competition with one another, frequent the Ports of that Empire. 3. It niust be admitted also, that the ships of the Company, which go from Batavia to trade in China, whence they return to Holland, contribute to the weakening of a Trade already so divided. It is not, however, necessary on that account to abandon it; it is best to continue it, * The year 1722, however, was disastrous to both the Dutch and the English fleets, a large number being lost at sea.—D. W. F. | The massacre of Chinese on 9th Oct. 1740, a full account of which, with a graphic illustration, is given by du Bois. For his part in this affair imhoff was arrested and sent as a prisoner to Holland ; but was acquitted, and returned as Governor: Genaral,—D, W. EF, 79 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, ' \ 631 Until matters shall have a single vessel but with moderation. changed their aspect at Batavia, might sufficefor this trade. 4. Tea constitutes the most considerable branch of the Trade between China and Burope: Without this article, the vessels could return only half freighted ; the rest not being important enough to pay the cost of transport, no one would think oftaking them. 5. This product also forms the principal object of the Trade between Batavia and China. Although the Junks carry there, for the use of the Colonies, Por: celain, Earthenware, Tobacco, Paper, and a hundred other trifles, the Tea is always the merchandise that repays them best for their trouble and expense. 6. The quantity that arrives annually by Batavia in the United Provinces, both on board vessels of the Company and on those of Private Individuals, is known only to the Merchants. It is probable, that the arrangement which has been proposed would put a stop to the transport of this product by Private Individuals; but on the other hand it should facilitate and augment the importation to Batavia: without which, the Trade of the Junks would be exposed to the danger of falling off. 7. It is. questioned whether it is to the interest of the Company to buy all the Tea that the Chinese bring to Batavia. The reasons for and against are equally valid. Nevertheless it is certain that such a large purchase would cause an obstruction and in- terruption in the traffic of the Junks there, the more- so as the Chinese are so far bound to the sales of the Company, that they are not masters of their Tea until after it has been inspected, tested anil valued; so many formalities to decide if the Com- pany will keep it or not. Im case it contented itself with the old custom, and loaded a vessel with Tea which should be received on the return of tha supercargoes from China, then it would not have to meddle with this Trade except for the collection of their dues, leaving to the owners the liberty of dis- posing of their merchandise according to their wishes; which would be simpler and more advantageous, 8. In a word it seems that it would be bet» ter were the Company to send from Batavia to Europe only a single ship and another of smaller size for the return journey of the super- cargoes, and abandon the rest to the Colony of Batavia. It is even thought that the Company ought to lend a helping hand in this, and that it would be more useful for it to allow to Private Individuals transport of their Tea on board its Vessels at 40 per cent of the price of the sale in the United Provinces. It is some years since this proposal was made, of which we shall here add a précis. 9. The Company should, at the time of its first home- ward voyage, from the Ist to the middle of October, hold a sutticient number of ships for the Transport of the Tea of Private Individuals, and reserve the bottom in which to place its own, in case it should not deem it expedient to destine it to carry Porcelain. 10. The Company being in this way interested to the extent of 40 per cent in the Trade of Private Individuals, the consignments would be made by them without any of them being subject to the fear of malversatio, there being no possibility of any that would not recoil on itself. 11. Consequently the Tea, furnished with the ordinary distinction of letters and numbers, would be received at Batavia into the Warehouses of the Com- pany, embarked under its name and transported to the United Provinces, to be there discharged and sold by auction with the other merchandise, the proceeds of which would be afterwards remitted, en- tered in a private Register, to those to whom it be- longed, after deducting the 40 per cent agreed upon, 12. And to facilitate as far as possible this Trade to those who might not have Correspondents or Ifolders of powers of attorney in the United Pro- vinces, in consideration of a further payment by them of 10 per cent, they would receive at Batavia the portion due to them, and would thus participate in the return of the premium on their money. 13. Certainly the proposal is of importance, espe- cially if it is Papiaideced that every year there enter 632 into the United Provinces more than three million pounds of tea, not including that of the Company, which does not profit an obolus on these shipments 80 sUCvessive and so prodigious; whereas otherwise this ‘rade would become at the sametime both lucrative for it and legitimate for Private Individuals. 14. A vessel laden with tea, with the ex- ception of the bottom, would contain certainly 600,000 pounds, which when sold, one thing with another, at the rate of 20 sols, would yield the Company a return of 240,000 florins, and so with the rest in pro- portion to the sales. Now, except the cost of ship- ping at Batavia, which is reckoned at two percent of the purchase, as well as that of the auction in Europe, the expense of the voyage would not exceed the sum of 60,000 florins; thus the Company would profit to the extent of 200,000, without any expendi- ture and without any other risk than that of the bottom of its vessels which would come to a million on five ships, besides 200,000 florins profit on the money in the return voyage. 15. To the importance of these advantages might be added other accessory ones, but the particulars of which would perhaps be below what would be developed therefrom by the execution of the project, which, to say the least of it, would make the Company mistress of the private Trade of the Indies, and of the cash remittances in those countries. In the next chapter COFFEE is referred to as fol- lows :— Coffee was for a long time one of Pa ‘3s most profitable products; now it seems ikely to be a burden, so susceptible is ‘l'rade to vicissitudes. Pepper, on the contrary, with which it was overburdened, has at present such a con- siderable market in Europe, that in the consign- ments there is no fear of an over-supply. As -to coffee, one cannot do better than accommodate one- self to the times. The company is sufficiently pro- vided therewith, so that, without having recourse to the public sales, it can be disposed of at a low price, were it at only six sols the pound, and lose sight of this article for some years. 1t is not thought that in this respect any nation is in a position to compete with us; but it would be necessary for the coffee to be transpoted in special vessels, having 150 feet of Keel. Each of these could easily hold a mil- lion pounds, especially if between the bales were scattered the oldest beans, less liable to moisture than the fresh. Di Wiese Croydon, Feb. 8. the Com- ; —_ THE SELANGOR PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION. (Extracts fromthe Annual Report, 1894. ) During the year 1894 six new estates and eleven new membecs were enrolled upon the books of the Association whilst the figures in attached statistics show an increase of 1,713 acres under cultivation and of 772 la bourers ot all nationalities employed onestates. Asin 1893, returns have not been received from four estates, but allowing for this and for the fact that the above figures are inclu- sive of a tapioca estate of 800 acres owned by a Chinese Towkay who this year joiued the Association, it would nevertheless appear that some 1,000 acres of coffee have been opened up an over 500 more labourers employed on estates during 1894. hisresult cannot be considered as other than highly satisfactory and indicative of the rapidly growing im- portance and popularity of the planting enterprise. ‘Nhere is every reason to believe, moreover, that on al- most all of the already established estaies considerable further extensions are to be made in 1895, and that several entirely new properties will be opened up in Klang, Ulu Langat and other districts. The great fall in silver, added to the more than proportionate rise in coffee, which at the close of the year was quoted at about $45 per pikul, offers intend- ing investors a most favourable opportunity for bring- jng in their capital, and stamps the industry as one which, at the present moment, appears well worthy of attention. Your Committee regret that they are not in a posi- tion to give you estimates of crops for 1895, several proprietors of estates being unwilling that these par- THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Marcu 1, 1895. ticulars should be published. It is worthy of note, as showing that confidence in coffee is not confined to Europeans, that during the past year a very large area has been planted in coffee all over the State b Javanese, Malays and Chinese. In fact, s0 nde | coffee is now being actually gathered by natives in the District of Klang, that a Coffee Curing Company has been started there by Mr. Hiittenbach, and it is understood that the Manager, Mr. Gibson, has on many occasions been offered more coffee than he could possibly put through. At a general meeting held on 17th February, it was unanimously decided to invite Mr, A. R. Vin ing, an old Ceylon planter himself, and at present the employer of a number of Javanese in the Govern- ment Gardens, to become an honorary member of the Association. In the letter of acceptance which was received from him, Mr. Venning intimated that he was still as deeply interested in planting as ever, and particularly in planting operations in Selangor, and your Committee feel sure that Mr. Venning’s attendance at our meetings, besides ensuring to us his active assistance when such is possible, will go far to convince at least one member of the Govern- ment that the Association endeavours on all occasions to conduct its discussions in a moderate and fair spirit. Forest landin the District of Klang, which has for some time attra ted the attention of planters, is no longer to be obtained except at auction sale, and quit- rents, throughout the State have been raised from 25 cents to 50 cents per acre. The Klang blocks to be sold in the early part of 1895 have all been surveyed by Government and, in addition, the construction of leading canals for drainage purposes has been promised. The Government have thus shown a desire to help the investing public over several initial difficulties, and the result of the sales will be a good indication as to how far these innovations commend themselves. It has been stated that in future not more than 320 acres willbe granted to any one applicant except by right of purchase at auction sale, but your Committee, whilst recommending that a definite assurance should be ob- tained from the Gov.rnment upon this point, have reasons to believe that a much larger area can still be obtained outside the Klang District, upon application to the Governor through the Resident. Alterations in Land Code.—An endeavour was made, culminating in a petition to H.E, the Governor, to bring about certain alterations in the Land Code, but altogether without success, and it is now on record that the Government declines to guarantee to plan- ters any sort of privacy or freedom fiom outside in- _ terference at the hands of miners, who may desire to work tin on the planters’ land, though all the planter ask for is the option of working the tin him- self. It was also represent that there was no ade- quate provision in the Code for the equitable assess- ment of land acquired by Government for public purposes, but although the Chief Magistrate, who is not, and, is never likely to be an expert, has the absolute right to award any sum he chooses for land so acquired, irrespective of the assessors, valuation, and although the owner of the land has no right of appeal against his award, unless it be for $1,000 or less, still the Government is of opinion that such an entirely one-sided arrangement is equitable toall parties. It can only be hoped that the time is © not far distant when the cultivation of coffee may fairly claim to be as important an industry to the State — as tin-mining is now, and that the occasion may never arise which will justify any accusation that private land has been acquired by the Government at other than a fair and just valuation. Sravistics oF EsTATES IN SELANGOR. ete 3 Labour. BS ; Names of Estates. es Ofitrey z es 6 6S 2 sie o's ‘peste SiS = 50 oe ee oe < H © 2 568 22 Estate Tota’s .. 2,802 938 181 954 1 16 Returns for 1893.. 1,0:9 465 48 88 ~ 1 6 Increase in 1894 .. 713 473 133 166 ry Marcu 1, 1895.] CLIMATIC CHANGES IN INDI\. This is the title of an article in the Asian of the 22nd ult. which is not altogether devoid of local interest and forthat reason we venture to reproduce in suinmary some of its main points. In the first place it is shown how the growth of population renders it absolutely necessary that steps should be taken to enlarge the means of subsistence. It is admitted that the extension of roal and railway communication goes a lone way towards relieving congested districts ; and while it is agreel tuat native prejudice forms-a very considerable obstacle to the em- ployment of improved methods of agriculture, it 1s pointed out that great harm is inflicted on farming by Government through unwise laws and taxation, the assertion being made that the impost on salt very injuriously alfects the health and condition of cattle and domesticated animals as well as their owners, and that it ought therefore to be abolished at once. The soil is also deprived of its best fertilizer through cat- tle dung being used us a substitute for fuel which is very scarce. What the Asian advo- cates as a remedy is the energetic promotion of tree-planting and the re-afforestation of tracts that, from various causes, have been denuded of their woods, and the provision of coal and other fuel which of course necessitates the opening of new mines as well as the development of those already in existence, and the railways carrying the coal at low rates. In this connection it is worth recalling the fact that in the recent discussion on the Kelani Valley Railway at the meeting of our Planters’ Association, Mr. Kingsford is reported to have entertained the belief that if greater facilities were afforded upcountry for the unloading of trucks, coal would be Pe more largely used on estates. Our Calcutta contemporary notes that a more liberal policy has been adopted by the Indian Government in favourof villagers and farmers near forest reserves; but points out how the Forest Department itself is unduly starved, very justly characterizing as unwise and short-sighted such a policy towards departments which develop the resources of the country. The benetits of irrigation are commented upon and likewise the adverse results that arise from the disturbance thereby of the physical conditions of the country, the engineer in many cases omitting to make yrovision for taking off the water thy: he has yeen successful in throwing on to the soil, and in others interfering with the natural drainage, thus producing water-logging on the one side and drought on the other, the charge in short against him being that he has introduced malaria where it was previously unknown. The conelud- ing part of the article resarding the effect on the alimate of parts of India by irrigation, forestry, and clearing of jungle, we quote as follows ;— ‘Two opposite effects are resulting in two widely separated regions owing to the agency of man. In Assam and the Teraithe climate is beyond question steadily improving wherever there have been large clearances of jungle and drainage of swamps mainly undertvken for the sake of tea cultivation. The importation of coolie labour into Assam, and tbe steady settlement of the country from Bengal—a process which may be trusted to proceed with increased rapidity as railway communication with India is made—havye modified the climate very perceptibly in quite recent years. A similar result may be expecled in Burma, as the country is opened out, and settled cultivation encroaches on the forests and releases the stagnant water of swamps and shallow lakes. In the Punjab and Sind the comple- tion of many irrigation schemes has added largely to the cultivable area, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. | 633 climate is less characteristic of these regions, and in mary cases, as we haye said, malarial fever has acquired a firm lodgment in the soil. These results are not, of course, new or surprising, for a similar theory has been noticed in the United States, and the present condition of many lands in Asia now desert, or but partially cultivable, which were once proverbial for fertility, tells the same story; but in India, owing to the extremes of physical conditions that have been dealt with—on this side heavy jungle and swamps, on that side avid desert—and the efficiency of modern methods, the changes have been more marked. It remains now to keep those changes within control so far as they affect the hygienic condition of the people, and to accompany works designed to secure given advantageous results with recautions preventing other results not advantageous from being brought into being. ee COFFEE AND CACAO PROSPECTS. Speaking this week with the Secretary of one of the largest of the Companies connected. with Ceylon, he told me in reply to my questioning that the prospects for their. coffee this season were far from good. They expected, he said, a very short crop, and he was by no means sanguine as to the maintenance of present good prices obtainablefor it. As to cacao, he remarked that after all the Ceylon product had only fallen to its real value. The prices formerly got for Ceylon cacao, he ‘said, were strictly fancy prices, and had all alone been dependent upon the large buying in America that has now ceased. On my asking why the cessation had come about, he remarked that for years past Ceylon cacao had been a fashionable article of consumption in the United States. It was the fashion, he remarked, at New York dinner parties to have toasted cocoa sweets placed on the. table at dessert, and these were largely par- taken of by guests. Pale Ceylon cacao was especially valued for affording to these sweets a pleasing colour. When the late financial troubles occurred in America, luxuries, of course, were the first item of expenditure to be abandoned. Entertaining was greatly restricted, and the ex- pensive chocolate bon-bon fell out of demand. ?eople could no longer afford fancy prices in order to secure the pale colour for their choco- late sweets they had formerly valued so highly. As the result the Americans were now buying little or no Ceylon cacao. My _ interviewer doubted very much if the demand now ceased would ever revive, anyway he was of opinion that Ceylon cacao was now fetching all that it was really worth, and that even at pre. sent prices it would be a profitable article to cultvate in Ceylon.—London Cor. —————-—____ PLANTING AND PRODUCE. JAPAN AND YHe Russtan Tea Marxer.—Indian and Ceylon planters should note that the Japanese are doing their very best to push trade in tea with Russia, A Japanese company has already been formed in Tokio with this object, under the protection of the former Japanese Minister of Commerce. An agent of the company has arriyed in Odessa with samples of Japanese tea, which it is stated have given great satisfaction. Japanese tea is comparatively cheap, and the Japanese consider there is a good chance of obtaining a footing in the Russian markets. Agen- cies are being started in Moscow, Kieff, Novgorod, and other towns in Russia. Navona Prosperrty AND THE DeMAND For TRA AND SuGar.—During the debxte on the amendment of the Address in the House of Commons, in which the question of th» unemployed was discussed, Mr, but the excessively dry , Shaw Lefevre laid great stress upon the increase 634 in the consumption of tea and sugar. He said that he supposed in the commercial history of this country there never was a period of greater prosperity than the years 1871-73. Prices were rising rapidly, trade was improving by leaps and bounds, and there were many other evidences of prosperity; yet he ventured to think that a careful comparison of the last three years with the years to which he had _ referred would show that the great bulk of the labouring people of this country were better off now than they were then. Since that time an addition of 7,000,000 had been made to the population, representing 140,000 heads of families, three-fourths of whom belonged to the working classes, and yet he believed that there were fewer men out of employment now than in the years 1871-3. Pauperism had been reduced by at least one-half, wages had been increased in money, and still more by the value men could get for their money. The average consumption per head of the population had increased in the same period; of sugar by 62 per cent., of tea by 30 per cent., and of tobacco by 19 per cent. All these facts showed, to his mind, that there was a _ silver lining to this black cloud of depression which was overlying agriculture, and that even the agricultural population were infinitely better off now than inthe prosperous period of 1871-3. Mr. Keir Hardie, referring to this statement, said: “ It might be true that more tea and sugar and other luxuries were being consumed, but that did not necessarily point to prosperity. He should put it down to ex- actly the opposite cause. He knew a district in Scotland where tea had taken the place of more substantial food, and in the poorer districts of London weak tea was the staple article of diet, because people could not afford more wholesome food.” The inference that tea is not wholesome food is probably founded upon those ‘“ Arabian Nights ’’ stories about strong tea and madness which have been made to do duty so often. At one time it is strong tea which is the bane of poor folk, now it is weak tea. Direcr Tra SHIPMENTS To MancHestER.—Manches- te> ismaking a bold effort to become a centre for th? importation and distribution of tea. Thess. ‘ Lin- lithgow,”’ belonging to Messrs. Raeburn and Verel the owners of the steamers which bring a large portion of the Indian tea crop to London, is now loading at Calcutta for Manchester, and specially calling at Ceylon to complete further consignments of tea for Manchester. The firm who have so far succeeded in arrang- ing to open up direct shipments of tea from India and Ceylon to Manchester is Messrs. Johnson, Dodds, and Co., of London and Calcutta. The “Linlithgow” was expected to leave Ceylon on February 10, and arrive in Manchester about a month later. The rate of freight which the steamship owners have taken for the conveyance of the tea to Manchester is the same rate as is paid to London, and this will enable the tea to be sold in Manchester.at the same price as in London. Manchester is doing its best to succeed where Liverpool and Glasgow have failed. Inp1an TEA Prospects.—‘ Indian Cha,’ writing on this subject, prophesises very satisfactory results to the holders of good tea stock. He says:—‘I do not think the present strong pdsition of tea can be better exemplified than by the fact than on September 17th last the exports were 8} millions of pounds in excess as empared with 1893, and on January 15th this exce3s Fadl dwindled down to a little over 100,000 lb. In the case of such facts, and that consumption at hom2 monthly is exceeding the visible supply, deal- ers then will, when rather late for the crop of 1894 to de ive the benefit, become alive to the fact that our present prices are not too high, and 1895 ought to yield still better results to holders of good tea stock.” ‘ Tor Tesa-Brewine Question.—The question as to the rigat method of brewing tea is occasionally dis- cussed in the papezs, and opinions, as usual, vary. considerably. hie Arthur Stradling, writing to the Globe apropos ® remark made by a writer in that journal on the subject, takes exception to the length THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, with: = [Marcu 1, 1895. of time mentioned. He says: “Your ‘Echoes of Science’ in this evening's issue conclude with the postulate that ‘most educated people know that tea should only be infused for afew minutes.’ May L, in the triple capacity of a quondam resident in tea-grow- ing lands, a medical man, and one addicted to the ‘scalded herb’ tothe verge of vice, suggest the substi- tution of seconds for minutes? Let your readers who would try a cup of the infusion in Chinese style half or three-parts fill a small pot with Chiva tea, or rather less of the more highly fired and pungent teas of Ceylon and Hindostan; bring the water toa temperature of 170 deg.—not boiling; then hold the kettle over the teapot, and the teapot over the cup, and allow the water simply to flow through the leaves. The result is a liquor containing the maximam amount of caffein (or thein, if that term be preferred, the two being one and the same thing in chemical structure) with a minimum of the stomach-destroying tannin, delicious, innocuous, as stimulating to brain and nerve as wine, and a magnificent diuretic. I venture to predict, from the experience of a quarter of acentury’s constant prescription, that those who taste tea made so willnever voluntarily revert to the conventional stew, the astringency of which we are driven by instinct to palliate by the addition of pre- cipitative albumenin the form of milk—well that it should beso, sincethereis no solace or substitute in the world to compensate adequately for the loss of tea. Maté, the Paraguayan Yerba easily procured but sin- gularly little known here—is perhaps the nearest ap- proach to a compromise.” THe ConsumprioN or Nox-Atconotic Darxs.—A Parliamentary return, illustrated by diagrams, has recently been issued showing the consumption, from the year 1851 up to the latest date, of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages and of tobacco com- pared with the increase of population. ‘This return, which has been prepared by the authorities of the Custom House, shows that of beverages the aug- mentation in the consumption of the non-alcoholic drinks—tea, coffee, cocoa, and chicory—has far exceeded that of the alcoholie liquors. The former have risen from 125,000,000 lb. in 1861 to 265,000,000)b. in 1893, The figure in the diagram relating to these articles is a sharpand continuous gradient upwards. On the other hand, the consumption of British and for- eign wines and spirits has risen from 35,000,000 gallons in the same period to about 51,000,000 gal- lons. but it was considerably higher from 1872 to 1878 than it is now.—H. d&:«’. Mail, Feb. 15. ~~ --- THE EXPERIMENTAL TEA GARDEN. CUREPIPE: MAURITIUS. The cultivation of tea appears to attract the at- tention of those who feel that the future of the sugar industry is fraught with apprehension almost approaching ‘consternation. The uncontradicted as- sertion that the garden has already cost about R45,000, and that the receipts have not exceeded R6,000, may at the first blush, appear so startling as to deter many thinking of giving the industry a trial from embarking in the enterprize. It must be borne in mind that many of the items which appear in the books of tbe estate on the debit side—such as superintendence, build- ings, machinery etc—are considerably in excess—pro- — portionately to the acreage in bearing than they would have been if a larger area had, in the first instance, been brought under cultivation. Ii would appear that the committee of management, deter- mined not to leave a stone unturned to bring the experiment to a successful issue, engaged the ser vices of a thoroughly practical man to superintend the work. ‘lhe services of such a one command adequate remuneration, and building and machinery are Necessary accessories to the preparation of the leaf. The amount that must of nezessity appear to the debit of these items, would in all probabilit not have been any larger, had the garden been much more extensive. : Mes Marcu 5, 1895.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 635 Apparently, the Committee of management, recog- nising Mr. Corson’s experience, and having full con- fidence in his integrity of purpose. has given him a free hand in the conduct of the culture of the plant and the preparation of the leaf. As matters stand, the Government, the Committee, the manager and the people of Mauritius have reason not only to be satisfied with but to be proud of the results; for a more conclusive exponent of what can be done in the cultivation of tea couldnot be found, than are the few acres in the experimental garden at Curepipe. The garden itself with its symmetrically lined tea bushes, carefully traced roads and drains, !3 a little picture. The curing house, replete with the most approved machinery, though not pretentious in appearance, with slight additions, will suffice for the requirements of the area row under cultivation when all is in full bearing.—Vawritius Planters’ Gazette, Feb. 11. —_— —--—_$_ > -- —_ — —_ MAURITIUS TEA. CULTIVATION EXTENDING: TEA TO SAVE SUGAR COLONY ! The following is an extract from the Mauritius Planters Gazette of the 11th ult. which shows how full the depressed Mauritians are of the pro- posal to find their advantage if not prosperity in adding ‘‘ tea” to “sugar.” We.repeat our doubt as to the practical result from the labour point of view, unless, indeed, the rich soil there vives extraordinary yields of tea-leaf :— A cablegram, received this morning, announces that at a meeting of the Assets Company, the Chairman said that experts had declared that the Mauritius tea recently imported into England was of the very highest quality, and that the cultivation of this plant would possibly be the salvation of Mauritius. This news has caused great satisfaction here, for although we know, already, that our colonial tea was of a superior quality, yet it is nevertheless agree- able to hear the fact proclaimed publicly by experts in London. This appreciation by comp2tent persons will have the effect of giving a fresh impetus to the cultivation of tea in Mauritius. The consumption of tea is daily making rapid pro- gress not only in England, but on the Continent as well; in America it is also increasing, and the produce of Ceylon and China barely suffices. Under these circumstance;, colonial tea will always find good markets. If it is considered superior to what is produced elsewhere, it will be preferred to the latter and prices will go up as the demand for it increases. THE We therefore strongly urge upon our compa- triots to undertake the cultivation of tea on a large scale. Already owin to the impulse given by several intelligent planters, such as M. A. Daruty de Grandpré and Mr. Hay, the Manager of the ‘Mauritius Assets and Estates Company Limited”’ this cultivation has been extended. M. Daruty’s plantations at ‘ Nouvelle France” and those of Mr. Hay at Chamarel are very fine ones, and cover several hundreds of acres of land, but there are still uncultivated lands which might, in the Brace of a few years, be converted into luxuriant plantations of tea. This plant requires hardly any care. Once it has been planted, it only needs to be witchel now and then, and thatisall. It resists cyclones, whici ave so frequent in these latitudes; and the Indian women who ave generally employed in our cicultaral fields, get acquainted, in the spuze of a months, with the cultivation of this plant and the gutheviag of the leaves. ; Me. Corson, at the head of the Experimental Plan- tation Farm, soon initiated the fiest planters in the knowledge of preparing tea, and this process is now ce reied on very easily. Lands which are not suitable for the sngar cane should therefore be planted with tea. This industry, it must be remembered, replaced that of coffse when disease attacked the coffee trees at Ceylon. The Sugar Industry is now passing through a critical stage owing to the fall in prices and to the Zvichosphaeria sac- | I | | | | | consideration due to their official char chart which did great harm last year. It is absolutely necessary that we should at once foresee events and develop a secondary industry, which would be likely to repiace our staple industry, in case the latter, should fail us. : We may add that all the tea which may be produced here will at once find a ready market. is eek a THE OFFICIAL TEA SHIPMENT TELEGRAMS. It is a curious story that our London Letter tells us by this mail. It is more than insinuated, 16 is practically asserted, that the endeavour to give a reliable character. to tele- grams from this side of estimates of the monthly shipments of tea, has been lareely responsible for the disturbance of tea prices in Mincine Lane ! We wonder if there can be any justifi- cation for this assertion. We can understand of course,—forit is an old story—that telecrams from the producing countries as to fuctuatine prospects must and do largely control London prices. At all events they cause these to constantly vary. But the story we have referred to has a parti- cularly curious side to it. So lone, it says. as the telegrams were not of an official character that arrived from Ceylon, people gave them but a limited amount of attention. They dis- counted, in fact, the possible incorrectnessof the infor- mation they conveyed, and for this reason the tele- grains did not have the disturbing effect on prices that those now forwarded by the official Committee are said to have had. If this can really be the case, we may have to consider whether the course upon which we have but recently entered is one that should Le persisted in* or not On the other hand, it is fully admitted that telegrams, however much they may tend to dis- turb the comfort of brokers and dealers at home are anecessity of the time. The question that Re now mooted is as to whether we are eainers or losers by an official guarantee of correctne being given to them. The telegrams now sent are alleged to contribute more towards the turbance we have referred to than those } emanating from private parties or firms latter it is alleged were to a ignored; the former are received rectness dis- before The great extent with all the aeter. On i that, if telegrams are , 1t must surely be hetter that from the best sourse available The introduction of the electric telegraph has undoubtedly imparted a disturbine element into home trading that did not before attend it But although this must be conceded, it by no means follows that on the whole the advantages secured do not outweigh the disadvantaces ‘ad- mitted. We believe that they must do so ait that it would be highly inexpedient to mE y ark to the former system, one which must in many cases have led to serious Lusapprehension, a ea Mr. ARTHUR SINCLAIR’s New Boox- in ‘Tropical Lands *—profusely be found fully noticel in a lone review which we take into our columns from the Aberdeen Free Press, and which wil! well repay perusal. A complete copy of the work has not yet reached us; bat froin specimon sheets sent out, we can testify to the very character of the contents; and it ‘is value to have descriptions of the W Central America, and Peru, planter’s point of view. Few within his own limits, than ever put pen to paper, the whole we must think to be sent at all, they should be ; —* Travels illustrated, will interesting of specisl est Indies, from the Ceylon happier writers, Mr, Sinclair, have — 636 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. MAURITIUS. Port-Louis, Feb. 11. The plantations in general are suffering from the drought which at this time of the year is likely to retard their growth, We still believe that the production of the last erop will be from 117,000 to 118,000 tons. The community has hailed with pleasure and satisfaction the establishment af “The Bank of Mauritius Limited,’ which opened its door and com- menced business on the 10th December last. Owing to a prolonged drought at the end of 1893 followed by a disease amongst certain species of canes, the Crop which is now nearly at its close will be shart by about 15 to 20 thousand tons, com- pared with that of the year previous. Through an excess in the production of Beetroot Sugar, estimated at 1,000,000 tons, prices have this season ruled low, and yet with these difficulties ta face, our Sugar Industry is threatened with an additional burden in the sharpe of a Land Tax. Coffee.—Market bare of Reunion and Madagascar. Best Ceylon sells firmly at R78 to &2 and mixed triage at R50 to 64 per 50 kilos, according to quality. Merchants and Planters’ Gazette, LIPTON’S TEAS, The vicissitudes of an island, one of tho fairest -spots on the earth, where every prospect pleases, and naught but man is vile, are of singular interest. More fortunate than Sicily in possessing a population, mixed in race and habits, but of less truculent idiosyncrasy than the denizens of this latter isle, Ceylon, instead of indulging in sanguinary feuds which stain the pages of history, has devoted the en- ergies of its people to cultivation and industry, Per- ‘haps a comparison with Madeira would be more apposite than one with Sicily. Both islands enjoyed the prosperity consequent upon the peculiar adyan- tages they enjoyed in producing what the world needed, and both alike were reduced to the direst straits involved by the temporary failure on the one hand of the natural conditions essential to produce a world famous wine, and, on the other, by a com- bination of circumstances which drove Ceylon coffee out of the market. The planters were many of them extirpated but those who remained rose to the ozca- sion, and instead of the berry, took to growing the fragrant leaf whose infusion cheers but does not in- ebriate. One firm, like that of the diamond hunters in South Africa, has come to the front in a marked manner, and the name Lipton, with which may not ungallantly be coupled the portrait of the dusky but, in one sense, fair maiden who pictorially heralds his fame, has gone past the period of initiation, and may be fairly pronounced a household word all the world over. ipton’s teas are now obtainable in Egypt from any grocer, but should any ditficulty be experienced in obtaining them, application should be made to Lipton’s wholesale agents for Hgypt, Messrs Bless & Co. of Alexandria.—Hyyptian Gazette. ——— NyassaLAnD Corrne.—tIt will be a matter for the young colony of Shiré Highland coffee growevs to con- gratulate themselves upon when they hear of the very high: prices that their Nyassaland coffee is fetching, The 1894 crop is excellent. Wesecit quoted in Min- cing Laneas ‘“ Central African Plantation: London cleared,’ and fetching as highas 101s to 107s. By the last accounts the promise for the coming season was all that could be desired, though the rains were anxiously awaited. Locusts have done a good deal of damage, but chiefly to very young trees. On the whole they do not take kindly to coffee. The most favourable circumstances connected with the indus'ry isthe abundance of labour, and as the natives find that they are honourably paid and vigorously pro- tected from slavers and kidnappers when working for th2 white men, no doubt they will continue to flock to the Highlands from afar in still increasing numbers.— The Planter. | in 1894, realizing over 53 cents for the former, [Marcu 1, 1895. es ae ee ree See en COLOMBO TEA AVERAGES, Summary of Ceylou Tea sold at public auction at the Chamber of Commerce Sales Room, Colombo, between January Ist and December 3st, 1884. Quan. tity in lbs. and average prices realised :— S = 5a i= Estate, lh. 35 Estate. ib. 98 2 & D & = = Cts. Ch. Ardlaw and St. Helier’s 80,428 49 Wishford 43,554 72 Patigama 41,695 49 Hethersett 36,016 69 Blackwood 49,135 49 Glasgow $1,180 63 Torwood 59,819 45 Court Lodge 34,740 67 Talagalla 63,160 45 Mocha 48,838 66 Little Valley 37,500 48 GP. MM. 70,115 64 Wewesse 82,133 47 Radella 25,590 62 Clyde 46,730 47 Palmerston 66,741 62 Nahaveena 47,250 47 Agra Ouvah 141,033 61 Malpedde 11,400 47 Middleton 82,427 61 Havilland 22,550 46 Pedro 93,940 60 Clunes 122,095 46 Glenorchy 70,910 60 oor 44,685 45 Killarney 13,455 59 Talgaswela 69,405 45 Scrubs 59 Ella 64,640 45 Langdale 59 Dickapitiya 49,881 45 Ambawella 58 Stisted 60,320 45 * Anchor” 58 Pansalatenne 68,390 44 Dunkeld 57 Kirindi 22,040 44 Harrington . 57 Anningkande 52,695 44 Ireby 5 Fred's Ruhe 4325 44 Whyddon 55 Raseneath 49,016 44 Macaldenia 55 Gonawella 12,310 43 Glentilt 54 Harangala 56,445 43 Mariatenne 54 ~Eadella 78,030 43 Bisinark 54 Ayr 43,493 48 Dunbar 53 Amblakanda 60,805 42 Kirklees 53 Polatagama 168,870 42 Kelaniya 53 Lankapura, (W) 46,570 42 Malvern 53 Gonapella 34,850 42 Great Valley 53 Blackburn 27,390 42 Glencorse 53. Elilekande 70,124 42 Castlereagh 52 Madooltenne 61,158 41 Deaculla 62 MKnavesinire 72,365 40 Maha Uva 52 Chesterford 37,940 40 Caskieben 52 Ivies 19,440 40 Tientsin 52 Sembawatte 51,745 40 Chalmers 52 Farnham 67,582 39 Ottery and Stam- St. Helen's 45,047 39 ford Hill 51 We-Ovya 117,885 39 Templestove 51 Ederapolla 76,099 38 Queensland 50 Hatale %,036 37 Vogan 50 Lankapura, (M) 32,670 37 Augusta 70 Bittacy 21,485 36 Geragama ia Rsperanza 8,754 35 Koorooloogala 12,713 50 Yataderia 94,620 34 It will be noticed that the place of honor is occupied by Ardlaw and Wishford with an average of 72 cents a pound, Glasgow coming third with «8 cents, though it must mot be forgotten that the latter estate sold neily double as much tea as the former. Court Loige og:upies the foarth pgsition with a 67 cents average, Mochv coming fifth with 66 cents, while P :lmerstone and R» lella are brazketed seventh with 62 cents, anl A ga Jyvy ani Middieton are bracketed eighth with 61 cents, Glenorchy beia ninth with 60 cents. These averages all be testi- mony to the excellent opportunities afforded by the Colombo market ior the sale of fine teas. Nor must it be forgotten that, though Agra Uva is only eighth on the list with 61 cents, this average is obtained for 141,000 lb. of tea—a quantity nearly double that sold by any other estate.—Local “ Dimes.” Best Pelt oA: IRRIGATION IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY. With reference to irrigation in the Madras Presi- dency during 1893-91, we learn from the Madras Times :—The total area irrigated was 63 millions of acres, the irrigation revenue was R194:47 lakhs, and the working expenses amounted to R34-95 lakhs. The figures for the previous vear were 6:07 millions of acres, R171 lakhs ani 239-03 lakhs, respectively. Thus, compared with 1899-93, the areas, irrigated under all classes of works in 1893-94 and the reveaue derive| therefrom were more, while the working exnen-es were less. * Corrections offered by correspondents :—Over 100,000 Ib. of Kelaniya and 139,000 1b. of Gréat Valley teas were sold Marca 1, 1898.) LONDON REPORTS ON CEYLON PRODUCE. COFFEE. On the 8th instant Messrs. Zerrener, Bulow & Co. esti+ mated :—The present Santos crop at 44 millions. The coming Sautors crop at 3; to 4 millions. The world generally is impatiently awaiting the breaking up of the frost: In London both the shipping anid landing of goods is so in- terfered with, that we are reduced to enforced idleness, and this is probably also the case in other markets. There is little of interest to note, prices for futures steadily advance with very limited transactions, and sellers are scarce. In Santos, cost and freight, there was a tendency to ease at the beginning of the week, of which buyers availed themselves, and a fair business has been put through at 75s to 76s for good average and 72s 6d to 73s for middling. The last advices from Brazil are firm. --[, A. Rucker & Bencrafi’s Report, Feb. 14. Ne BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. The latest Gazette is of Jan. 7th and contains a long paper on “Shooting in Lake Nyassa,” the sport being with elephant, antelopes, pig, besides birds in variety. -Then follow notes of a ~ journey from Albert Edward Nyanza to Tangan- yika by Mr. G. F. Scott-Elliot. There is local news from Tanganyika and Mweru of no special interest. ‘The rains were earlier and heavier in Nyassaland, and the Shiré river had risen. A Government notice announces the sale on Feb. 14th by public auction of 2 blocks of forest land ‘applied for of 412 and 328 acres at upset price of 5s per acre. The later news given is:—We regret to have to announce the death of Lieute- nant Commander A. H. Lyons, of H.M.S. ‘‘ Ad- venture” at Bandawe on the 27th of December 1894. Also of Mr. R. F. Gordon, the Chief Constructor of the African Trans-continental Telegraph on the 29th December 1894.—Mr. J. H. Carson, Mandala, advertises for good and well-selected coffee seed. eS ——-- --— ANOTHER TEA-GROWING COUNTRY.—The plan- ters of Mauritius are turning their attention to ‘*tev” in good earnest; already some hundreds of acres have been planted and it looks as if there were going to be a ‘‘rush” into the pro- duct, so poor are the prospects before sugar. An experimental garden opened for Government by Mr. A. J. Corson (a Ceylon planter, formerly on Dehi- galla estate, Lunugala, we believe) has shown how tea ean be grown and prepared, and there being plenty of Indian coolie labour, it is expected there will be no difficulty about the different opera- tions ; but labour is comparatively dear in Mau- ritius and we doubt if there will be much mar- vin of profit, except a superior class of tea can he produced. First samples donot usually count much as regards prolonged results. We shall see, however, how the experiment works out. SMOKERS SHOULD USE CALVERT’S DENT--PHENOLENE, A FRAGRANT LIQUID DENTIFRICE AND MOUTH-WASH, Editor of Health says:—*The most effective preparation for ridding the mouth of the aroma of tobacco, and leaving a pleasant taste.” Sold in ls. 6d., 2s. 6d., and 1 lb. 7s. 6d. bottles, hy Chemists, Xe. F C. CALVERT & CO., MANCHESTER, PHE: TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS*: 637 New Crerartnés ror Trs.—New clearings are being made at Ilibe in the Panadura district for tea planting. A good portion of the district is already under tea and coconut cultivation. Crybon TEAS IN AMeERICA.—Messrs. R. H. Macy & Co, of New York while advertising the ‘finest? China Teas at 63 cents (of a gold dollar) per Ib. and ‘‘Choice” teas at 37 cents quote Ceylon as follows :— Cryton TrAs.—Our special importation the choicest picking of Ceylon. Ceylon Tea Buds, 3 lb. pkg......... 38¢ rr) cp " hoy) oeenanco Tee » Luncheon Tea, $ lb. pkg...... 26¢ ” ” ” 1 lb. 9) eee 49c¢ Prices are subject to changes. Ceylon tea at 74 cents or, we suppose, about 3s per lb. ought to be very fine, more particularly if imported direct from Colombo when no duty is paid. Even at 49 cents or about 2s, a very good tea ought to be supplied. It would be interesting to know what are ‘‘Lipton’s” whole- sale rates in America ? JHYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION 1895, ia Oo em 5 ao of ON } co a i> i~ i>) Ep 10 435 Sr -On ee eee 2 BISEe G : MeDiCaLts, wes A me Sal ON aN oA = HAOCOK OS — His mei~ NaH +O Olst Sor ics Ne ee aE a ei = —— Blo, |ans & s}jse+ SNloodl ecole. Teme hal arse OLDE oe OGY 6 Sete eky styiatvie SAS Se So (=) io] S n [Res ili cS a ey 2B ast 7a Siierensne om Allis Pholeatl ead otiret ec diteln 5 fel} [3 +o ites | i | OmeoocrnS Si [t= TS aia) a) ai) Aye, |S RS oS Oo | 3s2 Umma’ aa) ee n a sH 3 Be ° ira) DQ ~~ | = tS ABN Cone fold ac cat io) 3] a 1O 00S 5 3 So ras = = Os mrss ee ee 3 z Oe s) Mop DUa Vato MPN fed vane SE = 218-5 ‘8 oj) aoe mS Be) Aa” Q (3 > a2 i”) e o 3 | os S So to = Se D xo xt S\|Se |8. 8 38 a|Mas eae a 9 io Aland 1 Os OlAs | fe Re a ast OOK = an ~O OS <=) = AA se ot S ct i= Coffee cwt. COUNTRIES. To United Kingdom THE PROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND (From S. Viggis & Co.'s feb g Price Current, NEW P London, [Marcu 1, 1895. RODUCTS, 14th February 1895). EAST INDIA, Eombay, Ceylon, Coast and Zanzibar. ALOES, Socotrine Zanzibar Red, Bees’ Wax, E. I. White... Yellow ... Mauritius & Madagascar... CARDAMOMS— Allepee Mangalore Malabar Alleppee and, Mysore sort Long wild Ceylon.. CASTOR OLL, CHILLIES, Zanzibar Mairas: ..|Bold, bright, fairto fine... en ... Good to tine plump, cl: pod cey lon, Malabar sort! 13Ls} 2uds eee QUALITY. | .. Good aud fine dry liver...' Hepatic Common and la BARK, CINCHONA Crown Renewed eee and shaving ES ose) - Renewed ... ”\Chipsand shavings Good to fine Fair to fine’ ns Fair to fine clipped Fairto fi ebold bleached! medium >» smal Sinall to bold brown Fair to fine bold medinm small to good ” ” ” ” ” | 97 ” -Conmou White Fair and good pule Fair to tine brignt cee | ; | WUOTATLON £3103 a £5 «£7 US a £3 lus -» £6 0s a £7 23 "d £6 153 a £7 lus isa 28 6d Is 101 a 2x 8d Zsa 2s 61 28 31 a 3s 31 ls 6d a 28 Is «1s 6d eojly a ls 6 L velig 2la ls dd «lls a 288d Bg a apt 2d a Bhat - 1249 a 278 Ord’y. and middling ...|203 a 233 CINNAMON, Ists|)rd’y. to fine pale quill....64d a 1s dd 2uds ” ” ” ” «61a ls Brip\iet 5s) pee eee ope a LOD dths ” ” ” ” ad a 92 Chips) Fair to hn» plant /2kd a Td CLOVES, Zanzibar Fair to fine bright ...|z8d a 2id and Pemba. STEMS COCU LUS INDICUS COFFEE «> aes (Md. Plantation “Ceyion| 10 sa lu7s 61 a ene one «(Low Middling — ,, » jv7s a 1043 COLOMBO ROOT... ..|Good to fine bright sou.udi|1U3s 4 2J)s Orainary& midd.ing ~/7S3 u OS CROTON SEEDS, sifted...|Fair to tine fresh ../203 a 273 Gd CUICH ..|Pair to fine dry {208 a 323 DRKAGUNS BLOOD, Za. Ordinary to good drop ....2) a 50s GALLS, Bussorah& Turkey |fuir to fine dark blue ...|47s a5) Good white and green ../4's a 42s Hd | GINGER, Cochin, Cut .../Good to fine bold . 6/3 61a Tus : »> «/Smalland medium «(498 a 603 Rough...|Fair to fine bold «| 33 a 408 ...{/Small and medium /298 a 323 Bengal, Rough |Fair to gvol wej/2h9 @ 273 ouM AMMONLACUM . alee to fine clean +203 a 5Us ANIMI, washed .,./Picked fine pale in sorts, £10 03 a £12 03 Part yellow & mixed du.J£9 usa £9 151 Bean & Peasizeditto ..)€4 10sa £8 10s Amber and red bold £5 10s a £7 lous: scraped...|Medium & boldsurts .. |£4 0s a£7 0s ARALIC E.I, & Aden... Ghatti ... Amrad chia. Madras ASSAF UsSTIDA KINO MiRRE, picked Aden sorts OLIBANUM, drop... pickings... siftings INDIARUBBER - East African Ports, Zanvzi-| par and Mozambique Coast Assam, Rangoon soe Madagascar, Tamatave, Majunga and Nossibe T31nGLASS or lin MIisH M/WS sf -onBue: Iaddor Pip ured ¥ eee Common dull avd mixed! Common to good Fnir sifted... Good to fine pale frosted sifted ae Sorts, dullred to fair .., Good to tine paleselected Sorts middling to good Good and fine pale Reddish to pale brown ... Dark to fine pale Fai to fine pinky block.,. and drop: tee «| Red hard clean ball White sofush ditto Unripe root Liver and Lamu ‘Lal | Sausage, ordinary to li "without sticks ..|Good to fine Common foul & middling .|Fair to good clean Good totine pinky &wh.te Fair to good blaci« ) goou to fine pale \dark to £ iv i elClean thin to fine bold .. lea: “Kk inixed to tine puc. ot 2gu » 2g | d «.l)g a 153 5s 1 403 27s bua 303 30s a 45s 20s a 4.38 (358 a 458 258 a 38s 15s a 3s 50s a SOs oe stony to midlin, 153 a 40s {Hair to ine bright ..j£29 a £.0 Fair to fine paie ..|o0 a £7 Middling to yood {653 a 8)3 Fair to nme white ...{808 a@ 353 Reddish to middling ...|\7s a 253 Middling toyood pale ,,,/38 a 143 Slightly tout to fine _ ids a 136 (23 ld a 23 5d le 8d a 23 2d ...(l0d a ls id [ls 81 a 8s 24d ls 8da 2s 23 tda2sd Is 7d a 23 dd a ls 5d Ls 7d a 23 2s lida 235d ... {ls 6d a Ls 9d {Is 8la 2, 6d Jia ls4t iséd a 24 6d wjad au is ve | EAST INDIA ‘Gkataial Rist Coast Afries. slita- bar and Madris Voust, QUALITY, | QUOTATIONS. Beugal. i Karricheo Leai ... Giod anl fire pale j\d3 a 2+ Od iNDIGO Benzai Middling to fine violer,., 8 8ia53 7d Vetinary wo muddling ... do 41 a ds 6d Kurpah ..|Fairto goo] reddish violi23 41a 33 10d Ordineryand middiing (18 4: a 24 61 Madras (lry Leaf). Mililing to good w|ls 8d a 4s - | Billiard Ball Piece. 2} ni Bagatelle Points Cut Point< for Bills . Bombay SHELLS, M.-o’-P. 25), large medium par ‘b stout chicken part stout oyster & broken se Mussel Lingah Ceylon . LAMARUINDS : TORTOISE-SHELL YOR MERLC, Bengal |Low tu ord.aary [VORY--Elephants’ Ceeth | 6)lb & upwuerds over 30 & under 60 tb.| 6) a LOU Lb, Scrivelloes Soft sound ” «Hard ”” if: *. Soft »» Clos & wile Hard ” ” Sou id soft » sli, def.to fine sound so't| « Shaky /o fine solid s 1. sfi Mixe! Points & Tips. .. Defective, part hard .,)/¢ ‘64 £17 Cut tloltows Thia to thick 10 $4. sft £35 a Z£il Ser tine Ceoth -- ...! 1g Lb, ‘Straight erke | part close! Ls a 33 MYR ABULANE 5, Bombay hiwlies [, gool & fir 1e) parle 7s 91 | » 1, tair pi-kiugs'3361a 4331 JubbleporeL, good & fine} pale} isa 7s | » II, fair rejectis sts dda ds 31 | Vingor. as. good anil fiucjis a 53 61 Madras, Upper God: avery} ‘Good to tive picked —.../58 Gil a 6s Gd | es - Common to middling .../4s31 a 48 3 Coast we Fair... mF u 43 6d Piexings . Burnt and de fective --| $8 a 3+ Gd" MACE, Bombay ...|Vark to goo. bold pile ...is 6d a 2s Wdcom. darkto.une voll 4l a 61 NULMEGS, sb .65'3 a 3l's ww (ls Mt a 2s 10d 90's a 125'3”—., s3iai lod NUX VOMICA Madras )5.nall to une bold fresh és a 103 LL, CINNAMON ..|Rair to fine heavy "la is6L CLEROUNELLE Sha: & zoot ilavour.,, a a jd LEMUN z®AS3S A sy seeit Ceylor al a.’ to fine, NOL word, Ld. a2233 mtn \ Zanzibar Picked clean flat leaf .,/123 a 13s J Mozambiyue| ,, Wily , (223 a 32 PEPPER— ! Malabar, Black sifte!...|@air to bold heavy ad 6 2h Alleppee & Tellicherry 2 fale vs; awe t igiazi-i6l fellicherry, White ..¥ -. nom)«4d PLUMBAGU, Lump ne | fair to fine bright bold)lis a lis ; Middling to gou: small'ys a Lis Chips .../3l’tiy foul te fine brigh.7s a L0s Dust ..|Jrdinary to fine brighc.../28 91 a 6s 4ED WOOD a .|éair and fine bold ...|£3 10s a £4 SAKFLOWER, Bengal | 4oodtofinepinkynominal 953 a 10 's |Urdinary to fair «/703 a 83 \{uferior ani pickings .,./30s a 50s SANDAL WOOD, Logs. |¥air to fine flavour .../£35 a £55 a4 Chips . {uferior to fine ty a £30 3EEDLAC «.Urdinary to fine bri: zht!30s a 90s JIENNA, Tinnevelly | Medium to bold green ..5i a At Small and wedium green (Common dark and s.uali ... Ordinar, to good EGyPTIAN—boll ¢ ein... medium thinand stcut, chi.ken, part oys ers . BomBaA¥Y—poor bo nnetuic ele.n part good color ” ” > medium ‘and bold sorts small and medium sorts|/20s a 30s Chin and goud stout sorts|5s a 153 ». Mid. tofineblacknotstony|33 a 133 Stony and iaferior ..- Serts.good mutile, he. avy 2s sd a 285 Zanzibar and Somtey Pickings thin to heavy. «7s a 21s 61 .Leaush to nine plump finger 93s Fix. fair tonne bold brgt iy a lls Madras ... 2” .. Mixed iniddling ... «19s a 103 ” .. Bulbs... 5 |78 6 ass Gl | Cochin... ringer a5 Ie its Sie VANILLOES, ; : Bourbon, Ists ... Fine, crysVed 5 to9in.183 a 263 a Mauritius, Quds...'foxy & redd shd todsii.! 43 a Qs Seychelle:, 3rdg....Lean x dry to mid, un- oe der Gin. ./73 a 103 a Madagascar, } tths.,.. Low. foxy, inferior aa > ia | p:ckings dsa7sGd ida is 61 ../€7i lus a £93 103 £55a £65 £48 lus a £60 Li] lus a £46 £234 £35 1s £iG ated j£ol a £53 }dod lcs a £73 10s _ 2d a 4d id & 2d ld a 21 Us a 37s 6d PsaBv6l Tus a 8Us 258 a 61 61 82 bd a 903 3Us a 9U i0sa 823 G1 33 a 5J3 -|fs a 63 6d lls ee Bs AGRI(ULTQRAL MAGAZINE, COL GVEE SC: Added as a Supplement Monthly to the “ TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.” The following pages include the Contents of the Agricultural for March :— Vol. VI} MARCH, Mayazire 1895. [No. 9. GREEN CROP FIRTILIZERS. N our last issue we quoted a note on the ploughing-in of green crops, the the Leather, to drawn up by Dr. Agricultural Chemist Government of India. Apart from the which manuring has been known to secure for the land, we would draw attention here to the value nitrogenous mmany advantages green-crop of certain leguminous plants fertilizers, he influence of Crotalaria Juncea (the Sin. Hana) as such was shown in certain experiments with India. —- Professor Shelton referring to the cow-pea says: It everywhere pronounced to be invaluable, furnish_ ing hungry, washed-out soil with the nitrogen needed for the subsequent crop, as Wheat in is The cow-pea, we find from experiments made with seeds received from India, thrives well here. We have not heard that the beansare generally csed but it has been here and while the whole plant is So for humun food, used appreciuted as such; well-known to be greedily eaten by stock. that in the cow-pea we have a plant serves three ends, for while it supplies food for man, it can also be utilized as fodder for cattle or ag 4 nitrogenous green manure. Even were the plant cut and carried off the land to feed cattle the residue in the form of stem and roots will in itself add much to the fertility of the soil in which it is left. The “cow-peacan thus be either grownas a restoring crop before sowing the seeds of cereals or other short-lived plants, or it can be grown without inconvenience amonz cultivated perennial trees. which | | | In an article on we ‘s which appeared in the pages of this Magazin some time ago, we referred to weeds in this coun ‘ion, namely, as fertilizers of the soil. The adva: ever, is as We have poi ge inthe cow-pe>, how- edout, that it also serves other purposes and is of three-fold utility, and we sheuld like to see a gooc trial of it made on some of our tea and cocoa estates. The value of leaf manures is to some extent recognised by native cultivators, (svitness use of Kepittiya— Croton lacciferum—leav es in the cultivation of betel and other crops),so that the introduction of the cow- pea or other papilionaceous plant as a restorative cropon lands whichare generally in much need be altogether an innovya- ine of ‘ restoring’, would ne* We commend thi Agricultural tion. subject to the serious attention of our Instructors, ~as offering them a means of furthering of the native cultivator. interests the OCCASIONAL NOTES. The School of Agri Vacation the loth strength of the school i day scholars. ture reopened after the The 8 resident students and on January. present The Forestry lectures prepared by Mr. A. F. Broun, the Conservator of Forests, continue to be , Mr. Broun being able, to are sanguine that given out to the studen Conservator, We H. E. The Governor at the in spite of his duties a: his self-imposed task. earry on after the utterances of prize-giving ceremony, the preliminary difliculties regarding the establishment of a Forest branch at the School of Agriculture will soon be overcome 640 and that a complete course in Forestry will be goon arranged for. In the early part of February the Superintendent of the School of Agriculture visited the Sabara- gamuwa Province and inspected the work of the Agricultural Instructors at Dippitigalla, Balangoda, Godakawela and Kolonne. A new Veterinary Colonial Surgeon in the person of Mr. Sturgess is shortly expected in place of Mr. Lye, resigned. Mr. W. A De Silva, who was holding the acting appointment, will no doubt revert to hissubstantive post as Headmaster of the School of Agriculture. We take this opportunity of congratulating Mr. De Silva on the able and efficient manner in which he has discharged the responsible duties of Government Veterinary Sur- geon, and welcome him back to the staff of the School where his services as a lecturer will be ‘invaluable, The demand for manure in Ceylon is a healthy sign, inasmuch us it indicates that cultivators are alive to the fact that the fertility of the soil must be maintained. Apart from the com- mon commercial fertilizers such as bone dust, castor cake, \c., there is a good market now for fish-manure, imported and locally prepared, while blood from the Colombo slaughter-houses and . night-soil treated in Kandy are also being utilized. Of late we have seen people from South India going about offering such snbstances as cattle- manure dried in cakes, dry goat and sheep » manure, and even ashes—all brought over from the neighbouring coast. The prices demanded per cwt. are R200 for the first, R20 for the second, and R150 for the third! There would seem to be little prospect of the American Dewberry becoming established as a thirving fruit tree, as it hasdone in India, Mr, Nock of the Hakgala Gardens referring to it, ~-says:—“ The plants of American Dewberry raised -- from seed you kindly gave usare growing well, but none have flowered yet. We have some large plants from seeds from Kew which have floweredseveral times, but the fruit has never come to anything. We have one specimen of English Blackberry which grows and fruits verywell here.” Some analyses of both milk and butter have been made by the Agricultural Chemist to the Government of India. The milk ofa herd of Sind cows and of a herd of buffaloes at Poona was analysed night and morning on eight occasions during July and August 1898, and the average of these analyses was found to be as follows :— Cows’ Miik. Bufialoes’ Milk. 4 A.M. 2P.M. 4A.M. 2 P.M. Water 86°66 85°53 82°14 82:13 Butter fat 5:19 5°43 7:93 SB} Casein 3:13 2°95 4°09 4:03 Milk sugar 5°31 540° © 505 553) Mineral matter orl 69 79 80 100:00 100-00 100°00 100:00 Specific gravity 1:0314 1:0297 1/0296. 1:0292 Yield of milk in th. 8:0 58 - 6 5:9 Buftuloes’ milk has always been understood to be rich, aud the high percentage of butter fat shown Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” structure and functions of the various organs of -cattle-murrain, ‘rinderpest, or cattle-plague. < [Mareh 1, 1895. in these analyses is, therefore, in accord with what was to be expected. The amount of fat in the cows’ milk is, however, distinctly higher than might have been anticipated as compared with the average yield from herds in Europe. es RAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTH or FEBRUARY. 1 Nil 12 Nil 23 Nil 2 Nil 13 Nil 24 Nil 3 Nil 14 Nil 25 21 4 Nil 15 Nil 26 “07 5 09 16 Nil 27 Nil 6 Nil 17 Nil iN | yf Nil 18 Nil eras | | 8 Nil 19 Nil oe 9 Nil 20 Nil Total ... °40 10 03 2) Ik ee Semone | | — 1] Nil ae | Mean ... -014 Greatest amount of rainfall in any 24 hours on the 25th instant, 2] inches. Recorded by P. VAN DE Bona. ee HINTS ON THE DISEASES ‘OF CATTLE IN INDIA, PLAIN We should before now have acknowledged the receipt of a copy of the second edition of this useful work, revised and enlarged, with five plates. The author is Veterinary Captain Mills, the Principal of the Bombay Veterinary College, who,from his long experience of, and intimate acquaintance with, Indian cattle is more qualified perhaps than any other officer of the Veterinary Department, to offer advice on the subject of cuttle disease in India. In the work, which consists of about 150 pages, the author treats in a clear and concise manner with the subject of Indian breeds ; Selection of cattle; breeding and rearing ; tood and feeding; cattle-sheds; the the body; health and disease ; nursing ; preven- tion of disease and cinerators; medicine and medicinal agents; contagious diseases; diseases of the brain and nervous system; non-contagious blood diseases ; disease of the respiratory system ; diseases of the urinary and generative systems ; pregnancy, parturition «and parturient diseases; fractures, accidents and diseases of external structures; cattle-polsoning, meat and. milk, cruelty toanimals, The appendices consist of a reprint ofthe Madras Act No. 20f 1886 for the prevention and spread of disease among cattle ; an account of Pasteur’s method of preventive innoculation for anthrax ; weights and measures; a table of dentition of cattle; and finally a glossary. This enumeration of the contents is sufficient to convince one of the value of the little work, and how useful it would be to all owners of stock in ~ India and Ceylon. Indeed, we would go to the — length of saying that it should be in the hands of — all owners of estates and of cultivators of the — soil generally, as well as of revenue officers and — their subordinates. The book, which is priced at — R3, has already been adopted as a text-book at — the School of Agriculture. - 1 We make no apology for quoting the following reference to th2 great scourge of the country, Match 1, 1895.] Supplement to the “Tropical Agricultwrist.” —— simplicity of the treatment which we have reason to believe has been attended with much success, is certainly very striking :— Rinderpest or Cattle-plague is a frequent and fatal disease in many parts of the country. A week to a fortnight after an animal has been ex- posed to infection, he falls sick and the disorder rapidly spreadsina herd. It is difficult in the earliest stages to decide as to the exact nature of the disease, but later very marked symptoms seit in; of these, extreme weakness amounting to prostration, twitching of the muscles of the body, first constipation followed by severe diarrhoea, with a very foul and peculiar swell of the matter passed, whichis often mixed with blood, eruptions of the membrane of the nose, mouth, and certain parts of the skin, suchas those cover- ing the vulya and the udder. A peculiar cough is generally present, in addition to general high fever and a flow of acrid tears from the eyes. The disease runs its course in from seven to ten days, and ustally ends fataHy. After death, the intes- tines and stomach are especially found diseased, and large patches of blood, which has escaped from the veins, are found in different parts of the body. Cattle suffer from this’ disorder, and sheep can fake it from them; it is highly communicable. It must nof be confounded with simple dysentery, in which there is no eruption in the mouth. Treatment.—The healthy animals should be at once segregated trom the sick. The deceased animals should be given an ample supply of drinking-water with salt and nitre in it. When the bowels are constipated they should be given a laxative dose of epsom salts. When dysentery sets in, bitter tonics, such as chiretta, cinchona bark, also decoction of bael fruié may be given alony with acrack. Their strength should be supported by giving canjee, milk, Xe. a HOW VARMERS MAY TES L THEIR SOILS. Many farmers have somehow become imbued with the idea that to apply manures profitably, and at the same time determine the kind of crop most suitable for a certain locality, all they have to do is to obtain an analysis of the soil from the agri- eultural chemist. This is all a delusion, because crops differin their capacity to pick up nutriment from the soil. A chemical analysis shows what the soil contains, perhaps at the moment of exami- nation, butit does not pretend to give the quantity in which the constituents will be available to the plant during the period of growth. The weather or the seasons have a large influence in such mat- ters. lor instance, a shower of rain or the absence of that shower may alter the character of a evop to such an extent as to render the analysis of the soil, or’ its supposed resulting benefits, entirely worthless. The way to get at the real value and character of any particular soil is to make some practical experiments with it. If it is desired to know whether a soil is already provided with nitrogeuous matter it is suflicient to sow a handful of wheat upon asmall square of ground which has been manured with a mineral substance only. Or the test may be made without the aid of mineral matter, If the ground yields a good erop, it shows that the soil already contains a suflicient supply of nitrogen, On the other hand, to assertain whether ‘ 641 — the soil contains a sufliciency of mineral manure (phosphate of lime and potash), manure plots with nitrogenous substances only, planting, say, one with maize and the other with potatoes. The great influence that phosphate of lime has on maize and sorghum and potash on potatoes is well known; therefore if the maize flourishes you may be sure the land has enough phosphate of lime, and the potatoes will indicate if the ground lacks potash. Thus two experiments, requizing but a small area of ground, and trying three different crops, are sufficient to obtain the indications necessary to a judicious system of culture. The best method of obtaining what is needed in any given case to produce a particular crop is to put the question to the soil itself. Such experiments will abundantly repay the investigator in the practical money value of the results.—4Australasian. : oe SOME SKIN DISHUASHES IN CATTLE. Tinea tonswans.—A skin disease, characterized by the appearance of gray scaly patches, appeared in some of the Sind cows belonging to the Govern- ment Dairy. The disease spread especially among the calves who for a time were much incon- venienced, Tvnea tonsurans is caused by a parasitic fungus described under the genus Tre cophyton. Its contagious character was manifested amply by its attacking over twelve calves. The contagion was not so marked in the older animals for only two cows were troubled with it, and that too only to a very mild extent. It may be remarked that this affection ig not peculiar to any country, but is widely distributed over dif- ferent cattle-breeding districts of the world; however, it is neither common nor, when present, of any serious nature in animals that are well honsed and properly taken cave of. But —as cattle in Ceylon, as a general rule, are not much attended to as regards their housing, and are in most cases allowed to graze about in herds, if they once get a skin disease of this nature, it would undoubtedly assume a serious form for want of proper attention, and, as a result, the animals would become unthrifty, and in the end almost unfit for any work. 4 The disease rarely spreads over the whole sur- face of the skin, but usually locates itself in the face, neck and upper portion of the body; it is very seldom that it extends as far down as the limbs, Afi the commencement a small circum- scribed patch, perhaps not bigger thana cent piece will be observed with hair standing on eud, Subsequently the hair falls off and the upper layer of the skin (epidermis) becomes prominent and discoloured first a dirty yellow and subsequently a leaden grey, showing several layers of dry epidermis over the patches. Such patches gradually crop up close upon each other till a comparatively large area is thus affected. At the early stages slight itching (pruritis).is observable, but as the diseased patches dry up itching ceases, but new patches erop up rapidly. linea tonsurans is not confined to cattle alone, but is observed in many species of animals, and so far it is known to be met with in dogs, cats and pigs. The affection is communicated to man from these animals, Lreatment.—The preventative treatment con- sists in proper attention to the cleanliness of the horses, even 642 Supplement to the * Tropical Agriculturist.” animals, by giving them cccasional baths and hous- ingthemin cleansheds. Being a contagiousdisease, animals affected should be separated from the healthy ones. Regular bathing, washing with some non-poisonous disinfectant, such as a solu- tion of Jeye’s disinfectant fluid, or a_ strong solution of salt in water—and in severe cases a dressing with sulphur ointment, consisting of one part of sulphur to eight of lard,—are sufli- cient to effect a thorough cure. Young calves that are attacked should have ample supplies of nutritious dief sucli as rice conjee and kollu water prepared by boiling the seeds of Dolichos Biflorws in water. Phthiriases (Lousiness ).—It often happens when a large number of cattle, especially young calves are )oused together, and particularly those breeds as have comparatively Jong hair, they often get infested with ice. 1t has to be borne in mindthat this vermin multiplies tosuch an extent— one authority estimates thata single louse in its third generation would give rise to a progeny of over 125,000,—that the animals thus infested are put to a deal of suffering, and unless proper measures are taken to remove the parasile, they get weakened and ultimately become unthrifty. The species of the louse that infects cattle in this country, and which was observed among some of the dairy calves is known as 7vchodectes scalaries. Il is so active that it causes much itching and the skin is covered not only with exudatious, but the hair becomes filled with the debris which the insect leaves in. moulting. Treatment.—Clipping off the long hair and cleanliness are two (things which should not be neglected au coping with this” disorder. In addition, the application of any — ordinary insecticide will be suflicient to put anend to the lice. In the use of insecticide care must be taken to avoid mercurial preparations as cattle are very susceptible to the action of this drug. Infusion of Tobacco, linseed Oil, Pyrethrum or seeds of Stavesacre miy be used with advantage. Vin els Dh SS 3 ° 2 POONA FARM REPORT. From the exhaustive report of Mr. Mollison, the Superintendent of the Poona farm, We extract the following reference to the Dairy and Dairy Herd :— 1 At the end of the financial year there were three stud bulls, 68 milch animals, and 97 head of young stock. The }ord increased from 128 head in 1892-98 to 170 head this year. There were 27 animals sold and 42 bought, whilst there were 50 births and 11 deaths, the latter being most calves of purchased animals. : The dairy produce from 68 milk cattle was cold during this year for Rs. 14,701-11-3. Cattle food, fcdder, and grazing cost Rs, 9,358-6-2. The herd was quite free from contagious disease. he dairy has proved itself a profitable institution. Not only so, but the sick soldiers in hospitals are supplied with purer and cheaper milk and butter than can be obtained elsewhere. The saving to Government on this account is consider- able. The public are supplied from the dairy at yates fixed purposely higher than the prices charged by private dairymen in Poona, yet during the year we have had numerous applications tri ee {March 1, 1895. private residents for a regular supply of dairy produce, which could not be complied with. Those people who have young children appear to be particularly anxious that they should obtain milk from the Government farm. If the Govern- ment duiry interferes in any way with the trade of private dairies, it hecuuse the public demand a higher scandard of cleanliness than that which prevails in some of the dairies es- tablishea by private enterprise in Poona and elsewhere. There is no question that the initiative example of the Agricultural department has raised the quality standard of dairy products throughuot this presidency,and has educated the Muropean public to become critical as to the quality of dairy produce. It is perhaps a healthy sign that butter of inferior quality is veetoed, whilst that of superior quality is bought up rapidly at almost any price. In course of time, good butter will undoubtedly be obtained in India at a cheaper rate than at present. The extended use of im- proved dairy machinery has made it possible to make butter in Bombay and elsewhere from cream separated in districts where milk is cheap. At present the advantage to the milk producer in outlying districts is considerable: but it is considerably greater to the dairyman. He obtains for good butter about double the ordinary price of ghi. Well-made butter yields approximately only 80 per cent of ghi. In time the profits will be more equalized. Meantime, the owner of im- proved dairy machinery drives a lucrative trade, This is evidenced by the fact that butter made in Bombay from cream . obtained from distant districts is railed daily te Poona and _ several outstations in large quantities, and is offered for sule in attractive looking “pats” at bungalows and, presumably, is readily sold, the price being 12 annas a pound, 1 believe the Government Farm Dairy stimu- lates private enterprise. 1t also affords thorough practical tuition free of cost to all who desire to be properly instructed in improved dairy metheds. We insist, however, that those who come to learn must not be mere onlookers. They must work. The young stock bred on the farm are commen- cing to come into profit. It is premature to anticipate results. Yet the milk yields from these young cows force the conviction that they are likely to prove superior to their dams as milch cattle. It is the chief object of our breeding experiments to gain that result. There is very little to add to the information already published in respect of dairy cattle. I am certain thata great deal of success in dairying in India hinges upoa the possibility of providing milk cattle with a fairly liberal supply of green fodder during the whole year. A liberal ration of green fodder increases the milk yield, but it lowers the quality. It has that effect at any rate in respect of the percentage of butter fat. If a fair allowance of green fodder is regularly — given, cows and buffaloes, especially the former, come sooner in season for the bull after calving, and, therefore, breed more regularly than would — otherwise be the case. ge Gir cows in the Deccan are disappointing a8— regular breeds and as regular milk producers. Under the most skilful management, they do not yield the same quantity of milk as they do int is \ March 1, 1895. ] Supplement to the “T. ropical Agriculturist.”’ 643 Gir hills of Kathiawar. They improve, however, when acclimatized. It has yet to be ascertained whether pure-bred Girs bred in the Deccan are an improvement on imported dams. When the Surat farm is started it is proposed to continue the breeding experiments with Gir cattle there, that loculity being probably more suitable than Poona. Aden cows maintain their reputation as regular breeders and millers. The record of yield reported further on does not this year afford much in- formation as regards this breed, because nearly all the Aden cows were in milk at the end of the year, and their yields are excluded from the statement. Half-bred Adens are regular breeders and fair milkers. Nine Sind cows bought in the neighbourhood of Kurrachee have done well. Several had calved and were in milk when brought by steamer and rail to Poona. Naturally they went off milk during transport, and did not recover their normal yields. [I expect them to do better during the current season. All these cows calyed in May, 1893, and five were giving a fair quantity of milk at the end of the year (51st March 1894). The yield record noted in the subjoined state- ment is, therefore, not complete for the whole period of lactation. Still it compares very favour- ably with that of other breeds, The best Sind cow gave in 330 days 4,864 lbs. of milk, worth, at the rate charged at the farm, R374, and at the end of the year was still giving 9 lbs. or 43 seers per day. Sind cattle are not accustomed to wes weather, and in the Deccan must not be exposed to heavy rain. Buffaloes are decidedly moreirregular as breeders than cows. Jafferabadi Buffaloes, owing to their large size and the necessarly large ration they require, are not, 1 think, so profitable as well- selected Surat buffaloes, because on the average the latter yield quite as much milk as the former. The two best buffalozs were of Surat breed :— No. 1 yielded during the period of Jactation (871 days) 6,959 lbs. milk worth Rs. 491, The worst buffalo (a cross-bred Deccani) yielded during the period of lactation (227 days) 1,971 lbs. milk, worth Rs, 141. The cost of upkeep of these buffaloes did not differ materially. Surely, there is room to believe that if we go on in the direction which we are pursuing, and retain for breeding purposes the young stock of the best only, we will in time breed up to a higher standard. In any case it is a useful line to follow on a Government farm, for as far as my experience goes “breeding for mill” is entirely beyond the purview of the native stock-owner, except in Sind, where well-to-do zemindars know the pedigrees of all the best eattle they own and are particularly proud of their best milk cows. Under the head of fodder experiments, the following is Mr. Mollison’s note on Mauritius or water grass, which he also calls Buffalo grass :— This.is the chief fodder grass of Ceylon. There it yemains green all the year round and is em- ployed largely for feeding milch cattle. A few roots were obtained from the School of Agriculture Farm, Colombo. The plant can be propagated either from the roots or from the stoloniferous » stems which grow out laterally along the ground » and root at every node, From these rooted nodes straight shoots spring up. When ready to cut, the grass is very thick and and stands about 18 inches high. Cattle dike it, but it grows slower than Guinea grass, and does not give the same outtura. It has this advantage—it thrives well in a damp, oreven a wel situation, he best method of propagating is to cut the loug lateral stems into short lengths. Broadcast these sparingly over the surface, and cover lightly with soil. The plot on the farm since it has become fully established has been cut twice at an interval of 87 days. The yields of green fodder were :-— Yield from Yield 4 gunthas. per acre. Lbs. Lbs. Ist cutting 1,070- 10,700 2ud cutting 1,802 18,020 ———————— MINOR MANURES—GAS LIME. Gas Lime is a waste product in the;manufacture of gas. It has not a high reputation, and can be bought at a low figure, and may sometimes be had for carting away. Jn ils fresh state it bas an evil smell, and contains sulphuret of lime and other sulphur compounds that give off sulphuretted hydrogen, and are injurious to vegetable life. It is these the farmer who uses it must guard against, and failure to do this brings about disastrous results, But when rightly understood the danger may be reduced to a minimnm, for if gas lime is exposed the oxygen of the atmosphere soon destroys the bad smell by changing the sulphuret of lime into sulphite, and finally sulphate of lime or gypsum ; or, in other words, by changing it from a posi- tively poisonous substance to a well-known fer- tiliser, Inasample of gas lime from which the water (that constituted about 40 per cent. of it) had been evaporated, and that had been kept long enough to be used with safety as a manuie, Dr. Voelcker found the following compounds of lime:—Sulphate of lime, 4:64; sulphite of lime, 15:19; carbonate of lime, 49°40; and caustic lime, 18°23 per cent, A substance rich as this in lime compounds cannot fail to be of considerable service to farmers, and in actual practice it is found to have much the same effect as ordinary lime. The crop on which it does the most good are clovers of various kinds, beans and peas, tares and turnips. It is said to cause scab on potatoes, but this is probably only when if has been incorporated with the soil ina fresh state. On grass land it should be spread in frosty weather at atime when vegetation is dor- mant, so that it may have changed toa mild form before the growth of grass in spring; or, better still, it should be made into a compost with roads scrapings, ditch-scourings or other refuse, before being applied. It is of great service in destroying moss, heath, acid-loying plants, and certain other useless vegetable growths. On arable land it should be spread three or four weeks before being ploughed in, and it may be used at the rate of two, three, or four tons per acre. It is said that if applied quite fresh and ploughed in at once, 1b will destroy coltsfoot, or other weeds that may have taken absolute possession of the soil, and cannot be removed by ordinary means, Miss Ormerod and Dr Voeleker recommend it ag an almost certain cure for" Finger-and-Toe” og “ i - 64 4 Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” | [March 1, 1895. “Anbury” in turnips. The latter makes the ol | that he is ignorant of the very radiments of lowing interesting statement:—* On visiting the fields where the turnips were affected (by the above-named disease) by wart-like excrescences, and forked and twisted into the most fantastical forms, I noticed a spot on which the roots were nearly all sound. On stooping down and exami- ning the soil, I picked up some bits of a whitish- looking substance which appeared to me like dried gas-lime, and I learned afterwards that on this very spot a cart of gas-lime had been unloaded the year before. The chemical examination of the soil on this field showed merely traces of lime; and, at my recommendation, the occupier applied a heavy dose of gas-lime, which completely cured the evil.” Considering the above, we can come to no other conclusion than that gas-lime is of value to those who can easily obtain it.—N. B. Agriculturist. sp eg ee Le FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE. The Colonial Veterinary Surgeon of the Cape recommends the following treatment for foot and mouth disease in the last number of Agricultural Journal of Cape Colony:—* The principal consider- ation is to keep the feet clean and dry, to prevent matter and intractable sores from forming. “'The following lotion will answer as a wash for the mouth and a dressing for the feet :— Powdered Sulphate of Copper 6 ounces. Carbolic Acid or Jeyes’ Miuid .. 3. do. Water 1 gallon. “Mix thoroughly and apply totheeruption. The mouth will get well with one or two dressings, but the feet should be thoroughly cleaned, dressed and carefully attended to, Any astringent healing antiseptic lotion will answer, if well applied. A dressing of tar answers very well where cattle can- not be regularly attended to. “Considering that the large majority of the cattle in this country are not sufficiently tame to admit of being caught daily to have their feet dressed properly, I would recommend, as a sub- stitute for daily dressing by the hand, that a large shallow bath be constructed in a suitable situation, either of wood or cut out of the soil and cemented, or if the soil is capable of retaining water, a good bath may be made, by simply cutting out a level channel about 12 feet wide and 18 feet long, cap- able of holding fluid mixture about 9 inches deep, the edges sufficiently high to prevent waste by -splashing over. lt would be necessary to have a ‘strong close fence on each side of the bath to keep them in it when being driven through, with a gate at each end to prevent any animals from getting to the bath to drink. The affected cattle could be “driven through this bath daily, and as a preventive, I would recommend that the non-affected stock should be driven through daily also, while the disease continues in the neighbourhood. If the herds and flocks are small, a bath half the size of the above may be sufficient.” a SOME ASPECTS OF NATIVE. AGRICULTURE. The native cultivator (one goy iya) i is an individual about whose character there is much diversity of opinion. He is considered lazy and apathetic by some, while others looks upon him as a helpless ‘ereature, a child of circumstances who is deserv- . ing. of our sincerest commiseration, Some assert ———— eee agriculture, and some again maintain that when it comes to paddy and other indigenous crops, so far from requiring to be taught he can teach others. I have late'y had an opportanity of seeing native cultivation carried on under condi- tions which may be said to be peenliar to the districts in which they were met with, and this experience for one thing has brought new light to bear upon our idea of the character of the native cultivator. In the remote villages visited by me the art of agriculture has reached such a state of neglect as the ancient cultivators of Ceylon would hardly have believed it could reach. True, there are some graye difficulties in the way of the agri- culturist in many parts of the Island, and among them may be mentioned the great lack of cheap conveyance, the absence of markets, and the difficulty of getting about, To these drawbacks we may attribute the fact that the villagers in many parts never go in for vegetable-fruit garden culture, as the produce 1s of a comparatively perishable nature and will not keep for any length of time ; and that produce should keep is, of course, a necessary ecndition inthese remote places. I have seen excellent English and native vegetables grown experimentally in places where there was no market, to speak of for the produce. Many of our largest provincial towns contain but a handful of probable consumers of fruits and vegetables of superior quality ; but even granted a sufficient number of consumers, in the absence of cheap means of transport, it will not pay the cultivator to convey his produce from the remoter villages to the markets of the larger towns. So that as far as vegetable gardening is concerned, these villages may justly be acquitted of blame. Indeed, there are parts of provinces that have yet to be opened up a great deal before fruit and vegetable gardens can be successfully es- tablished. Much of them is still covered with forest growth, and till villages and towns and markets appear in those places, it can hardly be expected that the villager will expend the care and trouble necessary for vegetable culture —which requires clean cultivation, manuring and watering—with the poorest possibility there is at present for marketing his produce. But what surprised me was the careless manner in which paddy and the fine grains (kurakkan, amu, tana, &c.,) are cultivated. The yield of paddy is miser- ably low, and no wonder, wher the land is continually under cultivation without fallowing and without manuring. So little tmportance is attached to the preparation of the land in many places, that even the use of the native plough has been discarded and the only operation pre- paratory to sowing is the inverison of the sods by means of the mamotie, The crop Teceives little or no after treatment, and is generally left to struggle against weeds. In the chenas the fine grains may be seen growing together with hill paddy, Indian corn — and other plants, the seeds of all having been sown together. The result as may be expected, is that there is a struggle among the various 4 crops and that they all suffer. ; There is little excuse for the carclessneiail the cultivators in the matter of paddy and grain cultivation, when it would be to March 1, 1895.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” 645 interest to carefully prepare their paddy fields and attend to the growing crop; as well as to grow their chena crops in rows and give them “also proper attention. No doubt the system at present in vogue has been practised for some generations, till the cultivators of today have begun to look wpon it as established in those parts, and one which needs no improvement. It is in just such situations ag these that good work can be done in reforming the existing systems. It willbe agreat day when the Railway intersects the various pfovinces of the Island. Then will the resources of the country—which in many parts is rich in resources—-be developed to their full extent and the prospects of the cultivating class be brightened. The idea which at present dominates the mind of the rural cultivator seems to bethat there is no necessity for him to raise more produce than is required just exactly for his food require- ments, and to endeavour to raise it with the least difficulty to himself and generally of the ‘poorest quality. Te need to be impressed with the true object of agriculture which may be stated thus:—To produce the largest crops of the best quality at the smallest expense and the least per- manent injury to the land. TRAVELLER. $$ $$$ WOOD ASHES. Wood ashes as manure do not seem to be thorougly appreciated in this country, although they are so generally prevalent, the reason being that their value us manure is not thoroughly “understood. It is considered by those who do use them, that their benefits are to be attributed solely to the potash they contain, whereas they -are really a complete fertiliser so far as the mineral elements of the plant food are concerned, containing the whole residue of plants after being burned, except that part which 1s returned to the atmosphere whence it was originally derived; the nitrogen aud the carbon of the trees alone _ being wanting in the ashes. There is, of course, a difference in the value of wood ashes dependent onthe kind of trees from which they are produed and the character of the soil on which they grew. They also vary according to the parts of the plant from which they are taken, those from young branches being more valuable for horticultural purposes than those from the heart wood, the proportion varying from 5 to 20 cent. Professor Storer has investigated the question somewhat in . detail, and has found by analysis that selected - specimens contain 83 per cent. of potash and 2 per cent. of phosphoric acid; or 43 1b. of potash and 1 lb. of phosphoric acid for one bushel of ashes. The bark of trees is still more rich in lime than in potash, But lime is not sufficiently used by orchardists or other gardeners, it being es- pecially required by stone fruits, as well as others. Besides, the production of nitrogenous plant food goes on most easily in soils that have a consider- able proportion of limein them. Indeed it may be said that this supply of lime is indispensable to the action of the nitrification bacteria, which must have lime within its reach for proper deyelop- ment, The power of potash to make the nitrogen of the soil ayailable for plants is strikingly shown a is. clearing wooded localities, for wherever a heap of wood or scrub is burned, the vegetation that grows afterwards is particularly rank and luxuriant. Investigations have proved, says8 a writer in the Gardeners’ Chronicle, that commercial ferti- lisers are decidedly inferior for plant growth to wood ashes. The explanation of this fact, he says, seems to be that the sulphate and the chloride of potash are devoided of the alkaline quality which is so marked a peculiarity of carbonate of potash, which is the effective agent in wood ashes. An illustration of the value of wood ashes as a fertiliser for grapes is given. ‘Two vines yielded only 20 1b, of grapes in a season, but, the follow- ing year, they having been heavily manured with a mixture of wood ashes and kainit, the two vines yielded 120 1b, of grapes of excellent quality. The potash in the wood ashes combined with the potash of the kainit, matured the wood of the vine and developed the fruit.—Austrahan Hachange. ee THE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF CEYLON, We have been presented with copies of the Proceedings of the Ceylon Agricultural Scciety during the year 1843 and 1844. To judge froma perusal of these booklets the Society would seem to have been a most useful one with the Governor as Patron and the Colonial Secretary as President. We learn that it was established in the year 1842, but what led to its dissolution we have been unable to ascertain. The list of members a3 given in the Proceedings includes about one hundred and fifty names, and in merely reading over this list one is led to the conclusion that in these years the cause of Agriculture had no lack of influential support. Apart from promoting and encouraging agricultural shows, the Society appears to have done much good work as a means of intercommunication not only between those interested in the catise of agriculture in the Island, but also between the Ceylon Society and other agricultural bodies, The result of such communi- cation as shown in the pages of the Proceedings must undoubtedly have resulted in mutual benefit that cannot be too highly valued. The pity is that we have no such association as the Ceylon Agricultural Society at present. ‘True, we have a so-called Agri-Horticultural Society, but the difference between the character of the past and present Society is allthe difference between activity and lethargy, between earnestness and indifference, between the realand the nominal. What we want is a body that will work in real earnest and show a keen solicitude, in anaciive manner, for the wel- fave of agriculture in the country. Such a Society holding meetings say once a month at the School of Agriculture we should greatly desire to see established, and are ready to help in inaugurating if sufficient support is forthcoming. 7 ; eee ZOOLOGICAL NOTES FOR AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS. The order Hyracotdea is represented by a small niwaber of living members. It is interesting as including the Hyrax Syriacus, whieh occurs in the rocky parts of Syria and Palestine, and is believed to be the “ Coney ” of Scripture, 646 The order Proboscidea is now only represented by the elephants. The order is characterised by the total absence of canine teeth; the molar teeth are few in number, large, and transversely ridged or tuberculate ; incisors are always present, and grow from persisting pulps, constituting long tusks, In existing species these tusks only oc- cur in the\upper jaw, the lower being destitute of incisors. The pose is prolonged into a cylindrical trunk, movable in every direction, highly sensitive, and terminating in a finger-like prehensile lobe. The nostrils are placed at the extremity of the proboscis. ‘The feet are furnished with five toes each, and witha thick pad of integument ; there are no clavicles; and the teats, two in number, are placed upon the chest. Only two living species of elephants are known: the Asiatic (Elephas Indicus) and the African (KE. Africanus). In the Indian and Ceylon elephant the males alone have well-developed tusks, but both sexes have tusks in the African species, those of the males being the largest. The Indian elephant is distinguished by its concave forehead, smal] ears, and the character of the molars. Its skall is pyramidal, and it has five hoofs on the fore feet and only four on the hind feet. The African elephant has a strongly convex forehead and great flapping ears. Its eolour is darker, its skull is rounded, and it has four hoofs on the fore feet and only three on the hind. The elephant of the East is tolerably easily domesticated, and it is often used for performing heavy draught work, and even occasionally for ploughing. Klephant tusks yield a good deal of the ivory of commerce. The Carnivora are distinguished by their canine teeth which are much larger and longer than the incisors and are well adapted for tearing flesh; the clavicles are either altogether wanting or merely rudimentary ; the toes are provided with sharp carved claws; the teats are abdominal. ; Section 1. Pinnigrada or pinnipeda comprises the seals and walruses, with their short legs expanded into broad webbed swimming paddles. Seals are largely captured for the sale of their blubber and skins; while the walrus is hunted by whalers, both for its blubber which yields an excellent oil, and for the ivory of the tusks. Section 2. Plantigrada comprises the bear and its allies, in which the whole or nearly the whole of the foot is applied to the ground, so that the animals walk upon the soles of the feet. From the structure of the foot the Plantigrada have power of rearing themselves upon their great eae ¢ hind feet. They are comparatively slow o movement, and more or less nocturnal in habits. The claws are formed for digging, large, strong and carved, but not retracsile; the tongue Is smooth ; the ears small,erect and round ; the tail short ; the nose forms a movable truncated snout; and the pupil is circular. Bears are hunted for the sake of their skins and fat. ; iy Section 8. Digitigrada. This section comprises the lions, tigers, cats, dogs &e. in which the heel of the foot is raised off the ground, and the animal walks on the tips of the toes. The weasel, pole cat (Putorius foetidus) and ferret are the best known of the Mustelidee, being characterised by their short legs, worm-like bodies and peculiar gliding mode of progression. Nearly-allied is the ermine or stoat, and the sable. The Mustelidz are of commercial importance as yielding beauti- Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” ‘preparation of the articles. It is [March 1, 1895. ful and highly-valued furs. Closely related to the above are the otters distinguished by their webbed feet adapted for swimming. Many of the otters yield valuable fur, Tie family Viverridcs includes the civets and genettes. The Hyenidee are distinguished by having 4 toes oneach foot, arounded muzzle and rough tongue, and include the yarious species of Hyzena. Cinidz comprises the dogs, wolves, foxes and jackals, They have pointed muzzles and smooth tongues. ‘he fore feet have five toes each, the hind feet have only four. Felidoe (or Cats tribe) comprises the most typical members of the whole order carnivora, such as lions, tigers, leepards, cats and panthers. They all walk upon the tips of their toes, The hind feet have four toes each, while the fore feet have five. All the toesare furnished with strong, curved repartite claws, which, when not in use are drawn within sheaths by the action of elastic ligaments, so as not to be unnecessarily blunted. The tongue is rough and the jaws short. ~~ ——____. . THE PREPARATION OF ESSENCES. Among the many miscellaneous manufactures which are capable of being developed in the Island, the preparation of essences from the numerous . aromatic shrubs and flowers found here, cannot but prove to be of great value and profit if properly taken in hand. Ceylon, no doubt, has been for a long time exporting two essential oils, viz., Cinnamon oil and Citronella oil. Both these industries have so far been almost over-done, and owing to the large oucput of the materials, prices have come down to such an extent as to hardly leive a sufficient margin of profit to manu- facturers for the capital they invest and for the trouble and labour they undergo in the positively asserted in some quarters that the manufacture of Citronella oil would altogether cease to be a profit- able industry according to the current prices obtain- able for the article, were it not for the considerable adulteration of the essential oil which is almost openly resorted to now. The adulterant used being nothing less than petroleum, or kerosine oil, and in the proportion of almost one toone. The device was, no doubt, first resorted to by dishonest traders, and when it was found that detection of the adulteration was a matter of great diffi- culty, most of the traders and planters were obliged to resort to this unfair practice, solely owing to the falling off in prices. Sometime back, English chemists carried out certain in- vestigations with a view to finding out an easy method of detection ; however, they were not very successful, and it is feared that with very rare exceptions the practice of adulteration is still in vogue. It is a matter for regret that the growers cannot be made to combine in their own interests to discontinue a policy which, in itself, is sufficient to kill out the industry altogether. When dealers in Kurope find it difficult to obtain the pure article from Ceylon, they would not only resort to other son.ces of supply, but would go so far as to seek for substitutes for the article. Even when the growers agree, the conditions of — trade here aresuch that petty traders who supply — March 1, 1895.] the contractors will hive to be controlled in some way or other. Among the species of plants obtainable in Ceylon which are likely to yield essences, the following may be mentioned:—Sweet flag, Acorus Calamus Sing. Wadakaha,a zingiberaceous plant growing in moist situtations. Kempferia galanga l., Sing. Hingura piyali, and probably other species of Kempferia such as K. Pandurata, S. Ambakaha and AK. Rotunda, Sing. Yuvakenda. Curcuma Zerumbet, S. Harankaha and C. Ayomiatica, S. Dadakaha. All of the natural order Scitamineze, and yielding aromatic rhizomes. The flowers and rhizomes of Alpinia galanga, Kaluwala. The seeds of Mllataria cardamomum, S. Ensal. Of the grasses, the roots of the Andropogon muricatus, Kus Kus or Sin. Sevendura, and the leaves of many other species of the same genus, such as A. mardus, Sin. Pengiri; A. schenathus (geranium grass) and A. Citratrus yield essential oils. Of the Labiate order the leaves of Ocimum canum, S. Hintala; O. sanctum, S. Maduratala ; O. dbaselicum; O. grattisimum and O. adescendens, Plecatranthus Zeylanicus, S. Iri- wariya; Coleus aromuticus, S. Kapparawallia ; Pogostemon hyneanus, 8. Koilankola; Mentha sativa and M. Viridis are polific sources of essence. Among others we have the seeds of Aniseed, Pimpinella anisum; Cummin seed, Cuminum cyminum ; Fennel) seed, Feniculum vulgare ; Nigella sativa, S. Kaludura and Coriander, Coriander Sativum and a host of others. Cloves, Nutmegs and Sandal-wood, the flowers of orange and myrtle, are common and well known. The methods of extraction of essence are altnost simple in the extreme, There are three processes in vogue just now, Viz., expression, distillation, and maceration. Weel DiS: (To be continued.) Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” 647 GENERAL ITEMS. Dr. Watt in his Dictionary of Economic Products mentions that he has repeatedly observe: milkmen in Eastern Bengal carrying milk to market with a few leaves of Cocculus Villosus and the spine- like leaf of the date-palm placed in the vessel, and that on enquiring he was told that these prevented the milk from going bad through heat and shaking. Dr. Watt further states that he suspects that the rel object was to thicken the water-adulterated milk. It is now stated in one of the Agricultural Ledger series that the leaves of Cocculus as those of Pedalium Murex are well known to have the power of “ thickening water” as it is called, but the action on milk, if the above observation be coufirmed, seems well worthy the attention of the chemist and of the dairy farmers. Pelalium is reported to be more especially used to thicken butter milk. [C. Macrocarpus is the species of Cocculus indigenous to Ceylon but Pedalium Murex (the Sinhalese et-nerenchi) is a common weed, and it would be well for all concerned to see that their milk is not artifically thickened by the wily milkman by means of these two plants. | The Jute plant would appear to be particularly well suited to Queensland. A writer to the Australian Agriculturist says that at the end of six months Jute, as grown by him, reached 13 and 14 feet in height. It is doubtful whether even in the we'l-known Jute fields of Northern India this height is often attained, indeed the height of the Jute plant in these parts is not often more than 10 feet. Again, in Queensland the period of immersion is given as from 10 to 24 days, while in Bengal the period is usually about half, or less than half, of this. 4.9 am rete th it he a if; Tren A S Soe aque’, eee se | ae Aa TS oi Leifeatmnes o! O: evi d (hw Qeiiiaeds ade Sinifo 1D YOw Jerriaid nice 4 see ade ee > P sf tots rey Bi ; ; wie oe rool? eal aan ‘ | i+ . es ot age wu y tka re Leyrotl motenlt md (a cdebe Wt spies , f mod) lin te gaiwe ‘ (Lei eBaa) * got ; E ) ever top Seen t ) init | a) oe alsa GWipde mile + MMewhert ‘ ar : fj" atuiesdlusell , : 03 } b ia sack = pA a j 7 H { : clebi 2 aera} ; a’ + ia Lait, eee Lsbtpese 7 cuitrrty, ever de ; “a ; ; “phn Gel webwwe Geld % 3 SOFETR ai i j ; 7 6 fA en A vdieo j Ata * ta ine : I os ; Huy pga = preny o. inbred tha: wen to : elalerebal .< : 5 5 S.05 ok A " See pei. ‘ is Ae a wantaYeous 1 mobractiekdna ‘ + «todos putea a ; ssepecor Dap beeastpece A Ay seh , e+ lottery ga eer og rhe easing ec buraionnbs ete peal oft beereah eh an ita heataa) MRR. | Ft as lh Lyfotkad Te qieinas Ir P 2 a" c* j css -ryad St emiabiar “ F Leetat 0 Fak 7 in } (pA AR, BEV) WIC 7 F bi iti ’ a Tht » =. : ae ie a " ae ee . f meh + £ *HG ot : . « iu me 1g «| MONTHLY. be. ay —_——— Vol. XIV.] IN TROPICAL LANDS.* E have now been able to read | and annotate Mr. Sinclair’s little volume of 199 pages, and our first impression of its attractive, interesting character, has only been (leepened ; for, truly, there is not a dull page from first to last. Itis dedicated to “the dear memory of | Dr. William Alexander, for 37 years the warm and | steadfast friend of the author,” and no one, we feel sure, would have more enjoyed this sketch of tropical | travel, or more lovingly reviewed it, than the accomplished writer of ‘‘ Johnnie Gibb of Gushat- neuk,” and editor of one of the best-known of Scottish newspapers whose death a few years ago | was so widely regretted. The book is of interest to the traveller, the botanist, and especially the tropical planter; but quite as mueh also to the stay-at-home intelligent reader who wants to get a glimpse of distant and little-known lands as seen by the latest, and by no means least obser- vant visitor, and to contrast his graphic pencil- sketches of Peru, its people, industries, topograhy and vegetation with the elimpses afforded of some of our best known West Indian islands, and still more with the picture drawn of more familiar ground in the first of Crown Colonies in the Kast. There are illustrations ga/ore—from the frontispiece which reveals the size and luxnriance of cacao walks in Trinidad, to the miniature page-map of Ceylon studded all round with tiny portraits from photographs of some 40 to 50 living *In Tropical Lands: Recent 'l'ravels to the sources of the Amazon, the West Indian Islands and Cey!on, by Arthur Sinclair, Fellow of the Royal Colonial Institute, &c.—Aberdeen: D. Wyllie & Son; Edin- burgh: John Menzies & Co.; London: Simpkin, Mar- shall & Co.; Ceylon A, M. & J. Ferguson, 1895. COLOMBO), APRIL ist, "a805: [No. 10. and dead local celebrities—or at any rate colonists —most of them friends of the author including Messrs. R. B. Tytler, A. Brown, A. M., W. and J. Ferguson, H. L. Forbes, S. Le Coeq, G. M. Ballardie, A. T. Rettie, H. Blacklaw, Vollar, Milne, Greig, Fraser, Smith, Stuart, Murray, Ta aa Mitchell, Bagra, ‘lor, Hedges, Glenny, Wode- house, &e., &e., besides tliose of two Governors, Sir James Longden and Sir Arthur Havelock. More atiractive are some of the reproductions in engravings of exquisite orchids, typical of the wayside in Panama and Guayaquil, or on the banks of the Perene, or again common on the ‘Pampa Hermosa,” Peru. The ordinary flowering plants found on the hills and plains of that bota- nically most interesting of South American States are profusely depicted as well as graphi- cally described ; while of the native Indians, Lima, a fair Limena and other characteristic subjects we have also very good engravings. We miss, indeed, a list of the illustrations to supplement the ‘‘Contents” which follows the Preface, and the useful Index which closes the book ; and be- have done with fault-finding, we may fore we say further that the Sketch-Map shewing the author’s route through Peru is deficient in not giving the names of several places mentioned in the letter press, although the reader can easily pencil in these additional names for himself. 3ut having said so much for the illustrations, and by way of introduction, we turn to the book itself. In his ‘‘ prefatory note” Mr. Sin- clair makes due acknowledgement to the Peru- vian Corporation’s representative at Lima, to his fellow-travellers Messrs. A. and Clark, to Sir Walter Hely-Hutchinson while Governor of Grenada—who seems to have been specially cour- Ross and Sinclair on visiting Grenada—and to Mr, Hart of the The opening chapter is headed Ross teous and attentive to Messrs. Trinidad Gardens. 6s0 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. “Peru,” but the earlier paragraphs refer to the way thither, and we may sample them for our readers after the following fashion :— There are three routes available from Europe to Peru—the most direct, after crossing the Atlantic, being up the Amazon; the most comfortable by the Straits of Magellan; and the quickest, va the Isthmus of Panama. To save time, let us choose the last. One advantage of this route is, that it ae us a peep, in passing, at the island of Bazba- oes and Jamaica—the two oldest and most valuable of our West Indian possessions. Barbadoes is only 166 square miles in extent, but every acre is culti- vated, chiefly in sugar-cane, and, altogether, the best cultivated little tropical colony I have come across. It is densely populated, chiefly by negroes, who look much happier and better off than the poor “ whites.” The English language only is spoken—spoken with a terrific fluency and an unmistakable Irish brogue. Readers of Carlyle’s “Cromwell” will not be at a loss to account for this, remembering how Oliver sent so many of his refractory Irishmen there. “ Terrible Protector!” exclaims the Sage, “ can take your estate, our head off if he likes. He dislikes shedding blood, ut is very apt to Barbadoes an unruly man; has sent, and sends up in hundreds to Barbadoes, so that we have made an active verb of it—Barba- does you.” Jamaica has a magnificent harbour, from which superb views of the grand old Biue Mountains are t> be seen. Kingston, the capital, is spread out on the rich flat land lying between; sweltering under a blazing sun, from which eyen the laughing negro is glad to take shelter below the umbrageous trees. The climate and vegetation strikingly remind one of Ceylon, but alas! the abandoned hillsides testify to the greater labour difficulties of the poor planter here. ,A.few days more and we heave in sight of tae Isthmus of Panama. Europeans, or men from temperate regions do not readily acclimatise to the tropics, and for that matter, a3 far as my experience goes, the same rule holds god in the vegetable kingdom; for although nearly “all our most cherished plants come to us from near . the equator, we cannot, as a rule, induce our native trees to take root there. The railway on which we cross the Isthmus belongs to an American company, and Jonathan knows well how to make the most of it. No such exorbitant charges would be tolerated in any civilised country, --and beyond the mere cost of ticket and transport of baggage the amount of palm-oil one has to ex- pend cn officials in order to get along at all is ‘simply iniquitous. “Ah!” says Jonathan, * but you -/little know how costly this railway has been. Hvery sleeper it rests upon cost a life”” As if those who paid down those lives or suffered through it got the profit! Ii takes about four honrs to get over the 45 miles of comparatively flat land dividing the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, and such is the con- ‘dition of the first-class Anievican carriages that a shower of vain venders the use of an umbrella abso- lutely necessary, even while seated in them. ‘The outlook from the carriage windows is not ex- actly inviting. There is not an acre of real cultiva- vation; we simply pass between living walls of “natural greenery. The beautiful. banana leat, the graceful bamboo, and curious mangrove, the glossy mangoe tree and feathery palms, ail mixed up with ferns, orchids, and creeping flowers of every possible form and hue, display a truly tropical scene. By those who have never leit a temperate region, the astonishing variety of plants near to the Hquator can scarcely be realised. Amore beautiful situation for a city than that of Panama would be difficult to find in the world. Historically, Panama is chiefly interesting to us as the quondan headquarters of the Spaniards during the years they were spying out with envious eyes that great land of promise, Peru. "Twas from here, 360 years ago, that the bastard, but ambitious, swincherd Pizarro set sail with his cruel and greedy adventurers, ee oe [APRIL 1, 1898. Pizarro took six weeks to accomplish the distance we covered comfortably in one afternoon, namely to Point Pinas, where he turned into the river Biru, which some suppose to be the origin of the name Peru. After sailing =| this stream for a few miles he cav.e to anchor, and proceeded to explore the sur- rounding swamps. There we must leave him for a time. Pity itwas he ever came out of them! Peru in Pizarro’s time, the magnificent, prosperous, and wigely-governed land of ancient Inca, extended along the coast for 3,000 miles, including what is now Columbia, Ecuador, Ginili, and Bolivia. Since then it has been considerably éurtailed, divided, and sub- divided into little Republics, each more corrupt than its neighbour. . Now-a-days our first port of cal) from Panama is Guayaquil, the commercial capital of Eguador, sixty miles inland, beautifully situated” on fhe Guay, the finést river’ flowing into the Pacific. “Whe island of Puna, at the entrance, may be noted as the frequent rendézyous of Pizarro and his crew. Ecuador is a rich and lovely country, owned, however, by one of the rottenest little Republics in South America, and this is saying a great deal. The descendants of Europeans living mear the Equator seem to degenerate more rapidly and thoroughly than they ob at a safe distance. The descendant of the Spaniard here is a very different type from the Chilian, for instance, who, with ail his faults, is a brave, active and industrious man. But the country aronnd is a vegetable paradise, such as Britain, with all her tropical colonies, can scarcely lay claim to be supplying spontaneously the very finest varieties of tropical products and fruits, such as cocoa, coffee, pine-apple, plantain, and chiri- moya, &c., the latter beyond all comparison the most delicious fruit I ever tasted, so unlike anything else that it cannot well be described. Mr. Clements Mark- ham, the illustvious traveller, speaks of it as “ spiri- tuaJised strawberries,’ but { do not know that this description conveys very much. ‘Lhe tree, usually about 15 or 20 teet high. is a mative of Peru, and belongs to the natural order called Anonad, exten- sively represented in India and Ceylon by a rélitive known as the Sour sop, a rather refreshing fruit-in a hot climate, but coarse compared with this “master- work of nature.”’ Of commercial products cocoa is the chief, and yet there cannot be said to be any cultivation. “ At what distance apart do you plant your cacao trees?’ IT asked an old planter I chanced to meet. “Plant!” he repeated reflectively; “why, the donkeys plant all our cacao.’ ‘‘The donkeys!” I exclaimed, with unfeigned surprise. ‘“ Yes, yes,” he hastened to ex- plain, ‘the’ human-being-like animal: yoo! English call donkeys.” It dawned upon me {hut the man meant!‘ monkeys:’ And it turned ont that, being fend of the fruit, they ozcasionally inode inroails upon the ripe cocoa, which they ‘carried to ‘ distance; en- joying the luscious puip, but dropping the seeds, and thus extending the plantation. We think we have quoted enough to shew the intelligent. reader that im travelling along the South Armerican borderlands, visiting the rainless but (through irrigation) most prodaétive Coast districts of Peru, cr in climbing cver the Cor- dilleras, visiting towns and districts on the plateaux at varying altitudes and. fmaily in exploring the — grand forest country about the sources of the ~ Amazon, he has in Mr. Sinelairno bare recorder of information such as the Guide-book, Directory or even the historical volume aifords. As a prae- tical tropical planter himself, as weil as a ac. complished horticulturist, our author has bruog! to his task, a literary ability which enables him even on the most wearisome and forbidding f ‘of his route, to make his pages attractive as pleasantly instructive. He mingles an Aprir 1, 1895.| with present day history and life ; archeclogy with agriculture ; travel incidents with wayside bo- tanical excursions on flowers, fruit and forest. Here is his introduction tothe capital of Peru— and to the Andes :— The population of Lima may be about 130,000, but no one knows exactly, as they have not succeeded in taking a census for many years. The last attempt showed something like eight ladies to every man, and the ladies are as famons for their beauty and energy as the men are for their feebleness. The marriages seem only to number about $3 per annum, or less than 1 per 1,000, not a very prosperous sign. ow forthe hills. By rail to Chicla, 87 miles, thense on mule-back. his railway, it will be remembered, is, without any exception, the highest in the world, and the engineering the most audacious. ‘“ We know of no difficulties,” the consulting engineer said to me; ‘‘ we would hang the rails from balloons if necessary !” When rather more than half-way to Chicla we reach Matucana station, at an altitude of 7,788 fect above sea level, and here we resolved to stop fox two days in order to get accustomed to the rarified air. But we were not idle. Procuring mules, we proceeded toascend the sur- ‘rounding mountains. Matucana may be described as a Village of 250 inhabitants, situated at the bottom of a basin only a few hundred yards wide, but widening out to 50 miles at the upper rim, which is covered with snow. The hi'ls rise at an angle offrom 45 degrees to 75 degrees, and the so-called roads are really a terror to think of. In the distance the mountains of Peru, or the Andes, look as bleak and barren as Aden, and most globc-trotters who take a passing glimpse at them say they are so; butsuchis not the case. I have not yet seen an acre upon which the botanist might not revel, and but for the fact that I had to watch with constant dread the feet of my mule, I have never spent a more intensely interesting afternoon than I did during this memorable ride. Up, up, we went, zig- gagging on paths often not more than 18 inches wide, -and sloping over chasms,that made one blind to look down. Speak o’ ‘“‘loupin’ owre a linn”! here is a chance for any love-sick Duncan ! But oh! the flowers, the sweet flowers! who could pass these unheeded? So many old friends, too, in all the glory of their own uative home, to welcome us, and indicate the altitude more correctly than any of our anexolls. We next halted at Chicla : altitude, 12,215 feet above sealevel. A dreary enough spot, where passengers not infrequently get their first experience of soroche, or mountain sickness, caused by the rarified air, the dis- agreeable symptoms being headache, vomiting, and bleeding at the ears and nose, the only cure being a greater atmospheric pressure. Horses and mules from the low country frequently drop down dead here from failure of the heart's action. Leaving Chicla, the real tug of war begins ; the crest of the Cordilleras has to be encountered and crossed. A wretchedroad, made worse by the debits from the railway, which, for the first 15 miles, we saw being constructed still far aboye us, the nayvies hung over the cliffs by ropes, looking like venturesome peas. Higher and still higher goes this extraordinary zig- tagging railway, boring into the bowels of the moun- tains and emerging again at least a dozen times before it takes its final plunge for the eastern side of the Andes. Meanwhile, we continue our scramble to the top of the ridge, 17,000 feet above sea level. But there is now before us a tableland as far as the best eyes can reach and ten times further, with its hills and dales, lochs and rivers, more than equal in extent to Great Britain itsef, at an average height of about 13,000 feet aboye sea leyel. Here is the home of the gentle lama, a sort of link between the camel and the sheep, the wool of which is 80 much appreciated; the paco also, which supplies the world aa alpaca; and their more timid relative, the vicuna, with wool still more valuable. Here and there we come upon the remains of roads and crumbling ruins, indicating a civilisation which may date back thousands of years, even before the advent of the Inca, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. bee Of human inhabitants there are now comparatively few, but such as there are, are interesting specimens of sturdy little Highlanders. The women, particu: larly, are admirable examples of a hardy, industrious race. No finer female peasantry in the world, I should say. The chief town of this region is Tarma, about 200 miles inland, altitude 9,800 feet, popula- tion about 8,000. We stayed for some days here greatly enjoying its splendid climate—a paradise for some consumptive patients. Excellent wheat and barley ave grown here. ‘This is also the home of the potato, it having been cultivated here as care- fully as it now is in Europe, perhaps hundreds of years before America was discovered by Europeans. “Papa” they are still called being the old Inca name of the tuber; and the quality is fully equal to the best we have produced here; moreover, they have some varieties better than any of ours, one of which TI hope to’ introduce to Scotland. Our aneroids indicate an altitude of 2,650 feet, and the moist steamy heat tells us that we are truly in the tropics. The district is called Chanchamayo, where for 20 years a number of Frenchmen and Italians have been trying their hand at coffee, indigo and sugar-cane growing, it must be confessed with very indifferent suc- cess, though, certes, : 6 Vee SSP vain their! toil, They ought to blame the culture, not the soil.” But these men have been sent out without much pre- vious training. “ Thatisa splendid specimen of cin- chona,”’ we said to a planter, pointing to a tree nearhis bungalow. ‘ Cinchona !’’ he exclaimed, in real amaze- ment, “I have been 15 years here, and never knew had been cutting down and burning cinchonatrees.” We follow our author next down to the Perene and along the course of that river, until they come to a point only a thousand feet above sea-level although the mouth of the Amazon is still 3,000 miles distant. Here there are some of the economic products and interesting vege- tation noted :— “The graceful ivory palm (phytelephas), may also be seen in small groups, indicating the very richest spots of soil. Near to this may be found a solitary cacao (theobrama), 30 to 40 inches in circumference, and rising to the mature height of 50 feet. ‘* Coffee, of course, is not found wild here, but at intervals we came upon gigantic specimens of the cinchona, both calisaya and succirubra, 6 feet in circumference. The walnut of Peru, an undescribed species of /Juglans, is frequently seen in the Perené ailey, growing to a height of 60 to 70 feet. Satins wood there is also, but not the satinwood of Ceylon (chloroseylon) ; for though the wood looks similar, the family (ebenacca) is in no way related to our Ceylon tree. ‘The indigenous coca, as an undergrowth, we rarely came across, except in semi-cultivated patches. Gigantic cottons, the screw pine (carludovia) —from which the famous Panama hat is made—the grand scarlet flowering erythrina, and another tall and brilliant yellow-Howering tree—probably the laburnum of Peru—add much to the beauty of the scene. Many other leguminous plants we also noted, particularly calliandva and clitovia. Innumerable orchids, mosses, and ferns, sufliciently indicated the humid nature of the climate. Prob- ably the chief distinguishing feature in Peruvian vegetation is that it is an essentially flowering and fruit-bearing vegetation, rather than the excessively leaf-producing, which so distinguishes the luxuriant greenery in Panama, the West Indies, and Ceylon, Peru, undoubtedly, possesses a richer soil, and a climate more favourable to fruit-bearing; while compared with the massiveness and grandeur of the Trans- Andean forest monarchs, the jungle trees of India and Ceylon are somewhat diminutive. A few plants we missed; the beautiful and useful yellow bamboo isnot there, nor are the palmyra, talipot, and coco- nut palms. The jak and bread-fruit trees might also be introduced with great advantage. The cultivated grasses of the Hast, the Guinca and Mauritius grass, 652 are here already, but asa nutritious fodder they can- not be compared with the ‘ Alfalfa.” “here cannot be said to be any cultivation here. but we can see by the well-beaten footpaths leading to them that certain plants wre more highly prized than othexs, and coca (erythrocylon) is one of the chief favourites. Around little patches of this plant the jungle is occasionally cleared away, and the coca leaves ave carefully harvested. ‘““CGoea, from whichthe invaluable drug, cocaine, is obtained, is a native of this locality. It is a plant not unlike the Chinese tea, though scarcely so sturdy in habit, growing to # height of from four to five feet, with bright green leaves and white blossoms, followed by reddish berries. ‘he leaves are plucked when well matured, dried in the sun, and simply packed in bundles for use or export. Probably tea might be treated in the same way and all its real virtues con- served in the natural vessels of the leaf till drawn out in the tea-pot. The fermenting and elaborate mani- pulation introduced by Chinamen is of doubtful utility. Of the sustaining power of coca there can be no possible doubt; the Caunchos seem not only to exist, but to thrive, upon this stimulant, often travel- ling for days with very little, if anything else, to sus- tain them. Unquestionably it is much superior and loss liable to abuse than the tobacco, betel, or opium of other nations. ‘lhe Chuncho is never seen without his wallet containing a stock of dried leaves, a pot of repared lime, or the ashes of the quinua plant, and he makes a halt about once an hour to replenish his capacious mouth. The flavour is bitter and somewhat nauseating at firet, but the taste is soon acquired, and, if not exactly palatable, the benefit under fatiguin journeys is very palpable. Cold tea is nowhere, an the best of wines worthless in comparison with this pure unfermented heaven-sent reviver. i “The chief food of the Chuncho when at home, is however, the yucca (jatreba manihot), the cassava of the Hast, which also obtains a certain amount of care and protection, in this case almost amounting to aémiecultivation, The plant may be freely grown from cuttings the thickness of one’s finger, stuck obliquely into the ground. In about nine months the roots, the orily edible part, are fit for use. They look like huge kidney potatoes, or roots of the dahlia, and taste when boiled something between a waxy potato and a stringy yam. ‘Roasted they are better. Still, one wearies even of xoasted yucea ; for weeks I had no other solid food, morning, noon, nor night, and, though _ thankful for these mercies, I haye no craving for another course éf yuccas. With the Chunchos, as I have said, they form the chief food: Fish is the favourite accom panitiient, though they do not despise a slice of wild turkey when obtainable, which is but seldom. Black ionkey and white maggots are delicacies set before the king.” And then the result of the miission conducted by Messrs. ltoss and Sinclair :— “ This beautiful valley of the Perene has now be- éome the property of a British Corporation, the con- Gession having been duly ratified by the Peruvian Government, and arrangeménts are in progress for establishing a planting colony upon a scale never before atliemptedin Peru. “This land, as selected and conceded, extends to 1,250.000 acres, sufficient to grow the world’s pre- sent requirements in coffee, cocoa, coca, chinchona, rubber, sarsaparilla, and vanilla, &c., for all of which both soil and climate are admirably adapted. Here will be a favourable opening for many a trained Indian planter, and many a restive youth in Hng- land and Scotland will here find elbow-room of the most interesting and lucrative description, helping. I hope to solve to many an anxious father the pro- blem ‘what to do with our boys.” “Tt would be unwise to under-estimate the hardships discomforts, and even dangers to which such pio- neers will be exposed, though these are of a nature which must daily diminish as the colony gets es- ablished. : s “ ‘he outlet, the want of which has hitherto pre yented the profitable development of this region, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. “enemy to his progress. [APRIL 1, 1895. will soon be supplied by rail to the Pacific, while roads to the nearest navigable port on the river will give two strings to the bow. Danger from the native Chuncho will not be formidable once a colony of a few thousand are settled, and it is to be hoped the Government of Peru will rise to the occasion by giving every possible facility, encouragement, and protection to the planters and intending settlers. This, we may be assured, will come in time. The first and greatest difficulty will be the obtaining of a supply of suitable labour. European labour has never been found, and never will be found, suitable for purely tropical agriculture. Yet, Peru, though situ- ated wholly within the tropics, offers a unique choice of climates, there being thousands of square miles on the higher table lands and highland valleys where set- tlers from any conceivable country might find a con- genial home, and probably add materially to the length of their days. “The Perene valley, however, for a tropical clim- ate, seems remarkably healthy; there is little or no malaria, few mosquitoes, while leeches—the great pest of Ceylon—are unknown. “ May the holy mother forbid !"’ prayed the priest, when we enquired as to the existence of leeches in the forests. ‘There is an abundant supply of the purest water, flowing freshly from the snow-topped mountains, a within sight. On the banks of the Perené we nightly slept in the open air, and drank almost hourly of its waters unfiltered; a thing we could not with impunity venture to doin any other tropical country I know. Apart from the purity of the water, the evenness of temperature seems here to be the chief secret of immunity from sickness. Paradoxical as it sounds, in most hot countries it is the cold that kills, The along-shore winds of India and chilling evening breezes in Australia are more to be feared than Red Sea heat or Panama steam.” Here are twosentences which speak volumes :— * Denser and denser became the forest, now no longer relieved by patches of grassy land. Such perfect lancs for coffee and cocoa cheered the hearts of old ne ters, while such unheard-of varieties of orchids, ferns, gloxiniag, begonias, and caladiums, were enough to rive a botanist frantic. “Such seems the inexhaustible fertility of the soi), and such the forcing nature of the climate, that there is a mixture of awe in our admiration. In every other country we know, the more fertile the soil, the more friendly it is to man; but here, its excessive fertility has led it to be looked upon as an But, as an old planter, I do not despair of its fertility being yet turned to good account, If we could only tap the labour supply of India and China, wheve there are millions to spare, and conduct the stream hither. the result, if well directed, would bring a wealth of supplies, such as the world has not before been blessed with.” Stillthe opening up of the backwoods of Pert and the Amazonian Valley must be a slow process, although we can quite agree with M1, Sinclair,— “ Give but roads, labour, and political quiet, and these regions would supply enough of cinchona, coffee. and cocoa to sweep the Mrs. Malaprop of Java out of the market—broom and all!” But, then, when are we likely to see stable, enlightened progressive Government in a South American Republic, or such encouragement to — oreign capital and fair laws for Chinese or coolie — labourers as would warrant the introduction of the only people capable of opening up the — erand valleys of the Perene and Amazon under European direction? Echo may well answer When’? Returning upward and westward, Mr. Sinel describes a visit to Cerro de Pasco (14,200 APRIL 1, 1895. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 653 altitude) one of the oldest and richest silver- mining centres South America. He also visits Huariaca (9,750 feet) and Huanaco (6,126) and has a great deal that is interesting to tell us of vegetation and vegetables, Howers and fruits and of experiments with French, German and Italian agricultural colonies in these upland regions. Here is a specimen :— “Huariaca is a fairy thriving village on the banks of the Huallaga—here grown into a mountain tor- rent difficult to cross. We are now 24 miles in a direct line from Cerro de Pasco and 5,000 feet lower down, so that the air gets sensibly warmer and more genial. There are the usual country stores, two flour mills, anda decently clean little hotel, in which we re- solve to take shelter for the night. Next day we made sundry little excursions in the neighbourhood, particularly paying our respects to a_ well-to-do Spanish family, whose prettily-kept garden had at- tracted our attention on nearing the village. We were kindly received and leisurely shown through every corner of the garden, with all its favourite little bowers in which the ladies sip their evening coffee. Such delicious coffee! and such charming faces ! Whatever else Peru can produce, there can be uo mistake about its coffee nor its handsome women. The aroma of the former, and the fine liquid black eyes of the latter, seemed to me as near perfection as anything of the kind I had ever come across; and the setting of the picture here was everything the eye could desire, the clematis twining overhead, the erpetual roses blushing in the background, or half iding beneath the victh trusses of the Fuchsia corym biflora, a well-known native of this locality, together with the abutilon and many other marvellously pretty mallow-worts. Lower down we note, amongst other native beauties, the aster-like barnadesia and many brilliant shades of tropwolum, so common in Britain under the strangely erroneous name of nasturtium. The beautifully variegated lupine known to florists as Cruickshankii, is also at home here; and I note an- other native, called in other portions of the world to which it has been carried, the ‘Cape gooseberry,” though it is not a gooseberry, neither is it a native of the Cape. Vhe Physalis Peruana is rather a poor substitute for that prince of small fruits, the yellow Reoseberry, as grown to perfection in Scotland and asmania, but it has been though worth introducing into the most distant corners of the earth. It isto in be seen growing so luxuriantly on the hills around Nuwara Eliya, Ceylon, that many imagine it to be indigenous. I find it also common in different parts of Australasia, while H. O. Forces speci- ally mentions having found it on the Cocos, Neeling Islands. The physalis is a solanum, and is valled the “Cape gooseberry,” because its insipid fruit is parti- ally enveloped in a cape, or hood! The tree tomato (cyphomandra) is a much more useful native of this locality. Amongst the garden weeds, or those plants which apperenuly grow against the wishes of the gardener, I noted canna, or Indian shot, calandrinia, ageratums, calceolaria, convolyulus, oxalis, and portu- laca, and many beautiful creeping solanums well worth «a place on any greenhouse trellis. The larger trees that shelter us, are, however, chiefly foreigners, the eucalypti predominating, and thriving here as freely as in New South great Wales. Amongst reeetablee I found the artichoke in perfection.”’ And again, we may quote :— “While staying in Huanaco we had a visit from a representative member of the German colony of planters now settled at Pozuzo, a locality of some 50 miles distant (lat. 10° S., 75° E.). This communi- cative gentleman, whose name was Mr, Egg, described the progress of the colony in anything but glowing terms—albeit the climate, soil, and productiveness seemed everything that could be desired. his colony, Alemana, was formed 40 years ago by emigrants from the Fathexland, 600 in number, who, after being decimated in crossing the Andes and undergoing un- heard-of privations, finaJly settled down at the junc- tion of the Pozuzo and Hauncabamba rivers to culti- vate coffee, cocoa. tobacco, maize, and rice. Ninety families still remain, and, on the whole seem to be fairly contented and well off—more fortunate than our countrymen who tried to settle in Central America. It speaks volumes for the climate in such a latitude that so many remain to tell the story of their early struggles; the altitude, however, being 4,000 feet, the climate is comparatively coo! and pleasant. Brought up in the jungle, as they have been, the younger generation have no expensive tastes. which is in itself equivalent to a large income. The greatest drawbacks seem to be the want of roads maikets, and schools, while there is something cruelly oppressive in the extortionate demands of the tax- gatherer, who pounces upon the produce as it passes through Huanaco and Cerro de Pasco. To the poor hard-working colonist there must be something pecu- liarly discouraging in thus being comlpeled to con- tribute to a lazy, corrupt, and effete government Living literally without protection, with no roads, and but few comforts, these plucky planters, labour- ing like negros in a tropical climate, have a harder lot than any agricultural labourer in the British Isles, and no class of men that could now be im- ported would submit to it. “Altogether, the gist of the interview we had with this intelligent German only tended to confirm our opinion that any further attempt to introduce Euro- pean labour for tropical agriculture is an absurdity.” Returning to Lima, we learn alittle more of what can be done on the coast lands of Pery with irrigation from what is seen in the Botanic Gardens :— The promenades are particularly inviting, the brilli- antly coloured flowers, always in rich splendour, the noblest of palms throwing a refreshing but not too dense a shade, while the gentlest of sea breezes keeps the thermometer about 60°, a marvellously pleasant temperature for such a latitude, and, as the vegetation indicates, a climate which, with invigation is capable of producing any plant of either ths tem. perate or torrid zones. Here may be seen such pwely tropical plants as coffee, cacao, mango, palms and pine-apple growing in great perfection along: side apples, pears, grapes, cauliflowers, and cabbages in equal luxuriance. For deciduous trees requiring rest one has only to withdraw the water and it is winter, return if again and we have a seasonable spring. With very little effort, indeed. every plant worth growing might be cultivated here. Possibly it would be better for the poor degenerating Peruvian if a little more energy were required ! Finally, we cannot help referring to a visit to a splendid sugar-growing region,—with its ad- vantages and drawbacks and a reference to the Chinese, — Chicama lies fully 800 miles north of Lima, and is reached by boat to Salavery, the seaport of ‘T'ruxillo and terminus of a railway extending for 40 miles in land, by which the sugar estates are served. There are seyeral very valuable and prosperous proper- ties within easy distance, notably Gasa Guands Chiquitoy, and Cartavia. A description of one may serve for all, and I shall here confine my remarks to the last-named, viz., the hacienda ~ Cartavia upon which I spent a pleasant week, all the more enjoyable that here I unexpectedly met some cont genial types of my ubiquitous countrymen—th superintendent hailing from Elgin, the en in : from Ross, and the distiller from Fife—a as i teligent trio, who let me more thoroughly into th secrets of sugar culture and manufacture in Pard than could have been possible where the lan ruag 1th culty barved the way. pepe Cartavia is in extent about 10,568 acres, stre from within a few miles of the the foot of the tching ) sea on the west, to near monntains on the east, the little 654 THE TROPICAL 7 {i oe AGRICULTURIST. TAPRIL 1, 1895. rivulet Chicama forming the northern boundary. The whole estate is very flat, and although apparently covered with whitish sand, the soil, upon examination turns dut to be a deep, dark, rich loam, admirably adapted for the cultivation of sugar-cane, Alfalfa, Guinea grass, and almost any other tropical pro- duct. The extent under ‘cultivation lows +— 2,352 acres in Sugar-cane. 176 4, in Alfalfa (Lucerne). 480 ,, in Guinea Grass (/unicum Maximum). The balance is fallow, or is being turned over by the steam plough, which is now at work, making ready for further extensions. From the time of planting till maturity, the cane takes 20 months, and according to the rotations adopted, 120 acres of cane are cut every month. This yields about 7,500 ewt. of finest grainy sugar, costing say 7s 6d per ewt. f.0.b. ‘There is also a monthly yield of about 6.000 galls. alcohol. Nowhere in rainy regions can cane be grown to such perfection as here. Water being supplied whenever it is required, and withdrawn the moment it would proveinjurious, theamount of saccharine matter is such as we never find in the Indies. Moreover, the matur- ing of the cane, and regulating the rotation, can be much more effectually carried out under systematic irrigation. Vhe Alfalfa (Jfedicoqo Sativa) is an excellent fodder for cattle, exactly suited for such a locality, and having the power of sending its roots twenty feet deep in search of moisture. Irrigation is less needed here, where water can generally be struck at12 feet. Fabulous crops of this nutritious legume are raised year after year from the same ground. Alfalfa enriches the soil, and produces here five crops annually, Guinea grass is also grown very successfully, but, as a nourishing food for cattle, cannot be compared with the Alfalfa. Water for irrigation is supplied from the Chicama rivuleta by canal 12 miles in length. During the wet season on the Cordilleras, the supply of water isabundant, but for the other six odie certain prescribed regulations have to be submitted to, the rights pertaining to this estate being a flush every alternate week. he fact, however, that these lands lielow, and the sub-soil is _ always damp, is of considerable importance and ad- vantage. The live stock belonging to the estate con- sists of :— is divided as fol- 869 Cattie. 211 Horses. 157 Donkeys and Mules. 1,150 Sheep. Albeit, every country has its drawbacks, and upon the whole, I daresay it will be found that these dis- comforts are pretty equally divided. In Ceylon, for instance, we have the rains and leeches, outside, the moist, mouldy rottenness within, but we are some- what compensated by having the purest of water, the glossy green leaves, andno dust. Here, in this other- wise perfect climate, we live in a perpetual halo of dust. But the greatest difficulty to be faced here, as else- where in Peru, is in the supply of suitable labour. The Cholo has been tried and found wanting—want- ing in numbers and in adaptability. ‘Che hardy moun- taineer does not care to settle permanently on the flat, monotonous lowlands. And who can blame him ? The backbone of the industry has hitherto been the Chinese, but their treatment has been so villain- ously bad that their own Government had, some ears ago, to put a stop to further emigration to eru, and as the men ave now chiefly past middle age, there is a danger of the labour supply soon falling Jamentably short of requirements. There are not in the wide world more capable, plodding, patient, and faithful workers than the Chinamen. Yet, here, as in Australia, they have to cope with unreasoning prejudice and implacable batred —a hatred not, however, shared by the employers nor, I may add, by the women of their country, for John makes a very excellent husband, and jealousy has really more to do with the apparently unaccount- able dislike of him than most men care to confess. If, as Mrs. Fyvie Mayo says, “the man who pro- duces most and consujnes least is the true aristocrat,” the Chinese are surely the coming aristocracy of both Peru and Australia. Many and varied as have been our extracts, it must not be supposed that we have given nineh more than a series of samples of the interesting information Mr. Sinclair has to convey, while upon more racy experiences and stories we have scarcely touched. For these we must refer to the itself. The chapter on Pa auras nie aorlies aoe 5 Peru, covering nearly 100 pages in all, is fol- lowed by a list of stations visited with altitude, miles from Lima, temperature and re- Then comes a very instructive list of the ‘‘Flora of Peru” covering some 14 pages noticing nearly every product familiar to us in Ceylon anda great many more with the botanical names and appropriate useful remarks, Let us quote a tew :— ARAUCARIA.—One of the few conifers to be found on the Cordilleras. AkecA.—On the Montana sometimes seen, but not so com- mon as in Ceylon. APPLES of excellent quality. European fruits abound diversity of climate. his yolume mean marks. Apricots, and most other all the year round, thanks to the : Even the blaeberry finds a con- genial home on the Andes (near Junin), 4 ree met Peruvian pase of a tirst-rate fodder for vattle, ail inferior variety of which is k mn i r Lucerne (Medicago Sativa.) RED Oe purone As BIxa.—'The Arnatto, used for colouring cheese, &c. V Senin and luxuriant all over Peru where any vegetation exists. BoMbAX.—Silk cotton, like Kapok. Sever ieti this giant tree found on the pee ae rs, or ag _ BOUGAINVILLEA.—A gorgeously beautiful pliant found wild in the warm mountain valleys, or with its beautiful rose- coloured bracts covering and hiding many a deformity in ers eae in Colombo now. JACAO.—The native home of the Cacao tree—pro Baakoty Ry fe geet from which we pg ern and chocolate of commerce: found wing wi 1,000 to 2,500 feet above sea level. on pinoes CaACTUS.—Peru seems also the chief home of the Catti family. ens of thousands of acres on the dry precipitous mountains are covered with little else, the grotesque forms 4 sccraeirear ta he being alike remarkable. JANELLA sort of wild cinnamon; growi i Beane on; growing freely in , CARICA.—The Papaw ;a most valuable tree, from which is obtained the papaine; finest near Lima and Pampa aod ; edible fruit. SARYOTA.—A noble palm ; found on th s rrida, er Tate Kitul” of. Ceylon. Crit ee : JASTOR OIL TREE (Ricinus) May be see i i anywhere below 12,000 feet. . cape ; ices eee _ CESALPINA.—-Leguminous ; pods used in Lima for making ink: a variety of our Sappan wood of Ceylon (Divi Divi), CHERRIES.—Abundant and good. CoF¥YEE.—(Coffea Arabica.) Though not indigenous, gTOWSs and bears as it was never known to bear in the old world. On the eastern side of the Andes it succeeds ad- mirably from 7,000 feet down to 1,000 feet above sea level, ' and even at Lima, a few feet above the sea, it bears enormously with judicious culture ; the quality is superior. The Pampa Hemnnosa specially adapted for its culture. ERYTHRINA.—Magnificent legumes ; the most conspicuous Seer sae fiowers on the Perene, growing to a gigantic eight. Evcrosis.—A beautiful Amaryllis ; vian Andes, near Lima. EUCALYPTUS.—Though a native of Australasia, freely on the mountain platean, particularly at Tarma ; a eee acquisition ; several varieties. IRYTHROXYLON Cocs.—One of the most precious plants of Peru. Abush about 3 feet high, the aes of pili seem to sustain the natives for days without any other food, enabling them to undergo fatigue. The leaves are simply chewed with lime or may be drawn like tea. 30,000,000 1b. are exported from Peru, yielding the world’s supply of Cocaine. I found this shrub growing in the Pampa Hermosa, 60 miles from Tarma. Indigenous. — : EBENACES.—Well represented by a kind of satin wood: _ abundant near Rio Pevene. eee: Ficus.—Numerous varieties, but none so gigantic as in India. F Carica (common tig) does well when irrigated on — the coast. I saw large trees near Chimbote, a. , FRAGARIA,—The strawberry ; abundant all the year roun in Lima ; though neither in size nor favour equil to - supplied during the short season in Aberdeen, Indigenoy ee eee native of the Peru- gTews freely in the Pampa. Aprit rt, 18y5,| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 655 GossypiumM.—The cotton, some excellent varieties of which are indigenous to Peru; the »2:ummy cloths show that its use had been known thousands of years ago. The best cotton is found near Payta. HELIOTROPE.—Loo well-known to need description. This favourite isa native of Peru, adorning and scenting the hill sides near Matucana. All the care of the British gardener has not improved this plant. HIBIscus,—Malvacea. Many varieties of this have been introduced and thrive, but few, if any, are indigenous. Stnensis, the shoefiower of Ceylon, grows everywhere. HEVEA-BRAZILIUNSiIS.—This is the most valuable of all the rubber trees growing in the Perene valley. INGA.—The native Inca name; a large tree of the Acacia family ; abundant in the interior, The Jige Samen was introduced into Ceylon, and is now being extensively planted near Kandy, iorming a refreshing shade by the wayside. TeoM“A.—Very numerous and yarious; from one of which our Jalap is obtained ;ali convolvulas-like flowers. JUGLANS.—A splendid, but not yet fully described, species of walnuf, growing abundantly in the Perene valley; mean- while named “ Juglans Gadstonia.” LANTANA.—A pretty Verbena-like flowering shrub, better known in Ceylon than inits own native country. LOBELIA.—Square miles on the mountains are covered with the beautiful blue Lobelia. Lupinus.—For all the finest varieties of Lupine the world is indebted to Peru. Covering immense tracts of country at about 10,000 feet altitude. Mauritia.—Perhaps the most social palm in South America ; it abounds in the Pampa Hermosa of Pern, rising to 100 feet; fruit eaten by Chunchos, and the pith yields a kind of sago. ; MANrHor.—The “ Juca” and chief food of the Chunchos, yielding the cassava and tapioca of commerce ; growing The Ceara rubber is also aspecies of the Manihot. MELIA, OR BEAD TREE.—Supposed to be -a native of India, but common in Peru, as it is in Ceylon or Aus- tralia ; sometimes called Pride of India or Holy Tree. The famous margosa oil is 1 product of this tree. MACLEANIA.—Naecdt after a Scotch merchant in Linm.* A species of cranberry ; evergreen shrub, with reddish yellow flowers. MyYROSPERMUM.—Which produces the “ Balsam of Peru.” A leguminous tree about 40 feet high; Pampau and Hnallaga. Muss,—Plantains—or, as some are pleased to call them, Bananas—grow freely in all the moist valleys of Peru, particularly Chanchamayo ; the quality of the fruit ex- ceptionally fine. Named Paredisiaea, on the supposition thatitis the veritable apple which brought so much woe on mankind. Supposed to be a native of Ceylon, where it certainly grows wild, but had also been known _ to the encas of Peru for centuries before Columbus’ dis- covery. Grown in moist sheltered valleys. The leaves are amongst the noblest in the vegetable kingdom, while the fruit is a favourite with every tribe of mankind —she wildest savages [ ever saw appreciated their plantains. ; : MAize.—To Peru what rice is to India. ties growing from sea level up to 12,000 feet, producing from 200 to 400 fold. Innumerable ways of cooking it, and the chief drink of the country, called “ Chicha,’ is prepared from maize. Marico.—(Piper Augnstifolium.) A abundant on the eastern slope ; stopping hemorrhage. ORANGES.—In great perfection at all seasons. OrcHIDs.—"* Thes flowers,” said Humboldt, sometimes resemble winged insects, sometimes like birds ; the life of a painter would not be long enough to delineate all the mignificent orchidaca which adorns the mountain valleys of Peru.” While enroute for Ambo, we met a _ collector who had succeeded in gathering together from 400 to 500 varieties of these highly prized flowers. No botanist could desire a more fhignificent sight than some of the huge trees on the Perene and Hagilaga, the trunks and arms of which are laden with orchids, mosses, lichens, ferns, and Vanilla in the greatest possible profusion and luxtriance. ‘fhe Odontoglossum variety seems especially rich and plentitul. PALM. —Peru is particnlarly ri (Cevoxylon) is the loftiest, vi to 18) feeb; as u contrast others are stemless (Nipa). Between these two there is an immense variety of feathery canes, and the more majestic specimens of this noble family. PERSEA GRATISSIMA.—The much-esteemed Avocada pear --sometines called Alligator pear; eaten at every meal in Peru when obtainable ‘The Ceylon variety poor in comparison. “THE PEPPER TREE.” tired in Australia. Several varie- Peruvian pepper leaves found usefui in h in pahus. The wax palin ing to a height of from 160 (Schinus Molle.) So much ad- Is one of the most beautiful indi- * Uncle we believe, of the late Mrs, Wm. Fergulon of Colombo,—Ep; 7.4, genous trees in Peru, seenin great perfection near Ambo. Nat. order, Perebinthacea. Poraro. —The world has been indebted to Peru for many of its choicest vegetable foods, chief amongst which is the potato ; cultivated by the Incas under the name of “Papa” for centunes before the barbarous conquest. Rusus.—Several very beautiful and prolific varieties of the Bramble growing around Metraro ; now introduced into Ceylon by Mr. Clark. VacsontaA.—The Peruvian name of a beautiful and use- ful passion flower, lovely rose and scarlet flowers, and delicious fruits ; it makes a grand green-house climber. VANILLA PLANIFOLIA.—A parasitical orchid, chiefly valued for the perfume yielded by its pods—the vanilla of commerce ; these vines are abundant in the Perene valley. VitIS VINIFERA.—Grapes either for table or wine, of a quality rarely produced in the tropics. ZeA.—Indian Cor. Marvellously prolificin the valleys of the Andes ; giving amazing veturns, and with little toil affording abundant food and drink of the very best quality. We next come ona brief chapter devoted to “the West Indian [slands” as seen on the way back. ‘Those dealt with in Mr. Sinelair’s happy style with a good deal of useful in‘ormation interspersed ave the Bahamas. Jamaica, Trinidad, Tobago, Grenada end Barbadoes. Our author points out the common error of the untravelled Briton in thinkine these islands are near each other in place of being from 1,090 to 1,500 miles apart; while the actual number of islets in each group has scarcely yet been computed, as in the Bahamas of which only 20 are inhabited out of 3,990! Of Sir Bruce Burnside’s old home we are told :— These lie just. outside the tropics, but the Gulf stream flowing in the narrow channel which sepa- rates them from Florida, keeps the temperature up, and permits the cultivation of every tropical pro- duct; while, as winter vyvesorts, these islahds are becoming every year more famous, the moderate rain- fall of 40 inches per annum, and the mildness of the perpetual summer, rendering the climate one of the very finest. The chief industry hithereto has been the gathering of sponges, though the export of fruit comes in a good second. Pine apples, oranges, plantains, coconuts, and tomatoes are shipped an- nually to the value of about £50,000, while sponges amount to over £58,000. There are also some valu- able timber trees, such as mahogany, lignum-vite, mastic, ironwood, and logwood, though there does not seem to be much enterprise in the direction of utilismg these. here has, however, of recent years been introduced an industry eminently suitable for the soil aud climate, a product which promises at no distant date to become the leading export. Thisis sisal heinp, first introduced by that prince of practical Governors, Sir Henry Blale, now worthily succeeded in the Bahaman islands by Siz Ambrose Shea. Then of the Sugar Island :— We reached Jamaica on a pleasantly cool and absolutely calm Sunday evening. ‘he sinking sun glittered on the bouse-tops, and the bright green foliage of the numerous trees sparkled after a re- freshing shower. ‘The grand old Blue Mountains which rose behind were topped with mist, but we could see just below the edge of the cloud the eerie homes of the soldiers, while on the nearer slopes nestle the no doubt charming homes of the Kingston merchants. ‘‘ Kingston is just lovely,” suid w lady at my elbow, and I can only echo her words. ‘lo me the scene came as a surprise. I had never heard, or had forgotten, about the natural breakwater which so effectually protects the beauti- ful harbour. It is eight miles long and from 30 to 60 yards broad; is closely planted with palm trees, which, near by, look like a magnificent hedge; in the distance, a thread of green. On the one side e Carribbean Sea roars, but never breaks through; » vie other, all is placid as a mill-dam, © 656 — — The famous Blue Mountains are merely Central Ceylon, with a slight difference. They rise to 7,000 feet, and are not very inviting to a man who has spent the best part of his life in climbing tropical mountains. I can see that much that had at one time been under cultivation is now abandoned, and can guess the rest. Certainly I had no desire to climb for climbing’s sake. Noy did the sugar estates much interest me here. Sugar-cane, except under exceptionally favourable circumstances, is a decaying industry, and the planters I met here were invavi- ably men with grievances, disappointed with the Home Government, abusing the beet, and swearing by their rum. Probably, as they say, it was easier for Ceylon planters, with less capital locked up in expensive plant, to start anew industry; but, in any case, there is little pleasure in meeting men who haye “tint heart.” Their chief grievances are the best bounties, and consequent cheap sugar, and the un- certain supply of labour. What a change since the days of Tom Cringle! Quassie, the negro, has also got his grievance, though no one to see him could suspect that anything in the shape of a skeleton could be found in his cupboard. Yet such is the case; and I am sorry, for I am sure he is in the wrong, and, if he persists mm wrong-doing, suffering must ensue. Quassie, in short, hates Ramosamy of Madras, and would have him expelled from the island, not because of any glaring vices, but because his virtues, in the shape of superior industry, usefulness, and general intelligence, are out of all proportion to what he (the negro) has yet to offer; but as the negroes number 40 to 1, it is very necessary to be careful in handling them, and assiduous in guiding them by example and precept. With a better organised lavour supply, there ought to be a great future for Jamaica. Its position is un- portant, its capabiiities great, and now that planters are ceasing to pin their iaith exclusively to sugar and rum, progress may be very rapid. Already sugar is taking a subsidiary place amongst exports. Fruit, dyewoods, and spices ure coming to the front, with coffee, and cocoa also improving their position. Fruit growing is a very important industry here, sure to develop; the oranges Se ied are very five, much superior to the fearful rubbish sold to passing ships in the East Indies; plantains are a speciality ; pines and chirimoyas—though not quite equal to the product in Peru or Guayaquil—are very abundant, and are good enough for the New York market. Cocoa is not so decided a success as one would ex- pect, while the recuperation of the coffee fields hangs fire mysteriously. With present prices one is at a loss to know the reason why. The total exports now amount to £1,903,000; imports, £2,159,000, of which 66 per cent is with the United Kingdom. Jamaica is peculiarly fortunate im her present Goyernor, Sir Henry Blake, one of the most energetic and capable of Colonial administrators. Havelock’s from South Arthur slice Then comes Trinidad—Sir old Government—a mere America :— The soil, evidently richer than the average of Jamaica, and, less liable to hurricanes than any of THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. —— —— pn insane = a 7 the other islands, is more suited for those ver remunerative products—cocoa, nutmeg, coconuts, I say nothing of sugar, as I am -. plantains he. isposed to think that it has been overdone on these islands, and that the day will soon come when they cannot possibly compete with the Pacific coast in the production of this commodity. The climate of Port of Spain, the capital, is Co- lombo over again. The population of the city numbers 35,000, of which about one-half seem absolutely idle, but all sleck and fat. Few cities resent a greater mixture of races. Hvery nation is represented, from the grave but ever-diligent Chinaman to the merry but eyer-indolent African. To the Tamil coolie this is indeed a veritable paradise, with “Sam blam’”’ 200 per cent higher than in India, easier work, and, for him, a delight- ful climate. Nor is Ramosamy slow to take advantage of his opportunities. As the sayings bank shows [APRIL f, +895. the Tamils have a much better balamce at their credit than any other race in the West Indies. The pity of it is that the habits and general de- portment of our good friends the Tamil coolies do not seem to improve with prosperity. Raimosamy here ceases to hide the tobacco pipe when he meets master, and, shocking to say, even the beautiful Mootama disfigures her pretty mouth by smoking a dirty clay pipe! In vain she dresses in her showicst attire, and loads herself with jewel- lery more precious than any Canganie’s daughter in Ceylon can boast of. It is simply impossible to look comely with a clay pipe in the mouth. But for these excrescences I might fancy myself on the Bund, in Kandy, Ceylon. The surroundings here are equally beautiful. The Botanical Gardens are the prettiest of all the gardeus in the West, and second only to that paradisiacal spot on the banks of the Mahavilla- ganga, Ceylon. Mr. Hart, the superintendent, is the very beau ideal of a useful, obliging, and laborious director, a born botanist, enthusiastically fond of hie calling, and a keenly intelligent man yenerally. A visit to the gardens with such a guide is valuable object-lesson, in itself worth going thousands of miles to enjoy. Mr. Hart is no mere bookish collector and dry classifier of all sort of plants; his chief aim seems to be to find out the most useful of our economic plants, and thus, by making himself practically useful to planters and agricuiturists, to advance the best interests of his adopted colony. Trinidad has a number of strings to its bow, and ample room to extend. Almost any tropical product will thrive luxwiantly in such a climate, but the best thing at present is—and probably for many years to come wiil be—her cacao. The climate is peculiarly adapted to this shelter and moisture-loving tree. ‘The humid heat and fairly good soil oi Trinidad produce such cacao trees as are rarely to be seen even in the upper valleys of the Amazon, and never yét in Ceylon. Nevertheless, as Mr. Hart very pertinently points out, in his annual report for 1890, it would be most unwise for planters to confine their attention to any one special product, however profitable it might pro- mise to be. “We have it in history,” says Mr. Hart, “that in Jamaica cacao was once extensively cultivated, but that it was destroyed by a blast. We have it that in several other portions of the world cacao has been afflicted with various diseases when cultivated in large areas. Though far from wishing to be- come a prophet of evil, I would ask the question, whether such blast (of whatever character it might have been) may not be liable to occur again ? History teaches that when large areas of a single product ave continuously cultivated, the balance of nature is upset, and when an enemy makes its ap- pearance, the field for its growth is so large that it is impossible for man to contend against its ravages. There are indeed many “ subsidiary industries ’ by which the planter might profitably supplement his cacao-growing here. Coffea Arabica, for instance, has evidently never had a fair trial. The attempts one seesto grow it by the wayside, choked by Yin and under the drip of jungie trees, is enough to convulse an old Ceylon man. Coffea Liberica, however, would probably be found much more suitable for this climate, the vegetation _ of which is all of a lowcountry type. “There is,” says Mr. Hart, ‘unmistakable evidence that coffee can be grown in Trinidad if oniy properly cultivated, but I find a general disinclination to cultivate it in anything but a desultory sort of way.” Amongst the other industries and products he sug- gests are:—Cardamoms, pepper, gambir, tobacco, rubber, nutmegs, Ramie, maholtine, Tobago, silk grass, Gunjah, plantains, and numerous tropical fruits. As to fibres, Mr. Hart does not share the sanguine hopes of the Bahamians with regard to sisal. Cir- — cumstances alter cases. he climate and soil of Trinidad is unsuited for the Agave rigida, not cer- tainly for its growth as a plant, but the fibre would be inferior to that produced on a poorer soil and in a less humid climate. 7 Aprit 1, 1895. ] Of Plantains and other fruits there are a super- abundance in Trinidad, particularly the plantain, Husa sapientum, familiarly enough known here as “* Gros Michel fig;” aad Musa cavendishii, called *‘ Governor fig,’ or ‘ Figue Trinidad!’ The plan- tain, being grown upon many of the young cacao - estates for shade purposes, the fruit is simply allowed to run to waste; and we fully sympathise with Mr. Hart in his desire to see this valuable food utilised. A very profitable and important industry might here be developed by the manufacture of plantain meal. It is well-known that from the dried Frnit of any of the genus Musa—call them plantains, bananas, or figs—there may be made a most whole- some and palatable meal, capable of sustaining life for long periods. It is easily digested, and, in the form of gruel, is a perfect food for infants and in- valids. I have noted samples shown at several ex- hibitions, and always most highly commended, but there the matter ends. No capitalists seems to have as yet taken to advertising it, like Ravalenta, Mellin’s, or other vaunted, but probably less palatable and less nourishing, foods. The orange is next quoted as the special pet product of Sir Wm. Robinson (now Governor of Hongkong) and a circular issued to agriculturists of all classes by His Excellency is quoted by Mr. Sinclair. All we can say is that it does credit to Sir Wm. Robinson to have urged the ‘Trinidad people not to be content until their export of 853,000 oranges to America in 1890 became one of 85 million! Mr. Sinclair men- tions that ‘‘ our friend the toddy tree (Borassus flabelliformis), one of the most important and most beautiful plants on earth, grows here in as great perfection as it does in its native Ceylon.” But why did he not call it by its popular name of ‘‘Palmyrah”? Later when he gets to Ceylon he tells his readers fully about the Palmyrah and one of his best stories occurs here :— The wine—which is very wholesome in the morning, but ferments by midday—is called toddy, and gushes out from the wounded spathe at the rate of from 20 to 100 pints per day. ‘‘ Man,” said a Scotch farmer who had listened with apathy to everything else I had told him of Ceylon, ‘Man, I would like one of those trees!” We are next treated to an account of a Tamil coolie’s garden by the old Ceylon planter and Inspector of Estates :— I bad often looked into a coolie’s garden in the East, and it was not without interest that I went to see what Ramosamy had by way of vegetable food in the West. Plantains, of course, prince of fruits, and noblest of leaves, are there, and are always a glad sight. The Mandioca or Jatropha also —here greatly appreciated, for the coolie soon comes to know a good yegetable; then the Granadilla twines round his fence, and the great coarse pumpkin takes upon end of space, while the sweet potatoe creeps along the ground, and the more robust yam grows in odd corners. There are other plants not quite so common in Ceylon. The Cho cho (Sechium edule), a kind of cucumber only introduced the other day from Jamaica; the Lima bean a first-rate vegetable ; and the earth nut (Arachis). But here is a tuber I never before saw; the coolie calls it ‘Topin- ambour,”’ and runs into the hut for a half cooked root. Why!it tastes like chestnuts and potato mixed! Yes, Ramosamy knows what is good for him; and look at his array of herbs, ‘‘ Cheddeys,’’ which no man but a Tamil would tackle. He evidently pitied my ignorance, and followed me into the jungle, watch- ing my movements as you would a child, and call- ing out words of warning as I looked at the fruit of the Datura and other poisonous Solanuns. ‘ Don't THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. } quite wholesome. 656a eat that!’’ was Zepenied over and over again, both in broken English and half-forgotten Tamil. It is marvellous how much a coolie knows of botany compared with the ordinary English labourer, or even with men with very much grander pretensions, J. A. Froude, for instance, tells a sensational story of being tempted by a companion, while here 3in 1888, to taste some nice-looking. ripe fruit from the Strychros nuxz-vomica, and his life was only saved by a gardener, who stopped him in time. It would probably be infra dig. for an illlustrious Uitterateur to profess to know Strychnos from a strawberry, Albeit, it is a curious confession. I like the coolie none the less for his practical knowledge of economic botany, and it might not be altogether out of place here to give a few hints as to the rules which chiefly guide him in the choice of unknown fruits. Some say, ‘‘Oh, you have only to watch the birds,” but that won’t save you, for birds eat freely of nux- vomica. The result of Ramosamy’s experience is briefly given as follows :— 1st. void all brilliant colours, bright blues, crim- son, and especially jet black. Qnd. See that the remains of the calyx, z.e., the outer sbell of the flower, is striking firmly on the fruit, as we find it on the gooseberry or apple, and you may eat without hesitation. The fruit may not be very palatable, but it will not be poisonous. 38rd. When the fruit of a tree is quite smooth— like the cherry—and has no stone tmside, ten to one it is rank poison. The cherry has no remains of the flower upon it, but it has a stone, and it is The potato plum is smooth and has no stone, and is therefore poisonous. There are some exceptions to the last rule, and the tomato is one of them. Though long considered poisonous, people haye within the last 40 years acquired the habit of eating it with safety andsome imaginary benefit. The ‘coolie’’ is a born herbalist, and his native tropical land furnishes him with numerous resources —their very number forming an embarras de riches- ses. A Canganie, whose wife was ill, once told me he had given her seventeen different drugs, andstill she complained! I prescribed another, viz., Ipecacu- anka, which had the desired effect. My self-appointed guide points out a weed which, he declares, if applied to the tongue, has the property of clearing the eyes of sand; but I had no opportunity or inclination to test this. Another, which has the marvellous virtue of thickening skimmed milk! a well-known plant, which, for obvious reasons, I decline to name ! Here, by the way. Imade the acquaintance of these most curious of insects, the parasol ants, Atta Cephalotes (@codomo), which, after denuding a tree of its foliage, were marching in myriads, each hold- ing up a portion of a leaf, like the Kandyan car- rying his talipot. It has been discovered that these proverbially wise and industrious insects actually cultivate a nursery garden in which they grow for food certain kinds of fungi on these leaves. One wonders if /Zemileia Vastatriz, or coffee leaf fungus, would suit their purpose. If so, I should much like to give them an introduction to Ceylon! Here is a curious paragraph :— Tobago we were not able to visit, though strongly urged to do so by our friend, the obliging commander of the “ Dee.” ti his opinion, Tobago offers the best opening the world for active young men with a little capital and he marvels that bank and mercantile clerks do not pitch away their pens, by an umbrella, and come here. So luxuriant is the vegetation, yet so cheap is the land and the living thata £5 note, he thinks, would start a man on the road to pros- erity. This idea of colonising the West Indian islands by Europeans is, however, one of the wildest of dreams. As managers or instructors, the proper men have a very important and responsible part to play, but as permanent settlers, Never! Then of Grenada we cannot help quoting what is said :— George Town, the beautiful little capital of Grenada, was our next port of call. I shall not readily for- ne THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 1, 1895. fet the dawn of that first of January (1892). A rbour like glass, a lovely little toy town-sbip nest- ling Amongst the sweetest of flowering shrubs, noble magnoli#s, ard quivering palms, the picturesque ‘suburbs rising step by step, completes a picture such ag I névéer expect to see surpassed on earth. Per- haps the hospitality of our reception has something to do with the pleasant recollections of this sweet spot. tt certainly was very delightful on that balmy morn- dig to find the luxurious carriage of the Governor awaiting our arrival on the wharf, enabling us to make the most of our time, and particularly to pay & pléasint visit to Government House, upon the stabs ‘of Which the Governor, Sir W. FF. Hely- Htitéhiison—to whom we had letters of introduction received us very warmly. Sir Walter evidently takes a keen interest in the affairs of his islands— for he rules over several smaller isles, the Grena- dines—and altogether, according to common repute, ‘makes & most conscientious Governor. Having been trained under that Nestor of successful administra- ‘tors, Sir Hercules Robinson, to whom he acted as private secretary, we had something congenial to say about old Ceylon and its greatest Governor ere we passed on to the products of Grenada. These com- ‘prise cocoa, nutmegs, sugar, cotton, coffee, and various minor industries. Although the total acreage in culti- vation is only 20,418, the exports of cocoa alone is four ‘times that of Ceylon, or over 8,000,000 lb. The pet product of the Governor is, however, the nutmey, ‘and the picture he gave us of the beauty of these plantations, the pleasant, easy life, and profitable ‘yeturns, made our mouths water. He ridiculed the pessimism of Mr. Froude, and had figures at his finger- ends to show how acareful man might soon have an income of ten shillings per tree from nutmegs, to Say nothing of other products. Indeed, every tropi- cal plant worth growing seems to thrive on this fayoured isle. One curious difficulty has cropped up with regard to nutmeg planting. The number of trees of the male sex are found to be too numerous, and as the pro- portion of male to female trees should not exceed one in thirty, planters have had to cut down a “eonsiderable number of the male sex, though one would think that budding or grafting might answer the -purpose. The nutmeg requires a considerable depth of good soil. In Ceylon, owing to the ex- eviinents having been made in poor, shallow soil, Phe industry has proved a failure. Under favour- able circumstances, the tree comes into bearing in seven years. The rugged nature of this island has been its salvation; preventing its being monopo- lised by the sugar-came. The eggs are in different baskets, but, if anything. the cocoa basket is rather heavy in proportion. The value of cocoa shipped last year was £200,267 ; of species, £12,598. Altogether, we found the Governor very sanguine as to future prospects, and so enthusiastically fond of his beautiful isle that he sent a message to the captain, asking him if he would kindly take his steamer close inshore, and move along leisurely for the first few miles, so as to show us as much as possible of the plantations and scenery. On leaving Government House we were met by some of the leading planters, with whom we ad- “ journed to ‘their very pretty little club, and drank success to Grenada—the gem of the West Indies ! And finally of the most highly cultivated island ‘of all-— Barbadoes, to which we now returned, is less picturesque inappearance than any of the neighbur- ing islands, but it has the redeeming feature of ‘being the best cultivated and most thickly populated colony of the sti Measuring only 106,470 acres, it contains a pupulation of 182,322 souls, or 1,100 to the square mile. The more I see of Barbadoes, the more I am puzzled at the disponding tone adopted by the great historian J. A. Froude with reference to this island in his recent work on the West In- dies. And to my untutored mind, it seems as if even our greatest men may sometimes get beyond their last. Tropical agriculture ‘was ‘evidently not the forte of Mr. Froude. Suppositig the sugar-cane did the come to utter grief—that all the sweetmess we re- quire be obtained from beet or extracted from coal ; suppose that natives should give up drinking rum and take to tea and cocoa—we have seen greater calamities—even though these might involve the ruin of a féw dozen old conservative planters. Few colonies, indeed, have less to fear than this green little island of the glittering sea, with its Book and easily-worked soil, forcing climate, and abundance of cheap labour. There are many products more needed than sugar; and for the profitable cultivation of these, ae offers, as far as it goes, a most favour- able field. It is scarcely needful that we should notice Mr, Sinclair's chapter on “Ceylon” although it is by no means the least entertaining or instruc- tive pait of the book to the general reader. In noticing Aden and its water supply, our author forgets how greatly water is distilled now from the seawater, for domestic use. He makes a slip in putting the Straits of Babel- Mandeb between Aden and Colombo, while seven or even six days is now a rather full al- Jowanee for the voyage across. Mr, Sinclair does justice to the vegetation, the scenery and hill climate of Ceylon and (although slipping twice in saying we are governed from the “‘Home” in place of the “Colonial” office) he writes very justly when he says ;— Few countries have been more fortunate in their Governors than Ceylon. The long list of pre-emi- nently able and conscientious men has added lustre to the British name, while contributi very much to the material prosperity of the ialnaat and none more signally distinguished themselves in this respect than the late Governor, Sir Arthur Gordon, who, fnd- ing the colony in a state of temporary depression bordering on chaos, by a few bold strokes averted disaster, and placed it once more on the path of prosperity, leaving it in a sounder condition than ever it was before. Then comes a graphic chapter on ‘‘ The Coffee Era”; another on ‘‘ New Products”; ‘‘ The Era of Tea”—and then references to the old history of Ceylon with, finally, an amusing chapter on “Typical Failures” embodying much of the story given in the Observer of the seventies, in ‘How I lost my Wattie.” Altogether we have now glanced over and sampled a notable, entertaining and instructive as well as a well- illustrated volume, which every intelligent tro- pical planter ought to add to his library. Correr Puantine In NyAssaLanp.—Mr. Percy Owen of Wewekelle, Passara, has been appointed to take ees of Mr. Carson’s newly acquired property in artley District, Blantyre, Nyassaland, and he will leave for Africa at once. The estate consists of 2,000 ‘acres, and it is to be opened up entirely with coffee. The Nyassaland Coffee Company, Limited. In connection with this company, which Messrs— Carson & Company are floating, we learn that the capital already subscribed goes a long way towards providing the sum rdqaneedl (R100,C00), but that all the shares were not yet taken up. A meeting of the Directors’ will be held most probably early in April, and after that the company will advertise for a superintendent to work their property. Meanwhile, — the promoters have had a most encouraging letter from Messrs. Lewis and Peat, the well-known London — Coffee-brokers, who in‘a letter written to Mr. Carson - say: “ We have got some veay fine coffee to sell coming from Blantyre near the place where Hartley ' is. Itis quite as good as the very best Ceylon coffee.” Apatth t, 1893.] THE CLUNES ESTATES’ COMPANY CEYLON, LTD. DIRECTORS’ INTERIM REPORT. For the half-year ending 31st December, 1894. The Directors are glad to be able to inform the Shareholders that the yield of tea for the six months, viz., 125,355 tb. has fully realized their ex- pectations, and that the prices obtainel haye been throughout satisfactory. This yield shows an increase of about 59 per cent. over that of the correspond- ing six months of the previous year, partially owing to young tea, which yielded little or nothing in the previous twelve months, having come into bearing. Fae Directors have every hope that the estimvted crop, viz., 275,000 tb. for the year to end of June next will be fully realized. ; f R3),099 (30) shares) of the unissued capital (R59,000 or 509 shares) of the Company were issued for the purpose of paying for the cost of erection of a new factory in the Lower Clunes group. All the shares were taken wp at once by existing share- holders, to whom they were first offered. ; Tiovesalt of the half-yevr jastifi2s the Directors in announcing an interim pvyment of 5 per cent. on account of the year’s working, reserving aboat 3 er cent. for d2preciation and sunicy other items which have to be written off. ————————_— THE UPPER MASKELIYA ESTATES COMPANY, LIMITED. At the aunual ordinary general meeting of the Upper Maskeliya Estates Company Ltd., held on March 9th, Mr. W. D. Gibbon in the chair, the reports and accounts were adopted and a final dividend of 13 per cent. making with the 7 par cent. interim dividend declared in August last 29 per cent. for the year, was declared. REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS. AGREAGE OF BRUNSWICK AND BLOOMFIELD ESTATES. Tea in full bearing 446 Acres. Grass, Timber Trees &c. G29 5; OF Yotal .. 518 Acres. 4 The Directors have pleasure in submitting to the Share- holders the Accounts of the Company for the past year. The quantity of Tea securedin the year was 211,042 1D., being slightly in excess of the Estimate, and the average net price realized was about 51} cents per Ibi ne t After making ample provision for depreciation of Build- ines and Machinery, the net profit for the year amounted to R36,341°55, in addition to which a balance R12,110°2L was brought forward from 1893, making a total of RS3,451°76 available for Dividend, equal to 254 per cent on the Capital he Company. OENae inborn Dividend of 7 percent was declared on the 4th August and the Directors recommend that a final Dividend of 13 per cent be declared, making 20 per cent for the year. The sum of Rl4,451°76 will then remain to be carried forward to the current year's account. The Estimate of Tea in 1895 is 220,0001b. on an ex- penditure of R56,000 and the estimated profit from other sources is R10,170. No outlay on Capital Account has been included in the Estimate, but it may be found advisable to purchase a Steam Engine to provide against any tem- porary break-down of the present M uchinery. During the year Mr. A. Thomson and Mr. W. H. G. Duncan resigned their seats on the Board and Mv. G W. Curlyon was nominated a Director in place of the latter. In terms of the Articles of Association, Mr. Ww. D. Gibbon now retires by rotation from the office of Director, but being eligible offers himself for re-election. Mr. A. EB. Wright resumed charge of the Company’s Estates from the beginning of the present year, after an absence from the island of about 21 months, during which period the management was placed in the hands of Mr. R. Webster. : it ire f The appointment of an Auditor for 1895 will rest with the meeting. ——— THE MAHA UVA ESTATE COMPANY, LIMITED. At the annual ordinary general meeting of the Maha Uva Estate Company Ltd., held on March DE ire ee We Catlyon in the chair, the 83 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. report and accounts were adopted and a diyi- dend of 8 per cent. for the year was declared. REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS. ACREAGE, Acyes. Tea in fall bearing : : - 145 A) portial baving - : - 155 fr nob in bearing . : . 30) Coffee amongst Ter (169 acres) Cardamoms in bearing : : : 16 9 nob in bearing - : : 30 Grass : . . - lL Totul Cultivated - : 65) Jungle and Waste land - - : 2k Total of Estate - - 904 The Directors have pleisure in submitting to the Share- holders the Accounts of the Company for the past year. The crops secured. during the Se.son were 74,251 1b. Ter. 799 bushels coffee and 920 lb. Cardamoms, which were sold at average net prices of 565 cents per lb. R17°35 per bushel and, RL32 per lb. respectively. Owing to unfavorable weather for flushing, the yield of Tea was 5,749 1b. less than was estimated but the coffes crop fully realized the expectations of the Directors. After muking ample provision for depreciation of Build- ings and Machinery the net profit, including a small bilance from 1893, amounted to RL9,315°50 from which the Directors recommend the payment of a Dividend of 3 per cent leaving R11d°50 to be eurried forward. During the year 109 acres land were planted with Tea and 30 acres with Cardamoms—whilst the area of the estate was increased by the purchase at upset price from Government of 26 acres of land. The Directors are pleased to report thut these clearings were successfully planted and thit all the young tea (300 acres) is coming on very well. The new Factory referred to in last year’s Report is now almost completed, and a new Bungalow, which has been found necessary in view of the altered position of the Factory, is in course of erection. It is intended to plant this year about 30 acres more land with Cardamoms, after which no further extensions are at present contemplated, The estimates for 1895 are 85,000 1b. tea, 1,000 bushels coifee and 1,0001Ib. Cardamoms. against an Expenditure on working account of R36,638: a further sum of R22,056 will probably be spent on capital account in completing the Factory, building a new Bungalow and more lines and unon young clearings, In September last Mr. A. Thomson resigned his seat on the Board and Mr. G. W. Carlyon was appointed to fill the vacancy. In terms of the articles of association . Mr. C. Young now retires by rotation, but is eligible for re- election. pei Se COCONUT. OIL SITUATION. There has recently been developed in the Ceylon coconut oil market an easy feeling that appears to have had its origin in the fears of some of the more timid holders that the stocks held for advances made to a recently failed distributing house would be thrown on the market, that the parties making the advances might realize on them promptly. However, we have information from a reliable source that there is no disposition to sacrifice these goods, the holders probably realizing that to force them on the market at this, the dullest time of the year, would necessi- tate the making of large concessions to buyers on the question of prices. Consumers do not need them, and speculative operators would not care to touch them unless they saw the chance of a large profit. While statistically Ceylon coconut oil is in a far better position than it was at this time last year, when the spot supply alone was greater than the stock now on the way and in store, there is little likelihood of any decided improvement in market prices for some weeks to come, if at any time during the coming season. This murket is likely to take its usual quota in the consuming sea- son, which will open about the middle of February, but there is little or no reason to expect that there will be any material increase of consumption. The production appears to be ample for all requirements, and, after the experience of 1892, when overtrading so demoralized the market, importvtions are being regulated with close reference to the actual needs of the market. In spite of these frets, there ssem3 to be a purpose in some quarters to boar the market, by taking ad- 658 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 1, 1895. vantage of the rather large arrivals and of the timidity of some holders, who are apprehensive of a break as a result of the failure aboye alluded to. The bear movement has influenced sales at a frac- tion below five and a quarter cents from dock, but up to the present time it has gone no further than that, as the assurances given that the oil of the failed firm will not be thrown on the market seems to have restored the confidence of holders. The recent arrivals have been without influence upon the market for Ceylon oil, for the reason that the bulk of them was of the Cochin grade. Another feature that the bears have sought to avail themselves of, is the reported decline in prices at the pri- mary points of shipments, but as these re- duced quotations do not apply to shipments earlier than June, their probable effect on this market is at the most remote. As showing more clearly than anything else the position of the oil today, the statistics of the probable supply for the next two months may well be cited. There are at present but three vessels on the way, and their combined cargoes contain no more than will be required for a three months’ supply, if as much. Whe “ Angeli,” which isdue on the 15th prox., but which, judging by the experience of the “‘Decima,’’ may be detained for several weeks, is expected to bring 52) tons of Ceylon oil. She is followed by the ‘ Bury- dice,” with not more, and probly less, than 500 tous, due the latter half of March, and then comes the “Overdale,”’ which is expected at the end of March, and will bring 250 tons. ‘he next vessel to arrive “is the “St. Catherine,” which has just sailed. What :@she will bring does not appear to be known here yet, :ebut it is not expected tuat she carries more than -éan average quantity.—New York Drug Reporter. ————_——_—__o—____. ‘EXPORTS OF INDIAN AND CEYLON TEA. We direct special attention to the table given by Messrs. Gow, Wilson & Stanton in their circular, shewing the ‘Exports of Indian -anl Ceylon tea from the United Kingdom” during the past five years—1890 to 1894 inclu- «sive. It will be observed, that in the case of “Ceylon teas, the total re-exports have been “steadily ‘progressive from 1,431,531 lb. in 1890 up to 5,166,033 1b. last year. This is not quite the case with Indian tea which reached its maximum with 3,761,151 Ib. in 1892, and since then “has gone slightly back. ‘ United States, Canada, Turkey, Holland and South America taking less of Indian tea in 1894, than in 1893 or 1892. On the other hand, Germany, South Africa and Russia increased their _ demand for Indian tea from London in 1894. As regards Ceylon tea from London, every country mentioned, increased its demand last year save South America; while the most notable increase of all was for ‘‘Germany” and Russia (and “probably the bulk of the tea for Germany was for Russia”). In the case of North America too, the increase was satisfactory. Let us put the comparison as follows :— Indian Tea Ceylon Tea 1893 1894 1893 1894 U.S.A. 848,302 708,921 711,679 811,368 Canada 684,271 711,284 738,041 957,836 1,532,573 1,420,205 1,449,720 1,769,204 | Decrease 112,368 lb. Increase 319,484 lb. As regards ‘‘Germany” and Russia, here is the comparison ;— Indian Tea Ceylon Tea 1893 1894 1893 1894 “Germany" 320,083 353,995 .. 1,253,238 1,544,763 Russia 28,755 53,669. 176,092 323,044 348,838 407,664 1,429,330 1,867,807 Increase 58,826 lb. Increase 438,477 lb, These increases are specially satisfactory, This is owing to the. PICKINGS WITH A LOCAL APPLICATION. The evidence of many notable singers of both sexes has tended to prove that flowers and especiall those which emit a strong perfume has a detri- mental effect upon the voice. The theory of one well-known French physician is that there must be a vibratory struggle between the vibratory waves and odour waves. Another Continental physician who is also a musician while admitting the tact that scented flowers have a deleterious effect on the voice, asserts that no scientific explanation can be given. Another idea is that the phenomenon is a nervous one, with a reflex action on the larynx. A pertinent question ut by an American contemporary is ** Can the real- ity of such a reflex influence of a nasal impression be maintained?” It is not generally known that CHOCOLATE was first imported into Europe from Mexico by the Spanish. It was long considered a medicine, and it was as such that it first made its way into France. It was at once accepted by the faculty of medicine, - with whom it has ever been a favourite. A writer (A. M. Sawyer) to the Indian Agriculturist writes as follows regarding a DISEASE AMONG COCONUT TREES IN TRAVANCORE 7-— Quite recently, in the central and northern districts of ‘Travancore, we have lost several beautiful coconut trees from decay of the tender, unexpanded leaf shoot. At first, the lower end of the shoot grows discoloured, and, in a few days, general perfection of this and more or less of the cabbage ensues; the shoot droops and, in some cases, falls to the ground ; the tree decays soon after,and we are left lookers-on and losers. In trying to account fur this remarkable disease, we are convinced that it cannot be the work of the rhino- cerous or Longicorn beetle ; for both these depreda- tors bore into the shoot, cabbage or stem of the palm and, by early detection and careful tending, in the majority of cases, death can be stayed. but in the casein hand, the only sign to us of the presence of the disease is the drooping on the tree ot the leaf- shoot when, obviously, all our efforts to remedy the evil are ineffectual because too late. The ex- planation most generally accepted by the natives is that ‘falling stars’’ (meteorites they say) have been at work. Another reason advanced has it that decay is brought about by an exuberance of sap, and that it can be remedied by bleeding the tree. This would at least appear to be plausible, from the fact that in our very moist climate evaporation is too slow to keep pace with the incessant ascent of water in the stem, and that it is ouly the most vigorous trees that are, as a rule, affected; but the remedy is desperate. By a third cause give , the malady is attributed to the attacks of fungi. With all these explanations, however, the fact remains that we are losing many of our valuable trees without making any attempt, so far as I know, to, if possible, prevent it. the hot weather has been unusually severe with us this year, and the monsoon rains unprecedently scanty; but I am not at all certain whether these facts are of themselves suffi- cient to explain away the very unsatisfactory state of affairs now obtaining in our coconut gardens. Another writer (E. Stebbing) attempts to explain the cause of the alleged desease, thus: Your correspondent states that they are convinced it is not the work of Oryctes Rhinocerus, or of Bato- — cera vrabus (a Longicorn). I think, however, that | these are probably not the only insects to be taken — into account. There are some seven insects known to prey on the Coconut, the particular insects present — depending on the geographical position of the tree ; of these, two, Rhynchophorus ferruqineus and B. Rabus are known for their tunnelling propensities. They are both Coleoptera. Ovyctes Ehinocerus and Gan-— gara thyrsis (a lepidoptera) are injurious to the leaves. — I conclude the damage was not due to the extra ' abundance of the larvee of the latter, as its presence — would have been noticed. co pondent states, the above insects, therefore, may From what your corres- be Aprit 1, 1895.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 659 left out of account. The fifth insect, is another Specifications of the undermentioned inventions weevil, Sphwnophorus planipennis said to be injurious | have been filed under the provisions of Act V to coconuts in Ceylon. The last twoare both Coccidw. If theinsects theory is to hold, it will be perhaps to these small insects that we shall haye to look for the damage. Two members of this family feed on the coconut, Aspr- biotus deseructor and Dactylopius cocotis. I do not know that either of these insects has been reported in India, and it may be ultimately found that it is an insect it being nearly related to one of these. In the Indian Museum Notes, A. destructor is descri- bed as follows :— ‘““A minute insect which, to the naked eye, looks like a mealy ecurf on the leaves. It has been ex- tremely destructive to coconut palms both in the Laccadive islands and in the L’Ille de Reunion. It sucks yp the juices of the leaves to such an ex- tent as to sap the vitality of the trees and to des- troy great numbers of them.” This would cause the drooping of the leaf shoot as mentioned by your correspondent. As the genus Aspiodotus is parthenogenous, thus resembling Aphidw, enormous numbers of young would be produced in the spring and summer, con- sequently a correspondingly large amount of sap, which the trees could ill afford to lose, especially in an extra hot year, would be sucked up. With regard to remedies. For young plants two to four feet high, I believe a mixture of kerosene and soap diluted might be used without evil effect, but it would have to be sprayed on several times. For older trees, if the attack is really a Coccid one I shall also be interested to know the remedy. ee DUTY OF MAURITIUS SUGAR IN INDIA. The Mauritius Chamber of Agriculture ina Memorial to the Right Honourable the Secretary of State for the Colonies had asked that Mauritius Sugar might be ex- empted from the tax of 5 percent levied on all goods imported into India, just as cotton fabrics trom Manchester are exempted in that country. His Ex- cellency the G vernor on his way back to Mauritius, in a letter tothe Viceroy of India warmly supported the memoriai, pointing out that this tax, it main- tained, would entail a yearly loss of about R1,000,000 to the Colony, but unfortunately these representations were of no ayail, the Viceroy firmly refusing to grant the request.—JMauritius L’lanters’ Gazette. —————_e__——_ THE ACME STEEL TEA BOXES. A home correspondent writing on Feb, 2Ist, reports 1— Acmes—they are working day and night at these and nearly all for India. There are a good many going to Ceylon, too; but principally through the in- fluence of Messrs. Finlay, Muir & Co. Steel never was so cheip, and the box es turned out now is really a splendid one. If the Syndicate had not been in such a hurry to put it on the market betore it was perfect in every way, Ceylon would have gone for them before now. ‘The Secretary says there is every prospect of a diyidend of 10 per cent in May.” Ne INDIAN PATENTS. Caleutta, the 2lst February, 1895. Applications in respect of the undevmentioned in- ventions have been filed, during the week ending 16th February, 1895, under the provisions of Act V of 1888, in the Office of the Secretary appointed under the Inventions and Designs Act, 1888 ;— Manvuracture or Guazep Trea.—No. 53 of 1895.— Dr. A. $. Lethbridge, Indian Medical Service, of No. 1, Kyd Street, Calcutta, for making “glazed black tea,” whereby waste product in the ordinary process of tea-making is atilieed and a tea is produced which has a much higher commercial value than the tea produced by the ordinary methods of manufacture now i use, of 1888 :— ImproveEMENTS IN Apparatus oR MACHINERY FoR DIsENTANGLING oR SEPARATING TEA LEAVES THAT GET INTERWOVEN OR UNITED TO EACH OTHER IN THE PRO- cess or Rouuine.—No. 303 of 1894.—William Jackson, of Thorn Grove Mannofield, Aberdeen, North Britain, Gentleman, for improvements in apparatus or machi- nery for disentangling or separating tea leaves that get interwoven or united to each other in the pro- cess of rolling. (Filed 8th February, 1895.)—J/ndian Lnginecr. see TAMIL LABOUR IN. PERAK. A meeting of planters, contractors, and others interested in the labour question has been called for Saturday, the 2nd March, at 5°30 p.m at Kwala Kangsar, with a view to discussing the Tamil labour question and the formation of a Planters’ Association in Perak. The circular calling the meeting is signed by Messrs. Aylesbury and Lutyens, and they advance as the reason for their action that the losses from crimping have become so serious as to render it absolutely necessary to organise some scheme for the protection of employers of Tamil labour.—Pinang Gazette. PLANTING AND PRODUCE. Japan TEA AND tHE Russtan Markrv.—With res ference to our remarks last week on this subject, we now learn that a special agent from the Japanese Government has arrived at Odessa witn one hun- dred and fifteen large cases of tea, for the pur- pose of making Russians acquainted with the taste and quality of Japanese teas. The Japanese Minister at St. Petersburg had received instructions to give him every assistance, and the Japanese Consul at Odessa has introduced him to the prin- cipal tea merchants in South Russia. This agent is commanded by his Government to visit the towns of Kieff, Moscow, Nijni Novgorod, and other large towns in European Russia. No Apunrerarep ‘I'ra.— = MR. 4. H. JOHNSTON, C. Bb. AND SIKHS FOR BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. Lanore, March 8.—Mr. H. H. Johnston, Com- missioner for British Central Africa, visited Lahore on Thursday and left for Peshawar. His object is the enlistment of Sikhs for service in Africa, and he had an interview on the subject with Bhai Gurmuks Sing, Chief Secretary of the Khalsa Diwan. While at lahore Mr. Johnston also visited the Mayo School of Art, for it is his intention to ia:port Sikh carpenters with whose work he was very much struck as well as with the Sepoys, and he will probably succeed in establishing a permanent Sikh colony in Central Africa. From Peshawar he goes to Amritsar, Ludhiana and perhaps Patiala, the leading Sikh State ; thence to Agra and Bombay, leaving India by the end of the month.—J/, Jail. ee RHEA., Dr. WAtTT, Reporter on Econonue Products to the Government of India, proceeds early next week to Rungpur, to institute an enquiry re- garding the indigenous rhea fibre. From Rungpur he goes to Assam, being under the orders of the Government. of India to devote the next three or four months to the study of tea blights,— Lnglishman. a ay TEA AND THE EXHIBITION. The following report on the sale of Indian tea at the Antwerp Hxhibition has been forwarded by the Indian Planters’ Co-operative Tea Supply Association, Limited, to Mr. E. Tye, secretary to the Indian Tea Association (London) :— } “Dear Sir,—We beg to hand you herewith our accounts and vouchers for expenditure at the Antwerp International Exhibition, showing a loss to us beyond the £50 contributed by your association of £59 7s 4d. “The profit realised on the refreshment contract, for which £50 premium was paid, was only £6 183 8d., and the refreshment contractors attribute the comparatively small sale of tea by them portly to the great number of concessions granted to the Exhibition authorities in excess of the number anti- cipated when our agreement with them was under discussion, and partly to the very unfayourable weather experienced throughout the summer, which was re- markable for continuous wet and cold. “The Exhibition itself was yery extensive, and contained a very large collection of yaluable exhibits, INDIAN ANTWERP but it can hardly be regarded as having been successful from an exhibition point of view. The lumber of visitors was aribilt compared to that which an International Exhibition in London or Paris would have ‘attracted, and what visitors there ‘were did not stay long, the weather being most unfayourtble and Antwerp offering none of the attractions of a metropolitan city. We. think, however, that. the object of your association was attained, as Indian tea was used and advertised tbroughout the Exhibition by the English restaurant, and was very fayourably spoken of by. the visitors there. A large number of circulars in French and Flemish were distributed both by the restaurant which was in the ground and by a stall in the Ex: hibition. We were able on a small scale to make a good show of Indian tea in the Exhibition, for which we were much indebted to Messrs. J. Barry and Co: who lent us a number of exhibition samples of fine Indian teas. “The arrangements for their representation of Indian tea were made so late that we could not provide for serving tea in cup in tbe Exhibition, but this drawback was minimised by the fact that the English restaurant was supplylng Indian tea, and that the Exhibition itself was closed at six p.m., the grounds only remaining open after that hour. “The arrangement of the Indian Section was most unsatisfactory, and the contributions of the Govern- ment were most meagre, and compared very favour- ably with the exhibits of the Dutch and other colo- nies. What was supposed to be the Indian Section was half filled with Indian exhibits—furniture, sweet- meats, imitation diamonds, &c., while one or two Indian art exhibits were placed right in the middle of the British Section. We hope that the next time India is represented at an International Exhibition the section will be placed in the hands of some In- dian authority, such as Sir George Birdwood, who is well known to be keenly interested in Indian pro- duce and industries.”’ [his report was read and adopted at a meetin of the directors held on Tuesday, Bie cide 12, 1895.)— I, & OC. Mail. ——____@_. CoFFEE PRosPrcTs IMPROVED : SPECULATIONS IN HAvRE.—The Statist winds up a long article on_ coffee speculations, as follows :— The principal reason for the change of feeling which has taken place with regard to the prospects of coffee is undoubtedly the receipt within the last four. weeks of telegrams from Brazil which give very unfavourable accounts of the next crop, estimates of the. total for Rio and Santos together Batae only about 5} million bags, Long before these arrived, however, man residing in Paris conceived the the “Bears,” and advancing the price of coffee. It is to Don Guzman Blanco, ex-President of the Republic of Venezuela, that the honour belongs of initiating the “Bull” speculation in coffee. But for his interposition we ‘should not now have coffee at quite so high a price which we see quoted today (February 2), He instructed his brokers and agents in Havre to buy coffee for deli- very in December, the quantities which he was prepared to buy being so large that some difficulty was experienced m getting his orders filled, owing to the fact that very few merchants were inclined to act for him. So little sympathy was there with his manipulations in Havre, that the Clearing House authorities there increased the deposit to be paid for the ‘‘ December” position, and about that time the prospects for the success of his operations looked very wnpromising indeed. Just at the critical point, however, when December was drawing near news arrived of cholera having made its appearance in the interior of Brazil. As there was some substratum of truth in the report, the ‘‘Bears” became alarmed, and rushed in to cover their sales of “ March” and “May ” deliveries, and naturally thisimparted some strength to the “December ” position. In this way a better tone was im- parted to the market, and enabled General Blanco to make arrangements for taking up the coffee tendered to him against his December contracts. The quantity so tendered amounted to no less than 180,000 bags of coffee, involving a value of about £750,000 sterling, and it is reported that part of this coffee is hypothecated in Havre and Pat in Paris, with a margin of 30 per cent, [t was a bold operation at the time it was undertaken, quite worthy of a Kaltenbach, and might very have resulted in an enormous loss. Thanks to” cholera reports, in the first instance, and unfavourable weather for the growing crop in Brazil, in the second instance, the ex-Dictator of Venezuela is likely to make some orofit instead of a loss from this hazardous speculation, t isa pleasure to be able to place on record. that on this occasion nearly all the leading merchants of Havre abstained from taking part. in manipwlations which in the long run can but have the. effect of injuring the ips terests of this important commercial centre. i : a private gentle- idea of squeezing easily nn 662 COFFEE-PLANTING IN THE STRAITS. What is expected of Coffee im Selangor may be judged from the following extract from the pros- pectus of The Pataling Coffee Company, Limited :— The land contains an area of .2,000 acres or thereabouts, and is situated in the District of Patal- ing in the State of Selangor, and is distant about 44 miles from Kuala Lumpur, the capital of that State. The land is under the leases at present held subject to the total yearly rent of $260°65, or a little over 10 cents per acre. The land is shown on the accompanying plan, and was selected by Mr. Bailey as suitable in his view for coffee cultivation. It lies in one block, di- vided only by the Government railway and has a frontage of about 2 miles along that railway. The Pataling station on that railway is immediately adjacent to the land. he price to be paid for the acquirement of the land by assignment from Mr. Bailey and any others interested with him is $20,000, none of which is payable in cash, but the whole will be satisfied by the allotment of 200 fully up shares of $100 each in the Capital of the Company, which will be ssued subject to the restriction that as to two-thirds of them, such shares shall not be sold or transferred for the period of three years from the date of allotment. Mr. Bailey also agrees to subscribe for 50 further shares in the Company. Careful calculations show that $60,000 will be suf- ficient capital to bring into cultivation 400 acres of coffee within three years. The expenditure is estimated as follows, viz. :— $6 OS Purchase money in fully paid wp shares 20,000 Virst Year's Expenditure—Opening 150 acres 10,500 Second do do ) do 10,500 Up-keep on 150 acres first opened at §2) 3,000 ee 3,50) Third Year’s Expenditure—Opening 100 acres 7,000 Up-keep 300 acres previously opened, at 83) 9,000 — 16,000 Expenditure at the end of 3rd year 60,000 Fourth Year’s Expenditure—- Up-keep of 400 acres at $30 : 12,000 House for Superintendent . 1,500 Conductor's House : : 200 New cooly lines Ley - 200 Store and Machinery : : 4,000 —— 17,960 Fifth Year's Expenditure— ' Up-keep 400 acres at $70 per acre 28,000 Sixth Year's Expenditure— Up-keep do. do do 28,000 Seventh Year's Expenditure— Up-keep_ do. 0 do 28,000 161,900 The returns calculated to be received against the expenditure are as follows, viz. :— During Third Year— 150 acre» at 3 picul per acre=75 piculs at $30 2,250 Fourth Year— ” ” 4, ” ” 600 ” ” 18,000 > ” 3 ” ” 99 (9 4 ” 2,250 20,250 Fifth Year— 1) ” 5 4, ” ” 750 ” ” 225500 ” ” 4 ” ” ” ” ” 18,000 100 ” 5 ” ” jy ” ” BN 42,600 Sixth Year— a 150 ” 6 ” ” 900 a ” 27,000 ” ” 5 ” ” ” 750 » » 22,500 100 ” 4 ,, ” ” my ” 12,000 61,500 Seventh Year— " 150 _——=», 6 ” », 900 ,, ” 27,000 ” ” 6 5, ” He tO eb ” 27,000 100, 5 4, ” ” ” ” Se 69,000 195,000 The estimated excess of receipts over expenditure, inclusive of the price of the land at the end of the ith year, is thus more than $30,000. The estimates have been prepared with care and caution. For ex- pimple, the price of coffee has been taken at $30 per icul, whereas at the present time tho selling price 4 $47 por picul, . ' THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. {Aprin I, 1895. The intended Company will also, if they do not decide to plant the whole of the land themselves, have a considerable area which it is anticipated they will be able to dispose of on favourable terms. ——SS———EEE— Eee COCONUT OIL. The following notification appears in the J'ravan- core Government Gazette With aioe to encourage the local manufacture of coconut oil, it is hereby notified under sanction of His Highness the Maha Rajah that the Tariff value of coconut oil is reduced from R14 to 12 per cent. The new Tariff will come into operation from the 13th March current. —- > - THE BARK OF THE MANGROVE. SCOTCH ENTERPRISE. We have lately had in the Island representatives from a Glasgow Company interested in the manu- facture by anew process of an extract from the bark of the Mangrove tree. This Company have been. through Mr. Royle of the Imperial Institute and Mr. F. H. M. Corbet of London in communica- tion with the Ceylon Government for getting a concession to obtain Mangrove bark, and suitable terms have been arranged with the au- thorities. Messrs. G. R. Murray and J. Lums- den Oatts were sent ont by the Company to ar- range for a suitable site at which to commence operations, and after visiting the various localities where Mangrove is to be found, these gentlemen have fixed upon Trincomalee as the place where operations are to be carried on. A _ suitable site covering upwards of five acres has been acquired by the Company at Trincomalee, and already building operations are in progress. We under- stand a large factory will be built there, and extensive machinery will shortly be shipped from Scotland for carrying on the work. As the Company is strongly supported the new venture it is expected will be actively prose- cuted. We wish the new enterprise every suc- ces. We understand Messrs. Murray and Oatts are greatly pleased with their visit to Ceylon, and speak in high terms of praise of the cour- tesy shown them and the assistance granted by the Government officials and others with whom they came in contact. Sa SS CEYLON PLANTERS IN SELANGOR, The Singapore Free Press of the 26th ultimo says :— It may be of interest to know that Mr. Thomas North Christie, of Ceylon, perhaps the most pro- minent Ceylon planter and formerly the Planting Member of the Ceylon. Legislative Council, has, through his friend Mr. GW. Welman acquired a small interest in Selangor by the purchase of a block of coffee land in the Klang district. Besides Mr. Christie and Mr. Forsyth it is not improbable that by-and-by other planters in Ceylon may make experimental investments in coffee land in Selangor. Mr. Welman who is also taking up some coftee land at Klang, returns to Selangor by the “Sap- pho’ on Saturday prior to his return to Europe in the s.s. ‘‘ Ernest Simons” next month. —_____»___ COFFEE AND TEA IN THE UNITED STATES.— Sixty years ago, the estimated consumption of coffee in the United States, was about 60 million of pounds per annum. At present it exceeds 500,000,000 pounds. We trust to see the consumption ae oe rise He to half this quantity or 250 million lb—at present it ig under 10Q million Jb, B 7 st 3 Aprit 1, 1895, | VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. Tue ORANGE CrRov of Florida—says the American Grocer—will not be over 2,500,000 boxes, even with favourable weather. It is said that 75 per cent of the lemon trees in that State were killed by the late freeze. It is as- serted that lemon trees are much easier killed than are those of the orange. LONDON STOCKS OF TEA—are thus referred to by Messrs. I, A. Rucker & Bencraft on Feb. 21st :— Noteworthy as showing the inherent strength of the Indian Tea market, are the figures spread over twelve months. We imported 115 millions, and sold 117 millions. At China Congou stocks are three millions in excess. 22 millions of Congou, represents about nine months requirements. We hold 44 months stock of Indian, and only about 2} months stock of Ceylon. Mr. A. StINcLAIR’S NEW Bboox.—We have received a first copy of this volume and it is in every way, a very attractive as well as most in- teresting one, reading so far as we have gone more like a romance. We reserve our notice; but we are glad to hear of favourable reviews in the home press. We have already quoted a long notice from the Free Press. The Horticultural Limes quotes largely from this book, and says,—‘‘ Cannot fail to interest the Horticultural World.”—Edward Gar- rett writes :—‘‘I[ have greatly enjoyed your book. Your sentiments are in accord with my own (which few travellers’ are!) and I trust your work will have due weight on many forms of public sentiment.” GREEN MANURE FOR TEA.—We direct attention to an important letter from an ex-Ceylon_plan- ter in Southern India on this subject. We be- lieve that one or two planters in Ceylon have been experimenting in the same direction, but with what result we cannot say. Meantime we await further communications trom ‘‘ex-Ceylon Planter.” We may be told that the Manuring of Tea tending to ‘‘ overproduction” is not to be en- couraged ; but #0 our mind, the sooner Ceylon shows what it can really do in increasing its ex- port of tea, the sooner will a check be put on jlanting extensions in Northern and Southern nave and in such other places as Mauritius, &e TRA IN INDIA AND CryLon.—Mr. P. R. Buchanan reports very great extensions in tea planting in Sylhet and the Dooars—some thousands of acres by different firms. Nothing can be said yet as to an estimate of the coming crop ; but the tea in all the districts he visited was looking exceedingly well. Sir John Muir had interviews with Mr. Johnston, ¢.B., the Central African Commissioner, and it is possible, some- thing may come of it in planting investments. Meantime, the Company is having its hands pretty full in North ‘lravancore—where coffee does well—as well as in Ceylon. COFFEE AND CACAO AS WELL AS TEA IN THE Dooars, Norriern INpIA.—We are pleasingly surprised to learn from Mr. A. W. Guise of Sam Sing ‘Tea estate, of the success of a field of two acres of Liberian Colfee which he is trying in the Dooars, and also that the Cacao seeds sent to the same district by Mr. P. R, Buchanan are so far prospering in flourishing young plants. The coffee has borne a good erop and is not troubled with disease—so that there is an intention to extend the cultivation. Mr. Guise is much pleased with what he has seen of the tea distriets of Ceylon and recognises our advantages j certain to be difficulties with in cheap cultivation though our labour is quite as dearas in the Dooars. He corroborates the news of great tea extensions recently in the Dooars. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 663 GREVILLEA (SILKY OAK) TIMBER is highly spoken of in New South Wales for ball-rooim flooring :— The timbers of New South Wales are more valuable than is generally supposed, and it has been ascer- tained that the ornamental and soft woods compare favourably with those of any other part of the world, not alone in durability, but also in adaptability to all uses to which these timbers can be put, parti- cularly the finer branches of carpentry and cabinet- making. It would be difficult to imagine a more per- fect ballroom floor than could be constructed of silky oak, with a border of black bean, beefwood, and canary- wood; and for a hall or dining-room, the Blackwood, mountain ash, red and black bean, and forest oak form a combination that cannot easily be surpassed, Some parquetry made from colonial woods were lately shown in Sydney and pronounced to be equal to the finest in Europe. TEA MAKING AND TEA SELLING IN CEYLON.— Just after writing about the good, visitors coming here would do to our tea enterprise among other things, itis rather hard to havea lady criticising after the following fashion the infusion of tea offered at hotels, &c., in Colombo and also the quality of the tea sold :— “What a pity the tea is not better in a place like this. I am sorry to hear from two Australian ladies that they had not tasted a good cup of tea since they left Australia! Another lady from India, told me she thought the tea almost undrinkable here and yet another local lady said she finds it difficult to get good tea in Ceylon,—did not know where to get it, so sent to England for her tea.”’ The producers will have to employ an Instructor- Inspector to visit all the public places of resort in the island and also to test the quality of the tea sold. A LAND TAX FoR MAvRITIUS—has, it seems, been decided on by the Colonial Office. The Chamber cf Agriculture have been informed by H. E. the Governor that a Land tax has been de- cided upon in principle, and sooner or later, it must beimposed. A prominent member of the Chaiber, Mr. F. Nash, spoke as follows on the matter :— I may state generally, and speaking for myself only, that there appears to be no fundamental ob- jection to a land tax, that is, a tax on revenue derived from land. Such a tax must be adjusted most carefully—it should vary with the production and value of the crop, it should be absolutely - equitable in its incidence, and above all, it should not exceed in amount a figure which .can be paid by the land without impairing the probability of its being culti- yated to a profit. In other words, the burthen thrown upon land must not beso heavy as to discourage the employment of capital in the production of our princi- pal means of subsistence. PLANTERS AND CooLiEes.—Like cur con- temporary we have had a_ request preferred to us to find a text in the Report of the Badulla Planters’ Association and to preach a sermon therefrom, on the iniquity of one planter taking on the coolies of another employer —coolies who have leftthrough a legal technicality, while their kangany owes heavy advances on their account. ‘The case is a very hard one, because, we are told, the legal technieality has arisen though the fault of the kangany. The law would seem to require amendment in so far as to enable advances to be divided, distributed and debited to the individual h coolies and not simply to the kangany of the gang. In this case, we trust the coolies will be induced by their kangany to return to work, or if not, find it very difficult to get independent employment. But at a time when labour is scarce, there is coolies, until at last we get to the pitch of advertisements for Superintendents (as in the ‘‘ sixties’) who can bring 50 or 100 coolies ! ll... _ 664 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Linertan Correy.—We learn from an upcountry visitor that Liberian coffee is gradually being ex- tended in the districts with medium and low elevations where the climate is suitable for it. There has been a good demand for seed of late, and those who have seed-bearing trees are doing a good business. Just now, when the cocoa market is so depressed, cocoa planters are turning their attention to Liberian coffee as a stand-by, and we hope that this product, the value of which is being at length understood, and the ¢ultivatian of which was abandoned too quickly when it was first introduced into Ceylon, will be grown over large tracts of country now profitless and as a substitute for the ubiquitous tea. THE JAPANESE—trying to push their teas in Rns- sia 1s anew and (at this time of war) unexpected movement. Telegraphing from Odessa on Feb. 20th, the correspondent of the London Standard reports as follows :— A. special agent from the Japanese Govermenit ar- rived here a few days ago with one hundred and fif- teen large cases of tea, for the purpose of making Russians acquainted with the taste and quality of Ja- anese teas. The Japanese Minister at Petersburg haa received instructions to give him every assistance, and the Japanese Consul here has introduced him to the principal teamerchants in South Russia. This agentis commanded by his Government to visit the towns of Kieff, Moscow, Nijni Novgorod, and other large towns in European Russia. TEA-SWEEFPINGS.—Assuredly Mr. T. Christy and Sir H. Peek deserve well of the Ceylon planters for their action towards the big Dock and Warehouse Companies; and we trust the Planters’ Associations throughout the country will carry votes of thanks to them. These gen- tlemen desire that worthless and often adulterated ‘ tea-sweepings”. from the Warehouses should be ‘‘denatured” and sold to caffeine-makers— not to tea-dealers who use the sweepings to mix and resell for human food. Is there a Planter or Merchant in Ceylon who will not heartily support Sir H. Peek and Mr. Christy? The Jatter ee formally called on the Indian and Ceylon Tea Associations in London to take up the matter; but these gentlemen ought to be heartily supported from this side. Tue ExrrRIMENTS AT PALLEGAMA.—The Govern- ment grant of land at Pallegama, where Mr. Gordon Reeves and his Syndicate are growing a variety of products, has attracted a considerable number of people who are settling in the villages of the Lageala dis- trict. The boon conferred on the people by this enterprise is considerable. The villagers find em- ployment when they are not engaged in their own agricultural pursuits, and they also find ready markets there for their produce. The cultivation of the nu- merous products is being studied by the rural popu- lation, whereby their much-neglected lands now growing worthless vegetation will sooner or later, it is to be hoped, be turned into fields of remuner- ative products. The Syndicate are making prepa- rations to restore the historical irrigation works known as Hatotta amune, with a view to offering to the new settlers on very liberal terms irrigable lands to be brought under paddy cultivation, and this movement it is expected will once more turn the ‘sea of Prakramabahn,’’ or at least a part of it, into a rich and fertile paddy-growing district. Some few people, fearing that the district is malarial, do not ayail themselves of the advantages; but asalmost all the, new settlers are getting on well, and asthe water-supply is being improved, this fear will pro- bably soon wear away.—Cor. PROSPEROUS TEA COMPANIES.—We "coneratu- late the Shareholders, Managers and Secretaries of the Upper Maskeliya and Maha Uva Com- [APRIL 1, 1895, panies on the Reports and results published elsewhere ; and in connection with these two and | five other Companies whose Reports have lately | appeared, it 1s of public interest. to put on record the following table whieh cannot fail to attract attention to what. good Lea concerns, well- managed, are doing in Ceylon: — : ed SESS eé Selo “8 “- ==° Conw= con ss Sx aA x Se 2 Fen Are —s ein De f. mm. eke a: z i} : a a é et) = 2 °83E =g Le pose Nea Fi» &¢ am DHDdES Tara &> ERB AS5S4 En Ti 2s => ~" SE gs £ Ss Ss SS ESa4 bee “3 n 29 a5 3 ZARASES S a S Ben MM Shoe 08 88. = ge = 2 y pif: (Bek aaasZse | s | Es z | E & Dan SReoces | > D+ : =a THE OTS = = EOSeE BS3seeR | Ss es 4 ya OS ~ I< i- Dot 4 = ZzbEE i RzSorre | S 48 L mae i. Es 2 zo a rar. Z a ES q —--) oN Siete s & D ee. Pe Sg 4 = oR Se | Sg Zz alee = o = Fs ier ey by ees, c a0 | oe _ ° -_ x “rs 4 =| se | oe 2° fea] —— = ait = aS <=] gM! Ae = = ai) oF S Si ~ = a 3 are a) a) RO wl Oi ar te ~ a rt | SS wt Ee 4 S132 =) Ft 5 bo B&B lee < 22732 S Re ial aSz26s ri clce fol as E 22 aes Smenres | I oma hi ad ZAes a a> = SSOsR wy $m | 2 > aD om vs a es on ‘a B dig S ae. Zi = ang => ait < >o oS | Saez =| ISI ss ae) BB as mm to] Ons EA §--] = Ss) &E/ Ss s o es Sto Eis ep 2787 ae an &2| 35 a — wo = ® "ER oN |g Ir i Eo) eSe+ ro) Bees noises zs = == RBIs) las Taek pone a ae ES) 222 _ o-™ sats > Zag 7 aes atisaow =< her < EDS silaol se = = = SEE a 3 “io = pag = be a) 50 { ‘ nf 2zz 2 dices and - mA oR 8 Hoo SSS << eat = ' de SRERISS B ans 4) om om Nn ges Rn Ps SSZaRaAND OSHRESS s 5 Se 2EZRAAS RES ie ges 2, c, 2e" aS “ Sass fae S ée= REeoace ase SRALSZS os 2 Bes si = zs 7% = ar a=) ah = Beas 5 5 oe a= = =o a6 a = Sas eee = Bs 3 25/5 AP aa 5 ZESs i222 = > 3225s 6] SEs & g nS 3s 3| €.= = Cgssgs —4/ S3= & oC e2 54 o874 ‘s) eH 23 3) 0e i) vearEs * L 4 5 Hossa &/ ASE © CSseora Z| STE 5 $$ .2235 S|] Sas 2 oSRe zea Rl LSE Zz Bez eA ES >| 2 as0o,0 o| 38 Pim DD 8 Sipe 3 Sos 2a84 B/ 23m — BUS S53 S|) =e5E SSaSKS = ASAoo Royau. GArpENs, Kew.—Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information for Dec., 1894, Contents :—Cultwral Indus- tries in Dominica, German Colonies in ropical Africa, Sisal Hemp in the Bahamas, Sago Cultivation in North Borneo, the Olove as'a Dye Plant, the Lahaina Sugar-Cune, Botanic Statioas in tae Leeward Islands, Contents, und Index to Vol. for 134, 2 EEEEOEOEOEOEOeee 666 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS!. [APRIL 1, 1895. THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS. ADMINISTRATION REPOR1 ; TEA—COFFEE—CACAO—RUBBER—PALMYRAS, &C. Dr. TRIMEN is always first with his annual Administration Report and as it is one of the most generally interesting that comes to us from the Secretariat, we always endeavour—as on the present occasion—to ive, through the courtesy of the Government Printer, the salient portions as a Supplement with the Tropical Agriculturist. 'Yhe Director begins his story this time with a melancholy record. He has lost two old, faithful and capable public servants in Messrs. J. A. Ferdinandus and Amaris de Zoyza. The latter had identified himself with the enaratgoda Gardens; while to many old residents, Peradeniya Gardens will not seem the same place without hig, worthy and intelligent Mr. Ferdinandus who, however, was absent through illness for a long period before his death. Last year was everywhere in the island an unusually dry one and one consequence at Peradeniya was that very nearly 40 plants flowered there for the first time! Dr. Tbinen gives the list. As regards the rainfall, here are the returns summarized as far as the present information goes :— Rainfall 1894. Average 10 yrs. inches days, inches days, Peradeniya 67°26 168 84:43 150 Hakgalla 74°34 199 rs 89 Heneratgoda 72°35 125 Anuradhapura 45°56 Badulla 52°23 120 The Hakgalla Gardens continue to maintain their reputation and are visited by an increasing number every year; the Henaratgoda Gardens are not so well-known, but are useful and in good order; the Anuradhapura Garden is in danger of being starved; while the Badulla Gardens would also be the better of a little more money, although we hear they have become a great ornament to the town and are very attrac- tive in their outlook. We now come to Dr. Trimen’s ‘‘ Notes on Economic Plants” always scanned with special interest by our planting and mercantile read- ers; and in connection therewith would direct attention to what he says in the opening part of his general Report as to the new kind of “Scale-bug” dealt with by Mr. E. E. Green in the January number of the Zvropical Agricul- turist. The experiment with ‘‘lady-birds” is recommended as well worth a trial, and in regard to insect enemies generally, Dr. Trimen hopes that the selection of Mr. EK. E. Green as Ento- mologist ‘‘may yet meet with the approval of Government.” In noticing our exports of tea, Dr. Trimen wonders at over 155,000 lb. going last year to ‘“‘China.” It should be known that although so entered, the tea is really meant for transhipment at Hongkong, to Vancouver or San Trancisco—so that its true destination is ‘‘ America.” We do not ,see why not so be entered by our Chamber of Commerce, in place of ‘‘China’—or at any- rate let ‘‘Hongkong” be put down to make transhipment clear. In respect of ‘‘Coffee” the worthy Director does not see why a distinction should not be made between “Arabian” and ‘‘Liberian” coftee shipments, just as there is between ‘‘ plantation” and ‘‘native” cotfee. He is pisheartened by the apathy of the Sinhalese in res- dect of planting Liberian coffee; but he will be glad to hear of a good deal of European attention this ~ year to our old product, and grown with and it should’ under shade, as in Mysore, there is good reason to expect satisfactory returns. A new descrip- tion—Sierra Leone upland coffee—is being tried at Peradeniya. As regards Cacao, Dr. Trimen has to speak of enemies—this time grubs, which have been giving trouble—and the beetles of which must be caught and destroyed. Next we come to India-rubber—of which Dr. Trimen has so good a report to offer that we think there ought to be a considerable revival of interest in the cultivation, that is of the “Para” variety. That a good deal is being done in a quiet way is evident from the fact that no less than 86,000 seeds were distributed to planters in the lowcountry last yd from Peradeniya. Then as regards results, Dr. Trimen shows that his ta p- ping experiments on a selected tree have given In seven years (from 12th to 19th year) as much as 104 lb. of clean, first-class rubber without the tree suffering in any way. His bleeding has been once in two years, but he believes the Para trees will bear to be tapped annually, if a commencement is not made until they are at least ten years old. Therein lies the difficulty withEuropean planters in a haste for returns— “who is going to wait ten years?”—and yet it has to be done for coconuts and the Para rubber gives less trouble in its planting and eul- tivation. Our judgment is, therefore, that every loweountry tea plantation ought to have a cer- tain number, or reserve, of Para rubber trees. As regards other minor products, not much is to be said just now: we must await for later reports of Guttapercha, Gambier, Camphor, &c.: at the same time we rejoice in the snecess of Mr. Nock’s experiments with English fruit trees and fruits at Hakgala and in that of Lucerne fodder introduced by Mr, Clark from Pern and of which Mr. A. Sinclair speaks in the highest way in his new book. In conclusion we must back up the Director in the strongest way in his denunciation of the wanton destruction of young Palmyrah palms in order to obtain the bristle fibre now so much in demand. We are surprised that the Govern- ment has not actively interfered long ago. The eople concerned ought to be treated as thought- ess children by a paternal Government and forbidden (by a_ special law if necessary) to destroy what Dr. Trimen describes as “the most valuable tree of our northern conatry ”— a tree which is more to the Tamils than the coconut palm is_ to the Sinhalese—and the planting of which all through the Northern Province ought to be encouraged officially in every possible way. Let us quote the motto which will be found on the title-page of the late Wm. Ferguson’s monograph of the ‘‘ Pal- myra” :— : ; (From Roberts's Oriental Mlustrations Scriptures.) Devt. XX. 19. ‘‘ Thou shalt not destroy the trees thereof by forcing an axe against them: for thou mayest eat of them, and thow shalt not cut them down (for the tree of the field is man’s life)” cc. Can it be a matter of surprise that the Orientals have a great aversion to cut down any tree which bears fruit when it is known that they principally live upon vegetable productions? Ask a man to cut down a Coconut or a Palmyrah Tree, and he will say (except when in want or to oblige some great — erson,)—‘‘ What! destroy that which gives me food? ae which I have thatch for my house to defend me from the sun and the rain? which gives me oil for my lamp, 2 ladle for my kitchen, and charcoal for my fire? from which Ihave sugar for my board, baskets for my fruits, a bucket for my well, a mat for my bed, a pouch for my betel-leaf, leaves for my books, a fence for my yard and a broom for of the y APRIL 1, 1895.| house? Destroy such a tree! Go to some needy wretch who has pledged his last jewel, and who is anxious to eat his last meal.” But alas! in the present money-making age, éven Orientals are tempted if not to cut down, at least otherwise just as surely to kill, the palm which, if left alone, would supply sustenance to themselves and their children. Even at the risk of closing the trade in Palmyra bristle fibre, we trust the practice of injuring young palms will be firmly prohibited. eee IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA. Mr. Alex. Ross of Venture, Dikoya, has just re- turned by thess. ‘‘ Valetta” from a prolonged visit to Western Australia, its grazing, farming and gold fields, as well as the principal towns. We, ourselves, traversed a considerable portion of the settled divisions of this Colony in 1875, nefore it had any railway, and during Sir Wm. Robinson’s first term of Government. The coach journey from Albany to Perth then occupied a week against the 24 hours now taken, we suppose by rail; but Mr. Ross, travelling by the latter, got the saine impression as to the wide area of light sandy soil covered with light jungle, chena or scrub, The forest of Jarral growing among iron- stone not far from Perth presents the greatest pos- sible contrast to the 1est of the country. Around York and Northam, there are limited expanses of fine farming country—all taken up. Mr. Ross shares our admiration of Perth, the beautifully- situated little Capital on the Swan River; but he does not think much of the harbour opera- tions begun at the port, Freemantle, on a plan different from Sir John Coode’s. But the great interest is in the goldfields, and Mr. Ross has strong faith in their continuing prosperous for along time. He visited Coolgardie and went down one of the most famous mines, some 280 ft. Atthe nouth he encountered an old Ceylon planter Mr. de Coucy Hamilton who planted for five years under Mr. Downall. Later, he encoun- tered Mr. W. A. Robertson, Mining Engineer, who had been engaged in putting in machinery to some of the mines. The scarcity of water is a great drawback at some of the mines and to the country generally. Meantime, typhoid fever plays havoc among the rough and ready set of miners who are careless of precautions about filtering, much less boiling their water and of sanitary regulations. Mr. Ross has, on the whole, enjoyed his trip and learned a great deal about the country. He was detained longer in Wes- tern Australia than he had intended, through meeting with an accident on board a vessel in Freemantle roadstead. From this, however, he has quite recovered and we welcome him back to Ceylon. a Se a ee A PEEP INTO THE BATGODDE TEA FACTORY, It was only about a week ago that the machinery of the Batgodde ‘Tea Factory was set in motion for the first time, and through the courtesy of the proprie- tor and manager, Mr. J. H. W. Mayow. I was shown over the different machines, &c., that were at work. The factory has only recently been built and com- pletedunder the personal supervision of Mr. Mayow, who designed the building. It stands overlooking the cartroad and is a three-storied edifice. The moving power of the machinery is a ‘ Pelton’ wheel. A column of water through heavy iron piping about half a foot in diameter, with a perpendicular fall of about 800 feet, forces itself through a nozzle about aninch in diameter attached to the end of the piping, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 667 and plays on a miniature waterwheel about 1% feet in circumference, and sends it spinning round with great velocity, and by means of thick leather belting all the other machinery is set in motion. There are two Economic roliers for rolting the tea, and @ roll-breaker and sifter of Messrs. Walker and Greig: There is a large Brown's dessicator and a Davidson’s tea:cutter, and a tea-sifter im: proved by Mr. Mayow. All these machines are fixed in the first floor of the building, while on the second floor rolls of jute hessian fixed on poles arranged in layers about a foot apart from each other over which the tea leaves are spread for withering, almost covering the entire space. On the third floor, which is also intended to be used for withering, the ceiling and walls are beautifully covered over with white talipot leaves, which tempers the heat of the zine roofing of the factory and adds light to the whole room. This factory is one of the largest in the district and reflects much credit on the manager who with his own knowledge and engineering skill has so economically and yet sub- stantially constructed and piloted the work to a successful termination. ‘This is the first tea factory in the district that has a ‘ Pelton’’ wheel in use and when fuel is scarce and water not abundant on most estates, the use of this Pelton wheel with a little flow of water and a fall seems the best and most profitable under the circumstances.—Cor. cn THE BARK OF THE MANGROVE: A New Inpustry ror CEYLON. It may be remembered that in December last Government gave notice in the Gazette :— That an application has been received from Mr, G,. R. Murray, of 8, Central Chambers, II, Bothwell street, Glasgow, Scotland, on behalf of Orawford’s Cutch Company, Limited, for the exclusive right of collecting, for the purposes of manufacture by the Company, the bark of the Mangrove (Kadol) grow- ing on Crown land in a district of the Island to be hereafter determined, and is under the considera: tion of Government; and that it is proposed to grant this concession on the following terms:—(1.) The concession to be for fifteen years; (2.) Incon- sideration thereof, the Government to receive a royalty of ten shillings per ton of manufactured cutch exported from theIsland: Provided that after twelve months from the date of the concession, the manufacturers must have begun work, and that a minimum of one hundred tons per annum be ex- ported by the Company thereafter (7.c., in the second year of the concession), otherwise the concession to cease; (3.) No. similar concession on more favourable terms to be granted in any other districts during the stipulated fifteen years, and no similar concession at all for a period of two years. Opposition was raised by scine of the native tanners, but it was unavailing, and yesterday we were able to announce that the conces: sion had been granted. As we = stated in our last issue five acres have been purchased at Trin+ comalee, for the premises necessary for the purposes of manufacture, ithe concession so far as regards the collection of the bark embracing a very large part of that district. Vor the factory a 16-ton boiler has just been imported, and the machines to be sent out shortly will consist of two for breaking the bark, a sawmill, and a vacuum pan capable of containing 300 callous of the tannic acid which will be expressed from the bark by a secret process, this acid being very largely used for tanning ropes, nets, sails &c. Hitherto the eutch trade ine been almost entirely in the hands of the Burmese, and, as can be ima- gined, the methods which they employ in ob- taining the extract from the bark are not based on the best scientific principles. The process which the Crawford Cuteh Company are to employ is entirely new, but as it is absolutely private property no description iy a 668 available. We cordially welcome the new industry as a means of affording employment to several hundreds of natives, and equally cordially wish it every success. Messrs. Murray and Oatts who came out here as representing the concessionaires left for England this morning by theP. & O. ss. ‘«Coromandel,” extremely well pleased indeed with their visit to the island and of course its result. They spoke very highly of the courtesy they had received from all the Goy- ernment , officials, every facility being af- forded them for obtaining information regard- ing the most suitable locality for the business which they are to establish here. It appears that the idea of their coming out to Ceylon was suggested to them by Mr. Royle of the Imperial Institute and Mr. F. H. M. Corbet as the Ceylon Commissioner. It was the intention of the Company to start operations in the West Indies, but the gentlemen named, suggested that Ceylon should be giyen a trial and interested thein- selves a very great deal in the niatter and for this very. great credit is due to thein. Communica- tion was entered into with the Government here who secured ‘reports on the subject from the Govern- ment Agents and officers of the Forest Depart- ment, and the result of the negotiations was that it, was agreed that.on the concession being granted the Company should pay a_ certain royalty per ton of the article manufacture. Messrs. Murray and Oatts came out here for the purpose as we have said of selecting the most suitable «district. At first it was thought that they might choose the land lying between Ne- gonbo and Bentota but after visiting tlie Trinco- males district they decided that they should conimence operations there, and Government accor- dingly gave. then: the, monopoly in accord- Arce with the conditions .they had published. The practical part of the business will be iinder the management oof Mr Mearns who arrived in the island from Scotland «a short time ago, and Messrs. Finlay, Muir & Co. will act as agents. + fn iow (eRe oe . THE “FUTURE OF INDIAN TEA, The coming struggle in the Indian and Ceylon Trea trades, which over-production is fast rendering imminent, is a subject which demands the immediate attention of planters, In a lecture’ recently deli- vered by Mr: A. G. Stanton, himself no mean au- thority, before the Soziety of Arts, official tables are quoted showing the progress made of late years by Indian and Ceylon teas, and the corresponding decline, which has taken place in the consumption in the United Kingdom of China tea. In 1881 the United Kingdom took forty-eight million lb, of Indian tea at one shilling and five pence per |b. as against & hundred and twenty . million Ib., of China tea. In 1883 the consumption of Ceylon tea previously trifling, was one million lb. and the price one shilling and thrée pence farthing. By this time the con- sumption of Indian tea had increased to filty-eight ynillion lb. and. the price had fallen to fourteen pence half penny. ‘Che returns for 1894 show a consump- tion of Indian tea totalling a hundred and seventeen iillion lb. atan average price of nine-pence-farth- ing, while the consumption of the Ceylon article had reached seventy-one million lb. at eight-pence-half- | penny perlb., the total consumption at home of China tea having fallen to twenty-six milion lb. Now ‘if it has cost’ the Indian planter eight pence per pound to reduce to twenty-six million pounds the consumption of China tea from. the figure at which it stood in. 1881, what further sacrifice, asks Mr, Stanton, will, be. entailed upon him in displacing, .the . xe six million pounds, and when this has: beon’ dis- THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURISI. ’ having doubled its consumption in four years. remaining. twenty- | ad ~~ -— [Aprit 1, 1895. placed, what is to be the next move? Reduce the outturn, is the Sbvious answer to the second question ; but that is precisely what the planter is least likely to do, untilat any rate overproduction b:ings him’ face to face with ruin. The only alternative is, of course, the opening up of new markets, ant here the Indian and Ceylon planters have practi- cally ‘puu China im front of them: Even at the present comparatively moderate vate of imerease it will take less than five years—it may possibly only take three—to supply the United Kingdom with adl the tea she want;, and then the problem of new markets will confront theyplanters in dead earnest. Up to the present moment the highest amount of Indian and Ceylon teas consumed in the world out- side the United Kingdom is only thirty million lb.; the total consumption of China tea being about two hundred and twenty million Ib. America and Australasia are the most hopeful markets for Indian Ceylon teas, but in 1893 the export to the former country was only about two million Ibs., while the latter country took alone fourteen millions, But the advance in the foreign trale has been very slow, thongh no. doubt it has been steady : and Mr. Stan- ton’s point is that the Indian and Ceylon planters should spend some of their money in the systematic opening of new markets instead of the opening up df seine such new land for cultivation. Canada and Russia both offer markets which might well be worked, while the whole of South America is still almoOst untouched. It ought at any rate on the latter contineut to be easy’ for Indian tea to replace the chief beverage in use there, “Paraguay Tea,’ which suffers from the initial disadvantage that it is not tea at all—Zimesaf India. THE WHITE THREAD FUNGUS. REMOVABLE BY HAND. (Special for the “ I'lanter.”’) In the Darjeeling District the white thread fnugus has been present to some extent for the past eleven years. It is fonnd on solitary bushes here and there at any elevation beiow 2,500 feet. If leit wloney' however, it spreads in course of time to con- siderable ‘plots.. ‘The season it makes its’ growth seems to be only at the end of the raius, and when pruning time comes they are eusily distinguishable from some distance by the wilhered appearance of the leaves of the bush attacked, or, if tar gone, by its complete nakedness. The fungus begins on the stems or branches, and grows upwards until it ieaches the leaves, when the character of the growth changes, and from the single thread there spreads out innumerable tiny branches which completely cover the under sides of the leaves, giving thein the appearance of being encased in a white film. The fungus extracts ali the moisture from the leaves attacked, which soon die, and the bush itself succumbs in course of time if neglected. The question of drainage has nothing to do with the appearauce of the fungus, as it sometimes appears on the dryest plots of a dry garden where the annual rainfall does not exceed 74 inches. This fungus does not attack tea only; the wviter has observed it iu large patches of jungle where it attacks shrubs and undergrowth in the same man- ner, and he first saw it in the jungle the same year that it made its appeirance in the tea. » rE’ This blight does not spread rapidly, and so can ewily be dealt with. Heavy pruning has been Yre- — commended fo: ibe same reason, probably, that blood — ietting was the recognised rule of surgery in bar- barous times for all the ills which flesh is heir t Heavy pruning is not necessary, and is objectionab tor several reasons. A complete cure can be effecte by scraping off the white thread from the stems branches, which is done by children with knives made of dry bamboo; these remove the fang and do not, injure the hark. The bush recovets i ‘vigour with the return of spring—Zhe Planter, wo an APRIL Tp 1895. Goyryespondence. the Editor. OF COCONUTS : SIDE.—No. I. for the information of To PLANTING EDGE OR Dear Sir,—A few lines your correspondent L.D. (see page 610), inquiring how coconuts should be laid in nursery. It is a matter of indifference as to whether the nuts are laid on their side or end, for they grow well either way. In making nurseries I have adopted both | methods and have found no difference in the time taken for the shoot to appear. Some say that laid on the side, the germ is always kept moist by contact with the water in the nut, and germination and growth are hastened. This is a fallacy so far as the latter part of the statement is concerned. Like all other seeds, the cotyledon of the coconut nourishes the embryo plant; but the cotyiedon of the coconut being very large and fleshy it can support the young plant for tour and five months (we often see coconuts slung over the branch of a tree with leaves 2 foot or more long). | So soon as the germ begins to grow, it forms at its | base a light spongy ball, which is really a congeries of minute fibrits ; this ball grows with the growth of the pliant and is always in contact with the walls of the kernel, from: which it draws its nourishment. If before this is all consumed, the plant is not put into | the ground, it of course dies. | It seems to me that nature has indicated that to lay the nut on its end is the correct way. The eye or germ is protected with a much softer substance than the tough fibre coverimg of the other part of the aut, and the fibres of it run perpendicularly, so that the shoot in making forthe light—which it does | instinevively,—witness the way, when tbe nut is laid | on its side, 1b lorces its way up. through the husk | | | THE ON immediately it leaves the shell—meets with the minimum of opposition; in this way too the stem guows stouter tuan when it has to overcome the resistance and compression of the elastic fibrous husk. V. J. No., 11, Feb. 26. Dean Sir,—In reply to “L.D.’s” query, under the above heading, (see page 610) I have got equally good resulis, under iavourable conditions, by placing nuts with the stalk end upwards in the | nursery as by laying them on their sides but I prefer the latter method and consider it safer for this reason. When the “‘capsule’’ at the stalk end drops off, it lays bare a depression in the husk directly above the ‘‘eye”’ of the nut through which the young shoot issues. This depression is comparatively a tender spot in the husk and moisture would enter through it more easily than elsewhere. | Therefore, if the nuts be placed vertically with | only the spaces between them filled with soil, water | would be caught in the depression and, if super- abundant as in long-continued wet weather, the germ | would be endangered. Further, do we not follow nature’s direction in | placing the nuts on their sides for that is the posi- | tion in which they lie naturally when they fall trom the tree ?—Lruly yours, i G. N | Noe TH: | Deak Sin,=My nuts are always laid horizontally : my late Supevinvendent believing in keeping the | ‘eyes’ moist, as an ard to germination. TI have not departed fromy his practice, and would prefer a | Slansing positionp—say ah angle of 45 to a yertical, | with the eye up—Lours truly, yi RT THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 669 CHICKENS AND CHICKEN DISEASE. No I. Marcel 8. Drar Srr,—I would be much obliged to any of your readers who have sucesssfully treat: d chickens for chicken-pox, if they would kindly pudlish their remedy for same. I lose hundreds of chickens every , year, from c' icken-pox, and ha:e heen in sucessful with every reiedy that I tried.— Yours &c. DESPAIR. March 9th. Dear Smr,—In reply to the inquiry made by “Des- pair” as to what is the best remedy for the tvreat- ment of chickens for chicken-pox, 1 have found the following very successful:—Wash the eyes twice a day with warm water, wipe them dry, and then apply wood ashes mixed with coconut oil—I shall be giad to know whether ‘Despair’ is successtui with this remedy.—Yours &e. M. No. ILL March 13. Denar Sir,—In reply to the inquiry made by “ Des- pair’’ as to what is the vest remedy for the treat- quent Oi chickens, for chicken pox, i have found a weal solution ot Jeye’s fluid appiied to the atfected part a sare cwre. Uf course, it the bird cannot see to teed itselt it must be fed by hand. I have treated young: turkeys as I descrive aid nave never lost one. Jeyes Huiu acts as a disintectant at the same time and prevents the disease trom spreading.—Yours faithiully, Sees COCONUT PALM Duar Sir,—On page 732, Vol. Xidi., a practical Plantier wrote “1. am making an experiment Witu w View tO saving someoi my pasmsattacked by the weevil, by taking wwe tees In baud early, betore the grub HAs oa time to dO lireparabie harm, digging out Vue larva, Wud BLOopping tne cavity with ciay, aiter applying a. muxtte of coal-tar and kerosine oil. dtestut will be reported im due time.’ 1 do not remeimper to Have seen any report of the resuits. Will your correspondent kindly give them and oblige.—Your's taivhtutly, ANOTHKK ONE INTERESTED, AND. BYeKTLES, THE MOON IN SCOTLAND. Dear Sir.—l suppose “ Cosmopolite’’ will look for some novice beiug taken or nis’ backing of his jriend. web Me ask Lim What value he tiinks can ve autwched to his—or @uyvoay eises—laying down the law by mere persona: asscruions? ‘By such plead- ing * Cosmoup ove’ ilwy succeed in convincing ** Cosmopoliue,’ and he imay strengthen tue Menta: iwuwuule or tue thousands who alreauy “know’’ the ‘tacts’? as well as he does him- sell, and to whom therelore he can teach nothing. Whetuer it be cutting timber in moonhght, ri pening coliee, Musning tea, cutung our nails and ua, redueniug tue harvest, &c.,—and i have no doubt *Cosuiopolite”’ could learn many more like “ster- ling tacts’ from his neighbouring peasantry.—all these wuvocates sing the sume song: “it is a well- kuown tact,’ “it is no new theory,’ We., &e. So it was “Well-KnNOWN' nol so 10ng ago, that ‘t witches "’ aoounaeu, wud nud to be biurut; that tortunes could be Oia} Gieamms be luterpreted; to have doubted wll of which, then, woud have guailhed the sceplic lor au asylum. 5o it would be now, and ts With your * Agiicoiws " wna your * Cosmopolites,’— and their nuumver 1s legiou—but for science that demanas proot, Hus “ Cosmupoiite seen any at- testeu record of the moonstine in Scotland as coinpared with otnuer years. It so, itet’s have the table, “OO, but ts «a well-known — fact that everybody knows” °“e: &c. © Bat snob asortions to meet the demands of soience are silly and childish, and utterly yalueless, It would RIO 670 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Aprit 1, 1895, bably be found that the difference of duration of moonshine was not so great after all, and only existed in Cosmopolite’s imagination. Along with this table we piped want other comparative tables of the readings of the barometer, thermometer and hygro- meter &c, and of the mean amount of sunshine. We should want an entomological report also,—and many other data, and with competent experts to discuss the operation and effect of all these, it might be found that the moon had as much to do with the result as if no moon existed. To say nothing of that other essential factor: how much, and in what localities, has the harvest suffered (if at all!) compared in bulk to other years. O. I. CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA, Dear Sr1r,—In lieu of a long letter this time I shall with this hand you a copy of a letter that I haye addressed to the ‘ Thirty Committee,’ also a copy of my supplementary to the Atlanta Exhibition proposition that I have prepared to submit to the Ceylon Representatives with a copy of the original proposition, knowing the same would interest you and possibly your readers, and that it would be quite agreeable to the “ Thirty Committee,” to have you publish the same. Our much-valued friend Mr. T. A. Cockburn and myself stand quite ready to enter a vigorous campaign to push the tea interests of Ceylon in America and both of us are looking forward with much pleasure to the arrival: in America of the Ceylon Delegates. It is now fifteen months since the close of the World’s Columbian Exhibition, and we will have need to work with vigour in supplement- ing the work so well and faithfully performed at Chicago. To the ‘“ Thirty Committee’ Ceylon. Gentlemen:—I thank you for your favor of October 26, and the resolution of your valued Committee in Yelation to the cotton states and international ex- hibition to be held in the City of Atlanta Ga. U. S. A, September, October, November and December of this year. The action of your Committee was quite satis- factory on my proposal for the said exhibition. I hope to meet your delegates at an early day and shall be glad to learn that their report will be a favorable one, warranting Ceylon to take up the Atlanta Exhibition and my proposals for the same. _ I regret very much indeed.the numerous good opportunities that I. have been’ obliged to let pass me, where, if Ihad been ina proper position with a staff of native servants at my command, I could have done Ceylon a wonderful deal’ of good in the in- troduction of the best tea in the world; aiding largely in its demand. I have been most patient and anxious in this matter, not on account’ of the dollars that may be in future store for me. It would take many to compensate me for the losses of the past. I can fully assure you that Iam entirely unselfish; I am not looking for self gain, I am looking for a con- tinued association with an enterprise that is bound to be successfull in America, and I wish toaid and share in that success. i Nothing will affordme greater peeaute than seeing 4 vigorous campaign inaugurated that will lead to a grand and glorious success for the Teas of Ceylon in America. I trust that in this communication I do not ap- pear too urgent, but what I take into serious con- sideration is the distance and time between here and Ceylon, and Ishould regret very much if so good an opportunity as the cotton states and international exhibition be allowed to pass; for here an oppor- tunity will be afforded by reaching so TG con- sumers. In reaching the consumers we strike home ; when the same are once interested it is an easy matter to reach the trade and importers. Time is valuable and if the representation is to be made a ood one it will be important that decisive action e taken at once; it is also of vast importance that the representation be a direct one and under the auspices of Government, that is, that Ceylon be re- resented by a duly appointed Commissioner or ommissioners, ~ I count on 4,000 sq. feet of space. If the repre- sentation be direct this space will be free of cost; an unoffical or an exhibit made by a private firm or Company said space would cost $1 a sq. foot or $4,000. Hereis an advantage that the “Committee of Thirty” and the Planters’ Association will find to their interest and worthy of consideration. Coupled with my proposition (which I intended to be a direct representation) and the supplementary to same that I now hand you with this will give Ceylon the desired results at a nominal cost, and results that I am quite satisfied will be satisfactory financially and otherwise. If the exhibition be run to good and satisfactory business perhaps we may be able in rendering our final report to show a balance in favour of the com- mission. The money put out will be carefully ex- pended and in a way so that beneficial results will follow. With this Ihand you also the ground plan of the Pavilion and court showing tea room, tea kitchen, tea gardens, commissioner's and entertaining room and accomodations for tea and other exhibits, this I am sure you will find practical. You will please notice that I give the tea the most promi- nent place as per cut. The samples will be displayed in glass jars properly labeled and corresponding num- bers as per catalogue, and as the number one is shown on the proposed catalogue so each estate will have its catalogue number and each grade will be marked No. I-A No. I—B No. I—C and so on as shown, and according to the estate number on the catalogue. Another advantage that the tea so shown will keep its nose. The outlay to carry out said cata- logue will not be very heavy and then with the profit realized on the sales we will be compensated for the trouble, and by so doing we make the exhibit one that will be interesting and pleasing to the goneyal public. The carved pillars, panels, the andyan wall and Buddha can be well utilized at future exhibitions. The Atlanta exhibition is progressing and the authorities say they will be prepared to receive ex- hibits by June Ist. On account of the construction it will be important that just as soon as the ex- ibition is settled upon and the commissioner or commissioners are appointed with authority to act, that the required space be secured and that the carved illars, panels, &c. reach the port of New York not ater than July 1st, and the exhibits tea, &c. not later than August Ist, People talked about Ceylon at Chicago on account of its prominence at the fair and we want the people to talk about Ceylon at Atlanta, and not only talk about us but go away with a souyenir so that they will talk about wus in their homes, I have several schemes in connection with the tea service that I am sure will work well and to good results. I trust the importance of the enterprise will be seriously considered and that a speedy action be taken in the matter so that we may be ina favourable position financially, &c. at this end, to take up the work and push it along to success. Also on the. opening day of of the exhibition that we be ready for business with the proper service of tea and all exhibits well arrang- ed, a staff of native servants specially selected on account of looks, good character and lots of good dresses,and the women with plenty of jewelry so that our picture of an oriental or Ceylon Court will be in every way picturesque, and with the addition of a liberal supply of palms we will make it so. I think that in sending the natives it would be desirable that four be bright Sinhalese and four be Tamils (twomen and two women), we will need fully as many to do the court justice in the representa- tion. For your information regarding the importance of a New York Office for information etc. etc. I will quote the following from the ‘‘ Commercial Advertiser” Americans are great coffee consumers, they use nearly as much as the whole of Europe's nations. The re- ceipts of coffee at New York were a little less than 173,000,000 pounds in 1874 but they were 470,000,000 pounds in 1893, ont of @ total mapply received ay all * APRIL 1, 1895.| ports in the United States amounting to 563,000,000 ounds during the same year; it is thus evident that Row York controls the coffee market of the country.” “The cup that cheers’ kept full by importations the tea mart of the whole country is New York—some statistics which astound one. As tea-drinkers the American people are hardly a success when we compare our imports of tea with our im- ports of coffee. Twenty years ago we imported less than 40,000,000 pounds of tea a year at New York but in 1893 we received over 60,000,000 pounds here out of a total import amounting to 89,000,000 pounds at all the Custom Houses of the country. IMPORTS OF TEA RECEIVED AT NEW YORK. 1874 AC a6 39,931,658 pounds 1880 an ee 51,941,410 _,, 1885 oe 46 55,715,246, 1890 50 a6 61,170,776 __,, GO Teme ene 57 278.6024 3 1892 Aq sie 63,316,537, 1893 5¢ ye 60,857,308 _,, 1893 U.S. we 89,061,287 _,, It will be seen that our consumption ot tea is rather less than one pound per caput of our population, and that the average value of tea imported into the United States is slightly below 15 cents per pound whereas the retail price will run all the way from 25 cents to a dollar or more a pound for the choicest grades. The grades of tea used in this country, and to a cetain extent also in Canada, do not find a market in other tea-consuming countries. We are not good judges of good tea, the quality of a very large pro- portion of the different kinds we use being of the very poorest, such as the Chinese and Japanese will not use themselves, and it really does not deserve the name of tea. It may be that on this account our consumption of tea is comparatively light, and if better grades were imported then our consump- tion of this commodity might increase.” At this point, it’s my opinion, that the teas of Ceylon come in. The people of America are finding out that rubbish called tea has been imposed upon them and no nation under the sun likes a clean article of food better than the Americans; this is being demonstrated by the numerous pure food shows from time to time and the larger ex- hibitions throughout the United States, reasons enough why Ceylon in the next three years should take ever advantage of such Exhibitions, and the writer wit his practical experience in Exhibitions and the valuable hustler from Ceylon, Mr. T. A. Cockburn, are quite at the commands of Ceylon to push its interests in America. d I do know that Mr. Cockburn is not afraid of work, and I am sure I am not, so with both of us put into harness I think we will make a good team and will answer well to the reins from Ceylon in good shape. We shall pull steadily and together so that the work will be well and faithfully performed and the tea interests of Ceylon be boomed through- out -the United States and Canada. _ Mr. Blechynden, India Tea Commissioner, who is in New York called upon me on the 25th, January. He then had four demonstrations going on in four different stores on thirdavenue of this City with native servants in attendance. His efforts and the exbibi- tions that he makes in the different cities that he visits are bound to do the India tea interests much good. It is a great pity that so much time has gone by that could have been profitably filled by similar work for the teas of Ceylon; but then “‘it’s never to late to mend,” and when we begin—why, we must work like Trojans. My. Blechynden will be de- lighted to meet the Ceylon representatives and will offer all possible information. His present address is Hotel St. George, Brooklyn, N. Y.—I am, with kindest regards, yours faithfully, S. BIERACH. SUPPLEMENTARY TO “ THE ATLANTA EXPOSITION PROPO- SITION.”’ On a reconsideration of the importance theof exhibition and in view of the ‘ Candian International Exhibition” to be held in Montreal in 1896, and the arge exhibition to be held in the City of Baltimore THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 671 in 1897 I deemed it. advisable to extend my plans somewhat, so as to make the court look more im- posing. This will naturally add to the expense and on explaining the same by plan and model I - feel quite confident that the additional amount required will be money well put out, and to cover same I would ask for an additional allowance of § 1,500, making the cash total required $ 6,000. In the original proposal I ask for four pillars, two in ebony and two in satin wood. The improved and extended plan will require eight additional, say two each in jak, tamarind, palu and muruta; all twelve can be well utilized in future exhibitions such as the Canadian and Baltimore Centennial. Also the two Doratu-Palayas, or Janitors asked for, with the following panels (see exhibition hand-book). 3rd.—Panel in satin wood, ira-handa the sun-and- moon symbol of the four korales. 5th.—Panel in satin wood, perahera or religious procession. 6th.—Panel in satin wood, dado of the basement of the stone built vihare at Ganegoda. Sth.—Panel in satin wood, and the Devas or gods, and the mythical double-headed eagle, termed Strerunda-pakshi. 9th.—Panel in ebony wood, the “ Nari-lata.’’ A sedent figure of Goutama Buddha about three or four feet high. Buddhist paintings, (duplicates of those in Ceylon Main Court World’s Columbian Exhibition) four re- presenting the parahera procession and the four representing the incidents of the Deva Dharma Jataka. KEY TO PAINTINGS. First.—The King in his Palace, &c. Second.—The King has married a second Queen, &c. Third.—Arrival of the trio in the forests of the Hi- malayas. Fourth.—A temple has been built for the repentant demon, «&c. The carvings on the pillars to represent those of the Audience Hallat Kandy, Kandy temple, Polan- naruwa and Ganegoda Wihara in the four korales of the Kegalla district of Ceylon. Ceylon Directory, Sinhalese newspaper, English and Sinhalese Dictionary, *** English and Tamil Dic- tionary, photographs of tea estates and factories with Ceylon views and photos of natives. For Decoration.—Devil dancers masks, two leopard skins, two tiger skins, one spotted deer skin, one red deer skin, one ape skin, two monkey skins, one bear skin, one mongoose skin, one mouse deer skin and two tom-toms. Talipots, coconuts with husks, bag of pearl oysters, bag of cowries, coconut leayes or cadjans for thatching native huts, coconut tree in its different stages and in its different paris as per Ceylon Hand-book World’s Columbian Exhibition page 146 from 269 to 308. Brass style, native ink and ola. About 18 Kandyan brass trays, brass Buddha, brass Kandyan Chiefand brass Kandyan Chief’s wife. Antique Kandyan knives, sword and spear heads. Two large ebony elephants, about two doz. assorted small ebony elephants, Kalutara baskets in sets, Bishops’ hats in sets, betel bags, cigar cases, tea bas. kets, &c. Also Kalutara mats. Sticks in ebony, coco- nut, coffee and cinnamon. Transportation —**** Models of carts and boats not more than eight. For Exhibition.—Tea, special display, 8 the various estates and all grades. esiccated coconut, coffee, cocoa, cardamoms, ya- nilla, mace, cloves, nutmegs and cinnamon, Oils.—Essential.— Coconut, cinnamon and citronella, also cinchona. Horticulture.—Bulbs, &c. For display in the Womens’ Building and so as te be in direct touch with the ladies of the exhibition, I would suggest that a suitable show-case be placed in the building and that Lady Havelock and the ladies of Ceylon be kindly invited to send not more than, say, one hundred numbers in lace and other articles of artistic merit to be placed on exhibition in the interest of the senders ; by so doing I feel quite con- fident it will do Ceylon no end of good. It is also my purpose as far as practical to make the sales of tea in the packet through the legitimate dealer and as far as practical to advertise tho trade represent- 672 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, [APRIL 1, 1895. well, who ave handling Ceylon tea so as to gei the best, possible zesults trom, the exhibition aud the quickest possible demand. With the success of the Cotton States and IJnter- national Wxhibition, Itrust that Mr, Thomas A. Cock- burn and myself will be favorably. considered aad injrusted in conducting the Great Canadian Inter- national Exhibition in 1896 in the interest of Cey- lon with the Bultimore Centennial aud International Exposition in 1897. i os As to remuneration aud conmmissions that I leave entirely. to the liberal decision of your valued Com- mittee feeling assured that by doing my work well Ceylon will be only too glad to compensate me ac- cordingly. Rosana submitted to the Delegates for Ceylon, Sm Graeme H.D, Evexinsrone, Baronre ; anv Wi1tAM Mackenzig, Esq. : By faithfally yours, S. BIERACH. New York City, NY. Jan. 9th 1895. pilt to N. B.—My scheme is, to. make the exhibit in- teresting im every way and I only ask tor such exhibits that I know will aid materially in the success of the representation. : Lhaye a good Ceylon flag 6 by 5, but would require another, as also some specimens of Kandyan painted pottery. F ' ’ Ls Tt is also my special desire, and, in my opinion essential, that in the management of the Ceylon interests at Atlanta, that Mr. Thomas A, Co¢kburn be appointed with me in conducting the enterprise. The requirements will be such as to warrant this step and I am sure as the exhibition proguessen the practicability of the Association will be demonstra- ted to the full satisfaction of the ‘ Thirty Com- miittee:’ and the Planters’ Association. Also 1 desire that not less than eight native servants be. sent out for the Atlanta Ixhibition. . In the course of the Exhibition it may be desira- ble to make demonstrations at several of the other Southern Cities with the leading dealers. Vt will be our aim to make,a lasting impression on the Southern Trade ana by so doing our work thoroughly, Lam quite positive that we cam bring about the desired results.—5. B. ; [Phe sketch. for the proposed Ceylon «Court for the Atlanta Exhibition can be seen by any one interested.—Eb. 7’.A.] ‘PLANTING IN’ THE NILGIRIS—SUCCESS 252 ‘OF TEA : “AND NOTES ON CEYLON. DOINGS. SH aS es Nilgiri Hills, March 7. Dear Mr. Eprvon,—Did you ever know a Ceylon man—at least one, who has, spent the best and hap- piest years of his life in that isiand—who did not want to return to it? I haye known many who had to.go back whether they liked it or not, and others who much as they would have liked to return were prevented from doing so by the iear of a too warm reception, having over-looked some “ trifling out- standings” in the hurry of departure. y uegli- gence in sending you some notes from “ The Blue Tlills” (as the Nilgiris are called) must be attri- buted to the fact of my nearly having to return myself (nolens volens) a couple of months ago. Ceylon differs from my own native country in this respect, it is said: Ireland is a good country “to live out of” whereas the ‘Spicy Isie”’ is certainly a good country to live in. My experience of lreiand is that itis too good a place for hait the people who live there (the half who want Home Rule and won't get it). Aslong as you are not a landlord, you are “ fairly’ safe there. Your recent issues have been — : ing reading, especially the 2.4. mectings. Where did Mr, Gibbon pick up that Janguage which he gave Messrs. Skrine and, Dayidson a ‘“taste”” of; he is the last man I would haye expected it from. £ am glad to see my old friend Myr. Forsyth (I. don’t mean to infer he is old, whatever he may look) made out such a strong case for the K, Valley rather interest- i railway. A vailway in the K. V. with its at- tendant bustle, the shrill whistle of the guard, and the anxious face of Pinghami as he holds the points firmly with his big toe will be rather a contrast to my first experience of that part of the world about 13 years ago. No beefbox for a couple of weeks, and even when the river did subside, it was a case of “Please, six, bull run- ning into jungle, catching next week.” If it had not been for a ‘ universal provider’ in, the shape of Charles Byrde, none. of us. would have survived to tell the tale. But I find Iam given to wandering in these notes in- stead of affording you some information on planting matters. What do you think of 540 lb. an acre at an elevation of 6,500 feet and the Darjeeling flavour for 3 months of the year,—though I see a correspondent of the Nilgiri news says 200 lb. an aere is the aver- age yield for these hills. ‘The ‘rainfall is a trifle short and not very eyenly distributed; for instance, we have had ‘72 of an inch this year and there was no rain in December. Plucking here is wonderfully cheap about 1 anna (6 cis.) per lb. I saw7 ets. commented— ou in your paper as a phenomenally low rate in Ceylon, other works are not proportionately low though labour is cheap, Check Roll average being about 3% annas (2] cts.) On the whole we can ais fle (here) cheaper than teas grown at the same elevation in Ceylon. There is practically no land available for tea on these hills as Goyernment reserve all forest that has been spared by the Badagas (a Hill tribe). Ceylon men might do worse than turn their atten- tion to the South Wynaad which country possesses all the necessary qualifications for a first-class tea district viz. soil, rainfall, transport and cheap labour. I remark Ceylon exports to British India are about one million pounds tea yearly on which you have to pay a 5 per cent ad ralorem duty. 1 had intended sending you Mr. Editor some flavoury Nil- giri tea, but find [ wonld have to pay 25 cts. per lb. import duty into Ceylon. Is this what yor call “yeciprocating’’? I see a “gentleman” is going to bring forward a resointion on this subject 2% the next meeting of the Nilsiri P.A., so Mr. Lipton and the native traders engaged in the export trade to India will not have it all their own way.—Yours, T. MANURING TEA: THE APPLICATION OF A LEGUMINOUS PLANT. Marcel: 8. Dear Sir,—You may he interested to hear that a ‘great discovery has been made that bids fair to completely revolutionise the art of manuring tea. It is no less than the discovery of a green manure, which applied sun dried, at the rate of 4 oz. only a tree would more than replace all the Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid, Lime and Potash removed by six maunds of tea per acre. Years of careful study, patient research and _ painstaking selection has produced this astonishing result. I hope very shortly to be able to forward you complete analyses of the plant; but at present I can safely state that the amount of Nitrogen and Phosphoric Acid is more than replaced by an application of 4 oz. a tree, and there are not wanting indications vhat the Potash and Lime are also more than supplied. This shrub that is marvellously rich im these important manutial constituents belongs to the Nat. Ord. Lequ- nunose, and grows freely in very poor soil and seems to stand great extremes of heat and cold, and I’ve no doubt could be largely grown on poor land, and cut — two to three times a year. It is a perennial plant. Of the probabie yield per acre = cannot speak with certainty, but {f should think 2 tons a reasonable — estimate. Thus one acre of poor abandoned land — could be made to yield enough manure to keep about 6 acres of tea in a high state oi bearing. Theshrub © has also the merit of being ver) intolerant of weeds — and once given a start seems never to give weeds — a chance. I couid write-much more about this ex- tremely interesting shrub, but refrain until I can send you detailed analyses from an analyst whose reputation is more than Indian.—I am, i dear si ours faithfully, — EX-CEYLON PLA NTER. Aprit t, 1895.| COCONUT PLANTING IN THE N.-W. PROVINCE. North of the Mahaoya, 13th March. Weather very hot as is to be expected at this time of the year. A good shower fell in this neigh- bourhood on the 24th of last month, but none since, though farther north pretty heavy local showers fell last week. The natives have been busy reaping theix paddy crop which is fairly good where there was sufficient water, but where this element was deficient, very miserable. In the Katugampola Meda- pattua a large number of CHEENA CLEARINGS haye been burnt off for sowing with grain and manioc. In the same quarter I learn that over 1,000 acres will be put under coconuts this year. ‘The con- tinued steady rise in the VALUE OF COCONUTS isa mystery to me. Can any of your correspondents enlighten my ignorance ? I fancy some of the merchants who deal largely in oil could doso if they chose to. Is oil reaily the cause of the rise in price ? price ofoil risen so much in the English, American and continental markets, as to account for the en- hanced price of coconuts? and if it is so, what has caused the rise in the price of oil ? and is the cause such as to justify one in believing that it will continue to operate for some time? If oil is not the cause of the rise in the value of coconuts then whatis? ‘Ihe local demand for the Desiccating Mills and exchange are insufficient to account for it, though the drought of last year will no doubt help to keep up prices all through this year. Owners of COCONU' LANDS for sale seem to me to base their valuation of their properties upon the present ruling high price of coco- nuts, as though this was to continue with certainty for a long time to come. We know that up to 1890 the average price of nuts was about R30 per 100, and what grounds have we for thinking that they may not at any time fall to that rate? To me it seems that unless there are substantial grounds for believing that the present high rates will continue for at least 10 years tocome it would be very unsafe for any one wishing to buy coconut lands to base his valuation upon present prices of coconuts. Any information, therefore, that will throw light upon this question of the cause of the steady advance in the price of coconuts for the past four years, will, I feel sure, be welcome to many others as well as to.—Yours truly, Puzz.ep. a= ane Spe eae BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA : NYASSALAND. AN UNFAVOURABLE ACCOUNT BY A CEYLON z PLANTER. [I send you some extracts from letter received from Mr. — afew days ago. I am sorry to say he has been very seriously ill at Durban since he arrived there with fever he got while in Nyassa- land.—Lomwecountry Planter.) At Chinde I got on board the sternwheel steamer “ Bera’? with four other passengers, nice fellows, Government officials, and off we went up a muddy winding river between low banks and dead flat coun- try on either side. Nothing of any interest except shooting hippopotami and crocodiles of which there are lots, and I accounted for two hippos myself. But the beasts are unsatisfactory shooting as they sink at once and don't come up for several hours after they are dead. The second day of the river my fellow passengers produced their medicine chests and began literally to eat medicine, and the third day two of these had sharp attacks of fever, and henceforward for the rest of my travels the talk was always fever :—or so-and-so is dead with it, an so-and-so has gotit. It is the ever-present curse of the country and is just as bad on the hills as the plains. 89 Has the . THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURISC, -inyalided home. 673 I asked the doctors of H. M. Gunboats what their mortality was (where, of course, men have skilled medical attendance and every luxury,) and they told me 8 per cent deaths and 15 per cent to 20 per cent I really believe the deaths amongst the general population is more like 20 percent. It is a country of sudden death. Well we steamed up seven days and then the river was so shallow the steamer could go no farther, and we had to get into little house boats each big enough for two and we poled up the river to our destination. This took 8 or 9 days more and as we had glorious weather and full moon I rather enjoyed it. We started at six after cocoa, poled up the river till eleven, then landed and cooked breakfast and then poled on till 5 p.m., when’ we tied up at some village, took possession of two or three of the best huts, rigged up our beds and Mosquito nettings, and then at seven had a good dinner and sat ‘round the camp fire smoking and jawing. Well at last I reached Katunga and was carried up the hill to Blantyre in a “nachilla”’ Ze. hammock slung on a pole, not at all bad travelling if you've a lot of pillows. Of course all the niggers here are utter savages and dance round you with spears and arrows etc. After a long day’s journey I reached Blantyre, the land there being very like he Wilson Bungalow patanas (the flatter part of them). I passed by the African Lakes Stores and got to their Boarding-house, kept up for their passengers, and there I found a very pleasan Scotchman in charge with an exceedingly nice cheerful little wife. There were alsoa couple of officers up shooting and one or two other nice fellows, and here [ stopped a fortnight, going out to places and looking at the coffee. The soil struck meas poor, a certain amount of surface soil, but under a hard-looking subsoil. The -cotfee seems to give a good maiden crop and second -crop. The next: crop falls off very much, then every- body cuts the trees down, and let them send up a fresh sucker. Queer, according to the Ceylon ideas! I was not fayourabiy impressed with the coffee prospects. Labour certainly is very cheap, but is rising rapidly and is already difficult to pro- cure and causing great anxiety to planters. It never stops more than six montbs, and then goes back to its village, and the planter has to train another lot—savages, mind you, of the most un- intellectual type. One estate I came across where the Manager was in tears almost, and had not one single cooly on the place, and in despair told me that he meant to offer double the current rate of pay in order to get labour. This must foree the rate of pay up. Above all the place is deadly, and any man who goes there gambles with death. I have seen enough of savagedom. I have travelled down the river with a nice naval officer. The river had risen, so the steamer came right up. There was a strong young Scotch engineer on board who came ont of his cabin one morning and said he felt feverish. We did all we could for him, poor fellow, and buried him on the banks of the river next day. Pretty sharp work. —_$<—$—$_—__——___ AMSTERDAM DRUG-MARKET. Our Amsterdam correspondent writing on Feb. 21st, states that the 751,322 kilos of Java cinchona bark (8,188 bales and 437 cases) to be offered for sale by auction on February 28th are divided as follows :—27,920 kilos pharmaceutical bark contain- ing 799 kilos quinine; 723,402 kilos manufacturing bark, containing 35,016 kilos quinine, the average of the manufacturing barks being 4°85 per cent. Gum benzoin: Sumatra very firm; 225 boxes have found ready buyers at from 70c to 110¢ per half-kilo, ac- cording to quality. A further arrival of 120 boxes is expected. Fine hard Copal gum isin good demand, and there has also been an improved inquiry for soft varieties ; there will probably be a public sale next month. Damar gum exceedingly firm; fine Batavia (in second hand) is quoted at 47¢ to 48c. On_ February 19th about 14,000 kilos Padang gum sold at very high prices—54e for fine desoriptions. 674 ee A parcel of 166 cwt. East Indian Cassia fistula pods of fine fresh quality, recently imported in Holland, has been sold by tender in Amsterdam at an in- crease upon the preyious quotation. The exact sell- ing-price, however, has not been made public. The 93 cwt. of cassia pulp to which we referred last week were bought inat auctionin Amsterdam at the parity of about 26s 9d per cwt.—Chemist and Drug jist. abe eat a at INDIA PATENTS. Calcutta, the 28th Feb. Specifiations of the undermentioned inventions have been filed under the provisions of Act V. of 1888. An Improved Tea Sifting and Sorting Machine.— No. 94 of 1894.—George Murray Cullom, Engineer and Tea Planter, care of W. G. Forbes, Mint Build- ings, Calcutta, for an improved tea sifting and sort- ing machine for tea or grains, etc. (Filed 12th January 1895.) Improvements in Machines for Decorticating Ramie and other Plants.—No. 336 of 1894.—Alfred Dieudonne Estienne, of 79, Rue de 1’Olivier, Marseilles, France, Chief Engineer of the Messageries Maritimes de France, for improvements in machines for decorticat- ing Ramie and other plants. (Filed 15th February 1895.)—Indian Engineer. ge thy NILGIRI.PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION. THE CEYLON TEA DUTY. A. general meeting of the Nilgiri Planters’ Asso- ciation took place at Ootacamund on Monday, the 9th inst., in the Masonic Hall, when the following members were present :—Messrs. J. W. Minchin, W. S. Edmiston, the Honourable G. Romilly, F. F. Wilson, L. W. Grey, O. W. Marsden, T. Nash, F. T. Turpin, W. Cherry, T. Mackenzie, G. Salmon, G. Gerrard, G. Oakes, J. Pascoe, G. A. Marsh, R. L. Kindersley, H. D. Wilbraham, H. P. Hodgson, J. B. Barclay, C. B. Barclay, T. Scott, W. Daly and EH. Edmiston. ; Mr..J..W. Minchin was yoted to the chair, A discussion took place on Mr. Mackenzie’s pro- posal that tea should be protected in India, in some such way as it is in England, from the practice of re- _ habilitation common in large stations like Bangalore and Calcutta, where used tea leaves gathered from Clubs and similar establishments are mixed with the genuine article. As tea in India issold in: packets, the purchaser cannot be left to detect the fraud and protect imself. The meeting resolved to relegate the subject © for consideration to the Sub-Committee for Tea. A, letter wasthen read from the Secretary, United _ Planters’, Association, asking for statistics of area under tea cultivation. The Honorary Secretary dis- tributed forms in which the information is to be supplied and asked members to furnish the neces- sary details as soon as possible. The following proposition by Mr. Hill on Import Duty on foreign Tea stood next on the Agenda paper :—‘ That as Ceylon will not permit Indian tea to be imported into the island free of duty even for the purpose of sale at the auctions in Colombo, Goyernment be petitioned to levy a duty on Ceylon tea imported into India, which is largely ‘coming into competition with the local Indian tea market both in packets and bulk, such competi- tion being unfair to Indian tea planters, who are debarred by a prohibitory duty from selling tea in Ceylon and many of whom rely on local sales asa means of revenue.” Mr. Turpin, a gentleman from Ceylon, informed the. meeting that he had undertaken to support Mr. Hill’s proposition. Ceylon tea imported into India, he Had ascertained from Customs returns, aggregated nearly 1,000,000 pounds per annum, and as Indian planters to some extent depended on local sales they could not be said to be unaffected prejudicially by) this, not insignificant, importation. The duty levied on foreign tea at Ceylon ports, he said, was , 25 cents per pound, but as scarcely any Indian tea went to Ceylon, the Ceylon planter possessed an undue advantage in having his produce placed in THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Aprit 1, 1895. this market duty free. Mr. Hill wished to suggest that the Indian Government be asked to impose a duty of 25 per cent. ad valorem on Ceylon tea ar yg into this country. ‘he Chairman thought that if an equivalent duty were levied, the return to the Indian exchequer would be the substantial sum of R2,50,000, quite worth the while of the Indian Government to secure, but the Honourable the Planting Member of Council pointed ont that sucha request by Indian tea planters amounted to a request for protection and was therefore objection- able. It might also, he_ feared, produce ill-feeling in Ceylon against Indian tea planters. Such a proposal to Government, moreover, to be successful must goup with the supportof allthe Indian Planters’ Associations. He could say, so far as the Wynaad and ‘l'ravancore Associations were concerned, that they would refuse to joinin it. The Honorary Secretary thought that if Ceylon could protect its tea by a duty, why not India, but it was pointed out that the Ceylon duty was imposed long before tea became an article of production in the island.—Mr. Minchin was of opinion that it would be better to ask the Madras overnment to use its influence to remove the Ceylon duty, rather than to impose one itself, and Mr. ‘fur- pin, speaking on behalf of Ceylon planters, thonght this course preferable. Mr. H. P. Hodgson proposed an amendment to the effect that berore the meeting decided on what it should do, it be ascertained if all Indian tea plan- ters were unanimous in asking for the imposition of a duty on Ceylon tea imported into India. The amendment was carried.— Madras Mail, March 13. —$__—_—<—__— DRUG REPORT. (From Chemist and Druggist.) London, Feb. 21st. ANNATTO—Smiall sales of fair Ceylon seed were made at today’s auctions at 23d perlb. A few cases of Madras seed were bought in. CincHONA—The second public sales of cinchona-bark ~in London were held on Tuesday at the Commercial ‘Sale Rooms instead of in the “ time-honoured” attic at No. 6 Mincing Lane, which has been sacred to this function for many years. The new locality auction-rooms doomed to disappearance in the near future, owing to the progressing reconstruction of the building of which it forms part. The apartment is many times too large for the bark-sale andience, and there was some subdued grumbling on the part-of some of the buyers on this score, as well as because-the accustomed order of laces was disturbed, and because the noise of the build- & ing-operations in progress all round the room occasiona}ly rendered bids inaudible. The tone of the sales was not calculated, either, to raise the spirits. The eight catalogues were made up as follows :— ue : packages packages 1437 of which 1087 were sold 1290 = 133 Ceylon cinchona East Indian cinchona .. 2 Java cinchona 4: 86 + S8°y 3 South American (Calisaya) 250 * | gig 2063 2451, A great deal of this was very poor bark (especially am that grown in Ceylon), and sold’ below id per ‘Ib, the , cost of freight and landing -charges ‘being scarcely re- couped in some instances. But even for good + qualities there was little competition, and prices-were barely up to the standard of the January auctions, the average unit not exceeding 3d per lb. The following are the ap- proximate quantities purchased by the principal buyers :— ; =f : Lbs. © Agents for the Brunswick factory - 224,266 - Agents for the Frankfort-on-Maine facto: 105,418 Messrs. Howard and Sons . - - 98,991 Agents for the American factories - 38,685 Agents for the Mannheim and Amsterda factories - - - 34,920 Agents for the Auerbach factory = Seay Agents for the Paris factory - - EO aoe Druggists - - - 60,720. Total quantity of bark sold - 611 q Bought in and withdrawn — - re “ _» Total quantity of bark offered. 752,645 It should be understood that the quantity by~ weigh’ the bark purchased gives no reliable guide to: parative quinine equivalent: secured by the buyers, is.one of the old Aprit 1, 1895.] The following prices were paid for sound berx :— CEYLON CINCHONA—Original—Red varieties: Common poor and woody to fair bright quilly stem and branch chips, 3d to 1}d per Ib, dull thin quill 7d, fair to good stem shavings j{d to 1gd; root jd to 1d per lb. Grey varieties: common to fair quilly branch and stem chips 3d to 14d; shavings 1d to 14d; good root 24d per Ib. Yellow stem chips 14d to 14d. Hybrid chips 1d per. ,bl. Renewed—Red varieties: Ordinary. to good bright qWilly stem chips’ ad to 1;d; stem shavings 1{d to 1?d_ per Ib. Grey varieties: Ordinary to fair quilly stem and branch chips 3d to 23d; fair to good shavings 13d 2?d per Ib. Hybrid stem chips 1gd per Ib. Coca LEAVES-—The 11 bales offered at today’s auctions included some unusually fine bright green South American Truxillo leaves, which were bought in at 1s 3d per Ib. VANILLA—The fairly considerable supply offered at auction today sold steadily for good quality, while ordi- nary kinds were neglected. Fair crystallised, 7 to 74 inches 20s; good 6 to 6} inches, 14s to 18s 6d; ordinary foxy and brown mixed, from 10s to 16s 6d per lb —_-___ — TEA AND SCiNDAL. I send you this week a very queer brew of all sorts of Tea, gathered from fields of all ages and varying considerably in strength and quality; but as tastes differ, and “some like pure and some like blends, so [ may help to meet both ends!” » The Ouford Sausage, 1815, p. 81. The Art of Preach- ing i— tment with cave, nor, like that curate vile, Set out in this high prancing stumbling style ; ““Whoever with a piercing eye can see Through the past Records of Futurity” — All gape, no meaning ; the puft orator Talks much, and says just nothing for an hour. Truth and the text he labours to display, Till both are quite interpreted away ; So frugal dames insipid water pour, _ Till Green, Bohea, or Coffee are no more. Do.. p 220. Verses for 1770 :— Ye, too, whose houses are so handy For Coffee, Tea, Rum, Wine and Brandy ; - Pride of fair Oxford’s grandy streets, Ye, too, our strain submissive greets ! Hear Horseman, Spindlow, King and Harper !* The weather sure was never sharper. The Comforts of Matrimony, by Ned Ward, juny. 1780, p. 69. Dialogue xxiii. Between an American Planter and his wife :— At length full-flush’d with power and pride, While Britain proudly rode the tide, A cursed _vaenl crew arose, -Yo Honour, Faith, and Virtue foes; A Tax was then the general ery, And let the savage pay or die; * * A Tax on Vea was first design’d, While various mischief lurk’d behind ; For all was meant as_ vile control, Yo subjugate the free-born soul. Do. p. 205. Dial uxiv. Between a Officer and his contraband goods :— Wife.—Well, Frederick, tell me, what d’ye say ? ' What mischief have you done today ! 0 H O.--Nay, nothing ; but that pound of tea, Those handkerehiefs, and--let me see— That litle Jot of China bowls. Listow’s Prollaries 1825 Paul Pry’s London Delicuctes :— In Londou where comical jokes do go free, There are comical modes of cheating : Birch brooms are cut up for Souchong and Bohea, And plaster for Bread you're eating. (Spoken) ‘‘How do you do, Mrs. Caphusalum, I hope you approve of the genuine tea’ ‘‘ Oh, yes, new brooms sweep clean, and I have no occasion to buy birch ones, while I deal at your shop for tea.” In Accum’s test you will find it clear, For spirits of wine, read royal gin ; Quashe and drugs they call small beer, And turtle soup is ox’s shin. Moist sugar is made from the best red sand, New milk from whiting and water, Sloe juice poisons half the land, And the weights get shorter and shorter, Turkey coffee is horse beans ground, Irish eggs are boil’d in lime ; In ev'ry trade deception’s found, Except it be in yours and mine. (Spoken) ‘'Lhere’s more milk drank in London in a week, than all the cows in Hngland could give in 9 fortnight,’ Says Blunderskull, How can that | x x % House Oustom 1h seriptron of THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 675 be, you Pump?” “Why,” says a plasterer, “ two- thirds of it, you judy, is white-wash.”’ Do. The patent safety, or who's for Brighton? :—~ Who's for Brighton? the coach is just starting, Jome take your places or you'll be too late, Drink up your tea and prepare for departing, Old Jarvey the coachman for no one will wait. The new safety coach does the journey in one day, For your luggage the porter is making his bow, It’s only like driving to Hampstead on Sunday, So swift and so easy the ride is, I vow. Do. Lectwre on Matrimony, by Mr. Floyer. Good Temper :—‘* And this quarrel arose as they sat at breakfast: the lady very innocently observed, she believed the tea was made of Thames water: the gentleman would have it in mere contradiction, that the tea-kettle was filled out of the New River.’ As a finale I give you a few old proverbs with new faces from Mrs. Sheridan’s Comic Offering. I explain the first and leave you and your readers to-guess the rest. A cramp in season preserves three times three (A stitch in time saves nine). Light-complexioned sport isa diamond. Never relate long tirades concerning the bird of Mars or an Irish blunder. A combustible infant is terrified at caloric. Huge lamentations and a paucity of African hair. Large humourists are addicted to leaping. Everything is a reservoir that terminates a reservoir. M. FERGUSON. —Sifeny eben oo “DAYS OF OLD” BY AN UVA PLANTER. Uva, March 14. Here we are in mid-Lent, with TYPICAL WEATHER, Everything is dry—dry as a knife-board, and if a peck of dust in March, as wesay in my native country, is worth a king’s ransom, why we could supply bushelfuls. What a clear warm morn it is, below there is a light-blue gauze veil over the Bin tenna hills presaging a -burning hot day. Appu is off to tappal in an hour’s time and I have to despatch my budget of. scrawls. by the - podian. What shall I send you in this very hot weather— something lively and piquant and saucy to be sure. Say afew incidents by ROYAL MAIL COACH IN THE DAYS OF THE EVER MEMORABLE INDIAN MUTINY, and then as asort of fringe to my story I will venture to write a few lines about Galle and. its surround: ings and the country round about the ancient city. One of the very first journeys I made to Galle from Colombo was in the fifties when the Observer's carrier pigeons flew overhead week by week and made aerial journeys 2 or 3 times a week ftom Galle to Colombo con: veying most exciting telegrams under their wings: and were basketed back without delay to the biblical and ancient town of Point-de-Galle. It was the hot season in the lowcountry, and imy partner and self preferred the night coach, more especially as the moon was bright and cheery, and it was almost fullmoon when we started. There was one inside passenger besides ourselves—a Colombo merchant on his way to Australia. He was a very old stager himeelf, and told us about the sugar estates that formerly were established on the sides of the Kalutara and Panadure rivers, if I remember rightly—and how at times he had been obliged to camp out for successive nights; till the rain ceased and the river subsided. ‘here was not a ferry- boat over the broad Kalutara river at that time. I forget its name. On the present occasion the coach bowled along without an event of importance till we reached the Kalutara river where we had A VERY NARROW ESCAPE. Just as the coach reached the far end of the woodei bridge that spanned the river, the horses bucked and became so restive that the merchant jumped ont and I followed the lady sitting impassive end deved, and immovable. As I looked around me, standing on the bridge, I realized that two reyolutions of the 676 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [AP+iL 1, 1895. hind wheels would be sure to precipitate the coachi- horses and fair passenger into the deep rapid flowing waters of the Kalutara river. “Whip coacsee, whip the horses,’’ I shouted out, and he did whip with a vengeance. It was a most exciting moment. The spirited horses dashed forward and we were saved. On another occasion I was the only inside passenger. The previous night had been a stormy N.E. and the early morn was sad and dreary. Leaves were strewed all along the toad; suddenly the coach pulled up, and coachee, a stout Burgher boy, told me to get out as @ large tree had fallen across theroad. The head- man was summoned, he procured half a dozen strong natives and the coach was run through a native garden and pushed up into the Queen’s highway, the coachee belabouring his fellow brothers most vigorously with a cattlejack, which he cut from amw-adjacent tree—such was Rajakariya on the Co- lombo and Galle road in the fifties. Again, travel- ling in these. circumstances from Colombo to Galle by night coach, when within afew miles of Galle, the two horses suddenly jumped over a low stone wall into the stream below. By the time I got out of the coach and stood on terra firma the two horses had pulled the front-wheels on to the top of the wall and more or less. suspended themselves by the traces, though their front feet reached the bottom of the rivershed. ‘Ont the traces coachee,” I bawled out, ‘‘ cut the traces,’ which was quickly done and the horses and coach were saved and we reached Galle joyously though behind time. Once I took a journey with LAME JOHN, as driver—ancient Galle residents will remember lame John, and the accident which caused his death. ‘The spirited and unruly horses. suddenly sprang over a stone wall, into the mighty and deep river below, taking. coach and all into the rapid flowing waters. Lame John escaped, but seeing a lady in great danger he hastened to her aid and was dragged under the water by the excited lady and drowned. Lame John was of the Burgher community, a Galle resident, and deserved a lasting memorial in Galle’s ancient city. Se ECHOES OF SCIENCE. Mouabata air is recommended by physicians as remedy for consumption, and for many years Ameri cans predisposed to of suffering fromi tuberculou- disease have gone to reside among the hills of Colorado.’ Dr. A, C. Miller has recently drawn at- tention to the fact that the observers of Ben Nevis Observatory enjoy excellent health, free from colds and diseases of the chest or throat so long as they are at the Observatory, but are subject to a kind of influenzal catarrh or cold on descending to live in the valleys, which they do every three months. It is believed that this affection arises from germs in the lower atmosphere. On the summit of the mountain there are few or no germs of disease.—Globe. ————EEE———————— AN ENQUIRY INTO TEA BLIGHTS. CaucuTTaA, March 14.—Dr. George Waitt, Reporter of Econoinie Products to the Government of India, has left Caleutta for Assam to conduct an enquiry into tea bights.—J/7. Mal. ee TEA IN AMERICA. There is not very much life in transactions, and yet the market maintains a fairly strong tone for - Pingsuey greens and for Oolongs, particulariy for low grades. 2 ; very low price. Buyers state that teas which are now costing 20c are fully as good as when they cost 40c¢ per pound for the same grade. In Japans the market is steady for the low grades and rather’ easy for the better grades. In view of the uncer- tainty of the financial situation, buyers are acting’ ja an ultra-conservative manner, Congou teas ave in demand because of their t Today at noon the Montgomery Auction and Com- mission Co. will sell 7,724 packages. viz.: 2174 half- chests Moyune; 1,061 half-chests and boxes Pingsuey ; 368 half-chests Japan; 338 half-chests Japan, basket- fired and sun-dried; 19 half-chests Japan dust ; 792 half-chests Congou; 96 packages India, Java, and Pekoe ; 1,279, half-chests and boxes ia ; 143 half- chests Foochow: 1,454 half-chests and boxes For- mosa, “ White Bird’? and “ Black Bear" chops.— American Grocer, Jan. 30. Oe TEA AND SUGAR. There is a romance in trade which is never made enough of by the penmen. Where, for ex- ample, is the once princely China tea trade which before the days of steam used to keep its fleet of greyhound clippers gig | their spars, car- rying away their canvas, and driving their skip- pers into insanity from quirter-deck wakefulness ? The rise of the Indian teas and the enormous follow- ing market values (beneficent, indeed, to the con- sumers) have brought down all the greatest China houses from their high estate. In the sugar in- dustry it is the same. Let the traveller visit Jamaica today and he will see the relies only— the deserted mansions—of the old aristocracy of sugar planters who ruled there prondly not so many years ago. Vastly increased production and consumption of the cane have gone hand in hand, bringing the commodity into the poor man’s household, but levelling down the producers as well, and the ever-expanding beetroot manufac- ture has stepped in to finish the work. . If we are to credit the Cassandra-like prophecies now ut- tered. evil days are at hand for this industry as at present constituted. Prices are still tending gravely downwards, and production, it is said, must be curtailed. —A ustralasian. Boks ee 8 THE COCOA TRADE. The rapid growth of cocoa mm popular estimation as an article of home consumption is deserving moré than passing notice. The development of trade has been attributable- to a combination of favour- able circumstances, chief among which have been increasing supplies aud declining prices, con« stantly giving the reins, as it were to a freer consumption by all parties, whether through the grocers for domestic use, or by the manufactucers and others for confectionery, medicinal, and similar purposes in almost every conceivable form, and in their requirements consumers at large seem as if they know no bounds. It appears that the importa- tions of cocoa, both colonial and foreign together (as the different kinds are not separated in the official returns), into United Kingdom during 1894 were close upon reaching double the totalquantity received in 1884, and that the duty-paid clearances for home use were progressing steadily in the same proportion, having embraced 22,440,820 1b,, in striking constrast with only 13,983,891 lb. in the year just named Yet in spite of this remarkable augmentation in the home demand the excess in the arrivals was sogreat and contiunous that stocks on bond on December 31st last were swollen ~ to more than tramble their size of elevenyears ago; and — the receipts of Customs duty on raw cocoa-nibs in that finally reached 93,500/., being tion to the national revenue. With shippers, however, the article .cannot be said to be an especial favourite as the wants of uses abroad are uncertain and precarious, and the past years’ exports were actually amongst the smallest of those of the last decade. The exorbitant paid, and especially for fancy marks, now no longer no mean coutribr- rule, as quite a fresh and very much lower basis of value has been formed, and the market is regularly of furnished with an extensive and varied assortment of — all descriptions on wonderfully easy terms, — She eannot fail to further stimulate the consumpti d thi: beverage.—Grocer, “ “7 period mounted up ina surprising manner till they rates that were at one time — APRIL 1, 1895. ] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST: 677 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRADE IN TROPICAL FRUITS. The subject of the importation into this country of tropical fruits has occupied a considerable amount of attention for many years past, and more particularly since the period of the Indian and Colonial Exhibition in 1886, and, notwithstanding that a good deal has been done in this direction by bringing freshly-gathered fruits in fast-going steamers, the variety has not yet become very great, and there are numerous products of the tropics the flavour of which is totally unknown to the ordinary English palate. There are, no doubt, difficulties in the way of bring- ing these products of far off climes to our shores in a proper condition, under which they would recommend themselves for consumption in the Eng'ish market, but there are many fruits that might be well preserved in syrup, in a similar manner to that which is now so successfully accomplished with the pineapple from China, Singapore, and the Bahamas. Some fruits es- pega lend themselves to this kind of treatment, aving little or no flavour to recommend them in their fresh state, but when treated withsyrup or candied with sugar the flavour is developed or increased to such an extent that the fruit becomes much more valuable. As an instance of this may be mentioned the fruits of the rose apple or jambosa (H»genia jaimbos), a small tree of India, but cultivated in many tropical countries, where it is planted for hedges, for the purpose of giv- ing shade and for ornament, as well as for the sake of the fruits which have a rose-like fragance, with usu- ally but very little taste. These fruits, though called rose apples, would more properly be called rose pears, as they are more or less pear-shaped, but they vary very much in size and colour, some being white, while others are rose-pink. They are produced in very great abundance, and in many countries are a waste product, thé insipid taste of the fresh fruit being no recommen- dation to them. Preserved, however, in sugar or syrup, and formed into ‘candied rose apples,’ they becoine quite a tasty fruit, though they have never ap- peared in the English market. Closely allied as they are to the guava (Psidium guyava), we might expect them to be of some value, for these latter fruits are not uuknown to us, being sliced and bottled in syrup, as well as preserved in tins and sold under the name of Geneva cheese. There seems no reason then why the rose apples should not become an article of commerce in this country if it were preserved in syrup, or ctysta- lised guavas might likewise be utilised to a much greater extent than they are. Indeed, throughout the whole range of tropical fruits which the stay-at home Englishman does not get a chance of tasting, there is wide field for experiment. Mangoes (Mangifera indica) in their numerous yarieties, litchis (Nepheliwn litche), longans (Nepheliwn longannm), rambutans (Nephe- lium lappaceum), and a host of others might be men- tioned which are common enough in their own coun- tries, and which we sometimes see here, but only in small quantities, and for the most part, too expensive or general use. Whatever the mango may be in its fresh state—and opinions are very much divided upon it by those who are qualified to speak from having eaten the fruits in their own countries--it is certain that preserved in syrup, a8 we sometimes see it in this country, it is jasty and a good addition to our rather limited course of dessert fruits in the winter season; besides this the mango can be converted into an excellent jelly, and when we are told by the superintendent of the Bota- nical Department in Jamaica, in a bulletin issued from that department, that “tons of the fruit of the common mango are wasted every year,” a justification seems to exist for bringing this subject prominently forward, and for the benefit of those who have the opportunity to try the experiment, and who may have the materials at hand, the recipe given in the bulletin before mentioned is here reproduced. “Pare and boil the mangoes, and when the pulp is soft, take it from the seeds and press it through a brass or copper wire sieve (iron wire spoils the colour) with a wooden spoon, weigh the pulp, and with an equal quantity of white sugar boil until, it jellies, then pour. or ladle into bottles or jars. eho fruit must be frequently stirred during the first, and constantly during the second, process. The pulp should be thick after it comes throngh the sieve, if not, it must be reduced by more boiling before the sugar is added. The mangoes are better green, but théy should be perfectly full; a little lime juice can be used, if desired, for flavouring.” The aril, or fleshy portion of the litchi; which, in its fresh and ripe state, is such a delicious morsel, could scarcely be treated in this fashion, but after the shell has been removed, and the stone taken out, the fleshy portion could be placed in tins and soldered down, as is done successfully with pines ; and there is no doubt that so treated there would be a large European demand for them, The longan and rambutan might be preserved in the same way, though it is possible they would not meet with the same favour as the litchi. Among species of Passt- flora, there are several well-known fruit-producers, natives of the West Indies and the neighbouring South American continent, which like the rose apple. would probably be improved by preserving in the manner already referred to; the same may be said of the fruits of the naseberry, or sapodilla plum (Achras sapota); a native of tropical America, but now cultivated in other parts of the tropical world for its excellent fruit, which, when dead ripe, has some- what the taste of a medlar. The Japanese kaki, or date plum (Diospyros kaki), is another fruit having some botanical affinities to the last, and, like it, must be fully ripe before it is fit for eating. A large number of varieties of the kaki are cultivated both in China and Japan, and when preserved in sugar, as is done by the Japanese, they are much valued. They are also eaten fresh, or dried in the sun. All these fruits just referred to are comparatively well-known to travellers, but there are others not so well-known that have equal, or even stronger points, to recommend them, such, for instance, as the Kei apple, the fruit of a shrub, native of the Cape of Good ope and Kaffirland. It is a fleshy, globular fruit, about the size of a walnut, and is much used by the natives when fresh, on account of its agreeable acid taste; it is also used as a pickle, and, when ripe, made into a really good preserve. Another South African fruit which has been described as the best native fruit of the country, is the amatungula (Carissa grandiflora); they vary in size, from that of a large olive to small round plum; they have a reddish colour at first, but change as they ripen to a dark violet hue. The flavour is an agreeable sub-acid, and they make excellent preserves, which are much valued in Natal, where the fruit is known as the Natal plum. These thoughts concerning new sources of fruit supplies in the winter season, when fresh fruits are practically unattainable, are brought to mind more vividly by the exposition, in the shops and markets of London and other large towns, of delicacies, in the shape of preserved and crystallised fruits, which are, for the most, part the French exports. When we see the fleshy fruits of the almond, the small cumquats, chinois, apricots, pears, cherries, and eyen the com- mon chestnut, which, in its fresh state, is so indigesti- ble, treated in the way they are, itis surprising that something has not been done to extend the list, and develop the resources which are ready for use.— Journal of the Society of Arts. oo ORES VOB I di ih HARDY BAMBOOS. These unique and beautiful plants are at jre- sent being largely employed in the embellishment of flower gardens and pleasure grounds, and now that their claim to be considered hardy has been thoroughly established they will doubtless in the future play a still more important part in the ornamentation of gardens generally. This they deserve to do, for when well established they create a distinct feature, and impart quite a tropical appearance to many an otherwise un- attractive spot. Although the varieties which I shall presently enumerate may with safety be regarded as hardy in England, they should, if possible, be planted in sheltered positions, where 678 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. APRIL 1, 1895. they grow niuch more freely, and are less liable to disfigurement by the cold east winds of spring- time. Several varieties seem to be able to bear from 20° to 30° of frost with impunity, but the edges of the leaves become browned when exposed to cutting winds. . Bamboos are especially adapted for planting among rockwork, as they are in character with the many species and varieties of plants now employed for thesame purpose. They should not be used too freely, or the effect is spoilt after they have made good growth for a few seasons, as although they grow very slowly for the first year or two, when once well established they annually send up many strong suckers, which would quickly overgrow the other occupants of the rockwork. If, however, plants of the taller growing varieties are dotted LSet in prominent positions here and there, so as to have room to develop into fine specimens, and have room to display their beauty, a striking effect is produced. Bambusa aurea is a useful variety for this purpose. It reaches a height of from 6 to 10 feet, is of elegant habit, its long slender stems being freely branched from base to summit. The stems are of a yellow hue, and the leaves light green. b. nigra somewhat resembles it in habit of growth, except that it is not so freely branched ; the stems are black and the leaves deep green. Both varieties are well adapted for the purpose above named. B. Simoni is another excellent kind, which should be in every collection, as it grows quickly, at- taining a height of 10 feet, and the leaves are occasionally streaked with white. is Among the dwarfer-growing kinds, B. gracilis is, I think, the most handsome and usetul, as the stems from base to summit are freely branched with arching shoots covered with nar- row light green Jeaves. It reaches a height of 4 or 5 feet, and makes even shapely specimens. B. Metake grows to about the same height, has long deep green leaves, and is of compact habit ot growth. B. Fortunei aud its variegated form are both of dwarf habit, and leaves of a bolder type than the majority of -Bambusas. There are several other varieties which I think will prove hardy enough to withstand the frosts of English winters if planted in sheltered posi- tions. Two of the best of these are B. Arundinacea and B. nana. The latter will be especially welcomed for planting on rockwork if it should prove hardy, as its long stems with arching tufts of leaves at the extremities require to be lanted in elevated positions to display their eauty to the. best advantage. Masses or single specimens of Bamboos when planted: on the banks of streams or lakes are effective and in character with the surroundings They thrive well in such positions, too, as they are moisture-loving plants. When once es- tablished they need but little attention, and yearly improve in attractiveness. They are also well adapted for pot culture, and when thus grown they may be frequently turned to good account for house decoration of various descrip- tions. When not wanted for that purpose they are always useful for arranging in greenhouses or conservatories. ihe Propagation is easily effected by division of plants in spring just as growth commences, all the varieties being amenable to this treatment, but some may also be rapidly increased in the following Way:—The plants send out long “« fleshy’ roots in all directions. At a foot or more from the parent plant these roots send up suckers, ican tame two or three in a clump. These generally make good growth during the summer. By the time this growth is completed the fleshy root runners, which connect them with the parent plant, should be eut asunder. The plants may then be either lifted and placed in pots a few weeks later, or left till the spring to be then transplanted to nursery beds, or where required.—H. DUNKIN.—Journal of Hor- ticulture and Cottage Gardener. —_——jj—.______—_ MANILA HEMP AND TOBACCO. Two of the chief vegetable products ior which Manila is celebrated are its so-called hemp (Musa textilis) and the well-known Manila cigars. Refer- ring to the former, the British Consul, in a report to the Foreign-oflice, dated from Manila in April last, says there wasa decrease in the export during the past year below that of 1892 of 149,037 bales, or 17,604 tons. The yeur 1892, however, was noted as that in which the greatest quantity of hemp was ex- ported from the Philippines since the superiorit of Manila hemp has been recognised in the Englis and American markets. The commerce in this article—the chief product until lately of the islands —has almost entirely in recent years been in the hands of the English merchants, owing to their re- liance on the superiority of Manila hemp and its ready acceptance by foreign purcliasers. The pro- ducers inthe province, however, formerly forwarded their hemp to the capital insufficiently dried, and in an otherwise unprepared state, and frequent complaints from purchasers were received of the deteriorated quality of the hemp. Alarmed at the danger thus threatening the reputation of Manila hemp, the chief export houses of Manila united to- gether, and published a circular, by which they bound themselves not to purchase hemp, except of a specified quality as to weight, colour, &c., and ar- ranged that, in case of disagreement as to the quality of the purchaseable article, the hemp should be submitted to the judgment of experts, and all the signatories bound themselves to observe the condi- tion of the circular. ‘The effect of this cireular has already been felt in the improvement of the quality of hemp produced for export, an improvement which is likely to continue. There is a large decrease of the hemp exports to the United States and Canada, amounting to 17,613 bales, while there is an increase to Great Britain, Australia, China and California. Manila cigars, it seems, go in largest quantities to China, Japan, and India, to the extent of 68,328, or about half of the whole quantity exported. Great Britain and the continent of Europe take nearly all the remainder, only small portions going to Australia, California, and the United States. By far the greatest quantity of tobacco leaf is shipped to Europe, and principally to Spain, where it is worked upin the Government factories into cigars and cigarettes.—Journal of the Society of Arts. oR cee a = USES OF PAPAW JUICE. At a recent meeting of the Royal Society in Brisbane the question of utility of the pawpaw apple in the treatment of cancer was raised by one of the members. The following extracts from a paper on the subject from the pen of Dr. E. Hirschfeld, and appearing in the October number of the Australasian Medical Gazette, will be of general interest: After speaking of the uses of papain, the digestive ferment contained in the unripe fruit, as prepared by Finkler, in Bonn, Dr. Hirschfeld goes on to give the results gestion of Mr. W. Soutter. He says—I have in of his own experiments, undertaken at the sug- the first instance‘to report that any hope to find in papain a curative agent for cancer was certainly = ApRIL t, 18ys.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIDT, 679 not realised. Its growth was not checked, even under conditions where its- applications seemed to be made under the most favourable circum- stances, i.e., in large ulverating surfaces, where there. was the best opportunity to act directly on the cancerous tissue. This failure, however, cannot come asa surprise. In pursuing these in- vestigations, the result arrived at was very differ- ent from the one expected when they were started. While it was a complete failure as a curative agent in carcinoma I found it (papain) a most valuable palliative on account of certain qualities possessed by it that have hitherto been overlooked—namely (1) its analgetic, (2) its anti- septic properties. This analgetic action of the pawpaw juice showed itself not only in cases of cancer—in a very extensive case of lupus, where the left eye had been destroyed by the progress of the disease, its effect was most striking. After the first application, which was orly made ona small part of the ulcerating surface, the patient declared that the pain; which had been formerly very distressing, had gone in the part treated, while it persisted in the remainder of the ulceration. There was no doubt that in his ease the disappearance ot the pain was not imagined, but due to the action of the Juice. 1. Itdisappeared only from the part treated. As soon as the juice was used on the remainder of the sore the pain went away there too. It stayed away altogether for four months. 2. It appeared for a very short time in the depth of the orbit, and on examination a foul smelling and secreting spot was discovered in a. recess where it was difficult for the juice to enetrate. The application of some lint soaked in juice and pressed on tothe spot, took the pain away speedily. As regards its antiseptic properties, I first noticed it in some experiments for the determina- tion of the comparative digestive powers of different solutions. Jn one test tube a piece of meat 10c. c. of water, to which ten drops of the fresh juice of the leaves were added, showed after a week no sign of decomposition. I followed this up, and will report about the result of the experiments on another occasion.. The experiments in the test tube were amply. confirmed by prac- tical experience. In every case of ulceration that came so far under observation it was possi- ble to clean the surface from the slough within a very short time, mostly within twenty-four hours. In one case of ulceration of the foot that had been for somine time in the hospital, in whom the dressings had to be changed five times in twenty-four hours, the secretion diminished at once, and after day required changing once only in twenty-four hours. ih this patient the pawpaw leaves themselves were used, after having been bruised in the mortar. This antiseptic action did not fail in any case in which the remedy was used, no matter by what the ulceration had been produced. I wish to draw your attention to the very essential difference that exists between the general body of antiseptics and the action of the papain. The antisepties owe their antiseptic qualities to the fact that they are protoplasma poisons. They destroy the bacte- rium because they destrcy every living cell. It is, therefore, impossible to use any antiseptic without injuring, more or less, at the same time the tissue on which the bacterium has settled. Papain acts differently. It destroys the bacterium by digesting it, while it cannot affeet the living tissue in which blood circulates, and can only digest the gangrenous slough formed by pus corpuscles, extrayasated blood, fibrine, &e. The analgetic action may be traced to the same source. The best forn of application is the juice of the unripe apple mixed with equal parts of glycerine. It keeps very well, and after allowing a little time for the sedi- ment to settle, a perfectly clear yellow liquid may be obtained. eS ORANGE CULTURE IN TAHITI. The orange-tree was originally introduced into the Society Islands, from Brazil, by the Naviga- tor Cook, and ‘subsequently by the early mis- sionaries, from the Australian colonies. These two varieties, though still showing a slight differ- ence in species, have by acclimatisation and self- propagation, become merged into one variety, beaien in the markets as the Tahiti orange. Her Majesty’s Consul at Tahiti, says that the fruit varies from oval to oblong in shape, being well flattened at the blossom end. It is moderately large, very heavy, very juicy, sweet and highly flavoured, thin skinned, pulp and division tissues tough, and the rind a light lemon yellow in colour. Trees growing on lowlands produce an inferior fruit to that found at higher elevations, and generally supply the early portion of the produce exported, on account of their easier accessibility. The orange-tree in Tahiti is not cultivated but grows in the wild state, pro- pagation being carried on’ by raiders, such as rats, &ec., scattering the seed, which, owing to the moist, warm climate, germinates with certainty and rapidity. With few exceptions, occasionally found on clearings made for dwellings, planta- tions, and roadways, the orange-tree in Tahiti grows in the bush, straggling, moss-covered, enveloped by tendrils and creepers, and surrounded by weeds, and in this naturally weakened con- dition is becoming an easy prey to the many species of scale and insect pest now so prevalent. The more vigorous trees found in the open are better able to resist the ravages of this evil, but the consequences in course of time to the so-called orange groves of Tahiti, must be evident to all. The native, however, who so greatly depends on the orange crop as a source of income, does nothing whatever to save the trees. He makes no attempt to clear the chaos of jungle surround- ing them, or to destroy the pest. He contents himself with simply living on the fruits of nature as long as they are provided for him. Consul Hawes says that it is perfectly possible and practicable to make the culture of the orange in Tahiti a suecess, and the present condition of inactivity if continued must bring disastrous re- sults. To regain the markets of California, and to retain those of New Zealand, will necessitate attention being given to the cultivation of the orange-tree.—Journal of the Society of Arts. pil EE CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA. THE ATLANTA EXHIBITION. Following up the letter from Mr. S. Bierach, whose name has been so prominently before the public here in connection with his efforts to push the sale of Ceylon Tea in America, we give another communication today from Mr. T. A. Cockburn who has done splendid service on behalf of our staple product in the West and has been deseribed as ‘‘ the valuable hustler from Ceylon.” Mr. Coek- burn urges the importance of immediate action being taken to secure the representation of the island at the Southern States’ Exhibition to be held at Atlanta this year ; and we earnestly hope that the ‘* Committee of Thirty,” fully alive to the advisabi- lity of taking advantage of every occasion such as 686 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. this, will give their most favourable considera- tion to the proposals of Messrs, Bierach and Cockburn. Atlanta, the capital of Georgia, is a very important centre of trade with extensive railway communication in all directions, and to the Southern States it is very much what Chicago is to the West and the North. It would therefore, inour opinion, be a very great nity if the opportunity were not seized to Leas Ceylon tea, and indeed its products general] y well to the front at the Exposition there. In view of the facts stated by our correspondents we think this can be best, and at the sametime most economically, done by what Mr. Cockburn designates as a “direct and authorised repre- sentation from the Government and _ Planters’ Association.” Apart from the prestige which attaches to an Exhibition under official auspices —and that is a very important consideration—faci- lities are given to a representation of this character which are not afforded to those who take part in the display in the furtherance of merely private commercial enterprise. An instance of this is that if the representation is official, the space required will be allotted free of cost, but other- wise will be charged for at the rate of $1 a foot. Mr. Bierach estimates that it will be necessary to have 4,000 feet, and if that space has to be paid for it will mean an expenditure of $4,000 or about R15,000. That is a cireum- stance which we think is entitled to great weight, and in view of the readiness which the Government has shown to assist the planters, so far as they properly could in their campaign in America, we should taney that they would not be un- willing to give their patronage to the _ present effort and join with the ‘‘ Committee of Thirty ” as representing the planting and mercantile commu- nities in issuing a Commission in favour of Messrs. Bierach and Cockburn. These gentlemen we feel sure, would most faithfully and energetically attend to our interests not only at Atlanta but at the great Canadian International Exhibiticn in 1896, and the Baltimore Centennial and International Exposition in 1897 which should most distinctly be kept in view, particularly in arranging to send over native servants who could be very usefully employed in the intervals between the Expositions, at the Tea Demonstra- tions to be held in the larger towns of the States. $6,000 is the sum said to be required and we are as- sured that this is a very moderate estimate. There is no time to. be lost, for Mr. Bierach points out that the authorities expect to be ready to receive exhibits by June Ist. It is _ possible that since the letters upon which we are com- menting were despatched ourdelegate, Mr. Mac- kenzie, has met Messrs. Bierach and Cockburn and made arrangements so far as he could for our representation at Atlanta; but there should be no delay at this end, and we hope to hear soon of the “ Committee of Thirty” having taken the desired action in the matter, and of Government having agreed tolend official patronage. —————> PATIAGAMA CINCHONA COMPANY, LIMITED. ANNUAL REPORT. The following is the report for the past year which was presented at a meeting of the share- holders of ie Company at the office of Messrs. is Brothers & Co. Bo C. KE. H. Symons, W. Cross Buchanan and Percy Bois. ; AGENTS AND SECRETARIES.—Messrs, Bois Brothers & Co, te ee eee [APRIL 1, 1895. $$ The Directors herewith beg to submit their 13th Annual Report, and they regret that it is not so favourable as was hoped might be the case at the commencement of the season. The estimate of Tea for the past year was 63,000 lb.; but the actual crop. has fallen short of this quantity, being only 51,985 1b., which was sold in Colombo at an average rate of 524 cents per lb. On a reference to the annexed account, it will be seen that the actual working of the year shows a small margin of R2170:09. The Directors recom- mend that the balance now at credit of Profit and uoss account should be appropriated in reduction of Suspense account, tion represents the loss in- curred in working the Estate previous to 1890 whilst the Tea was coming into bearing: and they trust the Shareholders will approve of this. recommendation. The Shareholders have to appoint a Director in place of Mr, C. E. H. Symons, whose term of office has expired; and it will also be necessary to appoint an Auditor for 1895. Se VARIOUS PLANTING NOTE3 Tue “ Ixpran Foresrer.’’—Edited by J. S. Gamble AM.., F..8., Conservator of Forests, and Director of the Forest School, Dehra Dun for February, has for Contents :—Original Articles and Translations.—The reproduction of High Forest (Transla:ion) No. 1; The Rain tree for Avenues, by M. R.; Flowering of Strob- ilanthes in Burma, by C.W.B.A. Correspondence.— Commutation of Rights, letter from “ -H.B.-P*”; Pyingado for Wood-pavement, letter from J. Nisbet Rate of Growth of Teak, letter from P, Lushington; Palmyras, letter from J. G. F. M. Reviews.—Annual Forest Administration Report for Mysore for 1891-92 ; Forest Administration in Jodhpur, 1893-94, Shikar and Travel_—A Narrow Shave, by E. D.: A Lady Shikar in Oudh. Extracts, Notes and Queries.—The Cedar of Central Africa; Bragantia Wallichii; A Forest Flora for Bombay; Fruit Culture on the Himalaya; Lopping Tree Branches; Deterioration of Scotch Pine; Afforestation in England. THE FALL IN PRICES.—Governor Lewellyn of Kansas brings into clear relief in the North American Review the extent to which the fall in prices has hit the Western farmer. In Kansas, he says, there is a total mortgage and other in- debtedness of one hundred dollars per head for every man, woman and child, and the rates of interest continue as high as ever, while the value of the farm product steadily falls. 10,000 farmers in Kansas are every year evicted by the fore- closure of mortgages and the number is in- creasing :-— Twenty-five to twenty-eight years ago, with one bale of cotton a Southern farmer could buy nearly five hundred dollars, and with one sack of wheat (two bushels) a Northern farmer could buy five dollars. Now it requires seventeen bales of cotton and more than six sacks of wheat to bring these respective amounts. What is true of cotton and wheat is also true of other products of the farm. The Governor of Kansas does not dogmatise ;— says the Review of Reviews—but he evidently thinks that the remonetisation of silver would have a salutary effect in rescuing the Western farmer from his difficulties. The director of the Mint, however, points out that the bimetallist. as- sumption that there is a great scarcity of gold as a circulating medium, is not borne out by faets. Production of gold was never so rapid as itis today. The annual product of gold alone is alinost equal to the production of both gold and silver before the depreciation of silver began. This is chiefly due to the output of the Witwatersrand goldfield. This field yields a million and a half ounces of gold every year, and according to the calculations of a German expert, if the mines could be worked toa pee of 4,000 feet, in forty years we should be able to extract £100,000,000 worth of gold from this mine alone, 2 s ~ Aprit 1, 1895.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 681 PLANTING IN BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA : THE CLIMATE OF NYASSALAND. We are indebted to Mr. J. W. Moir, of Lauderdale coffee plantation—situated at the South end of Mount Mlanje, British Central Africa—for the appended tables of meteorological observations, the* first, we trust, of a prolonged series by this gentleman or his Managers. Mr. Moir rightly anticipated that the return of Mr. Carson to Ceylon would excite considerable in- terest among om planting community in British Central Africa, and yesterday we published the prospectus of the Nyassaland Coffee Company Limited, which is being formed here for the cultivation of coffee in that region. We have no doubt that Mr. Moir, as well as Messis. Buchanan, Lloyd, and Brown, can give us a satis- factory explanation of the rather pessimistic account we published the other day from another Ceylon planter who seems to have had rather a bad time during his visit to Nyassaland. Meantime, we refer to the tables before us and mainly with the returns of temperature which shew that May to August is the cool period at Lauderdale, and November-December the two hottest months. But the climate altogether must be delightful seeing that the extreme range is from 52 degrees in June to 96 degrees in December; while the monthly averages only differ from 635 to 794; and the mean temperature for the eleven months —August 1893 to June 1894—works out to a little over 66} degrees—‘ perfection,” according to the London Spectator, being found at an average of 65° Fahrenheit. Turning to rainfall, we find a complete year’s returns give a total of 76°96 inches on 199 days, the dry months being August to November and sowetimes May and June; while the heavy rains (over 53 inches out of the 77) tell in the four months January to April.. The heaviest monthly fall was 15°93 inches in January, the heaviest on any one day being 3°75 inches on 12th Janu- ary which month came in for 7:17 inches of rain between a very dry June and August. Of course, it is impossible to place much reliance on observations covering only one year; but we think we are safe in judging that the climate is likely to prove an admirable one-for coftee blossoming and ripening, with an average rain- fall resembling very much what our Uva cottee districts enjoy. It is possible, however, that the ear under review was a drier one than is usual; or Mr. Moir in a separate note writes :— “Por the last 6 months of 1894 the rainfall was :— July 1894 2°74 inches Aug. ” 27 ” Sept. . SiOlowns Oct. ” 21 ” Nov. ,, 3:00 ,, IDY-YoR Ren a chy aees 29°68 (p. enclosed metgl. abstract) Jan. to June 1894 56°85 86°53 this month has already so far exceeded last _ the 365 days to date give 10448 inches,” 6 We are still within the limit of Uva’s rainfall experience which ranges from 79 inches at Baculla to over 100 inches in some parts of Haputale. For the present we append Mr, Moi’s carefully arranged tables in detail which afford other interesting meteorological information with which we have not dealt :— fol ie => wrt SSH CO oD GH ou 2 29 63 OD = : eNO OOO TCR OO test Bs wd 9 Ha HHOSHAANHAR | A] oH A re i> = ! & S oul as ‘ + se Se | > 2 uooN fe ese lees = ze i= @ 2 eas = fs o Te 9 SE ds ala D nN gosh 5 a Bi ej x ~ 1a = ‘urd 9 OUT BC, i Z a1 B 5 1% |.° Beas A oO fo) bX A ee "m00 3 SOlnm o = N; ola we px) S yg on p Z sapere z Z15 be +2 meg t S2 was o “ op) Je) ¢ fea} > Lo) j 29 3 e a v a ) mH Bok me IE OES ° "= HRQQ ma “ PROS eaHo ae egakaaSS a bE. ‘oMVSEHEDLO mwAS eons haba $ Soo o8@sgos S45 SAAMI SS 8 Om SS 5 RAROZARHASAAH 682 D ‘ os ' dg || | |SSESSSSE(%13 2m % TD b> bs Dt~ Hin ol [<0 im os) mo. 3 aS ic} tO be font (ro) > : 5 100 || | |BSSasaes e|8 *F } N 15 6 OO l= i= I= coc | 18 | © asi eri B 1D “a Ls ISDOROHOSS (01h £4 roevg || || #esssorelalS BE ; ArkaSwmowde|lalis ~ 2 = af 19 © 6019 gust | 3 |e a fh urd § SeSseorew |S (|E 8 é.. mdg ||| |ESeseses isle gas . ow us, O15 GIOIS is Oso | & ~ 5 e B moo | | | | SSeeeere|= aS —2 8 = t ASA SoSoeRK-oO J =) % = ae OA Ne OMIAS (Jo) rer) +s mmo ag i. wel Gila |yS3 SREY Svea 2 =|# noe ; SSoOoCSoOSCS }o lor Sa 922 HeOoOom HIS | mo | see Hi DSAmwAMissD | Old O52 ager LT) | DT | a sees So col ect o Le ~~ L~ Hog 2 a a off 5 as 9° rot s+ =, 5 eegsenee2|e|y BS S "moon | lhe the Saassh | oo }s es 2a) | eirgees eeurceess Es & Boe 3 3 Bas 3 egeSeee92|2/% zane AH me g-| | | wore SoS |e |e Bae < s MOON AGG AO al 4 ms Zee . . . . . . . . . 4 . : Ae B if Heirs ane aa [es be| Po Gn eR. BIR Ae gee f=| | = tes fe ot Ss bps bo Rape ‘> on {>} w Ss a 325809 SoS a8 8 sg B4nOZASEATAS 2a SES NYASSALAND COFFEE COMPANY, LIMITED. Messrs. Carson & Co. have favoured us with a copy of the prospectus (dated 16th inst.) of this Company to be registered under the Ceylon Joint Stock Ordinances, Capital R300,000. The Provisional Directors are Messrs. E. 8. Grig- son, Alex. Orchard, V. A. Julius, W. P. Metcalfe, F. Macindoe, andJ. H. Carson. he lastnamed will join the Board after allotment. It is stated:—This Company has been formed for the purpose of acquiring from Mr. J. if Carson, of Gonamotava Estate, Haputale, who has recently returned from Nyassaland, two blocks of forest land bought for the purpose of cultivating Cotfee. The two blocks of land, which comprise an area of 3,500 acres, are situated in the Mlange Districts of the Shiré Highlands, and have been specially selected by Mr. Carson as being the very best available Jand for the cultivation of Coffee. This product grows luxuriantly, and the Superintendent of an estate reported that the Coffee he had in bearing (40 acres) yielded a maiden crop of eleven tons (about 5 owts per acre),the trees looking healthy afterwards. Mr. Carson found that comparatively little was known as to the proper mode of cultivating Coffee, and that many estates had been opened on unsuitable land. It is intended, therefore, to send at once one man or more of large experience to open the land. The seasons are very regular,and Mr. Carson compares the Mlange District to that of Haputale in Ceylon. An estate there reports a well distributed rainfall of 70 to 80 inches THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [APRIL 1, 1896. Living on the blocks of land are several hundred villagers who have holdings and are available for labor. Their wages are 8 yards’ calico pe- month costing 34d per yard, or 2s 4d permonth. Atonga labour can be imported from the Lake Nyassa at a cost of 4s per head, and a regular force can be depended u during crop time from March to Noy. With sogeni.to transport it is stated that the time occupied to London is 8 to 14 weeks. The freight to Tshinde on the coast is £4 per ton, and from ‘'shinde to London by Union or German lines (twice monthly) £3 per ton. It is reported that a railway will shortly be in course of construction from Tshiromo to Blantyre which will tap the coffee districts. It is intended to open as quickly as possible up to 1,000 acres. Seed sufficient to plant 100 acres has been ordered from Brazil, as it is not considered ad- visable to buy local seed if it can be avoided. The cost of opening land and bringing it into bearing is not estimated to exceed £10 per acre at the end of the third year, after which very handsome returns may be anticipated. There is an abundant water supply. These large blocks were specially put up for Mr, Carson by the Acting Commissioner of British Central Africa with the object of attracting capital into the country, and it is unlikely that any such further large blocks can be now obtained. It is a Crown title and not burdened with any conditions as to amount of land to be opened withiu a given time. The vendor at present holds simply receipts for the purchase money, pending issue of the Govern- ment grants, which grants will be forwarded as soon as received to the Company's Proctors for approval, The country in the Shiré Highlands is quiet ‘and settled and formally taken oyer as a British Possession. The Vendor's price is R20 per acre, equalling R70,000, which he will take in fully paid-up Shares in the Company. The land is ut present only roughly surveyed, and when the acreage has been correctly surveyed such excess or less amonnt will be paid or retunded in cash at the same rate. CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA. THE SOUTHERN STATES’ EXPOSITION AT ATLANTA. San Francisco, California, U.S.A., 7th Feb. 1895. Dear “ Opserver,’’—I have been looking every Mail for some definite news about the part to be taken by Ceylon at the SOUTHERN STATES EXPOSITION to be held this year at Atlanta, but up to the 19th December nothing seems to have been done. The time is short, and a forward move must be made soon. Mr. Bierach has everything ready at this end, ‘and I have received a copy of his plans, and the proposed catalogue of Exhibits, all of which appear useful, appropriate and attractive. With the excep- tion of the Kandyan Wall, I think the several articles named by Mr. Bierach in his conyprehensive scheme forwarded tothe Chairman, Planters’ Association, should be sent. Ihavewritten Mr. Bierach, that an imitation Kandyan Wall can be built on the spot similar to what we had here and at Chicago, and at less cost than would take to transport thesame from Ceylon; this would also be very bulky and heavy, and freight charges would be high. What I wish to impress strongly on Ceylon is, that time is limited, and further that by hay- ing a ‘“‘direct and authorized Representation from the Government and Planters’ Association of Ceylon,” the enormous sum charged by the Exposition authorities — for space to private commercial concerns, is saved to Ceylon. The ground plans of Mr. Bierach’s scheme call for 4,000 feet of space. This would run — away with $4,000, (or some R15,000) and all this — could be saved, and used for the exhibition proper, — of Ceylon products, by having the island officially represented. 3h This is, I think, a most important point, and shot not be lost sight of. I am informed that the © Coe Aprit 1, 1895.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 683 is well advanced at Atlanta, and a letter recently received, advises that everything will be in readiness for the reception of exhibits on June Ist, so no time must be lost at your end. I lay stress on the Government being asked to lend countenance to the Ceylon Commission, as the Atlanta people may consider the Planters’ Associa- tion a trading body, ov “ commercial concern,’ and demand payment in full, for all space occupied, and as this would absorb a very large sum, quite half of what would_be required at this end, I think the expenditure of sucha large sum on space, should be avoided if possible. From the latést Observer received, it appears as if there was some doubt as to the ability of Sir G. H. D. Elphinstone to reach here along with Wm. Mackenzie, Esq., I.hope this may be got over, and that the two _ DELEGATES will be in the. United States very shortly, as time uns on, and eyery day’s delay is unfortunate for Ceylon’s interests. In the list of exhibits required, forwarded by Mr, Bierach, I find no- mention made of _‘‘ELEPHANTS TUSKS,”’ These are very handsome, and formed a most at- tractive and showy ornament round the base of the Octagon in the Main Court at Chicago. I am snre if Lady de Soysa were approached by your authorities, she would kindly consent to lend 4a doz: (say) with their handsome stands, Of course THA is the main feature of the desired Ceylon show, andi I hope individual estates, and.large Companies, will make a grand showing of our staple product, but the other articles of commerce should not be neglected, and a handsome block of plumbago, should be sent. Cinnamon bales, cinchona bark, cardamoms, coffee, eocoa, and coconut oil should be sent also. Mr. Bierach has, I notice, mentioned a large number of estates, fron which he hopes exhibits of tea will be sent, and I tiust other estates not mentioned: will send exhibits, as I presume the names men- tioned are taken at random from the Chicago: catalogue. Recently I addressed the worthy Chairman, Planters’ Association, in reference to the awards gained by Ceylon at toe late exposition here, and I trust no time will be lost in communicating the wishes of the recipients of Medals, to me so as to enable me to order these medals and have: them ready to hand to either Mr. R. V. Webster or the two Delegates, to take back to Ceylon with them. I have studied closely the plan of the proposed Ceylon Court for Atlanta, and find it admirable in _ every respect, and the Lea Exhibits being under glass, as wellas in glass bottles of neat shape and air-tight, will be a great improyement, and preserve them from dust and damp, I note Mr. Bierach calls for 2 or 3 Sinhalese and 2 Tamils, but in view of the size of this Ex- position, and tbe near approach of the Great Canadian and Baltimore Expositions in 1896 and 1897 respectively, I think eight natives should be sent over, (four Sinhalese and four Tamils) two of the latter should be women. These to be employed between the luternational Expositions, in assisting at Tea Demonstrations in the larger towns, four in the North and Bast (with Mv. Bierach) and four in the South and West (with myself) if my scheme, formu- lated and ready for the Delegates, is sanctioned, or in part adopted by the ‘‘ Committee of Thirty,’ for a permanent campaign in this country. The long spell of rain has given place to some lovely weather for three weeks or so, and at the beautiful GOLDEN STATE PARK last Sunday, the 3rd February, the largest crowd that ever attended was present, listening to the music of the fine band. This was the first appearance of the new conductor, who hada most flattering recep- tion, Thousands stood the whole time, as the Ne ee EO sitting accommodation was quite inadequate, and was used up long before the music began. Others lolled about on the grass, think of this, while Kast and a Chicago people are being frozen to death, railways snowed up, and 50° below zero registered! I doffed my extra winter waistcoat, and though I carried an overcoat.- could not wear it, as the weather was too warm! A well-behaved crowd and the tratfic well regulated, carriages being made to drive one way into and another way out of, the Park. IT heard a very good story of a fair patient and her doctor recently. She enquired, “Is thereno way of finding out what is the matter with me, doctor?” He replied, ‘‘ There is only one way, and that is by a Post Mortem Examination, we cannot tell, until thatis made.’ Tair Patient, ‘‘ Well, doctor, there is no use being squeamish at this time, go right aheda now’!!! - The floods have subsided, and railways been re:- paired, and all nature is smiling here once more. The ORANGE-GROWERS are elated at the prospect of fine prices for their crops now ripening, half the immense crop of Florida was “frosted.” and this week telegrams have come from Valencia and Seville, that these crops have been ruined by frost also, so that practically Califorina has the market at her feet, and prices haye gone up 200 per cent in New York already. It is a good thing, as no money has been made on this crop for a couple of years, I have some amusing experiences at the large and popular restaurant where I generally dine, meeting hundreds of business men, and in conversation I gather generally that hatred of England really means envy and jealousy of her. Conversation will sometimes wind up with, ‘‘ Well, there is no use talking, (this is a favourite expression) this is a great coun« try.” Of course I always assent, but it is great in some unenviable ways. The other evening I agreed, “It is truly a great country’ I said\—‘‘a wonderful country in many respects, I was reading some official statistics lately and found there had been 9,800 mur: ders committed in 1894, and 150 official executions’!!! I should say collapse followed, as great interest was taken in my remarks up to the figures 9,800, but When the next word came, it seemed to disappoint my neighbours. somewhat. Of course I was sorry; but could not help it. There is. a moral wave traversing this State, and we are to have a Lexow Committee similar tothe late one in New -York. They say-. the Police require it badly here, but the whole fabric seems conceived in sin and born in iniquity. A very bad case of Jury bribing has just occurred, but one honest man was found and a nice trap was laid for the would-be briber after he had committed himself sufficiently. He told the jury-man ‘There was money in it,’ ‘* How much?” $500 now” and $10,000 after acquittal.’”’ Now what we would like to know is where these large sums come from: The convicted briber is a poor man, he does not find the money and must have some one at his back. The jury-man had not then been summoned to serve, but the briber was to get him summoned and put on the jury. How does he control the Sheritf’s department. The new CITY HALL has cost over £1,000,000 stg. been 20 years in build: ing, and will cost £500,000 yet to finish!!! More than one-fifth of this vast sum has gone tp sulartes, though the work is done by contract; it is openly said that one-third of the money has been “ jobbed” and stolen! What a magnificent pile could be erected any- where in Europe for this sum, ; A new CLIFF HOUSE is to be erected in place of the old one burned at Christmas time, and will be very handsome. A good many of the seals have returned to their old haunts on the rocks, close to the site of the well- known house. Now I must stop until my next, when I hope to haye some news of the Delegates,—Yours truly, T, A Oo, THE-FROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. fApkit 1, 1896. PLANTING NOTES. Central Province, March 14. Cryton TA Companizus.—There can be no doubt that these have good times before them if exchange keeps under 1s 2d, and prices don’t go below 8d per lb. Considering the many Companies that have been floated locally, there are only one or two that are not prosperous. Hyen these Companies are honestly and economically managed by their Agents and Diectors. There is no skKRIMSHANKING—to use a slang term. No one can help bad seasons, and I have never heard a word against the bona tides of Directors or Agents. From the article you quoted from the Spectator, the home Companies might take a leaf out ot our book. Company Ruserves.—The accompanying cutting I think is worthy of insertion in your columns as it may interest shareholders of tea com- panies here who may haye Directors planting their reserves in coconut property. What is the income of a Coconut estate proprietor per acre in a good district? Multiply that by seven, and that should be the value of the coconut property.” It is on that basis Tea Companies’ holdings are yalued :— An “INQUIRER” in the Englishman expresses his indig- nation that on receiving the Report of a Vea Company in which he is interested he finds an entry recording a transaction in jute shares; he maintains that he invested his money in tea and not in jute. As a mutter of fact, the Tea Company is probably in such a good condition as to haye a reserve fund for investment, and the shareholder ought hardly to grumble if the directors see a good thing in jute. A bank shareholder might with almost equal justice grumble at seeing an account of Government Securities in the Bank’s Balance-sheet; he invested his money in banking not in Government paper ! «Madras Times, Jan. 30, , JKAINS are yery partial. In districts where they have had showers the Hush is coming on well and all hands axe busy, What has come oyer Cacao prices? 603 per ewt. - is a terrible drop. I am told, that the Ceyion and Java stocks which are slumpt together im Wilson Smithett’s circular have yery little Java included. Lhe stocks mostly consist of poor Ceylon cocoa, which tuere is a difficulty in disposing of, when there is so much good stuffin stock ot other countries. Whatever is the reason of our poor prices, may it 8000. yanish, even though it may make our Ceylon thieves more eager to possess. it. —— ee THE [INDUSTRIES OF TONQUIN. The principal articles of trade of the province of Ninh«Binh are rice, cotton, silk, and mats, in the exports, and wood, rattan, and salted fish, in the imports. Lhe Jowrnal dela Chambre de Commerce de Constantinople says that the province produces a large quantity of cotton, a portion of which is prepared and woven by the inhabitants, and the remainder purchased by the Chinese, and forwarded to Nam-Dinh, where it takes the Haiphong and Heng Kong route. A more important article of export at ordinary times is rice, and this trade is also in the hands of Chinese. Twice a year, at harvest time, the price of rice falls The growers are all obliged to sell almost betore the harvest is finisned in order to pay the taxes and other liabilities, and to procure the necessaries of life, and it is only with great dittculty that they manage to keep sufficient rice for their personal needs. Then the reservesare gradually exhausted, and prices increase gradually until the new crop is harvested, It thus becomes necessary to have recourse to foreign imports of rice, which are heavily burdened with customs duties and other charges, including those of transport and manipulation. There exists in the pro- vince ot Ninh Binh only a few industries worthy of the name. In a few villages there are rude looms for weaving silk and cotton. At Phat-Diém and on the banks of the neighbouring streams there are places in which sampans and junks of plaited bamboo ave turned out, and these ave made of extreme lightness combined with great resisting power. ‘hey * Oh! Nonsense. The rule for Coconuts o ght - crtainly to be more liberal than for Tea.—Ep, 7,4, | are indigenous to the soil, and form, in addit are capable, when of sufficient dimension, of ing very heavy cargoes. In the canton of Dong-Hai, which is adjacent to that of Kim-Son, the inhabitants make mats of rush, with a white ground and designs of red flowers. These mats enjoy a very high re- putation on account of their solidity and workman- ship. A factory has recently been established by a Chinese company at Phat-Dicm for the production of fine mats with varied designs and of brilliant colours, to be used as fioor coverings and also for walls. This establishment, which was started in December, 1889, has at present in its employ fifteen Chinese and one hundred and four native workmen. The manager has recently applied for two hundred more Aunamite workmen, which is a proof of the development and prosperity of the industry. Mats made according to patterns sent from Hong K«ng are almost all forwarded to that place, where they are sold as local productions. Their usual price at Phat-Diém is eight dollars per roll of 40 metres with a width of 90 centimetres. —_————>——_ _ ___ LEAD-COATED TEA-CHESTS. TO THE EDITOR OF THE “‘WESTERN MAIL.” Sir,—I was much pleased to read “ Lead-Plate’s”’ letter in Thursday's “* Western Mail,” and certainly think with him that something conid be done by our tin-plate manufacturers to open up what would be practically a new industry, without further outlay on their part, as their existing machinery is well adapted for the making of tea-chests. It is not by any means a new idea the packing of tea in metal cases, as the first parcels of Ceylon tea shipped to this country were so packed; but there were several objections to their general use which might be very easily overcome. herefore, Mr. Editor, I would suggest your bringing your * brainy men”’ again to the fore, and giving a prize, to which [ have no doubt owners of tin-works would willingly subscribe, for a box that would meet the fol- lowiug requirements :—Firstly, the boxes to be so made that they could be shipped from this country flat, and easily opened upon reaching their destination ; Secondly, the lid or cover so arranged that it could eq quickly secured and re-opened at will without damege to the box or lid. ‘he metal cases that have been tried were so made that to open them meait a great deal of harm to the cases and they were not so easily re-coopered as the lead-lined wooden boxes. This caused a great deal of annoy: ance to the bonded stores warehousemen whenever it was necess:iry to open a box to draw bulk samples for the trade ; besides, the cases became nseless to our large blending and packet tea merchants for re-packing purposes, competition in the tea trade being so keen at the present day as to compel mer: chants to re-pack their teas in the original tea boxes. Metal tea cases would, therefore, find favour with the merchant and grocer. With the one the large item of cost for coopering boxes under the present system would be done away with, and the other could make use of the chests as bins for storage purposes. Four sizes should be made, viz., to hold about 201b., 40 lb., 601b., 100 Ib. of tea.—L am, &c., E. B. NASH. Merthyr. —_— SS? -- THE AGRICULTURE OF HONDURAS. The agricultural products of the Republic of Honduras, most of which are capable of considerable extension, are tobacco, sugar, maize, wheat, coffee, potatoes, indigo, cocoa, bananas, indiarubber, and pita (the fibrous product of the agave tree), used by the native population in the manufacture of ham- mocks, &c. In former times the forests constiti the principal agricultural wealth, lumber consi ing chiefly of its world-renowned mahogany, being exported on a large scale to the United States and Europe, — but the industry has not flourished of late years, owing to want of enterprise. Her Majesty's C General at Guatemala says, that an endless ya of fruit trees is found in the Republic, most of Apri 1, 1895.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 685 the various preparations of maize and black beans called frijoles, the staple food of the lower classes. Among these fruits may be mentioned the mango, pineapple, custard apple, alligator pear, lemons, limes, oranges, and bananas, the latter forming an important article of export. The cuitivation of such fruits as strawberries and cherries, in fact, all those indigenous to a cooler clime, has not met with any great attention, but could doubtless be grown with successtul results in the temperate zones. An important article of export is tobacco, which is the finest grown in Ceatrai America, and is said by some to equal the Havana product. ‘his is one of the oldest agricultural industries in Honduras, having flourished as far back as the last century, when it was grown with gveat success in the department of Santa Rosa. The imdustry has flourished satisiactorily, and considerable quantities of tobacco are annually exported, a large portion to Havana, where it is re- dressed and sold ina manufactured state as Cuban leaf. Coffee, the staple export of the neighbouring Central American Republic, has never engaged much attention in Honduras, although the berry grown there is asserted to equal that of Guatemala and Costa Rica. The sugar industry is also in a back- ward state, andin this, as with coffee, there is room for considerable development. Mr. Gosling states that the former might well constitute an important article of export, as the cane is of superior quality and thrives remarkably well, both in the plains and mountain districts. It is estimated that there are about 800 acres devoted to the cultivation of sugar in the Republic, the departments of Comayagual Gracias, Yoro, and Santa Barbara being the chief centres of theindustry. One of the staple agricultural products of Honduras is the banana, large quantities of which are annually exported to the United States. It flourishes best on the Atlantic coast, where it is marvellously prolific and commercially successful. - Another branch of agriculture eminently suited to the soil is the cultivation of indigo. As yet, how- ever, itis only grown ona small scale by the Indian population, but 1t has attracted attention in the United States from its superior quality, and in the valleys of the Chameleon the plant is at present being largely sown, Last year the trade was un- usually brisk, andiarge exports were made to France. Maize grows throughvut the country in a semi-wild state. Wheat and other cereals are successfully raised, but the amount produced does not suffice to meet the requirements of thecountry, Rice isgrown in small quantities by the Indian population, who also cultivate potatoes and cochineal, cotton, vanilla, sarsaparilla, aud numerous other minor agricultural products. Cattle-breeding is among the most im- ortant industries in the country, and live stock orms one of the chief articles of export, while in dairy-farming there is, according to Mr. Gosling, a decided opening for the foreign settler. In the capital and towns throughout the country cows’ milk is scarce, and is retailed at almost prohibitive prices, Asa natural consequence, the manufacture of butter is small, and what is obtainable is of very inferior quality. Large quantities of thin cheese are made for home consumption, but it is of a poor quality. In conclusion, Mr. Gosling says that there is room for considerable development in all branches of the agricultural industry in Honduras. This is, however, not due to any want of success on the part of the agriculturist, but is directly attributable to the A dan of the population, demonstrating equally the wide field existing in Honduras for foreign immigration and private enterprise.—Jownal of the Soetety of Arts. ee ee MOORSHEDABAD MANGOES, (By PRASANNA K. LAutrt, MoorsHepABAD.] It cannot be definitely stated when and by whom the cultivation of the mango (Mangifera Indica-—not Ord Anacardacia) was tirst intro- «duced into this district. Some of the earlier re- cords of Mahomedan pule show that there were then only two varieties existing in the country, viz., the Maldah and the Choonakhali; and these long before Moorshed Kuli Khan founded the city. Maldah having been a border district, it wes quite natural that the cultivation of the fruit should have reached here long betore it was known to the distant parts of the province. ; Choonakhali was a village in the environs of the old town ot Cossimbazaar. Whether Choonakhali and Maldah were of the same stock cannot even to this day be decided, as they ditier widely in size flavour, and appearance. ‘Tradition, "however. ascribes the introduction of the fruit to one of Hindoo Rajahs of Rangamati by whom it was brought from Gour, when the latter was deserted as the capital of Bengal, owing to the insalu- briousness of its climate. Be that as it may, I ain of opinion—and this opinion is shared ‘by many—that the variety known as the Moorsheda- bad mangoes are the cross-production of the Maldah and the Choonakhali sorts. lt is said that the improvement of mango cul- ture rose to its climax during the time of Nawab Nazim Mobaruck-ud-Dowlah, the youngest son of Meer Jaffer, on or about the year 1790, when Meer Koka, his nurse’s son, and a great favourite of his, laid out the splendid Mobaruck Munzil garden and planted therein hundreds of mango trees of rare varieties. There were, however maugo groves dating from the days of Moorshed Kuh and Ali Vardi Khan, but they bore no fruit worth the name. Andno sooner was the system- atie culture of the mango initiated by the Meer Koka, then all the waste lands around the city were utilized ina profitable direction. Mango delights in a mch, sandy loam, and this fact accounts for the superiority of the mangoes obtained on this side of the river over those Stown in Rarh, where the soil in general is hard cla. of mountainous origin. y _ Trees are propagated from seeds, 7.¢., the stone inside the flesh of the fruit, or by cuttings, are generally sown in seed-beds 18 inches apart in rows of thesame distance from June to August, and seedlings appear in about ten days. They are rewoved and planted elsewhere during the rains the following year, with their taproots gently cut by a pair of sharp scissors, care been taken not to inflict the slightest injury to the small thread-like crown roots. They ‘are then permanently transplanted to the place prepared for their reception the next year. Cuttings are made from the small branches, either by crafting or by inarching, the latter method being esteemed the more prolitable and easy, and free from the risk of failure. It is usual to plough the land in order to re: duce it to a fine tilth. Holes are then dug 18 Seeds inches deep and of 18 inches diameter, at a distance of 30 feet from each other ‘and 20 feet between the rows. They are then filled with small pieces of bones, a hand. ful of kunkar (nodular lime-stone, burned) lime, and fresh dry earth, and left to the iva ences of the atmosphere till the approach of the periodical monsoon, when the seedlings and ent: tings are, as stated above, put in. When the rains are over, should the plants show sions of withering, they are occasionally watered and weeds around the roots exterminated. They generally bear blossoms in the third year, but to allow the plants to attain full development and xize the blossoms are destroyed by the sprinkling of hot water and the roots are laid open in November or December and filled with dry earth to drain off the excessive moisture absorbed dure ing the rains, : 686 Fruit of trees raised from seed is often found to be inferior to that of the parent trees; but there is no deterioration in the case of fruit raised grafts. The size and flavour vary according to the composition of the soil in which the trees are planted. A } d There are about two hundred cultivated varie- ties td be seen here; of which the most important are the following :— 1, Kavapsnar.—The best in the district, medium size, weight from 5 to 8 oz., skin green when ripe, whence the name; flesh yellow and fibreless; pulpy, sweet, cold, and fragrant. The tree is not a profuse fruiter. 9. Konrrur.—Produced from No. 1 by inarching with a plant of the Maldah variety; description similar, except that the taste is sub-acid. Size small, weighing from 4 to 6 oz. 3. Rant Pasanp.—A small fruit, weight from 3 to 5 oz.; skin almost green, yellowish near the stalk; flesh orange colour; fibreless; yielding thick juice when squeezed and of excellent flavour. 4, Goxuar JAMuN.—A small, longish fruit, with yellow-white skin, flesh yellow, having silken fibre around the stone; sweet and of rosy fragrance. 5. ANANAs.—A fruit of medium size, weight from 6 to 8 oz.; fibreless; skin orange colour, flesh yel- lowish-white ; not very sweet, but having the flavour of a pineapple—hence the name. 6. Dupurva.—The same as No. 5, but very sweet, and yielding a thick juice; is esteemed by many to be the best of the Moorshedabad mangoes. 7, Sarpar Pasanp.—Otherwise known as Bira, a fruit of medium size, so named from having been brought to notice by Nawab Sufdar Ali Safdar Jung, weight 4 to 6 oz.. haying silken fibres; skin reddish green ; flesh orange colour ; sweet; of excellent flayour. 8. Suuran Pasanp.—Named after Sidi Sultan; medium size; skin green; flesh orange colour; fibre- less; acid-sweet, and rich in pulp. : 2 9, Buowant cHownraAs.—A fruit of small size; weight from 3 to 5 oz.; skin green; flesh yellow; fibreless ; sweet, and of nice flavour. i 10. Axonpa.—A fruit of rather oval shaps, pointed at the bottom; skin yellow; flesh yellowish-white ; fibreless : pulpy and very sweet. : 11. Swanar Kuza.—aA small fruit; skin green; weight from 2 to 3 oz.; flesh orange colour; fibreless ; very sweet. ' : ‘ q 12. Nasuxpapan.—A fruit of medium size, skin orange colour; flesh red; pulpy; sweet, and of the scent of an orange. f ‘ 13, CHarkHsas Cuampa.—A small fruit; skin yel- lowish-white; flesh orange colour, having silken fibres; sweet, and most delicious. ; : 14,. JAGANNATH Buoc.—A very large fruit; weight from 24 oz. to 64 oz; fibrous; skin yellow; flesh yellowish-white: Not very sweet. —Indian Agriculturist. i COCONUTS AND TEA. We purpose redeeming now the promise we made in our last Friday’s issue, of offering a few re- marks on the questions raised by two of our correspondents on the price of coconuts, the value of coconut lands, and the relation which the price of land should bear to the net income derived from it. We may at once say, in reply to the suggestion by the writer of the Planting Notes from the Central Province that the valu- ation of coconut land should be seven years, income, that we draw a distinction between coconuts and tea, The latter is a shrub which has to be submitted to very harsh treatment in order that it may be profitably cropped. The shock to a plant in being cut down to within a few inches of the ground every year or alter- nate year, must be immense; an although in -ithe case of hedges ib may be said that similar, although not quite such drastic, treatment, has THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. a, a ee [Aprit 1, 1895. not proved fatal to most hedge plants, it must not be forgotten that these latter are not further denuded of their tender flushes, weekly or fortnightly, as soon as they appear. Indeed, the whole of our tea enterprise, is based on a very artificial treatment of the bush. There is, of course, the tradition that in China bushes have survived cropping for scores of years; and even in the island our oldest bushes are by no means our worst; but it is not safé to count on a very long life for shrub treated as tea is. The need of replanting—renewing the fields at certain intervals—may probably have to be kept in view. Nor are our forcing climate and generally poor soils, factors which it would be wise to ignore, even if there be no danger from liability to insect and other pests through the enfeebling effect of severe treavment. It is in this view, quite apart from direct returns in heavier crops, that we attach importance to manuring, and the necessity of invoking science to aid us in im- proving our soils. If all the cireumstances on which we have touched be taken into considec- tion, the multiplication, by seven, as suggested by our correspondent, of the annual wal per acre should be a satisfactory way of valuing an are of tea. Surely, a more Jiberal valuation isn justified in the case of coconuts, when we re- member the great age to which the tree attains —cropping as it does up to 80 to 100 years—and the absence of all interference with its natural mowth. The only approach to severity of treat- Srent is connected with manuring, which in- volves a certain amount of root pruning; but even then, in most cases, it will be found that the severed roots are shrivelled up, having per- formed their functions, and waiting to be re- placed by new rootlets. In these circumstances, there seems to be more of permanency in a coconut estate than in a tea estate—although, having regard to the hardy character of the shrub, we all hope for a long life for each separate bush—-and it is only reasonable to give the former several years’ purchase more than is allowed in the valuation of a tea estate. We see how this element of permanency influences valuation in the case of house property which is often put down at Colombo at 20 years’ pur- chase! We faney it would not be unreasonable to put down the life of a tea estate at half that of a coconut estate, while the annual expenditure in order to reap the profits would be about-double. NYASSALAND.—We regret to receive the un- favourable report as to climate, soil, coffee and even labour, which we publish from a well-known Ceylon planter in another column. What we cannot understand is how allowance is not made for the number of old residents—some of them, Ceylon men—who do not seem to have suffered from the climate. There is Mr. Buchanan, C.M.G., the first coffee pioneer, Mr. J. W. Moir, planter, Mr. Lloyd, Surveyor, who has just got two Assis- tants over from Ceylon, Mr. Henry Brown, plan- ter, and others; and Mr. J. H. Carsen had no such gloomy experience. Perhaps our present correspondent travelled at the very worst season of the year ?—Since writing the above yesterday, we have received a letter from Mr. Moir from his estate of Lauderdale at the South end of Mount Mlanje, giving us a series of meteorologi- cal observations which we will publish very — shortly. Meantime we would only observe that — these show a splendid climate with an an average temperature of 66°608 degrees—equal ta the Agras or Bandarawella } a Aprit t, 1895.| SOIL INVERTING PLOUGH IN INDIA. The following note is froma report on “the Dum- yaon Farms: what they teach,” by Mr. B. C. Basu, Assistant to the Department of Land Records and Agriculture, Bengal, Different kinds of inverting ploughs have been used on the Dumraon farm ; but they are all built on the same principle. They are, generally, made wholly of iron, and fitted with a broad curved piece called a mould board, which inverts the furrow slice, that is, turns it upside down, The beam is of wood, like that of the country plough, and is connected with the yoke in the usual manner. The ones in use on the farm go just as deep as the native implement. It is said that soil-inverting ploughs are too heavy of draught for country bullocks; but the idea is unfounded, as on the farm they are drawn by cattle with the same care as the country plough. In fact, the farm ploughmen prefer to plough with the former. To compare the soil-inverting with the country plough, two plots, each 800 square yards (a little over 5 local cottahs), were ploughed up and both cropped with wheat, and treated exactly alike in all other res- pects. The cost of cultivation was the same in both plots. Theincrease in out-turn, obtained by means of the inverting plough, over the out-turn obtained by means of the country plough is shown below :— Grain per Acre. Straw per Acre. Increase. Decrease. Increase. Decrease. Mas. s. Mds.s. Mds. s. Mas. s. 1885-86 .. 2 16 aie 6} DAL 06 1886-87 .. ate! 86 il 8 66 1887-88 .. Ih) an ae Oy Ble 1888-89 ., 1 4 AG Ue BBs C 1889-90 .. 2 4 0 Se hey ; 1890-91 .. O 30 0 Oo 19 a Average..1 24 ag 2 12-0) 14 Both the plots having been continually under wheat for several years, and received no manure, their out- turn was gradually decreasing. In 1891-92 it was, therefore, thought desirable to change the crop; and the experiment was, accordingly, discontinued on the two plots which had been hitherto reserved for the trial. It was, however, made on two other plots, with the result that the inverting plough gave 1 maund 26 seers of grain, and 3 maunds 1 seer of straw more per acre than that of the country plough. The result leaves no doubt that the out-turn of wheat can be in- creased to a certain extent by the use of the soil-in- verting plough. The effect of soil inversion was equally conspicuous on paddy. The trial with this crop was carried out in exactly the same way as with wheat. The results are shown in the following statement :— Increase of Increase of grain per straw per acre. acre, Mds. s. Mas. s. 1886 40 1 6 85.16 ‘1887 te OF 35 2° 38 ; 1888 a0 1 8 2 8 1889 tle 3 8 6 2 1390 : 0 24 By) PO) Average... 1 15 4. 33 The experiments ure specially instructive, and may oepen the generally accepted idea as to the unsuit- ability of soil-inverting plough in India. Dr. J. W. Leather, Agricultural Chemist to the Goy- ’ ernment of India, informs the editor that ‘‘ at Cawn- pore an improved plough, huving an iron share, and ploughing 5 inches deep, has been tested against the country plough since 1881. Six years’ experiments, during four of which they were made in duplicate, showed, with one exception, a distinct increase in the cotton crop; and eight years’ experiments, of which seven were made in duplicate, and in which wheat was the crop, showed. with one exception an increase, ap- parently due to the improved plough. ‘Leaving out of consideration the actual increase obtained, which varied considerably, it must be re- marked that, assuming no effect on the crop, there is THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, 684 still a saying of half the labour, The improved plough is drawn perfectly well by even a ‘small’ pair of bul- locks, and the number ot ploughings necessary is re- duced to half.”—Agricultwral Ledger Series, 1893, No. 11 (Calcutta) eee ele gs 1B Tega, INDIAN TEA IN AMERICA. Mr. Blechynden writes from Brooklyn under date 19th January :— ‘“Whether by reason of the advertisement they have had, their own intrinsic merits, or some other cause or causes Indian teas are getting to be well known here now. When I came here first, two years ago, all the people I spoke to regarding teas were certain we were wasting money in trying to intro- duce them here. Even small firms with nothing to lose and every thing to gain by sucha connection re- fused to have anything to do with an agency even on the most favorable terms. Now all this is changed, and not only is Indian tea well known, but I have been re- peatedly asked if I would take orders and ship small trial consignments from Calcutta. A man here who sent a small trial order to Calcutta at my suggestion finds he can sell the whole lot straight off and is going to cable for more at once. As it is a new thing to him and he feels he would be wiser not to go into it too largely without more ex- perience, his order will not be very large, yet he thinks he could quite easily place some 500 packages per month. The difficulty is to induce large houses which are the best equipped for the work to take up and push Indian tea, but I feel that our busi- ness at present is to get grocers to stock the tea and to try and create a demand for it amongst the consumers. The grocer will follow the consu- mer and the importer will follow the grocer,’— Indian Planters’ Gazette. —--— = a ——-—— VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. CEYLON TRA IN AMERICA.—We call attention to another long letter (see page 682) from Mr. Bierach, giving interesting details respecting the Atlanta Exhibition and other topics connected with Ceylon tea in America, Coconut PLANTING IN Fist.—The Fiji Times in an article as to the necessity for means being adopted to induce the natives to repair the damage occasioned by the late storm to the coco- nut groves,—the number of trees broken down and uprooted being estimated at many tens of thousands—says :— One fact is certain, without the coconut palm the Native Taxation Scheme would become extinct, and, if for no other veason, it be- hoves the Native Department and its © staff of Rokos and lesser salaried chiefs to be up and doing, in the way of devising the best method of replacing the lost palms.* * * As the past year has been one of plenty, coco- nut seed should be plentiful, and the time a seasonable one for the edict to issue that so many nuts in each district be saved to yara for future planting. Let each male over 10 years of age plant his tale of nuts—the smaller the youth the greater the chances are that he will bene- fit by the fruit thereof. Ardour Day in the United States’is quite an institution; an institution which recommends itself as worthy of beng imitated and closely observed in such a community as a Fijian one. Communal and socialistic as it is, such an in- stitution should appeal strongly to his sympathies and his hearty support would doubtless be secured to such a measure, were it faithfully administered from one end of the group to the other, on one or more days of the year. Twenty thousand males plant- ing ten nuts each on one day, and an addition of 200,000 fruit trees, will be blessing the natives with their produce in from five to ten years. This re- peated yearly for a decade and the native will be able to contribute more largely to the revenue—if it be only deriyed from duties on foreign luxuries, 688 VEGETABLE PEPSINE. Vegetable Pepsine 1s the name very aptly given to the juice of the unripe fruit of the Papaw (Carica Papaya), a plant fairly well dis- tributed throughout the tropics. The papaw is a handsome tree, and would well serve as an ornament to gardens; but it would leave very little room for the growth of shrubs and bushes, as it absorbs an incredible quantity of moisture. When not topped, its cylindrical stem attains a height of ten to twenty feet, crowned by a number of large leaves. It is a very quick grower indeed, and the flower unfailingly be- comes a; fruit, so that almost daily every period of growth from the bud to full ripeness may be observed on the tree. The useful properties of the papaw plant have long been known to the various natives, and have been taken advantage of by them, as can be seen by reference to the works of travellers who can themselves vouch for the accuracy of the accounts they narrate. Thus Drury, in Zhe Useful Plants of India, states that old hogs and poultry which are fed upon the leaves and fruit, however tough the meat they afford might otherwise be, are thus rendered perfectly tender and good, if eaten as. soon as killed. Browne, too, in his Natwal History of Jamaica says tliat meat becomes tender after being washed with water to which the juice of the papaw tree has been added ; and if let in such water ten minutes, it will fall from the spit while roasting, or separate into shreds while boiling. In his /fistory of Barbacocs Griffith Hughes mentious that the juice of the papaw tree is of so penetrating a nature that if the unripe peeled fruit be boiled with the toughest old salted meat it quickly makes it soft and tender. Karsten also tells us that boiling meat with the juice of the papaw is quite a conmuon thing in Suite: Captain 8. P. Oliver, writing in, Nature, July 10, 1879, says: ‘* In Mauritus, where we lived principally on ration beef cut from the tough flesh of the Malagasy oxen, we were in the habit of hanging the ration under the leaves themselves ; and if we were in a hurry fora very tender pieces of fillet, our cook would wrap up the under cut of the sirloin in the leaves, when the newly-killed meat would be as. tener as if it had been hung for a considerable times.” It is not surprising that the attention ot medical men abroad was drawn to the wonderful solvent action exercised by the leaves and fruit of the papaw tree. They soon commenced using the juice from the fruit in simple cases of indigestion ; and when they found good results follow, they extended their experiments to more complex disorders. Surgeon B. Evers, writing upon Indian Medicinal Plants in the Indian Medical Gazette in 1875, mentions some cases in which he used it satisfactorily in enlarged spleen and enlarged liver. Outof sixty cases which he treated, thirty-nine were cured; in eighteen the results were not reported ; and in three cases of enor- mously enlarged spleens, relief was afforded, The juice was administered as follows: a tea- spoonful was mixed with an equal quantity of sugar, and the mass divided into three boluses, of which one was taken morning, noon, and evening. For children, a single drop of the juice was given as a dose mixed with sugar. ' The juice of the papaw has been used with very great success in many other complaints. In Mauritius it is regarded as one of the most successful remedies for intestinal worms, a single dose being usually ‘sufficient for a cure. Attention was first drawn to the remedy in this country about 1879. Dr. T. Peckolt, who THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, [Aprit 1, 189g. made a thorough study of the plant when he was abroad in Brazil, succeeded in extracting the active prumiple from the juice of the fruit, to which he gave the name of Papayotin. In the following year Drs. Bouchut and Wurtz investigated the plant, and separated the active principle, to which they gave the mame of Papaine. This proved to be identical with Dr. Peckolt’s Papayotin, so that the two terms may be regarded as synonymous. Dr, Bouchut also made a very important discovery which opened an entirely new field for the use of papaw. He found that both the diluted juice and Papaine had the property of digesting living tissues, normal or pathological, such as adenomata and eancer, and converting them into peptones in exactly the same way as dead ones. This knowledge was very soon turned to account. Surgeons commenced to treat abnormal growths with Papaine, and found it most efficacious in removing the talse mem- branes of croup and diphtheri«. As a rale solu- tious of one in ten were employed for paiuang the throat, and in, some instances Papaine was also given internally. About the same time, a well-known London surgeon, a specialist. in skin diseases, tried its effect upon an obstinate case of eezema with marked success. His prescription was composed of twelve grains of papaine and five grains of powdered borax in two drachms of distilled water ; this was painted on the parts twice daily ; und in less than a month the hardy horny masses of heaped-up epidermis had entirely dis- appeared from the skin, and the textare was left quite normal. We ought not to conclude thi- notice of papaw without mentioning that the natives and resid- ents abroad find the ripe fruit a delicious des- vt. Dr. Peckolt, whom we have already re- ferred to, has given us some interesting data from an alimentary point of view in a paper he pub- lished upon the Papaw Plant some few years back. He says: ‘This herbaceous tree is in Brazil a constant companion of the banana, and is never wanting near the huts of the natives. And rightly do the Indians honour this useful and most grateful tree, specially selected by Provyi- dence for people averse to any cultivation, for without the slightest care or labour after a few months’ growth it yields harvests the whole year through. Notwithstanding that in respect to nutritive value the fruit cannot compete with the banana, its use makes a refreshing change.” There are three varieties known, and of these the _*Mamao melao” is regarded as the best. In Brazil, Dr. Peckolt says, ‘‘the tree is searcely cultivated, or with but little care, its continual planting, like that. of the banana, being self-effected, but with this difference, that in- stead of shoots from the roots, it is done by the seeds of the fruit falling on the ground. The | tree is simply left to stand where the seed has | been planted, either by the use ot the fruit as manure, or by the agency of bird; the tender ‘young plants brave all weathers, and are very tenacious of life, aré not eaten by animals, and after becoming ten inches high, are not pre- vented by injury to leaf or bark from growing luxuriantly and almost perceptibly to the eye even more rapidly than the banana. The fruit, like the banana, is collected in the full-grown but still green condition, so as to ripen in the house. It perfectly ripe when taken from the | tree, the flesh, especially in the neighbourhood is’ difficult to secure against destruction by bire —Chambers Journal, : of the skin, is bitter; moreover, the ripe fri Apri 1, 1895:] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 689 PRICES OF COCONUTS. In regard to the continued rise in the price of coconuts as an article of commerce, one may well feel ‘‘ Puzzled,” if one took account only of one or two of the causes which are known to influence prices. We suppose it may safely be assumed that the price of oil is the principal factor which influences the price of nuts; and naturally so, as it absorbs the largest part of the local production of nuts. Assuming that 500 nuts yield a cwt. of oil, our exports last year of 497,571 ecwt. represent nearly 244 million nuts; and as the exportation of the kernel in all shapes combined—whether as nuts, copra, or desiccated stuff—cannot amount to one-fourth of that number, the price of nuts must depend largely on the price of oil. But, it is asked, has there been a rise in the price of oil—taking, say, the last 50 years—to account for almost the doubling of the price of nuts? We think not; at any rate we have no evidence that the gold price of oil in the London market was lower in 1840—when according to a table pub- lished by us in September last, the price of nuts was only about R20 per 1,000—than it has been in recent years; while certainly the silver price of oil has often been as high here as it is just now, without nuts having risen to the prices now quoted. If we are mistaken in this belief, perhaps some of our mercantile friends will set us right, by furnishing us with a table extending over as many years as_ possible, showing the rice of oil, and of nuts or copra for each year. ut it by no means follows that, relatively to oil, nuts sold always at their full value. The uses to which nuts were put 50 years ago were limited, and purchasers then had it all their own way. What was not used locally for food and culinary purposes was sold for oil; and we presume the profits of millowners were more considerable then than now. Competition at the present time is keener, in view of the varied uses to which coconuts are now put, and the owner receives for his nuts prices which approxi- mate far more closely to the value of the oil, than in olden times. That, we believe, to be the main cause of the rise in the price of nuts. We have only to turn to our export tables to see that copra had no place in tent till 1880, nuts till 1886, desiccated preparations till 1891 ; and we can at once understand the new com- etition which has arisen for nuts, quite apart rom that had grown between an increasing num- ber of oil-mill-owners. To be sure, there must have been some export trade in copra and nuts anterior to the dates mentioned, but it was not important enough to find a place in the Chamber of Commerce tables. Again, the trade in poonac Was insignificant till 1885; and the urtiele was procurable at, perhaps, one-fourth or one-fifth the present price, when exportation first com- menced. Now, its value for fattening stock is recognized in almost every European country, and the price it fetches enters into the caleula- tion of the millowner when he buys nuts or copra. t may be asked whether the greater consump- tion of oil has not influenced the price of nuts. Probably it has; but it is a mistake to suppose that there has been a steady development in the exportation of oil. Last year, weshipped 487,571 ewt. of oil, and that was nearly 100,000 ewt. more than in 1893; but in 1892 the shipments were 550,977 ewt.; and so far back as 1883 we shipped 423,830 ewt.—or considerably more than in 1893, and not very much short of 1894. After }S883 a fluctuations have been considerable; but now America is one of our best customers, and if she continues to supply her wants from here; we may be pretty sure that the annual exports of oil will not fall far short, if at all, of 500,000. And given a continuance of the desiccating busi- ness here, and the demand for nuts for coconut butter, copra for oil mills in Europe, and food in India, and poonac for stock, the present prices should be maintained. Though the rupee value of nuts has undoubtedly risen, its gold value has not. The case might have been very different had not kerosene displaced coconut oil as an illuminant in most countries which had used the latter, even here in Ceylon; but there is com- pensation here, as in everything else; and what has been lost to coconut growers here by the ““striking of ile” elsewhere, has been made good, and more, by the new uses discovered for the valuable nut. While, therefore, the fall in ex- change and the steady demand for oil, explains to some extent the increased price of nuts, the chiet cause we take to be the competition be- gotten of new uses, and just now by short crops consequent on prolonged and severe droughts. If nuts run down again to R30 per 1,000, it will be due to the supply outrunning the demand; and of that there is no immediate prospect. oe PEACH CULTURE IN BELGIUM. The United States Consul at Liege, in his last report, says that the kingdom of Belgium, after supplying a population of 500 to the square mile, exports 105,000,000 lb, of fruit. Last year the markets were glutted, and the value of foreign shipments rose to about £600,000. A very large proportion of the fruit shipped consisted of peaches, and of the finest varieties. In fine soil, and in situations protected from the north and north-east winds, peach trees, grown from the seed, have occasionally borne fruit; but to ascertain the best stock upon which to bud, a long series of experi- ments were tried and tried again upon all the varieties of prune, apricot, sweet and bitter al- monds—every tree, indeed, of a kindred nature —till the conclusion was reached that the best stem for grafting is the red plum. This hardy plant, whose roots spread wide and strike deep, imparts much of its own vitality to its foster scions. Grafting or budding is done out of doors, so as not to soften the young tree by accustoming it to unnatural conditions. The next question to be considered was that of soil. In sandy and dry earth it was found that neither the plant nor the peach flourished, the one being spindling and the other small; while in rich and moist alluvial soil the tree prospered at the expense of the fruit. A calearious soil, neither wet nor dry, is preferred by the peach, the young trees requiring a great deal of lime. As itis impossible to tell, without chemical analysis, the exact amount of this ele- ment contained in any given quantity of earth, its application must be more or less experimental. The rule in Belgium is to first thoroughly fertilise the soil with manure, and then, after planting the tree, to add a peck of lime to every cubic yard of earth; placing it near the surface. As it is neces- sary to loosen the earth forat least six feet square and three feet deep, this quantity—a bushel to a tree—may seem large, but the authorities are all agreed that more rather than less would be better. The application should be zepediee every three years. Turning from the standard tree, which too often failed to be profitable, Belgian agriculturists experimented mith espaliers, or wooden railings, but these were found to be so open and exposed 690 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURISID. [Apri 1, 1896. that the young trees fared very little better upon them than in the orchard. They next tried the wall, not as in some countries, where inural en- closures are built at great expense for the special protection of delicate fruit, but the sunny sides of their houses, and this met with such astonishing success that there are few liouses today in Belgium upon whose southern exposed sides trees are not trained. No chateau is too grand, and no cottage too humble, to furnish them protection and sup- port. Consul Smith says that last summer he saw ripening upon the gable end of a town house, a sur- face of about 30 feet square, over 2,300 peaches, and every one of them larger than a hen’s egg. There were four trees, two of them with dwarf stems, not more than 12 inches high, and branches 6 feet long, radiating like the ribs of a fan, and two ‘‘ yiders,” or bushes grafted upon tall stocks, whose boughs began to spread where the others terminated. At the time of flowering, it is always necessary to shield the buds from the action of frost, and this is done by various methods, the best of which experi- ence has shown to be the placing, among the upper boughs of the trees, of branches cut from other green trees. This plan has been attended by good re- sults, though it should be employed with great caution, as too much shade is apt to stifle the germs, by excluding the rays of the sun. Another method, until recently very much in vogue, and always effective, is the eniployment of mosquito netting, or other cheap material with meshes large enough to admit the free passage of light and air the old custom tof using closely- woven cloth, like able or bed linen, at night, and removing it in the. morning, is said to be more dangerous than the frost itself, as the trees at this season cannot be de- prived of air without serious injury. In addition, this artificial heat at night, succeeded by the warmth of the sun, hastens their blowing, when the object is to delay it as long as possible. Shad- ing at noon is sometimes as essential as covering at night. The poor succeed very well in protect- ing their fruit, by placing a number of horizontal poles about 18 inches apart, and from 4 to 6 inches from the trees, and covering them with light wisps of straw. In good situations, penthouses will some- times suflice to protect the fruit ; in any case, they are extremely useful in checking the flow of sap. Since 1876, the following addition to this method has made assurance doubly sure :—A fringe, made of unthreshed rye straw, by tying the ent ends of the stalk together with twine or cord, 6 or 8ina loop, with spaces of about 3 inches between the wisps, is attached toa pole and suspended under the eaves of the penthouse and in front of the trees. The texture being open, it does not prevent the light and air from reaching the buds. These shields are usually placed in position about the 1st March, and are not removed, except in cloudy weather, until all danger from frost has passed.— Journal of the Society of Arts. a ae TEA AND SCANDAL. The following extracts are from ‘‘The School of Politics, or Humours of a Coffee House. A Poem. 1690,” and I daresay many of your readers will agree with me in heartily sympathising with the sentiment expressed in the last stanza more than 200 years ago |} :— [.—Twas Claret that we drank, and ‘twas as fine, As ever yet desery’dthe name of Iline: Each Man his I’lask we thought a moderate Dose, When just as we were giving o’er, Comes in our honest Landlord in the Close, Pro- testing we should drrink his Zottle more; Which done and all our Reckoning paid, Hach did’ ~ pi soveral way repair} Some went to walk and some to bed: But I, who . had an hour to spare, Went to a neighbouring Cofce-Ifouse, and there With sober Liquor to refine my Head. II.—Whate’er th’ occasion was I cannot tell, Whether ) the Wine had discompos'd my Mind; Or some false Medivm did my NKeason blind, But so it was, I took the Place for Hell; The Master of the House with fiery Fuce, Did like insulting Pluto seem, Whilst all his Guests he did condemn, To drink a Liquor of infernal Race, Black, scalding, and of most offensive Smell: Tremb- ling and pale, I cross’d myself all o’er, And mumbl’d Ave-Maries by the Score, At length, by strange insensible degrees, My Fears all vanish’d, and my Mind found ease, My_scatter’d Reason reassum’d its place, And I perceived with whom, and where I was. IX.—By this time our admir'd wit Had drank his Dish of Vea, and then Begins with—Look ye, Gentlemen, &e. * * * here's fov my Tea, Then leaves the Room. XIII.—Pox, this Coffee scalds my Throat (Another cries) ‘tis in all Sense too hot; Prithee go fetch a Pair of Bellows hither, And make my dish know cooler Weather. XVIII.—You wear no Sword, I see, and ‘twould be base To draw upon a naked Man, But here’s my Dish of Coffee in your Face. T”’ other, though scalded, would not be Behind-hand with him in Civility, But flung a glass of Mum so pat, It spoil’d both Perriwig and Point Crarat. XXIV.—More various Scenes of Humour I might tell, Which in my little stay befel; Such as graye Citts, who spending Farthings four, Sit, smoke, and warm themselves an hour, Of modish Town-Sparks, drinking Chocolate, With Bevir cockt, and laughing loud, To be thought Wits among the Crow’d, Or sipping Tea, while they relate Their Evening’s Frolick at the Rose. think ‘tis time to close, Lest to my feader I should give offence, And he be tix’d with mine, As I was with their dull Jmpertinence, My Reck’ning paid, I left the Room, And in my passage Home reflected thus. . . . Is this the much-desir’d Blessing of Life, which most unjustly we call Regular Society ? Well, to my closet I'll repair, Past Times with present to compare, Myself to strictest study I’ condemn, And ’mongst some Authours wise and good, Who Mankind best have understood, My Weeks, Months, Years, endeavour to redeem: Which vainly foolish and unthinking I Have spent in what we falsely call Good Company. Boy But now I In “A character of London-Village, by a Country Poet,” it says that :— ““The Cojfee-House, the Rendez-vouz of Wits, Is a Compound of Gentlemen and Cits.” In the Catalogue of the British Museum Reading Room Ifound the following title: ‘ Songs. To the Tune of ‘The Tea Tax,’ ornearly so. Published by Tar, Feathers & Co. Price Two cents. New York, 1845?” To all and singular in this full meeting, Ladies and gallants, Phoebus sends you greeting. To all his sons, by whate’er title known, Whether of court, or coffee-house, or town. * * * eS * 4 As for the coffee-wits he says not much, tS heir proper business is to damn the Dutch, _— Epilogue. ZheIndian Emperor. John Dryden, 1665. Low Life. 1764. p.1. The Salop-man in FJ sie shuts up his gossiping Coffee-Honse, p..58, ticians, Who have been some Time” poring Oy — APRIL 1, 1895.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 69t publick Prints at Coffee-Houses, are dropping their Two-pences on the Bars, and returning to their separate Habitations to Dinner. Frequent En- quiries made at Jloyd’s Coffee-House in Lombard- Street, by the Clerks of Under-Writers to know if anything new has happened. p.89. Resolving lawful Questions by Coffee-Grounds. 78. Coffee Grounds in great Use with stale Maids and green Widows who live in constant expectation of altering their Condition, Pharmacopeia Lemertana contracta. 1700. An Extract made of Thea turned veinous blood into a darkish black colour, but did not coagulate it in the least. Being mixed with arterial blood this caked in the middle, and appeared of a lively vivid colour: the rest looked like common serum. Experiments on the constituent parts of some astringent vegetables, ‘The strongest infusions of the teas are very similar in their agencies upon chemical tests, to the infusions of catechu. An ounce of Souchong tea produced 48 grains of tannin. The same quantity of green tea gave 41 grains.” Works of John Dayy, 1839, Vol, IL. p. 281. The Oxford Sausage, 1815, p. 90. Mr. Robert Lowth :— If Pope, the prince of poets, sick-a-bed, O’er steaming coffee bends his aching head, The fools in public o’er the fragrant draught Incline those heads, that never ach’d or thought. Do p. 92. The Lounger :— Dinner over, to Tom’s or to James’s I go, The News of the Town so impatient to know, * * * From the Coffee-House then I to Tennis away, And at five I post back to my College to pray. An Epistle to I suppose the following coincidence has been noticed before, though I never happened to have met with any mention of it :— Congreve. The way of the World. Act. IL.sc.1. [1700.] Mrs. Marwood.. But say, what you will, ‘tis better to be left, than never to have loved. Tennyson. In Memoriam. *Tis better to have loved and lost Than neyer co haye loved at all. A, M. FEreuson. a TRINIDAD AND BRITISH GUIANA. At the end of last year there was a balance to the credit of the Trinidad general revenue of £59,030 and the prospect was held to justify the proposal to raise the loan of £500,000 now about to be issued. Of this sum £250,000 will be ap- propriated to the construction of new railways in extension of the existing Government lines, and the remainder will go to harbour improve- ments, drainage, waterworks, and public build- ings. The total population of Trinidad is about 200,000. persons, of which a large proportion are Indian coolies. The extreme fertility of the island allows of the very successful. development of sugar, cocoa, and other plantations, which are largely cultivated by coolie labour. The expenses of immigration have hitherto been borne in a proportion of two-thirds by the planters and one- third by the Government. In consequence of the fallin prices which has affected the sugar industry, application for relief from a portion the immi- gration expense has been made by the planting interest, and it is now in contemplation to remit for one year the export duty on rum, sugar, and molasses, which has been collected for the pur- nose of meeting the expenses of immigration. This appears to be the fairest method of giving relief to the industry which is suffering most severely from the fall in prices, but the differen- tiation. which it inolves between the interests of the sugar-growers and. other planters may not unnaturally cause the proposal to be viewed with some disfayour by certain sections of colonial opinion. In the neighbouring colony of Britsh Guiana, Where sugar has lone been regarded as the staple produce, the gold-mining industry is now rapidly developing, and the gold outputis becoming every year more valuable. Both quartz and_ placer mining are carried on and placer claims are being actively marked in 15 different districts of the colony. The annual output of gold in British Guiana has increased during the last ten years from 250 ounces obtained in 1884 to 138,527 ounces obtained in 1894, and still premises a steady rise. —Tvnes, Feb. 25. _____ CHINESE TEA. Under date of October 31st, 1894, the French Consul at Foochoo, M. Frandon, states that as the exportation of tea constitutes the staple trade of Foochoo, the Chamber of Commerce in its reports and calculations starts the year from April Ist, when the tea of the preceding season is despatched, and when many of the native brokers go on foot into the interior to buy the future crop. From April Ist, 1893, to March 31st, 1894, the exports of tea to France had not increased. Although the firms Roblot, Jar- din, Oppenheimer, Gien, &c., always make their purckases directly at Foochoo, the important firm erode, formerly the greatest buyer, does not now take anything direct from this market. If compared with last year, the exports for the rest of the world have not diminished, but they are far from attain- ing the figures of between 1870 and 1880. From that time onward the English, who used to be the prin- cipal buyers, have purchased less and less tea here, and more and more of the teas their compatriots gather from plants grown in India. Are these Indian teas worth more than those of Foochow ? Decidedly not ; the latter are always the finest in the world in the opinion of connoisseurs, and nothing equals a mixture composed of three kinds gathered here, Souchong, Fleur de Pekoe, and scented tea. But these teas are LESS CHARGED WITH TANNIN AND TAR than those of India, possess a less accentuated taste, and won’t bear as much milk. To obtain the same infusion it requires three times the quantity of leaves, and toremain three times as long as those that come infused from India. Besides, the desire to fayour their own colonial products has since 1881 caused the English to abandon the Foochoo market. The immense decline that has taken place in the tea trade here since fifteen years ago will be under- stood when I state that in 1881 the amount of tea exported was 44,015,668 kilogrammes, of the value of 64,237,125 francs, while in 1894, the amount exported was 27,767,148 kilogrammes of the value of 47,510,557 franes. Since 1892 the decrease, which had been continuous and increasing _ hitherto, bas stopped, and the trade has been somewhat better. This is probably owing to the English doctors hav- ing stated that the Indian teas are so charged with tannin that they exercise by degrees. AN INJURIOUS INFLUENCE upon the coating of the stomach, which they harden; the gastric juices circulate less easily, and indigestion is the consequence. These doctors advise, therefore, the use of teas that are not so full-bodied, and to let them remain infused only one to two minutes, according to the French practice, instead of from five to eight minutes, as their countrymen used to do. By doing this the perfume only is communicated to the infusion, the excess of tannin remaining with the leaf. It will be many years before these things are sufficiently understood by the public to restore to the Foochoo market the prosperity it had fifteen years ago, even if this result is eyer entirely attained. —Commerce, 692 AUSTRALIAN HARDWOOD TIMBERS. MANY OF THEM GROWN IN CEYLON. Although the value of Australian hardwood timbers for all purposes in which great strength and dnra- bility are required, has long been recognised, it is only of late years that such timbers have become an article of export from the various colonies, al- though considerable quantities of jarrah and other Western Australian hardwoods haye been syste- matically shipped for a considerable period to the British, Indian, and other markets, for use as rail- way sleepers, piles and the like. In New South Wales, hardwood timbers are found in abundance and great variety, consisting for she most part of species of eucalyptus and some other myrtaceous trees. The average height attaimed by these trees THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ig about 100 feet, with a stem of from 2 to 4 feet , in diameter. In the thick bush forests, they have been known to reach a height of 200 feet, and in the open forests, 150 feet is not an uncommon height for more than one species to attain. These hardwood timbers are used very extensively in the colony for a number of purposes, such as for road and railway bridges, culverts, sleepers, paving of streets, fencing, ete., as well as in ordinary building construction. Among the more valuable varieties of eucalyptus are the Ironbarks. These yield very good timbers, some of them being unrivalled for strength, elasticity, and durability combined. Sleepers made from the Narrow-leaved Ironbark have been taken up per- fectly sound after 24 years continual use. ‘The Tallow-wood, so called from the greasy nature of the timber when freshly cut, is one of the best for use in bridge construction, also for decks of ships and is readily worked withsaw or plane. The Black-butt, when properly selected and seasoned, is invaluable for piles, sleepers, decks of ships, bridges, carriage work, etc. The Spotted Gum, when the sap- wood is removed, is often equalin industrial im- portance to the Ironbarks. The Red or Flooded Gum is largely used for street paving, also, when free from gum veins, for railway sleepers, retaining its sound- ness for many years. The Grey, or White Box, a common variety of Eucalyptus, possessing consider- able strength and elasticity, is largely used for tele- graph poles, wheel spokes, shafts and railway sleepers. The Forest Mahogany, net being readily attacked by the teredo, and lasting well when underground, is much preferred for lng also forrafters in buildings, being found in excellent condition after fifty years’ use. ‘The Swamp Mahogany, which derives its name from thriving most readily in swampy ground, is useful tor ship-building purposes, also for railway sleepers. The Blood-wood, which resists both white ant and damp, is used principally for piles and sleepers. There are other kinds of Eucalyptus of a similar serviceable character. Most of the timbers above- “mentioned possess all the requisites for the con- struction of sound and durable roads and pavements. Among other hardwoods is the Blackwood, which has been found suitable for the construction of rail- way carriages, also for a variety of purposes, such as the interior fittings of buildings, furniture, and engineering and architectual construction. The Tur- pentine-tree resembles the Tallow-wood in some of its properties and furnishes an excellent timber for wharf. construction and fencing. It is difficult to burn. The Rosewood is much used for cabinet work, turnery, and ship-building. The White Beech, which resists the white ant, is one of the best outdoor- flooring woods known. and is largely employed for verandahs and ships’ decks. The Negro-head Beech is utilised for furniture making, window sashes, doors, and joinery work. It takes a beautiful polish. The Red Cedar is one of the most valuable of the New South Wales timbers; its combination of lightness and durability causing it to be largely in request for fittings in buildings, furniture, etc. It is identical with the Moulmein cedar of India. In some of the oldest buildings in Sydney, dating from the earlier days of the colony, the cedar woodwork is often found in almost perfect condition. To enumerate all the useful timbers indigenous to New South Wales would occupy too much space, ‘but the above é 3 : [Aprit 1, 1895. details will suffice to show that the colony possesses all the essentials of an extensive export trade in useful hardwoods of almost every description, ee eae gai ts NEWS FROM INDIAN TEA DISTRICTS. SyvnHet, GancxuLt, March 3.—Pruning finished. Rain badly wanted. Mornings and nights still cold. Railway works being pushed on rapidly. For the first time oa record tea planters in this district have been offered Honorary Magistracies—a tardy recognition of their ability. A few might accept, who are near the Sub-Divisional head-quarters. Re tendance required twice a week. DarJsEeLiInc.—Leaf is coming on very fast in some of our lower gardens, and we reckon to be making ere the month is out. We want rain badly, a few showers would do a world of good just now. Kursrtonc, March 6.—We are now suffering from drought. No signs of coming rain. The bushes wish to flush, but cannot do so owing to want of mois- ture. An inch of rain would start us all manu- facturing in double quick time. The jungle fires, which usually take place in the Terai at this season of the year, have commenced and the air is thick with the ashes of burnt grasses of all kinds. Tigers and leopards are killing cattle right and left. Owing to the thick jungle, no one cares to go after them. There is a good field here for any ardent sportsman, who will not mind cutting his way through dense forest and scrambling up hill and down dale. The hills here abound with game of all kinds. No sickness about, coolies keeping good health, but the hillmen (cold weather birds) are feeling the heat a bit, and quietly slipping off to their homes in Nepal. DUARS AND TERAI. Dam Dm, March 4.—Pruning is now finished and the deep hoe in progress every where. Recruiting results all round are better than past year and prospects for the coming season seem good. The weather is now fast getting warmer though there are no signs of rain yet. 85deg. have been registered in the shade last week, Buxa Duars, March 5.—Weather still continues to be hot and rainless, bus on the whole seasonable. A few showers would be of benefit for nurseries and young planting. New coolies continue to arrive from the Santal Pergunuahs and Chota Nagpore districts. Rainfall register still stands at 0.63 inches. First hoeing makes good progress on all the new clearances, and stacking has already been commenced. All the new gairdens will be planted triangularly. This ‘system of stacking besides having many advantages over the old square style is one coolies can more readily pick up, and allows of any errors in the work being easily checked aud corrected.—Indian Planters’ Gazette. ed THE RAMIE INDUSTRY IN | FRANCE. The United States Consul at St. Etienne says, in a recent report tohis Government, that a French society was formed, some years ago, to develop the cultivation of ramie in Spain and Egypt, two coun- tries aifording most favourable conditions of soiland climate. The Spanish proprietors willingly consented to the experiment; but, being absolutely without the necessary means, they had to draw largely from the treasury of the society, and, at last growing dis- couraged, the experiment was abandoned. In Egypt, success was not greater. Although the plant took — kindly to its new home, the cost of irrigation be- © came very onerous, and, in the end, the society had to go into liquidation, after, having lost 4,500,000 — francs. In the meantime, a manufactory, for the © spinning of ramie thread, and converting it into tissues, _ such as sailcloth, table linen, curtains, &c., was or- — genised at Avignon. The creditors of the society in iquidation, believing that the ramie industry woul succeed in the end, abandoned to a new koard directors the factory for a certain number of on the-condition that a large portion of the divid Apri 1, 1898.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 693 should be appropriated to the extinction of the debt, which amounted to 600,000 francs. There is already, says the United States Consul, every hope of suc- cess. Abandoning all idea of establishing plantations in Europe, the company imports the raw material direct for China, where it has already passed through the first and somewhat incomplete operation of de- cortication. On itsarrival at the factory, it is passed a second time through a decorticating machine, of of which M. Favier, the manager of the company, is the inventor, and finally relieved of all the gluti- nous matter by a chemical process, of which M. Favier keeps the secret, but which is supposed to consist of a weak alkaline’ solution, in which the fibres are boiled. Itis then spun into thread, when it is ready for manufacturing the articles already mentioned. The factory employs at present about 200 hands, men and women, and the business done re- represents a value of about 1,000,000 francs (£40,000) annually. Manufactured ramie is a little dearer thay cotton or linen goods, but its durability is said to be threefold that of the latter. It is claimed that it will always preserve the original gloss. The fac- tory does not, it is said, intend to continue the manu- facture of tissues, but will confine its business to spinning, so as to furnish the large weaving indus- tries with thread. The actual price of the thread ranges from 4 to 12 francs per kilogramme (from 1s 6d to 4s 6d per pound), but the company asserts that as soonas the cultivation of ramie becomes developed in other countries, (South America especially) these prices will be much lowered. Besides this branch of the industry, the company manufactures ramie- pulp for the making of paper of all kinds, but es- pony for that intended for bills of the Bank of rance. This bank has made a contract with the company, by which the latter is obliged to keep in stock for the bank 20,000 kilogrammes of pulp in one of the bank’s large store-rooms at Marseilles, and to have on hand 20,009 kilogrammes more, while the bank itself has always a similar amount in its paper manufactory near Paris, making in all 60,000 kilo- grammes at all times available. The price of the pulp issix francs per kilogramme (about 2s 3d per pound), and it is said that the notes made with this material are not only stronger than others, but they defy imitation. The company is at present in ne- gotiation with the Russian Government on the subject of the supply of pulp for use in making paper for the Bank of Russia. At the present day, although both climate and soil are adapted to its production, ramie is practically uncultivated in France. Some years ago, when the vineyards were ravaged by the phylloxera, and before the American vine was intro- duced, cultivators, in some of the districts of the south of France, replaced the vine stocks by those of ramie, in order ‘to utilise the ground. As soon, however, as it was discovered that the American vine was invulnerable to the attacks of the phylloxera, the experiment of cultivating ramie was abandoned, as the cultivation of the vine was so much more profitable—Journal of the Society of Arts. —e— PLANTING NOTES. Central Province, 22nd March. You rather try to sit upon the contributor of Planting Notes, by characterising as absurd, his ideas that Directors of Tea Companies should value coconut properties in which they are interested, on a seven years’ purchase. The writer of planting notes has been always of opinion that a lb. of feathers weighs as much as a lb. of lead. A valuator of tea property puts his figures of yield and prices on as safe a basis as the valuator of Coconut property. I maintain that Directors of Tea Companies have no right to water their shares by investing their Shareholders’ money in property that does not yield them equally good aividenda as tea. Directors of Coconut Companies who only expect 5 per cent are quite at liberty to take an 18 years’ basis for valuing. IT have been reading Lady Dufferin's ‘* Our Viceregal tour” and a most interesting book it is. Sbe has described the art of manufacturing tea very concisely, and very correctly. I think her description in pages 156 and 157 of Vol. No. 2 worthy of a place in your Tropicul Agriculturist. She hits off the reception by her husband of a deputation of Mysore coffee planters as follows ;— “The coffee planters had no grievances to complain of and even liked the falling rupee. Is it not nice of them?” If Lady Dufferin paid a visit to Ceylon now, she would find our planters in a very different frame of mind. The Ceylon Government Railway and its management would be grievance No.1. Offi- cial obstruction to Railway Extension No. 2. Un- popular taxes such as those on light No. 3, and theft of predial products No. 4. WEATHER is most peculiar. In some parts of Maskeliya and Dikoya you find planters complaining of too much rain; other planters in different parts of these districts complain that they have not enough rain. As for Kandy, Gampola, Pussellawa, Matale, Kurunegala they seem to have no rain at all, an everything is burned up. The Spring Crop of Cocoa will be short, very. Tue Price or TEA is down again. Are China tea buyers going out to China now? It will be some time before terms of peace are arranged by China and Japan, and to pay their war expenses and the terrible bill Japan will have against them, China will have to put on terrible squeezes on tea, silk, &c. CryLton TEA CommissionER.—We should be soon having accounts of this gentleman’s work in the United States. If he sells our tea as well as he sells his own estates he will do well for us. Locat TEA Marker is dullnow. I notice large lots of tea bought in at last tea sales. ~ SaLe or TEA SweEeprncs CoLuecteD By Dock Com- PANIES.—Your London correspondent, Mr. Christy, deserves to receive a special yote of thanks from the Planter’s Association for exposing the disgraceful way the plunder of om teas by these Companies is disposed of. I presume our Chairman, at next meet- ing of Committee, will take this matter in hand. Shippers are always complaining of these terrible losses on weight, and no wonder when we see the large quantities of our tea which are disposed of by our Dock friends, I mean enemies. They add insult to injury by selling these sweepings, as if they were actually received from gardens in that condition. SIGE A FIRST PEEP INTO SUMATRA. (By an old Ceylon Coffee Planter. ) LIBERIAN COFFEE. First impressions should never be published. Re cord them by all means for your own benefit; for they will be well worth referring to when time and experience haye modified those “ first impressions.’ But the reader of the first edition is apt to regard ‘it as a sort of dogma; and hang his hat on to it forgetful or unaware that the white ants of experience may eat away that hat-peg. Hence I hope the following lines will convey no “impressions, ’’ but only serve to describe what the writer has seen with his own eyes. First I saw the approach to Belawan, the sea- port, or rather the landing stage, of Medan, Deli,a ow flat marshy coast line, mangrove swamps to the water's edge: then crawling up a muddy creek, engine room bells going all the way. At last we are moored alongside the Wharf, and at once are boarded by Malay porters who carry our trunks to the railway station. It is only across the staging: the steamer being on one side of the platformand the train on the other. Theinevitable custom house officer of course seizes the luggage; but there is no trouble* * Ftre-arms.—The Dutch regulations are very strict as regards these. All arms and ammunition must be handed over at once to the Custom’s authorities, who will hold them until you receive an official permit to carry them. In Java I got my permit in 5 days: but I have known a case where an English- man had to wait nearly two months before he got his gun out of bond. No import duty is charged —~ or at least, was not in my case, 6.94. I opened two boxes, and he passed the rest. I have travelled. a good deal in Dutch Territory, and haye come to the conclusion that English custom house officers might well take a lesson in manners from the Dutchmen. All the boxes received the official chalk, and the porter said ‘‘Pergi Mana, Tuan?’ Where are you going, sir? “Medan.” In an instant the boxes were labelled and then ‘ Misti Timbang Barang-Barang’”’ must weigh the luggage. $3°75 for those few boxes! well, it must be paid. Holy Moses! but it was hot! I had three quarters of an hour to wait for the train, barely 8 a.m. and the mercury close up to 90°f. Aha! “ Buffet.” ‘Beer, boy, quick.” There was no ice. The beer was tepid,—can nausea go further ? The run by train from BELAWAN TO MEDAN is a. little over an hour. Now, I thought to myself, I shall see something new! Have you ever seen the mountains of the fen country of Lincolnshire, Cam- bridgeshire and Norfolk? Have you eyer traversed the rolling prairies of Holland? Both of theseare Alpine by, comparison with what I saw during that dreary hour, not a single object of interest, not even a poplar or a willow. Only once was I equally disappointed, and that was at Macassar in the Celebes. I expected tosee new and interesting types of Malay. The wharf was crowded with—Pigtails! Bathos, Medan at last: and the Medan Hotel compares favorably as regards food and attendance with anything to be found in Singapore. My idea of Medan was that it was a sort of pre-railway Gampola or Nawalapitiya. Not so. It is more like what Kandy was in the good old coffee days when Nilambe, Hewaheta, Hantane, on ‘the one side, and all the northern districts on the other, concentrated on the mountain capital. ‘here are two Hotels: a Club which gives fortnightly dances; and the celebrated Deli Race-course, well- known to all sportsmen in the Far East. The, town itself is like all Dutch Colonial towns. Business quarters, including the headquarters of the well-known Deli Maatschappy, with a long roll of prosperous tobacco lands, paying dividends to an ex- tent unknown in other countries. The Netherland Trading Co, and the Chartered Bank both have fine buildings, and practically divide the banking busi- ness of the Hast Coast of Sumatra. But it is not till: you get into the Chimese quarters that you begin to realise what an enormous circulation of money there must be. The Deli Planter likes to live well. Of tinned provisions you can get anything from kippered herrings to Paté de foi gras* and of drinks from.key-brand. beer to Heidsieck Monopole. The Deli planter not only can get it; but he does get it ; and thinks no moreof a dozen of ‘ the Boy”’ than he does of a sherry and bitters. And all this comes out of those melancholy swamps that I haye already. described. There is also, of course, the grass-plain, or aloon- aloon, in the middle of the town, surrounded by ornamental trees, where the soldiers drill in the morning, and the civilians play, lawn-tennis in the evening. Still, Mark Tapley did not come to the rescue; and my depression of spirits was not relieved until my friend promised to show me something more pleasing the next day in the shape of LIBERIAN COFFEE. But’ of this, more in my next. - TEA SWEEPINGS. You were recently told by me of Mr. Christie’s endeavours to obtain concerted action be- tween the Indian Tea Association body and. your Ceylon Association. It would seem as. if this is not to be obtained, and that * A Singapore bon-yivant the. other day said “Hang it_all! you fellows here, get. better, tins than we doin Singapore !’’ and.so it 1a,, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Aprin t, 1895, | the last mentioned will have to proceed alone, should it proceed at all. It has heen told me that the Committee of your own Association is soon to be summoned to meet and discuss this subject. When it does so it will of course have under its review the very able exposition of the case made by Mr. Christy in his letter mentioned to you in a former communication by me. It has not been possible to learn on what grounds the Indian Association has refrained from action, or as to whether this has been only deferred till what may be thought to be some more conve- nient opportunity.—London Cor. ———_—___~>_____-- THE TREATMENT OF TEA SWEEPINGS: IMPORTANT ACTION BY HM. CUSTOMS. All who have at heart the best interests of the Indian tea industry will be glad to hear of the success that has attended the efforts made by the Indian Tea Association (London) to put a stop to an abuse that was calculated to do injury to the hitherto untarnished reputation of Indian tea. The sweepings of the London warehouses at the docks and wharves, consisting not only of spilt tea, but dirt and rubbish of many kinds arising from the large traffic continually passing and repassing in the warehouses, amount to some 400 tons per annum. Instead of being destroyed, as was formerly the case, this rubbish is now sold to manufacturing che- mists in Londonoron the Continent, under a guarantee that it shall be denatured for the purpose of being manufactured into caffeine; in the case of thatship- ped to the Continent under special certificate. fe has, however, become evident that it is unsafe to allow such stuff to leave the country, as it finds its way back again as Assam Pekoe Dust or Broken Pekoe to the detriment of honest tea. As aresult of representations made by the Indian Tea Association ad the trade, the following stringent order hasjust been issued, under which it is no. longer possible to export damaged tea : | Copy. ] Secretary, Customs. No. 23,750, 1894, London, Port Order 11, 1895. TREATMENT oF THA (SweEPINGs, Damacp, &c.) DN Bonpep WAREHOUSES. (1.) The Board having had before them yarious representations on the subject of the treatment of sweepings of tea in bonded warehouses within the port of London, which under existing practice or regulation, find their way into receptacles in the warehouses known as “damage holes,” have, after consultation with their solicitor, decided, with reference to the provisions of “‘The Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1875,” not to allow in future tea from these ‘damage holes” to be exported. The contents of ‘‘damage holes’? must therefore (with reservation of permission to dispose of it in the manner Se iTel by Customs London Port Order 33, 1888) be, in all cases, destroyed (vide par. 76 of General Order 127, 1892). (2.) With respect, however, to any loose tea such as may occasionally result from the leakage from ackages or from other similar causes, and which rom being comparatively clean and sound would not ordinarily find its way into “damage holes,” the Board do not issue any restrictive order. Thus, if in these circumstances it is desired to enter any tea of this description for home use, it must, before admission, be closely inspected, and, if necessary, analysed, in accordance with the standing regulations (General Order 127, 1892) under the ‘Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1875.” and dealt with accordingly. And the Board look to all officers concerned to take care that this direction as to imspection is fully observed. rr It must, however, be understood that if apy, Janse ‘tea, claimed to be the result of leakag = Pomel = ages, &c., finds its way into the “ dz e oles,” it can only he treated as tea which eee com-— é Aprit 1, 1895.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 695 pletely damaged character, and dealt with under par. 1 of this order. London Port Order 26, 1891, is cancelled by this order. General Order 127, 1892, paragraph 76, line 4, is to be noted as to the withdrawal of ‘ exportation”’ from the ways in which damaged tea may be dis- posed of.—By Order, (Signed) R. 'T. Prowsv. Custom House, March 4, 1895. —H. & C. Jiail, March 8. 5 eee ee PLANTING AND PRODUCE. Tue Inspection or Tras in THE UNITED Saves. —It is a point in favour of Indian and Ceylon tea that a movement is on foot in the United States to bring about a more uniform official inspection of tea imported into American markets. Some of the low class teas of China and Japan clearly need in- spection, and when they receive due attention the fact that rubbish is permitted to. masquerade as tea will redound to the advantage of the pure teas of India and Ceylon. Inspector Dunn of New York, who, with some appraisers in Chicago, has been devoting some attention to the matter of tea imports and their quality, gives in the columns of an American contemporary some parti- culars of his investigation. According to Mr. Dunn by virtue of the provisions in the statute, certain consignments are allowed to pass exterior ports and are examined at the port of destina- tion. This, many cases, is radically wrong, because interior points, as a rule, do not employ inspectors expert enough to examiue teas. Some consignments of recent date are far too low to pass, and must necessarily be rejected. he law prohibits the im- portation of any teas for sale adulterated with spuri- ous leaf, or with exhausted leaves, or which contain an admixture of chemical or other deleterious subs- tance, so as to make them unfit for use. From every lot of tea imported a sample is taken by the examiner and tested. If it does not come up to the standard, merchants are notified, and they can then have the con- signment re-examined by three experts, one for them- selves, one for the Goyernment, and another that both may select. Their decision is final, and if they find the tea to be below the standard, it must be exported. Such teas were formerly shipped to Canada and then smuggled back into the United States ; but restrictive laws have recently been passed by Canada similar to those in vogue in European countries and the States. During the fiscal year ending June 30th 1894, about 34,000 cases, or more than 1,000,000 pounds of tea, were rejected at this port. ‘This spurious tea must be faked to some purpose, for according to Mr, Dunn no one can tell from the looks of the tea whether it is good or bad. Two samples that look alike are entirely different. For instance, one may result ina light amber colour, perfectly clear, with a delicious aroma, the grounds being com- posed of leaves clean ana green, ‘he other sample probably would result in a darker liquor with a muddy sediment, with the grounds filled with black leaves and asmell like a decoction of dried herbs. he latter are exhausted tea leayesand leaves from other plants, filled with dirt and coloured with a mixture of soap- stone, Prussian blue, and rice water paste. The only way to stop importations of spurious tea is to outlaw them, says We aoe With this we quite agree. Epucarine tHE Pubric.—Lhe Leho has set about educating the British public on the subject of tea, Our contemporary is evidently of opinion that, notwithstanding the rapid strides in the knowledge of tea recently made, there is yet much to be learnt at home about tea, and we are glad to find that the Hcho can impart the right kina of inform- ‘ation. It says: ‘The majority of British tea- drinkers are under the impression that tea-leayes sold by our grocers in boxes ornamented with Chinese ‘characters, aiid in‘porcelains embellished with Chinese pictures, have'actually been imported from China. This is a great mistake. Real Chinese tea does not form pne-tenth pf tho total amount anntially consumed in the British Isles. In 1864 the quan- tity imported into England was 88,000,000 lb. Since that year the quantity has been con- tinuously increasing. up to and including last year, when it reached the unprecedented amount of 214,000,000 lb. In 1864 India supplied 2,000,000 1b of the total consumption, and in 1894 it supplied as much as 114,000,000 lb. That, however, is not all: The island of Ceylon, encouraged by the prosperity of this commerce, began to cultivate tea, and in 1884 furnished the English market with some 2,000,000 lb., and in 1894 with 71,000,000 lb of tea It is therefore, clear that out of the total 214,000,000 lb. con- sumed during last year in England, China contri- buted only 25,000,000 lb. The quantity imported from China has been steadily diminishing, whilst the total amount consumed has more than trebled. The mar- ket has been shifted from China to India and Cey- lon, to which we can also add Natal and Mauritius. It is just possiblein a few years’ time that, instead of being exported from, tea will be imported to China. TEA AND tHE Lorrrry Systrm.—The work of en- deavouring to suppress the tea lottery system goes on. On Tuesday, in the Birmingham Police Court, several firms of tea dealers were summoned by order | of the Watch Committee for keeping lotteries by means of the bond system of tea dealing. ‘he first case was that of Hrasmus Jensen, now residing in Madeira, who is the owner of a shop in the Gothic Arcade, Birmingham. According to the bills issued by Jensen, the bond business was started in May, 1893, and during the first week 7 lb. were sold, whereas, according to more recent returns, the weekly sale was now 33,000 lb. After purchasing tea customers were given a bond for £10, which was to be ex- changed for a Bank of England draft when a certain number of boxes had been disposed of. Each week, however, the numbers of the bends were put into a box and certain of them were withdrawn, and the holders of the bonds bearing these numbers were paid £5 each. The prosecution maintained that that constituted a lottery. Jensen now alleged that he had dropped the ballot and apportioned the £5 notes amongst his customers on a plan of his own. The prosecution said that under the existing plan the lottery was still illegal. Evidence having been given, the defendant was fined £25 and costs, orin default three month’s imprisonment. The de- fendant’s manager was also fined £5 and costs. The other defendants having promised to discontinue the system, the summonsesagainst them were withdrawn. H. and C. Mail, March 1, a wn MEXICO. AND ITS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. The principal agricultural products are Indian corn, beans, wheat, tobacco, sugar, fibres, and fruit, which I have named in the order of their im- portance. The lands of the torrid district near the coast are of wonderful fertility, thanks to the abundant mois- ture of the soil, kept by the permanent dew and copious rains. Tobacco and sugar-cane, and all the plants and fruits of tropical climates are produced in this region, and even to the height of 1,500 metres, the banana bears fruit. Perpetual spring reigns on the slopes of the mountains, and in the temperate and colder regions there is found a rich protusion of trees and plants; thus, in great variety, within a very limited area, grow the natural pro- ducts of most of the countries of the earth. I will glance at a few of the most important. Tobacco.—From the excellent quality of Mexican tobacco, the value of its exportation has steadily increased, until in 1891 it amounted to $1,107,346. Tobacco growing, under the climatic conditions of the coast land requires nothing but capital to make it prosperous. ‘The first cost of the land and the labour is very slight, and the returns ‘tpon the capital invested are enormous, Sugar.—As ‘all the coast Jands are favourable for the cultivation of the ‘sugar-cane, so like tobacco, sugar planting requires only capital to make the industry a profitable one. A New Orleans gentle. 696 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. man of great experience in sugar, has stated that for an outlay of £50,000 a net profit of £40,000 per year might be realised.—Cojffee noticed separately. Textile plants have not been the object of any serious attempts at cultivation, although they are a source of brilliant profit to those who have paid any attention to the industry. They are found every- where in a wild state, and furnish work for an im- portant per-centage of the Indian population. Hene- quen is the one plant which is most earnestly cultivated. The Maguey; which is also largely utilised for the national beverage, occupies an important position as a fibre plant; also the Ramie plant, and many others of similar nature, for the growth of which the country seems particularly suitable. Cotton.—The superiority of Mexican over American cotton is sufficiently proved by the fact that 135 cotton plants from Merion yield a pound of fibre, while in Texas 200 plants are necessary to produce the same amount, although in Mexico its cultivation is conducted on the most primitive principles. The best cotton in Mexico comes from Acapulco, where the fibre obtains a length of 37 millimetres. From time immemorial, cotton has been the object of im- portant cultivation and manufacture, and was much more extensive under the Aztec monarchy than in our day. Tne revival of this industry is certain, so soon as the necessary capital and enterprise shall haye been introduced. There are many other products and fruits of every variety, among which are rice, vanilla, indiarubber, cocoa, sarsaparilla, fancy woods, and dye woods. The most exquisite fruits grow in great abundance. Oranges, limes, melons, bananas, pineapplen, and, in the colder regions apples, pears, peaches, apricots, grapes, plums, straw-berries, and black berries, be- sides an infinite variety of fruits entirely unknown in this country. An extraordinary fact demonstrates the quality of the Mexican fruit. It always finds a ready sale in California at higher prices than those grown in that State—although California has the reputation of being one of the finest fruit-growing countries in the world.i—_Journal of the Society of Arts. a TEA:-BOX WOODS. Sir,—Referring to Mr. Thurston’s note on Indian Woods for teasboxes, published in an appendix to the ‘Indian Forester’ of November 1892, and to a letter on the same subject written by Mr. Hope, which appeared in your issue of last, I should like to put Poerard the following remarks upon the sub- ject in question :— My experience has been gathered wholly from the Darjeeling Tea District, and though writing this letter from the Chittagong Hill Tracts, I am certain that the views put forward by me will haye the con- currence of some, at least, of the leading planters of that district. Mr. Hope in his letter assumes that Semul wood (Bombax Malabaricum,) is more or less a kind well suited for tea-box purposes; as far as the Darjeeling district is concerned, that is certainly not the case, for the Semul wood is looked upon as one of the worst ossible to be so utilized, unless the planks have been cut from very old and large trees; it having the reputation of getting worm eaten before its arrival at the Huropean markets; and I have been told that brokers in Calcutta would give a higher rate for teas packed in Toon (Cedrela Toona), boxes than they would for those packed in Semul. I will not attempt to answer Mr. Hope’s questions, as most of them refer to the Dehra Dun district ; but the following will help to explain the reason why the so called ‘ Japan boxes’ or ‘ Shooks’ are preferred to those made from Indian timber. When a manager wishes to cut his tea boxes from forest trees, he arranges, as a rule to have it done by contract, which is generally given to one of his sirdars. This sirdar to execute his contract, has to call on outside coolies to help him: now to procure these he has to make heavy advances, which the goanager has to give to the sirdar from the Tea- poatern, [APRIL 1, 1895: It may happen that the outside cutters and sawyers get ill, or discontented, and run away with hws same advances thus creating a loss to the concern, for they are too cunning to allow themselves to be cavght and prosecuted. fayen if such be not the case, one cannot depend upon the sirdars to finish the contract within the limited time ; then imagine the anxiety of the manager for he would be in a ‘ fix’ (to use an Americanism), if his box planking were not in before the rains broke, Further, when the planking is cut up, it usually takes the shape of 10in. by 1 in. planks; these are stacked in the factory, and so as not to have too much room occupied by empty boxes, these planks are cut up and fashioned as they are wanted. Now compare the difference in the room wanted by the carpenters when cutting up and putting together boxes made from such ee and that required to put together boxes whose tops, bottoms, and sides, ave already been fashioned. No wonder then that the planter is willing to pay an anna or two extra for the ‘ shooks’! for he onl has to give an order, and his responsibility and 8 is_ reduced toaminimum. Now my opinion is that the forest Department should arrange to have planks cut into shapes suit- able for tea-box-making ; that these shapes should be procurable from oF central depot. It would be useless to try any experiment of this kind without the assistance and co-operation of the planters concerned; to procure this, the various Tea Associations should be addressed asking them for their co-operation, and at the same time requesting them to name any local trees that may be fit and suitable for box planking and which they would be prepared to try, if this Department bo | manage to cut and shape the wood at a fairly cheap and profi- table Shes H. L.—Indian Forester. —_____—______. VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. LIBERIAN COFFEE IN SUMATRA.—The letter we publish from an old Ceylon friend, (see p ge 698) and a reliable authority on coffee, about his “‘ first peep into Sumatra” only makes us eager for ‘‘ more ;’ and especially its his the case, since in his private letter he expresses so firm a faith in the future of Liberian coffee in that State and in the capital prospect there exists for Ceylon planters with some capital, who care to look in that direction. But we must wait patiently until the second instalment arrives, before discussing the subject further. Tea AND Mupicinau-PLANT CuLTuRE In Russt4.—A Reuter’s telegram from St. Petersburg, dated Feb. 14, states that the Administration of Imperial Russian Appanages, having decided to make experiments in tea-planting in the province of Batoum, in the Cucasus, where the climatic conditions are similar to those of the districts of China and Japan where tea is grown, will, in March, despatch a committee of iculturists to Northern India, Ceylon, China, and Japan, in order to study the industry and to bring back teaplants and Chinese planters in order to make the attempt. The Administration has also resolved to send M. Krasnoff, Professor of Geograph at the University of Charkoff, to South America = Mexico, in order to make inquiries as to certain other tropical plants the cultivation of which would, it is believed, be also practicable in the Caucasus. —Chemist and Druggist. DEAFNESS 3 oe eee Ringing in Ears, &c., no matter how severe or long- standing, will be sent post free.—Artificial Ear- drums and similar appliances entirely superseded. Address THOMAS KEMPE, VicrorIA CHAM- BERS, 19, SOUTHAMPTON BUILDINGS, HOLBORN, LONDON, rr ad ae 4 x + * + ApRIL I, 1895.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 697 RATE OF GROWTH OF TEAK. Sir,—Yesterday I and the superintendent of Owella Estate, the property of the Ceylon Land and Produce Company, measured a teak tree planted there 20 months ago, and the girth at an inch from the ground was 13 inches, while the height was only a few inches short of 20 feet. There are many more trees on same estate of same age measuring from 15 to 18 feet high, with a proportionate girth. I have seen other specimens of rapid growth of this tree in other parts of Matale district, which is pretty Rood proof that some parts of Ceylon are well suited for growing this most valuable timber Iam, &c., JAs. WiLson.—Local ‘ Independent.’’ —_ COFFEE. CuLturE pU OAFEIER: SEMIS, PLANTATIONS, TAILLE, CUEILLETTE, DEPULPATION, DECORTICAGE, EXPEDITION, COMMERCE, ESPECES, ET RACES, par H. Raoul, avec le collaboration pour la partie commerciale de E. Darolles. (Paris: Augustin Challanel, 5, Rue Jacob, 1894.) Tus is the first part of the second volume of a Manuel des Cultures Tropicales, by E. Raoul and P. tree. Sagot. The ground-work is that of the late Prof. Sagot. It is brought up to date by M. Raoul. The latter has had wide experience in the French tropi- cal colonies. He has also given attention to econo- mic subjects. The work is divided into two parts, viz., Partie Culturale and Partie Commerciale. The former deals with the distribution of Coffee culti- vation in various parts of the world, and the methods pursued in establishing regular plantations. It oc- cupies, however, onl twenty pages, and is the weakest part of the hat The diseases of Coffee are discussed in fuller detail. An important chapter deals with the analyses of various parts of the Coffee tree, including the stem, branches, leaves, pulp, parch- ment, and beans. The propatation of the crop or expart is well described. The botanical part is the least satisfactory. It consists of a bare list of species without any indication as to those of economic im- Pec: For all practical purposes we have only offea arabica, with its several varieties, more or less distinct, which yield about 99 per cent. of all the Coffee known to commerce. Coffea liberica comes next, chiefly from Java, Malay States, and West Africa, Coffea stenophylla yields locally some Coffee at Sierra Leone; and the Abeokuta Coffee of Lagos may come from a fourth species not yet identified. A very useful list is given Sy M. Raoul of suitable shade trees for Coffee. Shade trees, as a rule, are not much in favour with Coffee-planters, but those mentioned are certainly the best. A final page is devoted to the precautions necessary to keep out from existing plantations the destructive Coffee-leaf disease of Ceylon. This disease has already almost destroyed all the Coffee plantations in the old world. It has also reached East Africa, but is not known on the West Coast. It has also hitherto been kept out of the New World. This is by far the greatest enemy known to Coffee cultivation at the present time. It is not probable that this Manual will replace and of the existing works onCoffee. It has, however, a special merit in dealing rather more fully than usual with the machines and appliances for cleaning and curing Coffee; and the commercial part, so far as wo -have tested it, is accurate and exhaustive.— Gardeners’ Chronicle. —— SETTLING SINHALESE ON NEW THE PALLEGAMA EXPERIMEN’. Ir will be with no little interest that we shall watch the experiment of setting Sinhalese upon their estate in the North Matale district now being under- taken by the Pallegama Grant Association. For many years we have thought it right to denounce as im- practical the half-hearted attempts made from time to time by Government to settle indigent Sinhalese below some large and well-adverticed irrigation work. In every case in which this has been attempted, so far as we know, ithag egregiously failed, but we 88 LANDS. should be sorry to lay all the blame of this on the shoulders of the villagers. To take a number of men and women, drawn in all probability from an impoverished district, and to literally ‘‘ dump’ them down below the bund of some tank in a malarious country, and to expect them to convert the primeval forest into paddy fields in the course of a few months is the height of foliy. Food, seed, and we believe in some cases tools, were, it is true. supplied to settlers, but the task before these people invariably proved beyond their powers, and such a result might have been expected. But how different is the treatment which those who have gone from the Western Pro- vince to Pallegame will experience? The intending settlers are taken to the estate free of expense. They receive a small advance in money on their arrival, and are provided with regular work at fired wages from the date of their arrival, whilst comfortable lines are ready waiting for them. After six months every three men are to be given two acres of land, one irrigable and the other garden land. The former is cleared and only wants water, which is to be sup- plied gratis, and labour to convert it into good as- wedumized land; so that all that is required is a certain amount of energy and labour for the settlers to become possessed of valuable land for their own use and benefit. Seed, of course, they will have t9 purchase; but the valuable part of the offer made to them is this, that work can be obtained by them in abundance close to their homes at fixed rates of pay, so that the means of earning a livelihood irres- pective of the land are given them, and they are thus provided against emergencies, so that the set- tlers ought to have no difficulty in gradually bringing the land allotted to them into cultivation. A more advantageons cffer has never, as we said before, been made to the people in Ceylon, and we hope that revenue officers will not fail to make the people in districts periodically visited by famine or pestilence acquainted with its terms. The settlement schemes of Government, on the other hand, were bound to fail. No provision was made for keeping the people alive and providing them with a livelihood whilst they were converting the lands allotted them into paddy fields —often the laborious work of years. They were abandoned to their own devices in the jungles and, not being used to hard work, and generally of poor physique, they became an easy prey to disease ; and when the store of provisions provided them ran out they returned to their old homes too often to die. With the Pallegame scheme things will be very different. The people will be well cared for froin the day they reach their destination, a Euvo- pean is on the spot to hear their complaints and geuerally to look after them and encourage them to work, whilst regular daily labor at a remunerative rate is provided for them, Everything that can be thought of, therefore, to make their path easy has been done, and if the experiment fails this time, it will certainly not be the fault of the scheme itself or because too much was expected of the settlers. Failure will mean that the Sinhalese cannot be settled on new land either because of their inherent laziness or because they are incapable of assimilating themselves to new surroundings. Should such a scheme as this fail, it will be perfectly useless fox Government to make similar attempts, however liberal the treatment accorded to the settlers may be. But should it succeed—as we hope it will sueceed— then ‘a very good “line” will be supplied to Goyern- ment as to how such settlements should be conduc- ted in fature,—Local Times. eee IRRIGATED COFFEE. Tue Posstsmitres or Crop. (Spectal for the Planter.) In my former letter in this subject, describing the methods in vogue on the two famous but all too little known estates of Northern Hay and Leighwood, I had perforce to omit a good many points of interest owing to want of space. It is not too late yet, I think, to touch on them briefly, 698 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. I have already mentioned that on two or three occasions over a ton an acre had been gathered off the whole estate in former years, but even this last year individual trees have borne at # rate far exceed- ing this: splendid crop, despite the way in which they have been neglected for the last six years or so. I was shown a tree off which two bushels oi crop had been gathered. Now a bushel of cherry means about 25 lb. of parchment of coffee, therefore this tree was bearing at the rate of about 225 tons per acre! What iv the wide world can compare with this? Talk of gold mines, why a hundred-acre block of coffee bearing at this rate would, if valued on ten years’ purchase, be worth about twenty million rupees, giving a yearly income of two million! Shades of Pactolus, the very thought makes one faiut. Touching on the value of irrigated coffee-land I see that Meenatchee lyer’s much bucked of irrigated coffee at Bangalore has been sold for R40,000, or some 2,000 rupe's per acre. The go-ahead native owner disposed of it to a capitalist in Australia, on his recent visit to that country. A NOVEL WAY OF BEATING ‘“ BORER.” Among the many novel methods in vogue on Nor- thern May, Mr. Grey had a peculiarly smart way of doing Mr. Borer in the eye, whieh I do not remember ever having seen before. Being in such a dry and hot locality, notwithstanding irrigation, and his shade not being yet fully established, he suffers a great deal from this most destructive pest. So instead of fussing round with bark-scrapers and moth-catch- ers, he just allows his young trees to grow two stems instead of one, so if one stem is attacked by borer the other is still all right. By this means he has saved a very Jarge number of trees on his )oung extensions, as I witnessed myself, and consequently has saved the expense and great bother of planting up vacancies. If the tree escapes altogether, he does not trouble to cut down the extra stem; being in such a dry climate his coffee doesn’t run much to wood, £0 it dosen’t really matter one little bit. He ' beli:ves thoroughly in nature and lets her to do his work for him as much as possible in her own way. In a correct appreciation of this fact lies most human wisdom, in things other than the cultivation of ¢ ffee. NATURAL MANURES. There being any number of elephants about, huge quantities of their dung can be obtained at a very cheap rate, but the value of the sti ffs is very slight. The largest part of the dung is simply half-digested bamboo fibre, which would probably take a long time to decay and could be, moreoyer, obtained a great deal cheaper direct fram the jungle in the shape of green manure. Still, it would be interesting to know what real value elephant dung possesses com- pared with cattle-manure. If it were only worth half as much, it could stil be probably obtained for less than half the price, and it would consequently co well to use it. In the 1: eighbouring Ochterlony alley it is highly prized, and when the late Maha- raja of Mysore travelled up that way with his elephants, special relays of coolies followed up their tracks. A comical contrast just strikes me, the use of elephant dung in India and that of silk-worm droppings in China for tea. In India the former is scorned by some, in China the microscopic refuse | of the latter is prized: emblematic of the national characteristics. Descanting on the value of different kinds of this manure Mr. Grey alluded to the higher value of buffalo and cow dung compared with that of the horse and bullock. GRASS PESTS. Somewhat unusual pests on these irrigated gardens are the root of hurryali grass, and the dubbie or flag-grass. The former shoots up to a great height on the slightest provocation, and nothing but deep forking and pulling up the roots is of ‘any avail. Of course constant weeding keeps it down, but if left to itself at all it forms a dense bed of Hags which starves and chokes up th» coffee, especially in young clearings. The hwryalt is, perhaps, not quite so had, though it seems more formidable owing” ‘most succulent sheots are left unharmed, ah [APRIL 1, 1895. to its tenacious roots and the thorough way in which it covers the soil In former days, when the estates were quite without shade, the only way they could keep the yest under was by silting it over. That is to say they dug a large pitful of loose earth through which the irrigation water flowed, and ‘hus each year a thick deposit of silt «as conveyed over the obno‘ious grass. ‘lhe only objection to this was that at this silt was subsoil stuff, it spoilt the textare of the estate «urface soil, though, on the other hand, if surface silt were used it would act as a top-dressing to the grass and make it spring up with renewed vigour. Hot weather forking therefore and plenty of shade are the only means to keep this grass In check: luckily they do their work thoroughly well. Perhaps this grass is a blessing in disguise, after the style of the fable of the treasure in the orchard, Looking at it in another way, it would reem that the grass would make an excellent fodder and might be cut and sold in Ooty during the season for a good price. In fact, I hear Mr. Grey intends doing something that way this hot weather. Tbe grass grows to about a foot bigh, and several tons of valuable fodder might be cut per acre off some of the abandoned fields and roads. However, it would never do to encourage the grass at the expense of the coffee, s-eing that the roots are seven to eight inches deep and form a regular mat, robbing the young supplies ail the year recnd. In fact in dry weather, when the young plants are parched and almost dying, it is impossible to turn on the water. as it would give the gras: such a tremendous fillip. I forgot to mention that in the silting method to kill the grass, the land was first well thatched and then silted. VARIETY OF SHADE DESIRABLE. Mr. Grey isa thorough believer in variety of shade and pins his faith tono one kind orjat, but far pre- fers alternate rows of grevilleas, atti, jack, (though this Jast does not do well on Northern Hay) cedar and howligay. He has also tried some loquat, but does not like it very much, thouzh he is not cutting any down. He has afew howligay trees, the great cosy shade, which he dces not much fancy; but that is because he has planted them, as I haye already mentioned in my former notes, far too far apart. The potato tree he has a certain effection for, even up to the ege of six or seven years, though he cannot help sharing the general pr: judice against it as & quick growing soft-wooded tree. Some Castilloa eas- tica he has growing. very nicely, but the branches are too low down aud the leaves too big and thick, Still, in view of a possible income from the rubber, he 1s watching their growth with interest. Charcoal he objects to strongly when they are at all old; though it is hard to say why. Betore I leave this subject of shade I chould like to iusist on the great importance of choosing such trees for shade as will yield in some way or other a profit by the sale of their produce. The Castilloa elastica gives rubber, the grevillea, if looked after, yields a most valuable gum identical with gum arabic —and there are doubtiess other trees which would ~ also be profitable. By the way, grevilleas can be made to branch out well if they are cut down close to the ground. About half a dozen stems shoot up and eventually form an ugly but very efficient shade._ Where sambhar are plentiful, this proceeding would hardly pay, but a modification might still be adopted with advantage. Let the tree grow op for say, three years, then top at 10 feet and cat back all, the young shoots for say one year within two feet of the stem. This would giye a brshy head and make the branches spread out properly. Grown in the usual way gre-— villea is a decided sham. ; ‘ WIND - BELTS, r . To protect the coffee from the wind before ~ poison no animal will touch it; and its tenderest and ot ae shade trees had got properly up, Mr. Grey planted — up a series of wild-croton hedges, which did the — work well and quickly. This piant being almost a tS Tae ‘ oe je APRIL 1, 1895. | CHEAP CLEARING AND PLANTING. Tea-planters often reckon the cost of clearing and planting at £39 per acre, including the cost of eculti- vation up to bearing time. Mr. Grey can, however, plant up coffee aud cultivate up to the third year for only R10V per acre, the actual clearing, survey, nurseries, avd planting up costing only R57 per acre It seems pretty cheap, does it not? I wonder if any- one can beat this.—//anter. —_ THE WORLD’S FRUIT MARKETS. A Sourm AuSTRALIAN oN His TRAVELS. Interview with Mr. Fred. Smith. South Australia, or Australia for that matter, has ney:r had amore diligent and enthusiastic searcher after advanced knowledge in all matters pertaining to fruit culture and the development of the fruit trade than Mr. Fred. C. Smith, the eldest son of Mr. Smith, the present head of the firm of Smith and Son, the well-known vignerous and fruit-pre- eervers of Angaston. Mr. Smith is a recognised authority on fruit culture, and nearly two years ago he left South Australia for a trip round the world to extend his practical knowledge; and he returned to his native colony by the R. M. S. Orient on Wednesday, heartily welcomed back by his nu- merous friends, for he is a young Australian who is imm nsely popular, and very bighly esteemed for his pregressive and businesslike qualities, His travels represent by land and sea rouzhly 50.000 miles, and he comes back the picture of health after having hada ‘really grand time.’ One of our staff i terviewed the Yalamba horticulturist on Wednesday afternoon, “Your object in going away was—?” “9 learn the improved methods in horticulture of foreign countries,’ Mr. Smith replied, “and the yarieties of fruit that wou'd be best for us to produce for export in the canned, dried, and fresh forms, and als» to examine the markets in England and India with the view of getsing an idea of the prospects of the fruitgrowing industry.’’ ‘‘And where have you been?” “Well,” replied Mr. Smith, “if it interests you to know, I spent four and a half mo~ths in California, travelling over 4,000 miles in that State, visiting the large orchards and fruit districts. Then I was for a week in Oregon and British Columbia, a month at the World’s Fair, three weeks in Canada, and three week’s in tbe Eastern States, visiting Poston, Philade'phia, and New York. I stayed some time with my relatives in Dors:tshire in England, then for two months I went around the coastal districts of the Mediterranean, visiting places in Portugual, Spain, Morocco, Algeria, Monaco, France, Ltaly, Sicily, Malta, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt. Next I returned to England, where I remained two months, aud thence back to the continent—Be!gium, Holland, and on the Rive. I paid other visits to E gland, France, and Italy, anit from Naples to Colombo went into the interior of Ceylon, and subsequently to India, where I spent five weeks, including a fortnight in the Himalayas, visiting fourteen or fifteen cities in India. Another trip to Ceylon, and then I started for home.- Altogether I have been away twenty-one months.” Asked to relate some of his observations, he said —'I found the Californians years ahead of us in their methods of pruning, packing, shipping, and spraying frnit, and in the selection of the var eties best suited for Export. Ths main factors contri- buting to this advancement are their immense natural opportunities and the great local markets, We need to follow California very closely in the methods best calculated to compete with her in the English and other markets. Of course you do not wish me to go over details which have been fully dealt with in my letters to the Megister relating to these matters during the last fifteen months” “What; are the avenues in the fruit trade open to South Australia ?” THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 699 “There is a very large market for canned f-uits in Englan7, but to ensure a permanent trade it is essential that only the very best varieties of fruit —and these by the way are very few—should be sent away. This remark apples to either dried, fresh, or canned fruits. The lower grades of canned fruits in London realize a price which hardly pays for export, but for the better qualities a good demand exists at high prices. It is, however, difficult to induce the large wholesale houses to handle new brands where the present goods satisfy the requice- ments of their trade. We placed 500 cases of our best Augaston canned plums in London this season, but unfortunately the market was already glutted with plums, and we received only 4s a dozen for them, leayng us no profit. However, the firm who bought them were so pleased with the quality that they were anxious to have more. The best canned apri- cots from Victoria and South Austrelia realized between 6s and 7s. a dozen and Angaston pears 8s, a dozen tivs in London this last season. It may be said that this frnit fresh to the mirket was in competition with the new brands from America and Southern Hurope, and consequently had to overcome the prejudices of people. But these facta need not discourage us, becanse our fruits are of such a quality that when properly packed and la- belled and when they become known they will stand an even better chance than the Californian, because we haye better freigh's, and the quality of at ‘east two of the main lines in canned fruits—pears and apricots—is superior in delicacy of flavour and in fineness of texture, the Calif.rnian being too fre- quent)y coarse and stringy, and unnece sarily large for marketable parposes. I don't mean to say that good fruit is not put up in California. but generally speaking the judgment just passed upon the Califor- man fruit is correct. The Californian peaches [ found were genera!ly superior to ours, owing to South Australia having to rely upon too many varietics and inferior sorts for canning. The Yellow Crawford and white Heath Cling are the types of peaches that must be raised for canning.” “Is California, which seems to be our serious competitor at present, able to place fruit in the London morket earlier than we are?” “Yes, the fruit reaches London via Cape Horn in March, April, and May, a little before the bulk of our fruit would land there, which is unfortanate for us, but in our favour is the fact that South Australian fruit reaches London shortly after our fruit season is over, while the Californian arrives in London months after it is sent’ because it goes by sailing vessels round the Horn to avoid the heavy railway charges across the American Oontinent. [ was surprised to see so much Continental fruit in the market. Muaking enquiries at the largest canning factory in Italy, that at Turin, the principal told me that owing to the very heayy duty on sngar in Italy they were not able to compete with California and Australia, notwithstanding the cheap Italian labour and the depreciated currency.” “Hav: we anything to fear from competition 2?” “With their cheap labour and nearness the En- glisht markets, combined with the adoption of the improved Californian methods and skilled improved managers, we may have something to fear from them, but from what I gathered in London the competition is not so serious as I at first anticipated The Continental export trade has vot developed so rapidly as one would haye expected. Now, as regards dried fruit, apricots as the principal paying lying for export. In order to compete with California these must be placed on the market at 8d a lb. I was surprised to find that California had not puphed the apricot trade in England as she might have done, and I was pleased to notice that Messrs. Chaffey Brothers’ methods of packing in neat handy packets were superior to those of California, and that the quality and appearance of their goods were even better than those of the Pacific Slope. The Murray irrigationists, though, are making a mistake in asking Continental 400 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ae [APRIL 1, 1895, too much for their goode, their prices evidently being based on what their fruit would fetch in Melbourne—a protectionist market. The Murray Tnrigation Clonies have fhe chance of doing as successfully as California; their natural opportuni- tes are equal to anytbing I saw in any part of Cali- fornia, and success only depends upon the energy and enterprise of the settlers. Much may be done by cooperation amongst the settlers to be able to place a uniformly graded article on the market.” Speaking of Australian fruit sent to England, Mr. Smith remarked that a good quantity is improperly packed and improperly cared for on the voyage, and that it is too frequently flavourless and discoloured by the time it reaches Covent Garden. He does not think there is any profit in growing raisine and currants for the English market. Spain and Greece with cheap labour have been realizing prices in London below the cost of production. Only the very best prunes are worth growing for export, because inferior grades cheaper tham we can produce are sent to England from Bulgaria and Servia. Unless first-class prunes can be placed in London at from 6d to 8d. alb. they had better be left alone, accord- ing to Mr. Smith, who added that between 60,000 and 80,000 acrea have been planted in California, Oregon, and Idaho, U.S. A., enough, it is estimated to leave an enormous surplus of prunes for export. After a careful study of the Indian markets Mr. Smith found the demand for imported fruit was much smaller than he anticipated. The white population of British India, fatalling about 100,000, of which 70,000 are military, are almost the only consumers. ‘The religious prejudices of the natives,” he added, “will not allow the bulk of them to eat imported fruits, even though they can afford todo so. They have a great variety of their own fruit so that the Indian market is hardly worth consideration to Aus- tralian exporters. I found eight or ten colonial firms had agencies throughout India for the eale of their wines, and that nowhere was the quantity sold very large. Those who can afford to buy good wines can afford the French.’ —Australian Register. ee THE AGRICULTURE OF TRINIDAD. SUGGESTIONS AND OPINIONS OF A_ SCIENTIST. Baron Eggers who set out yesterday for Ecuador has b:en good enough to commnunicate to us his views on the agriculture of Trinidad. We feel sure the subjoined Note will be read with deep interest by a very large number of our readers:— : Having had the pleasure of again visiting your lovely island I would ask your permission, before leaving, to make, through your columns a few remarks on the present state of agriculture, which may per- haps be of some use and which at all events will manifest the lively interest I, like most visitors to Trinidad, have become inspired with regarding the progress of this most interesting colony. The splendid Botanical.Garden, which forms an object of admiration to every lover of Nature, being justly intimately connected with agriculture here, I may perhaps be allowed to make the following remarks on the staple industry of the island, especially as by ‘the well-known courtesy of the present director, every facility for information is readily given to inquiring visitors in every way. Ina colony like Trinidad a Botanic Garden ought no doubt to be as much or even more devoted to the furtherance of practical agricul- ture on a scientific and rational base, than to merely pure botany and ornamental gardening, the expenses for these latter branches alone being hardly war- ranted in a place of the size of this island. It there- fore has given me great pleasure to see the steady xogress made from year to year inthis direction fe the present able director, who, by introducting new and useful plants, by studying the diseases and enemies of various plants under cultivation and by disseminating useful knowledge of a varied character through the excellent Bulletins of the Garden, ap- pears to me to be doing a most useful and meri- torious work which must be of great interest not of the plant through suitable manuring and by adop- only to this community but also to other countries similarly situated. However much progress has been made in this respect of late, yet there appears to be still a large field for improvernent, especially with regard to the application of different manures, a poivt that seems not as yet to have been much attended to in this island. The reas trials in this respect might no doubt be conveniently carried out at the Botanic Garden, especially if some of the adjoining lands could be added to the present space occupied by that institution. In order to carry out these most im- portant experiments on the various cultivated plants it would of course be necessary to call in the aid of the chemical analyst and to establish an harmo- nious co-operation between the expert in vegetable biology and the man of reactives, as only thus po- sitive results can be arrived at asto the modes of obtaining the greatest yield at the lowest cost, by studying the nature of the different soils of the island and the effects of the various manures on the plants cultivated upon them. Modern agriculture is so essentially dependent on the combined etudy of biology and chemistry, that it seems difficult to comprehend any real progrers being possibl without opplying the two sciences named to the work in the field. The cultivation of the sugar cane, the cocoa, the coffee and similar products must evidently be based upon the same fundamental principles as that of wheat, roots and clover, and if these latter products, even with the advantages of rotation of crops, which is inapplicable to the former, have had to call on science to show them the way for # more fitable treatment in order to “make two blades of grass grow where formerly there only grew one,” we may safely conclude this same assistance will be required by permanent tropical products, which, year after year, deprive the soil of certain mineral sab- stances that must necessarily run short after some time, however rich the soil may have bee. from the beginning, and however rapid decomposition of organic matter may go on in hot climates. As an instance of mistakes in this respect, I may mention the practice I have observed here in several places of planting coffee in the rows between the cocoa trees. When we remember what an extraordi- nary amount of potash is required by the coffee tree, it is evident that, even if the soil were rich enough in phosphoric acid and lime for the requirements of both cacao and coffee, yet the potash would hardly be sufficient very long for both and thereby, accor- ding to the important law of the minimum of one necessary substance governing the yield of a crop, regardless of any abundance or even excess of other equally necessary mesterial>, the result as a whole becomes a miserable failure. In places where these and other simi'ar facts are ful y understood, such things could of course never happen, and it would seem a most desirable thing that necessary useful information in this respect after previous analysis of the soils of the various districts or even estates of the island, should become the common property of all agriculturists here. As a general rule it may be said that cacao requires principally phosphate of lime, coffee, on the other band, besides some of this substance chiefly potash as mentioned already above, the necessary quantity, however, being of course very variable according to the composition of the various soils, which variation it would be the business of the chemist to ascertain. — As regards the sugar-cane, a branch of agri-u ture that at present suffers from varions causes principally diseases of the plant and low prices of the sugar, I believe, that the disease might be to a great ex- tent counteracted by keeping up the vital powers ting the system common in South America, where no disease, is kuown as yet, viz.: burning the whole of the trash and canes eft on the fi ld after the crop is taken off, by which radical treatment nc only all di-eased leaves and canes are destroyed and further contagion prevented, but also many noxio! animals annihilated. ~ ; kali, Chara, Acha.—The two latter names are given ApRIL 1, 1895,.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 461 The loss in manurial matter is but small, as all the mineral substance remains in the ashes, and is chiefly restricted to organic material which may be enpphed again at & moderate cost. ‘he low price of the angar cannot, of course, be changed by this island, yet its effects may be to some extent mitigated by lessening the cost of pro- duction by providing more and abundant labour at less cost, chiefly by making all the unutilized labour available for field work, so that the costly impor- tation of coolies might be suspended for some time. It must necessarily strike a visitor to the island as very peculiar that such large numbers of both coolies and natives, who apparently are not capita- lists, are seeu to idle about everywhere, being neces- sarily ‘‘chupones” on the community in one way or the other, at the same time when labourers are every year imported at great cost. A law against vagrency as existing in other West Indian islands would seem to be the most appro- priate remedy and calculated to benefit largely both the island and the individuals themselves. By making this colony produce its own food, es- pecially rice, coro, and plantains, an important step would also no doubt be made towards lessening the cost of living and thereby of cheapening the price of labour all round without in any way lowering the gtandard of living to the labouring class. I have no doubt but that the spirit of progress so remarkable in this as in most other British colo- nies will quickly enough avail itself of all useful and practical information, the chief difficulty generally being to impart this latter in a comprehensible and interesting manner. In this connection I would beg leave to suggest that no doubt the Agricultural So- ciety here might do a good and useful work by instituting monthly public lectures in the different districts of the island, on subjects of agriculture, which lectures should be open to all, even to the hamblest labourer, and that ougbt to be made com- prehensible and interesting by practical demonstra tions aud simple expersments. Short practical tract- on topics belonging to planting and Nature in general might be distributed among the people in the islans and even the rudiments of rational agriculture be made an element of primary education as a means of fitting the growing generation for their future calling in a better and less unintelligent manner than at present, at the same time that a higher edu- cation might be made available to overseers and planters by the establishment of an agricultural school and model farm, There seems to be no reason why these various methods of advancing progress, which have proved so eminently successful in other parts of the world, should not, with proper modifications, be adopted also in this colony and thereby raise, both morally and materially, the standard of the whole community, especially of its labouring classes and thus, from year to year, inzrease the prosperity of this lovely and interesting island, which must ever remain an object of pleasant rememberauce to all who have had the good fortune of visiting its shores. Daily News. —_—__—_ BOTANICAL AND USEFUL INFORMATION ABOUT TREES AND PLANTS. Ebony (Diospyros Ebenum), S., Kaluwara; T., Karun- by Dr, T'rimen, but we have never heard them used in either the E.P., N.-C.P, N.P., or NWP. It grows throughout the dry zone of Ceylon, in the lowcountry and iss ldom found over 500 feet eleva- tion. It likes a well-drained soi', and will not grow where itis lable to be flooded. It attains a height of about 60 feet and generally branches about 20 feet from the ground, and under favourable circum- stances reaches 8 feet in girth. It fruits in October and is not a yearly seeder, the fruit is not edible, even birds refusing it. The heartwood is black, and the sapwood white, the bark being greyish black. The sapwood is always ‘‘peeled’’ off with an axe, soon after it is felled. It weighs about 70 lbs, per cub, foot, It has realized fcom R36 per ton to R210 per ton of late years, the average i+:''> to R140 per ton. Itis used for ornamental purposes, furniture, and other small articles, and is exported largely to China and Hurope the larger lozs going to Europe. There is a large quantity of Ebony growing in all the lowcountry, and there is no chance of the supply being exhausted, provided that proper care is taken, No satisfactory iuformation;, as to the rate of growth is to be had at present, but there seems little doubt that itis very slow growing. The water which has collected in a hollow ebony tree, and especially the sap which flows from an ebony tree when freshly felled, is much valued as a remedy for toothache; the natives rinse their mouth with it Ebony shavings, mixed with Aralu (Terminalia chebula), Seenakarum (alum) roots of the talipots and karutali with one measure of water, are boiled until the water is reduced to 4. Then they take off the water, let it cool, and rinse their mouths with it as a remedy for toothache. Ebony dust and sulphur is pat in dog’s food asa remedy for mange. Satinwood (Chloroxylon swietenia), 8., Buruta; T. Mutirai.—This tree also grows throughout the’ dry zone in the lowcoantry, it is more gregarious in its habits than ebony, and grows in crowds in cer- ta'n favoure! forests, where it attains a large size 1t also likes a well-drained soil and will not grow in marshy land. It attains a height of 60 feet and sometimes branches very low down, and it is difficult to obtain long logs of this tree on that account. It sometimes measures as much as 9 feet in girth, ani trees up to 6 feet in girth are common. It seeds from May to July every year and seeds very freely. The seeds are not edible The seedlings like light and grow freely with al: most no shade at all. The wood is very handsome and of a yellow colour, and it is much prized for the above reasons and on account of its durability It is used for ornamental works, furniture, &c., and also for telegraph posts ard building purposes. As a proof of its durabil ty we may mention that the satinwood sleepers used on the railway when it was made in Colombo, are still perfectly sound and in use, after 30 years work. The usual life -of a creosoted pine sleeperis only 6 years. Satin weighs per c. ft. about 65 1bs., and will not float asa rule but occasionally it does. It realizes from RI to R2°50 per c. ft., and is exported to Europe and India. There is a large quantity available for future years, but formerly it was much overworked, and so there is not a large stock of good trees avail- able at present, and care will have to be exercised for some years to come. Gum exudes from any would in the bark and is used for mastic purposes The Sinhalese mix Satin gum, Velata gam, Perunka;an, and Karum sethecum seeds together, pound them into a paste, and app'y this paste ex. ternally for bruises. Tamils and Sinhalese shaye off the outer hard satio bark, and use the inner bark for medicine, they pound it int> a pulp and apply it cold to wounds caused by the poisonous spikes of the ‘“Tirikai,” Sungan and other fishes. Charcoal used by native jewellers is made from this wood as it is of very superior quality. It grows quickly when young, and soon attains a fair size; as regards its growth afterwards, no data are available. lowered Satin is obtained from the same sqecies, but the timber from unknown causes is what is known as flowered. It is much handsomer and fetches a much greater valu>, pamely from R4 pass ber ores ft. aimilla, errya ammonilla), S., Halmille; T. Chamandale, Ma'é and Ratndanreorte mee ra Tamil names are given from Dr. Trimen’s Catalogue of Ceylon Plants, hut we cannot accept them as correct. The first word “ Male.” should be Trincomalie maram, which means ‘Trincomalie wood, and is or was the Indian name for it. It is not so calledin Ceylon. As regards Kadamanakku this is the Tamil name for the Mille (Vitex altisssma) nor have we ever heard it applied to the Halmille. _ This tree is also confined to the dry zone and is only to be found in damp localities principally on river banks and low-lying lands which are perio; 402 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Aprit 1, 1895. dically flooded. It attains a height of about 80 ft., and, has.a long bole frre of branches, sometimes 50, ft. in height, and in girth it sometimes mea- rures, 80 ft. It seeds prolifically in June, July, and August, and seems to seed every year. The seed is not edible, the seedlings come. up freely in the wet weather and suitable forest is often crowded with it in patches here and there. It likes light ard. grow fast. It is ove of the most useful woods in, Cey'on, is very easily worked and is light and pliable, of a light brown colour and takes a fair noe It is used for carriage building, forniture and the staves of casks. It is used largely by the Indian Government in the arsenals. Pricea range from, R1,.to, R3, per feet. Hxport are principally to India. The forests of Halmille have been overworked in. many parts, and it is now difficult to get trees of large size. Trees of small size are however abundant, and they require to be carefally conserved. Pau, (Minusops hexandra), 8., Palu; T., Palai.— This. tree is confined to the lowcountry, and is acattered throughout the forests. It seems to grow in any sort of ‘soil, and is only stunted and poor in size, when very near the coast. It grows es- pecially well in the Puttalam district, where it attain a height of 70ft and 12 ft. circumference. It seeds in May, June’ and July. Th=- seed isa yellow berry (the size of a coffee berry), and when dried looks very like a raisin. The natives are extremely partial to it, and do great damage to the forest by cutting off large branches of the trees to gather the fruit. Bears and many other animals and birds are very fond of it. It is very sweet in flayonr, and is dried by the natives for sale asa preserve. Little is known about the seedlings,as andthey much resemble the seedlings of several other trees, and it is difficu't to distinguish them. The wood is dark red and very hard, weighing at least 80]b, per c. ft. Itis chiefly used for house building. piles for bridges and jetties and bridges planks. Pala tree are often found after they have been felled, of a speckly white and brown colour, instead of the red they usually are. This’ was supposed to have been caused by insects, but we have found that it is caused by water, which collectsin a hallow branch at the top of the tree and gradually rots the tree from top to bottom. The price varies from R1 to R150 per foot It' is largely exported to India for bouse building The supply is unlimited, unless orders increase very largely. No data about growth are to hand at present, but the general opinion is thatit is very slow grow- ing. The bark is used medicinally by the Tamils in two ways: one for outwa'd application and the other for internal use: iie bark -1s cut off the tree, and the old: outside bark shaved off and rejected, the inner bark left is then well pounded into a’ pulp and the juice sqaeezedout. If for outward application the juice is boiled, and after it has cooled is at once ap- plied to wounds or cats; it is also used thus for rheumatism. It will not keep long as it becomes very hard in a short time. if for internal use, the juice is“ not boiled, but is mixed with gingelly-oil as a remedy for pains in the chest, brought on by falls, &e., &e Mille, (Vitex altissima), S., Mille, Sapu Milile T., Kad-amanakku, Mailai, Vinille. Dr Trimen we note calls this tree Kata-manakku, but the real derivation is from kad, jungl:; amanakku, castor. oil; hence wild castor-oil tree. It is called Vinille in Batticaloa only, so far as we can hea. We have never heard Mailai applied to this tree in the Northern part of the island, and shou'd beinclined to consider Mailai simply a corruption of the Sinhalese Mille, This tree is scattered throughout the forests of the low country, but attains a larg: r size in the dry zone than in the wet. It has a stunted ap- pearance as a rule, and branch:s frequently very fow down, It is not easy to get long, straight logs, but we have seen some 25 ft, long in the Batticaloa district... Old trees sometimes, attain enormous girchs, of 18 ft. or 80, these are inyariably hollow. It flowers in July-August, and the seed. ripens in October. November., The seed i not edible. The wood is of first-class quality, of a pale yellow color and very durable, as proved by the sleepers on the railway which have lasted 30 years. It weighe about 62 Ibs. pe c. ft. The price is from K1 to R150 per ec. ft. t is occasionally exported to India by natives. As regards tiie supply of Mille there are undoubtedly very large numbers in the forests, but owing to its very bad habit of growth, it is difficult to get good logs, and if a large demand for it sprang up, the supply » ould soou fail. Itis probably a slow growing tree, but 10 information is available of a satisfactor nature. Itis used largely for carts, for house build- ing and bridee planks. Notes and Comments.—As we de-ire to lay the foundation for accarai'e knowledge about the timber trees of Ceylon. we would beg any of our readers finding +rrors in our de-eription of trees, or able to give further information than we have given, to communicate with us on the subject, and we sball be very glad to receive any information about the following trees, a description of which will appear in our next-— Tiluppai. Ranai. Kumbuk Margosa. Velam PEN dee Sak VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. Cusess.—It is quite impossible to forecast the immediate future of the cubeb-market. We have little expectation that there will be any serious per- manent recovery in the price, In your place, we should be inclined to sell gradually, Me advantage if still possible, of the present movement.—Chenust and Druggist, March 16. A New Inpis-rupper Tree my Mapacascan.—The Journal des Mines states that the trade of the Island of Madagascar in 1892 received a decided stimulus by the discovery of a new India-rubber tree. The prin- cipal centres where this new product is treated are, Farafangana, Vaugaindrano, Manaimbondro, Fort Dauphin, Andrahomby, and Cape St. Mary. At first the new product realised from three to six piastres per 100 lb.; aided by competition, the purchase price very soon amounted to ten and then to 15 piastres. More than twenty piastres per 100 lb. is now paid at Fort Dauphin, The discoyery of the new India- rubber tree has come very fortunately to relieve the Madagascar market, which was at such @ law ebb, that. the Tamataye houses were closing their agencies on the north-east coast, and the Americans suppressed their Majunga houses. This discoyery is of the very greatest importance, it almost constitutes a com- mercial. revolution. The trade formerly carried on between Faragangana and Fort Dauphin was con- fined to a few products which were obtained only in small quantities. Merchants were almost completely disheartened, and had abandoned the market to small traders. Several of the latter possessed but a few hundred piastres at the end of from fifteen to brenis years of hard work. At the present day they are a relatively rich, and it has only taken them a year to gain their thousands of piastres. At the time of the India-rubber fever, new houses were immediately es- tablished at Farafangana, Yangaindra, Manaimbon- dro, Andrahomby, Fort Dauphin, and also at Cape St. Mary’s, bringing goods andmoney. The natives receiving large sums in return for their products, took upon themselves to purchase imported goods to a very large extent. As long asthe working of the new rub- ber tree lasts, this state of things will continue. The probable duration of this working is estimated at only two years. ns (20BETS: Urinals, Night Commodes, Stables, J) Kennels, &e. should be lightly dredged (after cleansing) with CALVERT’S 15 per cent, CARBOLIC POWDER, to destroy bad. o 3s and to kill or keep away insects.—The most effective preparation.—In 4lb., llb. and 2lb. dredgers, at 6d., 1s., & 1s. 6d. each, from Chemists and Stores. FG. CALVERT & Co., Manchester, — aw APRIL 1, 1895.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT. (Furnished by the Chamber of Commerce ). Colombo, April 1, 1895. Excuancre on Lonpon.—Bank Selling Rates :—On demand 1/14; 4 months’ sight 1/1 5-16; 6 months’ sight 1/1 11-32. Bank Buyiny Rates:—Credits 3 months’ sight 1/1 11-32 to 7-16; 6 months’ sight 1/1 15-32 to 4; Documents 3 months’ sight 1/1 7-16 to 15-32; 6 months’ sight 1/14 to 17-32.—Closing rates. Corrrz.—Plantation Estate Parchment on the spot per bushel, R17°50 to R18'25. Estate Crops in Parchment, delivery to end Feb. per. bushel,—No quotations. Plantation Estate Coffee, f.o.b. on the spot per ewt. R90-00 to 95:00. Plantation Estate f.o.b. Special Assortment per cwt, —No quotations. Liberian parchment on the R11'50 to R12°50. Garden and Chetty Parchment on the spot per bushel,—No quotations. spot per bushel, Garden and Chetty Coffee f.o.b. per cwt,—No quot- ; ations. Native Coffee f.o.b. per cwt, R71°50 to R72:00. Tra.—Average Prices ruling during the week: Broken Pekoe, per lb. 57c. Pekoe -per lb. Sle. Pekoe Souchong, per lb. 43c. Broken mixed and Dust, per lb. 31c.—Averages of Wednesday’s sale. Cincnona BArk.—Per unit of Sulphate of Quinine per lb. 01}c.—1 to 3. %. Nominal. Twigs and Branch.—No quotations. Carpamoms.—per lb. 80c. to R2°00. Coconur Om.—Mill oil per cwt, R16'12 to R16-37. Dealer’s oil per cwt, R16-00 to R16-124. Coconut oil in ordinary packages f.o.b. per ton R855'00 to R360-00. TAR Soe aE E RES and undried) per cwt, R35:00 to 2°50. Copra.—Per candy of 560 lbs. R45:00 to R51-00. Coconut Caxkr.—(Poonac) f.o.b. per ton, R55:00,— Nominal. : Com Yarn.—Nos. 1 to 8 per cwt, R600 to R12°‘00. Crnnamon.—Nos. 1 and 2 only per Ib. 54c. to 55¢.— Do Ordinary Assortment, per lb. 50c. to 51¢.— Out of season. PiumBaco.—Large Lumps per ton, R150 to R300. Do Ordinary Lumps per ton, R130 to R290. Do Chips per ton, R80 to R150. Do Dust per ton, R30 to R100, Exsony.—Per ton.—Govt. sales this day. Rrcr.—Soolye per bag, R7:00 to R785. Pegu and Calcutta Calunda per bag R7-40 to R8-00. —Scarce. Coast Calunda per bushel, R2.75 to R310. Mnuttusamba per bushel, R330 to R3-75. Kadappa and Kuruwe per bushel, R2:80 to R2:90. —Scarce. Rangoon Raw 3 bushel, bag R9-00 to R912. FREIGHTS. ‘s Rae Gi 29H OH .-A = gS on 5 eS BY oe Ph Cargo. Lima isPhg 2 Basten aes B20 .09 Fo S (8H : ade we He ee We PECK Ctl Cina WOSGE Tea, 30/ .. «82/6 2 By Coconut Oil 30/ 32/6 .. 25/ Plumbago 30/ 32/6... 25/ Coconuts in bags te Fc abet Per ae 25/ Other Cargo na ror GHB vec 50 Broken Stowage 16/ we I6L> sine Ob SAILERS. Coconut Oil oe Bb]! ie an Plumbago ve 85] a it Ae New York rates per steamer with transhipment 22/6 @ 15/ above London rates. LOCAL MARKET. By Mr, A. M. Chittambalam, 7, Baillie St., Fort. Colombo, April 3rd. 1895. R14'50 to 14°75 per bushel. 15°50 to 16°25 do Garden Parchment :— Chetty do - Native Coffee — 62°00 to 64°00 per ewt. do f.o.b, ta 72°50 Liberian Parchment, 13°00 per bushel do do Coffee, 65'00 per ewt. CARDAMOMS. — 0:70 2°00 per lb. (nominal). COO pocmue) 30°00 to 40°00 per cwt, do RICE,—Market is rising in Caloutta ‘= 703 Kazla R6‘50 to 6°75 per bag. Soolye 7°00 to 7°40 do Callunda, (new) 725.to 7°50 | Coast Callunda 3°06 to 3°12 per bushel. Kuruve (scarce) 2°87 to 3°00 do Muttusamba 3°25 to 3°50 do CINNAMON.—Quoted Nos. 1 to 4, at 5lc and Nos. land 2 at 54 cents per lb. (nominal). CHIPS.—R55°00 ec candy (nominal). CoconuTs.—Ordinary 38°00 to 42°00 per 1,000 (nominal). ¢ do Selected 45°00 to 48:00 do do Coconut OIL.— 16°00 to 16°37 per cwt. do Copra.—Market steady :-— Kalpitiya R50'00 to 50°50 per candy. Marawila 48°00 to 49:00 do Cart Copra 45°00 to 47:00 do POONAC.—Gingelly 85°00 to 90:00 per ton. Chekku 85°00 to 90°00 do Mill (retail). EBony.—quotations at SATINWOOD.—cubic feet 150 to 2:12 #42do HALMILLA.— do 1:00 to 1°25 do KITUL FIBRE.—Quoted at R30:00 per cwt (nominal). PALMYRA FIBRE.—Quoted paral i— Jafina Black.—Cleaned R18-00 to 20°00 per cwt. 52°50 to 55°00 do R100 to R185 (nominal). do Mixed 15°00 to 17°00 do Indian do 10:00 to 12°00 do Do Cleaned 14:00 to 16700 SAPAN WooD.—Quoted. 45°00 to 50°00 per ton. KEROSINE O1L—American 6°75 to 7°25 per case. do Russian 612to 615 do KapPok.—Cleaned f.0.b :—(Scarce). do _Uncleaned 5°00 to. 6°00 do Croton Seed 13°00 to 17°00 do Nux Vomica 3°25 to 3°50 per cwt. CEYLON EXPORTS AND DISTRIBUTION 1895. aI Aa ~oo . Q Boner BO ant Slee [ScF8Sqer 1 TBR P::::| SSBR 2 Las cr) 4 Del Pa | | aA IDA Gs oo iz eaese = Za 28 = | ts S259 81:1: :840 768 oles: ZB Dev 2° OQ Onn DE C | tODOE a5 Soo oe) S288 o Armow a ; Oa 11915 o 00 r=tet 9 | aish By heacge deri ierlt a ayo ae - SISeE De Vga iybiuad oh arzexey, “Sy a o\ne {es2 oD VOOM NpEa Ec n |JzSS HS a SI SBS DONO A Ee ANA fies “Ole . ed) wis o wifel, mormw oe 3 Dts tse 19 ‘ oe aOSsDa 5 c= io) ~ Saal Wwnronmn Baise «2 [eee | wOooSoD ; > = =} Elan xwSSSS =) Sss S388 I 2% é GSorshy -o :o -OoOne . anon . oa) DrMnS or) Of =) ° Daran Oils2 S a = a rion a=) one | O08 n So peal a nN mest g cael i on oo lk Mico don AME Wer at au apis go So! /'8 a Sader WOES (6 Bans Schiucae Gl off asda snBee frst ES mt ert a z Nonne rT) Ago as °o — nora O 7 sot os asesa 8 Es Roa Aw 6 oars nNOS So 5 A O70 HOM” o DSODADSOMS CHADS Rao 3 RASASSSSS SZSRSLARE BI 2 2% AMAMOGSOMWIG DOMdOMMK 9 Boas on oo ols AN Dg se on eet cl od 1S 1D ee eS or) mos OMe AN =eSees Bir 2 mig cm am = cd mm aD SN St a(Se |@ SS°s8s a SSH5 Buses 12) PSR Ses a rae SUAS ES OO aN east 3 i ORll 2/88 on sm | OOS O18 | | i) co =H bod sox Oo fo] of QoS ae ha ee) ) aro 1 BEOoo 3 i sre te — Clore « ° S2ze5 64 . 4+ =] ° cao i S | a-AN 2 a gE °° [-*) i Cis a oO ns xD rOOn o Red Nise. 6 ehh el tarte te, pe bey GY oR e ow ses © at abl 0. Bausit meu foam Fe E800 oni ttelasiiie': © Stetina S line Ce te) Miein eo a 7) X o Om FS | E BSS REpIS Se . . -. . ‘ 4 S225 my No Ae FEET 2HODDD Saas = . n val " = 5 sree EB z< A 2< S) ES ° ao 38 = 6 Ss x) al 704 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUCTS. (From 8. Figgis & Co.’s Fortnightly Price Current, London, 14th March 1895). EAST INDIA. EAST INDIA Continued East Coast Africa, Mala- bar and Madras Coast, Bengal. Karrachee Leaf ... INDIGO Bengal Kurpah one --|Pairto good reddish violt|2s 84a 3s 10d Ordinary and middling js 444 2s 6d Madras (Dry Leaf).|Middling to good --|Le 8d a 38 [VORY--Elephants’ Teeth 60 lb. & upwards... over 30 & under 60 Ib. 60 a 100 lb. Scrivelloes ... 5 one 218 eae Billiard Ball Pieces 2§ 4 3}.0 Bagatelle Points . Cut Points for Balle ...|Shaky (o fine solid sd. sft) €6310s a £73 10s Mixed Points & Tips... Cut Bombay, Ceylon, Madras QUALITY. UOTATION Coast and Zanzibar. @ od ALOES, Socotrine ... ...|Good aud fine dry liver.../€3 103 a £5 Zanzibar & Hepatic|Common and good -. 1303 a 80s BABK,CINCHONA Crown/Renewed ... ... «.-|Jhd a 4d Chips and shavings slid a 4d Red ...|Renewed .., eee eelld a 4d , Chipsand shavings [Lia 44 Bees’ Wax, E. 1. White...\Good to fine ... «-|€7 08 a £8 lua 2 Yellow ...| ,, 45 Ay +-+|£6 03 & £7 2a 6d) Mauritius & Madagascar...|Fair to fine o» /£6 153 a £7 108 CARDAMOMS— Allepee «» «|Fairtofineclipped ...j/lsa 2s 6d Mangalore ... ---|Bold, bright, fairto flue.../ls 10d a 2a 8d Malabar 4 -.|Good to fine plump, cliped|23a 23 6d Ceylon. Malabar sort|Fairto fine bold bleached|2g 3d a 38 3d » oo Medium ,, {1s 6d a 2s oP »» small ls als 6d Small to bold brown .../ls a 1s 6d Alleppee and/Fair to fine bold +125 6d a 38 6d Mysore sort] ,, ,, medium ...|ly 6d a 2s 2d 4 » sy Small {Is 2d a 1s 5d Long wild Ceylov....\cCommon to good ...|1s a 238d CASTOR OIL, Ists} White woes oe Dd BBD _ &nds!Fair and good pale ...|2d a 2h CHIULIES, Zanzibar ...|Fair to fine bright 1248 a 278 Ord’y, and middling ...|20s a 23s CINNAMON, Asts}Ord’y. to fine pale quill.../64d «a 1s 5d 2uds ”» ” ” ” (61a 1s ards ” ” ” ” root 53d a 104 athe, ytd a 9G Chips) Fair to fine plant + /2kd a 7d CLOVES, Zanzibar Fair to fine bright -++-/24d a 31 and Pemba. } Common dull aud mixed/zgj a 2gd » STEMS Common fo good eid COCULUS INDICUS ...|Fair sifted... ... +108 a 15s COFFEE .« ww (mid. Plantation Ceylon|i0is 1 103s 6d Ms ose an «(Low Middling ,, » |97# a 1003 COLOMBO ROOT... _ ...|Good to fine bright sound|10s a 2)s _. + JOrdinary& middling .../7s a &3s CROTON SEEDS, sifted...) Fair to tine fresh +/203 a 278 6d ooe +-|Fair to fine dry oe 20s a 323 CUTCH ose DRAGONS BLOOD, Zan.|Ordinary to good drop ...|2) a 508 GALLS, Bussorah& Turkey) Fair to fine dark blue 47sa5) Good white and green ..|4's a 42s 6d GINGER, Cochin, Cut .../Good to fine bold « (62s 61a Tus »» «lSmalland medium «(45s a 603 Roug)...|Fair to fine bold +»|3d8a 428 6d ” -»-|Small and medium +|283 a 308 Bevgal, Rough |Fair to good .../223 61 a 258 QUM AMMONIACUM ...|Blockytotineclean «4/203 a 50s ANIMI, washed ...|Picked fine pale in sorts,|£10 03 a £12 0s Amber and red bold i scraped... ARABIC E.I, & Aden... sifted ny) o Sorts, dull red to fair ., Medium & boldsorts ... Good to fine pale frosted Part yellow & mixed do.|£9 03a £9 lds Bean & Peasizeditto .. .|£5 10s a £7 lus £4 10sa £8 10s £4 0s a£7 Os |40s a 455 .|303 a 373 6d Ghatti ...|Good to tine paleselected|30s a 45s Amrad cha./Good and fine pale .,, Reddish to pale brown .. {Dark to fine pale . Fair to tine pinky block., and drop Madras ASSAFGsTIDA Ordinarystonyto midliny Sorts middling to good|20s a 2is ,|35s a 458 .|258 a 32s (2s a 358 ‘160s a 1003 2Cs a 508 KINO AY) »»-|Fair to fine bright ..|£29 a £50 MYRRH, picked | Fair to tine pale 1/69 & £7 Aden sorts|Middling to good ...(998 & 758 OLIBANUM, drop...|Fair to fine white ...|808 & 558 .@ . |Beddish to middling ...j\7s a 258 : pickings...|Middling to good pale ,,,/89 a 14s siftings .. |Slightly foul to fine .. [98 &@ 135 INDIARUBBER ... Red hard clean ball .../23 1d a 23 5d East African Ports, Zanzi- Dar and Mozambique Coast Unripe root A White softish ditto .,.|18 8d a 2s 2d « {0d a 1g 4d Liver and Lamu Ball ,..|!* 8d a 9s 234 Sausage, ordinary to fi.../1s 3da 28 '’ without sticks|?8 a a 295d 0 ...|Good to fine »..{18 7d a 23 aed Common foul & middling pd als pa : in ose ..|Fair to good clean ... {48 7d a 23 See eo Tamatave, \ |Good totine pinky &white/28 1d a 2s 5d ‘Majunga and Nowsibe j |Fair togood black .. [13 6d a 1s 9d ASINGLASS or\p good to finepale ... 1s 8d a 23 6d FISH M/wsf.°P8¥® |\ dark to feir 1/9 a 1s 4d Bladder Pipe|Cleau thin to fine bold... ls 6d a 23 6d Purge +.(Dark mixed tofine pa'e,..g2 & Is . ” Coast MACE, TAMA ” soe ove Cochin .,,.'Finger ... ove « (98 & lls VANILLOES, ud Bourbon, Iste ... Fine, cryst’ed 5 to9iu.ji6sa 24s Mauritius, Qnds,,.. Foxy & redd:sh 5 to 8 in.Ji2s a 18s- Seychelles, 3rds... Lean & dry to mid, un- 3 der 6in, (73 @ 10300 Madagascar, } 4ths.,..Low. foxy, inferior and Se. Horse Teeth — ... NUTMEGS, ” NUX VOMICA Madras/Smali to fine bold fresh\53 a ¥s JIL, CINNAMON WEE PEPPER— Malabar, Black sifted ...|Fair to bold heavy \ Alleppee & Tellicherry =" fade: go j ches Tellicherry, White .. PLUMBAGU, Lump D } Zauzibar RED WOOD a SAFFLOWER, Bengal SANDAL WOOD, Logs. 3JEEDLAC SENNA, Tinnevelly os SHELLS, M.-o’-P. ae medium part stout oyster & broken pcs QUALITY, — Good and fice pale Middling to five violet... ds a3s 7d 4s 81a 5374 Low to ordinary «(7d a 1s'64 Soft sound £558 £65 ” ” S close & wiie Hard ” ” Sound soft tee .+| Sli, def.to fine sound soft/£51 a £63 £16 a £44 Defective, parthard ...|\£33a £64 Hollows Thin to thick toad. sft |£254 £41 a 14 lb. Straight erkei part close js. 4 45 § MYRABUOLANES, Bombay|Bhimlies [, good & fine _ _, paleits 94 {I, tair pickings)3y Gia 4s 34 ”» --|Commou to middling ... ow|Fair 4, see . -|Burnt and defective ...|33 » 35 6d .--|Dark to good bold pale ..|is 6d a 2s W’dcom. darktoline boldi4i 9 64 /65'8 @ 81’s 90's a 125's Pickings Bowbay o- oe ...|Fair to fine heavy - jd & Is 61 CITRONELLE --|Bright & good flavour.../gd a gu LEMONGRASS ne “A eee JRCHELLA | Ceyloa _ «+. Mid. to fine, not wood) |15, 8 22s Picked clean flat leaf ... Mozambique} ,, wiry amt wet 1gia22 s° + nom a it «(Fair to fine bright bold|jjs a 17s Middling to gou smalligs a Ils ---|3li’tly foul to fine brighi!7, a 10s .--|Ordinary to fine bright.../23s 91 a 68 +-|Kair aud fine bold ...|g3 10ga £4 Goodtofinepinkynominal/95s a 10Js Ordinary to fair +|703 & Sus Inferior and pickings .,./30s a 50s Fair to fine flayour .../£35 a £55 [uferior to fine _ = /£9 a £30 Ordinary to fine bright|30s a 903 Medium to bold green.../54 a 8i Small and medium green|2q a 4d Common dark and smalllid a 24 Ordinary to good «Id @ 24 EGyPTIAX—bold clean... medium thin and stout|75s a 8 #64 chi-ken, part Oyslers |70s a 80s Bompay—poor tofinetuic|ahs a 62 6d clean part good color|g2 6d a 90s chicken part stout + 5 ss (30s a 90 ” 3. »» |708a 825 6d +|medium and bold sorts |33s a 50s small and medium sorts/20s a 30s Lisgah Ceylon ..:/Thin and good stout sorte|5s 4 153 Chips Dust ” Chips.. on eee Bombay large owe aoe Mussel RINDS es ..|Mid. tofineblacknotstony/8s a 15s : Stony and inferior .../45 a 68 6d TORTOISE-SHELL ---'Sorts,good mottle, heavy|24s 6d a 28s Zanzibar and Bombay Pickings thin to heavy.../7s a 2ls 64 TURMERIC, Bengal ... Leanigh to fine plump finger ...- ./93@ 10s6d Madras. ...'Fio. fairto fine bold brgtj10s a lls ” ... Mixed middling... +. (98 & 108 «Bulbs | pickings [Aprit 1, 1895. QUOTATIONS. _-—- Ordinary to middling ...|An41 @ 4s 6d £418 108 a £60 £37 10s a £46 £226 £35 Luvs +. |£71 1088 £93 10s --|58 6d a 6s 6d --\ls lld a 28 10d w3lat lud 50s a 578 6d «|7861a 86 61 Sge_For Distribution ty te friends of Ceylon: Ceylon—lts Beauties, Products and Great Tea Tndustry. REPRE NTED FROM THE ————————— (From the Ceylon Observer, March 2nd, 1895.) “ LANKA, THE RESPLENDENT.” Wo have just. conclnded the compilation of five to six thousand words descriptive of the scenery and sights of Ceylon, for enterprising American editors and) pub: Who aro bringin ont a grandly. illus- on the Bast. It will probably be DIA AND CRYLON ILL PED AND with some 600 finely-execnted en- chiclly from photographs. Such _ a Soluiie preparell in the hnest style of the prin- lec ant engravers art—and in America they excel in-both-dopartment-—cannot fail to-haye x very lirge cirenlation in America and Europe, and to direct the attention of the travelling classes ihore than ever toour shores and to those of the opposite Continent. The consideration of this fact Has led us to remark on the very large amount of thoney even now brought into “Ceylon by visi: tors ani! how this is bound to_increase year by Year: for we never meot i visitor or passenger Who ‘is disappointed or who does not mean, if possible, to repeat the trip and give a little More time (a fortn or & month). 9 seeing fhe place properly: the Buried from Kanily, the climblof Adnm’s Peak from Hatton, or Horton Plains and Badulla from” Nigvara Eliya and Bandiravella, But for every unit or fen who have £9 far enjoyed Ceylon there are Tmindreds and thousands in Amer who--ars-honnd> to) come before long: yoar makes the way easier and there are plasos so satisfying to the visitor as this little jaland from the concentration of what it has to show anil gire, into a comparatively limit d space and time, The island in itself is as a botanical gerden to tls Enropean or American i fig torns anil people are specially interesting ifs climates on the plains or hills exceptionally inprel and rariei—anitod to every degree of invalid (or healthful individnal—and journeying hy a first- Glavs reilway is made wonderfully seeing that about 300 mriles cover the whol rs counpared with the thousands of 1 liave to he traversed to see the great India. ~“‘Vlien Ceylon isa centre to w D and travellers must converge in the East, while from it they can go Anywhere by first Tass steamers whether to Enst, West, North or ith. The traditlonal as well as authentic history of this ‘old anil renowned, though -, island, shrouds and if names seem grayings to us, a truly material pros- id that onr planting ‘are independent of tle traveller. or ; Dut it can be re- plied that scarcely a visitor or passenger spenling, n day or two ashore, does not come to he a customer for Ceylon tea and some other of our products ; while again-and again have we seen a permanent interest started ani capital mtroduced, * through the chance acasual visit. Mr. Walms- ley of Liverpool pitiya, merely said what ne in more or less complimentary terms-—T came out to see Ceylon, because of reading your book on the island”; and if our little volumes, and of hen he aidressed us at Nawala- others haye done Jectnres in the pass lave helped to make the place attractive, much more may we cass eA result from the grand American book-venture aut | froit Messrs. Cave’s publications in ‘*Pictur= have Visitors, to we we can place our finger on not) presenting a large stake in the island’s. prosperity, which tive or six years ago Were) quite unknown out here. But, perhaps, whit we have written about travellers ani visitors galore in the future to th “Sliowland of the World? a Kalntara must rejoice in these days of multiplie RSAnESY juOTGS | CoA GAT ZN, Hove ever, we may be considered a partial and pre- judiced writer on the subject of the beauties and attractions of Ceylon and its future pros- perity, let ws quote in conclusion the wi of one of the most cultivated and travelled of onr recent visitors and one who has written freely of what he has seen in theisland. Dr. Alan Walters says :—The guarantee of prosperity is found in: the central—even miznificent—geographieal position of Yeylon, her ready comniand “of cheap Inbour, her superb climate, and the amazing fecundity with which Nature, ont, of a lean rather than a fat. soil,- pours fortli her fruits in answer to human toil. Asx an emporium of commerce, a coaling station, and a half-vay house for the far East aud South—China and Australasin—the place of Ceylon on the map is unrivalled. Tothe traveller, apart from the Cyelopean antiquities, which will no doubt before long be made accessible to the madding crowd by arailway—conductors, coupons, and all the rest of it are abounding attractions in this beautiful island, be he artist or ennuyé, sportsman, naturalist, or scribe. ‘The way there is, in these da} as easy as rolling off'a log; it is only the way back that is hard —hard because as the low, palm-iringed shores ink beneath the horizon, and the Peak of Adam cloaks itself afar in a mantle of majestic mystery, yon feel and know that) yonder flashing point of i in your wake ps watch by the gateway ‘on fain would’ have lingered, mminer isle where the stand apart from the: and the lotns-eater (among the visitors with leisure) may take his fill. THE TEA INDUSTRY OF CEYLON. 2 ‘Tum riso Of the tea) planting industry of this Colony, is 1 yery remarkable one. The tea planted’ rose from 10 acres in 1867, 350 in 1874 and 70,000 acres in ISS4 and has now extended to over 280,000 acres, divided into some 1,400 plantations, giving em- ployment (iu the field, factory, or in carting and helping outside) to quite half-aanillion of men, Women and-chiliren, oup export for 1895 being probably 90 million 1b. ‘hen the story of Ceylon or ol Lanka itselfi—the most beautiful as well as the most interesting ljistorically of all Oriental lands—sacred to Hindus, Burmese, Siamese and Chinese and with a people the Sinhalese (num- bering about 2 million) whose language and writ- ten history go back 500 years before the Cliris- tian era, Its famous mountain, Adam’s Peak, is ulso sacred’ to Muhammadans as well as to Buddhists and: Hindus: Its ‘Buried Cities,” 150 miles from the sea-port, now being excavated, are wonderful in their history, palaces, temples, dagobas, ete. Kandy is a uniquely beantiful town ina valley surrounded by hills with the old palave of the Kandyan Kings and the Buddhist Maligawa or Temple of the Tooth. Colombo, the capital, is the great meeting-place of trade and steamers in the Waster world with a magni- ficent artificial harbour, and full of intersst from the variety of races found among its people. All that the Ceylon Tea Planters want for their teas is fa fair field and no fayour”—assured that the pure wholesome product has only to be known to be appreciated and that the one ery erelony from the “linb of the universe” at Boston, to the ‘Golden Horn” and from Florida (the Jand of flowers) to Niagara Falls or to far ; Vancouver and Labralor, as well as through- lins, most prac- 2 ig tical) intcxs to local’ hotel proprietors it we | out Europe and Australasia, will be Drink mre quite willing it should be so. Keeping our Cryton Tra ! Bren{liandey quiteefreevor any investiiient fiHotel SLO llowever sound and attractive, we 5 ae ‘can be depended on to be editorially ‘i STATISTICS OF TEA IN CEYLON. ax well as critical, should the occa n 1 But making all due allowance for the uncer- Acronge TDs tainties of the future, we cannot think of any Piet is investnent more lik to be permanently renin, nerative than that in’ some OP thie islnnilaeliotal “property. We need say nothing of the linge ‘and well-established concerns in Colombo, the ateawer port and focns of trade, But we would ‘venture to remark on how excellent must be the | prospect before a really commodious, tral as | welll as inevery sense, first-class hotel in Kandy. | Who was ever disappointed with our Highland capital—thic Pirliey old Kandyane IG unique in history i in all its surroundings? is a joy for ever” expresses the feclings of most visitors im respect of our central capital. Kandy is Donnd to #o on and prosper and is sure of a multitude of visitors year by year enough to fillits big Hotel and tho quiet sails Boarding Honses on ifs shady hillsides, So must Hatton be- come jotlier contre of attraction; the very anne © Adans Peak Hotel” is a splendid adyer- | lisemiont.. Who onl want to leave Coylon with: | out climbing the fans Peak—one of thie most ' Atrikine monntiins of ite kind inthe world—like Fasiyaina sv Etna or Bvemont’s for the expayse of easy summit. Nuwara | Miya will alyays linld ity own and Bandava- Wala is becoinuly increasingly popular; while yo quite look for a revival of interest in Point- de-Galle witli all ite many local attractions. Buf cnough of our towns and hotels: we have -todenl with the island atJarge nnd we think tlie prosperity of the whole community may yyell be stronythoned by more visitors being at trabted to’ our shores. fen the poor lace workers of Cotta and the basket-wenvers of an 1,522,852 a0 3,641,810 on 2,405,005 te 4 162,000, 9 te) BL GUL TL obialily) 90}000,000 detailed tables, HOW TO INFUSE TEA, 1, he watev to be boiled should be fresh and pare, aud as soft na procurablo, ee: Q It should bo boiledin a perfectly clean kettle not deemed to be boiling tntil the water throbs, throws off sta) in profuston, : 7 ROE Ne Aral ee eatiLth iuealponeceranit “CEYLON OBSERVER.” ho freshly-hoiled water,—ofter this strew the tea on the top of the water when it will gradually sink. In this way the tea leaves will not be scaled and the fragrance will be kept at its best. ‘The water should be used asisobn os it boils,nnd not allowed to become flat by over-boiling, 4. “Mnximunt tine of infusion to be five minutes. 5, Phe infusion (not decoction) should be decanted into another tea-pot, first made hot for ita reception. Prepared in this way (if a “cosy” is used) tea will rewain hot an pleasaut and wholesome fory more than doutile th » it would were cold tea-pots/émployed. 6. Treat the spent tenlenves ns so muchipoixon. THE Ceylon Gift-book for Friends at’ Home, “Ceylon in 1853-4" (Uhustrated). i EADY: a further supply of this interesting and well-illustrated Volume. The best Ceylon Gift-book yailable for Home Friends,. and a valuable ndbook for Visitors and Residents in thie Tsland.—R7; cash R6, Postage for Ceylon 20 cents; India $le; Australia 3lc ; England le. “OBSERVER STORE, 2 Books Kor Planters. R. c. Tropical Agriculturist. Thirteen Annnal\13 00 Voluines 1881 to 1894 ccs =) J each. Rc Allabout Indiarnbber and Gutta-Perchay 2nd Edition enlarged 2 08 All about Spices § ) 3 65 All about the Palmyra Palm 2 00 Allabout Aloe and Ramie Fibres, Drug, . ae 1 2% ntains or Bananas 0 42 3 60 1 50 79 75 Cacao 27 Cacao 62 Colfee 56 Coffee 80 Coffee 20 Coffee Cultivation in Ceylon : 27 Cinchona Planter’s Manual, by Owen... 10 Cincliona Cultivation (Prize E&say),. by ‘I. N. Christie ~ fe S to 1 27 Ceylon Coffee Soiland Manures, byHughes= 1 54 Ceylon in the Hifties and Eighties 1 55 Ceylon Planters’ **Vade Mecum” 1 02 Gardening in Ceylon ae 1 52 Gold, Jems, and Pearls in Ceylon 44 Holiday Trip to Labugama 0 50 “Inge Va” (New Edition)” mi 2 56 Liability of Estate We Yid/ Owners & Superintendents Superintendents for the Treatment of Dis liay toCeylon= 0 62 Mr. Hay on Tea Cultivation and Mante facture 4 xe sm) Notes on Cardamom Cultivation by T. C. Owen a BE " = Planters’ Note Book (Planting Molesworth) 3 Plaints, Master and Servant with Notes Medical Hints for Pe (Le and Grawford) a fro! ML fits Sinhalese Lesson Book, Ollendorfts System, 2 parts (Carter's)... ~» 3 0S Sinhalese M Basy - (Phrasebook in Roman Characters). = = Bl Tea Culture and Preparation in Ceylon’ by practical Planters s Tea: Planting from See to Cup , Cardamoms and Areca Cultivation Tea Cultivation in Ceylon (| strong), b 5 0 52 Tea Cultivation in Ceylon _ 32 Tea and other Planting Industries in x0 Fe oo 05; Pree anil its Enemies, by Niet- n dition revised by Mr. S.Green, 1 25. The Ceylon Lea, Industry 0 77 Tea Grown at High Elevation in Ceylon 0 14 5 n Inauguration of the New Province. 1 05 ( ‘ash prices and include local postage). e orders from India or elsewhere for the above amounts will secure the books as ordered and paid for. Also orders per V.P: Post Locally or India, “OBSERVER” OFFICE. Just Published. NEW EDITION Buried Citics of Ceylon, A GUIDE BOOK TO ANURSDHAPURA AND -POLONNARUA ‘W'TH CHAPTERS ON Dambulla, Kalawewa, Mibintile, ahd Sig’ti AND, MAPS OF ANURADHAPURA AND DISTRICT GUSON. postage de, Copies ylon Observer Oltice, CoLomno i Trice R2 cash ; 2°50 credit can le obtained from tlie C CoLomio ArotuEcants’ Co.; Messrs. H Wy CAVE & Co. ; EB. Grersy, (Agent Cook & Sons;) G. O; Horer; Bristot Hoven ; Tur TEA Kiosk, ( OLOMBO! GUIDE) (ant Eilition)—with ew Railway Vine Lable, Mop and Tlastrations | and full information. W150 cash RU.75 credip Jocal postage Sc. [Non-subscribers to ‘ Observer” can) liaye orders attended to Wy Y.P.P.J—Observer tore, — SS ese een'—"| .— oa 3 Eng- Postage ae 3 Australia 6: panied by re- “Observer” can lave orders y V.P.P, or if accom; ylon’ 400} India, 620 mittante P.O. Order of Cheque.) Jand, Xe, 65c, Obiorven Office ; July oth, 1894, [Non-subscribers to attend’! to b; PRINTED AT THE OBSERVER GAS ENGINE Press acribors Rd, or Observer Subscribers R4 for Co: ds and ‘Town stage 5c, p ferc E. & Co., Kandy. “OBSERVER” O. ry 15th, 1894, galows and Roads, Kandy Agents—p'EsTERRE p of the with Bun, BY S. M. BURROWS, WA., OXON, and several Coloured En- also Ma Nuwara Eliya y p of Kandy sliowing roa ‘CEYLON CryiL SERVICE.) R50 cash. R176 credit ( jects of interest ‘With ta 0 of &c. clearly marked Februas gravings 5 of Communi- with a Special | “e6s1 ‘hapnupe yl “oque)a) a = ; th y91303 ‘SNOMAS Ht 'O ‘ ‘araamr.no%,) JO Joqtnr yo = a bE 8 FVI|SUOLEE Te SORE| EP9OE [STLGREI TASER Ye, 5 E908 JORIS FIATOSFA/[aB LCE JQIOLSFe [G0zce|Gc9 |sogLe |" “FORT 4oquiovag qT ws = 5 WES SELLO: 6 OTFFI|SUOLES TesoRE|BOIORS|ISISOT|Z0eGCLS GPIOE STACK TLLZF|ILLS|SUGHIBL (LTEVE|VITIS [POVOFIS PIATOTPA|IGB LEE |91 ence fee eae a cages cetera = 3 - — “aa i=! = & Ta mig i== ; = 05 sngunuyy “ Ss a = 916 T | t . ii Roary Z ane a x wee eS Ge “= lozececr | ** 69018 RSTO vero ee Pe FOoKe |oscer | 2/5108 o sway |S SS | fh) GIOGI (@LOSLE FT ; as Eg - a aS comme 5 Se =| gs ie i ES} SS ° crit 7 = Ss ee A ; = OuFSLI | . S | F Yai a a0 Iran ‘ = (LOL OFE looort sLore 83 7 SI = m0 een etic toe = | = = Liga6ss SLUT STOE 890k 1H fASITOT\evsosT LeHeeLo mOpSapey SOND ei}! = = * & | 3 Bea ey ES) nae ; ; 53 8 fl el ~ willy ty | verre BS REE a 2 = = “SHIPONNOD |o & wy ae2 S 22) 52 | es 3 a 222 55 Br ‘aint “|:5enooq! wuvauyy | amo =D | = Bom Sor % OR o3 -0309 01 2285 a8 Gy —___ - eee <83 = q 9 8S Bes. g F6-668L YO NOLLOATHCSIG Eps 2 S388 = & | 3 as = eS 1|3 Bobaae z -|y Seszess 8 >|—=& E222 "E681 02 enO!AaId spr0se1 ONT “I68T 0} snoracad spioda1 ON | ‘LagT 0} snotaard spi0daz ON » 3 za™ A Bee l a2 2 2823 868'6 [o3L'66r | ‘op “op Oo, ee & <223 ooitz | Jara‘ : Ao see ae | we °P cu S ave 2s. = =z3 sIT'02 \ore'e. ra0'LOL ep ‘on ° aa= Zz See ‘eg lr0L" i Zeo™ Sse 'ez|ovo'se \LOL'S \za‘cor ‘op ‘op on a> yes fez2'6 fois'cey | op on a0 ay 22: Le" froviege PIS"¥oR'T 600'08 so0'RS | u6sr “op a) oe. a S235; jats‘otlgaz‘oor ose'oly't ‘G0L'S BOLGF eestor: [e608 loeetis 1680 ‘op op “od = = See i |veo's 1v68'4 |Tov'anr, |988'LIL'6 loar'roc. \yaztura'e oss're: TeHC “op “op od s g g°28 - ie Tse's |ror‘9a| o18'L [son'see |820'620'1 T\pee'sek lazo'pre'p (oe yy | 182908) 1E8l ‘op ‘op rod, B = & S3a2 yaloret “ ‘ 7 g REZ eLi29/9h2'16 lorE st] eater 'e82'8 Jast'eot |ros'taL'o coa'eoe't2re'90e lort're 9 IIEOD “MEL eT TOI KLOdxg, a 3 ey Oo. BA shocesie L 83 Sse o Says | IP | ae| = Be a S5S crevtry’t a NM OT BS 4a [180 a ee Pal neallare ‘a | sa a0 1 MS 2728 Hagia) wana |-adon| z. 5 Piel N 25.22 ty ‘ofaq 5 sqnuos09|' e409 |{joanu] #449} iva | BS | & > BEES g | -- -unja| = paiva =0905) Bi g a) S33 33<> = “189 W109 3 lure ‘konvestg | | ? < = = Sot 3= Se q oc mS ESS UVaK HOVE NI UsAWAOAM SIG OL AUVANVE IS— WOUT SV aaTIAOd mS Sess (contouuiog fo aoqunyg Aq payetyang) z $ SI ene ‘SIVOA UIT, SVq IY 2 BR Gene @es se 2 ; = AA oul ad Ul =~ Ei ULINP [EH PUL OGUIO[oD WoT, TAOACONd NOIAT) AO SLAOAXT m OEE a stablishments, Es its of the Royal Asiatic les MODDER, ox if accompanied by BY Observer can have order’ FRANK H. By r of the District Court of P.O, Order or Cheque, Kurunegala. to} ducation, and Me. Kurunegala, Ceylon Branch A Pros! £ 3 the Seven Koral and on if pter. Institutions, etc. Society ap Subse bory to attended to ittance, vation ot Chay Member of the No erait Religion AB Ss bd a AGRICULTURAL MAGAZINE, COLONES: Added as a Supplement Monthly The following pages iuclude the for April :— to the “ TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.” Contents of the Agricultural Mugazine Vol. VL} FODDER EXPERIMENTS. HE produce of lucerne, in the ex- the carried out at % nA periments School of Agriculture, was at the rate of 2 tons, 11 cwt. per acre This taking eight of green fodder. cuttings a year means an annual yield of 20 tons, 8 cwt. a year. The seeds were procured from India, as attempts to grow lucerne from English seed have proved failures. In Mr. Nock’s experiment in Hakgala in 1892, the produce of lucerne was at the rate of a little over 32 tons per acre, and that with three cuttings. This, as Mr. Nock remarks, is up to the highest yields in England. It is interesting to compare with these the results of cultivation on the Poona Farns where experiments with fodder crops form a special feature, In his report of December 1892, Mr. Mollison gives the outturn of his lucerne crop per acre per annum as 85,456 Ib, or over 88 tons—l4 cuttings having been made during the year. In the same report Guinea grass is said to produce an outturn per acre per annum of 101,568 lb., or a little over 45 tons (with 8 cuttings during the year), while Reana gave a crop equal to 80,778 lb. or a little over 386 tons per acre per annum. In Poona, Guinea grass is cultivated accord- ing to the ridge and furrow system, the crop is irrigated, and taken when quite young. Mr. Mollison is a strong believer in Guinea grass as a fodder for wilch cattle; of Mauritius or APRIL, 1895. [No. 10. water grass, he says: “It grows slower than Guinea grass, and does not give the same out- turn”; and further adds “It has this advantage, it thrives well in a damp, even a wet situation.” This is an advantage no doubt, but when long droughts prevail and there is no means of irri- gating water-grass, the crop in a great many places is completely burnt up with the result that there is a great dearth of fodder for cattle and horses. Owners of horses are gradually com- ing to learn that water-grass is by no meanis a suitable fodder for their animals, ind yet there ar no grass farms except those under water grass, Guinea grass is seldom grown, and when grown is found in small patches about dwelling houses It is expected that in the course of this year a good deal of the waste land in the Model Farm premises will be laid under Guinéa grass, Lucerne, Reana, and Jowari (Sorghum). Jowari thrives well at the School of Agriculture, while the produce of Reana grown on the premises was at the rate of nearly 15 tons per acre per cutting, or nearly 90 tons per annum, if 6 eut- tings can be counted on. Our experiments with cow pea (the “wonderful”) gave a yield equal to over 5% tons per acre. The produce of tlie so-called ‘‘ Delft” grass, (the roots of which were originally procured through the kindness of the Government Agent of the Northern Province) was at the rate of 8 tons, 44 cwt. per acre at a cutting. As a result of the late drought there has been a great falling off in the supply for cattle, and prices It is high time that other of grass milech conse- quently went up. fodder crops such as those referred to above 706 were begun to be grown, Mauritius grass grown on very marshy land has a tendency to produce | scour in cattle, especially after the rains, while grass manured with refuse maldive-fish manure, though of a very luxuriant growth, is much ob- jected to by milch cows eee OCCASIONAL NOTES Hrrata.—In the last number of the Magazine the present strength of the school was given as “8 resident students and day Scholars.” It should have been given as 27 resident students and 6 day scholars. Cn page 73, line 14, for swell yead smell, and line 31, for deceased rea\ disersed. On page 79 for Lilataria read Llettaria. We have lately been haying frequent requisi- tions for dhall (Cajanus Indicus) seed, and also for seeds of the cow-pea. The demand for these leguminous seeds is significant. We would add in continuation of the article on Gas-lime in our last issue, that this substance, as well as gas-water, is a useful agert as an insecticide. Miss Ormerod in her “ Manual of Injurious Insects” has frequent occasion to re- commend gas-lime. Both gas-lime and gas-water, as refuse products of our gas works, might thus be used for useful ends in agriculture. We may, perhaps, again refer to these substances in connection with the destruction of insect-pests, We haveto welcome a new contemporary which has just appeared, viz, Zhe Ceylon Forester. We aré confident that the publication will prove a most useful one, in that it will bring our iinknown and little known forest products— thany of which that are bound to prove of econo- mic value-—to notice, and in this way help to develope the resources of the country. We acknowledge with thanks a copy of Dr. Trinjen’s report on the Royal Botanic Gardens for 1894. As regards Polygonum Sachalinense, We read that “this much- landed fodder plant has made very poor growth ; on three occasions during the year the plants were leafless and dormant.” Of Alfala (Lucerne) Mr. Clark, who sent the seeds from Peru in 1891, reports from Wakgala: “As many as seven cuttings have been made during the year, and, as in Peru it continues to crop for fifteen. years, it may be considered a valuable fodder for the higher regions, especially the drier ones, of Ceylon.” a Calathea Allowia is reported to grow well at Peradeniya Gardens, but the Director remarks that its tubers cannot be regarded as a good substitute for potatoes, being quite tasteless though pleasant in texture. They are said to be smal], and only 1 Ib, 5 oz. was afforded by the stool dug up, Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” ‘from four [April 1, 1895. RAINFALL TAKEN AT THE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE DURING THE MONTH OF MARCH. 1 Nil i2 . “Ae 23 Nil 2 Nil 13° a. ... Nil 3 Nil 14. ay ae ee 4 Nil 56.2. “Nil % ... V1 5 Nil 16. ae oy... Mil 6 Nil iF o..y ool | re 7 Nil 18... Nil . ae! 8 “06 38.3... FOR an... No 9 “7 20.0 Ei | 10 “04 7) Nara. {| 1 Nil ll 29 2 « Nal se Total .... 2°55 Mean ... “08 Greatest amount of rainfall in any 24 hours on the 25th inches. 4 Recorded by P. VAN Der Bona. eee ABORTION IN CATTLE, Cattle-breeders have to face many serious disorders and ailments in their stock, both young and old, but the most disappointing losses which they sustain are undoubtedly caused by abor- tion. Unlike other forms of disease which attuck stock and which come wnder the observation of the herdsmen, abortion runs a very insiduous course. It can hardly ever be anticipated, and there is no hope of averting or preventing its occurrence. It need searcely be mentioned that to the cattle-owner who keeps cows for the purpose of milk or who breeds draught animals, a loss by abortion is equal to the loss of a grown-up animal, and sometimes more. A cow generally aborts either in the third or seventh month of pregnancy, and after it has once had the mishap, apart from the risk to the health of the animal itself, a second conception is not induced till perhaps to five months. Besides, there is always the risk of a recurrence of the disorder every time a cow conceives; and, furthermore, there is the very great risk of its infecting other animals of the herd. Where breeding is not carried on systematically, the cattle-owner often fails to notice the fact that abortion has oceurred, or to feel the resulting loss to himself; but where breeding is carried on systematically, and where not only records of the dates of serving, calving, Xc., are kept, but a full account of the profit and loss from each animal, its yield and the amount of food consumed, is recorded, the loss is patent, and keenly felt. : The occurrence of abortion is attributed to various causes. Dr, Fleming, in his exhaustive work on Veterinary Obstetrics enumerates three forms, viz-, Sporadic, Enzootic and Epizootic, and gives the various causes which may produce these three forms. Sporadic abortion may take place, through exposure to inclemency of the weather, bad and indigestible food, mildewed and poisoned foods, filthy and putrid drinking water, auimal and vegetable © poisons, (such as cantharides, rue, savin, ergot, digitalis,) excessive *xertion, accidents, excitement — and fear, access of the bill during the period — April 1, 1895.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” odours, plethoric condition, system, (such as cattle mouth disease, pleuro- neumonia anthrax, tympanitis, tetanus, epi- lepsy, &c.) It is the belief of some autho- rities that abortion is altogether an infectious and i contagious disorder, and is propagated by a micro- organism, which enters the system only through the vulvular opening. Others again believe that the micro-organism is capwble of producing the disorder by gaining entrance to the system by various means. All the above enumerated causes of sporadic abortion are, however, generally considered to be only exciting causes. 1t would appear since the contagious and iu- fectious form of the disorder is now proved beyond doubt, that the disease-producing germs must be present in every case, and that the organisms rapidly multiply after an abortion which may in certain instances take place sporadically. All those who have anything to do with cattle are eware that epizootics, such as cattle plague, or to give its Ceylon misnomer “ murrain,” do produce abortion, and this has been conclusively proved at the Government Dairy farm during the last outbreak of the disease there. The outbreak, asa matter of course, was a clear case of sporadic abortion ; but when cows that were not suffering from the plague, but that were in the same herd, aborted also there would appear to be no doubt that the “abortion” had assumed an infectious and contagious form. Ot recent years quite an amount of literature has been cropping up on the subject, and only the other day the Committee appointed by the Royal Agricultural Society of Mngland to investigate this subject, completed and issued its report, but the Committee has not been able to agree upon any pointi except that aborticn can assume a contagious and infectious form. Continental Veterinarians, such as Franck, Nocard and Lebat, had made a series of investiga- tions on thissubject before it was so prominently brought before the British public, and long be- fore it was thought necessary for the Koyal Agri- cultural Society to appoint a Special Committee. Dr. Salmon of the United Stute’s Agricultural Department published a report of a series of invectigations made in America so far back as 1883. What we are concerned most isto be able to re- cognise, and to follow the course of an outbreak our herds, and, to know what of gestation, bad diseases of the yligue, foot and of abortion in steps we should adopt to prevent its occur- rence. Professor Nocard has successfully coped with abortion through his antiseptic method of treatment, andthe published evidence given be- fore the Special Committee of the Royal Agri- cultural Society is in favour of not only Pro- fessor Nocard’s antiseptic treatment, but also that advised by the American authorities; while a com- bination of the two, it appears, has given the best results. Professor Nocard’s treatment consisted of the injection into the organ of the aborting animal a solution of corrosive sublimate made by dis- solving 15 grains of the sublimate along with 14 oz of salt in aw pint and a half of lukewarm water. This method of treatment is calculated not only to destroy the micro-organisms that may exist, but to prevent the entrance of these germs. The American method consists in the internal administration of carbolic acid in warm bran mashes, from a } to 4 an ounce of car- bolie acid being gradually mixed with bran and Wwatm water and given to the animal as a feed. As a matter of course this method of treatment is adopted with a view to destroy any organ- isms that have entered the system. But as was amply proved in the evidence before the special Committee of the Royal Agricultural Society, a combination of the two methods has given emi- neutly satisfactory results. An aborted cow should always be kept apart rom the herd, and the shed, persons and utensils employed in its feeding, &c¢., promptly disin- fected by using either Jeye’s or Condy’s fluid. After this the application of the corrosive subli- mate lotion and the administration of carbolic acid in bran mashes may be proceeded with. The rest of the cows of the herd should also be washed and disinfected. A bull that has served a recently-aborted cow should not be used for covering the healthy cows. In any case an aborted cow should not be served for at least three to four months after the abortion. These simple rules and in addition cleanliness and care in feeding should do much towards the prev2n- tion of this disappointing disorder among cattle. Wa VALS Diss: —— ~~ — — <> --——. SISAL HEMP. The following facts concerning Sisal Hemp are from the annual report on the Bahamas for 1895 :— One hundred pounds of leaf yield not more than four or five pounds of fibre. The generally accepted standard of 600 plants to the acre, is now in many cases being changed to 800, and in some instances to 1,000. If this increased number be not found to impede har- vesting by the inconvenient crowding of the plants, the yield per acre should, of course, be largely augmented. The estimated annual yield of a single plant is two pounds of fibre, and thus, instead of a return of 1,200 lb. from the earlier planting of 600 suckers, assuming that the results are not modified by want of room for the full development of the plants, 2,090 Ib. will be the expected yield where 1,000 plants are given to the acre. It is highly satisfactory to know that 2 machine manufactured by the Todd Company of New York has been at length found to work admirably, the fibre being cleaned perfectly, at the smallest possible amount of waste (Kew Bulletin, 1894, p. 189). There can be but little doubt that this machine will be universally adopted, as, besides its efficiency, it is cheaply operated, a woman to feed the machine with leaves, another to re- move the finished fibre, being all the labour attendant on this process. It has been for some time a subject of much thought as to how the small cultivators were to utilise their labour where, as-in the great majority of cases, they were too poor and their plantings too limited to admit of the cost of a machine. A satisfactory solution, however, has now been found which will be a great boon to this class, and will bring the blessings of the industry home to the hum- 708 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agricullturist.” ae, Cae ‘April 1, 1895, blest peasant in the Colony. The process is as simple as it is available to all, and consists of a slit being made in the thick end of the leaf, when it is torn asunder, leaving the inner part exposed, and by then soaking it in salt water, which is never far to reach, in about a week the pulp may be removed by hand and the fibre preserved. No waste whatever is found in this method; and it is understood that a man or woman, or grown boys or girls, may turn ous from 50 to 60 pounds of fibre as the result of a day’s work. The plan is being adopted throughout the Colony, and what was for some time deemed a missing link is thus effectively supplied, - Oe TROPICAL FODDER GRASSES. (Reprinted from the Kew Bulletin.) The selection of suitable grasses for cultivation in tropical countries is a matter of considerable importance. Few countries have completely solved the question. It is evident also that a good deal of time and energy is spent in the effort to intro- duce foreign grasses, when there are excellent indi- genous grasses close at hand. It is proposed to draw attention to a few grasses that have attained to first rank for fodder purposes in the tropics, and to give particulars respecting the conditions under which they have been found to thrive. It is well known that the same kinds of grasses do not succeed equally well in all localities. There are certain conditions and peculiarities of climate and soil to be considered; but there is no reason to doubt thatif careful experiment is made suitable grasses can be found for cultivation in almost every tropical country. In some of our colonies it is well known that grass,even for valuable horses, is gathered day by day from waste places and jungles. Such fodder is not only poorin quality, but it is liable to be infected with disease from stray animals. Further, during seasons of drought, the fodder supply is likely to fail altogether. The selection and cultivation of grasses, with particular reference to their grazing qualities, or for the pro- duction of hay, should receive more attention, and it will doubtless become, before long, a regular branch of rural indust.cy in the tropics, as it has been for so many years in temperate countries. NaturAL HERBAGE. In the tropics the difficulty in establishing grasses is caused by the usually rank growth of weeds and bushes. These soon overrun any cleared area, and they have to be continually eradicated, or the grass would be completely destroyed. The natural her- bage in most tropical countries would, of itself, form excellent pasture for cattle and horses. There is hardly any part of the world entirely de- void of good grasses, and these should first of all receive attention. Where no suitable fodder grasses are available. then, under such exceptional cireum- stances, it would be well to introduce the useful “Guinea grass” and ‘Para grass” for cultivation on land suitable for the purpose. In countries like Ceylon and Jamaica, there are vast stretches of lands, known as ‘patanas” and ‘“sayannahs,” where somewhat coarse grasses have established themselves almost to the exclusion of everything else. Sven these grasses, although in a fresh state they may be distasteful to cattle, become, after being cut and partially dried, very acceptable food tothem., Under cultivation, good pastures can, a8 a rule, be established by clearing the land of weeds and bushes, and encouraging the spontaneous growth of local grasses from seed carried from neighbouring areas. This is regularly done in Jamaica in regard to Guinea grass, During the first year or two the land requires to be carefully weeded, and if the soil is poor it should also re- ceive a dressing of manure. After the grass has become thoroughly established an annual clearing after the rains is all that is required. It should, however, be understooe that continuous feedir g is injurious to the permanency of good pastures, The best grasses are thus destroyed, and rank growing ones gradually take their place. Close feeding for a time is advantageous, but the pasture should have time to recover before the animals are again placed upon it. Further, it is better to keep cattle on a portion of the pasture at one time, and not allow them to wander at will over a large area, TREES IN PASTURES. Thwaites recommended that in Ceylon trees should always be planted upon land. laid out for permanent pasture. The trees would afford grate- ful shade to the cattle, and they would prevent the grass from being entirely dried up during seasons of drought. Trees would also add to the beauty of the country. Most extensive pastures dotted over with shade trees exist in Jamaica. Many trees, such as the Saman (Calliandra Saman\, not only give excellent shade, but the pods are a most wholesome food for cattle. The commoner and more hardy sorts of mango might be planted for the same purpose, as also the Ramoon (Trop/his americana), the leaves of which afford a very nutri- tious food for cattle intropical America; the bread nut (Brosimum Alicastrum); the Jack tree (Arto- carpus integrifolia); and the bastard cedar (Gua- zuma tomentosa). The leaves as well as the fruits of the last are much liked by cattle. This brief list of useful pasture trees might be considerably enlarged. It would be noticed that many of the _ trees mentioned belong to the natural order, Urti- cacee. As the plants belonging to this order are so widely distributed over tropical regions, each ecun- try could make its own selection of suitable pas- ture trees. The best tree of all is, undoubtedly, the Saman. (Kew Reports, 1878, p. 18, et. seq.) GRASSES FOR Dry REGIONS. Where the climate is moist and humid the selec- tion of suitable grasses presents little difficulty. In countries subject to periods of prolonged droughts the circumstances are wholly different. The great want in such regions is the introduction of grasses that will maintain growth and vigour during many months when no rain falls. Grasses of this kind are to be found in the Bahama grass (Cynodon Dactylon), the Kangaroo grass of Aus- tralia (Anthisturia australis), and the Mitchell grass of Australia (Astrebla triticoides). These will stand periods of prolonged drought, and, in the case of the last, cattle are said to fatten on it, even when it is much dried up. In Jamaica, dur- ing severe droughts, cattle feed almost entirely on the underground stems of the Bahama grass. In dry soil impregnated with salt there are several grasses known in India affording a considerable amount of forage. A variety of Sporobolus ara- bicus, Boiss. (S. pallidus, Duth.) known as Kalusra, is mentioned by Duthie as constituting the greater April 1, 1895.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.’’ 709 ‘ part of the grass vegetation of the wsar tracks in the north-western provinces, and is always a sure indication of the presence of reh salts. Other grasses mentioned as more or less characteristic of saline salts are Aristida depressa, Retz, (more sandy parts): Cynodon Dactylon, Pers. (on less infected parts); Chloris barbata, Sw. (more sandy parts); Zetropogon villosus, Desf.; and Diplachne fusca, Beauv. (in moister parts). ANNUAL KopDER GRASSES. In dry regions not suitable for permanent pas- tures the Abyssinian Teff (Hragrostis abyssinica) might be grown during the occasional rains and made into hay. This grass will produce a heavy crop of hay in six weeks from the time of sowing. It is very nourishing, and cattle are very fond of it. There are other annual grasses that might be grown during the rains for fodder purposes. In Northern India green wheat is used as fodder, and where a large yield is desired within a short season, green oats are also used, as in St. Helena, for fodder purposes. The maize (Zea Mays) is often given asa green fodder, or dried and mixed with other green fodder. On sugar estates in the West Indies and elsewhere “ cane tops” are largely used during crop time as fodder for working cattle, mules, &c. The tops are cut small, and sometimes mixed with molasses. They are re- garded as most nourishing. In Mysore Sorghum saccharatum is regarded as an excellent fodder, andif cut before seeding it is well suited for cattle, especially milch cows—* their milk being enriched toanextraordinary degree by its use in smal] quanti- ties.” The United States Agricultural Department has declared that “the value of sorghum for feed- ing stock cannot be surpassed by another crop, as a greater amount of nutritious fodder can be ob- tained from it in a shorter time, within a given space, and more cheaply.” The common sorghum (Sorghum vulgare), the Judr of India, is largely used as fodder, greenor dry. It is often specially grown as a fodder crop, in which case it is sown earlier and more thickly than when cultivated for the grain. A very valuable fodder grass belonging to this group is the Teosinte (Huchlana luvurians). This yields very large crops in good land, and is re- garded as one of the most prolific of annual grasses. Four good cuttings can be made in four months. Most of these annual grasses, as also many coarse-growing perennial grasses, might be largely utilised by being preserved in the green state in silos. In South Africa silos, consisting merely of pits dug in the ground, have been found very useful in preserving fodder that would otherwise be lost, until the dry season. The cost of making silos is comparatively trifling, but it should be borne in mind that fodder preserved as hay is often more generally useful, and especially if made in good weather. Silos, on the other hand, offer a very ready and convenient meaus for preserving fodder during wet seasons, when it is impossible to make it into hay. Grass GROWING IN INDIA. Voelcker* records an instance of the greatest care in grass growing iu India, at Nadiad, in Gujarat (Bombay), where the cultivators do not use the village common land for their cattle. “ Report of the Improvement of Indian Agricul- ture, London, 1893, “very one of their fields,” he says, “is enelosed with a hedge, and then comes a headland of grass from 15 to 20 feet wide all round the field, and producing capital grass. There is a double object in this practice, for, as the fields are hedged, and have trees round them for supplying firewood and wood for implements, the people know quite well that crops will not grow when thus shaded, but that grass will, They obtain four or five cuttings of gruss in the year as food for their cattle, and when the fields are empty the cattle are let in to graze on them. Dub grass (Cynodon Dac- tylon) as a crop for irrigation gives a great yield, and is about the only grass that keeps green in the hot weather. At Belgaum, fields are grown with grass; two cuttings are obtained yearly, and 6 annas is the sum paid for 100 1b. of green grass, No seed is ever sown, only the grass that comes np naturally being used.” To supply grass to military cantonments in India regular grass farms have recently been es- tablished. ‘These were started by Sir Herbert Macpherson at Allahabad in 1882, and since then have been extended largely. Previous to the introduction of the grass farm system, the practice had been to send out ‘‘grass- cucters,” whose duty it was to cut and collect grass for the troops from wherever they could. Owing to a full supply of grass being now obtain- able by the “‘grass-cutters” from Government grass lands great saving has been experienced, and the horses are believed to be healthier owing to the grass no longer coming from unprotected and Suspicious sources. The amount of grass grown at military stations in India has been so increased that it is now possible to-supply not only the British troops, but even the native cavalry with it. The saving at Allahabad alone for the seven years 1882-89 was estimated at R91,158. The ex- tent of the Allahabad grass farm is 3,558 acres. Ensilage, or the preserving of green fodder, has been carried out at many places in India. The cost as between haymaking and that of silage is, however, unfavourable to the latter. One advan- tage of cutting an early crop of grass for silage is that there are many grasses, such as numerous species of Panicum, which seed in the rains; these may be secured as silage if rain continues, whereas the other grasses, being kept back somewhat, yield a good hay crop about October, when the rains are over. Jt may further be said iu favour of silage that by means of it s»me grass which would other- wise have been altogether lost owing to the heavy rainsis saved by being put into the silo. Voelcker concludes: ‘I differ entirely from the opinion of one of my predecessors to the effect that India is the great field for the development of silage. That itis the field for haymaking I am much more ready to think. With a sun and climate such as exist over the greater part of India, I cannot see how it could well be otherwise. Hay requires no making, for it makes itself. Silage, I repeat, will only be useful when by means of it can be saved what would otherwise be lost.” —~>- ZOOLOGICAL NOTES FOR AGRICULTURAL STUDENTS. The order Rodentia is characterised by two long incisor teeth in each jaw, separated by » 710 wide interval from the molars. has never more than two of these incisors, and the upper jaw very rarely ; but sometimes there are four upper incisors. There are no canine teeth, and the molars and premolars are few in number (rarely more than four on each side of the jaw). The feet are usually furnished with five toes each, all of which are armed with claws. To this order squirrels, rabbits, hares, beavers, porcupines. Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” The lower jaw — belong the mice, rats, | The © first five mentioned are all more or less destruc- | tive to agricultural and horticultural produce. | The beaver is hunted chiefly for the sake of its skin, but also for the substance known as custo- reum. liar glands and employed as a therapeutic agent, The: quills of the porcupine are used, among other purposes, for ‘making porcupine-quill boxes well- known in Ceylon. This is afatty substunce secreted by pecu- | The order Chieroptera is considered “the most. distinctly circumscribed and natural group” of the Mammalia; the following are | the. characteristics of the Chieroptera:—The anterior limbs are longer than the posterior, the digits of the fore-limb (excepting the pollex (or thumb) being enormously elongated, and united by membrane (patagium) which is also extended between the fore and hind limbs and the sides of the body, and sometimes even between the hind limbs and tail. This membrane serves for flight. ‘he thumb and sometimes the first finger have claws, while all the toes are clawed, the digits being all of a size. The order includes only the Bats, the great peculiarity of which—already referred to—is the modification of the hand for the purpose of sup- porting a flying-membrane. Bats. generally appear at dusk or at night; they ure sometimes carnivorous, sometimes frugi- vorous, and often do much damage to fruits. Their ears are large compared with their eyes, and their sense of touch is believed to be very acute, During the day, bats retire to caves and other dark recesses, where they suspend them- selves by means of their hind-feet which are provided with curved claws, The droppings of bats in such places form a very rich manure. Insectivora comprises a number of small mam- mals resembling the Rodents, but without the peculiar incisors of the latter. In the insectivora all three kinds of teeth are present; the molars are serrated with numerous*small pointed cusps for crushing inseets. Usually all the feet are furnished with five toes which have claws, The animals walk on the soles of the feet, and are generally mnoctural and subterranean. To this order belong the moles, shrews and musk-rats. ——_—_—__ VALUATION OF MANURES. The following useful data and many of the tables that follow are taken from Bulletin 65 of the New York Experimental Station, prepared under the direction of Dr. Peter Cellier :— Price per lb. in pence. Nitrogen in ammonia-salts 8h Nitrogen in nitrates Pay Es Nitrogen in. meat, blood, and mixed fertilisers wa 82 Nitrogen in fine-ground bone ‘and | Organic substances (containing 3°78 per cent amnionia) 4010 ,, _ Lime 29°15, Phosphoric acid (equal to 48°78 per cent phosphate of lime) BW 420935 Carbonic acid 1-06: 4, Insoluble (sand, &c.) Oy 2>aoes [April 1, 1895. tankage 7% Nitrogen in coarse bone and tankage 34 Phosphoric acid; soluble Pv BE Reverted phosphoric acid ii 3 Phosphoric acid in fine bone and tankage pvt Phosphoric acid in coarse bone and tankage van) Phosphoric acid in wood ashes saa Potash, high grade sulphate yet. Potash, kainit ee Potash, muriate ae Organic nitrogen in mixed fertilisers 8Y Insoluble phosphoric acid in mixed fertilisers + ee | Chemical analyses often show the three elements in combination not referred to in this tabulation. There the nitrogen may be given as ammonia or the potash may appear as the cliloride or sulphate, in which case it will be mecessary to reduce such compounds into their equivalents of the element or other compound required. These conversions may be made by the use of factors as shown below :— 1. To change ammonia into equivalent nitrogen, multiply ammonia by 8235. 2. To change nitrogen into equivalent ammonia, multiply nitrogen by 1-214. To change nuriate (chloride) of potash into equivalent potash, multiply muriate by 63. To change potash into equivalent muriate of Pps multiply potash by 1585. 5. Tochange sulphate of potash into equivalent potash, multiply sulphate by 54. 6. To change potash into equivalent of sulphate of potash, multiply potash by 1°85. To change phosphoric acid into equivalent phosphate of lime, multiply phosphoric acid by 2183. 8. To changesoluble sulphate into equivalent phosphate of lime, multiply soluble phos- phate by 1°325. How these tables are used will be best seen by means of an example. Suppose one of the mixed fertilisers commonin the markets be pur- chased, which is guaranteed to contain—nitro- gen 3 per cent, soluble phosphorie acid 6 per cent, reverted phosphoric acid 4 per cent, potash 2 percent. The commercial value, first of 100 1b. of this fertiliser and then of one ton (2,240 lb.) will be shown in the following calculation :-— age ed =~] 3 per cent nitrogen—in 100 Ib., 31b. s. —at 83d. Seo 6 per cent soluble phosphoric acid— in 100 Ib., 6 lb.—at 34d. eee test 4 per cent reverted phosphoric acid— in 100 1b., 4 lb.—at 3d. oo ol 10 2 per cent potash—in 100 lb., 2 Ib. —24d wey Or Ad Value of 100 Ib. ae Multiply this value of 100 lb. (624d.) by 22-4 gives us as the value of one ton (2,240 lb.) of this ferti- lisers, £5 16s. 6d. To make another example, in this case a Queens- land manufactured bone-dust. The analysis shows for this article the following composition :— Moisture 5°38 per cent per cent nitrogen, equal to 4:59 April 1, 1895.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” 711 The only ingredients of this fertiliser that have “a money value are the nitrogen and phosphoric acid. Arranging these as before, and we have in tabular form the value of 100 1b. of this fertiliser with the calculations for one ton. 3°78 per cent nitrogen—in 100 Ib. £. s. d. 3°78 lb.—at 74d. oi, OLD) 44 21-42 per cent phosphoric acid—in 100 Ib, 21°42 Ib.—at 3d. 0 5 44 Value of 100 Ib. Me OVP 84 Value per ton of 2,240 1b. 8 12 8 It is possible for every user of commercial ferti- lisers in this way to estimate the value of any of the various goods that are offered in the market. pe MILKING WITH AND WITHOUT THE CALF. © The following is an extract from a letter writteu by an Australian Dairy Farmer tothe Agricultural Journal of Cape Colony. The experience given here, re the subject of milking without the calf, is valuable, in view of the fact that the established practice in Ceylon is to milk with the calf:— “ When 1 started my dairy some twelve months ago I thought I would try English ways of milking, and as I brought out from home my white boy, a good milker, and to be depended on, I thought I would show that cows could be milked without their calves; but in this matter, as in severtl others, I have found out English customs will not always doin this colony, although no doubt some of them will show an adyance on colonial ways. I bought two pure colonial bred Shorthorn cows of Mr. Hall, near Middeiburg, who has for the last 10 years kept importing pedigree stock. Consequently they are what we can term pure-bred. The reason I make this remark is because it is my opinion that Shorthorns are much kinder milkers than any other breed. The cows had their third and fourth calves by their sides about six weeks old. I took away the calves first once a day, and then altogether for a week, and found the cows would have dried up altogether despite every means I tried for them to give their milk, such as heavy chain weights across the loins, hot flannels, &c. 1 also found that what milk I did get was of very poor quality, although the cows were stall-fed. I was at last obliged to let the calves to the cows, and one of them | tried myself, but could not get a half pint. fter letting the calf to cow, I milked with ease another four bottles of rich milk. Not liking to be laughed at by our colonial friends who are always ready to do so,I tried on a heifer just calyed. I took away the calf at once and she has proved a splendid milker, which increased con- siderably after the first week. I quite agree with Mr. Smith, the Government Dairy Expert, that heifers treated in this manner will not only milk better and give richer milk, but that they will milk much longer, and improve after every calf they have. This is not the only heifer I have tested, and it will not be the last, as 1am sure it will pay better to do as some of the milkmen do at home, where they keep cross-bred cows for milking only to kill the calyes when first born, or give them away to small cottagers to bring upon meal sub- stitute for milk instead of letting them suck the cows.” NOTES FROM A TRAVELLER'S DIARY. Asregards vegetable and fruit garden cultivation, the villages around Kelaniya and Kotta dis- tricts appear to stand pre-eminent in the low- country, and a large quantity of vegetables and fruits sold in the Colombo market is supplied from these villages. Most of the vegetables grown here are purely native, such as cucumber, snake-gourd, pumpkins, long beans, bandakka, different varieties of yams, &c. The villagers know that the cultivation of these pays them, and as there is always a ready market for the produce, they take to vegetable cultivation with earnestness. Betel cultivation is also carried on extensively in these districts, anda large quan- tity of the leaves is sent to different parts of the island, particularly to upeountry. Sugar- cane is also grown to a large extent, for which also a ready market is always found in Colombo and its suburbs. The principal fruits that are to be found here are oranges, pine apples, mangoes, bael fruits, custard apple, rambutans, &e. The oranges and pine apples grown in the Kotta district are noted for their sweetness. Plantains. are also grown in these districts to a fairly large extent, but not so extensively as in the villages bordering the Maha-Oya and its tributaries, from where cart-loads of plantain bunches are brought down to Colombo for sale and also transported to different parts of the island by rail. Another place where vegetable cultivation is the principal industry is a group of villages about 3 or 4 miles distant from Panadure on the Ratnapura road. Large quantities of native vegetables, such as snake-gourd, cucumber, ban- dakka, &e., are systematically cultivated here and transported for sale to Galle, Bentota, Co- lombo, &e. Of these villages Pamunugama and Alubomulla take the lead, and I was particularly struck with the large acreage of snake-gourd plantations which line the road at the tormer place. I have never seen a place where snake- gourd is so extensively and systematically cul- tivated as here. The owvta Jands in these vil= lages have a rich soil and are well adapted for vegetable cultivation, and the people appear to take to it in earnest. Snake-gourd is planted in holes, about 38 or 4 feet apart, previously occupied by some other crop, such as cucumber, bandakka, &c., and are trained on sticks asin the case of the betel vine. A pandal is constructed on the top by tying sticks together with long coir rope, and the creepers find ample space for growth and production of fruits cn this pandal, The appearance of such a field of snake- gourd with a profusion of snowy white flowers and with long ashy-coloured fruits hanging from the top is very pleasing to the eye. I have so far staied the facts as they would appear to any casual observer, but when one looks more deeply into the state of affairs, he is surprised that much more is not done in these districts with a view to supplying the market more regularly with fruits and vegetables of a superior quality. Most.of the vegetable gardens in the town of Colombo are in the hands of Coast Tamils, and they are good in their own 712 Supplement to the « Tropical Agriculturist.” [April 1, 1895. ————— ee way. Experiments in the cultivation of various English vegetables are, 1 believe, carried on at the School of Agriculture, and it would be inter- esting to know which of such are suited for the lowcountry, and whether they could be grown with profit by our goiyas. Now that the Alfred Model Farm at Kanatte jhas been given over to the School of Agriculture, we hope for great things in the future. The experiments hitherto carried on in the School grounds could now be extended, and the ‘“will-it-pay” question fully demonstrated and established. A real model vegetable garden near the town of Colombo is a great desideratum. The Alfred Model Farm which is to be worked in connection with the School of Agriculture will, it is hoped, supply this want, and be the means of improving the quality of vegetables supplied to the Colombo market. $$$ ——___—__ THE PREPARATION OF ESSENCES. ( Concluded. ) The preparation of essences is an industry of warm climes, for most of the plants which yield the material for its preparation thrive only jn tropical or sub-tropical countries only. In Grasse, Nice and Cannes in Kurope it is carried on to a more or less large extent. In India the natives extract essences from certain plants, and this is done at present generally in a crude way. The extraction of essence by expression is only feasible with such materials as contain a large percentage of oil. The skins of oranges citrons and other aurantious fruits are examples. The parts rich in essence are subjected to pres- sure in specially constructed presses, when a mix~ ture of the essential oil along with a large percen- tage of water is obtained. This is allowed to repose till the olly and light substance appears on the top when itis decanted off and the water thrown away. Machinery of various forms is used for the purpose of peeling the skins of the fruits in order to expedite the operation, but in what- ever manner the peeling is done, the method re- mains the same. Distillation is of ancient origin, and up to a recent date only a crude form of still and condenser was used for the purpose; the still, generally made of clay, being heated by an open fire and the vapour collectd and cooled in the other vessels. In manufacturing essences out of delicate plants, the interior of the still is divided into two portions by a diaphragm pierced with holes and the plants or flowers ar- ranged over it whilst the lower partition is filled with water. When the still is heated the steam carries With it the essential principles of the materials thus spread, and is as usual collected in vessels kept cool. However good distillation may be in the case of certain plants and flowers, it does not answer well in every case, for there are certain essential oils which when subjected to a ‘temperature of 100°. C. decompose easily, hence maceration has to be adopted in such instances. Maceration is performed by dipping the plants &e., to be treated in fine fat or oil and sub- jecting it to a mild heat, when the essence or the ‘perfume is easily taken up by the fat. The essence is extracted from’the scented fat by means of alcohol. This process is carried on in different “ways according to the circumstances of the manu- | facturers, in some places highly complicated ma- chinery being used. A means that will recom- mend itself to those who cannot invest in costly machinery is the cloth frame. The Scienti- jic American Encyclopedia describes it as fol- lows:—Upon an iron frame a piece of white spongy cotton cloth is stretched and then mois- tened with almond or olive oil: onthe cloth is placed a thin layer of the fresh plucked flowers. Another frame is similarly treated, and in this way apile of themis made. In twenty-four or thirty hours the flowers are replaced by fresh ones, and this is repeated every day or every other day until seven or eight different lots of flowers have been consumed, or the oil is suffi- ciently loaded with their odour. The oil is then obtained from the cotton cloth by powerful pressure, and is placed aside in bottles to eettle, ready to be decanted into others for sale, Some- times, thin layers of cotton wool, slightly mois- tened with oil are employed instead of cotton cloth. The native perfumers of India prepare their scented oils in the following manner :—A layer of the scented flowers about four inches thick and two feet square is formed on the ground, over this is placed a layer of moistened Sesamum (tala) seeds two inches thick, and on this another four inch layer of flowers: over the whole a sheet isthrown which is kept pressed down by weights attached at the edges. The flowers are replaced with fresh ones after the lapse of twenty-four hours and the process is repeated a third and even a fourth time when a highly-scented oil is desired. The swollen Se- samum seeds, rendered fragrant by contact with the flowers, are then submitted to the action of the press by which the bland oil is obtained, strongly impregnated with the aroma of flowers. The solution of a few grains of Benzoice acid in any of the oils materially retard the acces- sion of rancidity if it does not prevent it altogether. W, A.D, Stee ee EARLY PADDY AND ITS CULTIVATION, [By PRASANNA NATH LAHIRL] As rice is a very important article of com- merce anid is consumed by a considerable portion of the human race, a few notes on its cultiva- tion, based upon the results of a series of ex- periments conducted by me in my own farm may not be uninteresting to your readers. It is said that paddy, as the rice husk is called, in its wild state, is a native of this country, and that its cultivation has been carrried on here from time immemorial, to such an extent that Indian farm- ers have little or nothing to learn about it. An experienced and accurate botanist, Mr. C. B. Clarke, has said that the hereditary cultivators possess a marvellous intuitive knowledge in re- cognising the different forms of rice and, what is far more surprising, that they can pick up a handful of dry grain and affirm that it would be more suitable toa particular method of culti- vation and soil, while they reject an almost precisely similar grain as unsuitable. With all their knowledge and intuition in the matter of the successful culture of this valuable crop, - ee ta | Apeil 1, 1 895. Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” 713 the, native husbandmen, following, their stereo- ‘typed system of cultivation, are. still in the ‘dark abyss of ignorance, and remote from those rational principles which have held up agricul- ture as an important science in the eyes of the civilised world. Not only are their implements ‘of the rudest and'most primary type, but they are hardly alive to the necessity of giving nour- ishment to the soil to bear the'strain of yielding ‘continuous crops. Had not India been blessed with a very rich and fertile soil, interspersed with a net-work of navigable rivers and canals, ‘which annually overflow a large portion of the cultivable area, replenishing with a plentiful deposit of silt the exhaustion caused by culti- ‘vation, it would not be capable of supplying what little it does as food for its famished population. The paddy plant belongs tothe natural order of grass, of which wheat, barley, oats, rye, etc., ‘are the species. It is of the genus oryza, akin to the Arabic Aruzz (rice), or to the Indian uro, “ wild rice.” The cultivated paddy is bo- tanically named oryza sativa, aud has its habitat in the swamps and marshes of the tropical region. It is now extensively cultivated, not only in India, but in America, Africa, China, Japan, Spain, Italy, and even in Australia. Humboldt found it wild in the Himalayas, but Dr. Roxburgh assigned its origin to some place in the Telegu country in Madras, while ‘M. De Condolle: considered it to be of China. _In the face of such wide difference of opinion ag to the probable country of its nativity, it is impossible to determine correctly from the data already in hand the true piace of its birth. ‘Carolina rice, which is considered the best variety of rice at present known, and is in great demand in the European, market is only an improved variety of the Madagascar rice—how and when it was introduced into that solitary island is not known at all. The numerous cultivated varieties of rice found in this country may be classed in three groups, namely, first, aus, or the early autumn crop ; secondly, the amun, or the winter crop; and thirdly, the doro, or the spring crop, but the botanical division is other- wise. A further classification is, however, pro- posed by some, according as the crop is raised by the help of more or less water. The aus and the oro varieties are not so extensively cultivated as the other, which, is therefore, considered the main crop, and one that supplies the best table rice of the Europeans. The aus and the boro are only cultivated by the ryots for home con- sumption in time of need, as they are less de- pendant upon rain water and inundation, and are therefore less liable to failure. If, however, the better varieties are gradually introduced— amongst them being the early paddy, such as is found in the districts of Dinagepore and Maldah —and their culture systematically carried on, they should come into use among well-to-do people in Bengal, at least in a year of drought. Last year I obtained through the good offices of a friend of mine, a couple of maunds of the Dinagepore aus paddy seed, locally known as Banafuli rice, and had it experimented upon in my farm with different manures and in different ways, and tested the result with the ordinary but coarser paddy of this district. | | it fit In conducting the experiments I had three objects in view, viz. tosee which manures gives the largest yield, to compare dibbling with broadcast sowing, and fo ascertain the relative outturn of the finer and the coarser varieties. The land I selected for the purpose had only previously been cropped with potato, wheat, and vegetables. It had lain waste for over twenty years, and had become over-grown, therefore, with a luxuriance of vegetation so I had to undergo much expense and labour to make for cultivation. The plots on which potato was grown had been well-manured with a.mixture of bone-meal and cowdung and with each of them. separately ; the wheat plot and only a top dressing of saltpetre; while the other was without any manute. I divided the experimental plots thus, each with an are a equal to 1-60th of an acre :— No. I Bonemeal and' cowdung (Banafuli) No. Ia do (Coarse) No. IL Bonemeal only (Banafuli) No. Ila do (Coarse) No. IIT Cowdung only (Banafull) No. IIIa do (Coarse) No. IV Without manure (B) No. IVa do (C) No. V do (B) No. Va do (C) No. VI do (B) No. Via de (C) Banafult, it must be stated, is the finest variety of the early paddy that I have ever seen. It has ivory-white grain. when husked, is scented, and is fit for competition with the best. of the winter crop. The previous cropping having rendered the plots free of weeds and obstinate vegetation, [ gave only a few ploughings after the first shower of rain in April last: year to reduce them to the required tilth. The monsoon having burst rather late last year; I could not com- mence sowing till May following. All the plots from. I to Va had the seed dibbled four inches apart in» rows of the same distance, while Nos. VI and Via were sown broadcast. Dibbling required 42 1bs. of the coarser and 36 Ibs. of the finer variety per acre, while broadcasting required double the quantity. The seeds before being sown. were steeped for six hours in a mixture of camphor water and cow urine in the proportion of ten seers to one for every half a maund of seed. A small quantity of powdered sulphate of copper- was thrown over it and hurriedly mixed therewith. Then the whole was mixed with wood ashes of safficient quantity to soak the liquid from the seeds and make them fit for sowing. This precaution was taken to hasten germination and to preserve the seed from the attack of insect pests, in accordance with the directions contained in the valuable printed instructions of Mr. N. G. Mookerji, Agri- cultural Deputy Collector of Berhampore. The seedlings appeared on the third day, and ten days later they attained the height of six inches. As the plots had been embanked on all sides, rain water could not drain off, but was absorbed by the ground. A dose of saltpetre was applied to all plots down to No, 1Vq@ at the rate of 60 lbs. peracre, which gave them a fresh start, and ina fortnight the seedlings so multiphed themselves that there was scarcely any space visible between the plants and the rows. Little or no weeding having been deemed necessary, a 714 Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” 24 a we ee [April 1, 1895. the soil was at the early stage of the growth | otherwise promote conditions of soil and climate of the plants loosened with a hand rake or Dauh, as it was noticed that the heavy downpour of the season had already caked the earth and would have hindered the appearance of the shoots round the seedlings. Though the soil of the unmanured plots was also rich, having been recently reclaimed virgin soil, there was a marked difference in the luxuriance and general aspect of the plants in the manured and unmanured series. The dressing of saltpetre—of course crude, 2.e., mixed with common salt, to some extent as is generally found in the market— had a marvellous effect on them. By the end of July the ears appeared averaging in length | from 10 to 16 inches ; consisting of three to five branches. In due course the milky juice hardened into edible grain, and the plants unable to bear the burden, fell to the ground as if stricken by a hurricane. As soon asthe grains were found to be fully ripe, the plants were, in the last week of August, cut with a country scythe, leaving the stubble to rot and serve as manure for the crop. They were then made into bundles and | stacked onthe threshing floor. The subsequent operations were those that are generally observed by our country cultivators, treading by cattle and winnowing by means of strong wind or bam- boo fan. ‘The outturn of each plot was weighed and its quality compared. The yield from plot No. la stood highest, being 42 maunds per acre, that from No. 1 was greatest in its own class, 32 maunds 15 seers per acre. Bone dust and cow- dung plots gave almost an equal quantity. The outturn of the saltpetre plot was higher than that of the unmanured plot ; while the outturn of the plot on which broadcasting had been practised stood last. As for the quality of the crop grown from seeds of Dinagepore, I found them on a comparison with the parent stock to be. equal, if not superior. I am decidedly of opinion that this variety may successfully be introduced into this district, and may be used as a good substitute for the finer winter rice in time of drought. The careful selection of seed is avery necessary step in the improvement of indigenous agriculture, and ought to be a point for Government to impress upon the native husbandmen, pee GENERAL ITEMS. The relation that subsists between Forests and the resources of a country (says the Editor of the Cape Uolony Agricultwal Gazette) has of late years become well understood. Not merely do better management and conservation re- sult in securing a considerable revenue from the sale of timber and other products, but the existence and influence of forests most favour- ably affect the productiveness ofa country. This may be seen even in the limited extent to which plantations have been made on farms in Australia, and even in this country. But the evidence is on a much larger scale where, as in some old countries, the destruction of forests has been followed in after years by greatly decreased crops and almost barrenness of soil. Forests ame- liorate the climate, conserve the rainfall, and , favourable to cultivation. The following from the Live Stock Journal goes to recommend the practice, common among the natives of Ceylon, of keeping poultry in the open:—“ A very strikingexample of the advantage of keeping poultry in the open, in place of shutting them up in confined runs, was given at the last Birmingham Show. Captain Heaton, who is well known as. a most. successful breeder of various , kinds of live-stock appertaining to the farm, is also an enthusiastic and most successful breeder | of fancy poultry. His present devotion is-to the modern show game birds, in which tightness and brilliancy of feather and hardness of condition are ii dispensable to success in the show pen. Of these he breeds a very large number in the neigh- bourhood of Worsley, but, in consequence of the depredations of poultry thieves, he had them all brought in from their runs; after making a selec- - | tion of the best, he killed off all but fifty. He | then found that for those that were reserved as likely to produce prize-winners he had only room for thirty-four, and the other sixteen were turned loose in the coverts to take their chance, roosting in the trees, and exposed to the weather and the changes of temperature incidental to such a life. Breeders of fancy poultry who coddle up their birds in close houses, where the pure air of heaven can rarely reach them, would, doubtless, have thought this fatal to success, and will be surprised to hear that the two birds with which - Captain Heaton took the champion cup at Bir- mingham and the fourth prize, selling them after- wards for £100 a piece, were two of those that had not been reared on foul soil and in tainted air of poultry runs and houses, but had roosted like pheasants in the trees till sent to the show, where, in their splendid condition, they surpassed all their competitors. Verbum sap.” The Superintendent of Farms in the Bombay Presidency writes thus about a machine whicli can be seen at the School of Agriculture, hay- ing been loaned to the school by Messrs. W. H. Davies & Co., the Agents for the manufacturers : —“The Planet Junior combined hoe and plough I have found extremely useful in the cultivation of Guinea grass and potatoes; also in the last ploughing for sugar-cane and in ridging up,. preparatory to planting the sugar-cane sets. The last operation is commonly done by a native | plough yoked with four bullocks. The Planet Junior does the work better and more expedi- tiously. It is easily drawn by two bullocks. It costs R83 in India.” | It has been ascertained by experiments (says. the Agricultural Gazette, N.S.W.) that 1 acre of cowpeas turned uuder enriches the soil by 3970'38 lb. of organic matter, containing 64-95 1b. nitrogen with a manurial value of £2. ” —<—ss) We have to acknowledge with thanks the re-- ceipt of the fullowing ptblications:—The Magazines of ‘the Royal and S. Thomas’ College, “ Our Boys,” and Zhe Agricultural Gazette of Cape Colony. ; «| MONTHLY. be Vol. XIV.] COLOMBO, MAY 1st, 1895. [No. 11. A TRIP TO THE HORTON PLAINS AND NEW GALWAY DISTRICT. HORTON PLAINS REVISITED. O the city toiler no greater boon can come at this season of the year, than to ex- change the burning heat of Colombo for the fresh, eccol, air of the hills. The transfcr from a Fort office to an im- provised “sanctum” in @ cottage 6,300 feet above sea-level is truly invigor- ating and lifegiving. With an outlook on some of our grandest forest-clad hills and sur- rounded by flowery fragrance, work with the pen even, oughtto be pleasant and easy ; but, alas, our portion—apart from such daily portions and reviews as could be intermittently run off— has been to deal with of ‘*Statisties” and prepare them for incorporation volume, as well as in many consider and a& mass in a forthcoming otier dry, but necessary, ways, to sum up the present condition and jrospects of the Colony Not even the sight of The swan upon St. Mary's Lak2 Fioats double, swan and shadow,— coull drive poetry into such an occupation. there with proposal to repeat a visit to Horton Plains, by a new and much easier route than had travelled by on our first visit some 17 years We had, thea, for companions the ‘‘ Senior But came an interlude the welcome the one we azo. Elitor” and the energetic young Superintendent of Portswood, whose pistol and pony both did eood service in different ways. We started irom the oll Nuwara Eliya Resthouse on a January morning, and the shades of even- ing were falling before we reached the old Resthouse on the top of an exposed knoll at the farther end of the Plains. But we had not only walked most of the 18 or 20 miles, but had freely ‘“‘ diseoursed,” rested, and botanized after a limited fashion, by the way. The roll- ing patanas in contrast with forest-clad ‘‘sholas” and knolls, and the clear waters of the winding Ambewela and Elk Plains streams were specially enjoyed; the famous Kandyan ‘‘ella” redis- covered by Mr. John Bailey, when Assistant Agent for Uva, and Mr. Wm. (‘‘Billy”) Hall, P.W.D., with the tunnel at Padipola (the only one of native construction) was a special object of interest; and no less were the magnificent views as we climbed the side of Totapola until at a vantage point 1,000 feet higher we had a splendid panorama of the Nuwara Eliya town and plains, laid out as if at our feet. These, anl many more incidents of the ‘long ago,” came back to us with the mention of Horton Plains, and although in planning the excursion, one could not help thinking,— O for the touch of a vanish’d hand And the sound of a voice that is still ;— yet one could not long be dull in the midst of glad young voices and eager anticipations ; and the opportunity for clearing the cobwebs from the brain with a good bit of pedestrian work and climbing in our highest regions, was irresistible. From Nuwara Eliya we drove to Nanuoya to catch the early morning train to Ohiya. This train carries visitors from Nuwara Eliya (as well as night travellers from Colombo) to Ban- breakfast—that is ‘© slips °— darawela, in time for a late when there is no interruption train had including years’ absence from such a party Mr EB. YT. from from the and our Sanatarium Delmege. After seven the Mr. Delmege saw great changes in the plant- his first island, ing districts, and, of course, this was trip on the Uva line, Climbing through Ab- botsford and the Gorge estates, the outlook from Great Western to the Bopats, backed 416 Talankande, the Duke’s Nose, and Rilagalla was adinired ; and the very pretty waterialls on the river at the head of the Gorge as it emerges from the patanas and drops down framed by forests were watched with en- joyment. Some of the finest tree ferns in the island—one 60 feet high—were discovered in the ravines running into this Dimbula gorge, during the period of railway construction. AMBEWELA STATION looked as quiet and traflicless as usual—a standing disgrace to the Government which established a station in the patana without a road to the district whose traffic it was in- tended to ‘serve. But of this more anon. Farther, on, Pattipola or Summit Level— although with no station,—has really more life from being still Mr. Waring’s headquarters with some of the Railway staff, than has Ambewela. Very soon we rush through the dividing tunnel—which receives the %.-W. monsoon in the one end, and the N.-E. in the .- other—and every one is_ eager for the first view over the Uya amphitheatre ; but, alas! it is limited by palls of cloud, though glimpses are caught of the distant ranges, and the rolling patanas in the fore- ground stand out brilliantly green, while “ Happy Valley” true to its name, is, as always, marked by sunshine, even when the clouds are everywhere else round about it. Ar- rived at OHIYA, we had the climb to the forester’s bungalow where there was a rest until the afternoon train brought the second detachment of our party including the Manager of Abbotsford with a party of coolies destined to prepare a building and forest lot on Horton Plains for certain ornamental plants. In the early afternoon, however, after some mar- vellous cloud effects over patana, forest, and hill ranges—which would have delighted a Turner or a Ruskin—the rain began to fall as it had done the day before, and so heavily that our Ohiya friends considered it would he very un- pleasant, if not risky, to attempt the trip that evening. The risk was of dense mist falling over the plains and so rendering the slight grassy pathway undistinguishable, while bogey holes, marshes and bad crossing-places over the stream are numerous. There arrived at the bungalow, however, in the midst of the rain, a little boy of 9 or 10 years, who had walked from Halduin- mulla and was bent on going on that afternoon to his grandfather, the pensioned Madras Eurasian formerly of the P.W.D., who is now in charge of Horton Plains Resthouse. With this tiny youngster prepared to brave mists and bogs, it seemed absurd to hold back, and the rain having essened, our party made a start about 4 p.m. up the sheer ascent by the jungle path from Ohiya. THE CLIMB did not prove so formidable as was anticipated ; the murmur of waters accompanied us most of the way, but there was no trying crossing-place; while the rain ceasing, the cloudy afternoon and shade of the moss and creeper-clad jungle made the ascent all the easier to the eight pedestrians (five being young ladies); and_ the dozen coolies made light of their burdens. Not- withstanding some little botanizing by the way, half-an-hour sufficed to see the jungle left be- hind and the Plains lying before us. Ohiya railway station being 5,833 feet above sea-level, and 1 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. s ” ; [May 1, 1895. HORTON PLAINS 7,000 to 7,200 feet, the climb on _ this side to the edge of the plain is at least one of 1,200 feet; but it is accomplished in, we should say, not much more than a mile, certainly in 14 mile. On the other hand, the old route via the side of Totapola in- volves a much longer journey, though more gradual rise; but it carries the traveller over a ridge some 200 to 300 feet above the plains before the descent into them is begun. AJ) this is saved on the Ohiya side, as there is no range or ridge higher than the Plains to be surmounted. But, while the climb ‘ocenpiel say three- tourths of an hour, the journey over the suc- cessive divisions of the patanas to the Resthouse took double that time and had we not been favoured with a fine afternoon, the rain-clouds clearing away, our experience from the bogey character of many parts of the track and the uncertain river-crossings, might have been very annoying. As it was, a few slips imto marshy parts or bog-holes afforded just the Jittle variety required to give point to the general enjoy- ment; while as we wound round ‘patana atter vatana bordered by forest along the outward voundary or diversified by forest-clad rounded knolls of some extent, admiration for the beauty of the scene—lonely, but lovely—could not but burst forth. Horton Plains are far more exten- sive and diversified than those of Nuwara Eliya, even if Moon and Barrack Plains be included in the latter. A length of 245 miles with a width of 14 mile ought to represent the extreme limits in the case of the latter; while Horton Plains must be over 5 by 3 miles in the longest and widest parts respectively. Our journey by the Ohiya pathway carried us diagonally across one side of the plains towards the Resthouse. Again and again were we reminded of the re- semblance of secluded valleys to portions of a nobleman’s park in old England. Some of us were reminded of the grounds around Hat- field House and Panhanger. The grass had recently been burnt oft, no doubt at the in- stance of sportsmen to benefit the elk (for vil- lagers’ cattle never come so high) and the ten- der green growth was just beginning to appear. We stopped again and again to admire clumps of a graceful feathery bamboo with a tiny stem, or grand bushes of berbery, glorious in yellow bloom, far richer than any in Nuwara Eliya, under shelter of the forest, and passing under some some of the forest-clad knolls, a clear though brief echo afiorded amusement. At other points more especially near the stream in moist shel- tered nooks, interesting if not rare ferns were collected and a delicate moss peculiar to this region. The forest was not so rich in orchids as around Nuwara Eliya; but the display of lichens, lycopodiums and inosses generally, was far beyond anything seen lower down. But the greatest treat in this respect was reserved for next muorning’s wanderings towards the ‘‘ world’s end” and on the return journey up the side of Tota- pola, where old gnarled trees assuming fantas- tic shapes were found clad nearly from root to summit in the thickest of velvety mosses of the richest russet and yellow colours! But we must not forestall. It was close on 6).m. when our party passed from their own narrow grassy track, to the junction of the well-detined bridle-paths leading to Nuwara Eliya and West Haputale respectively, a little below ; oe May 1, 1895.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 717 Sr nn nn nnn CEU tttIdttItUIESNSISa a THE HORTON PLAINS RESTHOUSE, there being further bridle-paths leading off South- wards to Bilhooloya and Westwards to Dimbula or via the Bopatalawas to Dikoya. The present Resthouse is very different to the old one in which we lay during a night in January 1877 with the wind whistling through the rafters and the cold rarified air forbidding sleep. That building—a chimney alone marks the spot—was placed on the top of a bare knoll overlooking a fine reach of the river and with reference entirely to scenic effect. Its far more commodious and conifort- able successor has been placed inside the forest on a lower but neighbouring knoll, so as to secure all the shelter possible from the fierce storms of wind and rain which each monsoon sends sweeping across Horton Plains. The site, with this purpose in view, is exceedingly well chosen. Like its predecessor, it is: placed nearer to the Bilhooloya than the Nuwara Eliya end of the Plains and for this. reason, perhaps, among others, namely that this region is in the Sabaragainuwa, rather than the Central, Pro- vince, is ‘“‘administered” from Ratnapura-—some 50 to 60 miles off—rather than from Nuwara Eliya 18 miles distant. It is time THIS ANOMALY was rectified. a part of the Dikoya and all the Maskeliya plant- ine districts were included in the Western (there was then no Sabaragamuwa) Province ; and it was only in Governor Sir Charles Mac- Carthy’s tine that the boundary was altered at the instance of the late Messrs. Worms who, having purchased the block of forestland now known as Norwood plantation, declared that they would not accept the title-deecs and survey from Government unless the place was described as in the Central Province! ‘‘ Who cares to buy coffee land in the Western Province ?” was the indig- nant query of Mr. Gabriel Worms, which led the Government to alter the boundary to the Adam’s Peak and Bogawantalawa ridges. It is an object of the smallest possible consequence, financially, to either the Central or Sabaragamuwa Provinces in which of them Horton Plains be included ; but as a mere matter of administrative as well as public convenience, it is far more sensible to add the district to the Nuwara Eliya Agency. Wecame upcountry on the present occasion fortified with Mr. Le Mesurier’s admirable Manual of the Nuwara Eliya district and Mr. Herbert White's interesting compilation for Uva; but in neither asa matter of course (and yet to our disappoint- ment) is there the slightest reference _ to the Horton Plains, although as a matter of course what is said about the Nuwara Eliya vegetation and flora by Mr. Nock, about the fauna, gen- logy, &e., is specially applicable to the higher recion. Meantime, when is Mr. Wace or his Assistant Mr. Freeman, to fulfil the responsibilities of their position by issuing a MANUAL FOR SABARAGAMUWA including Horton Plains? Revenons a nos moutons—which reminds us that visitors are not as a matter of course, to depend on the : HORTON PLAINS RESTILOUSE for provisions, or even bedding : although in the vase of individual travellers their requirements, especially in the ‘‘season” (January to April or May) can no doubt be met. The proper plan is, however, to send notice on by cooly a day or two in advance; or safer still, where there We can remember when a great. is a party, to carry ample provision for both the outer andinner man. This having been done in our case, with due notice in advance and a request for fires, the evening spent in the Rest- house was a specially comfortable one for the party of eight, there being altogether two com- modious and two small bedrooms, apart from a large room with several couches and independent of the dining room. The P.W.D. pensioner, old Mr. May (originally from Madras) in charge of the resthouse is helped by his son, and they do their best for visitors, and seem fairly well-satisfied with their lot, although it must be a dreary as well as lonely one from June round almost to De- cember, save for the occasional visit of a hunt ing party of planters. ‘For 28 days at a time,” said the younger man, ‘‘we have never seen the sun”—that is during the burst of the South-west monsoon when for weeks there is almost unceasing vain anda fierce breeze inter- spersed with thunder and lightning. To watch THE SUN RISE over the Eastern range and gradually lighten up the plains, dissipating the mists in the valleys which gracefully curled upwards and disappeared, was one of our greatest treats on the present visit. No doubt there were scores of elk and other jungle denizens out on the patenas during the night; but at the first streak of dawn they retire out of sight and we saw nothing more notable than a jungle hen, The early morning revealed the beauties of THE GARDEN laid out in front and at the sides of the rest- house and well-stocked with attractive flowers as well as ornamental trees, very much due, we believe, to the publio spirit of Mr. T. Farr of Bogawantalawa. One of our party recently returned from honie, declared that ‘such splendid hydrangeas were not to be seen anywhere elsé in Ceylon or even in the old country; these and white foxgloves especially attracted the ladies, as well as the irises, carnations, roses; ivyclad trees and the poréh covered with pas- sion fruit, tactonia and roses. ) a iO neh PF ep pig OD BY nad ANRRSSSSonmeHS soo 5 SSeS GEEE REE =] Sows 2S =) 3| |SSSESARS8S SRE 7, SrA OONNDER Ram WOR A ok escsocos Bases Beeass Fee 7 od ° oe AS ae 4 Om DODD ONN mm mM Deo ey on sSSSssssccoesce es 2 SMA AAA AAA AE oo ZS im ak SSSsssszesse Bee (a) Bik SEAN @ cies ees HHAAHHASERS 5 Bs AS Sass eSRe aos aS cian ~ in Bo os OID OOOO Mm 3 62 SoH SH Se er an — 5 ae s ~ ed 25 sesssesessse $82 = 5 an y WAsoenoon $9 6 “Zo OD CS meaaAae ae Gee = 4 es Bue Sask Bn oe | ier | Cease Yoos#oowco na lama | | OF S.5 - 0 és BAD'S ooeeseoe ooo oSs 4 Bae? PHHHHSHHSH S55 SHS . tA = Bee S sum nip ey mh ° AnttwdtaiHsHaindan aos i>] So = Ad Le 9 See : Mey Roneseseun sks Ss GB asad God Ga OD aa GSN aS | SAO t=) 3 @e0o0090 eo 2 208 SZS33 S329 38 $38 S Ss) Ss DS 1. S of 1» Neer Oe) a] SNSSSOMise ones Sie MMA ss this = ani} oy sIBSRASASARALS RBs E Pi eo S 2 S S ES .-5 Be grave amr pet eS HOw i cH loita) Bs Be ohn aasiegesssa Sa6 Lse= eocoogooego w S23 HSS SSS Se 232 223 — Be ae < S of DY risoNnwoowNannd A> Pm CME SSRRARRAAS BAB i=) A ro) ie) BS BrLoonsoocon Ne} ~ 5 = MSSSSSSSSRsss Ba i i=) ©220900900000 BS) Beles cere eee 22e i) ‘ SSoconwepcon ° SQ ire HOA awnon Re) . SMBH GASSSSRRS RSS 55 eeeee 2ccke ce hore i= sOOoCSCwMMoMooornoo osca OSH HH HH HH a OD Ht OD 08 oo f se aris naa : CC ae Ne} (or) — ° ice} ea - grt A MM June July Aug. se 0 Noy, Dec Jan. Feb. March CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA, We attract attention to the letters which appear on page 745 from Mr. T. A. Cockburn who, with Mr. Bierach, is working indefatigably in the cause of our teas in the Great Republic. Just as Mr, Rierach has gone to no little trouble and work over the Atlanta Exhibition in the Southern States, in the hope Ceylon will be there represented, so is Mr. Cockburn working for representation in ‘Canada’s Great International Exhibition,” May 24th to October 3]st, 1896. We trust sin- cerely that the services of both gentlemen will be fully utilised and that a Ceylon Tea Court at least, may put an appearance at every Exhi- bition in North America for some years to come- —To this end, we hope Mr. Win. Mackenzie may see his way to saa of Mr. Bierach’s Court and scheme for the Atlanta Exposition, seeing the total cost is put down at no more than £2,000, provided official recognition is got for the Agent employed. If a similar amount would sutlice for next year’s Canadian Show, we think in both cases, the money would be well spent. The scheme which Mr. Cockburn outlines in his letter to the Delegates has, to our mind, much to commend it—more especially in reference to making an appearance at the several Expositions as well asto the minor Pure Food State Shows, and to have a staff of native servants, to be employed in Store demonstrations when there is neither Exposition nor State Show on. We think this is all very sensible anc much to the point; but of course, Mr. Melville White and the Committee of .Thirty ean decide on nothin until they have their Delegate’s Hempel an recommendations. We have no doubt Mr. Win. Mackenzie is busily employed and will lose no time in sending Eastward the result of his in- quiries, consultations and observations.—One thing we may notice however: it is rumoured that Mr. T. A. Cockburn has got into somewhat bad odour through his connection with the notorious Foster. The connection—a_ perfectly inno- cent one as the result clearly shows—has certainly been a most unfortunate one for Mr. Cockburn ; but let it not be forgotten that the Chicago Commissioner was also deceived in the man, and that Mr. Cockburn separated from him as soon as he could—indeed too soon, for ‘he gave over his hold on the Ceylon Government property on a paper guarantee which has proved of no value. But again, let it be noted by the Delegate and Committee of Thirty that Mr. Cockburn, so far from shirking his obli- gations to the Government, has been, like the honourable man he is, paying up the loss to the Government caused by the default of Foster. Mr. Cockburn is an ex-Ceylon planter whom we have long known as an upright, m- telligent man, and it is on that account alone we write as we have done above. It is very necessary to bear in mind what Mr. Cockburn says about Expositions in different States in the American Republic Rens equal to the same in different countries in Europe—in Rus- sia, Spain, Germany, and so on—so large is the area to be dealt with. i SS ‘ PLANTING IN Fig1.—An esteemed Ceylon planter who has been a long time resident in Fiji, does not send us a yery encouraging report in his letter elsewhere ; how much has Ceylon and_ its lanters and cultivators generally, to be thankful or, in its exemption from hurricanes, cyclongs — and. typhoons. ~ o Oe May 1, 1895.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURINDT. 757 VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. LIBERIAN COFFEE IN SUMATRA.—We call atten tion to the very interesting second letter from our correspondent in Sumatra, an old and well- known Ceylon planter. What the writer tells us about the growth of, and crops on, Liberian coffee trees and the prospects before planting- capitalists generally in the district, is certainly encouraging.—Tea planters anxious for ‘green manure” for their tea should take note of what is said about ageratum: of course the indis- pensable condition is that it should be hoed or dug in before seeding. LIBERIAN COFFEE AND PULPING.—Messrs: Walker, Sons & Co., Ltd., are issuing a very instruc- tive ecireular (given with April’s Tropical Agri- culturist) om this subject which cannot fail to be of interest to all growers ot Liberian Coffee, to whom the difficulty of securing a_ satisfactory “pulping” and consequently, economic prepar- ation, has hitherto been much of a puzzle. After ten years of attention, the problem has been solved at the Colombo Iron Works, and pulpers are now available in four sizes and correspond- ing prices. The cireular, which also deals with Liberian Coffee Sieves, Peelers, and Sizers, was bound up with the Zropical Agriculturist for April. THE SCALE INSECT’S (GREEN Buc’s) ENEMY.— To Mr. P. D. G. Clark we are indebted for a copy of a paper by Henry Tryon (of Queensland ?) writ- ten in September 1892 on this little beetle which has done such good service in Australia as well as California. We quote the paper (4 pages) else- where, but meantime may mention that the scientific name of the lady-bird is ‘‘Cryptolemus Mon- trouzieri’’—the first from two Greek words meaning “hidden scythe,” the second from its discoverer. Although a conspicuous object in its larval con- dition, it is, fortunately, never itself consumed by insectivorous birds. It has cleared the bunya-bunya and auricaraceous trees growing about Brisbane of bug (coccus) and saved their lives, justas it has saved the orange groves in California. PASSARA PLANTERS’ ASSOCIATION.—We are in- debted to Mr. Philby, the Secretary, for a copy of the minutes of a general meeting of this Association which will be found in another column. One of the most important subjects in the district is that of roads, and it seems to have been very fully discussed at the meeting in view of statistics collected by the Secretary as to the quantity of rice and produce trans- ported. Two social matters agreed upon were the starting of a Club and the entertaining of Mr. Geo. Thomson as a mark of respect on leaving the district. Messrs. Stewart-Taylor and Crabbe have been elected to the Cominittee, and we are sure they will prove very efficient. members. An improvement in the accom- modation at the Badulla Hospital seems to be much needed and wehope that it will receive the favourable consideration of the authorities. Another building which is required is a resthouse at Naminacooly Gap. The Chairman spoke heartily in support of the Benevolent Fund and it was agreed that a subscription list should be sent round, TypHoip FrverR AND LIVER ABSCESS—are in danger sometimes of being confounded. THE AMSTERDAM MARKET. Our Amsterdam -correspondent reports that the 6,009 packages of Java cinehona bark will be offered for public sule on April 4th contain the equivalent of 23,854 kilos of Sulphate of quinine, which gives an average percent- age of manufacturing bark of 4°91. The to weight of the bark to be offered is 494,477 kilos.—Chemist and Druggist Sais act elt otans BRAZIL COFFEE NOTES. A New York telegram of the 22nd says that the coffee deposits belonging to Messrs. Ar- buckle Brothers have been reduced to ashes, the losses being estimated at one million dol- ars.—Ltio News. ef Jl eee A HAILSTORM IN ASSAM. Talup, one of the Assam frontier gardens, suffered badly, from a storm. The roof of t e tea-house was blown off. ‘Che house was new, being built last year, and the hail did some damage. There is also a story going round that two windows were blown out of different sides of the Assistants’ bungalow and into the roofless tea-house. There was only one paneof glass broken and the distance is said to be about 350 yards.—Planter, April 6. —_—-—— > ————— THE PROJECTED JAVA QUININE- FACTORY. Quinine and Chemical The prospectus of the “Java forthcoming) at Factory,” which is to be built (capital Bandong, in the centre of the principal cinchona-growing district of the island, has at last been publishe The capital of the company is 1,000,000 florins (about 85,0007), in 1,000 shares of 1,000 florins each. The object of the company is the manufacture and sale of quinine and other chemicals. The factory is expressly prohibited from entering into engagements or contracts of any kind with any other quinine-factory. All that is now required be- fore the factory can commence operations is an under- taking on the part of the cinchona-growers to supply their output exclusively to it for a detinite period.— Chemist and Druggist. TRAMWAYS ON MOUNTAIN ROADS. (From London “ Engineer.”) We observe in a colonial journal mention ofa problem which we believe will be somewhat difti- eult of solution. It is not only within the United Kingdom that the need of some system for railway feeding is just now engaging atten- tion. In India, as we know, that is one of the most prominent features of the day. The condi- tions existing in that empire differ greatly from those that have to be dealt with in this country. Similarly those that prevail in many of our most important Colonies differ from those of India ; and it is these that are now occupying consider- able space in their local journals. It is not ne- cessary that we should specify any particular one f these Colonies. In all of them wherein plant- ing operations are extensively carried on by iuropeans the needs and conditions are the same, or sufficiently nearly so to make their require- — ments as to feeding lines closely identical. In all oi thei, as the rule, the natural conditions are pretty _ much the same. ‘heir coast lines haye been mainly — formed by the detritus brought down from the hills by streams having their sources among the lat This has formed a fringe of the flat land, varyin from thirty to forty miles in width, between the Mav 1,°1895.] seaboard and the foot of the mountains upon which alone Europeans can reside and pursue their plant- ing industries. It follows that to reach the centres of trattic collection the railway lines from the coast have to be carried through very rugged country to high elevations. The features of the hills, there- fore, dominate the selection of route. This cannot be varied so as to come into touch with all the estates the railway is required to serve. Owing to this it is generally the case that stations have to be located at considerable distances from the points of production. The produce of estates has, in conse- quence, to be carted, often for many miles, over roads of steep gradient to reach the railways. Heavy charges are from this cause imposed upon the planters, while during the crop season the supply of carts is far below the amount required. It is for the foregoing reasons that the ques- tion to which we have referred is now occupying the attention of our planting colonists. They ask if it would not be possible to devise means whereby the cost and risk of this intermediate transport might be materially lessened. As we have ‘written, this demand creates a problein not easy to be solved off-hand. Most of the roads that have to be traversed abound in very seyere gradients and wind with sharp curves around the spurs of the mountains. How, it is asked, can some system of light railways or tramways be laid along such roads? Manifestly, considering how widely the estates are spread, it can only be a cheap system that will meet the requirements of planters. How can this be made consonant with the conditions we have named? So far as we are aware, tramway lines or railways of a light and cheap class have never yet been attempted under simi- lar conditions. We are without data, there- fore, upon which to start with. Given gradients rising, we may assume from what is known to us, to 1 in 10 or 12, coincidently with curves of but a very few yards radius, the difticulties that must attend any attempt to utilise roads of such a description for any kind of rail haulage as yet experimented with niust be various and great. We can by no means admit, how- eyer, that they will be deemed to be unconquerable. At first sight some kind of rack railway would seem to be demanded if steam is to be adopted as the motive power. But this description of line is exceedingly costly, and requires a constant stream of traffic to make it pay. Except for oc- casional stretches of relatively straight roads it would seem to be outside of consideration. Animal draught, which would the most readily lend itself to the peculiarities of formation, could scarcely meet the case, for it is the scarcity of draught animals that forms one of the grounds for the demand that has now arisen on tlie ingenuity of engineers. The cable — prin- ciple would be ill-adapted to the winding character of these hill roads. The solution of the problem will probably be found in some ap- plication of electric power. In all mountainous regions water power for generating this is almost always close at hand. The first cost of the elec- trie power would for this reason be the minimum as compared with that of any other description of haulage power that can be considered in con- nection with the problem that has to obtain so- lution. Further, by its employment any amount of power necessary to evercome the excessively steep gradients constantly to be met with could be secured, and the expenditure of electricity for the varying demand for this would only last so Jong as that demand was made. The trains yould of course be light, the speed may be rela- THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 761 tively slow, while the narrow gauge that could alone be laid along the mountain roads as at present constructed would lend itself to over- coming the excessively sharp curves that would have to be dealt with. But we must not pretend to attempt more in the way of suggestion as to how the case put before us may best be met. As we have said, the demand is of a wholly novel character, and may have to be inet by devices equally novel, and as yet untried. For this is not a casein any degree similar to those mountain ascents by rail- way that have before this been successfully over- come. ‘The necessities of the planters, and the restrictions imposed by these, make it, indeed, one sii generis. It seems to us that it can best be dealt with in the initiative by some of the co- lonial Governments that are interested offering a premium for the most likely designs for some selected route. The first essay should be re- garded as strictly experimental only. Should failure attend it, this would at least have served to furnish data on which to base a fur- ther trial ; and, as we conceive the experiment would be well worth what it might cost, for we can readily estimate the advantages that a successtul result would secure. Lines of the character we have described would probably be readily subscribed for by the owners of groups of estates not within easy approach to stations on the main lines of railway. They could furnish perfectly accurate estimates of the traffic that they could place on such feeding-lines, and they would therefore know with certainty beforehand the amount of outlay that might be justifiably made upon them. Already, as we are aware, contractors in this couutry are being approached upon this subject, and we think the attention ot inquirers generally may usefully be directed to this new field for the exercise of their ingenuity, —_—__>___—- STEAM ENGINE BOILERS AND SCALE, Tea Planter asks:—What should I putin my tea: nouse boiler to prevent the formation of scale, which I am told is carbonate of lime? The water here con- tains considerable lime, and forms a very hard white scale, which I would like to know some way of preventing. Answer.—You cannot prevent the deposit of scale, except by the use of pure water. Any scale formed can be softened and remoyed by the application of a half-pound, or so, of caustic soda to the feed water once a week or a fortnight, according to the amount of scale formed. Boil the caustic in the boiler for that working day, and then blow down and clean out the boiler. After one thorough cleaning, a little caustic soda every few days and blowing down a few inches twice or thrice the next day will keep the boiler in good order for three months or so, when again, a thorough cleaning will be. uecessary.— Ludian Engineer. ; —$—$—$—$_—_ Records oF THE GeEoLoGIcAL SurvEY or InpDIA— Vol. x xyiii, part 1 1895. Contents:—Annual Report of the Geological Survey of India and of the Geo- logical Museum, Calcutta, for the year 1894; The Cretaceous Pormation of Pondicherrb by H. Warth, D. Se., (Lubingen), Deputy Superintendent, Geo- logical Survey of India; Some early allusions to Barren Island, with a few remarks thereon, by F, R. Mallet, p.e.s., late Superintendent, Geological Survey of India; Bibliography of Barren Island and Narcondam, from L884 to 1894, with some remarks by F. R. Mallet, late Superintendent, Geo- logical Survey of India; Donations to the Museam j Additions to the Library. ¥.G.S., 762 ECHOES OF SCIENCE. Which is the largest forest ? American students of the subject are not agreed on the point. Canada has a forest in the Hudson Bay and Labrador region 1,000 by 1,700 miles in extent. Another great forest stretches from Washington State to Alaska. The Aiazon basin comprises perhaps 2,100 by 1,300 miles of forest. Central Africa has a forest region 3,000 miles from north to south, and of un- known width from east to west. Again, the ‘“taigas” and ‘‘urmans” or vast pine, larch, and cedar, forests of Siberia are 3,000 miles from east to west, and 1,000 from north to south. The natives call them ‘‘ places where the mind is lost.” We are glad to learn that the marvellous petrified forest of Apache County, Arizona, which was being desecrated by the unchecked com- mercial spirit, is in a fair way of being saved from wholesale destruction. The Arizona Legis- lative Assembly have presented a memorial to Congress, praying that the district be withdrawn from entry until such time as it can he pre- served to the nation as a public park.—-G/obe. — - <> —— “ENGLISH TEA.” The Home and Colonial Mail deals with what it sarcastically describes as ‘‘a brilliant sugges- tion” evidently culled from the Horticultural Review by the Westminster Gazette. ‘The extract from the latter is as follows :— “ Another suggestion for the depressed agriculturist. The tea plant will not grow in England, but an accli- matised shrub, the ‘Chimonanthus-fragrans,’ first brought from Japan to England by Admival Harvey, seems we gatherfrom the //orticuliural Leview, to pos- sess the essential requisites of tea. There are three or four varieties, all equally serviceable for making a be- yerage from the leayes, which is not much unlike the best green tea when milk and sugar are added. The shrvb, we are told, thrives well at Buckhurst Hill, Essex, Gerrard Cross, Bucks, on a sandy soil with a southern aspect, and ‘would do equally well in Kent, Sussex, Hants, Dorset, Devon, and Cornwall, where many thousand acres now vacant, or yielding unpro- ductive crops might be made serviceable and create a new and profitable industry. The Ceylon tea is threatening to drive the China tea out of the market ; it would be curious if ‘English tea’ should ultimately supersede both the products of China and Ceylon!” — Commenting on this the Home and Colonial Mail eA Th would indeed be ‘curious’ if English tea should ultimately supersede both the products of India, Cey- lon, and China ; the writer, by the way, has apparently never heard of India as a tea-producing country. We do not think much of this new and brilliant suggestion for depressed agriculturists at home, and can only imagine that the writer in the Horticultural Review, and he of the Il’estmanster, are having a joke at the depress- ed agriculturist’s expense.’ eo THE RIVALRY BETWEEN CEYLON AND INDIAN TEA. Glancing over a report of the annual meet- ing ot the Lungla Tea Company in the Home and Colonal Mail we find reference made to the rivalry between Ceylon and Indian tea. _ The Chairman (Mr. M. Fox) is reported to have said :— With the decline of China imports there was, he maintained, agood fortune for Indian tea, and he appre- hended no fear from Ceylon as a vival, as the length of tether in extending had, he thought, been reached. Mr. Tye suggested that the result of the war between Ghina and Japan might lead to the exploitation of the former country, which might then become a rival to India. ; The Chairman, in reply, stated that he was more afraid of Ceylon as a rival than China. t Eye cobkanded that Ceylon tea would neyer touch Judian in quality. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 1895. In reply to Mr. Seton, the Chairman stated that the satisfactory results of the past season were to be attri- buted to finer plucking, greater care in the tea house, and better machinery rather than to the fact that the season had been an exceptionally good one. The Chairman, in reply toa further questions express- ed his entire satisfaction with the labour question so far as the company was concerned, and maintained that great credit was due to the manager and his assistant. The system of cash payments three times a day was very popular. (May 7 —_—_—______ CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA. One of the warmest friends of Ceylon and Indian tea—Finley Acker, of Philadelphia—expresses the following opinion in reply to an editorial inquiry : ‘‘T think in the course of time Ceylon tea may be sold to a considerable extent as a straight tea, but I believe that people will only learn to like it gradually. In the great majority of cases where people are invited to drink Congou or Cey- lon tea for the first time, the usual exclamation is that they ‘don’t like the flavor.’ They think it has a rose flavor or an herby flavor. ‘“My opinionisthat forthe present the use of Ceylon tea in blending is, perhaps, the most prac- tical use to which it can be put ; and yet, even in blending, unless the party is willing to make a number of experiments in order to get perfect results, he may be greatly disappointed.” —Asmeri- can Grocer. But the Editor: of the Interstate Grocer published in St. Louis—the great rival to Chicago as a distributing centre—does not quite a with the above. He says :—‘‘ This is a personal opinion and one which, in view of the success attained by Ceylon and Indian teas in England during the past decade, is hardly warranted. The taste for tea is an acquired one and simply because the flavor of ar pe or Ceylon tea is more pronounced than the average run of unfermented Chinaor Japan tea there is noreason why the people of the United States should not ultimately show a preference for them. The statement that ‘‘ people will only learn to like Ceylon tea pate * is perfectly correct, but the general tone of the communica- tion is evidently intended to damn Ceylon tea with faint praise. The future of Ceylon tea in the United States will depend altogether on the methods adopted by the Ceylon tea planters for its introduction. There is no question as to its superiority over the average Japan tea and it will more than hold its own with China.” uy psa loop EB | be CEYLON TEAIN AMERICA: THE COMMITTEE OF THirty.—We call attention to the proceedings of this Committee reported. by Mr. Philip else- where. It is impossible to judge of the wisdom of several of the decisions recorded until the Delegate’s letters on which they are based, see the light. But we are unfeignedly sorry to see that a Ceylon Court at the Atlanta Exhibition is given up. We suppose the money required was considered toomuch to vote out of the fund for any one object. We only trust that the fund may be wisely used in other directions, and that on more time may be lost; for time is assuredl money to planting producers in a case of this kind. An essay describing a really DEA FN ESS + genuine Cure for Deafness, — Ringing in Ears, &e., no matter how severe or long- standing, will be sent post free.—Artificial Ear dvums and similar appliances entirely supersed Address THOMAS KEMPE, Victoria Cr BERS, 19, SOUTHAMPTON BUILDINGS, HOLB LONDON, Mav 1, 1895. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 763 TEA AND CINCHONA IN NETHERLANDS INDIA. In West Java, last year, in the lower planting districts, the cultivation of Liberian coffee gaine ground upon teagrowing. In the higher regions the cultivation of Assam-tea plants extended, and the increasing yields from that description of leaf made good the losses in the lower districts. The tea crop altogether, in 1894, amounted to between 74 and eight millions of half kilos—of which Assam leaf fetched higb prices in London, while the Java leaf brought steadily diminishing prices. Assam tea is now ousting Java. tea from the upland estates, and there is every rospect of the Assam kind gaining further ground rom its cultivation proving more profitable. The Java tea planters prefer Pesdsn as a market for their product to Amsterdam, despite strenuous patri- otic efforts to draw them to the market in Holland. London commands preference because the brokers there charge less and take greater pains to watch the interests of the planters. The export of tea from Java to Singapore last year is set down at 167,753 kilogrammes. Cinchona planters in that Island favour the start- ing of a company.at Batavia which aims at buying bark from the growers and manufacturing quinine on the spot. This Company has issued a prospectus which contemplates starting the enterprise with a capital of one million of guilders. Hitherto, bark has been exported to Europe, where prices for the article have sunk to an unprofitable level, owing to combination among the buyers, who have proved too strong for the planters. The planters have cast about for means to sell the drug locally, but nothing practical was suggested until now. The chief difficulty in the way lies in raising the company’s capital.— Straits Times. a TEA GROWING IN THE ANDAMANS. It will be remembered that the late Mr. BE. Woodhouse contributed to these columns, as a result of his visit to the islands, a short account of the tea-growing experiment being made by the Indian Government in the Andamans, the well-known convict settlement. he experiment has evidently -been a sticcessful one according to the latest Adnunistration Report on the islands. There are, it appears, three tea gardens, one at Navy Bay, one at Gobany, and the thirdat Kalatang. ‘he gardens are the property of the Government, and are worked by European managers under the supervision of the Superintendent of Port Blair. During the period dealt with by the report, 613 acres in all were under tea, and the out-turn of the three gardens was 111,910 lbs. With the exception of the local sales and a portion sold retail throvgh private firms in Madras and Rangoon, the bulk ot the tea manufactured was disposed of to the local, Madras, and Burmah Commissariat Departments. We turther read:— The Madras Commissariat Department was supplied with tea at 6 annas 9 pies, and the Burmah Uom- missariat Department at 7 annas per pound. The retail sale of tea in Madras was unsatisfactory, 950 Ibs. of tea realising only a ret sum of KI6l. ‘bese Madras sales, it appears, have been unsatisfactory for some time past. Ihe Kangoon sales, on the other hand, have always been good, and during the year under review coutinued inthe same satisfac- tory state. Eleven thousand three hundred pounds _ of broken tea wetted R2,274-15-0, The local sales were 1,937 lbs., at R923. A small quantity of tea was taken by the local Commissariat Department, at 10 annas a pound. Convict labour was chiefly employed om the gardens. The labour, therefore, was free, and, as may be expected, without taking the cost of labour into consideration, handsome pratite on the working of the gardens were shown. educting the estimated yalue of the labour however, there was a net loss on the working of tue three gardens. It is a question whether the State, in cultivating tea in the Andamans and selling the bulk of it to its Commissariat Departments, could be accused of entering into open competition with | 96 private enterprise. The endeavour to push the retail sale of its tea, through private firms, is, however, more open to objection. It is perbaps the more to be regretted, as the State commands free convict labour, and must necessarily compete with private enterprise ata great advantage. Nor can private planters afford to work their gardens at a loss.— Local ‘Times.’ ——— > COFFEE CULTIVATION AT THE GOLD COAST. Coffee cultivation in West Africa is gradually extending. In the lowlands the plant chiefly culti- vated is Coffea libertca; but asmall-berried form of Coffea arabica is also grown. The beans of this are very small, but the produce when well cleaned has been valued as high as 94s. per cwt. For the hills of the interior the best plan is undoubtedly the robust (. arabica grown in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica. This has large heavy beans, often fetch- ing from the best estates - 140s. per cwt. There is no danger of introducing disease with this coffee. Several private coffee plantations have been started at the Gold Coast (Kew Bulletin, 1892, p.°300). Those at Aburi at the Botanic Station have also been noticed (Aew Bulletin, 1895, p. 11). The follow- ing correspondence communicated to Kew by the Secretary of State for the Colonies affords informa- tion of a coffee and cacao plantation of a moderately large size in course of being establishedj near Cape Coast Castle :— District Commissioner's Office, Cape Coast, October 13, 1894.—I have visited Messrs. Miller Brother and Company’s plantation at Kuby Kul twice during the quarter by the kind permission of their courteous agent, Mr. Batty. The estate consists of a commodi- ous house and drying sheds and about 450 acres It is situated about 10 miles inland. The Cape Coast Sefwhi main road (which is now being constructed by the Government) skirts the west side and the old Amin road to Denkera the other. The highest elevation is about 150 feet above the sea level. I first visited the plantation in 1892, when there were only about 20 acres planted with cacao and Liberian coffee; the other part was covered with thick bush and forest. The plantation is only four years old, the first planting from the nursery -being in. June 890. The estate has been increased year by year n areas of about 50 acres at a time, and the rearing of plants and planting out, &c. has proceeded as under :— No. of No. of Cacao Coffee Number Yield of Yield of Year. Plants Plants Planted. Cacao. Coffee. reared. reared. L890 ices. 00a yess 000a on ari: ee 1891, 50-/ 1,500 3,000 oO, == tos 1892 . 2,000 15,000 25 — — 1893 2,500 3,600 5° o8ewt. I18ewh 1894 1,500 1,500.54 Crop in progress of picking and curing: 8.000 25,500 25,500. — ail: 35 In nur- a sery... 1,500 15,000 _ -- a 9,500,|, 40,500... — deat) a The coffee trees are planted out 13 feet square apart, but I think it has been found from experience tbat 10 feet would be ample. here are about 30 acres now cleared which remain to be planted: The valleys have been utilized for the cacao and the elevated portions for coffee. At present there are roughly 150 acres fully planted with trees which are of the following respective ages, viz.:— 20 acres coffee, 4 yeara old, (o ah is cacao, 4 -} ne ucre of these trees were. brought from Abur Botanical Gardens.) 2 a haan 60 acres coffee, 3 years old, 20\G 95 cacao, 2 rH 25 tings coffee, 2 b i, cacao, 14 at Wy » as been planted this year, 764 The first crop from the older trees was picked in 1893. This year about one-half the plantation is in bearing. The cacao shows signs of bearing in its third year from seedling, A the coffee two years from time of planting out from the nursery. Before the whole of the 150 acres will begin to yield a return three years must yet elapse. The cost of clearing forest, planting out, and weeding for the first four years is on an ayerage of about 4/. per annum per acre. That is to say, an estate of 150 acres in the fourth year would represent 2,400/. capital spent on cnitivation. This includes the cost of management and all expenses of labour, but not cost of plants or first cost of the land; after the fourth year it is reckoned that the cost will fall to 3/., and in the seventh year to 2/. This is accounted for by the growth of the trees giving sufficient shade to cover the whole of the ground, thus causing less weeding. It is now calculated that one man can keep 3 acres clean, and the cost of that labour is abont 9/. per head per annum. 'J'he weeds are well kept down throughout the estate, and the surface of the ground kept regularly tilled by Krooboy and native labour with the use of a hoe. Under such careful management insects or fungoid disease, &c. do not appear to cause any trouble, and in the month of September the trees were a perfect picture of health and vigour, the young trees being in full bloom. Mr. Batty everywhere ects according tothe maxim that what is worth doing is worth doing well. Yacao-curing.—The beans are fermented for three days, then placed on shelves in the drying-house for two days. After that they are exposed to the sun direct for two or thee weeks until thoroughly dry. Ooffee-curing.—At present the dry process is adopted, but when the yield increases the usual wet process will be used. The berries are now placed on the drying ground first, as they are picked from the trees and allowed to remain there for a period of six weeks, and when dry they are pounded in mortars by hand till the husks and parchment come off, ew Bulletin, (Signed) J. R. Houmes, District Commissioner. ae ey CRYPTOLAMUS MONTROUZIERI, OR THE SCALE INSECTS’ ENEMY. BY HENRY TRYON. {Read on ist September, 1892). The trunks of the handsome bunya trees growing along the river banks of our Botanical Gardens are at present conspicously marked by snow-white spots and blotches. Oa examination this will be found to be due to the presenc3 of small active six-footed. grubs, resembling what ail horticulturists recognise as ‘mealy bug:,’ measuring about tin. in length, and covered above with six rows ef conti- guous opaque white mealy appendages, which being of the nature of secreted matter are easily remoy- able. Clusters of those grubs, in crannies in the bark, in a quiescent condition, will also be enconn- tered, and amongst them some similarly clothed pupz. Creeping slowly amongst the ‘scales of the trunk surface will also be noticed small oval beetles, measuring about tin. in lengthand jin. in breadth, haying the head, the corselet, the extremity of the wing covera, and the under surface in part, red; whilst the greater portion of the wing covers above and the thorax beneath is black. The whole surface is also finely punctured, and thickly clothed with close greyish pubescence. Transferring our obser- vations to the foliage of the bunya, it will be noticed that these snow-white grubs and the less conspicuous beetles, are wandering amongst it also ; and further examination will reveal the fact that their attention is being occupied by a species of coccus—or cochineal:insect—with which the trees are badly infested. This coccus (named Dactylopius puricariz) will ke recognised On the under surfacze - THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST, dnsects.” We next Jeary that the Californian | [May 1, 1895. of the Jeaves as presenting the appearance of smal grains of sulphur, for so it appears in its early condition of life. And on the stems themselves, often herped together in vast numbers, will be found small tumid black bodies with a raised yellow central dorsal stripe, a similarly coloured one on either side, and a massive niauve-c loured heap at one extremity. These bodies, which are examples of the adult coccus, are easily injured, and then stain any body which may come in contact with them a decided purple, The mauve coloured heap referred to is the ovisac and its contents. In fact the relationship which subsists between the b a ne AGRIGULTGRAL MAGAZINE, GOhewi es ©. Added as a Supplement Monthly to the “TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.” The following pages include the Contents of the Agricultural Magazine for May :— Vol. VL} MAY, 1895. [No. 11. MANGROVE BARK, | Rhizophora mucronata heing the true Mangrove oes and the tree which supplies most of the Mangrove f/N view of the concession made by | bark of Ceylon merits attention first. In the the Ceylon Government to a Scot- | Ceylon Handbook (prepared for the Indian tish Company, viz., the right of | and Colonial Exhibition of 1886) the following utilizing the Mangrove bark | reference is made to this tree:—The bark of the available in the Island for the | Kadol or Mangrove (Rhizophora mucronata) is much in use amongst native tanners, but when tried in Kurope it is found somewhat ineffective, and is now only employed as a_ preliminary tan, requiring the aid of myrobolans, Dr. Watt, in his exhaustive work on the Econo- mic plants of India, gives the following account of the Mangrove :— Huabitat.—A small evergreen tree found on tical muddy shores throughout India, Burma and the Andaman Islands. Dye and Yan.—The bark is said to be used to give achocolate dye; it is also used in tanning. This tan, Christy recommends to be used as a preliminary preparation for cheap leathers. It is recommended that the leather should be about half prepared in India and exported to Europe in that condition, to be redone and have the colour (Carallia integerrima) to the latter. All the trees improved by myrobolans or other tanning mate- mentioned except Bruguiera parviflora and Ceriops | rials. Mangrove bark has been exported to Roxburghiana ave indigenous to she island, Europe, but leather prepared with it solely is Referring to the genera “ Rhizophora,” “Bur- | always inferior in colour and quality. Except guiera,” ‘‘Kunilla” and “Ceriops,” the late Mr. | therefore as a preliminary tan, or in the prepara- William Ferguson, in his ‘‘ Ceylon Timber Trees,” | tion of cheap leathers, it is not likely to become remarks that they “form the chief plants com- | an article of European trade. Instead of the bark, posing the “ Mangroves” which affect the sides | which is bulky, Shettell suggests that an extract of the salt marshes all round the island. ‘The | should be prepared for the purpose of exportation. timber of some is used in common house-building, | He further states that this extract would perform and the barks of others are the chief ingredients | its office in half the time of oak bark. It would in tanning and dyeing country leather,” however, haveto be made in an earthen vessel, si. extraction of tanning material, an account of the trees yielding the bark and other particulars in connection with the subject will, we think, be not unwelcome to our readers. ; The bark of the following trees are commercially known as Mangrove bark :—Avicennia officinalis (also known as white Mangrove); Brugudera gymnorhiza ; Bruguiera parvifolia ; Ceriops candol- | leana, (also known as black Mangrove); Certops | Roxburghiana; Kandellia Rheedit ; and Rhizophora mucronata, (the true Mangrove). The first-mentioned tree belongs to the order Verbenacezee; and the rest to the order Rhizophoracer, Perhaps the best known Ceylon trees belonging to these two orders are Teak | ( Tectona grandis) to the former order, and Dawata 772 any contact with iron would make the leather prepared by the extract brittle and discoloured. Medicine.—Reede states that the bark mixed with dried ginger or long pepper and rose water is said to be acure for diabetes. No other writer appears to have made this observation; indeed, O”’Shanghnessy expressly states that none of the Mangroves are reported to have any medicinal virtues, Food.—The fruit is reported to be sweet and edible, and the juice to be made into a kind of light wine. Salt is extracted from the rial roots. Structure of the Wood.—Sapwood light red, heartwood dark red, extremely hard, but warps and splits in seasoning ; it is very durable. Weight 70'5 lbs. per cubic foot. Domestic Uses.—Yhe wood, although good, is rarely used in India, Rumphius, speaking of the wood, states that in Amboyna it was a much valued fuel, and that the Chinese employ it to make charcoal for use in their workshops. He also adds that the larger aerial roots were used as anchors for small boats, and remarks that in the Moluccas a curious custom, and one at variance with European ideas, prevails, in that while the «an- chors were made of wood, the boats are constructed of a light stone thrown up by the yoleanoes of these islands. a ee OCCASIONAL NOTES, We are glad to be able to announce that the ar- ticle on the ‘‘ Lawsof Ceylon relating to Agri- culture,” which had been left unfinished in our issue for April, 1891, will be continued in this ard future numbers. The accomplished lawyer who has kindly consented to complete the article, hopes to be able to find the time to write also on the Forest Laws of Ceylon. Now that the stu- dents of the School of Agriculture are getting some training in Forestry, the paper on the Forest Laws of Ceylon will be of special value. We offer a hearty welcometo Mr. G. W. Stur- gess, the new Colonial Veterinary Surgeon for Ceylon. We trust he will have a useful and suc- -cessful career in the island. Mr. W. A. de Silva, G.3.v.c., who has been act- ing as Colonial Veterinary Surgeon, has reverted to his substantive appointment as Headmaster of the School of Agriculture, where his varied qualifications make his services of the greatest value to the staff and students. The Hony. Secretary to the Agri-Horticultural Society of Madras has been good enough to give .us some information regarding a variety ot paddy which is cultivated as a dry crop, z.e., ‘not irrigated but dependent upon rainfal}. This variety which is known as “ Valai” is cultivated in a@ comparatively limited tract of country from 40 to 50 miles north of Madras. The land is man- ured, and ploughed two or three times. It is then harrowed twice and the seeds are then put in withthe native drill. Theseed is sown in August rearly in September, and the crop is harvested in. Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” 1 a (May 1, 1895. December. The mean monthly rainfall at Madras which may be taken as the same as the tract in which “Valai” is grown, is as follows :—August 4°81 in., September 4°34 in., October 10°80 w., November 13°60 in., December 5°75 in. The mean annual rainfall is 50 inches. There would seem to be little chance of the Maram grass (Psamma arenaria) doing well with us, as the Superintendent of the Saharanpur Botanic Gardens, in writing to us, mentions that though it made a good growth during the cold sea- son, it completely died out during the first monsoon. We had hoped that this grass might have been use- ful on our sandy Wastes, but it is suggested to us that the various species of Sporobolus grown on the usar lauds in India, might suit our purpose better. Of the six varieties of cow-pea grown experi- mentally at the School of Agriculture, the variety known as “the wonderful” was the most satis- factory. The cow-pea in appearance and growth much resembles the bean known in Sinhalese as yas-ma, ouly that the latter is much the robuster of the two and yields heavy crops of fruit. We doubt not that this latter isin every way fitted to take the place of the cow-pea, and we commend it to the notice of those interested in the subject of leguminous green manures. A herd of some 25 Sind cows and bulls was lately imported from Karachi by that enterpris- ing gentleman, Mr. T. H. A. de Soysa, and realised good prices when exposed for sale. It will be remembered that the first occasion on which Sind cattle were imported into the island was in 1893, when a number of cows were brought over for the Government Dairy. The dairy au- thorities may justly take credit for being the means of introducing one of the best Indian milk- ing breeds into Ceylon where the native milch cow is so unsatisfactory. The crop of sweet-potatoes raised at the Schoo! of Agriculture under favourable conditions was at the rate of 60 tons per acre. We have received, through the kindness of the Superintendent of the Cossipore Practical Insti- tution of Horiculture, Floriculture and Agricul- ture, three cases of Rhea plants for experimental cultivation at the School of Agriculture. The Cossipore Institution was founded in 18&6 through the munificence of Babu Hem Chunder Mitter, who, quite unassisted by Government or private individuals, has been maintaining it nearly seven years for the purpose of imparting free education on Horti-Flori and Agriculture. Students are ex- pected to remain as such for a period of at least three consecutive years, and they are allowed to draw a monthly stipend of R10 to R14, accordingly to their efficiency, withfree board. Lectures are delivered to the students on various subjects in — Practical Botany, while the institution also offers” facilities for the training of the sons of gardeners — inthe art of high-class gardening. On another page we give an extract from the report of this useful Institution for 1893. as May 1, 1895.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” 773 BAZAAR DRUGS IN VETERINARY PRACTICE. I. Most of the common drugs mentioned in the Pharmacopwia are, to a certain extent, obtainable in our bazaars, They are no doubt far from pure, but they recommend themselves on account of their cheapness, and the ease with which they can be procured, especially in places where a chemist’s shop or a dispensary is hardly ever to be met with. There is on the other hand some little difficulty in utilizing these drugs. First and foremost, there is the difficulty as regards their names. The bazaar parlance is different from the chemist’s, and even the common names of the drugs are seldom known to the retailers in the bazaar, who have their own names for the differ- ent articles they expose for sale, some of which are Sinhalese, some Tamil, or corruptions of other Indian lingos. The second difficulty experienced is in regard to the purity of the drugs, which are not subjected to any process of purification before they are ex- posed for sale. Hence, it is of great importance to know the likely impurities which they may contain, and the best method of getting rid of them. Itisalsoimportant, that the purchaser of bazaar drugs should be able to distinguish the dif- ferent products from one another, as it frequently happens that the bazaar man himself is quite ig- norant of the substances with which he deals. He no doubt labels his different drugs, but if by some means these labels are lost, one cannot pos- sibly depend on his knowledge to classify and name the drugs on his own account. Again, fail- ures are often experienced in the use of drugs ob- tained from the bazaars on account of their being spoilt through being kept in store fora long period, All these difficulties have to be fully realized in using these drugs. But the advant- ages set forth, viz., cheapness and accessibility, are two important factors to be considered, and with a little care and trouble bazaar drugs could be utilized to great advantage. The few notes appended hereto regarding some of these drugs will, it is to be hoped, help in some way in ex- tending their use:— Nitre.—Saltpetre Potassie Nitrate. Sing., Vedilunu; Indian, Shovakar, This salt is met with in many parts of Northern India, Persia and Ugypt in the form of an incrus- tation on the surface of the soil. The incrustation itself is not pure nitre, but contains a large pro- portion of the substance. The formation of this deposit is due to the potash found in these soils, coming in contact with nitric acid. The crude matter 1s purified by dissolving in waterand by the addition of potash carbonate, obtained by burning plants. Repeated solutions in water and subse- quent evaporations make the material more or less pure. The chief impurities met with are common salt, and nitrate of lime, but none of these im- purities affect the value of nitre as a drug. Another method of preparing nitre is in vogue in rance and other Muropean countries. Manure and vegetable and animal refuse are collected in heaps, and to these are added from time to time, lime in different shapes, whether it be plustering from old buildings or gypsum, &c.; the heaps ure sheltered from rain, butfreely exposed to the action Nitras, Potassium Tamil, Pettiluppu ; of the air. They are thus left for over two years, and at the expiration of the period are dissolved and purified much in the same way as in the case of natural deposits. It is stated that at one time nitre was prepured in Ceylon from bats’ dung, large deposits of which are otten foundin caves and under ledges of rock in the less populated regions of theisland. Nitre in the bazaar is generally seen in the form of white (generally dirty white) crystal- line fragments. It givesa peculiar cold tingling sensation when placed on the, tongue, When a piece of nitre is thrown into fire or on red hot char- coal it detlagrates. If a small quantity of the salt is dissolved and mixed with a few drops of sul- phurie acid and warmed ina test tube it gives off red fumes. The action of. nitre is very rapid, it enters the blood easily and in its course reduces blood pres- sure; further, it promotes perspiration and increases the flow of urine. It also acts beneficially on the lungs. In all febrile diseases, repeated doses of nitre prove to be of great use. 1t has also slight laxative properties. Horses may be given an ounce at a time and cattle one to two ounces; dogs take from four to eight grains and cats half this quantity. In large doses nitre is a poison. In man an ounce of nitre generally produces toxic effects, whereas horses and cattle tolerate large quantities, from 3 a pound to a pound being re- quired to produce poisonous effects. A solution of nitre in water applied externally is a good re- frigerant, Nitre does not spoil by keeping. A pound of if costs from 20 to 25 cents in the bazaar. 2. Alum.—Alumen, Aluminium Potassium sul- phate; Stng., Sinnakkaram; Zamil, Phitkari; Hindi., Phitkari. There are three varieties of alum known in commerce; of these the principal and the most commonly used is potash alum, the other two being known as soda alum and ammonia alum, Potash alum is prepared by calcining shale or clay and treating it with sulphuric acid. The result- ing liquor contains sulphate of aluminum, to which is added potash, when alum is formed, Alum is found inthe bazaars in the form of white crys= talline masses, having a sweet-acid-astringent taste. Ammonium sulphide and strong ammonia solution added to a solution of alum gives a white precipitate, Alum is an astringent used both in- ternally and externally. Internally administered it arrests the various secretions such as sweat, urine, milk, &c. It is useful in diarrhea end dysentery. Jixternally ‘it is a useful application in wounds and also in diseases of the eye. It also arrests bleeding. W. A. DS, > REVIEW. In our issne of July 1892, we began a series of Zoological Notes for agricultural Students, and by way of preface said that agricultural students generally experience much difficulty in isolating from large and comprehensive text-books, such matter for study as would give them a know- ledge of animals, whether they belong to highest or lowest orders of the kingdom, whose life- history is more or less of interest to the agricul- turist. Our object as then stated vas to supply the want of aconvenient collection of notes for agricul- tural students, 22° See 494 Supplement tothe “ Tropical Agriculturist.” [May 1, 1895. It-is a:curious coincidence that while we were | writing the last df the series of notes (appearing ment may appoint a headman provisionally, and if in this number), that,anew work entitled benefit the students, who by pro- pagating the plants might learn the various me- thods of multiplication, and also their nature and treatment from the first stage of development. Here we may add that we have acquired a plot of land directly to the west of the Cossipore Gar- den, for the purposes of extending of Rosary and making agricultural experiments. This addition has been put in hand by the xecutive Commit- tee simply for the reason, that, for want of a pro- per field to experiment upon near Cossipore, most of the students have found difficulty to learn agri- culture, as they had to goto our distant farms at Ultadanga and Shankhyanagar, : : In agricultural matters,—the necessity for in- creasing the quantity and improving the quality of the crops have become strongly felt in our country ; and they have always engaged the at- tention of the Institution most closely during the past years. We have, therefore, shown much zeil in setting examples to the cultivators by way of improving thesoil grown exhausted by the same and uniform methods of tillage, and in- troducing recent systems most suited to the re- sources of the country. In our Experiment Farms of Cossipore, Ultadanga, and Shankhyanagar where every year larger areas have been brought under cultivation, we have ettempted the cultivation of some crops such aspaddy, tobacco, radish, peas, cabbages, cauliflowers, onions, garlic, beet, car- rot, beans, parbar, mustard, moosooree, oats, gram, Thikra kalai, Indian corn, &c., according to our_ own way ; and the resuits arrived at were more or legs satisfactory. As regards fibrous plants, we may add that we have cultivated Boehmeria nivea, Sida rhomboidia, Malachca capitata, and Hibiscus abelmoschus. All of these ere indige- nous to this country ; and mostof them may be turned to profitable account. We tried similar ex- periments with jute and hemp ona somewhat larger scale, extending over many bighas of land in our Experimental Farm of Shankhyanagar ; but t 4 May 1, 1895. Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” 279 we were not fortunate on those occasions, as most of the plants died prematurely of over mois- ture, produced by the incessant heavy falls of rain during the months when they should luxuri- antly grow. Notwithstanding this drawback, they more than realised our expectation, as we paid special attention to drainage and clearing of the fields. We have tried during the year the cultivation of cotton, Garrow-hill variety. The indigenous cottonis of better staple, but this variety is of better colour and less adherent to the seed; the pods are also larger and longer. The seeds ger- minate within a week in a sandy loam, suffici- ently drained. The result of our cultivation is satisfactory. We may advise the cotton-growers to prefer this to any other species. It is gratifying to find that the introduction of potato, Nainital-variety, in our Experimental Farm at Cossipore, has been progressing satisfactorily during the past year. The students report that in this soil they have succeeded well; as, with manure (bone-dust), the outturn per bigha was 65 maunds, The attention of the Institution was also en- gaged in the introduction of Chinese ginger in the soil of Bengal. Wecultivated the above during the past twelve months on a small scale; it is hoped, considering the results, that the culture may turn out a success. We have also attempted to establish and successfully grow Chinese pine- apples during the year. Reports on thesaid cul- tivation from the places where the soil and cli- mate are best suited to those plants, have assured us that their culture might be ventured on with ' satisfactory results. We have also carried on experiments of some foddei' plants, such as Guinea and Blue grass. Their rapid development, luxuriant herbage, nu- tritive qualities, and power of withstanding drought are the best recommendations for their culture. We see that their cultivation is most useful, specially in this country where drought is very frequent. We have grown Arbus leucospermus (sweet- koonch). The whiteness of the seeds with black eyes and the white flowers of the plants are most attractive. The quantity of seeds gathered during the yearislarge. They may be used for medi- cinal purposes, as well as the roots. We have also raised a quantity of dndropogon muricatus, Khus- khus grass. The fragrant roots of this grass are useful in many ways in a tropical country. In co-operation with the Indian Industrial As- sociation we have taken up the cultivation of sweet potuto, in addition to the crops as enumer- ated above, with satisfactory results. ‘The pro- cess iS so very easy, that lessexpenditure and trouble bring about a greater outturn than ordi- nary poor crops; and if the sweet'potato be re- duced to starch and carried to distant murkets, the cultivation may result in success. It is satisfactory to know that the interchange of seeds, pamphlets, &c., during the last session has gone on more actively than in any previous year. The yearly supplies of seeds have been imported during the year in several consignments from England, America and Germany for distribution to our friends and constituents. With the ex- ception of a few, the consignments have giveu us ample satisfaction, as no complaint regarding non- germination has reached the Institution during the past year. For the encouragement of the cultivators a quantity of the imported seeds have been given gratuitously to try with, as in former years. The Institution has also continued ifs active measures for the introduction of economic and fibrous plants into Bengal by the free distribution of seeds both to the suburban and Moffussil cultivators. Tne resiits of some of the experiments were well exhibited on the occasion of our last Annual Flower Show, adding much to the grandeur of the vege- table and eccnomic departments. The distribution of fruit-grafts and ornamental plants has also gone on very actively throughout the country ; anda larger stock is now being accumulated to meet further demands. ‘The re- sults of our experiments on Boehmeria nivea (Rhea) are highly satisfactory. Its cultivation on a large scale may be turned, as hoped by the Committee, into the chief source of income to the Institution and a means to its future main- tenance. Here we beg to record our deep sense of gratitude to Mr. L. Liotard for his cordial help to the Institution in its attempts to extract this useful fibre by easy and cheap process, and in various other matters of equal or greater im- portance. We beg also to offer our sincere thanks to Bahu Nittyo Gopal Mookerjee, M.A., for his deeply interesting us inthe matters of sericul- ture by practical demonstrations. We have taken up the subject under our special consideration ever since the occasion of the last Annuai Flower Show, and, most probably, we will introduce it as a part of the work of the Institution inthe en- suing year, oe GENERAL ITEMS. What may be termed an auxiliary industry in rice-growing is the manufacture of starch. The rice is cleaned and soaked before being ground. It is then washed in about seven changes of water, which carries off all but the starch, leaving the latter white and clean at the bottom of the wash- ing vessel. The industry is being actually carried on in Australia. Apropos of the report on abortion by Mr. Vete- rinary-Surgeon de Silva in our last issue, we quote as follows from the Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, which givesthe views of Principal Thompson of the Hawkesbury Agricultural Col- lege :—‘‘ I have the honour toreport that abortion, miscarriage or premature labour may be brought on by many causes among which are rough treat- ment, being chased by dogs or hardly driven, and the eating of certain plants, such as ergotted rye. I would draw attention to the fact that the malady is very contagious, and often runs through a herd with almost electric celerity. We had several cases here last year. The fact of one cow having aborted simply smelling another through a fence caused her to abort the nextday. Immediately a cow uborts she should be isolated from the rest of the cows in calf, the place thoroughly disin- fected by lime-washing, and carbolic acid, diluted with water, sprinkled over the stall. No preven- tive measures have ever been found to be of the slightest avail.” The evidence given before the 780 Special Committee of the Royal Agricultural Society on the abortion question would, however, o to show that there are preventive measures which have been adopted with success. Late in the last term classes of sylviculture were started at the Agricultural School, Colombo. The lectures were prepared by Mr. Broun, dictated by one of the masters, and explained by Mr. Broun whenever he was at headquarters. It was too late in the term to make any material progress, but still a start was made, and it is hoped that be- fore long the officers of the subordinate staff will be able to receive an education in the elements of Forest Sciences. The curriculum is at present not an ambitious one, and does not aim at being on a level with that of the Imperial Forest School at Dehra Dun. Sufficient funds are not available, and we cannot for some time hope to obtain the services of solarge a staff of Specialists such as now lecture at Dehra Dun. Small as this commence- ment is, it receives our heartiest good wishes, and we look forward to the day when we shall havea body of trained rangers and guards, who will help in preserving and improving our forests which have suffered so much from years of ill-treatment. —Ceylon Forester. Referring to argon, the newly-discovered consti- tuent of the atmosphere, the Speaker asks: Do the molecules of argon for ever remain idle denizens of the ais, or do they like the molecules of nitrogen, of oxygen, of carbonic acid, pass through a trans- migration of bodies, as constituents of minerals, plants and animals? It seems unlikely that the higher plants should have the power of directly assimilating argon. Nitrogen we know they cannot take up directly from the air....... The chief agency by which nitrogen is brought into oe Supplement to the “Tropical Agriculturist.” ~~ a ak = . — [May 1, 1895. the cycle of chemical combination and recombina- tion appears to be thie action of bacteria associated with the life-processes of plants. And this is the age of bacteria..... Prof. Ramsay appears to re- gard the new element as a sort of chemical Topsy ; he “guesses nobody can do nothing with argon.” He has tried the violent methods of heat and strong chemicals. Perhaps the Bacteriologist with gentler methods may yet show that argon does not stand aloof from the couseless changes of living forms around it, in which so active a part is played by the other gases of the atmosphere. The Editor of the Cape Agricultural Journal writes as follows about getting rid of fow]-lice ;— “It will be found effectual to sprinkle the nest with a diluted solution of carbolic acid, or to seatter some powder of McDougall’s or any other carbolic disinfecting powder, as these pests cannot with- stand either long. If the weather is very dry, sprinkle the eggs a few times and pour plenty of Water round the nest when the hen is hatching. If the young chickens become affected, mix a very few drops of carbolic acid with powdered brimstone mixing or rubbing well together, and put just so much acid as will mix up dry with the brimstone, after which the chicks may be carefully dusted.” The following remedies, says a writer to the Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, have been suggested against the locust pest: Larspur and Castor-oil plants which are said to kill the insects which feed on the leaves}; mechanical contrivances such as brush-harrows, rollers, canvas screens saturated with kerosene; kerosene emulsions or arsenical solutions sprayed on cultivated land known to be a breeding ground; and smoke fires. The emu, crow, the turkey, the domestic fowl and ants are natural enemies of the locust. «(| MONTHLY. De Vol. XIV.] COLOMBO, JUNE 1st, 1895, [No. 12. ACCLEIMATISATION OF PRODUCTS. (Being the substance of a Paper, read at the Imperia’ Trstitute, by Cuements MArxHam, Esq, c.B, F. .S, President of the Royal Geographical Society.) = wee eA) HL introjuction of the cultivation of a valuable plant from one region into another with an analogous climate and habitat, is one of the moet important measures to which the administrators of India and of our Colonies can turn their attention. A great deal has been done in this direction with momentous results, fromthe earliest ages, but more especially since the discovery of America. The main object of the present communication is to draw attention to one particular product, namely, the coca leaf of South America, but before doing so, I think it will prove interesting to dwell briefly on the general subject of the introduction of valuable products from one region to another. Acclimatisation of Plants —This cultivation of exotic products is not only the wisest, but also the most ancient civilising administrative measure on record, On the very earliest of the old Egyptian picture chronicles we see the civil sers coming from ‘ Pant”’ (or Saba?) to Egypt with a plant of frankincense in their boat, in what looks like an archaic Wardian case. The Romans undoubtedly did much good work of this kind; Prince Henry the Navig itor introduced the vine and the sugar cane into Madeira; but the most extensive and beneficent changes caused by such measures have followed upon the discovery of America. The Live Stock xveceived from Hurope, and estab- lished in America, caused great changes in the domestic economy of the people, and as regards the horse, its introduction prodaced a revolution in the habits of the Indians in the southern parts of South America. Horses came to South America with the Spaniards; cattle, asses, sheep, goats, pigs, chickens and pigeons followed in a few years; and as early as 1550 there were bullocks at the plough in the interior of Peru, The Horse.-—In 1520 Mendoza landed twenty horses at Buenos Ayres, and 50 years afterwards Sarmiento saw mounted Patagonians riding about on the shores of Magellan’s Strait. In that short interval they had changed their whole manner of life. Before the introduction of horses, ostriches and guanacos were stalked by stealth and attacked with flint-headed arrows. As soon as horses were introduced the prey was ridden down and caught with lasso and bolas. Wheat.—Almost equally remarkable was the change caused by the introduction into South America of vegetable products from the Old World. The first European Jady who landed in Peru, Inex Munoz, wife of the half-brother of the conqueror, Pizarro, was also the first who cultivated wheat. She had received a barrel of rice in 1535, and was engaged in making arice pudding for Pizarro bimself when she founda few grains of wheat. She planted them in her garden with the greatest care, and all the grains of the first harvest were again sown. By this provident system the wheat multiplied rapidly. It. became, and was for a long period, a very im- portant article of export to Chile, though of late years the tables haye been turned, and Chile exports wheat to Pern. The cultivation of barley, oats and lucerne followed. Olive-T tie-Use of Wine.—Antonio de Ribera took a few young olive plants to Peru when he went out as Procurator in 1560, aad planted them in his wife’s garden, with slaves and dogs to guard them -day and night. Neyertheless, one was stolen and became the parent of all the olive trees in Chile. Of those that remained only one became a tree, and was the parent of all the olives in Peru. The vine was introduced by one of the first conquerors, Fran- cisco de Carayantes, who obtaived plants from the Canary Islands, and the first vintage at Lima was in 1551. Before a century the wine-growing industry had become important, both wine and spirits being largely exported. At first wine was very highly prized in South America and was seldom seen, even at the festive table. Sugar Cane—Vegetables.—Sugar cane wai brought from Spain to San Domingo by a citizen of the 782 THE TROPICAL Island named Pedro de Atrinza and thence to Peru in 1545. It ie needless to say how great an addition that product has been to the wealth of the West Indies, and is now to Peru. The fruits and vege- tables of Europe multiplied in a marvellous way when first introduced into America. The o!d chro- nicler, Garcilasso de la Hega, declares that endives and spinach grew to such a size in the fields round Lima that a horse could not force his way throogh them, and that near Arica there was a radish of such wonderful size that five horses were tethered under the shade of its leaves. The remarkable deve- lopment of vegetables when transplanted to a virgin soil in a suitable habitat has more recently been demonstrated in New Zealand and other Colonies. Maize, Cassava, Potatoes—When we come to con- sider what the Old World has received from America, we shall find that the debt is amply repaid. It may be that only one domesticated animal has been acquired by it as a result of the discovery of Colum- bus, namely, the turkey; on the other hand, however maize has become a staple of food for millions of people in the south of Burope, in Asia, andin Africa cassava has supplemented native food-supplies to a less, but still to an appreciable extent; potatoes have also become a very important source of food-supply in the Old World, while flourishing plantations of cacao have been established in India and Ceylon. Tobacco.—But the greatest revolution arising from the introduction of American products, has been caused by tobacco. The smoking of tobacco was first observed by two sailors, Rodrigo de Jerez and Luis de Torres, who were sent on a mission into the interior of Cuba by Columbus, on November 6th, 1492. Before long eome Spaniards began to smoke, and when their habit was reprehended as a vice, they said they could not leaye off. Sir John Hawkins first brought tobacco to England, and the Earl of Essex, Sir Walter Raleigh and other cour- tiers of Queen Elizabeth, soon became habitual smokers. Its introduction into India took place towards the end of the region of the Emperor Akbar, and soon had a most beneficent effect, Before to- bacco was known, it was a common thing for Asiatic rincess to drink to excess or spend the day in eating Iitonicatiny sweetmeats, death from delirium tremens being common. Asad Beg first saw tobacco at Bijapur; he brought a pipe and a stock of tobacco to Agra and presented them to the Emperor. The custom of wach spread rapidly among the nobles, and simultaneous'y the practice of excessive drinking went out. Cinchona.—Several moss precious drugs were un- known before the discovery of America; but valuable as they are, their cultivation is necessarily le-s ' extensive than other introduced products, because the demand is limited. Their cultivation should be rather the care of governments than a source of profit for planters and speculators; but that caltiva- tion should not the less be a question deserviug the attention of settlers and colonists, because they ought to be deeply interested in its sucsess. My great object in the introduction of the quinine-yielding- bark trees into India, was the reduction of the price of quinine to a minimum, iu order that it might be within the reach of the poorest people in fever-stricken districts. This object has been fully attained, but itis not an object which would have the sympathy of planters a3 such; although they should rejoice at it as citizens and patriots. Ipecacuanha-cultivation has also been introduced into India with good results. Coca CULTIVATION. Coca.—Since the coca leaf, another South American prodact, has been proved to possess great medical virtues, coca cultivation has become a subject well worthy of careful consideration by Indian and Colon- ial administrators. In years now long gone by, I had opportunities of learning something of that cultivation, and of experiencing the effects of the coca leaf; so it will perhaps be considered that, from / gome points of view, I may venture to address you a8 an authority on the subject. Since the discovery of the alkaloid, coca has become an important addi- ¢jou to the phaxmacopmia; but it should be remem- AGRICULTURIST. = Ter? [June 1, 1895. bered that it had been for centuries a great source of comfort and enjoyment to the Peruvian Indians, It was much more than what betel is to the Hindu, kava tothe South Sea Is'ander, and tobacco to the rest of mankind, for its use really produces invigo- rating effects which are not cae by those other stimulants or narcotics Cowley on the Coct Leaf.—Made known in this country to the very few students who were acquainted with the Spanish Chronicles during the 17th century it is very curious to find that coca, and its virtues. were within the knowledge of Abraham Cowley, the pet of the days of Charles 1. Mr. Martindale, who as written an excellent little book ov coca and co- caine, refers to a very curious allusion to coca in the writings of Cowley (Book JV’. of Plants). Bacchus is supposed to have filled a bowl with the juice of the grape for Omelichilus, an imaginary American deity. on which the god of the New World summons his own plants to appear. Various fruits are marshalled on their branches, and Cowley even adds to his poetic description of the virtues of coca a prophecy which has now become true. Apostrophising the leaf he says :— Nor Coca only useful art at home, A famous merchandize thon art become. Prejudice against Coca.—The Peruvians have used the coca leaf from the most ancient times, It was considered so precious that it was included in the sacrifices that were offered to the Sun, and the High Priest chewed coca during the ceremony. Mitimaes or colonists were sentdown from their native heights among the Andes, to cultivate the coca plants in the deep valleys to the eastward, and the leaves were brought up for the use of the Incas of Peru. After the conqnest of Peru, by the Spaniards, some fanatics proposed to proscribe its use and to root up the plants, because the leaves had been used in the ancient superstitions, and becanse the cultivation took away the Indians from other work. The second Council of Lima, which sat in 1569, condemned the use of coca ‘‘as a useless and pernicious Jeaf, and on account of the belief stated to be entertained by the Indians that the habit of chewing coca gave them powers of endurance, which,” said these sapient Bishops, ‘‘is an illusion of the evil one.” Anecdote respecting Coca.—The learned Jesuit Ac- osta, and the chronicler Garcilasso de la Vega, however, bear very different testimony. In speaking of the strength and endurance that coca givea to those who chew it, Garcilasso relates the followin, anecdote, ‘‘ 1 remember,” he says, ‘‘an incident whick 1 heard of a gentleman of rank and honour in my native land of Peru named Rodrigo Pautoja. Travelling from Cuzco to Lima he met a poor Spaniard who was going on foot with a little girl on his back, The man was known to Pantoja, and they thus conversed: ‘Why do you go laden thus?’ said the Knight, Ihe poor man said that he was unable to hire an Indian to carry the child, and for that reason he carried it himself. While he spoke, Pan- toja looked in his mouth, and saw that it was full of coca. As the Spaniards abominated all the Indians eat and drink, as though they sayoured of idolatry, particularly the chewing of coca, which seemed to them a low and vile habit, be said—‘ It may beas you say, but why do you chew coca, like an Indian, a thing so hateful to Spaniards?’ The man answered—‘In truth, my iord, I detest it as much as anyone, but necessity obliges me to imitate the Indians and keep coca in my mouth, for I would have you to know that, if I did not do so, I conld not carry this burden, while the coca gives me sufficient strength to endure the fatigue.’ Pantoja was astonished to hear this, and tald the story wherever he went. From that time credit was given to the Indians for using coca from necessity, to — enable them to endure fatigue, and not from gluttony.” Spanish Rules as to Coca Cultivation —Hyentually, indeed, the Spanish Government interfered with coca cultivation from more worthy motives, and guitas (turns) of Indian labourers for collecting coca ia ] were forbidden in 1569 on the ground of the reputed unhealthiness of the valleys. The Spanish Vicero: June 1, 1895.] THE TROPICAL of Peru afterwards permitted the cultivation with voluntary labour, on condition that the labourers were paid and that care was taken of their health. Descent to the Coca Plantations.—“ocx has always been one of the most valuable articles of commerce in Pern, and it is used by about 8,000,000 of the buman race. The plant(Hrythoxylon Coca) is cultivated between 2.000 and 6,000 feet above the level of the sea, in the warm valleys of the eastern slopes of the Andes, where it rains more or less every monthin the year, The descent from the bleak and lofty plains of the Andes to the vallers where the coca grows, presents the most lovely scenery to be found anywhere. For the first thonsand feet of the descent the vege- tation continues to be of a lowly alpine character; but as the descent is continued the scenery increases in magnificence. The polished surfaces of perpendi- cular cliffs glitter here and there with foaming torrents, some like thin lines of thread, oth-rs broader and breaking over rocks, others seeming to burst out of the fleecy clouds, while jagged black peaks, glittering with streaks of snow, pierce the mists which conceal their bases. Next the terraced gardens are reached, constructed up the sides of the moun- tains, the upper tierafrom 6 feet to 8 feet wide, and supported by masonry walls, thickly clothed with celsias, begonias, calceolarias, and- a profusion of ferns. These terraces or aideveria are often upwards of a hundred in number, rising one above the other. Below them the stream becomes a roaring torrent, dashing over the huga rocks, with vast masses of dark frowning mountains on either side, ending in fan- tastically-shaped peaks, some of them veiled by thin, fleecy clouds. The vegetation rapidly increases in Juxuriance with the descent. The river, rushing down the valley, winds along the small breadth of level land, striking first against the precipitous cliffs on one side, and then sweeping over to the other. The scenery continu:s to increase in beauty, and the cascades pour down in-every direction, some in a white sheet of continuous foam for hundreds of feet, finally seeming to plunge into beds of ferns and flowers; some like driven spray, avd occasionally a waterfall may be seen high up, between two peaks, which seems to drop into the clouds below. Next bamboos and tree ferns begin to appear and we at length reach the region where coca is cultivated in terraces, often fringed with coffee plants. In many places these terraces are fifty deep, up the sides of the mountains; the rock is a metamorphic slate, slightly micaceous and ferruzivous, with quartz occur- ing here and there; the soil is a soft brown loam. The trees and shrubs in the coca region are very luxuriant; there are beautiful melastomaceew with a large purple flower, cinchona plants of the shrub variety, gaultherias, and an immense variety of ferns, Yoca Cultivation —The coca plant is a sbrub from 4 to 6 feet high, with lichens usually growing on the older trunks. The branches are straight and alter- nate; the leaves a'ternate and entire, in form and size like tea leaves; flowers solitary, with a small yellowish-white corolla in five petais. Sowing is commenced in December and January when the rains be:in, which continue until April. The seeds are spreai on the surface of the soil in a small nursery cr raising ground, over which there i3 generally a thatched roof. The following year the young plants are removed to a soil sp cially prepared by careful weeding and breaking up the clods very fine by hand. The soil is oft nin terraces only affording room for a single row of plant, which are kept up by sus- taining walls. ‘he plants are generally p'aced in square holes a fort deep, with stones on the sides to prev: nt the earth from falling in. Thre o- four are planted in each hole and grow tog-ther. In Southern Peru anid Bolivia the soil in which the coca plants grow is composed of a blackish clay, formed from the decomposition of the schists which form the prin’ipal geological feature of the Hastern Antes. When the plantition is on level ground the p'anta are placed in furrows separated by Tittle walls of earth, at the foot of each of which a row of plants is placed. But this is a modern innovation, the terrace cultivation being the most ancient. At AGRICULTURIST. 783 the end of 18 months the plants yield their first harvest; they continue to yield foc upwards of 40 yeara. The first harvest is called “quita calzon” and the leaves are picked with extreme care, to avoid diaturbing the roots of the young tender plants The following harvest are called “watta”’ (* time” or ‘season’ ) and take place three times or even four times a year. The most abundant harvest ig in March, immediately after the rains. The worst is at the end of June. With plenty of watering four days suffice to cover the plants with leaves afresh It is necessary to weed the ground very carefully, especially while the plants are young. The green leaves, when harvested, are deposited in a piece of cloth which each picker (woman.or child) carries and are then spread out in very thin layers and care. fully dried in the sun in yards paved with : flags. The green leaf is called matu, leaf becomes coca. The thoronchly qd sewn up in 20 lb. cesfos or sacks mada of banana leaves, strengthened by an exterior covering of cloth They are also packed in 50 lb, drums, pressed tightl down. D-. Poepping, a German traveller, some 6 years ago reckoned the profits of a erea farm tob 45 per cent. The harvest is largest in a hot motaé situation; but the leaf which is generally ce ‘nsidered the best flavoured by consumers, grows in drier arta on the mountain eides. The yery greatest Gane is reqaired in drying ; for it packed up moist the leaves become fotid, while too much sun causes them to shrivel and lose flavour. Coca Trade.—The internal trade j considerable, ever since the Ggugnest jot Perera and-a-half cen'uries azo. Acosta says that ‘in hi time, at Potosi, it waz worth §5 10,000 annuall and that in 1583 the Indians consumed 100,000 edetoa of coca, worth $24 each in Cuzco, and $4 in Potosi Between 1785 and 1795 the coca traffic was calculated at $1,207,430 in the Peruvian Vice-oyalty, and at $2,641.487 including that of Buenos Ayres "In 1860 the approximate annual prodnce of coca, in Peru was about 15,000,000 1b. the average yield being about 800 Jb. an acre. Mora than 10,000,000 lb. we reannu- ally produced in Bolivia. At that time the tambor or drum of 50 1b. was worth $9 to $12, the fluctuations in price being caused by the perishable nature of the article. The average duration of coca in a sound state, on the coast of Peru, is about five months after which time it is said to lose its flavour, a d is rejected by consumers as worthless. Mth Use of Coca—No native of Peru is wi i or coca bag made of llama cloth, Say noes ov r one shoulder, suspended at his side. In bale coca he sits down, puts his chuspa before him aad places, the leaves in his month one by oue, chewing them, and turning them with his tongue, until he form3 a ball. He then applies a small quantit of carbonate of potash prepared by burning the stalk of the quinna plant, and mixing the ashes with lime and water; he thus forms cakes called Wlipta, which are dried for use and also kept in the chuspa or ba, sometimes in a small silver receptacle. With this there is aso a small pointed instrument with which the /liptu is scratched, and the powder is applied to the pellet of coca leaves. In some provinces a small calabash full of lime is kept in their chuspas called iscupurt. ‘The operation of chewing is usually erfo med three times during the day's work, and: evoty slate and the dried ry leaves are Indian consumes 2 or 3 o; i ‘ S = or 3 0%. of coca daily. In mines of the cold region of the Andes ae Taitiens deriver great enjoyment from the use of coca. The chasque or messenger, in his long journeys ov r the mountains and deserts, and the shepherd wa chi his flock on the lofty plains, has no other round ment than his afforded by his chusya of coca, chunite or frozen potato, and a little parched maize The feats of Indian couriers, sus‘ained by coca leaf a a a little parched maize, are marvellous. It is auuey tically recorded that an Indian has tak n mess: & from La Paz to Tacna, a distance of 249 wiles; with © pas3 1,300 feet above the sea to go up and com down, iu four days, thus accomplishing 60 mile day. He rested one day and nig preemie noe j d night at Tacna, and "34 Virtues of the Coca Leaf.—The reliance on the ex- traordinary virtues of the coca leaf amongst the Peruvian Indians is v-ry strong, Ip the proviuce of Huanuco they believe that, if a dying man can taste a leaf placed on his tongue, it is a sure sgn of his future happiness, A common remedy for a head- ache is to damp coca leaves, and to stick them all over the forehead. My own experience of coca was very much in its favour. Besides the agreeable soothing feeling it produced, I found that when i chewed it I could endare long abstinence from food with less inconvenience than I should otherwise hays felt, and that it enabled me to ascend precipitous mountain sides with a feeling of lightness and elas- ticity, and without losing breath. This latter quality ought to recommend its use to members of the Alpine Olub, and to walking tourists in general. The smell of the coca leaf is agreeable and aromatic, and when chewed it gives out a grateful fragrance, accompanied by slight irritation, which excites the saliva. Tea made from the leayes has much the taste of green tea and, if taken at night, is much more provocative of wakefulness, Applied externally, coca-leaves mode- rate rheumatic pains. Wheu used to excess it is, like everything else, prejudical to health; yet, of all the narcotics and stimulants used by man coca is the least injurious, and the most soothing and invigorating. Cocaine.—The active privcipie of the coca leaf was separated by Dr. Niemann in 1860, and called cocaine. It is an alkaloid which crystallises with difficulty, is but slightly soluble in water, but easily so in alcohol, and still more easily in ether. The discovery of the medical virtues of cocaine followed soo. after the separation of the alkaloid. I remember that, when I was in Hiinburgh in 1870, the eminent physician, Sir Robert Cnristison, spoke to m+ on the subject of the use of coca leaves, He was then upwards of eighty years of age, and he told me that he had gone np and down Avt'ur’s seat, with the use of coca, with a li.htness and elasticity such as he had not experienced since he was a young man. He foretold that coca would attain the impor- tant position in the pharmacoposia, before long, which it’ now holds. It was in 188! that the great discovery was made by Herr Koler at Vienna, tha! cocaine produces local anses hesia. Heport.—Vne great medicinal virtues of cocaine have since been ascerta:ned, and a demand ha3 arisen for the leaf which will increase. My ‘ast Custom House returns from Veru are for the last quarter of 1890, when the export of coca leaves from the ports of Mollendo and Salaverry to Englaud and Germany were 14 689 lb. worth &642, and of cxcaine from Callao 9,046 lb. worth £372. Ifthese returns may be qua- drupled for the whole year, the quantity of coca was 58,556. lb worth £2,568 and of cocaine 8,184 lb. worth £1,488) Plants distributed by Kew—For the cultivation of the coca plant in our Colonies and in India we are indebted to Kew Gardes, an institution to which this Empire, and, indeed, the whole civilised world, owes an immense debt of gratitude for :ts wise and indefatigab!e exertions in the distribution of plants. In 1869 coca plants were raised from seed at Kew, which came from the Department of Huanuco in Northern Peru. They belong to distinct variety first described by Mr. D. Morris, the able Assistant Direc- tor of Kew, and 1amed *y him Nova_ Granatense From this vari ty the plants are derived which are now. growing in Jamaica, St. Luciz, Trinidad and Ceylon. They were introdueed into Jamaica and Ceylon in 1870. Experience, derived from cultivation in our Colonies, seems t) indicate that the coca plant thrives best at low e'evations, from the sea level to 3,000 feet; from the point of vizw of the largest yield of cocaine. But if the yield of erys- tallisable cocaine is considered, the plants grown at high altitudes are the richest. The Boivian l-aves ield 045 of cocaine, nearly all crystallisablo. Tie argest yield is recorded of a plant at Darjiling in * India, growing at 900 fect above the sea, nimely 0:8 per cent. of which 0°45 was crystallisable. next highest yield came from a plant at 100 fee above the sea inJamaica, which give 076 per sen only 0:33, or ‘ess than haf, being crystallisable THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. The | them shouli accrue the principal share of profit. eS ee ep D- Sote - _ ‘ *< », {Juse t, 1895. et while Ceylon plants, at 2,30) feet elevation, yielded ei per cent of cocaine, the whole being crysta'lis- able. the sea, the yield was 0°39 per cent of waich 03 was crystallisable. At Buitenzorg, in Java, which is 820 feet above Tropsine.—L am indebted to Mr, Morris, of Kew, for tive information that a pew product has been obtained from the small coca leaves exported from Java, which is called tropa cocaine or tropsine, and has lately come into use. It is described as moze reliable and deeper in its action than cocaine and, unlike the latter, it acts as an anwsthetic on inflamed tissue, Yield of Jeaves.—Ooca leaves are now exported fromm Ceylon, Jamaica, Mauritius, Trinidad and Java, bezidea Peru; and the Government of India is now proposing to grow coca for itsown needs, Of course the yield of alkaloids in the main consideration in the growth of coca leaves for exportation, while the best kinds for home coasamption are tose whic best suit the tastes of consumers. Deterioration and Price of Leaves.—The deteriora- tion which the leaves suffer from long journeys. aud from being kep’, caused me to abandon tie Idea which I entertained many years ago, of promoting the importation of coca leaves for use by moun- taineers and others in Europe. It now appeors that there is a distinct loss of alkaloid in the leaves, caused during a long voyage. This cireumstance has given rise to the manufacture of a crude a'kaloid at Lima, containing 70 percent of purs crys’allisable cocaine, which sells at 158 per oz, The leaves fetched from 10d. to 1s, €d. per lb. in London and at New York, but now the price is much lower. Last week a parcel of 8,500 lbs. was sold at 2d. per lb. but they had been under water for several hours, It seems, therefore, very unlikely that it will be worth while to export the leaves from India or the Colonies. The production in South America is so enormons that Peru will always be able to meet the demands of the market of Europe and of the United States with the crude alkaloid, such as is now manu- factureiat Lima. Butit will, doubtless, be profitable, both in India and in the Coionies, to grow sufficient coca for the purpose cf manufacturing cocaine and tropa-cocaine to meet all local demands. Concluding remarks.—I trust, then, that ‘the recogni- tion of the virtues of the coca leaf will be, in the first place, beneficial to the Peravians. 1t was the Pernvians who discovered some of those virtues many centuries ago; it is due solely to their industry and agricaltural skill that coca was converted from a wild and useless, to a cultivated and most va uable plant; and as to them belongs the honour, so to Great benefit will be conferred upon an increasing number of people throughout the world by the use of this remarkab'e specific. Lastly, our own Col. nies and British India will be able, through the action of Kew Gardens, to raise sufficient t» supply the need; of their own populations. Thus we tnd, in the history :f coca ccltivation, one more instance of the benefits derived by the old World from ths products that are peculiar to the New World: and one more example of the debt we owe to the Incas of Peru. If they had not, by the application of un- unrivalled skill ani care, conver ed the coca and the potato plants from wild to cultivat d products, we should probably never have known either th2 virtues of the one, or the value, as a source of food supply, of the other. The gratitude of the peoples of the Old World is, the ef» e, due to the Inc's of Peru, who-e civilisation securel to us such inestimabe benefits.—Imperial xustitute Journal. = UTILISATION OF BANANAS FOR MEAL, ALCOHOL &c. Stanley’s work, ‘‘ In Darkzst Africa’’ called the attention of the world to the dietetic value of Bananas, especially for invalids. Since that date experiments have been made for the purpose of so preparing Bananas that they might be made useof in all climates, not merely as fruit, but in the form — of meal to be cooked as gruel, puddings, &c, - June 1, 1895,| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 785 In Jamaica it is of great importance to discover some plan for the utilisation of the fruit, which at present is wasted—the small bunches, and those that are unfit for export for other reasons, such as bruising or over-ripeness. A Committee of the Board of Governo:s of the Jamaica Institute, with the Director of Public Girdens a3 Chairman, investigated this subject s»me time ago, but the conclusion arrived at then was that the data in their possession were not suca as to encourage any hopes of planters b-ing able to minufacture the waste Bananas themselyes oc dispose of them to a factory. The Director has, however, beeu making eaquirics in London, and has had an interview with a Dutch engineer, Hartogh, who has invented machinery for the con- version of Bananas into various products, The specimens seen of these pro‘ucts were of exce'lent quality, and it is interesting to note that the peel cay be used in certain cases for manufacture, as well a3 the pu'p of the fruit. The prospects of this new industry are now more hopeful, and it seems probable that thefactories will be started in Jamaica for the utilisation of Bananas that are now wasted. Mr. Hartozh, after seaing the references to Bananas in Stanley's book, visited Datzh Guivny in 1392 with the object of s:udying the prep wation o! Buna as so as to utilise the lirgs proportion of starch -co1i- tained in them for food, and for other industrial purposss. He invented various machines, and has prepares ditfersnt products from the Banana, which ave been submitted for analysis and test to speci- alists in a!l the industries in which starch products are employed: Whether bis special mothods are of such a nature as to be profitable both to the planter and to the manufacturer, the resuits of the tests to «hich the produc’3 have bean .sa):n tsed will be interesting to all growers of Banivnas. Whey have b2ea published iu. connection with a: exhibit in the Antwerp Ex- hibition of this year, mv ie by the Stan'ey Syndicate,” which has been founded by My. Hartogh, and by Mr. Asser, Civil Engineer at the llague, who acts as Secretary. An expsvimental factory has for some time been, at work in Datzh Gaiana. Among others, experiments o1 a large seale have heen carried ons in Ms. Kahlke’s munufuctory of yeast and alcohol at Koaissberg, and at his request in a laboratory at Berlin. Anaccountof these experiments was published in the weekly paper ‘‘ Alcohol’ in its numbers 10,11, 12, and 15. The use of Banana flour is regarded in this periodical as opening a perfectly new prospect for the industry in question. It is affirmed that the richness of Banana flour in starch is in a special state which facilitates iu a most remurkable manner the production of yeast without diminishing the quantity of alcohol. The latter has a fine aromatic flavour. Mr. Kahlke, one of the best-known manufacturers | of yeast in Germuny, writes in this connection :— | “ Banana flour, without doubt, from its richness in starch and its good flavour, is particularly suitable | for the manufacture of yeast. This flour is easily | rendered saccharine. The yeast obtained by adding | Banana flour to the other ingredients has a good colour, all the requisite properties of an excellens cli33s of yeast, and, moreover, keeps well. The alcohol obtained from it leaves nothing to be desired, eo that this flour may ba introduced as an article of commerce, wad emp oyed without any spe ial preparution. Sitisfactory experime ts have also been made in some breweries where 20 per cent. on milt has been replaced by the flukes and flour of Bananas. The flavour of the beer wai not altered andthe qaantity of liquid was increazed, and the malt was replace | by a loa3 expensive subs'ance, Experiments are being made in which the pro portion of Buaana flour is increased. One of the great Belgian brewers writes :— “ These Me ALY, flakes were macerated in the vat with the malt, and the result was much superior to that of paize, acd the flayour of the must irreproachable, the drainage of the mixtnre was a little difficult at first, but after being stirred a second time the draining proceeded rapidly; briefly, the use of the flikes may be considered both adyantageous and easy in brewing,’ D.ff2rent Ranana flours, and notably that prepared specially for the manufacture of glucose, have been tried in some ylucoseries. Although difficulties’ were met with in the manafacture, principally with respect to discolouration, it has bee1 shown that the glucoss ob‘tainel from it has a good flavour, is very sweet and slightly aromatic. ‘ It is highly probable thet a special study of the subject will surmount the slight difficulties which at first preseated themselves in the use of this new product in glucoseries. Very nourishing bread has been made from e proportions of Bananas and Wheat and Rye flour and even from a mixture of two-thirds Bananas and one-third ordinary flour. oe smece Banane flour haying an agreeable flavonr < fresa iruit appears to be speci i y cakes and Biaatlite. ee ee PreseRvine MAncors. As the cultivation of the Mango is ra co) qual ; idly increasi in the Colony the following may be epi pee some of the gro vers. It is taken from the Jamaica Bulletin of the Botanical Department, and has been written by Mr, BH. M, Shelton, of the Department of Agriculture, Queensland :— _ Canning.—After peeling, the fruit is separated from the stones by slicing into pieces of convenient size These should be stewed for a few minutes only. before pouring into the cans, in syrups strong on weak ia sugar to suit taste, or the fruit may be cooked in the can with the syrup as before. 1 : Taere may be a difference of opinion a3 to the palatable- ness of canned Mangoes. A- considerable number of those persons wh) have tasted the results of our work have pronounced the canned frait excellent while others have declared their indifference to it. A like diversity of opinion, we note, holds respecting the raw fruit, particularly with those who are un- accustomed t» its peculiar flavour, Mangoes stowed in the form of a sauce will be found a welcome aldition to any dinner table. “As good as stewed peaches,” we have heard them pronounced, Marmalade.—Webster detines marmalade as “ serve or cont ciioa made of any of the firmer boiled wih sugar, and usualiy ev take the form of a mould.” Nearly in this sexse th word ‘‘ marmalade ” is used ii this essay. Peel and slice the Mango, cutting close to the stone usin plenty of water. Boil until the fruit is throu hig disintesrated, when the pulp should be run orth the colander with the purpose of extracting the “wool.” Sugar should now bé added to snit the taste (about {lb. to the pint of pulp), and the mass boiled uatil clear, when it should be poured into the moulds or jars in which it ist» be kept. This marmalade is of a rich golden ysilow colour, it retains the form of the moall perfectly, and it seems in all r spects to satisfy the most exacting aste. In the absence of the experience ne-:essary to t-st the keeping qualities of Mango marm lade, it wouli be the part of wis- du to seal the jars designed for facure use while hot with wax, or better yet, with a p ug of eotton wool Jelly.—For jel!y, prepare the Manzoes by slicing v3 for m urmalade ; boil the fruit with water, prolong- ing the ‘oiling only to the exte t of extracting the Jaizes. Great ¢1re should be taken in boiling, as the Mang > rap dly * boils to pieces,” in which case it is inrpossible t» make satisfactiry jelly. Pour off the juice, strain and boil down to a je ly—an Oper. tion that occupies only a few moments, as the Mango is rich in .eiatinous materials. The pulp remaining afte: the je'ly has been :emoved may be used to advant ize 1a nuur alade In t e@ amount of saga’ u el i1 making jel y the house keeper is sate in following old practices in this respect with other fruits. It is impossible to give exact rules in all the operations connected with Working uy this fruit In general, it will be well to use in boiling, water pre- fruits aporated so as to Yeletss making 736 somewhat to excess, and as the Mango “ cooks” readily, constant watchfu'ness is needed to prevent, burning. To show something of what is possible in the way of results with this fruit, I may say that in our experiments 13 good sized Mangoes gave one pint of jelly and five quarts of marmalade. his certsinly must be counted a very favonrable, not to say remarkable, result.—Natal Botanic Gardens Lcport. —— —___ > ADJUNCTS TO TEA. (From a correspondent.) Though the pure Lucca oil is difficult now to rocure, its place in the cuisine being chiefly taken y that expressed from cotton seed, and, in these days when few know or care what they eat and drink the substitution is no great matter. The most important plant of the olives, which belong to the same order as the Ash, is the Olea Europea and though chiefly grown in Southern Europe, is admir- ably fitted for our mountains, where the rainfall is not excessive enough to render the fruit over pulpy, when ripening. Whether the pure cil would compete succeasfully with its cheaper rival has yet to be determined; the public of the present day inclining to cheap imitations rather than genuine articles; but the bottled, or tinned fruit would undoubtedly be appreciated either for ordinary dessert or other purposes, Though the plant has been raised from even the stones out of the familiar retail bottles, grafting would be necessary, hence, it would be preferable to import plants in Wardian cases as a nucleus. Shade, for the first three years, would be necessary and care would have to be taken that this should fall obliquely and by no means direct from above, as the drip would prove highly detri- mental to the well-being of the plant. The olive does not reed an over rich or stimulating soil, and it is as well here to mention that those who may be inclined to make the most of their estates, should study the recent reports from the once vaunted orchards at Mildura on the banks of the Murray River in Australia, where exotic cultivation has shown, that fruits brought up too tenderly, though luscious and of larger size than those raised naturally, cannot be exported as they become flaccid and insipid in the course of twenty-four hours; much the the same as bas been.experienced in the large forc- ing houses for early and unseasonable vegetables in Europe. High cultivation among plants is attended with much the same results as among animals, race horses, especially, as also too delicately nurtured human beings, both bcing unnaturally forced to a pastard development, to the shortening of life and artificial existence during their brief span. [Here we beg to differ from our correspondent He evi- dently mistakes “high” for ‘too high ’ cultivation. Ep. | Though the variety of Oleacwa just mentioned, is the chief fruit-producer, oth r kinds exude a swectish juice in semi-tropical climates which hardens into manna of the cbemist’s shops. The common Ash, Fraxinus Hacelsior, would yield the substance under. our bright sun, while its fine timber would improve the value of allestates; it is hardly necessary to mention that the leaves of the Ash act much the game as serna, while the bark of all the larger Oleans have decided febrifuge qualities (bat we bave enough and to spare of this latter medicine). Olea jfragrans, % smalJer variety, is still used in China for scenting tea ‘The sub, or rather we should say the affinitive order of jasmine is well known, though, except in some parts of the South Maharatta country, the plant is merely grown for wreaths and general decorative purposes; though the scent is easily and inexpensively extracted either by dis- tillation or maceration with animal fat and the common cheap potatoe spirit, rectified. There is not the slightest difficulty in procuring jasmine seed or p'an.s. Another pant allied to the above is supposed to be the mustard tree of the new Testament—Salvadorie parcica, of which there are onej or two kinds. The fruit of the one alluded to tastes like garden cress, and is presumed to havo 3 m — as THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. {JUNE 1, 1895. a similar influence in purifying the blood; the bark having much the same properties of blistering fluid. The leaves of Sulradorte Indica are purgative ; hence the plants dwelt upon have much to recom- mend them to all wishing to stock their holdings with economic plants of no mean commercial value. None of these adjuncts need elaborate treatment, nor would interfere with either tea or coffee cultivation; while, though their fruits might be available co present proprietors, they would add considerably to. the market value of an estate. or benefit posterity in the shape of the owner's children. The Italians bave a saying that “h+ would become rich should plant an o'ive;’’ and so say we—O.W. —South of India Obserrer, — ~~ TEA CULTIVATION IN THE CAUCASUS, Experiments with tea plunts in the Russian pro- viuce of Transcaucasia baye been carried on for some tim». Inthe Russian Vouvelles quoted by the Board of Trade Journal (1891, p. 174), it was stated that “the tea plant flourished o1 the western lit’tori] of Transcancasia, notably at Sonkhourn, The tea shrubs planted in those districts reich normal dimensions and arrive at fall maturity, producing excellent seeds, The climate of Western Cauca-ia compares favourably with thatofthe south-east of China, This analogy consists not only in the equality of mean annual temperature of the two regions, but also in the quantity of rain which falls there and in the period (spring) when the rai sare most abundant a co-di- tion essenvial to the growth of the tea plant.” Itis added thata so-called Caucasia» tea had been erhibited to the Nijni-Novgorod fair. “This was nothing else but Vaccinium Arctostaphylos, a kind of tea from Koporie, which only served to discredit the future plantations in Caucasia,” Latterly the tea plantations in the Caucasus have been extended, and “ the quality of the tea produce i is said to be good.” The Department of Crown Estates bas appointed a Commission which will includ: the Inspector of the Imperial Domains in the Caucasus, to proceed to India, Southern Ubina, and Ceylon, with the object of thoroughly examining the methods of tea culture and curing in those coun'ries. The commer- cial Agent for the Appana:e Department of the Russian Imperial Coart has récently visited Kew to study the subject. Some remarkable statistics as to the tea prodaction of the world are given in a pap*r read by Mr. A. G. Stanton at the Society of Arts (Journ., vol. 43, pp. 189—201). In 1883 the total consumption of tea in the United Kingdom was 170,780,009 Ib., or 4°82 lb. per head of population. In 1894 these figures had risen to 214 341,044 Ib., or 5°53 lb. per head. The remarkabie feature is the statistics in the way in which India and Ceylon have displaced China as a source of snpply. Taking Mr. Stanton’s per-centages, the proportions of the total supply stand as follows :— China. India, Ceylon. 1883 66 33 1 1894 eae 12 5d 33 In 12 years Ceylon has pushed to the position at first occupied by India, and this almost entirely at the expense of China Mr. Stanton states:—“The annual consumption of tea in the civilised world, exclusive of the United Kingdom, is about 250,000,030 Ibs. Of this quantity o ly about 30,090,000 Ib are In'ian and Ceylon.” 6 is evident, then, that if Russian tea can be successfully p'aced upon the market, it will have, in the first instance at any rate, to compete with China tea. The new competitor is not likely seriously to effect British production. As the experiment to grow tea in the Rassian Empire possesses an interest in connexion with the large tea industries of India and Ceylon the followins pirticulars are reproduced from the report for the year 1894 on the agricultural condition of the Batoum Consular district, lately forwarded to the Harl of Kimberley by Mr. Consul Stevens, [Foreign Office, Annual Series, 1894, No. 1481] :— JUNE 1, 1895.] THE TROPICAL The tea plantations at Chakva, near Batoum, belonging to Messrs. K and S. Popoff, tex merchants, of Moscow, have been considerably extendei this year unler the supervision of the Chinese tea planters, who were brought over in 1893; a large number, about 600, natives of the Caucasus, are also employed in working on the plantation of this firm. In a letter to the “ Caucasian Agricultnral News,” Mr. A. Solovtzoff, who for several years past has been cultivating tea on his estates at no great distance firiom the lands belonging to Messr-. Popoff, gives a somewhat interesting account of his ex- periences in the raising of this plant since the year 1884. He states that at that time his chief concern was the question of procuring tea plants for planting, he feared to order seed lest old seed should be sent, besides this the seed of tea contains a yolatile oil in considerable quantity which, during a long voyage, would be likely to evaporate, and thus the seed would have been rendered sterile. Even the seed raised at Cbhakva requires the greatest care and attention ai excessive dryness deprives it of the oil, and too much damp causes it to rot. Eventually, however, he succeeded in obtaining a few plants which arrived at Batoum in the month of July 1885, together with some seedlings. The condition of both left muc to be desired, as they had received bat little care and water during their transit, and were to agreat extent damaged by the Customs authorities, who used quicklime for the purpose of disinfecting them against the importation of Phylloxera. They were, subsequently, transported to Chava, and with as little delay as possible planted on his property. At first they grew badly, and all the shrubs dried up, but some of the seedtings took, and from these he was able to develop his plantation. The land chosen for the plantation was a red clayey soil, dressed with a thin coat of manure com-posed of thoroughly rotted leaves and branches. We. that had fallen from the trees. After clearing away the manure the land was dug up fora depth of about 21 inches and the top soil was worked to the bottom. Tine seeds ripen in the course of a year, and are gathered in the month of October, at which time the plant also flowers. The seeds, after being collected, are strewed with dry sand and are kept in earthenware vessels. In March they are damyed with a so'ution of camphor, spirits and. water, in order to force their growta. The. seeds are left damped with this solution for some hours, and are then put back into the earthenware vessels, after being mixed with damp earth. In this earth the seeds begin to shoot up, and they are then trans- planted into the nursery beds, the soil of which is the same as that of the plantation, but which has a certain proportion of sea sand admix d for the purpose of rendering it more friable. The seeds are sown at a distance of 33 inches apart at a depth of 1} inches. As soon as the young shoots make their appearance above grcound it is necessary to cover them over with mats in order to protect them -from the excessive h+at of the sun; but this protection should be removed in rainy weather and at night. In dry weather the youny seedlings have to be watered once a day, and under this system of cultivation it is found that every seed comes up. Mole crickets, however, create great hayoc among the seeds. ‘Chesze insects, Mr. Soloytzoff says, are the only enemies of the seedlings with which he has to contend, and they are most difficult to deal with, although it would appear he has found means whereby the ravage3 caused by mole crickets may be minimised. ‘he methods which he adopts to attain this end are the annual removal of the nursery beds to fresh ground, and the burying in the nursery beds, in a line with the burrows of the crickets, of grains of Indian corn boiled in a solution of arsenic, or, what is still better, a solution of corrosive sublimate. The propagation of the tea plant by means of cuttings should be avoided, as a large proportion of the cuttings do not take, but the chief objection is that those that do only produce yery weak plants. Now that he has an almost unlimited supply of seedlings, Mr. Solovtzoff intends transplanting only AGRICULTURIST. 787 the stronger ones into the plantation. The seedlings remain in the beds a whole year, and are then planted out 4 feet apart from each other. The only attention which the plantations requires is that it should be freed from weeds twice a year. For the first year the young plants should be protected from the rays of the sun by the branches of trees. It has not yet been found necessary to artificially water the plants in the plantation. Up to the present, pruning, with a view to increasing the crop of leaves, has not been resorted to, as the chief object has been to obtain as large a quantity of seed os possible for the multiplication of the plauts. No manure has been used hitherto, but when planting out the seedlings this year it was intended to mannre the soil with timber ashes and refuse from oil mills. Daring the dry season, May and June, when the heat is very great, the grown up plants stand the climate very well, but, as mentioned before, the young p'ants have to be protected from the snn. The winter of 1892—93 was exceptionally rigorous, the frosts being as severe as six degrees Reaumur, but neither the grown up plants nor the seedlings suffered in any war, although the latter were for several days covered with snow up to the very leaves. This result is particalarly gratifying when the fact that the very young seedlivgs are planted in a quite open and low-lying plain fully exposed to the wind, is taken into consideration ; when subsequently transferred to the plantation they do very weil. The plantation covers about five acres, and as planting has been carried on as seed has become available, it coutains plants of all sizes, ranging from five years’ growth to one and a half years’ growth. Toe number of plants was 5150, and about 8000 seedlings were to be planted out during the present year, there is a sufficieat quantity of seed in stock to raise 40000 more seedlings, and the quality of the tea is said to be good. It is also veported that aboat 43,000 acres of Government land in the neighbourhood of Chakva have recently been purchased by the Department of Crown Estates for the purpose of turning them into tea plantations, and in connexion with this, the above Department has ordered a Commission, which will include the Inspector of Imperial Domains in the Caucasus, to proceed, at the end of this year, to India, Southern China, and Ceylon, with the object of thoroughly studying the methods of tea culture in those countries—Aew Bulletin. —_—_————SSsSssssss EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY OF PLANTS. Practical Phystology of Plants. By Francis Darwin, M.A., F.R.S , and HE. Hamilton Acton, M.A. Cam.- bridge Natural Science Manuals, Biological Series, (Cambridge: University Press, 1894. ) The physiological course which Mr. Francis Darwin gave at Cambridge in 1883, was the first systematic effort, in this country, to teach the phenomena of plant-life to stadents by means of actual experiments. As we are told in the preface to this book, the experiments were at first demonstrated in the lectnre- room; some years later, the student; were required to do the practical work for themselves in the laboratory. ‘The example set at cambridge has been followed in other universities aud colleges, to the great benefit of botanical teaching. We all recognisg now tha» practical laboratory work is no less necessary in physiological than in morphological botany, though in the former it is certainly more difficult to organise. The present book, whic em- THE bodies the results of the experience gained in practical teaching, is in two parts. Part i., on General Physiology, is the more elementary, and therefore the more widely useful; Part ii., on the Chemistry of Matabolism, is of a more advanced character, and is adapted to those students who desire to make a special study of the chemical physiology of plants. The former, we believe, is mainly the work of Mr, Darwin; the later, of Mr, Acton, THE TROPICAL A Volume of this kind was very much needed, and it is a matter for congratulation that the work haz’ fallen into the most competent hands. There was nothing of the kind i1 Hngitish Lefore, and the book will be of the greatest service to both teachers and students. It must be clarly under- stodi that it isa strictly practical laboratory guide, which can only be used by those who are willing to experiment for themselves. The volume is in no sease a treatise on physiology, and thus differs from its German pred2cessor, Detmer's ‘* Pl inzes- physiologisches Practicum, ’’ which is to some extent a@ compromise bebween a practical guide aud a theoretical text-book. ‘he thoroughly practical char- acter of Messrs. Darwin and Acton’s book seems to us a great merit; every word in it is of direct use to the experimental worker, and to him alone. We cannot attempt to give anything like a sammary of the contents of the work, which, in spite of its moderate bulk, covers a great deal of ground. Thus in part 1. alone, no less than 265 distinct experiments ave described. Of course they vary very much in character, some being quite simple and elementary. while others ave more of the nature of original research. It goes without saying that a large pro- portion of the experiments are of Mr, Darwin's own devis ng, and that nearly all have been practically test _d by the authors. Wherever this is not the case, the reader is told so; aud if the experiment iv, from any cause, at ail likely to fail, he is warned of the possible disappointment. The can lour with which the student is treated all through, is a very pleasant featre of the book. The first chapter is on some of the conditions affecting the life of plants, and as the presence of oxygen is among the most important of these condi- tions, respiration is taken first. Besides the more usual experiments, ingenious demonstrations of intra- molecular respiration, and of the exces3ive consump- tion of oxygen by germinating oily s eds, are given. In the secmi chapter assimilation takes the first place, and many beautiful experiments are described, including Gardiner’s ingeniois modification of Sachs s iodine method, in which the sun is made t» print off, in starch, a copy of a potograph, from a negatiye placed on the leaf. Au experiment proving that excess of carbon dioxide stops assimilation, is espec- ially_ interesting. When a second edition is called for, Mr. Blackman’s new and important experiments on the function of stomata will no doubt find a place. In the next chapter, which also concerned with nutrition, particularly good and complete directions are given for the manigemens of water-culiures ; these are qui'e the best we have mst with, and wiil save the experiment-r fron many fai'ures. The use ‘of Duckweed (Lemna) for demonstriting the effect of various food-solutions on growth, is, we believe, new, and is a very neit method. The same chapter includes experiments on the nutrition of the earni- vorous plant, Sundew, a subject o i which Mr. Darwin's investigations haye become classical. The question of the movement of water in plants is still unsolved. Lhe data of this problem, however, are very thoroughly taught, by meaus of the experi- ments described in the sections ou the functions of roots, and on transpiration. The latter process is investigated, in the first instance, by means of the promoter, an instrument devised by Mr. Darwin and “his pupil Mr. Phillips, in which the speed of the ‘ttanspiration-current is measured by the rate of ascent of an air-bubble, which is drawn up a capillary glass-tube by a transpiring shoot connected with it, A particularly ingenious experiment is one in which the hygroscopic twisting and u twisting of an awn of the grass Stipa, is made use of as an index of transpiration. A chapter on physical and mechanical properties treats of such phemonena as imbibition, turgor, osmosis, and the tensions of tissues. It may be pointed ont that in the description of Tranbe’s artificial cells, copper sulphide is evidently a misprint, either for copper chloride, or sulphate (p. IIL). AGRICULTURIST. [JUNE 1, 1898, The next chapter is on growth, mod contains, among many other things, full dicsetions for the use of the various kinds of auxanometer. Tae remaining chapters are concerned with curya- tures ( geotropism, heliotropism, traumatic curvature, &c.), and with other movements. Some of the most fascinating experiments come ia this part; we will only mention those on the decapitation of roots, an operation which, as Charles Darwin discovered. prevents the root from perceiving the geotropic stimulus, thoagh it does not hinder tne curvature of the growing region which may haye been induced by a previons stimulation, Attention 1s here called to the brilliant experiments of Prof. Pfeffer, which have demonstrated. conclusively that the tip. of the root is alone sensitive to gravitation, thus finally confirming the co:clusion drawn by Darwin from less decisive experiments. The announcement of this discovery by Prof. Pfeffer was one of the most interesting incidents in the Biological Section at the Oxford meeting of the British Association, A self-recording method for studying the sleap- movements of leaves, strikes us as especially mlenblo. The second part of the book, on the chemistry of metabolism, is of quitea different character from part 1., and is evidently intended for students with an advanced chemical knowledge, who alone can make intelligent use of it. The object aimed at is sufficiently explained in the opening paragraph : “The practical study of the transformations which plastic substances undergo in metabolism, is an application of organic chemistry: the immediate problem is generally to determine whether certain substances are present or absent, and, if present, in what amounts in particu’ar tissues. "’ The mode of dstermiaation of all the important organic bodies occurring in plants, such as protein, amides. oils, carbohydrates, tannis acids, and enzymes, is concisely explained. There are two appendices, the first of which gives examples of quantitative rezults obtained in actual ex- periments, in order to show the degree of accuracy which may fairly be expected; te second is a list ofreagents. Within the short space of ninety emall pages, which is all that the second part ocenpies, it is obviously impossible to give fall instruction in such a diiticult and complicated subject as the prac- tical physiological chemistry of plants. Those, how- ever, wno are already good chemists, will no donbt devive great help from the terse directions given here, especially as these are supplemented by abandant references to the more special literature. The authors are much to be congratulated on their work, which fills a serious gap in the botanical literature of this country. We think it very desirable that asmaller edition of the bork should be published for use in schoois, beariog somewhat the same relation to the present handbook as Prof. Bower's ‘*Practical Botany for Bezinners’’ bears to his larger manual oa the same subject. It is most important, now that p»ysiological botany is supposed to be taught in so many schools throughout the couatry, that it should really be taught in the only efficient way, namely by experiment, and that it should no longer be made a mere matter of “cramming,” as is now too often the case. A selection from the present book of the simplest and most fundamental experiments, such as could be performed with tolerable certainty of result in ordinary scieace-schools, would, we are sure, be of the greatest service to conscientious teachers, who desire to mike their scientific instruction a reality, D. HS. —Nature. ———————EE Season. Reports ror Apriu.—In the Trincomalee district, of the Eastern Province, paddy and tobacco are favourably reported upon. In Uva, the young paddy plants show good promise, the spell of drought having at last terminated. Average prices: paddy per bushel, R2; vice per bushel, R5; Indiancorn per bushel, Re. 1:25; kurakkan per bushel, Re. 1°50; salt per measure, cants 12}.—Gazeite, JUNE 1, 1895.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 789 PEACE IN THE FAR EAST AND TEA PROSPECTS. We quoted from a Japan paper, the other day, a report to show that the new tea crop in Japan was an uncertain quantity so far. It is asked what effect will peace and the enrich- ing of Japan at the expense of China, have on the tea industry? So far, it is difficult to give an answer to such a question ; bat it may be said at once that the transfer of the rich island of Formosa (15,000 square miles, nearly 2 million people and mountains up to 12,000 feet) to the enterprising Japanese with its ex- tensive and prosperous tea industry, may be a far more serious matter in the way of rivalry. A full account of ‘‘ Formosa” will be found in our Tropical Agriculturist for 1893-4, page 324. Fifteen years ago, we were told tea cultivation was rapidly extending in Formosa, and as America is a great customer, it is quite pos- sible the Japanese may secure American capital and native (Formosan) labour to develope the industry. All the more reason, therefore, that Ceylon and India should go ahead in capturing the American taste. oe CURRENT TOPICS. The question of the value of AGRICULTURAL PROPERTY, with reference to its net annual returns, seems to have begotten needless warmth in one direction. ‘“ Seven years’ purchase”’ used to be a familiar formula in the old coffee days; and I see that in the valuation of tea estates too the annual net returns multiplied by seven are considered a fair basis of calculation. It would be too much to say that that is an infallible method of valuation, or that it yields even approxi- mate results always. There are lands for which the proprietors would be glad to get seven times the annual profits they yield; while in the case of well-situated estates, with good depth of soil, it would be folly to art with them on the policy of seven years’ purchase. But Iagree with those who think that the longer life of a coconut plantation justifies a more liberal mode of assessment in dealing with coconut estates. The writer of your PLANTING NOTES, if I understand him arignt, seems huffed at your revi- sion of the seven-years’-purchase rule in favour of local rents, and says he has no objection to 18 years’ purchase being conceded to coconut property yield- ing 5 per cent. If he meant to me that the percentage he named is the highest that coconuts would yield, he is mistaken. Good estates, not bought at fancy prices, should yield 10 and even 15 per cent. Whether so or not, the basis of valuation is not affected by the annual profits netted. If a5 percent yield- ing estate is valued at 18 years’ purchase, because it is planted with coconuts, an estate yielding 10 to 15 per cent can claim the same method of valuation for the identical reason. But 10 per cent on_ the capital cost is a different matter from profits of R100 or £10 per acre, of which Mr Davidson spoke at the Planters’ meeting. There are not many coconut estates that yield that; and in that respect coconuts must yield the palm (pardon the unconscious pun) to tea. I was assured by an up-country Planter that a well-known Dim- bula estate had given its proprietor £18 stg. per acre last year, and that a Kelani Valley Estate had yielded as much as £30 per acre.* That is enough to make one’s mouth water! $$ - ——. -— -_- —__ —-— _ —) * Surely R800 per acre was meant ?—Kp, 7.4. THE KELANI VALLEY RAILWAY COMMISSION. What does the examination of Mr. Swettenham as a witness by the Kelani Valley Railway Com- mission mean? What knowledge has he of the route, the district to be tapped, or of the traffic- yielding capabilities of the country to be traversed ? I presume next to none. If it be that, as a mem- ber of the Executive Council, he was believed to have thrust a spoke into the wheel of progress, his cross-examination by his adversaries must add new terrors to the discharge of executive functions. I suppose, we shall see the outcome of it all when the Report is published; but meanwhile, let me utter one word of warning. Whatever the traffic mi ht be, it is unsafe to calculate, save perhapa with reference to Tea, that all the produce yielded by the lands and villages through which the line will pass, will be sent down, or even a considerable part of it. The local demand for coconuts especially is im- mense; and what with household wants, Copra manufacture, the consumption of nuts by Desiccating Mills &c., no calculation, however precise, of the yield of lands, would serve as a basis for ascertain- ing the proportion of the produce which would be carried down by the railway. I have assumed that the Commission has dealt only with one route, With the contending claims of the different routes I have no concern; but I suppose the Engineers will not lose sight of the liability of the line to submersion if carried across certain tracts, and also of the danger of adding to the embankments which prevent or retard the passage of flood water, into the sea. The Southern route, as it was called, into Uva had to be abandoned owing to its liability to submersion. RAMBLER. ———»~—_—______. THE WEATHER AND TOBACCO CULTIVATION. Our Trincomalee correspondent writes :—We had a good downpour of rain lately, but not enough to revive the drooping vegetation from the effects of the excessive heat. The evenings are cloudy but the mornings are bright and clear. We expect to have more showers before the change of the monsoon. Cultivators are busily engaged in curing tobacco leaves. This time the plants thrived well though there was no rain during the season. Traders from Jaffna are shortly expected and it is hoped that the tobacco will fetch a good price. —<<—<__—_____. THE LONDON ‘“ ENGINEER” MOUNTAIN TRAMWAYS: ELECTRICITY NOT LIKELY TO BE UTILISED UNLESS LIGHTING AS WELL AS TRACTION CAN BE COMBINED; THE FUTURE RAILWAY POLICY IN CEYLON. Very apropos, as is remarked by our London Correspondent, has there appeared the article on the above topic, in the London Engineer and which we reproduced on page 760 of our last issue. It seems to be past disput- ing that if this Colony is to experience the full benefits of Railway communication, out- lying “groups of estates should obtain facilities for the transport of their produce to the nearest stations on our trunk line. We fancy there are but few of our planters who do not experience both trouble and expense in effecting this at present. And so long as the means at their dis- yosal for it are confined to long stretches of hilly eart roads, and the only method of con- veyance is by bullock carts, this experience must be continued, while in some cases the all- ON 790 ————— important labour supply is trenched on by coolies having to be employed to carry bags of rice and boxes of tea considerable distances. We do not, in the least, dissent from the HLngineer on the point raised in its article as to the diffi- culties which would probably have to be over- come in constructing Tramways upon the moun- tain roads of Ceylon. ‘To effect this construction, will prohably involve the solution of an almost entirely new problem. Our hill roads are for the most part narrow. ‘The necessity for searping them along the hill-sides has often enforced their being so constructed. But it should not be overlooked when considering this item of difficulty, that ‘Tramways are now- a-days so laid as to admit of the passage of ordinary road traffic over them, the rails being in all cases laid flush with the metal- ling of the road surfaces. It does not seem, therefore, that much inconvenience would be caused by the presence of a Tramway, save, per- haps, at a few points where sudden curves in the road might make it difficult to see ap- proaching traflic. At such points the width of the searping we have referred to would probably have to be somewhat increased. Tor these reasons we agree in thinking that the difficulties enn- merated would not be found to be insuperable. Probably the suggestion put forward by the writer of the Engineer article that Colonial Go- yernments should obtain designs and estimates for a trial road of the kind discussed is the best that could be at present offered. We know it to be a question, however, as to whether the Government of Ceylon would be willing to act upon it, or even to allow Private Enterprise the needful encouragement to take up the work. All depends now on whether the conservatism of the past in the matter of Railway Extension is to make way for a more liberal, and, as we deem, wiser and more far-seeing policy. Proposals for extension must continue at a deadlock, because we do not know how far the authorities here and at home may be willing to meet the views that we believe to be gradually spreading among local residents. If a definite pronouncement can be obtained through the medium of question- ing in the House of Commons, as to the official policy in Ceylon, we should be in possession of some basis whereon to found future action. In respect of utilising water-power for Electric- motor Tramways in our hill-country, we have been lately advised that considerable improve- ments have to. be effected in this department of Engineering, before a practical success can be anticipated. Cases have been mentioned to us, where, under extremely favourable circum- stances, Electric Tramways dependent on water- power have not proved a financial success; and the conclusion that Engineers of experience have come to, is that to make such plant profitable, lighting must be combined with traction, so as to secure utilisation during the night as well as the day. We may now sum up the deductions which may be made from the article in the London Engineer, as follows in a concise form :— () It is a notable bit of evidence that English Railway Engineers are following tardily and one by one in the direction taken 15 years ago by their con- tinental confreres, and are abandoning their con- servative clinging to the traditions of Stephenson and Brunel. They no longer insist on the alternative of taking standard gauge railways built to Board of trade requirements or going without. They. are beginning to realise that big railways need Jittle rail- ways to feedthem. They are beginning to realise, too, that every country must be engineered according THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (June 1, 1895. to its needs and peculiarities, and not as heretofore according to Westminster traditions. (2) Some radical departure from the current types of rail-track and methods of traction is necessary to meet the case of small groups of hill country estates lying five miles and upwards from existing railways. What departure exactly is a question which the several Governments might profitably refer at once to Com- missions authorised to invite paid-for plans and to take expert evidence. Each country thus acting for itself might profit by the sifted experience of other countries. Why should not Ceylon show the way instead of limiting itself to single-man wisdom. Waring is a good man, but not ommiscient! (3.) Electricity : Science has to learna great deal yet before it is in a position to supply a motor for the case put by the London Engineer—small remote groups of estates in precipitous country. Cheap water power is by no means the only pre-requisite required for cheap and reliable electric traction. Weare not prepared to indicate a means of meeting the needs of these handicapped estates, but for immediate purposes we begin to feel sure it is not to be found in the direction suggested by the Engineer. As regards ‘ Steam Meneune ys in Italy,” the salient facts we gather from the paper sent by our London Correspondent may be summarized as follows :— (1.) They are not primarily main line feeders, not, as a glance at the map will show, branch lines. Rather they radiate from the large towns into the country for the purpose of bringing in to the town market, farm and garden produce. By thus stimulating the growth of wealth and popula- tion in and about the large towns they do as a matter of fact greatly benefit the main lines; but this is a secondary and indirect effect; it is not (an important consideration this) their originating purpose. (2.) Owing to a variety of causes, some of which can be seen in operation in the Bank scandals, the financial aspect of the Italian Light Railways is dis- couraging, and show how zot todothings. Yet (3.) Notwithstanding the aforesaid fact they have been a veritable manure to North Italy. As the Prussian Minister of Commerce said in 1898 in moving the third reading of the Kleinbahnen-Gesetz in the Prussian Parliament:—‘tA traveller toda through Lombardy, through Belgium, through Hol- land. can see for himself how beneficent have been these ‘little railways.’ It is as if irrigation canals had been carried through the fields, and every- thing was growing and flourishing under their ferti- lizing streams. In North Italy in special, the bless- sing they bring with them are so obvious that they can be seen by the casual tourist even as he hurries across the country.” (4.) In construction and equipment they often show a wise disregard of professional ipse dizits. We are very loath to appear to throw cold water on the scheme shortly to be laid by petition, before His Excellency the Governor, in favour of utilising the Blackpool Falls tor an Electric Tramway between Nanuoya and Nuwara Eliya. But we are simply giving the experience’ that has been brought within our knowledge. When in London, we warned the promoters of the Madras Electric Tramways, as to the risks they ran in pioneering in the East, before such Tram- ways could be said to be a_ suecess in the mother country. Where, in fact, can we point to financial as well as engineering successes in Electric Tramways? In passing through America in 1884, we were much struck by the fact, that while we found the Electric Light nearly every- where—Denver- with its 28.000 people fully lit up, while London could only boast of a few odd lamps—all the Tramways we saw in San Fran- — cisco, Chicago, &e., were ‘‘cable,” worked by a steam engines. The combination of Electric © Lighting for Nuwara Eliya along with the Tram- — way is, we fear, scarcely to be thought of as if june 1, 1895.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 491 profitable investment? At any rate, we should be glad to hear of any Electric Tramway, successfully working at the present time, i Europe or America? SS LABOUR SUPPLY : HOW TO ECONOMIZE, A good Prospect for Engineers and Inventors is offered in the increasing scarcity of labour, for, of course, it will now be more than ever incum- bent on planters to utilise every possible ‘‘labour saving” machine that is put within their reach, whether for the factory or the field. bound to come to the front again, in an im- proved form, some day. Then, again, how im porent to encourage tramways and light railways in order to save labour in yarious forms. We need say nothing of the advantage gained, in some cases, from wire shoots for carrying firewood, grass and we sup- pose tea-leaf in bags to the factory ; and still more the great advantage through proprietors doing all in their power to give their coolies comfortable, healthy‘ lines” to live in, in order to ensure their health and power to do a good day’s work. In the Kelani Valley and other feverish districts, especially, ought this to be seen to. a PLANTING AND METEOROLOGY. (Communicated. ) It is a striking fact that the elements of Meteoro- logy are usually somehow left out in the ordinary curriculum of a liberal education, which may possibly help to account for a good deal of ignorance prevail- ing on the subject. The one almost univeral obser- yation in the planting districts is the daily rainfall. How often do we see a gauge placed in position according to the orthodox rules? Many people seem to imagine that a bungalow wall or a large tree a few feet off are not worth consideration. ow often have we known the rainfall of one estate, to save the trouble of duplicate measurements, assumed to be correct for another a mile or so away! I should even venture to doubt the accuracy of the rainfall on a single point of a large estate as representing the average rainfall on the whole. While on the question of rainfall, it may be worth pointing out the usefulness of the wet and dry bulb thermometer. The instrument is not expensive and is easily read, and forms a not wholly untrustworthy nieans of foretelling the weather of the next few hours. Perbaps the one instrument about which the greatest confusion of ideas exists is the aneroid baro- meter, a confusion if I may say it, which a note in Ferguson’s ‘ Hand-book”’ p. 305 (Ed. 1893-1894) hardly tends to dispel. Tnstrument-makers in England have deluded the ordinary public into a somewhat childlike faith in the words ‘“ Rain,” “ Change,” “ Fair.” and so forth which are usually found on the ordinary instrument. Even at home these are to be taken as only very approximately correct, while with the very minute variations of atmospheric pressure in a place of the latitude of Ceylon, they are, of. course, practically useless. Hence, probably, arises the idea that aneroids can be ‘‘set” for Ceylon. It may possibly sound superfluous to say that the barometer (aneroid or mercurial) indicates simply andsolely the atmospheric pressure at the place and time of the observation. The practical non-variation of the barometer in this country, however, though it makes the instrument almost useless for prognosticating the weather, renders it far more easily applicable than at home to the calculation of altitudes: andsuch caleulation can be easily effected by the use of a table quoted in Fergu- son’s “Handbook” and Rutherford’s ‘Pocketbook’ ? It must be borne in mind, however, that the aneroid is essential, An inatcurate instrument, and readings We have | eta tee not heard much lately about ‘ Thompson’s Pa- 5 totam Baal S tent Tea Pluckers”; but we suppose they are | : taken by it are not accepted by the Meteorological Office at home. I should be curious to know whether the Meteoro- logical Records in this country show any marked barometrical variation during the burst of the mon- soon. Some correspondent can doubtless answer this question. I believe I am correct in saying that it is not wise to accept as absolutely correct the different al- titudes marked up on the railway station name boards. Perhaps some correspondent can shed some light on the Sabian It is strange how prone we are all to believe in the accuracy of anything printed, but any figure depending on an isolated observation be received with enlightened scep- [We take it that the Railway Engineers are responsible for the station altitudes, and seeing how particular they have to be in working out and applying their gradients, for every mile on the railroad, we can see no room for the scep- ticism of our esteemed correspondent.—Eb. 7'.A.] PLANTING IN FIJI. (By an ex-Ceylon Planter. ) “HURRICANES GALORE !—TOBACCO CULTIVATION. oS ; Fiji, Feb. 19. Fiji has again, on 6th Jan. last, been visited by a disastrous hurricane which has done an immense amount of damage to houses and plantations. The coconut estates to windward have suffered terribly, a great number of trees being blown down and others with their tops twisted off. There will be no copra to speak of for two or three years. This is especially hard on the planters as their places were only just recovering and bearing after the 1886, 1888; 1889, and 1892 hurricanes. The two we had in 1886 and 1889 were especially strong, but the one we have just experienced, for the time it lasted, for Gemsee done and loss of life, takes I think the palm. To do any good here one ought to plant some product that will give a return between the months of March on to the following December, as the hurricanes occur during January, February, and March. Although it is a very unusual thing to hap- pen we cannot as yet say we are out of the wood and may haye another blow next month, but I trust we shall be spared. Five hurricanes in ten years is too much of a joke and if it does not mean ruination it certainly means that no money can be made unless, as stated above, some cultiva- tion is undertaken which will give crops before the hurricane months set in. In this case one would have to face damage done to buildings only. The last tobacco cultivation spec: turned out a failure. Another expert engaged by a Oo. is out and the experiment is to be thoroughly tested this time. Every help is being given by the Governor who is very anxious that tobacco planting should prove a success in Fiji. The Japanese introduced as labourers by the C. S. R. Co. have turned out an utter failure. A good number of deaths have occurred amongst them, a great number have always been laid up in hospital and they did not do the work expected and in ad- dition their wages, &c. came to nearly double what a cooly costs. The experiment of introducing them has been a costly one and it is lucky that a rieh Co. like the C.S. R. Co. undertook it. A steamer has come out and has taken the balance of the men home, Sir J. B. Thurston goes home on leave shortly, He well deserves a holiday. ‘ Only one vessel went recruiting this past season She returned with 140 recruits. The new coolies will shortly be arriving. They ill be brought by steamer this year, = * Tho coconut palm, certainly |—P.D, 192 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. (June 1, 1898. DOUBLE, OR MANY-HEADED COCONUT PALMS IN CEYLON. We have referred from time to time to two double-headed palms—one at Dehiwela and one near the Mount Lavinia Hotel—bearing fruit usually on each of their heads. We have also described the four-headed or candelabra palm along the coach road to Chilaw near Marawila, which we inspected in June last. There used to be a famous (?five-headed) one in or near Negombo town and another in the Racquet Court, Colombo; but we fear both have dis- appeared. From a well-informed Sinhalese gentle- man we have obtained the following list, and we shall be glad to receive any well-authenticated | additions to the same:— Double, or Many-Headed Coconut Trees in Ceylon. 1. At Minuwangoda, Alutkurn Korale, Negombo District, in the garden called Ambegahawatte, with 3 - branches. 2. Alongside the Madampitiya road near Green - Lodge, close to the junction of the Madampitiya road with Skinner’s road, 5 heads. 3. Near the house lately occupied by Mr. Law, close to the Dehiwela station, 2 branches. 4. Close to the Kotahena Cathedral with 2 heads. 5. Close to the Moratuwa railway station at Koralewella (I have not seen the tree.) 6. Near Akbar’s mill, Negombo, 2 branches. 7. Between the high road and Mount Lavinia Hotel at Galkissa, 2 heads. {Fuxther inquiries are being made and informa- tion will be forwarded when received.—Cor.] re PLANTING IN SUMATRA. III. A TEA KITCHEN FOR ESTATE COOLIES. Let me commend to the notice of the Kelany Valley and Kalutara Planters, yea, and even to those of Galle and Matara also, THE THA KITCHEN mentioned in my last letter. Here the cost is as follows for 200 coolies: sevenpackets per day at five cents er packet, equal to 35 cents. Add one cooly’s wages ‘or the month $6, and the only other expense you have is to buy an old second-hand asphalt cauldron. The tea supplied here is a low-class China red-leaf which has already been infused once at least. Your Geylon red:leaf, Congou or Fannings, would cost only the ae the drinks, ark this also. Where tea is freely given to the coolies in the field twice a day, there 13 practically no fever! The coolies of course do not know what a ‘boon it is from a health point ef view, but they will swarm toan estate where they get free drinks. It is interesting to note the difference of treat- ment of SICK COOLIES in different countries. For my part; I can conceive of nothing more calculated to promote the entente cordiale between master and man than the old patriarchal system as it existed in Geylon, until it was ruined by the Medical Aid Ordinance. It is certainly not fair to blame Sir William Gregory for this measure. It was, as fas as I can see, a crusade on the part_of the Hysterical Brigade at Home against the Brutal Planter. The Hysterical Brigade brought pressure to bear on the Indian Government. The pressure was passed on to Ceylon, and pig had to et over the stile or they would not have got home fhat night! * * Our correspondent is wrong here: not a whisper came from home—the Ordinance was foreed on by “Qogie Elphinstone” and other good-hearted old lanters who were shocked at the disregard of coolies’ ealth shown by man out and rushed into ja the “Seventies, "Ep, 7,4, es of a cooly to boil and distribute — of the youngsters who came - imbula, Dikoya and Maskeliya “to Great Britain, In the Malay Peninsula, Tamil labour is indentured and in addition to the Doctor, the struggling planter has to deal with the Protector of Immigrants or Immigration Agent. Ibelieve at one time the planters contemplated asking the Bishop to be allowed to add a verse to the Litany :— “From the Immigration Agent Good Lord deliver us.’ On an official visit, not only the sick coolies are called; but “hm b indentured cooly must appear be- fore the officials: and it isa fact that there are officials who will tout among the coolies for com- plaints against their master! ‘This in the interests of what Mr. Midshipman Easy would call Zeal ! In Java I only came across men working with free labour: daily payment; and the man could go home every evening after receiving his pay ; and on the morrow work on the next estate if he liked. (This only refers to a small portion of Java that I know personally.) Under such circumstances, should a sick man come up for medicine, no enquiry is made as to what is his ail- ment: but “Garam Inggris”’ is the order: andthe poor wretch is sent-away after having been forced to swallow sufficient Epsom Salts to blow both trunk and tail off an elephant, the planter remarking “ I don't think that son of a stuffed monkey will trouble me again for medicine,” or words to that effect. In Sumatra the Javanese labour is all indentured under advances. Hence you have a well eqnipped dispensary, a sick-roll twice a day inspected and physicked by the P.D. and a pocket Sober who visits once a fortnight: but mercifully for the planter, he is not possessed of official authority as in Ceylon and the Straits! More to follow. THE INDIAN TEA CROP FOR It will be seen from the following extract from the circular of 17th April of Messrs. Wm. Moran & Co., that the total Indian Tea Crop for the current year is estimated at 140,390,520 lb, Against realized in 1894-5 127,127,216 ,, Estimated Increase 13,263,305 ,, The exports tothe United Kingdom are estim-: ated at 126} million lb., against 116,105,868 lb. in 1894-5, or over 10 million lb. increase. This is not out of the way. We quote as follows :— Since our last, reports from the districts have, on the whole, been far from favorable. Although fair rain has fallen in parts of Assam and Cachar, from Sylhet, Darjeeling, the Dooars and the Terai the news that continues to arrive is anything but satisfactory. The following is the estimate of the crop of the coming season as given by the Genetal Committee of the Indian Tea Association, from which it will be seen that an export of 126% millions to Great Britain is anticipated; being an increase of 10 millions as oa with that of the season just closed. ORIGINAL ESTIMATE OF CROP OF 1893. 1895-96, lb: Assam .. ar att 57,531,490 Cachar .. ts oi 19,405,880 Sylhet .. a6 is 22,272,900 Darjeeling .. = <6 8,069,210 Terai <3 =% a 3,176,000 Dooars 19,854,240 Chittagong ss 5: 000 Chota-Nagpore 45 ve 238,800 Kangra .. . 3 ae 3,000,000 Dehra Dun and Kumaon +s > 2,000,000 Private and native Gardens .. 4;000,000 140,390,520 being 13,263,305 Ib. over the actual outturn of thi crop of 1894. Estimating shipments to the Coloni and other Ports with local consumption at 14 million there will remain about 126} million Ib. for expo June 1, 1895.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 793 CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA. THE COMMITTEE OF THIRTY. Minutes of Proceedings of a meeting of the Thirty Committee held at Kandy on Saturday the 20th day of April, 1895, at half-past seven o’clock (7-30 a.m.) n the morning. Present eniedere C. W. Horsfall, J. N. Campbell, A.C. Kingsford, R. 8. Duff Tytler, A Thomson, A. E. Wright, W.D. Gibbon, A. Philip, A. M. White. The notice calling the meeting was read. In the temporary absence of the Chairman, Mr. A. M. White, Mr. A. Thomson (Chairman, Ceylon Chamber of Commmerce); was asked to take the Chair. The minutes of proceedings of a meeting of the ‘Thirty Committee” heldat Colombo on Friday the llth day of January, 1895, were read. Resolved :—‘‘ That they be and they hereby are confirmed.” CryLon CHAMBER OF CommERCE.—Read letter from the Secretary of Ceylon Chamber of Commerce transmitting copy of the following resolution.—‘‘That the following gentlemen be nominated to represent the Chamber on the ‘‘ Committee of Thirty.” :— Messrs. A. Thomson, R. L. M. Brown, L. G. War- drop, Gordon Fraser, C. A. Leechman and C. W. Horsfall, and that the quorum be reduced from seven to five. Finances.—Read letters from the Colonial Secretary submitted memorandum from the Colonial Treasury. Read letters from the Manager, National Bank of India, Limited; submitted Bank pass-book ‘ Ceylon Ee (New Market) Fund under Ordinance No. 4, of 1894,” REPRESENTATIVE TO AMBRICA.—Read letters from Mr. Wm. Mackenzie dated London, 4th, 11th and 25th Jan., New York, 5th, 7th, 9th and 14th Feb., Chicago, 18th Feb., Niagara Falls, 26th Feb., Montreal, 27th and 28th Feb., New York, 5th, 12th and 13th March, 1895. Resolved (I.):—‘‘That Mr. Wm. Mac- kenzie’s letters be acknowledged with thanks.” Resolved (II.):—‘ That the telegrams sent to Mr. Mackenzie as follows be approved :—‘ Mackenzie discretion.’’’ Resolved (1II.):—‘‘ That to facilitate the business of this Committee, Government be requested to intimate that they approve the principle of this Committee acting - upon any resolution passed by them, with reference to the disbursement of funds under clause 3 of Ordin- ance 4 of 1894, unless within 7 days of the despatch to the Colonial Secretary of a copy of the minutes of the meeting at which such resolution was passed the Government shall have signified disapproval thereof.’’ Resolved IV :—‘‘ That £1,000 be placed at the disposal of Mr. Wm. Mackenzie to be disbursed at his discretion for advertising purposes principally and pushing Ceylon tea generally in America,” Cryton TEA Ar THE ATLANTA AND Corton Staves INTERNATIONAL Hxposi1ion.—Read letters from Messrs. Bierach and Thomas A. Cockburn. Resolved :—‘That having considered Mr. Mackenzie's reports and Messrs. Bierach’s and Cockburn’s letters this Committee con- sider it inadvisable to take part in the Atlanta Ex- hibition.”” (II) That a copy of the aboye resolution be forwarded to Messrs. Mackenzie, Bierach and Cockburn, and that the two latter be thanked for the interest they have taken in the matter. III. “That Messrs. Jierach and Cockburn be _ in- formed that in the opinion of the Committee the results are not likely to be commensurate with the expenditure estimated.” Crxyton Tres av tHe CANADA AND Bantrwore Ex* HiBiTIons.—Read letter from Mr. R. V. Webster regarding representation at Canada's Great Interna- tional Exhibition, 1896, and Baltimore Centennial Exposition. Resolved:—“That in reply, Mr. Webster be informed that the Committee are unwilling to deal with his proposal until they have received Mr. Mackenzie's final Report, and have decided what action they are to take thereon—the Committee are, however, of opinion that My. Webster’s stipulation that his brand of tea should be on sale at these exhibitions to the exclusion of others is inadmissible,” CrytoN Tua in THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA. Read letter from Mr. Thomas Fairhurst, and its enclosure. Resolved :—‘‘That Mr. Fairhurst, be thanked for his communication and that he be asked to fayour the Committee at any future time with further information or recommendations for pushing Ceylon Tea in America and elsewhere. Cryton Assoctarion In Lonpon.—Read letters from the Secretary, Ceylon Association in London, also letter from Mr. H. Victor Love of Chicago enclosed therewith. Cryton TEA In New York.—Read letter from Mr. John W. Greene New York acknowledging receipt of the Resolution passed by the “ Thirty Committee ”’ and intimating that im accordance, he had placed himself in communicatiou with Mr. Wm. Mackenzie, and transmitting copy of his letter to that gentleman. Read letter from Mr. A. Bellingham, Trenton N.J. Resolved :—‘‘ That Mr. Bellingham’s letter be ac- knowledged and that he be informed that the Com- mittee not being a trading body are unable to avail of his services.” Submitted letter from Mr. S. Elwood May. Cryton ADVERTISING TIN SHow Canrpvs.—Read letter from the Acting Attorney-General, enclosing a letter from the Macdonald Manufacturing Company on the subject of Tin Show Cards. Cryton TEA IN Germany.—Read the following me- morandum; The Committee of the Planters’ Asso- ciation of Ceylon forwards the following extracts of minutes of proceedings of a meeting held at Kandy on the 16th February on the subject of Ceylon Tea in Germany. Cryton Tra In Germany.—Read letter from the Ceylon Tea Company, Limited, enclosing transla- tions of letters received from Mr. John Kitscher of Berlin, urging the necessity of bringing Ceylon tea before the German public at the Berlin Exhibition, 1896. Resolved :—‘ That the correspondence be trans- mitted to the ‘Thirty Committee’ for consideration.” Resolved :—‘* That Mr. Kitscher be thanked for his letter and he beinformed that the Committee do not propose to be represented at the Berlin Exhibition 1896.” Cryton Tra IN SwitTzERLAND.—Read letter from Mr. Alfred Ames, Veytaux-Chillow (Swisse). Read letter from Mr. EB. A. Cooke. Resolyed:—‘‘ That the amount asked for by Mr. Ames be remitted to him, and that he be referred to the Ceylon Tea Company Limited for supplies of the same standard.” Cryton Tra IN THE T'RANSVAAL.—Read Correspon- dence with Mr. Alex. F. Souter and the Ceylon Tea Company Limited. Submitted letters from Mr. R; Maclure. Resolved— That the correspondence be ap- proved,” Cryton Tra IN San Franctsco.—Read_ correspon: dence with the Ceylon Tea Company, Limited, and Messrs. Leechman & Co. and between Mr. C. W. Horsfall and Mr. A. M. White. Resolved.—‘ That in future in the case of grants made by this Com- mittee, the Committee desires that the 4th division of the label hitherto used in the case of grants for free distribution, should be discontinued unless speci- ally sanctioned.” Cryton ThA in CaAvrrorniA.—Read correspondence with the Ceylon Tea Company, Limited, regard- ing shipment of ‘Tea granted to Mr. J. R: Foster by the Standing Committee of the Ceylon Tea Fund. Resolved:—‘* That the action taken be approved.” AwnaAtysis or COnynon Tra—Resolved:—* That a complete analysis of Ceylon teas black (and green if obtainable) and of black and green teas (China and Japan) generally used in America be procured for the information of the Committee.” InprAn Tra Assoctavion Lonpon.—Read letter froni the Secretary Indian Tea Association London. Sam: ples of green teas vecetved from America. Considered the disposal of the samples of green teas: Resolved :—** That the Secretary be and he hereby js empowered to deal with them in any way entirely at his discretion.” The * Thirty Committee” then adjourned. __ A. PHILIP, Secretary ‘Thirty Committee,” 794 “A DECADE 1N BORNEO.” REVIEW. This interesting book, written by Mrs. Pryer, ought to be in the hands of every one who wishes to know something about the ‘‘ New Ceylon,’ its people, and its capabilities. Mz, Joseph Hatton in his interesting introduction tells us who Mrs. Pryer is. The lady’s husband is Mr. W. B. Pryer ‘“ the first white Resident in the territories of the British North Borneo CODE: and one of its most en- thusiastic officers. Mr. Pryer, in taking up an inde- endent position in the country as he has now den) should be able the better to advance its interests. His faith in the future has long been established by making North Borneo his home, and his wife is not less earnest than himself in the work of realising their unbounded faith in one of the most patriotic of modern enterprises.” In 1877 Mr. Pryer formed one of a party of four to interview the Raja or Sultan of Brave The four were Baron Overbeck, Mr. Prettyman, Mr. Pryer, and Mr. Torry the U.S. Consul at Bankok. The expedition was fitted out by Mr. Alfred Dent (now Sir Alfred Dent, x.c.m.c.) In November of that year the party left Singapore in the steamer “ America,” specially chartered and fitted up for the expedition. They formed a treaty with the Sultan of Brunei in December and were then joined by Mr. Cowie now one of the Directors of the Chartered Company. They landed at Sandakan, and Mr. Pryer was duly installed by Baron Overbeck, who commanded the expedition, as Commissioner of the N.B. Coast. The capital of British North Borneo was ‘then formed of three small villages hidden away in one of theside arms of the Bay.’ Sanda- kan is now a town of 6,000 inhabitants of whom about 130 are Huropeans. : j “Starting the Colony” is the heading of the 2nd chapter of this interesting book. In September 1878 the Spaniards gave trouble and sent a man-of-war to Sandakan to take possession. However, Mr. Pryer with the assistance of Mr. Cowie the Captain of the ‘Far East’’ pluckily showed a brave front, with the result that the Spanish ship of war left, so that her Captain might consult the Captain-General of the Philippines. Chapter IV. gives an atcount of a second attempt on the part of the Spaniards to get hold of Sandakan. Chapter V. gives an excellent occount of Bird- nesting; anda Hunt in North Borneo. “i Chapters VI. and VII. give most interesting de- scriptions of a trip up the river Kina-Batangan, and thefollowing interesting account of the ‘ordeal by hot water,” which some of our Ceylon lawyers might prefer to have among us, rather than the present system of perjury which now prevails in our Courts of Requests :—* Whilst taking our coffee one morning, we heard a great shouting and calling in the forest, W. sent to inquire the cause, and found that the ordeal by hot water was being undergone by a man, who refused to acknowledge a debt. The test was perfectly voluntary. It appears that this method of settling disputes is often resorted to by natives. When these men came out of the forest, my husband called for them, wishing to personally inspect the hands that had been in the boiling water; they did not seem any the worsefor it, and we do not know how the matter was managed; but at any rate the debtor was quite satisfied, and told W so. When the man’s hand is in the hot water, he relieves his feelings by loudly calling on Heaven to help him and bear wit- ness to the truth of his statements. Tt does seem absurd in countries where an oath or simple affidavit have apparently no meaning to those who make them so glibly, that our law-makers can- not devise some such ordeal, so as to elicit truth out of the common class of witnesses in our Ceylon ! Saat ‘Pryer gives us @& rather ghastly account of the way some of the inhabitants of North Borneo try to keep im touch with the eeu world. : ao Summongupping is thus described:—“At one Jace a small Chief came forward to make a request. The weather had been unusually dry, and as a rmeau of inducing vain—for need of Which the croys THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ne sen * [June 1, 1895. were suffering much—this wicked old wretch asked, that he might be allowed to ‘summongup’ one of his slaves. ‘Summongupping’ is a most revolti and barbarous custom, which the natives of the interior would like to carry into effect, if permitted to do so. It is needless to say that this request was promptly refused, and the man was cautioued not to pursue such practices in future. The ceremony of “‘summongupping ” is as follows: having obtained a slave for the purpose, the unfortunate being is bound with ropes, and tied to a post; thereupon all the villagers approach armed with spears, which they thrust a short distance into the slave’s body, at the same time requesting him to convey me es to their deceased relatives in Kina Balu. (I may here explain that Kina Balu the largest mountain in the Company’s territory represents the Heaven of these peor e. The good people whodie ascend to the rocky eight, and live in joy on its summit; while the bad ones ceaselessly and ineffectively try to scrambleup its cold and ragged sides to the aheae of bliss above.)' I hope this extract may not induce any of the planters in Kornegalle next hot season to “ sum- mongup”’ any of F.M.& Co.'s crimps they may catch in their lines ! I might fill your columns, Mr. Editor, with inter- esting extracts from Mrs. W. B. Pryer'’s interesting book, but it is not an expensive one. The London Publishers are Hutchinson & Co.; Kelly & Walsh, Limited, China, Japan, and Singapore, are the Tro- pical Agents. Mrs. Pryer gives a very clear account of the way Liberian coffee is planted in Borneo in Chapter XIV.—Cor. --———- > TEA AND SCANDAL. ‘My wife sold Coffee and Tea, Souchong, When me and the boys went dodging along, When I was a Peeler, ...... A pretty character I have got, My Tea and Coffee is gone to pot, Boiling away.” So sings a “ Bobby” (in the ‘British Museum) in a highly elevating song entitled ‘‘Go it, my kiddies, and fake away !’’; and so might I sing, for my Tea and (Coffee) Scandal have ‘‘ gone to pot” the last three weeks, much, no doubt, to the grief of your readers. However, I will now try By make up for lost time by giving you the following extract from Blackwood’s Magazine, 1884, yol. 135, 52. The article is called ‘‘ Figures in the Fire,” and from one image to another the writer thus passes on:— My pendent figure has quite burned away while I have been letting my pen run, where it appeared there is a great space now among the coals; and as I regard the space more particularly, I perceive that it has bounds, and that the form is that of a tea- cup, the resemblance being the more striking from the figure of a spoon standing up in it. Now I am not very curious in China cups, or cups of any kind, but I own to having had in these latter days, some sad thoughts on the declining reputation of tea itself. It is no longer the beverage which “ cheers but not inebriates ;’’ if we listen to the most radical of our dietists, it is arank poison. I am not sure but that it is more deadly than the long-denounced alcohol, which has been so thoroughly vilified that its learned assailants can find no convenient bit of surface on which to implant a stab or a kick; and so are driven to attack a new offender. Now tea does, in these circumstances, exceedingly well to be angry. After the way in which we English, not so long ago, thought proper to land and cherish it, it may well complain that our heart is no longer towards itas of yore— “Though my many faults defaced me, _ Could no other arm be found : Than the one which once embraced me, To inflict a cureless wound ? I can remember when I lay in a tropical fever, and my soul desired drink. ‘Take some tea,” said my doctor; ‘tea will only soothe and heal you: : take as much as you like of that.” Now Isuppose that I should, in the same circumstances, be told —! refrain from tea as from perdition, }. a Junge 1, 1895.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 795 So good was the reputation of tea officially, that great efforts were made in her Majesty’s navy, about thirty years ago, to increase the consumption of it. The proferred extra allowance of tea was as com- pensation for a reduced allowance of grog, and little favour did it find from Jack, however graciously it may have been regarded by his masters. There was to be no forcing of its adoption, but unlimited per- suasion was to be used in order that it might be voluntarily accepted. One captain told me that he had assembled his tars, and exhorted them, as elo- quently as he knew how, to refuse the evil, and to choose the good (as it was then the fashion to consider it). When he had said his say, knowing that Jack’s first feeling would be one of indignation he said he would not ask for an answer then, but would receive it three days after, by which time they would have been able to think calmly over the proposal. At the end of three days the ship’s company, choosing purposely to misunderstand the offer, intimated through a deputation, their gratitude for the choice which had been allowed them, and their determination to give up their present ration of tea, and to get a trifle more grog! In spite of. the sailors’ ingenuity, and their preference for alcohol, tea, backed by the Admiralty, before long carried the day. But how is it to be in the navy of the near future? It seems as if, should the disrepute into which tea is falling become more and more confirmed, the mariners managing matters discreetly, might recover some of their lost, but ever-regretted grog. Grog itself, (that is to say, ruin and water,) which appears to be what grog originally signified once itself an alteration in his ration very distasteful to Jack when it was made. He had been accus- tomed to consume his rum raw, or at any rate to receive his allowance undiluted, and to deal with it as he pleased. It seldom pleased him, I fancy, to mix it with water; and bitter and contemptuous was his denunciation of the new-fangled and “ lubberly”’ rog. The new mixture was introduced by Admiral ernon, who had been long known in the service as “Old Grog,’ because he wore Grogrum breeches. So Jack, in the bitterness of his soul, bestowed on the emanseculated drink the name of its author and introducer. Do not let it be imagined that in giving you the above article I at all sympathise with the writer’s very evident approval of the condemnation of tea aud regret for the rapidly vanishing grog. I believe our soldiers and sailors are a finer set of men today than they were fifty years ago because of the tea, coffee and chocolate which they drink instead of the “hell-water,” as rum is called by the very people who drink it most. is called and your awful conse- some of the Another song in the British Museum “John’s Party unknown to his Wife,” married readers can well imagine the quences. After imbibing freely in suboye grog— “Then Johnson got valiant, and oath took that he Would make Mrs. John to get up and make Tea,” but instead of Tea getting into John, John got into “hot water’ himself! And hot water reminds me that in the very utmost depth of that unheard-of North Polar bone-and-marrow-chilling cold that we had about a month ago, I not only saw an Italian ice-cream vendor standing in the Strand at the eid of Book-seller’s Row, but I saw dozens of little vagabonds produce their halfpennies and eat their ices with apparent zest ! I've never been able to get my moustache into curl since. And to add tothe horror of the situation I saw in the Daily News that the Police had had orders to keep their eye upon these ice- cream vendors, as they had been seen storing up out of the solidified canals blocks of ice into ehith not only flesh, but dead cats and dogs and other “abominable meats’’ had been frozen! Ugh! no wonder influenza breaks out directly the warm weather sets in, Although the ancient Greeks called a goddess Thea and although they had a goddess whose name was Thera (who was a daughter of Earth, as the Tea- plant is,) and though they were extremely fond of using the particle te, yet it is not proved that Jason Was acquainted with any other than the Atlantic rollers, or that Medea who gave him some “ golden tips’’ as to how to obtain the Fleece, ever tasted an infusion of the “golden tips”’ of Ceylon, so that the following quotation from the Phanissae of Euri- pides goes far to demonstrate that Scandal did exist long before Dharma planted his eyelashes in China, or Bruce discovered the grand ‘“ Indigenous”’ in the forests of Assam :— (Line 205.) ‘ But the race of females is by nature given to censure, and if they receive small occasions of talk, they introduce more: but it is a kind of pleasure to women to speak nothing sound of one another.” A. M. Frreuson. Di en A GOOD FRIEND OF THE COLONIES. Dk. D. MORRIS, C.M.G. The subject of this sketch was born at Loughor, Glamorgan, and was educated there under the late Canon Jones, and afterwards studied at Swansea and Cheltenham. He subsequently at- tended courses of instruction at the Science Schools in South Kensington under Professor Huxley and entered Trinity College, Dublin, in 1869, where he graduated as Senior Moderator and University Gold Medallist in the Natural Seience course. He took his B.A. in 1876, M.A. in 1880, and D.Se. in 1894. In 1877 he was appointed Assistant Director of the Botanic Gardens in Ceylon. He had a brief, but active career, in that Colony, during which he prepared the first classified List of the Plants in the Peradeniya Gardens, and started the investigations into the fatal coffee-leaf disease. In 1879 he was transferred to the directorship of the newly-organised Botanical Department in Jamaica. This Department afterwards became the chief seat of botanical enterprise in the West Indies. The Royal Commissioners in 1884 de- clared it to be ‘‘most ably managed, and invalu- able in developing the resources of the island.” During his career of seven years in the West Indies, Dr. Morris was engaged on several special missions. In 1882 he visited Trinidad and Gre- nada to investigate the cacao industries, and later on he explored the Colony of British Hon- duras, and published the earliest scientific account of that interesting part of the world. In 1883 he visited the far-off island of St. Helena ‘to report upon the position and prospects of the agricultural resources of the island.” In the meanwhile he read a valuable paper before the Royal Colonial Institute (afterwards presented to Parliament) on ‘‘ Planting Enterprise in the Wesf Indies.” He read further papers before the Royal Colonial Institute in 1886 and 1891. His chief service to the West Indies, and the one most generally appreciated, was starting a _ botanic federation of the smaller islands, to supply them with inexpensive establishments called Botanie Stations. This scheme of federation, afterwards developed by the powerful aid of Kew, has been a most effective means for stimn- lating the latent resources of the islands. A similar plan has now been extended to the West African settlements. Dr. Morris became Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Jamaica In- stitute in 1884, and Chairman (afterwards Exe- cutive Commissioner) for the New Orleans Exhi- bition. While at New Orleans, according to the 796 Jamaica Handbook, * he was instrumental in obtaining the removal of the quarantine res- trictions against Jamaica, which had been in existence for nearly thirty years.” He was ap- ointed Chairman of the Jamaica Commission for the Colonial and Indian Exhibition held at Kensington in 1886. In the same year he was appointed by the Imperial Government, on the retirement of Sir Joseph Hooker, Assistant Director of the Royal Gardens at Kew, a position which he still holds, with great credit to himself and considerable advantage both to the Royal Gardens and to the Colonies. Before leaving the West Indies, his services were widely recognised. He had served under two of the ablest governors that Jamaica ever had—the late Sir Anthony Musgrave and Sir Henry W. Norman, now Go- vernor of Queensland—and he was most strenuous in encouraging fruit cultivation and other minor industries that have already done so much for Jamaica, and will eventually benefit all the islands in the West Indies. It is interesting to note his family connection with this part of the world, dated as far back as 1741, an ancestor, Admiral Mathew, while in command of the West India Station, having married Miss. Burgess, an Antigua heiress. In 1890-91 Dr. Morris revisited the West Indies at the request of the local Governments to report upon and organise the Botanie Stations in the Windward and Leeward Islands. He was present at the opening of the Jamaica Exhibition He His Royal Highness, the Duke of York, and delivered the first lecture in the Conference Hall. On his return to London he presented a report affording, according to Mr. 'Thiselton Dyer, “the most complete account of the economical circum. stances of the West Indies that had been published in recent years.” Amongst special matters, he has taken, from the first, a practical interest in the in vestiga- tion of fibre-yielding plants—a subject of first- rate importance to manufacturers | at home, and also to our planting Colonies. His qualification in this field of worl: was recognised by. his being appointed by the India Office to represent it at the Ramie Conferences held in Paris in 1888 and 1889. Further, he has been selected this year to deliver a course of Cantor lectures on t’ Commercial Fibres” before the Society of Arts, beginning on March 18th next. In 1893 Dr. Morris received the distinction of C.M.G., “ for scientific services rendered to Her Majesty’s possessions.” In the following year he received the degree of Doctor of Science from his alma mater, the University of Dublin. He has published numerous memoirs and papers on pure and applied botany, He is a Fellow of the Linnean Society, of the Royal Colonial Institute, and Fellow and Late Treasurer of the Horticul- tural Society. Locally he has taken a deep in- terest in scientific societies, and last year he was elected President of the Richmond Athenzeum, in succession to Sir Richard Temple, Bart., M.P) Dr. Morris married, in 1879, Miss _ Margaret Aitken, youngest daughter of Captain Aitken, J.P., F.G.S., President ot the Manchester Geo- logical Society. A man of great energy of character and peculiar talent for practical re- search in the branches of science to which he has devoted his life, Dr. Morris has also the great privilege of being personally popular wherever he is known, and it goes without say- ine that there is a bright and prosperous career before him. Although still a comparatively young man he has already accomplished a large amount of valuable work, andit is decidedly an advantage to the Colonies that he is still actively engaged in the duties of a most useful life. —2#, Mail. THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. aan Vasaeceeeed : §S h ae | | | | | [June 1, pe PROTEST AGAINST COLOURED COFFEES. Coffee merchants in this market are preparing a protest to the board of managers of the Coffee Ex- change against the delivery of artificially colored coffees on Exchange contracts. This is not a new matter, it having been taken up some time ago by Baltimore merchants who success- fully combated the importers to deliver under Ex- change rules such coffees. While it is admitted that coffees are artificially coloredin our domestic markets, the merchants say they can ascertain why and how coffees were colored at home, but nobody has any knowledge of the coloring matter used at Rio or other export markets. Mr. Frederick T. Sherman, who is agitating the subject in this market, said yesterday: “ Parties in New York who trade in options on the Exchange have suffered through the misrepresentation of certain coffees, and have decided to enter a protest against their delivery on Exchange contracts. Some merchants have sold coffees to arrive, but when the coffees were delivered many of them were apparently artificially colored. The receivers declined to accept ‘tthe invoices on the ground that they were not deliverable as the Coffee Exchange standards are not colored. The parties who tendered the coffees insisted upon their right to deliver, as such coffees were delivered before. “Some of the parties to whom the goods were tendered, after much hesitation, did accept them; but others absolutely refused any part of the invoices, and the goods were sold for the account of the pur- chaser and the matter is now a proper one for judicial action. “To guard against any such trouble in the future a number of the trade have signed a petition urging the board of managers of the Exchange to hereafter prohibit the delivery of all artificially colored coffees on Exchange contracts. “Tt cannot be denied that coffees are colored in this market. The objection made by receivers is that the trade cannot tell what is used as coloring matter in Rio; neither are they willing to receive such colored goods on contracts calling for presumably natural coffees. “Tt also is contended by the objectors to this practice that the addition of coloring matter is often used for the purpose of hiding defects, and frequently tends to make coffees appear better than they really are. There is an opinion in coffee circles that the matter has gone beyond the jurisdiction of the board of managers of the Exchange and may possibly be feet into the courts; but merchants hope to avoid the publicity of the latter course.—N. Y. Journal of Commerce. i —- _—__—- VARIOUS PLANTING NOTUHS. Royau GArpDENS, Knw.—Bulletin of MiscellaneouS Information, March, Contents.—Botanical Garden’ in South Africa; Decades Kewenses,xiv; Botanic Survey of India; Tea Cultivation in the Caucasus; Vaccinium Arctostaphylos asa Tea Substitute; Diag- noses Africane#, iv;: Miscellaneous Notes.—Palace Meadow.—Berlin Notizblatt.—Botanical Magazine,— Ruwenzori Expedition—Malayan Plants.—Flora of Florida:— Castleton Gardens, Jamaica,— West African Mahogany. Rep SpmEeR.—Up North Tea Planters are already talking of Red Spider. and one of them sends the Statesman the following, as a very useful remedy :— Mix in buckets a thin gruel composed of sifted wood ash, the cheapest and least odorous oil procurable, and dilute carbolic acid—the strength of the last to be determined by experiment—and spray among the leaves. If it does not entirely clear the infested plants, it is said that this solution will at least kill myriads of the abominable pests. It is recommended that planters should refrain from plucking until all traces of the odour of the wash has disappeared ; but it is better even to lose one flush than to leave the plant at the mercy of the spider.—Madras Times, JUNE 1, 1895.] TEA PUBLIC SALE CONDITIONS— CLAUSE 4. To the Editor of the Home AND CononraL Matn. Sir,—We consider the hearty thanks of the trade are due to Messrs. Hawes and Co. for the way in which they have ventilated the above subject. People unconnected with the tea trade could never credit the slipshod and unbusinesslike way in which the trade is conducted; for instance, would it be believed that for a public auction comprising 600 samples lying at differenc warehouses (some two milesfrom each other) there is no actual rule as to a latest time when tast- ing samples should be “on show” to admit of the pees eing eligible for sale? Yet such is the fact. e recently sent our sampler four times to a ware- house in Wapping for an invoice of Assam teas which were printed tor sale on the following Monday. The last call our boy made was on the Saturday at 2 o'clock. “Not ready,’’ was the cool reply. This invoice was actually sola on Monday at 12 o'clock at a halfpenny under its value, simply be- cause dealers could not obtain the samples. The owner of the tea no doubt commented to his selling broker upon the low prices realised, little knowing that 90 per cent. of the buyers had never seen the goods at all. This is an extreme case, but there are hundreds of such cases occurring every week of the same kind, though the degree may vary some- what. Many merchants think to protect their in- terests upon this point by seeing that samples are up from the warehouse, little knowing that ware- housemen persistently send up samples to the selling broker gad’ to them and then laugh up their sleeve and have no packages in the show-room for two days afterwards. Now what does such a rotten system as this mean to the trade ? The grows: gets lower prices (often a halfpenny less) al] round against which the most he can gain is one week» interest on money. ‘he selling broker haz to bear the brunt of dozens of complainis from the trade, and is blamed by his merchant for not having made a good sale. The buying broker has to keep a staff of samples twice as large as would be required under any rational system, and he is constantly buying lots which run uite irregularly in consequence of the bulking having een scamped. The dealers and shippers also have their sampling expenses doubled and are unable to obtain delivery of what they buy. As a consequence shippers frequently miss important steamers, and in some instances have the tea rejected in a foreign port because shipment was not made by the first steamer. Now, we believe that all these evils are the natural result of Clause 4. Years ago Olause 4 only insisted upon delivery of goods within seven days, but this monstrous proposition became toomuch for the unbusinesslike tea trade, and dealers made a big stand against it, insisting that tea should be ready ‘‘ onthe day ofsale.’”’ COMMERCIAL FIBRES. Dr. D. Morris, m.a., delivered the first of a series of Cantor Lectures before the Society of Arts, last even- ing, on the subject of Commercial Fibres. Hesaid the commerce in vegetable fibres was one of the most important of this country. The total turn over durin the year 1893, including imports and exports, was o the value of 119,000,000! sterling, and of this large amount India and the Colonies contributed only 12 per cent. of the imports. Great expansion was, however, possible. Canada, for instance, could grow excellent flax, the Phormium fibre of New Zealand, directly it should be available to spinners, wonld have a great future before it. Queensland had a superior fibre in Sida, and the West India Islands were naturally adapted to produce the best sea-island cotton, and also ramie, which was pre-eminent amongst textile fibres. As showing the antiquity of linen, the lecturer referred to somespecimens of linencloth in the Kew Museums, taken from the temple of Hawara, in Egypt, built B.C. 2,500. In South America the Mataco Indian made a singular cuirass, quite arrow-proof, from the floss or vegetable silk of a plant called the Yachan, felted by simply steeping.it im water.—Home paper. ee PLANTING AND PRODUCE. THE ConsumpTioN oF TEA AND ALcoHOL.—The most striking feature in the purely diagrammatical return which has recently been issued and which has been ordered by the House of Commons to be printed, is that while an enormous increase in the consump- tion of tea, coffee, &c., has taken place—the line illustrating this extending as a diagonal across the diagram till it reaches the top right hand corner (1893)—there has been a steady diminution in the consumption of both beer and spirits, the lines indi- cating the last two being practically parallels, not only with one another, but approximately with the base of the diagram also. et atea 1861 and 1862 the total consumption of tea, &c., was 120,000,000 lb.; it then steadily rose, until in 1893 it stood at 265,000,000 lb. In the same period the popu- lation increased from 28,500,000 to 38,500,000, so that while in 1891 the consumption of tea, &c., per head was 4°38 lb., in 1853 it was 690 lb. In regard to wines and spirits, the consumption in 1861 was equal to 35,000,000 gallons, with the population at 28,500.000 and in 1893, with the population at 38,500,000, the consumption was 52,000,000 gallons, so that per head it was equal to 1-22 gallons in 1861 and 1893 to 1°35 gallons, the highest record being 1°80 gallons in 1876, since which the consumption has steadily diminished. The consumption of beer exhibits a similar rise and fall. Commenting on this return, the Lancet says: “To sum up, this interesting return shows that there is a decided diminution in the demand for intoxi- cating stimulants, whilst there is a very consider- — June 1, 1895.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 799 able increase in the demand for non-intoxicating sti- mulants, principally tea and coffee. There would appear therefore to be a distinct andsteady reaction setting in against general alcoholic imbibition—afact which lends support to the view that the evil of intemperate drinking, as its wretched consequences become more and more painfully manifest, will finally work out its own remedy. It is beginning to be re- cognised—if we interpret the return correctly —that the effect of alecholis comparable to the flick of the whip, which for a brief period urges on the horse, while the rational use of tea and the allied beverages, of which theine is the base, is more like the corn out of which a more real and lasting energy is derived.” Russia AND ITs Tra TRAprE.—There is some stir amongst importers of tea in Russia about the frontier tea trade, which injures the maritime trade in tea. According to the St. Petersburg correspondent of the Daily Chronicle, the Russian “Minister of Finance has discovered that, notwithstanding the exceedingly heavy duties on frontier-imported tea, a large quantity of Chinese and Indian tea still finds its way to Russia from Hamburg and London, to the detriment of the maritime trade carried on by the State-pro- tected volunteer fleet, the vessels of which convey cargoes of tea from China to the ports of the Black Sea. In order to do away with this unwelcome com- petition, it has been decided to call as soon as possible a meeting of Russian tea merchants and shipowners, who will discuss this question. ANOTHER TEA SusstitutE.—There is grown in the Caucasus a tea substitute which is referred to in a recent issue of the Kew Bulletin. It is Vaccinium Arctostaphylos, and as far back as 1887 Mr. George Maw, F.L.s., brought from Asia Minor a small sample of tea made from it obtained at Broussa, in Anatolia. Mr. Maw said it was sold for about 8d. per pound. The tea next came under notice in the report by Consul Biliotti: ‘On the town and port of Samsoon, and on the Circassian colony in the district.’ Mr. Biliotti states that the Circassian families ‘‘consume large quantities of sugar and have introduced the use of tea; but there being a sort of native tea produced at ‘Amassia and Tokat, the yearly importation of this article from Great Britain does not exceed 1,500lb.” Mr. Biliotti took a good deal of trouble, and obtained and forwarded to Kew specimeus of tea and of the plant producing it from Amassia_ and Tokat, in the royince of Roum, andalso from Rizeh in Trebizond. riting from Trebizond he says: ‘As it grows pro- fusely here wild on high mountains (not below an altitude of 500 ft., so far as I have been able to ascertain), it would be of invaluable advantage for the population to know whether the plant belongs to the genus tea, and whether cultivation would i improve the quality of the tea now produced, which lacks in flavour. ‘his may be also due to the natives using unskilful means of drying the leaves.’’ The tea sent has exactly the appearance and aroma ofcoarse black tea; so much so that the customs authorities insisted on charging duty upon it. The Board of Trade, to whom samples of the tea were communicated, sub- mitted them to Messrs. George White and Co., tea brokers. They remark that common China tea, selling at 54d to 6d per pound, shows better value in every respect, and the admixture of the “Trebizond Tea” could hardly reduce the cost, whileit would certainly not improve its flavour. Though the aroma of the “Trebizond Tea’’ was so agreeable, the taste of a decoction was harsh and mawkish, with no appre- ciable resemblance to that of true tea. New Sourpern InpraAn Trea Company.—Under the title of the Southern Indian Tea Estates Company, Ltd., a company has been registered with a capital of £40,000 in £10 shares. Object, to acquire the Kaduwa Karnum Estates, situate at Travancore, Southern India, to adopt an agreement for that pur- pose, and to cultivate tea, coffee, tapioca, coconuts, sago, &c. The first directors—to be not less than three nor more than five—are W. F. Laurie, T. C. Owen, and A. Y. Holland. Qualification, £100. Re- muneration to be fixed by the company,—H. and CO. Mart, SALES OF TEA AND AVERAGES. DURING THE 1ST QUARTER OF 1895,-AS COM- PARED WITH 1894. COLOMBO. ge oe ow , Tie te ve id > a @) i Date. g a Bo Date are = a mine ne BE BS &3 5e BH mR f Dn Be 1894. No.of Ay. Av. 1895. No.of Av. Ay. lb. sold. lb. sold. Co ee C3 $C Jan.- 5 452394 34 35 Jan. 4 449737 53 63 », 10 334417 34 35 » 9 360885 53: 53 » 17 430414 34 35 , 16 600718 53 53 » 24 216486 34 34 ae} on 53552 » 3Ll 208689 36 37 » 380 27472053 52 Feb. 7° 256273 41 39° Feb. 6 291994 55 53 », 14 322194 41°” 40 » 13 342622 55 53 », 21 -305100' 43° 43 yl) de 52.) 53 » 28 259177 42 39 » 27 286384 52 58 Mar. 7 222585 43 42 Mar. 6 316625 53 52 See Olea Sane 937 (23. BOO08ST 53) *52, » 21 216445 42 49 , 20 358006 50 50 pv eA) — == » 27 376653 50 50 ‘ LONDON. & , a : o iy Date ‘Sz 8 9 Date eg 38 oy ai sn Bd S g 1894 d 1895. a Jan. 5 16000 84 Jan. 3 9000 10 awhtg 15000 8 BETO 21000 10 eng 16000 84 batty 14000 10 9720 17000 3 poe 20000 10 Feb. 2 19000 84 OL 16000 9¢ yy 22000 83 Feb. 7 22000 94 ele 14000 84 fp ad! 16000 9 » Zo 17000 84 Hal 12000 94 Mar. 2 20000 84 ny ee) 11000 9 po 28) 12000 8s Mar. 7 22000 eTLG 14000 9 repiitel Vt 20000 i » 22 14000 83 5, ake 2210008" ae | , 829 at See » 28 18000 "gi —_— > —- HOBART INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION ; LETTER FROM MR. R. -V. WEBSTER, CEYLON TEA’ AWARDS. . Hobart 3rd April, 1895, On the 1st inst.( April) I arrived in this pretty spot at the foot of arte W ellington, and facing the Der: went river, ‘ Hobart Town.’ On alighting from the steamer “ Rotomahana” Imet a friend who greeted me—‘ Glad to see you back, Ceylon, (one of the names by which I am known in these parts). Did you hear that your Bee Brand carried the only gold medal awarded for Teas? Ingles of Sydney came next with asecond class certificate.” I told my friendto wait till the Jury saw my gold and silver tips from Ancoom: | bra Garden ! | That afternoon and the following morning I was very busy getting the Ceylon Court (which I had erected near the end of the foreign sec- tion) into something like ship-shape. Having previously arranged with the Committee (ap- pointed to give the awards in Class 63) at 3 p.m. I called and drove them to the Exhibi- tion grounds where we met Mr. Joubert, General- Manager, Hobart International Exhibition. After a short “delay we proceeded to the Ceylon Court, One and all were very pleased with what they sa was the following result will prove: seven Gold Medals, and one Silver were awarded in this Court, three of which were accompanied with a special first- class certificate, ‘Ceylon Co-operative Tea Gardens, Co., Ancoombra Gardens, Bee Br und Teas, Messrs, Baker & Hall, Ceylon Plantation coffee, Messra. Lee, Hedges & Qo, Ceylon dessicated coconut,” oO 800 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ¢ [June 1, 1895. Having secured all the awards that were possible, { then asked the Committee to come ant drink to the welfare of our sunny Island in the Nor- thern Hemisphere which had that day been so successful. For this purpose we adjourned to the Café Iyrangais which occupies the large dome over the central hall (on my previous visit I ar- ranged with Madame Jerome that the ‘‘Bee Brand” were the only teas to be served in this Café.) The Committee and a few friends who now joined us, admired the large collection of different grade Ceylon Teas I had arranged on a table 10 ft. by 5 ft. (It was one of those from Angrowella Garden that walked away with the gold medal referred to by my friend). Some of my show cards (views of Ceylon Tea undergoing the various stages in prepa- ration, mounted in Ceylon woods) were also yery much admired. One of the Committee proposed that we should drink the toast in the “ Bee Brand;”’ but I thought “Pommery’’ would be more acceptable notwithstand- ing the ‘‘Bee Brand” had been awarded the only two gold medals given for Tea, Tomorrow I start for Melbourne and after a short stay will proceed to Sydney where I will book for San Francisco in the “ Arawa’’ on the 13th May.— Yours truly, R. VY. WEBSTER. CEYLON EXHIBITS. Soon after the opening of the Tasmanian Interna- tional Exhibition a gentleman connected with the tea industry of Ceylon paid a visit to Hobart. He was struck with the magnitude of our Exhibition, and expressed his regret that there should be no Ceylon Court. Hearing, however, that the Show would last six months, he arranged with the manager to have one or two bays reserved for that country, pro- mising that on his arrival at Colombo he would urge upon the planters and merchants there to at once send to Hobart such produce as could be got hur- riedly together to show the Tasmanians what the fesources of the island were, A few weeks ago a small shipment of teas was received from Mr. Webster, managing partner of the Ceylon Co-operative Tea Gardens Co., Ceylon, Bhd the jury awarded the “ Bee’ brand a special prize. Iast week Messrs. J. Baily & Co. received another shipment of Ceylon produce, which is now being exhibited in the bay adjoining Messrs. White- aide’s furnituie display at the end of the Foreign Court. Amongst other exhibits we notice some splendid toffee berries in glass jars exhibited by Messrs. Baker & Hall of Colombo. Some other samples from the plantations are also very fine, but the very choicest by far isa “Mocha berry,’’ which is beyond all we have seen in Tasmania. Samples of golden and silver “ tips’’ show the high-class tea grown in Ceylon. A small booklet, written by Mr. Webster, for free distribution in this court, explains in a terse style the various grada- tions of tea-making, or, rather, of tea selection. It explains how the leaves from the same plant get classified. So that the first budding leaf, carefully plucked and dried, forms what is termed gold and silver ‘ tips,” and that they range up to £30 pound ! on the London market, while leaves from the very same branch of the tea plant do not exceed ls. per lb. A perusal of Mr. Webster’s very interesting pam- phlet may prove instructive to the Tasmanian visitors to whom “tea” has been a daily article of consump- tion, and still many ignore the process of growing, athering, drying, and grading, so lucidly explained y Mr. Webster. Messrs. W. H. Davies & Co., of Colombo, exhibit dessicated coconut in almost every stage of prepar- ation, from the ‘‘fiake” to the ‘“pulverised state” as fine as arrowroot. This coconut core is now ex- tensively used all over Hurope, and it is well-known that in Ceylon a coconut tree plantation is a source © as tea, coffee, cinchona or cocoa (chocolate) ; of this latter Messrs, of income almost as highly prized W. H Davies & Oo, make an excellent show. A great variety of coconut fibres in every stage, from the rough fibre and the yarn to the finished matting, is displayed. The court is ornamented with photographs showing the tea industry in all its various ranches. Indeed, though Mr. Webster was late in coming, the Exhibition is indebted to his exertions for a most instructive display. JURORS’ AWARDS. Group IX.—CLAss 63. Correr. Messrs. Baker & Hall, Colombo, Ceylon (John Baily & Co., agents), Ceylon plantation coffee. Special first-class certificate. Messrs. Lee, Hedges & Co., Colombo, coffee. class certificate. The Maravilla Ceylon Tea Co., Colombo, Ceylon (John Baily & Co., agents), teas. Second-class cer- tificate. The Ceylon Co-operative Tea Gardens, Colombo, Ceylon (John Baily & Co., agents), collection of fancy teas. Special first-class certificate. Messrs. W. H. Davies & Co., Colombo, Ceylon (John Baily & Co., agents),cocoanibs. First-class certificate. _Messrs. Lee, Hedges & Co., Colombo, Ceylon, des- sicated coconut. Special first-class certificate. Messrs. W. H. Davies & Co., Colombo, Ceylon (John Baily & Co., agents), dessicated coconut. First-class certificate. Note.—First-class certificates stamped with gold : second-class with silver medals. First- —=—=S — INSECT PESTS :—GREEN BUG AND ITS PARASITE. Mr, E. E. Green of Punduloya, writes to us on a eubieet of special interest to all coffee planters as follows :— “In my paper on OrtheziaI mentioned that the native country of the insect was unknown. ‘‘From information since received it seems pos- sible that the pest may have been introduced into the Kew Gardens from S. America, specimens of this species having been taken from plants far in the interior of British Guiana. “Tam daily expecting a consignment of the little beetles from California. I received notice of their despatch three mails ago; but the parcels have not yet come to hand. 1 hope this delay in the post will not be the death of them. They were sent off in the larval stage, with an ample supply of food, and were expected to undergo their trans- formation during transit and to arrive here as adult beetles. I have some large glass jars read for their reception, and hope to start Chen feed- ing upon our local scale-insects before I leave the island. I am expecting two different species, viz. : Novius kebelit and Vedalia cardinalis. I hope the former will prove effective in exterminating—or at least keeping in check—the green cofiee bug (Lecanium viride)—while both species are expected to attack the orthezia. ‘Tt will be important to keep up the stock by breeding them in captivity. Specimens should be distributed to affected districts from time to time and turned out on the buggy coffee, until the bee- tles have become-well-established. I hope to find some one to undertake this work during my ab- sence in England. The Haputale Planters’ As- sociation has kindly promised to assist. All that will be required is a few large wide-mouthed glass jars (such as are sold by the Apothecaries’ Co.as “‘ Drying bottles”). A piece of cotton cloth tied over the mouth will afford sufficient. ventilation. ‘* J will write again when the pareel has arrived, ‘and let you know the condition of the contents,” June 1, 1895.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. THE TEA SWEEPINGS CIRCULAR. The Ceylon Association wrote last week to that of the Wholesale Tea Dealers to make enquiries if that body considered the Customs Circular relating to tea sweepings a satisfactory one. It’s letter was replied to by one dated March 29th expressive of the view that the order might be deemed tobe satisfactory ‘‘ so far as it goes. But this opinion is qualified by the further remark that ‘‘ inasmuch as under no circumstances do any sweepings belong to the Bonded Warehouse pro- prietors, they should not be sold by them, as such a course may act as an inducement to increase the quantity of sweepings.” This latter reason had not before been mentioned to ine; but it is easy to see that it has much force in it. It would be far from difficult, no doubt, when turning out the tea and rebulking it, to spill it up to any desired standard. The con- sciences of the Warehouse-keepers would alone stand in the way of this standard becoming excessive, and really we are not inclined to credit men of the class who have deliberately lent themselves to the system complained of (re the revamping of tea) with any large amount of that deterrent. We all know how next to impossible it is for any efficient check to be placed upon wastefulness during the operation above men- tioned. And we turther know how loud have been the complaints by Ceylon planters of the home out-turn of their packages. Now Mr. T. Christy, as you were told by me, believes it would be a useful alternative to the parliamentary agitation he primarily .recom- mended, for the importers to claim all sweep- ings as their own property. The reason is not apparent to me why this should not be done, alenouah probably there would be some difficulty in assigning ownership among the many persons that might lave tea in the same warehouse It might involve the necessity | of appointing a delegate to watch the rebulking and reclosing of the chests, the subsequent sweeping up, and the final act of destruction to its results. All this, I am afraid, might disineline | pro- prietors to insist upon their undeniable rights in the matter. I have quite satisfied myself now that the issue of the Customs’ Circular was due alone to Mr. Christy’s active repre- sentation of the matter. The Association inte- rested would seem to have been_ thinking only while he was up and doing. Unfortunately I have not as yet been able to see that gentle- man on this subject, for he is away in the South of France and does not return to Lon- don for another week. It is not known to me if the Association intend to pursue this subject further, or whether they will be con- tent to await the result to the operations of the Circular over some extended time. But the letter from which quotations have above been made concludes with the remark that the ten- deney to increase the bulk of the sweepings “cannot be in the interest of either the Im- porters or Buyers.” This being the case, it is not conceivable that the two latter classes will be wholly content with the lately issued Circular, and they may therefore strive to obtain some more stringent regulations than are onw in force under it.—London Cor. > -__-—— OUR LABOUR SUPPLY IN CEYLON. Writing a few days ago toa planter who had suggested the establishment of a Cooly Agency for Ceylon, in Southern India, we replied that we had no faith in its successful operation: Our experience goes back thirty-four years and planters of the present day have no concep- tion of the much greater difficulties as respects — “labour” which beset the men of the early “Sixties.” Even though at the time there were only 120,000 to 150,000 acres in cultivation on coffee plantations, against 360,000 acres now in tea, coffee, cacao, &e.; yet coolies were far more in demand thirty years ago, and a fre- quent form of advertisement was, ‘‘ Wanted a “Superintendent who can command 100 coolies— “ oood salary will be given.” We had also then many prophets of evil who declared that as Ceylon had no special advantage with its poor soil as a plantation Colony, save in the cheap labour sup- ply from the opposite continent, the first very abun- dant rice harvest in Southern India keeping the Tamils at home, would spell the ruin of our in- dustry ; for, ‘‘ without the influx of coolies, the planters might as well turn the key in their store- doors and go home.” Fortunately, that result has never overtaken us ; for, as cultivation extended, so did coolies become more abundant, until now with more than double the acreage, we man- age to get along—partly, no doubt, due to the fact of an appreciable resident population of Tamils on estates and partly to the liberal way in which Sinhalese in many districts have sought employment on tea gardens. Nevertheless in cer- tain districts, quite a number of planters are un- doubtedly feeling a scarcity of coolies, and as as consequence we have a recurrence to old panaceas which, however, have been tried and found want- ing, or without adequate results as far back as we canremember. We recall a Cooly Immigra- tion Agency which came to grief in the “‘ forties”; another with Mr. Robt. Dawson at its head with no better result in the ‘‘ fifties’ and further attempts, equally unsuccessful, later on. Then special Agents or Commissioners with more or less authority hav e frequently been sent to the Labour Supply Districts; but no one, perhaps, with greater advantages of official recognition and aid trom both the Madras and Ceylon authorities than Mr. E. J. Young, and his visits and Reports are so recent, that we cannot understand how Mr. A. E. Wright can want, already, to send another ‘‘Commis- sioner” to travel very much over the same ground. Has Mr. Young’s Report ever been practically considered and (liscussed—not simply in the Committee of the Parent Association ; but, as it ought to be by every District Com- mittee and Association in the country? Until this is done, it is absurd to call for more or fresh information. One important step advo- cated by Mr. Young and supported by Indian authorities, was Railway communication between the two countries as a means of inevitably indue- ing a far greater flow of cooly labour to this island. Even a few hours of sea, in steamer or boat, act as a great check on coolies who have never before left home, and it is quite certain that if through railway tickets were avail- able from the heart of Madura, Tinnevelly, Tanjore, &e., to the heart of our hill-country, a far more abundant immigration of Tamils into our midst would be witnessed. What, then, have the District Associations, con- scious of a short Labour Supply, done towards urging the Parent body to agitate for, or support an Indo-Ceylon Railway? That, to our mind, is a very practical step before the planters. Next, we would have each District Committee, in considering the subject, to collect much- needed information, not respecting Indian, 802 THE TROPICA but Ceylon, Districts. For instance:—Is this alleged scarcity of coolies general, and common to all districts? How far do Sinhaleve fill the deficiency, or how far with further exertions can they be got todo so? Are heavy advances the rule, or strictly the exception? Is it a fact that in- experienced planters are great sinners inasmuch as instead of sending advances by kanganies to recruit on the coast, they are inclined to advance in order to outhid their neighbours on the spot? Is ita fact that while pressure on coolies is almost inevitable in March-April-May ; yet that by June- July-August in many cases, there may be only work for three days a week available? Now these are all questions on which the Parent Committee ought to have full information, before they are called on to take any action whatever. Cannot a circular be drawn up embodying such queries and no doubt some more of an equally practical character, and sent to each District Association for a Report embodying the needful answers. This is certainly how we should re- commend the planters to proceed; for, other- wise, the Association is liable to be placed in a ridiculous position by discussing the need for a Commission, a Cooly Agency or the passing of a Regulation limiting Advances, before it is in possession of the information on which alone any such action could be justified. oe CHEAP TRANSPORT AND HOW TO GET IT: (Specially in the Ceylon Planting Districts.) BY J. DAVIS-ALLEN. The motto of the up-to-date railway engineer is ‘‘ public needs,” not as with the old-time man, ‘professional precedent.” Soit has come to pass that even in those remarkable little islands Ceylon and England where, a short while since, he had nothing but impatient contempt for anything under ‘‘standard,” he is beginning to join approvingly in the talk about the advantages of little railways—light railways—cheap railways. We could wish that matters were advanced beyond the stage of talk, but until they are the more talk the better. Anyhow we make no apology for adding to the volume of it. In Germany they have a quanbenly; magazine, “The Light Railway Journal” devoted to the subject, and not « newspaper but keeps it continually to the fore. As for books the titles alone fill a column anda half of “ Roll’s Rail- way. Encyclopedia,” a standard work published in Vienna. Significantly, not a solitary English name appears in that list! Things have, how- ever, altered since it was published, and today . we can make quite a respectable show of Blue- books, magazine articles and newspaper contribu- tions all concerned with this one theme. The change is the outcome of a compelled recognition (itself engendered by the steady shrinking of the margin between cost of production and value in exchange of nearly every commodity) that the railway system of England like the systems of most countries, so far from being complete, as used to be the boast heard on all sides, is little more than the skeleton of a complete system; that over the whole country must be woven a close tissue of inexpensive lines, securing to every hamlet cheap, rapid and regular access to at least one of the great centres of population. The dominant economie factor of the cur- rent age is the amazing improvement in the means of transport. But the improvement has been in a direction, and of a nature to L AGRICULTURIST. - ae [JUNE 1, 1895. give foreign producers easier and yet easier access to the home-markets, while the home pro- ducer has been allowed to remain pretty much as Macadam left him. The Lombardy Baten provided with services of trains and steamboats competing for his patronage, and giving him cheap and rapid communication with London and the great Transalpine markets; in many cases his produce is railed at his own door, and in no case is he out of sight of the steam-tramway,— ramifying into every cranny and valley,—of the Lombardy Roads Railway Company. The Nor- folk fariner, per contra. is barred off from his own markets by miles of country road, often ankle-deep in mire, through which he has to haul his produce to the nearest railway station by means of a slow-going cart or waggon, costing him in wages, horse-feed, upkeep and interest on capital from £60 to £75 a year for each single horse cart. This is the state of things for which a remedy is wanted, and the remedy should be sought not in currency adventures, but in the provision of cheap, rapid, aud regular transport, in a word, in Light Railways. In 1891 (and the calculation holds good for 1894) the United Kingdom had 166 miles of rail- way per 1,000 square miles of area. To give her the same transport facilities as Belgium enjoys (290 miles per 1,000 sq. miles) would require the addition of no less than 15,000 miles of railway to the 20,000 she possesses today And the need of England is the need of other countries, each after its kind. In what follows we take the necessity for cheap railways as proved, and are concerned rather with ways aut means. An opinion is about that such topics are best left to the technical journals, and it may be objected that having at hand one so able and “alive” as the Indian Engineer, the general press is going out of its way in discussing the detail of Railway construction and management. We are not of this way of thinking. The public have, of right and necessity, a determining voice in matters touching them so nearly as the provision and improvement of the means of communication, and while there are many questions of a highly technical nature which should be leit to pro- fessional advisers, there are many others which are best settled by an educated commercial sense, professional advice being treated in these in- stances as one, but only one, of the data on which decision hinges. Such questions are : Traffie Esti- mates and the Capital Outlay they justify ; Time- table Arrangements; Classification of Goods for Tariff Purposes ; ‘Point to Point’ as against mileage rates ; the Revision of Plans and Specifications from the point of view of economy and_ public needs ; the Location of the Projected Line. On some of these questions great weight must be allowed to professional advice, but with this proviso, all of them come within the jurisdiction of an educated commercial sense. Only if must be educated. It must be informed with knowledge not necessarily exhaustive, but certainly aecurate as far as it goes, of what has been written and done with regard to the points on which it claims a voice. : Of all the questions open to public discussion none has been so much debated, none has so mneh of the haze of controversy hanging over it, as “TRAMWAYS VERSUS RAILWAYS.” Yet, as a matter of fact there is no material differ- ence between them. Both are essentially rail-tracks for the conveyance of flanged-wheel vehicles. Of neither can a definition be framed, whether based JUNE 1, 1895.| THE TROPICAL on the character of the motor, the equipment, the gauge and gradients, or the road-bed, which shall not exclude some installations intended to he included, and vice versa. The only distinction of any utility is that drawn by the French Parliamentary Railway Commission between rail-tracks laid on the common highway with trains which set down and take up on call at any point, and rail-tracks laid on a separate road bed with trains which stop only at fixed points; the former may he distinguished as tramways, the latter as railways. But the distinction is at the risk of a con- fusion of thought which may have, has had, foolish and mischievous issues. For example: a certain public body invited plans for a light railway. Before it could be put in hand an election changed the Boad’s personnel and policy. The newcomers were red-hot for tram- ways, and after a struggle prolonged over two years. the plans for the light railway were rejected in favour of a steam-tramway, and plans were again ealled for. The firm whose de- signs were accepted sent in for the tramway what they had sent in for the light railway, with very little beyond verbal alterations ! Premising that in what we have to say the term ‘‘ Railway,” unless explicitly used in the narrower sense, is to be read as including “Tramway,” we pass on to the prime question of COST. A mistake continually made by districts agita- ting for a railway is to begin by calling in the engineer to advise them as to what it will cost before they have ascertained how, much they can afford to spend. There is no fixed price for a railway, any more than there is for an estate or a dinner @ /a carte. You pay according to your order —anything from say £1,200 a mile up to £30,000. The first and fundamental consideration in every railway project (unless the State is to earry it out, and then quite other considerations come into play) is what can you afford to spend. This ascertained, you may then, and not until then, invite the Engineers to submit plans and estimates for the best railway they can de- vise for the money. What you can aiford to spend is not difficult to arrive at. It depends, of course, on the traffic “in sight,” on the tariff, and on the cost of working and maintaining the railway. If, how- ever, it is to be built against guarantee or sub- sidy, instead of on traffic estimates, the problem is altered to this extent, that the forecast of -traflie by which the grant-in-aid is to be justi- fied, and to which it will in some measure be proportioned, takes into account not only the volume ‘‘in sight,” buat also the increment which the railway will itself bring. ‘This increment in the case of virgin areas is according to a law which holds good the world over, namely that a railway into a new district susceptible of deve- lopment will, within certain limits, double its traffic every five years, Little remark is called for as to the methods and means of compiling TRAFFIC ESTIMATES. There are no fixed rules beyond the obvious one that nothing is to be taken into account except the avouched incomings and outgoings of the district. A good business head keeping in view the purpose for which the estimates are needed, and not given to ‘Cembroidery” is better than a bookful of “ hints and cautions,” as witness the Report of the Kelani Valley Railway Commission. AGRICULTURIST. 803 The datum over which there will be most difficulty, yet the first required, is the area which the projected line will serve—not merely its extent, but also its boundaries. It is good practice to indicate the beneficiary area on a large scale map, tinting in the distribution of population according to distance from railway, and marking graphically the position and traffie-contri- bution of all facteries, estates, and local markets, together with the point on the railway at which they would connect with it. LIGHT RAILWAYS,— And we are concerned only with such—are for the most part either ‘spurs’ from existing lines to which they serve as ‘feeders,’ or they are what the French appropriately ‘‘call chemins de fer Minterét local,” running in to a large cen- tre of population or to a port. In projects of this class the existing traflic, being ‘already marshalled along fixed routes and subjected to soine sort of official tally, may be estimated with a close approach to accuracy, at the same time that the promoters’ statements are secured the countenance of official figures. And since the English Directors’ Liability Act of 1890 the most carefully compiled estimates are of no avail without disinterested and authoritative confirma- tion. The prefiguration of passenger traffic is more dificult and less trustworthy than in the case of goods. ‘There are two kinds of passengers : he who travels because he must and he who travels because he may; the one would go by road if there were no rail, and the other is induced to vo when he might stay. because the rail renders cheap and pleasant a journey which otherwise would be arduous and expensive. Passenger traffic ‘in sight” consists almost exclusively of the former kind; the latter, generally the larere in volume, does not come into existence until aiter the railway is built, and is therefore over- looked in the preliminary estimates. The volume of passenger trafiic is doubtless an expression of (1) the volume of freight, (2) the distribution of the population with regard to the line, (8) the itinerancy of the people; and attempts have been made to devise some formula by which from these factors to calculate it. Buf arith- metic of this kind has only an academic interest, and would effectually repel any plain business man asked to invest on the strength of it. If how- ever in a country in which a new railway is projected, the existing railways have established a measnre of the coaching value per head of population that measure may fairly be invoked by the promoters in drawing up their estimates of traffic. Thus in Ceylon the coaching value per head of population is 41 cents of a rupee, say sixpence, and this notwithstanding that she has only 9 miles of railway per 100,000 inhabitants and a fraction over 10 miles per 1,000 square miles of area. Compare with these the corres- ponding figures of Cape Colony: (in which for railway purposes the Orange Free State is in- cluded): there, with 128 miles of railway per 100,000 inhabitants and 8 miles per 1,000 square niles of area, the coaching value per head’ of population is under five-pence. But to appreciate THE VERY HIGH COACHING VALUE OF THE SINHALESE wemust carry theinvestigationalittlefurther. In the first place, we aretoremember that the freer spend- ing white man constitutes in Ceylon only 1-500th of the population, but in Cape Colony no less than jrd. Or put the difference this way: the Ceylon Government Railways have 22 whites per mile, Bo4 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. —_— (June : 1895. ee Ae > i i ai ae "U the Cape Government railways have 220. Never- theless from the point of view of railway re- venue, the browner population is the better. That the Sinhalese take to railways like ducks to water, a glance at the 38rd class cars on the seaside line will show; but how much is to be ascribed to aptitude and how much to the amazingly low fares (17-8-and 3 cents a mile with the rupee ata little over a shilling) is an open question. In Cape Colony the volume of passenger traffic has been found to be but little affected by tariff changes per sc, doubtless owing to the large spending power of the people. A second consideration going to show that 41 cents is below the potential coaching value of the Sinhalese is that in the calculation which gave it, the entire population was supposed to have equal access to the railway. As a matter of fact however, for at least half the population the rail- way, for passenger pues is non-existent. Hard the whole island equal facilities for cheap and rapid inter-communication the coaching value of the people per capita, having in view its present figure, would be uniquely high. Tor the inerease of traffic on any system of railway caused by ex- tension into new areas is according to the fol- lowing scale : that if the traffie on a line connect- ing two centres of population be taken as unity, the effect of linking in a third centre will be to double the volume, of linking ina fourth to treble it, a fifth to quadruple it, and so on. A mo- ment’s reflection will show how this should be. Imagine the population as made up of a number of units—individuals or groups of individuals, each of these units has potential traffic relations with every other; they visit one another for plea- sure or for trade, they travel in search of occu- pation from centre to centre; tempted by the wider field of possible customers they produce more. But until cheap, rapid, and regular trans- port is provided these relations lie dormant. A railway renders them actual, and does so at such a rate that the resulting increase of traffic is in much more than simple ratio to the number of units linked in. The Kelani Valley Railway Commissioners estimated the coaching value of the district at one rupee per head per annum— given the railway ; in the light of the foregoing considerations that estimate will certainly not appear excessive. : OE COCOA IN ENGLAND, Within eleven years the consumption of cocoa in the United Kingdom has risen from 13,983,981 pounds to 22,440,020 pounds. The imports reached in 1894 a total of 40,219,631 pounds, of which 7,771,191 pounds were exported. The stocks held at the close of 1894 were 21,935,539 pounds. The increase in consump- tion is aue in part to lower prices and more liberal crops. Since 1884 raw material has declined enor- mously. As proof we compare prices in Hngland in 1884 and 1894, as follows :— 1884—per cwt. 1894—per cwt. Trinidad od Me 70@110s 51@76s Grenada a .. 6$@ 82s 44@57s Ceylon He a0 65@ 94s 24@70s Guayaquil ae .. 73@102s 47@6ts Bahia .. We a 70@ 80s 44@50s The London Grocer, in reviewing the outlook for supply this year, says:—“ Another fruitful source of supply has come into prominence with recent years, viz., St. Thomé, an island off the west coast of Africa, where increased quantities of cocoa are raised season after season, commencing in October and finishing in April, and leading to imports of a des- cription that is much liked by the trade, who con- sider it equal in quality to tho nuts that come from Grenada, and buy it freely accordingly. Hverything, therefore, points rather strongly in favor of a con- tinued abundance of the article cocoa, amd as the principal manufacturers are believed to be already well supplied from former purchases, there is no immediate prospect of a return of higher prices.”— American Grocer, _-——_ >—- —E COMMERCIAL FIBRES. My last letter gave you a report of a lecture by Dr. D. Morris upon fibres. During the pre- sent week your former fellow colonist has delivered an additional lecture continuing the same subject, and of this there is now given you below the notice published by The Times :-— Dr. D. Morris delivered the third of the series of Cantor Lectures before the Monday. members of the palm order, the remarkable vegetable Society of Arts on Continuing the review of fibres yielded by he drew attention to substance, resembling whalebone in strengt and elasticity, called bass or pate This was extensively used for makin prooms and brushes, and consisted of the indurate fibre bundles thickly clothing the stems of palms. The fibres yielded by the husk of the coconut were of considerable commercial importance. They afforded material for brushes, mats and matting, cords, ropes, and tow. Coconut refuse, on account of its wonder- ful properties of wy ite moisture, had been re- commended for use as a backing material for steel plates in the construction of men-of-war. Of all vegetable substances the most noted substitute for horse-hair was the fibre of the Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides). The plant grew in long, hanging tresses on cypress trees in the swamps of the Southern United States. The supply of material for paper-making was becoming more dependent on wood pulp. The lecture concluded the course b discussing in some detail problems connected wit the introduction of new fibres, the improvement of fibre plants by syste.actic selection and cultivation, and by a generai review of the methods hitherto adupied by mecuanical aud coemical means for the extraction of commercial fibres.—Londou Cor. ~~ - VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. A Bic INDIAN TEA COMPANY WITH LARGE LAND RESERVES.—This is how Comuierce in its issue of 3rd April deals with the new Singlo Tea Co., Ld., (what strikes us most is that the reserves of first-class land for tea equal 9,500 acres) :— We don’t see anything particular to object to in the hil dea of the Singlo Tea Company (Limited) neither on the other hand, do we see any reason why the public should single out this special company for an investment. In fact, the Singlo Tea Company, (Limited) is about on a par with the verte company put upon the market ; it may turn out to be a remunerative in- vestment, but, and just as likely, it may not. It has been formed to take over as going concerns, and unite under one management, the estates of the Singlo Tea Company, (Limited), the Jaboka Tea Company, (Limited) and the Kisna Tea Company, (Limited). The estates are held under leases, renewable in perpetuity under the Go- | vernment regulations, direct from the Indian Goyern- ment, with the exception of 458 acres held on a HT ned tenure. They measure about 23,497 acres, of which, at the close of 1894, 3,504 acres, 2,090 mature, and 1,414 immature, were under tea. The reserves of first-class land for tea comprise 9,500 acres. Singlo and Jaboka estates cover 13,773 acres, have 2,650 acres under tea, and according to the prospectus, are long-established and good dividend-paying properties. Kisna is newer, and only coming into profit. In 1894 the combined properties pro- duced 1,197,862 lb. of tea, but as the younger bushes mature, the out-turn from the land now under tea ought to increase. It is not proposed, however, to restrict the tea cultivation to its present area, the company propos- ing to make use of its large reserves of land for exten- sions. The purchase price of the three estates, with all buildings, machinery, and plant, is £183,334. The full capital is £300,000 in 17,000 ordinary and 13,000 6 per cent preference £10 shares, of which 10,000 of the former and 8,000 of the latter are now issued, the ordinary at arp, and preference at\£1 premium, sas June 1, 1895.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 805 ee I ee ne THE PREMIER CEYLON TEA PLANTING COMPANY: ANOTHER PROSPEROUS YEAR (15 P.C. DIVIDEND) FOR THE CEYLON TEA PLANTATIONS Company, Lrp. We are very pleased to learn from the Ceylon Manager, Mr. G. A. Talbot, that the Ceylon Tea Planiations Company Limited, has just declared a dividend of 15 percent for the year 1894, being the eighth year in succession with the same large dividend. Not only so; but aiter writing off £3,500 depreciation ; the — addi- tion to the Reserve Fund is no less than £14,872, bringing it up to a total of £50,000. Then further, it is extremely grati- fying to learn that out of the profits, funds Have been formed not only for the insurance of the Company’s Factories; but also to provide furlough and sick-leave pay for the estate Superintendents of the Company, We heartily congratulate the Directors, home and local managers and other officers as well as the shareholders of the Company, on these extremely good results. Long may a similar experience of prosperity continue. Since writing the above, the following detailed Report has reached us ; butonly at 4-30 p.m., too late for comment :— THE CEYLON TEA PLANTATIONS COMPANY, LIMITED. INCORPORATED UNDER THE COMPANIES’ 1862 TO 1885. The following is the Directors’ Report for the year 1894 :— Report of the Directors to be submitted at the Fighth Annual Ordinary General Meeting of the Shareholders to be held at Winchester House, Old Broad Street, E.C., on Thursday, April 25th, 1895, at 2-30 p.m. :— The Directors have the pleasure to submit the Gen- eral Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account for the year ending December 31st, 1894, duly audited. Lesh, Ce Lee Ss ACTS The net amount at Credit of Profit and Loss Account includ- ing balance brought forward at December 30th, 1893, and after roviding for General Expenses, Directors’ Fees, Income Tax, &e., is ae An interim Dividend of 7 per cent on the Ordinary Shares was paid October 27th, 1894, amounting to ..11,716 12 0 It is proposed to pay a final Dividend of 8 per cent on the Ordinary Shares (making 15 per cent in all, free of In- come Tax) which will absorb..13,390 8 0 Dividends on the 7 per cent Preference Shares were paid for 1894 (less Income Tax), amounting to .. 5,492 19 1 It is proposed to add to Re- serve Fund . 14,872 19 10 It is proposed to write off for depreciation on Buildings and Machinery <18;0 0 0 And to carry forward to next year a balance of +. 1,625 11 38 50,598 10 2 It is with satisfaction the Directors are in a position to report that the yean working enables them for the eighth year to declare a dividend of fifteen per cent. per annum on the Ordinary Share Capital. It is proposed to write off for depreciation the sum of £8,500; to add £14,872 19s, 10d. to the Reserve Fund, 101 50,598 10 2 | which will then amount to £50,000; and to carry for- ward a balance of £1,625 1Is 3rd. The yield of tea per acre, was 372 lbs., as against 419 1b in the previous year. This deficiency was due, not only to unseasonable weather, but also to the fact that 802 acres of young tea, yielding but little crop, had been added to the plucking area. The shortfall in yield was however compensated for by the exceptionally low rate of exchange, and the diminished cost of productions. The gross price realised for the Company’s Teas was 884d per lb. as against 8°85d in 1893, and the rate af erchanee during the year was 1/1 9-16d, as against /34d° The Crop for the year was asunder :— Estate Tea Bought Leaf Tea Manufactured Total. Tea. for others. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. 9,971,987 616,692 1,236,819 4,825,498 The following is a list of the Company’s properties with their acreages at December Blet leat ge enone Teain Cultivated Reserve Estates. bearing Acres. Forest Total ; Acres, & waste, Averages Maviawatte 467 471 95 666 Atgalla 241 307 147 454 Dunedin «» ALT 417 108 525 Dewalakande .. 481 431 118 594 sambawatte 360 376 299 676 Mudamana 391 391 “83 474 ngoya 257 309 7 7 Wallaho, 250 265 Oe ae Tillyrie 572 B72 184 756 Serubs sa) Lad 124 25 149 Alton 413 413 45 458 Tangakelly 818 823 87 910 Waverley «. 154 154 3 157 Fast Holyrood.. 687 687 46 733 Lochiel -. (318 373 117 490 Rosita wl. 221 230 68 298 West Holyrood,. 450 500 46 546 Balgownie 118 118 203 321 Ardaillie 210 210 1 211 Yoxford 337 421 67 478 Genlyon 538 604 34 638 Polmont == = 46 46 Andigama = 70 733 803 Mawatte _ 850 137 487 Total .. 7,879 8,666 3,272 11,938 The Ceylon Manager reports the Company’s proper- ties are in excellent condition, and, with a fayour- able season, promise well for the current year. The Board have the pleasure in stating that. the satisfactory results as exhibited by the accounts, are jereely due 8. he Cavetul supervision exercised in all epartments by the Ceylon Manager both in Ceylon and Than: eer Seg te Set Under Clause No. 69 of the Articles of Association, Mr. Henry Tod retires on this occasion from the Board, but being eligible, offers himself for re-election. The Auditors, Messrs. Harper Brothers, Chartered Accountants, also retire from office, and offer them- selves for re-election.—By order of the Board, Wm. Jounston, Secretary. London, April 11th, 1895. —s -—>-—- CEYLON FIBRES IN REQUEST. ROOM FOR NEW INDUSTRIES. We do not see that we can do better towards promoting the object held in view by the writer than by publishing the substance of the followins letter which has come to our personal address. It is from a well-known London Firm interested in Fibres, whose address can be got by any one wish- ing to send on samples, the writer of it being Mr. C. E. Collyer, expert referee for Fibres for the Imperial Institute. The three samples sent to us are certainly very attractive and can be seen at our office, and as regards ‘‘ bamboo,” ‘*plan- tain,” ‘“pine-apple” and ‘‘palm” fibres, there is no reason why Ceylon should not hold its own against the world. Of course already, a great deal of trade exists in respect of coconut and palmyra fibres; but what is wanted, is evidently some finer fibres, and it would be wel 806 if the Agents of Government and their Head- men made experiments with the raw material in their several districts, and sent on resulting samples to London for report. Meantime we quote as follows :— ‘« London, 15th March 1895. “We venture to address you (as one of the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries of the Royal Colonial Institute) to ask you whether you can assist us in obtaining new materials similar to the enclosed specimens—or any similar materials that may appear likely to suit manufacturers for same purposes. It is novelties are desired: Specimen No. 1. ‘Bamboo’, obtained by cutting stems when green; split pipe open and flatten; then split into thin sheets as braarl and as long as_ possible ; pack in wooden boxes, The sheets must not be bent or creased in any way but kept perfectly flat; good white colour preferred. No, 2. ‘Pia’, probably from a Banana or Musa, Arum Esculentum or similar plants; stems opened and split as above, must not be less than 10 millimetres rather than exact copies that No. 3, Skin of a Palm Leaf. This may possibly also be obtained from the wild Pine Apple, ‘Pandanus’ or screw-pine, and similar plants; the outer cuticle should be carefully stripped off and dried ; kept flat, not curled or twisted and packed as above. The colour should be uniform not necessarily white. An important business, say thousands of pounds sterling, may be done in suitable materials of this class, and we shall be much obliged to fens if you can influence one or more good ship- ping firms to send us specimens of as many varieties of suitable materials as possible, each specimen to have a code word attached; so that orders may be telegraphed, and some indication of quantity ob- tainable, and price, should also be given and time required for execution of orders. e must, however, stipulate that any xovelties ordered by us, shall be sent to us only; the value to the manufacturer depends upon his having the sole supply for a season or two. Being officially connected with the Imperial In- stitute we are in the forefront of the trade spe- cialties in fibrous materials. We shall also be glad to receive and report upon any samples of fibres or fibrous materials that you may cause to be sent, and to take charge of any consignments for sale on this market, the writer haying been a Fibre Broker for many years, and used formerly to do a good deal for Vr. Forbes Watson when the latter was at the India office.” ee ee LABOUR SUPPLY AND THE INDO-CEYLON RAILWAY. A correspondent in Southern India who has had much experience of coolies writes to us as follows, and we direct the special attention of Mr. C. Young, Mr. A. E. Wright and other planters— indeed that of the Planters’ Association generally —to what he says :— i “Inve coolies, a fair number are going over to you now, and from what the kanganies say, more will follow. If the railway were made (even to Paumben, much more to Ceylon) many more would go to you. You will say, ‘there isarailway to Tuticorin.’ True, but for some reason most coolies north of Tinnevelly do not care to go that way unless they have money. One thing coolies dread very much is the journey from Tuticorin to Colombo which they say is very rough and the boatmen treat them rather roughly, in some cases extorting bucksheesh. When we have a railway to Mannar on the Ceylon side, and Thonitarai on the Indian side you are bound to get a larger number of Arcot, Trichinopoly and Tanjore coolies. “Tf planters would register each cooly’s debt to the kangany when he reaches the estate, it seems to OUR THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [JUNE 1, 1895, me it would be a boon to the cooly; for I know of cases where a cooly has told me when he came over he owed a certain sum to the kangany and some time after, over a year, he was still heavily in debt and the amount he was told he owed when he came to estate was very much larger than the sum he had told me at first; and when baked again about what he had told me he said, “I can’t write and can't keep kanack so long, and I am confused. Kanakkapillai says there was so much advanced at home, so much for rice and expenses and for cloth &c., and if I say it’s wrong, kangani will beat me and charge me very high interest.” Your kangani system is the best you can get for getting coolies over, I am convinced since I came to Southern India: but thereis not sufficient check on kanganies after they reach Ceylon. I know I will be asked, ‘Please tell us how that check is to be exercised?’ That is more than I can say in a note like this, and there are wiser heads among you which can, no doubt, devise some plan. If not, the poor cooly will continue to be Beg and, through bad_kanganies, give some Ceylon estates a bad name. “One thing,I think, should be altered, and that is the head kangani system. He has too much control over the Jabour of estates. Never should a head kangani be permitted to keep a pocket check-roll for estate, unless he hasa fixed salary and not paid per number of days work of gang. But I must not pretend to teach better men than myself what to do. Your district P.A,’s should all tackle the matter and decide on a course to be followed by all members, not taking into account actions of non-members. Some incon- venience and loss of labour in a few cases would, no doubt, have to be faced; but any member who was pat in a hole through such action of non-members should be helped by members from a fund to be put aside for that purpose, and time would wear the op- position out. “Mr. E. J. Young did good service to Ceylon in letting planters know a great deal about the yill- ages and habits in Southern India.” —<>—_—-_————_ TEA COMPANIES. The paper in the Investors’ Review tor Apnil begins with extracts from our latest ‘‘ Handbook and Directory” for total production and exports of tea. It then goes on to shew how at ade industry tea may be considered, compared with coffee from the planting point of view. Acreage and crop figures for India and Ceylon are given, and the risk of overproduction is considered ; but the way in which new fields for consumption at the expense of China, are being found, is pointed out. Then the condition of Tea Com- panies as a whole is considered and the larger Indian concerns are much praised for the full- ness of the information they supply and their good management in the face ar falling prices. A table is given for three Companies, shewing average price, cost per lb. and profit on tea. First, Jorehaut Co. which had highest profit of 5-51d in 1886, against 3°62d per lb. in 1893; Jokai, highest profit 3°14d in 1890 and in 1893 only 171d ; and Darjeeling Co. highest 5d in 1886 against 2:52d per lb. in 1893. We quote the conclusion of the paper :— The reports of Indian tea companies are excellently drawn upasarule, and a shareholder altogether ig- norant of the business would gather much informa- tion from the perusal of these documents. From an examination of the reports of the three com- panies given above, it is clear that expenditure in the past yen machinery and other improvements has been chiefly met out of revenue, and these concerns are now gaining the benefit of this pru- dence and true economy. The net profit per pound in the case of the Jorehaut and Jokai companies is earned upon a very much larger outturn, so that profits have been more than maintained despite the fall in price. Unfortunately the reports of the Ceylon companies give very few details, but there Tune 1, 1895.] THE TROPICAL are many good Companies among them, although in one or two cases it is evident that there is a desire to spread expenditure upon new plantings over future years without regard to the difficulties that may arise later. So far has concentration and expansion proceeded, that no less than twelve Indian companies produce between 1,500,0001b. and 4,000 lb. of tea each per annum, while one Ceylon Company turns out over 4,000,000 1b. perannum, andabout half a dozen others have an out-put ranging from 600,000 to 800,000 lb. per annum. A table issued by Mr. George Seton, who has done much to popularise investment in Indian | tea companies, gives particulars regarding the capi- talisation and working of thirty-six principal Indian companies, the averages of which, for 1893, may be summarised as follows— Average. Capital cost peracreunder tea £41 Crop per mature acre fate 475 |b. Receipts per lb. sold 9°43d. Expenses Per lb. sold 30 771d. Profit per lb. sold 0 172d. Profit on capital employed Dividend on share capital Proportion of reserve and balance forward to capital : 8°31 per cent. These figures must only be taken as averages, but they reflect very creditably upon the industry. Share- holders, in comparing the results of one particular company with these averages, should be careful to take every contingency into account, for a company which produces a high grade of tea is likely to be capitalised higher per acre. but then this ought to be counterbalanced by a better price, and consequently larger profit per acre. Given average management with a fair situation, and it seems clear that a company that answers to these averages, whose figures are toned down from the fact that no less than seven of the companies included paid no divi-+ dend at all during 1893, should pay fairly well. It might be added that a low capitalisation, moderate price for the tea, and large outturn, are much better conditions for a company than a small outturn, a high price, and consequently larger profit per lb. Should competition become keener, it is clear that the large companies, moderately capitalised, well equipped, and turning out a large quantity of tea per annum, will fare best in the contest. Thisis all the more important. as it is possible that an increase in the competition between India and Ceylon may lead to the “grading” of tea, miuch in the same way as coffee and wheat are now treated. It would cer- tainly lead to a saving in commissions and broker- ages if the principal Assam growths, for instance, were graded in Assam into Assam No.1, No. 2, and so forth. The competition between plantation and plantation, although it has proved a healthy source of pevclors ment of improvement, has probably done its work, and, with outside competition of great severity, it might well be done without. The finest qualities, of course, could not be merged into the general body of tea, but the greater bulk of the output said well be classified into half a dozen grades. The consumer might continue to buy his article under the fantastic names bestowed by grocers’ factors upon their wares, but wholesale transaction could very well be conducted in grade. Such a change would certainly be resisted vigorously b those interested, but if prices are forced down much lower, it will become a question whether the whole loss is to fall upon the producer, or whether others shall bear their part. Finally, should competition deyelop severely, the better situated Indian companies would find relief toa certain extent from the forced abandonment of tea-growing in other parts of India. Only in Assam and a portion of Bengal can tea production be said to flourish, andeven in those provinces they are dis- tricts which do not dowell. A marked decline in price would very likely lead to the production of the North- West Provinces, the Punjaub, Madras, Burma and the Kangra Valley being seriously reduced, for the yield per acre in those districts is generally below 800 1b antl tho prices obtaintd aro not high asa rule 7-12 per cent. 6°25 per cent. AGRICULTURIST. 807 Summarised briefly, this bea evonang: industry is subject to the ills and dangers that always beset a planting or agricultural industry. The weather, dis- ease, and insect pests at times will be leagued against it, but probably it is less seriously afflicted in this way than many other products grown under like con- ditions. On the other hand, many of the companies have developed into solid undertakings strong enough ; to beat down ephemeral competition, and even the speculative classes are rather chary of entering upon ; a business which locks up capital for some years _ without return. Competition must, however become keener, probably leading to a further reduction in price, and possibly this will affect profits to a partial extent. At the same time, the return upon invest- ments in these companies is still high enough to allow of these considerations being faced. Only of course, there are tea companies and tea companies, and the sounder concerns will naturally be better fitted to cope with any difficulty. Given such a concern its preference or debenture capital should prove a sound Investment, which will in reality be more secure than many such issues of companies in other channels of business which are priced at a higher level in the market. The Ordinary Shares must, to a certain ex- tent, partake of a speculative character, but not in the bad sense of the term, and if only in buying a due regard is paid to the chances of the industry, the return obtained upon an investment should prove high enough in average years to allow a bad season or two to be faced with equanimity. FS SALE OF CINNAMON ESTATE. A Correction.—An error has crept in regarding the sale of the cinnamon estate at Ekela. The price should have been R19,600 and not R16,550.— Cor., local ‘‘ Examiner.” + OUR TEA COMPANY 1N AMERICA, The letter from our Tea Commissioner to the United States to which reference is made in our London Correspondent’s last communication is scarcely explicit enough to enable us to determine from it what progress had been made by him. It is probably the case that most people will think the time passed by Mr. Mackenzie in America has been brief as compared with even the preliminary work to be performed. Of course we cannot say that the matter is to be regarded in this light until we are fully in possession of knowledge as to what that gentleman has been able to accomplish. It would certainly seem, however, as if the work assigned to him had been very rapidly got through. So far as it is possible to conclude from the brief abstract of ie letter furnished to us, om Commissioner would appear to have come to the conelusion that if may be the wiser course to work with established agencies and through the regular channels of trade than to attempt to follow any new course involving isolation of effort on our part. We do not say that his letter fully warrants this con- clusion, but in the absence of any state- ment of his view as to future policy we think the surmise above made is to be jus- tified. And it could hardly be the case that, if Mr. Mackenzie had deemed a more heroic plan advisable, he would be quitting America with- out having arranged the details of such a scheme. That he proposes to do induces the belief that he thinks no such scheme to be practicable. The program sketched out for him from this end was one which must have demanded for its Ss0 fulfilment much more arrangement than could probaly have been made in the short time devoted to his visit. No doubt he had | early discovered obstacles to the proposals thay 808 liad received discussion here prior to his leaving Ceylon upon his mission. If Mr. Mackenzie may rightly be credited with the views we have con- jecturally assigned to him, he will hold them, we know, in common with a good many other men of experience in the tea trade. These will no doubt think that the expense incurred over our Commissioner's visit might well have been spared. We should not be with them in that conclusion. Before this visit we had to depend largely upon theorizing only and that of very differing aspects. By Mr. Mackenzie’s visit we hope to be able to reduce those differences, and to narrow them to a point. So far as we are aware, Mr. Mackenzie left here with no parti- cular theory of his own to Bupppre or discard. He went on his embassy with an epen mind, and we have that full confidence in his judg- ment and discretion which justifies the certain expectation that he will have held the balance evenly between conflicting opinions. We are sure that his recommendations, whatever they may prove to be, will be warranted by the expert- ence he has gained and the information he has obtained. Supposing that we have rightly con- jectured his possible views, the course he will counsel pursuance of, will at least have one par- ticular advantage. It must prove to be infinitely less costly than any attempt we might make to chalk out a new path for ourselves, one that should be entirely independent of existing agencies and interests. The danger would be incurred, were the latter course entered upon, of arousing opposition of a very bitter and very influential kind. We believe that we are entitled to assume from Mr. Mackenzie’s letter, and from the shortness ot his visit to the States, that he is not prepared to recommend any steps likely to arouse this een. It is not pro- able that we shall long be left without in- formation of a mere definite kind than that upon which we have thus written conjectur- ally only. ——_——_oe_— THE COFFEE TRADE, On the 15th September, last year, I wrote an article in The Statist on coffee production, and I estimated the crops of the world for the season 1894-95. at 12 million bags, of which 74 million bags were; put down to Brazil, and 44 millions to the crops of other countries. This estimate was considered yery moderate, and it was undoubtedly smaller than most others current at the time. The movements in coffee since then, however, indicate distinctly that it was too large, and in place of 12 millions it is now evident that the total crops this season will realise only 114 million bags. Although the San- tos crop is almost certain to realise my expectations, yet that of Rio falls heavily below my estimate, while the exports from Victoria, Bahia, and Ciara also are likely to showsome shortage. My estimate of 74millions for Brazil must therefore be reduced to 7,100,000 bags, and, owing to a smaller outturn from Venezuela and Central America than looked for, the crops of other countries will yield probably only 4,150,000 bags instead of 4% million bags. The xe- duction which thus has to be made in the supply for 1894-95 amounts to 750,000 bags, which, of course. is a very important item, but it iseclipsed by the changes which have taken place in the pro- spects of the Brazil crops for 1895-96. These were. at the time very fayourable, .and in October last several firms estimated the Santos crop for next season at 6 million bags, while the Rio crop in Sep- tember was estimated at 3 or 34 millions, and even in November it was computed at 2 to 24 million bags. From time to time these estimates have been gradu- ally reduced until now, when ‘we: hear ‘that the next Bid crop is not likely to’ exceed 1g millions, while THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. fee ise which appeared in our last issue, has h of the guia speculators. OE a ee [Juwe 1, 1895. the estimates of the next Santos crép ran from 8} to 4 million bags. therefore, the «position of coffee important about a sentiment erally eiapae in September and October in beens of As regards the prospects of supply, has undergone an change, which naturally bas brought revulsion in the ower prices. In order to show to what extent this change of sentiment has operated on the price of coffee for ‘‘future’’ delivery, I now give the prices current for the ‘‘May'’ position at the lowest point in October last in New York, London, and avre, compared with those now ruling for the same position :— ¥ New York London(Rio, Havre (San- (Rio, No.7). fair Channel, tos, good Cents perlb. No.2). per average) fr cwt. per 50 kilo October, 1894..10°55 .. 52s 3d o. 743 March 27, 1895..14°95 .. 67s 6d SL This advance, although accounted for by the deterio- rated prospects of supply, was undoub by the unexpected appearance in the field of a large operator for the “rise” in Paris; who in December took up close upon 200,000 bags of coffee tendered to him by Havre merchants. How much of this coffee yet remains unsold those interested only know, but Phat ine rg portion has probably yet to be dis- sed of. If there has been a great change in the prospects of supply, there has, on the other hand, gen no change in the world’s actual consumption of coffee. That is now on the same level, practically, as during the last two years—that is to say, it is rather under than over 104 million bags. What are the prospects of the coffee market in these altered circumstances as regards supply? The answer must in some measure depend on whether one refers to the distant or the near future. Tf the small estimates now current of the crops at Rio and Santos for 1895-96 should prove correct, then the ‘statistical rasa + will become one of great strength in 1896, or a total of only 54 million from Rio and Santos is 4 million bags less than is needed, with average supplies from other sources; and in such case the small surplus accumulated in 1894-95 would be swept away in 1896, and lead to reduced stocks, and this would probably help in maintai sent very high prices. But the small of the next Brazil crop may prove exaggerated, and pon from other countries may prove larger than the average of the last three years. If so, then the position in 1896 might not become so strong as it looks at present. If we turn to the near future the considerations which have to be borne in mind may be summed up as follows :— 1. That even with a production reduced to 113 million bags for 1894-95, there will for: months to come be an ample supply of coffee, with a consumption not exceeding 10$ million bags. 2. That the large supplies of miscellaneous coffees, which will continue to arrive in all markets from now until July, will call for less demand on Brazi- lian sorts. 3. That the consumption of coffee in the United States always is smaller during the summer months than at other periods of the year. 4. That present prices are considered to be on a rather high level, even by some parties who write strongly in favour of the article. If, therefore, distributors will continue a careful and cautious policy, buying only for their actual require- ments, there is a fair chance that, as regards the near future, we may see rather easier prices for coffee. Anton HvyIsTENDABL. estimate a a —The Statist, March 30. COFFEE IN BRAZIL. We regret to note that the protest of the cof- no other effect than to confirmthe schemes nate The minister of finance and the representatives of the states of Minas june 1, 1895,] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 809 Geraes and Rio de Janeiro have combined upon an arrangement by which the interests of the speculators are to be protected. ‘The custom- house will therefore continue to exact gwias until those outstanding are exhausted, and then we presume something else will be done. In the meantime the whole 11 per cent. will be collected on the coffee now coming in, plus the 4 per cent gwias, plus the premiums the speculators are able to “‘squeeze” out of the exports. The business is clearly a swindle, and we can not understand how the minister of finance has been deceived by it. No one is unaware of the fact that under this arrangement coffee will be paying eapons duties twice, and but few are ignorant of the fact that the imposition is being carried out wholly in the interests ot a syndi- cate of speculators who have secured all the guias in the market. ‘The open protection of this syndicate is not only irregular and scan- dalous, but it is giving rise to charges not at all creditable to the reputation of tne officials concerned. It is clearly impossible to overlap the two methods of collecting the export duty without confusion and loss. The honest, com- mon-sense method would have been for the two states to take up all outstanding gwias on a certain date, returning the money received on them. The new method would then have hada fair start, and there would have been no confusion. The Brazilian official, however, never pays back a tax if he can help it, and would plunge the treasury into a labyrinth of difficulties rather than do so. And so he will try to liqui- date the old system in conjunction with the new, notwithstanding the fact that it will cause end- less confusion and heavy loss. To protect a few speculators, they will treat most unjustly a class of men who are bringing millions into the country every year. Brazil. is practically dependent upon its coffee industry; without it the government could not continue on present lines a single year. And yet, they are will- ing to over-tax the product, and to treat the men who buy it with scant courtesy, simply because they think that the foreigner is paying the bill. Butitis a Jong road which has noturn, The high prices which coffee has yielded during the past few years—prices which are auginented, be it understood, by the taxes and charges imposed upon if in this market—is en- couraging the development of coffee planting all over the world. In Mexico, Africa, Borneo and -south eastern Asia new districts are being opened, and in Java and Ceylon many old planters are again turning their attention to its production. The greediness of the Brazilian tax-gatherer is sure to prejudice his own returns sooner or later. It remains to be noted that the compromise agreed upon has not yet been ratified by the two state governments affected, and it may transpire that it will yet fall through. Should it be contirmed, however, the coffee merchants ought to contest itin the courts. Paying a duty tice is a matter to which no one ought to consent.,— Rio News. soe ENEMIES OF TEA: NOTES ON HELOPELTIS. The following is the report of Mr. E. E. Green on an estate in a Low-country district which he visited recently, as given by our morning contemporary :— T found the pest practically confined to about 50 acres of a poor jit Tea (ields No. 71, 72, 73, 76, aad 77) on parts of which it had been present for six years. The blight was first noticed in fields (No. 71, 73, and 77) and here it localized itself for some- time: but finally spread into the lower fields (72 and 76.) Tbe rest of the estate is at present quite free from the. pest. The preference shown by Helopeltis for low jat teas, ismost marked on this estate. There is a small piece (No. 75) of dark: leaved Manipurt Indigenous Teralying im- mediately above, and adjoining field No. 76, which is planted with a poorhybrid. '‘’he two patches are con- tmuous, unseparated even by a path, yet the boundary between these is most distinctly marked by the contrast of the healthy flush on ‘the former, and the blighted shoots on. the latter. I walked along the row between the two classes ‘of tea, and found the bushes on one side, completely disfigured by blackened shoots and spotted leaves, while the indigenous tea on the other hand, showed a healthy flush completely free from blight. Iam informed that the two patches were pruned at the same time and in the same way, and that no distinction had been made in their treatment, except that the poor tea (now so badly damaged), had received the additional advantage of manure. In another field, where sup- plies have been filled in with tea of a different jat, the Helopeltis has deliberately singled out the poor- er plants. It is true that an indigenous bush here and there, showed one or two punctured shoots, but this was probably due to the fact of a few insects having been blown out of their course. In no case had they established themselves upon the indige- nous variety. This fact has been recognised for some time by Indian planters. The late Professor Wood-Mason in his report onthe “Tea Bug of Assam’ (1884) states that the Indigenous speciesof tea “enjoys an almost complete immunity from attack.” That. Helopeltis can, however, feed and breed on Indigenous teas, is proved by the fact that specimens confined ina glass jar with young shoots from indi- genous ee only, freely punctured the leaves and deposited eggs in the stalks. It is possible therefore that unless the pest is kept in check, it may gradually accustom itself to the more pungent juices of the indigenous species. The present preference of the insect for the weaker liquoring tea is further shown by the results of an experiment, in which I confined insects in a glass jar for 24 hours, with an equal number of shoots from the indigenous and the low-jat teas. All the shoots were attacked, but to a very different extent. On the low-jat 221 punctures were counted ; on the indigenous there were 64 only; on the latter also the punetures were principally confined to the sides of the midrib. Manuring seetis to exercise little or no effect upon the progress of the pest. Isaw badly affected fields that had been recently manured though the crop re- turns still showed a steady decrease of yield. The effect of shade is noticeable in the compara- tive freedom of bushes growing immediatly beneath and beside a belt of jak-trees. Here the tea had thrown out healthy flush; while away from the in- fluence of the trees, the bushes were badly blighted and had completely shut up. a ; IT am informed that the affected field (7276) was pruned in Oct. Noy. 1894. “Mosquito Blight” began to appear on it towards the end of the followine January, and became severe in February, when it was found necessary to put on children ‘to collect the insects. After tipping only two or three rounds of leaf were taken off before the attack had become general. Another field (No. 77) which had only just come into plucking after being pruned, was found to be attacked. It is evident, therefore, that pruning alone is of little or no avail in permanently checking the pest. In affected fields, it is most important that all prunings should be burned or buried on the spot. At the time of my visit, children were being em- ployed in catching the insects. An examination of the day’s catch, showed that the adult insects only were being taken. Tho proportion of the sexes were about equal. The females, on dissection, were found fo contein fully formed eggs (from 4 to 12 in back 810 individual) ready for deposition. A careful examina- tion of the affected bushes over a large area, showed the work only of adult insects, the punctures being large and confluent; and no young insects could be found here, nor did the shoots contain eggs. Inone or two cases only more finely pictured leaves showed the work of immature insects: and here the young insects themselves were dislodged by shaking the bushes over bamboo screens. A consideration of these facts leads me to believe that the insects are just now commencing to breed, in which case the young shoots will shortly be full of eggs, and evidence of a young brood will soon appear in the form of more numerous minutely pune- tured leaves. This will then be the most advantageous time to attack the pest. The eggs are embedded in the young stalks in the intervals between the leaves ; not on the old wood and leaves, as quoted by some authorities, (see Note No. 2). A pair of delicate knob- bed processes project from the extremity of the eg6 and mark its position, the egg itself being completely hidden within the stalk. I find that the eggs are usually deposited two or three in one spot. The young insect emerges on the 10th day after deposition. I would suggest that all affected fields should be heavily plucked at short intervals. This alone will insure the destruction of an enormous number of eggs. After the first plucking the bushes might be sprayed with a weak solution of Phenye, or Jaye’s Fluid, or diluted Kerosine emulsion, which would kill off most of the eggs left behind, and many of the young insects. I find by experiment that a mixture of 1 part of Jaye’s Fluid to 150 parts of water is sufficient to kill the eggs: 1 part of Kero- sine emulsion in 60 of water is effective. The hair- like processes from the extremity of the egg-shell are said by Professor Wood-Mason to act as respira- tory organs to the developing ovum within. They will, therefore, be particularly sensitive to injury, and being prominent can scarcely escape meeting with any mixture properly sprayed on to the bushes. When the young insects make their appearance in any numbers, (as evidenced by the more finely punc- tured leaves) tarred screens will be found very use- ful for their capture. These should be held under the affected bush, while the branches are smartly shaken. The insects will be dislodged and fall into the wet tar. which should be freshly applied as often as it becomes dry or clogged with leaves. It will still be advisable to capture the adult insects by hand. They take wing when the bushes are dis- turbed; but fly slowly, and are easily caught by the children employed for the purpose. I find that the imsects are not attracted by light. A trap was designed with a bright re- flecting lamp and was set in the affected field at night, where MHelopelties was in force; but though swarms of other insects were entrapped not a single Helopeltis was attracted byit. The old plan of burning bonfires at night is therefore proved to be useless. 3 It was asserted by the Conductor that the insects flew away in clouds to the jungle each morning at sunrise and returned at sunset. But an examination of the supposed swarms of Helopeltis proved that they consisted only of small gnats and moths. I am of opinion that the Helopeltis remains on the tea both by day and night. The breeding periods should be carefully watched. An examination of the shoots on blighted bushes will reveal the progress of affairs. The eggs are, certainly, not easy of detection, except to the ini- tiated; but the relative size of the punctures on the young leaves will give a clue to the development of the insect. : I fully believe that if the above methods, viz., heavy plucking, spraying, and the capture of the immature insects, are systematically carried out during the breeding periods, that the pest will not only be kept in check, but will be gradually exterminated. It is evident, however, that the presence of a field of low jat tea, in which the pest has so firmly es- tablished itself is a standing menace and source of Anfchtiog to ubikhbouring Aslds ps yet duebiatkeds THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June 1, 189s: Steps should be taken to lessen this danger as much as possible. For this purpose, I would suggest the planting of thick belts of quick growing trees, at moderate intervals, which will serve to Faoaline the pest and prevent its spreading. The trees in these belts should not be lopped, but the branches allowed to grow low down to form an affective sereen. It might even be found advisable to plant up the whole of the affected area with timber trees. (Signed) E. Exnest Gruen. Note 1. Formula for Kerosine Emulsion; 4 Ib, Common Soap; 1 gallon Water (preferably soft) ; 2 gallons Kerosine. Dissolve the soap in the water heated to boiling. Add the Kerosine to the hot mixture and churn thoroughly. The mixture should be of the consistency of cream on cooling. Dilute, for application, with from 10 to 60 parts of water. Note 2. In Mr. Bamber’s Work on Tea, it is stated, on the authority of Mr. R. B. Walker of Debrugurh, that the eggs are found oon old leaves, never on young shoots. This is evi- dently an error of observation on Mr. Walker's part. I am the more convinced of this, on reference to his full report on the subject, printed in “Indian Museum Notes’’ (vol 1, p. 185). Mr. Walker here says: .... “ Always the old leaves have been found covered with eggs and never haveI seen an egg on a young shoot. .... On one occasion I pulled a seed bearing branch off a bush and found 33 leaves on it; every leaf was smeared on both sides with eggs, and besides this the main branch itself and the smaller ones too had any quantity of eggs sticking to them.” Mr. Walker must have found the eggs of some other insect—probably a moth—and jumped to the conclusion that they were those of the Helopeltis, With their peculiar form and the structure of the female insect it is imposible that the eggs of this insect, could have been “smeared on the leaves.” _ re REARING PONIES IN CEYLON OR SOUTHERN INDIA? A South of India correspondent writes :— “Rearing ponies, I feel certain would pay, on the mainland of India near Paumben. I have passed through land with grass on which Ponies thrive. Judging by the Tats I saw in some places, and from the little 1 saw of Mannar and from what I hear of the country round on the Islarid of Ceylon, ponies sheuld do well there. Mannar itself suffers from want of fresh water, but the soil is better than on the Indian mainland adjoining Paumben.” Our correspondent must be reminded that up to a recent period the British (following the example of the Dutch) kept up a stud for breeding pur- poses on the island of Delft, off Jaffna, and the same island was celebrated for its cattle, the local native kind having been crossed with a tine breed imported from Surat. We must quote here a passage from Tennent of interest in con- nection with this subject and the North :— As, owing to the shallows, the Government steamer. —the “Seaforth,” on board which we were to be received at Jaffna,—was unable to approach nearer than the group of islands that lie off the western point of the peninsula, we were rowed in one of the great canoes called ballams, or vallams through the channel of Kayts, under the miniature fort of Hammaniel, and embarked off the island of Anala- tivoe or Donna Clara.* We brought to, an hour after starting, at the island of Delft. ‘‘The portion of Ceylon,’ says Pliny, “which approaches nearest to India is the promontory of Coliacum, and midway between it and the mainland is the island of the Sun;” * Donna Clara, who appears to have been the chief owner of this islet in the time of the Portuguese, was renowned for her extraordinary size; her chair, according to Ribeyro, was preserved in his time ag the sole curiosity of the island: “ et les deux plus gros hommes y peuvent tenir assis trés 4 Vaise of trey BU large, Li iy ch. xxy. p. 190. JUNE 1, 1895. | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Sit —assuming the Coliacum of Pliny to be Mamancoil or Ramiseram, Delft would appear to be ‘the island of the Sun.’’ Its length does not exceed seven or eight miles, and a tiny lake, formed in a depression in its centre, so facilitates vegetation and the growth of trees, that the Portuguese, whilst in possession of Manaar, occupied it as a breeding place for cattle and horses, and hence it acquired from them its designations of the ‘Ilha das Vaccas,” and “Ilha dos Cavallos.’’* The breed of the latter, which had been originally imported from Arabia, was kept up by the Dutch, and afterwards for some time by the English, the horses being allowed the free range of the island, and when required were caught by the lasso, in the use of which the natives had probably been instructed by the Portuguese.| The stud was discontinued many years ago, the buildings con- structed for it have since gone to ruin, and the island is now thickly inhabited and partially brought under cultivation. But, as our correspondent points out, the island of Mannar is well fitted for the rearing of both ponies and cattle—indeed this island has been noted for its large breed of cattle and goats from time immemorial. When railway communication is established between Mannar and Colombo as welljas India, a great development of the island and adjacent districts may be expected. When a locomotive train runs across ‘‘ Tiroowanai” (the sacred embankment) and ‘“ Seitoopandanam” (or structure of Seitoo)—both names referring to Adam’s Bridge or reef,—a wonderful change will speedily take place in the adjacent country on both sides, and Colombo, especially, cannot fail to profit largely in the result. A ANSWER IN RIPARIAN RIGHTS’ THE DEFENCE. James Sinclair of Bearwell, Talawakelle vs. Edward Rice Wiggin of Bambrakelle Estate, George William Goodeve presently of England, Henry Rice Wiggin of Meddacumbura Estate. IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF KANDY. This 25th day of April, 1895. The Answer of the defendants appearing by their Proctor Chas. Vanderwall states as follows :— 1.—As matter of law, defendants say that the plaint does not disclose a cause of action or a right in the plaintiff to maintain this action. 2.—Defendants admit that they are the owners of Bambrakelle Estate and that plaintiff is the owner of Mausakelle Estate; and that the stream marked M M M M in the sketch, filed with the plaint and called the main stream, torms part of the boundary between the said estate. But defendants deny that _the said estates are correctly described in the sketch filed with the plaint. 3.—Defendants deny that plaintiff is, as owner ot Mausakelle Estate or that his predecessors in title CASE, * Ribeyro says, it was also called by the Portuguese the ‘‘ Ilha das Cabras,”’ because of the multitude of goats which it fed, and he adds that it supplied the finest bezoar stones in the world. (Lib. i. ch. xxy. p- 188.) + The horses run wild on the island and are caught by driving them into a hkorah/, which is circular and fenced with rovnd stones—here, one in particular being pitched on, some of the natives set after him with ropes made into a noose, eight fathoms long, and the thickness of a man’s finger, This they contrive to throw about one of his hind legs whilst he isinfull gallop, and thus make sore of him. One cannot see this manauyre practised without the greatest astonishment, for these horse- catchers are so trained that they vever fail. They teach their children this art (by practising) on a man, and I have tried them on myself, I had only to say on which arm or foot I choose to haye the rope thrown while I was running as fast asl was able and it was done,’’—Memotrs of Wolf, p. 197. were, entitled to have the waters of the said stream including the waters of the said main stream in defen- dant’s estate, called the tributary stream flow in their natural bed past Mausakelle Estate and at alltimes in their natural volume and at their natural level and velocity, or that the waters of the said main stream are largely supplied by the said tributary stream. 4.—Defendants deny that plaintiff and his prede- cessors in title possessed and enjoyed the right, con- venience and advantage of having the waters of the said main stream including the waters contributed to it by the said tributary stream tlow in their natural bed past Mausakelle Estate at all times in their natural volume and at their level and velocity or that plaintiff has acquired a good title to such right, convenience and advantage by prescription. 5. Defendants deny that in the year 1891 the constructed a dam at point B shown in the eta filed with the plaint, and the channel or water-course marked Y Y Y Y in the said sketch or that plaintiff has suffered any loss or damage whatever by any act of the defendants. : 5 6. The said tributary stream has its sources within the boundaries of Bambrakelle estate, and defen- dants say that they, as the owners of land on both sides of the said stream which rises in their land, are entitled to the use of its waters. ‘ 7. By grant from the Crown, Bambrakelle estate belonged to William Rollo and the 3rd defendant, and by purchase from William Rollo about 20 years ago the said estate became vested in the defendants as the owners thereof. 8. From and after the year 1870 up to date, the waters of the said tributary stream were possessed and enjoyed by William Rollo and the. defendants for the purpose of working the said estate without returning the said waters either to the said tributary stream or to the said main stream by means of a water-course which is shewn as ‘old water-course”’ in the copy plan of Bambrakelle estate hérewith field 9. In the year 1889 (and_ not in’ the year 1891 as stated by the plaintiff) the defendants opened another water-course shewn as ‘‘new water-course” and have since used the water conveyed by the new water- course also for the purpose of working the said estate. 10. Defendants say that the waters so taken by them run into the Wallahapatana Oya which flows through plaintiff's estate within a distance of about 20 yards from his store. 11. For more than ten years prior to the in- stitution of this action defendants possessed and enjoyed undisturbedly and vninterruptedly the waters of the said tributary stream for the pur- pose of working their said state by means of both the said water courses without return- ing such waters either to the said tributary stream or to the said main stream by a title adverse to and independent of the plaintiff and all others in terms of section 3 of the Ordinance No. XXII of 1871 and defendants plead such possession in bar to plaintiffs’ claim and say that they have acquired by prescription a good title to the right, convenience and advantage of taking such waters without returning them. Defendants pray that plaintiff's action Vel ; may be dismissed with costs. : (Signed.) C. Vanperwatt. The above answer was filed on Thursday the 25th inst. On the 26th the plaintiff was to "have been examined de bene esse, he being about to proceed to England. When the case was called (both Mr. Sinclair and Mr Wiggin being in Court) Mr. Sproule for plaintiff men. tioned that plaintiff wished to be present at the trial of the action ; that he was leaving for England early in May and would not be back till January 1896 while the case was fixed for hearing on 19th June. Mr Vanderwall consenting, he moved on plaintiff's behalf that it be postponed for some date in January or February. The District Judge asked whether plaintiff would be examined de bene esse, and haying received a reply in the negative, said that when the case came on on 19th June it might then be postponed for March next by consent, 812 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. e™ Eleaes 1, 1895. DARJEELING TEA COMPANY. This Company has been rather unfortunate of late years. In 1892, heavy floods took place in the dis- trict, causing much damage to the plantations and buildings, which led to considerable expenditure over the construction of revetments in places to guard against a similar experience. A fire in the same year in an important tea-house caused some inconvenience. Then in: 1893) the crop in Darjeeling, which is a dis- trict of Bengal, was poor generally, both in quality and quantity. Consequently profits declined consi- | derably, a8 will be shown by the subjoined figures :— — a 2 Pa) A Yeax. ip 9 BS 2, Bo ert Ret ex fet As. Bot Oe 2 5 DAS, OER. APs. ee 4 ad. d. Ib. 1883 . * 18°59 13°17 5°42 B03 1884 - «1741 12°18 5°23 298 1835 . - 17'72 11°91 5°81 B07 1886 - - 15°18 10°18 5°00 297, 1887 . - 13°98 9°79 4°19 308 1888 . ° 12°54 9°15 3°39 312 1889 - - 14°10 10°11 3°99 293 1890 - 12°66 10:14 2°52 318 1891 ” . 11°72 9°36 2°36 313 1892 - 12/90 8740 4°50 809 1893s «11:02 8°50 2°52 235 Ls] ; 2 < = 2 2h FA Year. & Bs BS a 33 ep 3° = Os aa os ra) Acres. Acres. lb. x 1883 —« - -1562 * 473,810 ak 1884 - 1536 * 473,206 7 1885 : - 1661 3 511,037 8 1886 . - 1877 1735 517,316 it 1887 - . 1906 1787 551,007 7 1888. = , 1933 1839 574,794 6 1889 . - 2003 i877 549,778 6 1890 . - 2094 1906 606,950 6 1891 . . 2094 1906 597,398 5 1892 . 2094 1906 589,738 6 1893 . . 2114 2003 571,955 5 * Not stated in these yeavrs. The outturn of tea appears to haye been reduced considerably of late, which, added to the fall in price, has led to the decline in dividend. Rather too much reliance, however, seems to have been placed upon the high prices obtained in past years, for the recent new planting appears to have been very slight. -doubt; however, profits will improve, for the Company has evidently devoted a good deal of its revenue in the past tothe improvement of the property. For one thing, in 1884, it converted its estates into freehold tenure, an important matter now when rents are being -raised by the Government. A good deal of machinery has been purchased and buildings and factoriesimproved | in the past ten years, in addition to increasing the area under cultivation by 500 acres. During this time the value ofthe properties has been maintained at £133,724, while the reserve has been increased irom £2586 to £5581. ‘he Company, however, is capitalised at £65 per acre, which is high, so that it never can be expected to do so well as the Jorehaut Company. Still it may very well do better than in recent years. The share capital is £135,420, in shares of £20 each, fully paid. There are no Preference Shares nor any mortgage or debenture debt.—The Investors’ Review, for April. DRUG REPORT. (From Chemist and Druggist. ) London, April 4th. ANNATTO—Quiet. Six cases fair bright Madras seed were bought in at 33d per lb. For 6 bags middling quality from Colombo 2d per lb was accepted. ; CAFFEINE—None is to be had for immediate delivery, but one, or two small parcels are being offered ‘‘for delivery. in about a month” at 20s per lb, and we. understand that that, figure has been paid for Apvil-May. In Ame- rica, according to reports just to hand, is slightly easier, owing to competition between Second hands. who have received deliveries on contracts, and small sales are reported at $700, with one .sale of 10 1b No, “the available. supply continues very light, but the tone of the market | i | in Philadelphia at #800.” We understand that a small quantity has already changed hands at the rate of 20s per lb for April-May delivery. CARDAMOMS—The supply is somewhat outrunning the requirements, and prices have consequently again dropped from 1d to 2d per Ib, At today’s auctions 282 . packages were offered; 168 of these sold as follows ;—Ceylon- Mysore: Medium to bold good pale plump, 28 10d to 3s 2d; medium 2s 5d to 2s 9d; small to medium, fair palish to greyish 2s to 28 4d; smal] to medium, y yellow ls Sd to Is 10d; small grey and brownish Is 6d: dull, partly split -ls 4d to ls 5d, Ceylon-Malabar; Small to medium partly specky, brownish and shelly Is 6d to 1s 7d per lb. Seeds seld well at ls lid to 281d. CINCHONA- Only a few lots were offered at today's auctions, Fourteen bales South American Calisaya of rather dull appearance, flat, or in broken quill, were bought in at from 10d to 1s per Tb. Seventeen bags of Red bark, partly of direct import, were also bought in at from 1s 2d down to 5d per lb for every ordinary rusty thin quill and chips. The shipments of cinchona 7 Ceylon from January 1st to March Uth were 149,194 in 1895, and 543,0°S Vb in 1494. Coca-LEAVES—In small supply. For a lot of six bales broken, Truxillo leaves of good odour fine green, but ls 1d pe lb is required, A single bag of very | badly-damaged leaves from Ceylon sold without reserve at 1d per Ib today. KOLA-NUTS—More firmly held, although in rather la supply than has lately been the case, 61 bags being offered today, of which only 1 sold at Is per lb for or- dinary wormy West Indian; fair quality is quoted at ls 4d to ls 8d per Ib. QUININE—The only business reported this week is a sale of 5,000 oz, second-hand German bulk (HB) ab 11]4 per oz The market is firm, VANILLA—A moderate supply offered today sold at firmer prices for good qualities:—8 to 9 inches, 24s; 7 to 7 inches, 20s to 21s; 5s to 7 imchés, 16s 6d to 188; ordinary kinds, from 15s down to Ws 6d | per lb, ! ‘ THE AMSTERDAM DRUG-MARKET. Our correspondent in Amsterdam writes that there has been no business of any importance in Cajuput oi. A consignment of about 500 bottles which arrived recently may still be had at lise, It is reported that several parcels of Jaya Cinchona-bark have been sold private] since the last auctions at 3c per unit, which is an ad: vance of about 4c. It is, therefore, expected that Thurs- day’s cinchona-auctions will show a slight advance over the March sales. 8 em VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. THE DARJEELING TEA Coy—is the subject of an interesting review which will be found above : it is very striking how the cost of production has fallen in keeping very much with the fall in selilng price. ‘Lhe highest yield per acre was 318 lb. in 1890, and the highest profit 581d. in 1885 against only 2°52d. in 1893 when the dividend was but 5 per cent.” THE STANDARD TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON. —We have pleasure in directing attention to the annual Report of this Company given in another eolumn and congratulating the shareholders wpen receiving a dividend of 12} per cent as the re- sult of the year’s operations; and Mr. C. H. Bagot on the high reputation he has achieved for St. Leonards’ tea. CoFFEE &c. IN BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA.— In the latest British Central Africa Gazette, (March llth) we find the fol-lowing :— ; A firm of London brokers, writing of the past years coffee crop from B. C, A., says ‘“* We sold No. 1. Bold coloury at 103/6; the highest price we have ever got; indeed it is 4/6 above any price previously obtained. There is considerable improvement in the quality of Shire coffee this. year.” The opinion almost universally given by the home brokers is that greater care should be taken. in the curtis of B.C. A. coffee. Tt is to be hoped that before long a curing establishment may be started at Chiromo. There is, without doubt, a good opening for the in- vestment of capital: in such an undertaking. — Mr. Moir writing from Lauderdale on March 8th says, :—‘‘ The cofiee crop promises very well here. — Mr. Henry Brown has gone home for a change, the first for many years.” \ \ june 1, 1895.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 813 CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA. At length we are in possession of the views of the Planters’ Delegate to America. Mr. Wm. Mackenzie refers to previous Correspondence with the Committee; but the letter we publish elsewhere evidently includes all his matured conclusions and recommendations. Before we come to these conclusions, however, we haye, as might be expected, a good deal of criticism. The Delegate is well-known as a keen man of | busi- ness and an equally keen writer and indeed, he might fearlessly say,— I am nothing if not critical ! We are not surprised, therefore, to have a good deal of criticism and some of it very much to the point, more especially where it is shown how iarde are the profits of the American tea importers from the sale of China and Japan teas, and how unnatural, therefore, it is to expect them to take cordially to the less pro- fitable, because dearer and purer Indian and Ceylon teas. Again we are told of the hold ‘oreen” teas have on the American people, and that is also a very true as well as old piece of news; but we are surprised that Mr. Mac- kenzie makes no reference to the large popula- tion there must be—especially in New York and out West who would far sooner drink “Dlack” than ‘‘ ereen” teas, if they could only get them readily and cheaply. We refer, of course, to the immigrants coming from England, Ireland and Scotland during the past thirty years. These men and women never tasted green teas in their lives till they got to America and we feel sure that however much their taste may have been cor- rupted, they would still gladly hail the day when the sale of ‘‘ black” teas—Indian and Ceylon far better than they had in their younger days—he- came as universal as the sale of green tea now is. The Irish are well-known as a pre-eminently tea- drinking people, and New York is said to be full of Irish. Surely, there we have a people ready to be got at abundantly with Indian and Ceylon teas. Then the advice given to all enterprising arrivals in America is that of Horace Greely :— « Young man go West’”—so that, undoubtedly there ought to be asplendid field for supplying the new, or rather the old ‘‘ black” teas among the settlers in Western States; and this, no doubt, accounts for the success of the Iowa (Davenport) Tea Company to which Mr. Mackenzie makes special reference. But of all the Delegate’s ¢riticism, the keenest as well asthe most unexpected, is that.which he directs towards Exhibitions or Expositions on a large scale. It took our breath away when we first realized the exact position and yet who can deny the force of the argument? Not, certainly, the Chicago Commissioner, unless he changes lis tone over the Ceylon Tea Store opened in that City. The Delegate’s syllogism would seen to run somewhat as follows :—(1) The Ceylon Tea Court in the Chicago Exhibition had every justice done to it; money was lavished upon it; there neyer was such a Ceylon Tea Show: and yet (2) the Commissioner’s own Tea Store opened almost under the shadow of the Exhibition and with all the eclit appertaining to his position, with the advantage of numerous friends and customers secured during the Exhibition, and with a handsome grant-in-aid from the Planters’ Association—has yet, according to Sir John Grinlinton himself, after 18 months’ trial, simply “spelled” financial failure :—therefore (3) money spent on Expositions or Exhibitions for Ceylon tea must beas good as thrown away! We must leave the Delegate and Commissioner to settle the extent 102 to which the conclusion from the premises may be considered to be justified. There is, un- doubtedly, a good deal of force in the way Mr. Mackenzie puts the matter and as the “Committee of Thirty” are almost certain to adopt his view, we may at once tell Mr. Bierach (who sends us another Exhibition letter given elsewhere) and Mr. T. A. Cockburn, that there is no chance now of Ceylon taking any part in either the Atlanta, the Canadian or the Baltimore Exhibitions—these being all on the large scale with which the Planters’ Committee, if they follow the advice of their Delegate, will have nothing to do in view of the experi- ence gained of the Chicago store following the Great Exhibition. f But now, with relief, we turn to the positive side of Mr. Mackenzie’s letter and take stock of what he does recommend, and of the encourage- ment be has to offer his brother planters. And foremost of all. we attach the greatest importance to Mr. Carnegie’s statement founded on the purity of our teas. It isno news tous of the Tropical Agriculturist. Since 1884, we have preached from that text. In that year, the largest American buyer of Japan teas confessed to usin Mid-Pacifie, that there was not a single Ib of such teas, un- adulterated—all being faced with Prussian blue or other ingredients. It was the same - ar- gument that was offered to Mr. P. .R. Buchanan on his third visit to America in the interests of the Sylhet Tea Company to which the Delegate refers. Mr. Buchanan was told by a big dealer who had begun, rather unwillingly, to hold stocks of Indian and Ceylon teas :—‘‘ You have a good pure article; “oo and make it known to the million; ex- ‘hibit, advertise; sample it at the stores for “their customers with native servants ; and “a demand must spring up for it and we “(importers and dealers) will have nolens ‘yvolens, to meet that demand.” We scarcely think the advice here given in_ 1892-3, has yet been improved on—not — even in the letter of the Delegate. For now, we come to his recommendations and we are sur- prised how largely and liberally they loom up before us, in spite of the very free negative criticism which fills the earlier part of the letter. Mr. Mackenzie, for instance—and we are very glad to see it—is (1) a thorough be- liever in General and Special Advertising—in household daily and weekly papers and in monthly periodicals especially Ladies’ journals ; (2) while discarding Expositions on a big scale, he approves of putting in an appearance at the State ‘ Food Shows”; and here we have in themselves two very large orders if justice is to be done in these departments, all over the United States. Indeed, we question if the Planters’ Fund would do more than cover the expenditure which attention to the Food Shows and Advertising would involve. But the Delegate goes oy to speak of a special Agent (on 4,000 to 5,000 merit your high estimation.—I am, dear sir since Bale and faithfully yours, Ss. BIERACH. New York, March 15th 1895. j New York, March 30, Dear Sir—Now that Ceylon’s M Mackenzie, has been to America and has left "on his return trip March 27th, I do hope that he ‘ll carry some good reports and that the “ Thirty Con mittee '’ will take some speedy action that will Ba ‘of vital importance to Ceylon’s interest in Americ ° a would be a very great pity to stop short and drop delegate, 816 THE ch an important enterprise. a fcouuae ket without a doubt and that market is waiting for Ceylon to fully demonstrate and tablish her claims. 1 a my letter of March 19th, to A. Melville White Esq., Chairman of the ‘ Thirty Committee” and the Planters’ Association, my suggestions simplify matters very much. I propose an appro riation of $15,000 to cover judicious advertising inthe leading Magazines and Home Journals of America the appointment of two agents or representa- tives; a native staff of six, and for this de- partment an appropriation of $20,000, salaries, travelling and maintenance. To make ex- hibitions at Pure Food Shows, shops, &c., &c., as time amd place demand. This would leavea balance in the hands of the Committee of say $15,000. That could be utilized to good advantage in making free grants and supplying samples for liberal distribution. In uninterested hands a great deal of money could be apent that would avail nothing. The agents ap- ointed in order to be successful must have a deep interest in the enterprise, and by throwing their whole energy and interest into the undertaking will establish for themselves a reputation that will be desirable and win the gratitude of Ceylon for faith- ful services andaccomplished work. Much time has one bye since I proposed a Ceylon representation at the Cotton States and International Exhibition. Considering the Exposition of great importance, I gave the enterprise much time and thought, and I very much fear that Ceylon is allowing this most excellent opportunity to pass. The Canadian Exhibition is assuming substantial shape and should be taken into favorable consideration by Ceylon. Quick action should be taken arding this Exhibition in order to secure a good and desirable location to exhibit to good advantage Ceylon’s products. With a proper representation Ceylon could take up the ‘Baltimore Gentenrial and International Ex- hibition” in 1897 to good advantage and a reduced cost haying the Court on hand that will have done service at Montreal; the same could be well utilized at Baltimore, which would be quite a saving and greatly in favor of the enterprise. At Baltimore will be an unusal opportunity, as this is to be made a very large Exhibition being convenient to the many large cities fo=B f Chicago Exhibition certainly has done much to prominently bring Ceylon forward. It only lies with Ceylon to follow up this introduction properly, that is to advertise and have representatives with native servants travelling in different directions through- out the United States, making suitable demon- strations, tea talks or lectures ; and I cam assure you in the course of such travels the representative if he go about it right, will be able to secure any amount of good advertising that will be _of very great benefit and yet cost nothing. The writer, prior to the opening of the World’s Fair, when making a demonstration, in one of Chicago’s leading stores, with four native servants (of the Ceylon World's Fair Staff) invited the whole of the Chicago press to his hotel, had his rooms made attractive with Indian draperies, curios and elephants’ feet, brewed and talked tea to the newspaper men present, the servants serving the tea, an interesting and profitable evening was passed from 8 until 11 o'clock and what was the result ? Every paper in Chicago the following day had something to say about Ceylon and Ceylon Vea.—i ain, yours, We. S. BIMRACH. WEEDS KILLED BY ELECTRICITY AND CACAO GROVES, Jamaica, W. Incies, March 18. Duar Sir,—In your January number of Topical Agriculturist on page 492 I nd under the heading “Various Planting Notes” ‘Killing Weeds by Hlectricity.” oid As Ber cocon property in this district (a wet one) grows weeds to an alarming extent, I should feel obliged for any information in your power; to put TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Ceylon requires the | to cover- (June 1, 1895. peepee me in communication with the inventor or manu- facturers of electrical machines in question.—Yours truly, W. C. GROVES. [We are sorry not to be able to oblige Mr. Groves. We extracted the statement referred to from the Journal of Horticulture which again said the news came from America. We have seen nothing further, nor has any experiment been made in Ceylon. We shall watch our several American Agricultural ex: changes for a further reference.—Ep. 7.4.) THE IMPORTATION OF CEYLON TEA INTO THE CANADIAN DOMINION ; AN IMPORTANT QUESTION AS TO BULKING. Toronto, March 26. Dear Srr,—Since we last addressed you we had the pleasure of a visit from William Mackenzie, Esq., in the interests of the Ceylon Planters’ Association, and we were glad to have had the opportunity of discussing verbally with a gentleman ous has such a practical knowledge of matters concerning the Cey- lon tea industry and, evidently, is so capable of forming correct conclusions as to the best manner of fur- soy their interests. We had occasion to bring before him a matter on which we now take the liberty of addressing you in the hope that through your paper you will allow us to draw the attention of the tea planters of Ceylon to it, viz., Bulking. It is a matter which we consider of great importance in the development of a direct business with Ceylon generally, and vital, as regards exports to this country. Our actual experience has been, that when we import teas from Colombo, even of large and well- known gardens, the shipments, although marked “Factory Bulked,” are not regular in quality as regards each individual lot. For instance, samples drawn from five or ten chests of a single shipment of pekoe, will draw more or less irregularly,and in some instances the difference will be so marked as to suggest a decided money value. This makes it impossible to offer such teas for sale to the retail trade on samples drawn from any particular chest, and even from a bulk sample from several chests, and necessitates the bulking of the teas here, where we have no proper facilities for doing it. ‘ The London trade, evidently recognizing this asa ‘serious defect, have found it necessary to re-bulk teas before putting them up for sale; but this, while it may to some extent suit their local market, is a serious objection when the teas are sold for export, as the leads being torn, and the tea in a great measure left exposed to atmospheric and other objectionable influences in transit, and often remain- ing in this country along time after landing before sale, the deterioration is so important that importers, in operating in Ceylon teas as compared with China teas (which are hermetically sealed and remain in perfect order for any reasonable length of time,) have to consider the condition as an important element against the Ceylon article. We are sure that if anything can be done to remedy this state of affairs, it would be highly appre- ciated by the importers and remove a_ serious obstacle to the free sale of Ceylon tea on this side. We hope you wil! consider this of sufficient im- portance to your Ceyion Planters and Merchants, to give it of your valuable space. Thanking you for the insertion of our last letter, we are, yours respectiully, P.C. LARKIN & CO. OUTSTATION WEATHER REPORTS. Colombo, April 11. Dear Sir,—These reports are at all times of great service to those interested in the agriculture of the colony and especially so during such a season as we have been haying lately. The reports haye JuNnB 1, 1895,| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 817 been immensely improved during recent years, but still present some curious eccentricities ; vide reports of 10th and 11th inst. :— Index Vig. Record of 8th inst. :— Rainfall. Batticaloa 3% Wh} .97 inches Badulla ao 7 .09 7 Puttalam 90 1 2.63 e Record of 9th inst. : Puttalam om 3 32 a Record of 10 inst.:— Puttalam 46 3 92 5 Badulla a0 7 .03 1 GaJle f 6 TON} In the above instances Puttalam stands « good first. Colombo with a rainiall of 3:15 in. recorded on 10th inst. has its lake level raised 64 inches—today’s record of 1:37 inches adds only 4 inches, surely with the level still so low, this does not mean that the sluices have been opened ?—Yours faithfully, MERCHANT. THE PANAWAL TEA COMPANY. Coreen, Talawakele, April 16. Dear Sin,—I have the pleasure to inform you that, at the third annual general meeting of the above Company, the Directors (after providing for cost of new extensions &c.,) have declared a final dividend for the half year ended 31st December 1894, of 5 per cent. making a total distribution of 8 per cent, for the year, free of Income Tax. £400 has been added to Reserve Fund, and a balance of £157 car- ried forward.—Yours faithfully. A. MANSFIELD. FORBES, Manager in Ceylon. THE SCARCITY OF LABOUR—AND ADVANCES. “Dear Sre,—Labouwr market. to find out that the wholesale crimping that now goes on in the busy season, under the Toondu system, is likely to lead to serious consequences. The chief sinners, I hear, are among the employees of the new Planting Firm who have started business here. By all means let us recruit in pastures new, and let the new Firm plank down R5,000 to head the list to defray this new departure. They will want 10,000 coolies, and as itis said that they don’t mind dropping R40 per head in Coast Advances, they can afford it. Government ought really to be more severe on those men who take advances, and use them on their paddy fields in India or to pay off their debts to the Chetty, instead of bringing men from the Coast. If injury is thus done to the Tea Winterprise, no one will be greater sufferers than the Revenue Collector.—Yours truly, OLD PLANTER. So we are beginning SCALE IN BOILERS. Nahaveena estate, Rakwane, April 20. Dear Srr,—e : senle in Boilers, I would recommend the use of Bell’s Asbestos Boiler Preservative, which I have used for the past 6 years with excellent results. { would also recommend Boilers to be covered with Bell’s Asbestos Non-conducting Composition, which will save its cost in full in a very short time. J. P. THOMSON. [Who will now advertise the above with prices, for the benefit of planters?—Np. 7.4.) COCONUT PLANTING IN THE CHILAW DISTRICT : MANY-HEADED COCONUT PALMS; FEVER, COOLIES AND TEA OR BOILED WATER. Palugaswewa, Chilaw, April 2. Dear Srr.—Oa this estate there are several double- headed coconut ptants. the shoots of which are very even in size and strength ; they vary in age, being from 1 to 4 yeas old. None of the older ones have ‘SUGAR blossomed and when they do so the result will be worth watching. There is also a rejected nursery plant with 7 distinct shoots, but these vary very much in size, Now that I know an interest is taken in many: headed plants I will work this one up and will let you know the result. We have been having nice showers which in all amount to about 4 inches for this month to date. fever has been exceedingly bad, and I fear continues so, in this and the Puttalam districts. Giving tea to labourers during their mid-day rest hours would be a very good thing and I will try it tomorrow, but I doubt very much if this could be done on a large scale in the field. Boiled water wouldalso be difficult to manage. I have frequently seen both Tamils and Sinhalese drink froma dirty pool or stream rather than walk a few yards to where a chattie of nice well water had been placed for them. I heard only a few days ago of a case where a watchman had to be put on to prevent labourers bathing over the only available fresh water well on the estate, being too lazy to walk about + mile to a brackish water lake. This is not encouraging, still I hope Mr. Jardine will succeed in his very gaod and kind attempt ta reduce fever, I am most parti- cular in having the water used in the bungalow boiled and filtered (even for tea); yet I suffer very much from fever.—Yours faithfully, Ss. W. GANE. AND INDIGO CULTIVATION IN THE SEVEN KORALES. Kurunegala, April 25. Dear Sir,—In a footnote at page 107 of the “ Ceylon Directory for 1893” under the title of “ Sugar cultivation in Ceylon,’ you say: “A ‘sugar mill’ for expressing its (sugar cane) juice existed in the first century ‘before Christ in the district of ‘Seven Korales,’ where 1,500 years afterwards a Dutch Go- vernor of the island made an attempt to restore the cultivation of sugar!’ Again at p. 127 ‘The culti- vation of indigo in the Seven Korales begun by the Dutch in 1646, was unsuccessful, and Governor Barnes in 1826 lost money over this article.’’ Can you in- form me whence this information has been gleaned ; and if any further particulars are available from the authority you quote ?—Yours truly, ENQUIRER. {In compiling our ‘ Agricultural Review’’ first in 1877, and at intervals since. we have placed, we suppose, every book ever written about Ceylon, more or less under contribution; but have not always found time or space to quote our authorities. We think Tennent mentions about a ‘“sugar-mill” being referred to in the ‘* Mahawansa’’—what diligent student of the latter will verify the reference ?— while Bennett and Pridham are among our authorities for the further statement.—Ep. 7.4.] CAROBS, Sm,—Will you or any of your readers kindly let me know what are carob beans and what they are called in Sinhalese and Tamil, and what their value is as food for cattle? IGNORAMUS. [Carob-tree. ‘The Algaroba Bean. Botan. Ceratonia Siliqua. Not mentioned in T'rimen’s ‘“ Ceylon Flora” nor W. Ferguson's “Timber Trees’’—hence we sup- pose unknown to Sinhalese or Tamils. We quote as follows from a botanical authority:—Crraronra Sili- qua, the only species, is a native of the European, African, and Asiatic countries bordering on the Medi- terranean, where it forms a small branching tree, about thirty feet in height, having wood of a pretty pinkish hue. The tree is extensively cultivated in many of the above-mentioned countries, especially in such as suffer from periodical drought, tea lone roots penetrating to a great depth in search of water. It is called Algaroba by the Spaniards, and Kharoub by the Arabs, whence comes our English name Carob or Caroub, the pods being called carob-pods, or carob- beans, or sometimes sugar pods. These pods contain a large quantity of agreeably flavoured mucilaginous 818 and saccharine matter, and are commonly employed in the south of Europe for feeding horses, mules, igs, &c., and occasionally, in times of scarcity, for ae food. During the last few years considerable quantities of them haye been imported into this coun- try and used for feeding cattle; but although they form an agreeable article of food, they do not possess much real nutritive property, the saccharine matter belonging to the class of foods termed carbonaceous or heat-givers, the seeds alone possessing nitrogenous or fiesh-forming materials, and these ave so small and hard that they are apt to escape mastication. They form one of the ingredients in the much-yaun- ted cattle-foods at present so extensively advertised, the green tint of these foods arising from this ad- mixture. Some years ago they were sold by chemists at a high price, and were used by singers who im- agined that they softened and cleared the voice. By fermentation and distillation they yield a spirit which retains the agreeable flavour of the pod. Be- sides the name Carob-beans, these pods are also commonly called Locust-pods, or St. John’s Bread, in consequence of its having once been supposed that they formed the food of St. John in the wilderness but it isnow more generally admitted that the locusts of St John were the animals so calledand which are at the present day used as food in Wastern countries. There E more reason, however, for entertaining the belief that these pods were the husks meuationed in the parable of the prodigal son. The small seeds are said to have been the origiual carat weight used by jewellers —Ep. 7'.4.} MANY-HEADED COCO PALMS. Negombo, April 28. Dear Sir,—m ve “double or many headed coconut palms’? and your desire to have additions to the list already published by you. There are two palms on Kimbulapitiya estate belonging to Mr. Schrader of Wester Seaton, worth being mentioned. One is a three-headed palm, all three heads in full bearing. The other is a group of three palms growing out of one nut, about three years old and looking quite healthy.—Yours truly, “KIMBULA.” [Dr. D. Morris of Kew, who recently pub- lished a pamphlet on the subject, will be interested jn all the information we can gather.—Ep. 7.4. ] CEYLON FIBRES IN REQUEST. April 27. Sir,—With veference to your leader on this subject, jit is a matter for regret that the descriptions of the specimens of fibresreceived by you from London are so vague, and that the scientific names of the plants which yielded them were not given.* Specimen 1 is described as ‘bamboo.’ The true Bam- boos (Bambusx) have 12en long known and used as producers of a paper fibre. As a material for textile purposes, however, bamboo fibre has no yalue, though Spons mentions that attempts weve made (it is not known with what result) in Brazil to utilize it mixed with wool and silk. The bamboo may be said to be a fibre plant in a third sense, viz., as yield- ing material for the manufacture of mats, baskets, blinds, fans, &c. There are some who may object to the last-mentioned functions entitling a plant to be called a fibre plant, but Dr. Watt gives his authority to this use of the expression. It is therefore important to know for what object the fibre of a plant is utilized. So as to make it clear, in what form the so-called fibre is required ? Again there are some plants which are only capable of yielding fibre fit for mats and baskets ; others, what is also fit for cordage, others again, what is fit, in addition to the previously mentioned uses, also for textile purposes and paper-making. VE The term ‘ Bamboo,” as I have already indicated, is extremely vague. The name is strictly applicable * The object of the writer was not to get exactly the same fibyes; but that others allied from bamboo, banana, pine-apple, &c., should be experimented with and samples sent on to the London referee,—Hp. 7.4.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. se (Jone t, “i | to the Bambusw, but is often made to include Arundinaria, Oxvtenanthera and a number of other genera. ‘rue from the fibre merchant's point of view it is immaterial from what plant the fibre he requires is obtained. Still it would have been far more satisfactory to those who desive to supply the fibre to know the particular plant which nr aor the sample. * Pia’ is another vague local name fora fibre said to be“ probably from a Banana or Masa, Arum Lsculentum or similar.plants. What is Arum Hseulentum, and who has scen its fibre? Neither the name nor the use of this plant are known to me. No. 3.—Skinof a palm leaf. This is certainly an odd description! Kut what palm? It is gratifying, however, to kuow that samples of these fibres have accompanied the meagre descriptions. IT have myself been looking a litle closely into the fibre question of late, and had I known that there was a referee for fibres at the Imperial Institute I should have spared myself the trouble of going in a round-about manner to get an opinion on some fibres that I have had extracted and despatched to Europe. I am _ strongly of opinion that the Ceylon Government should facilitate the collection, preparation and despitch of all the fibres that can be produced by Ceylon plants, to the Im- perial Institute, particulurly after the good prospects which are held out for Ceylon fibres. By the bye, what has become of the local Committee of the Imperial Institute ? Iwould suggest that this body should make a complete collection of Ceylon fibres oe és next 3 or 4 pee a ag it et ad mperial Institute through the loca cigs i Secretary to be reilorell"on by the fibre eree. But I am just reminded of the fairly representa- tive collection of fibre specimens at present in the Ceylon Court of the Imperial Institute! Hasthe referee not seen this collection, or has it been damaged or spoilt and so become unfit for pronouncing an opinion on? I findfrom Dr, Trimen’s catalogue of exhibits from Ceylon at the Imperial Institute that there are overtwenty distinct kinds of fibre, some of which are little known and used even in Ceylon.— I am, yours faithfully, 4 TEA IN CEYLON AND OUR LABOUR SUPPLY. April 28th. Dear Sir,—With regard to the Cooly question, it is perhaps just as well that coolies are not more lentiful, as, if everyone got what he wanted, Ceylon, or tea alone, could absorb with ease, 2,500 more coolies; and these, at a moderate estimate, would give an increased yield of 10,000,000]b. of tea per annum and then, where would prices be? The yield of tea is bound to increase slowly every year owing to the scarcity of labour, both in India and Ceylon, and in this lies the chief safeguard against very low prices. Ceylon yield increased very rapidly owing to the coffee labour being available, but that supply is at an end now. There is usually an outcry every year during the good plucking months, while, during the S.-W. Monsoon, some estates work 3 and 4 days a week, and then expect their coolies to turn out regularly when wanted after they have got accus- tomed to loafing habits; if all coolies turned out 5 or 6 days a week there would be less outery for coolies. I have known estates where the average outturn, was not more than 50% of the force on the checkroll, and, if advances were calculated on the average outturn they would be appalling on such estates. Those who are paying R50 and upwards for coolies will eventually be landed with bad debts as who is to take on these coolies from them. Such gangs with big debts rarely reduce them, but the re- verse, as being hopelessly indebted they do not turn out to work well and unless 6 days’ workis given regularly all the year round, they have not the chance. The latest employer of such gangs will hive to drop the advance or a portion of it. Even now, there are estates with not more than £10 to 20 out per cooly and quite as well off for coolies as their te JUNE 1, 1895.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 819 neighbours with double that amovnt. This points to other causes than the scarcity of coolies, for want of labour, and proves that high advances are not necessary. Perhaps Proprietors and Agents, wuen they have dropped money on advances, will enquire into these matters and find where the fault lies, and if more credit is in future given to those who retain a competent labour force, on moderate advances while working at no higher rates than their neigh- bours, an improvement may ensue in time. An average of R40 per cooly means that some gangs have advances of RGO to 100 per head, and 2 or 3 estates in a district which pay these rates are rather an advantage to the remainder who can thus get rid of hopelessly indebted gangs at their expense. Ii coolies are given regular work, and bad working gangs shunted, they will make money and reduce their advances, and be more satisfied, and there is a knack in getting regular and fair work from coolies, thus ensuring fair pay and fewer half or no names. The Cooly question seems to be quite as bad on Indian tea estates as in Ceylon, probably owing to he boom in agriculture generally caused by the fall n silyer.—Yours faithfully, A PROPRIETOR. CEYLON SEA IN AMERICA. LETTER FROM MR. WM. MACKENZIE. Kandy, April 30th. Sir,—I enclose for publication copy ot a letter received from Mr. Win. Mackenzie, Represen- tative to the United States, in the interests of Ceylon Tea in America, which speaks for itself. —I an, sir, yours faithfully, A. PHILIP, Secretary to the Planters’ Association of Ceylon. Lonpon, April 8, 1895. Tue Secrerary, “ Commirrre or Tumry,”’ Kandy. Dear Sir,—I returned here three days ago, earlier perhaps than you expected; but not until I felt con- vinced I would be spending the fund uselessly, if I yemained in America with restricted powers. I might with warmer weather, have had a good time at the island’s expense, but further cmquiry merely postponed action. From my letters youhaye already obtained grounds for my faith such as it is; but I think it well to swn up generally for the Planters’ Association and public, what I have given you in full detail, with reasons annexed. I visited many large centres and had interesting interviews with leading importers, wholesale and re- tail men in each city—vreceiving from everyone the utmost courtesy. All were willing to listen—muany to encourage ; but nearly every man pointed out that ‘in endeayouring to push a comparatively new article, we should try as far as possible to meet the tastes of the people, rather than expect the taste to change to suit us. I was everywhere asked whether we could not make green or only slightly fermented teas, of unbroken leaf, and in lines of even quality which would conform to standards. “If we want whiskey why offer brandy, if mutton why sbow us beef,’ was an ever ready query. “Our custom,” said the importers, ‘ isto get orders from large dealers for newt season’s teas, to be similar to certain standards of last year. ‘lo secure this, we send men out to China and Japan, who buy teas and blend them to these standards, refire and pack them, and ship them confident that our custom- ers will be satisfied. If you can send us lines of teas—matchable by wire—we are willing to handle them ;—but until compelled we see no reason why we should take up your teas with all the difficulty in selecting and uncertainty of quality, to the prejudice of our present business.” Besides, there is more profit to be made from China and Japan teas as they are cheaper; and with the retailers, a strong argument against our teas is that they go too far—a family consuming 5 lb. of China tex in the time they would use 8 tb. of In- dians oy Ceylons, Tea is not an article of daily use with everyone in the States;—afternoon tea may consist of clam broth, celery tea, or of one of many other things. The con- sumption oftea is 141b.perhead. Unless in a ‘‘Grocer”’ or “Trade Journal” it finds no quotation or notice in the press such as is always given to wheat, coffee, hog products. sugar, cocoa, &c.—Advertisements of tea, broadcast over Britain, are rarely seen in America, Shops where tea alone is retailed, are not known, as the article would not pay rent. The Import trade is in the hands of a few firms, and fortunes have been made in it. These firms have establish: ments in China and Japan which make the busi- ness an easy one for partners in America. They are content and conservative. When I pointed out how successful our teas had proved in England and Australia, I was met by sneering references to “fizzles” in New York. When Icalled attention to our fund and our determinaticn to make a strong effort, the reply was that much larger sums were constantly being spent in making known a new soap, flour, or baking powder. From the above it will be seen that our difficul- ties in finding a ready market in America, arise on the other side, from the existence of large firms who find their present business lucrative and ‘good enough for them;” and to the fact that greens and slightly fermented oolongs have possession of the field;—on our side, to the fact that teas as now made, pay so well that we are unwilling to alter our manufacture—(nor will we be willing, till lower prices compel us), and also because our teas are too broken, are in small breaks, and almost impossible to match. How strongly these points are against us, my letters have already shown the Committee. Besides the above there is the difference in price, There is nothing one hears so frequently, nor said with such unction and pride, as ‘‘ when an American wants a thing, heis bound to have it—no matter what it costs.” This may be true of the consumer; but the dealer is keenly alive to the profit to be made. On tea, which in America, is almost a luxury—the pro- fits are large. Although free of duty—a tea imported at 14 cts (7d) veaches the consumer at 40 to 50 cts, a 24-ct tea at 60 to 80 cts, and at 35-ct tea at 1 to 14 dollar. Russian caravan tea is sold at 2 dollars. Rubbish costing 10 cts is sold at the rate of 4 and 5 Ib. for a dollar. When the trade in our teas is larger, the leading houses must handle them, and then I believe they will come forward with a rush. The question mean- time for usis, howare we to hasten this halcyon time, —that is, how are we to induce the consumer to force the hands of the trade? In so -vast and sparsely peopled a country, the problem is hard to solve, Still, I think, there are obvious lines which we should follow. Our campaign will be much assisted by strong allies who have recently taken the field. The Sylhet Cos. haye Agencies in New York, Chicagoand Toronto, and are doing a large and increasing business—chiefly in Indian teas—with jobbers and wholesale people. Lipton and the Mazawatte Coy., (latter began Ist January) are pushing black teas in packets by getting retailers to hold them, and are advertising largely in many Ways The Iowa Ceylon Importing Company have done ‘ys great service, in the vast region west of Chicago during the 12 months they have been working. Black tea was almost unknown~ there until they took jt up. Encouraged by aopes of assistance from Cevlon they now propose to open in New York, and Work the populous States on the East coast. They use Ceylon teas only and are perhaps our best friends in America. They canvass from house to house advertise in several ways and with the aid of the Indian Courts Exhibits with native servants in New York, should make British grown tea known to every householder. Our fund alone could effect little com- pared to the combined efforts of such agencies. With the Iowa Co., and the Sylhet Cos. holding stocks in New York, there will be no necessity for our establishing any agency there, and our efforts should be confined to aiding them, and other 820 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. ~ 6 ee ee [JUNE 1, 1895. friends of our teas, in bringing the purity, economy and general good quality of our article, to the notice of the public. Our strong point must be the purity of machine-made tea, I explained my mission fully to M. Carnegie, the Pittsburg Millio- naire Jronmaster, and his reply was:—‘JIn that point of purity, you have a handle to work the ublic, which should enable you to sweep the oard.” The American papers often quote articles from the English press, denouncing the unrestricted use of fermented teas. This, we must counteract by teaching drinkers to brew for only 3 or 4 minutes. I saw a brand which is extensively used Sonth of New York which had printed on it directions to draw thetea for 25 minutes ! Hitherto no one has succeeded in making a living out of Ceylon tea only—the demand being too small. Many have tried, and by their efforts some progress has been made, though at a vast expense to the dealers. Every step has been so costly, that wemust try to retain the ground already gained. We must assist men with capital and \eneryy, who in time will force the large importers and distributors to handle our goods. ith stock available on the spot, small dealers can procure a fewchests of what they want ; but they would sooner go without it, than order from London or Ceylon, with the almost certainty of getting something different from what they ex- pected. We should have an Agent to watch our interests —assisted and advised by two gentlemen acquainted with American business,—say a teaman, such as Mr. Montgomery of Jardine, Matheson & Co., and a general business man. They would protect our Agent from cajolery, and would also serve to keep at a distance cranks and ‘“ hoodlums”’ (failures) who would otherwise hamper him. It would not be necessary for your Agent to live always in America, when he knows his people, and has got his scheme in working order, he would find it profitable to spend time in London, as many of our allies have head-quarters here. His salary and expenses need not exceed £70 a month. He should be in touch with all the agencies at yesent pushing fermented teas as a specialty. aut wold be helped by general advertisements ; and some should have special grants, they think best, but accounts of expenditure should be shown to your Agent. These grants to continue until it be seen that yonng firms could run alone or until it was obvious results achieved were not commensurate with the assistance granted. In Canada an advertisement—to be frequently changed, in the Canadian Grocer, with perhaps some special assistance in Vancouver, would be enough as our teas are already catching there; and are being vigorously pushed. fn Chicago, special assistance should be given to the Sylhet Tea Cos. who are doing good werk at considerable expense, and whiat is, large field. In Boston we must interest Chase Sanborne & Co. in Philadelphia, Kester & Co. and Peake & Co., in Baltimore Gillett Co. Our work should be chiefly in the populous States of the Hast, where black tea is most freely drunk. In New York the Iowa Co., W. Farr-Alden & Co., Bottomley & Co. and the Sylhet Companies are our best friends. Consignments; if sent, might go to Jardine Matheson & Go. who would offer and push them but not necessarily sell them by auction. It would be of no use our helping and encouraging private importers, if we are to send out lines of teas to be sold at less than cost price, and wndersell those we retend to support. Many other opportunities of helping our teas would occur, and could be taken advantage of—such as Pure food Shows which are very common in America. These to save expense, and do away with appearance of rivalry, shovld be worked in co-operation with the Indian Commissioner, Expensive exhibits atlarge Hxhibitions do not pay us, No further evidence is necessary on this point, than the fact, that all the vast expenditure at Chicago, to be used as at least, a very has not enabled the Commissioner to i+un one small shop successfully, although his own personality. secured lim many friends and customers. The suggested outlay of thousands, and establishment of a perma- nent staff, for such purposes, would be madness. General advertising should be done in Journals of Commerce ; and special for the consumer, in nagazines and ladies’ papers, through Messrs. Hubbard and Thompson. Then it should be possible to have teas blended to lines in Ceylon. If this be done in Colombo, there will be the extra expense of repacking and refiring, agents’ charges, &c. Butit might be done on large estates,—Mariawatte, Great Western, the Holyroods and Yoxford, or in factories such as K.A.W. The teas should be lightly but briskly rolled to show a wiry twist, and should be undexr-fermented—dust and fannings should be taken out. Shipments of 5,000 lb. weekly might be started to increase gradually if demands justified it. But if stocks are held, and private firms show energy in pushing our teas, our shipments should be of teas to suit them, and they should have the refusal of them. Consign- ments, in fact, should be worked as aids to our friends—otherwise they would and speedily convert friends into enemies.—Yours faithfully, Wu. MACKENZIE. AN ABUNDANT MANGO CROP. Matara, May 2. Dear Sin,—There is at present in a garden down here a mango tree lately pruned of its branches, and from the stump of one of the latter there has grown a bunch of mangoes; the cluster of fruit count- ing over one hundred. Has such a thing been ex- perienced in Ceylon or elsewhere before ? D. A. FIBRES WANTED. School of Agriculture, 8rd May, 1895. Dear Mr. Eprron,—I return Mr. Collyer’s letter youso kindly sent me and the specimens of fibre that accompanied it. There is little doubt that the material asked for is intended for ornamental work— baskets, frames, &c. There should be no difficulty, in the first instance, of supplying stuff like the‘ Pia’ specimen, but itis a pity the probable requirements as regards length &c. are not given,—I am, yours very truly, C. DRIEBERG. —$<<___ VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. QuININE IN BenGAL.—The sale of quinine in pice packets through the agency of the Post Office was introduced in Bengal two years ago, and the Director-General of the Post Office now reports that one-and-a-half million 5 grain packets were sold last year.— Chemist and Druggist. CuLTiIvATION oF FRurr AaND VEGETABLES IN THE NortHern Province.—The cultivation of vegetables promises to become one of the most paying indus- tries at no distant future, not to speak of its remunerative nature even at the present day when farmers take to it on a very small scale. Although the money invested and the labour expended on this industry here is several times more than in the Western and other favoured Provinces, yet there is a margin of profit left, after deducting the cost of capital and labour. More land could be brought under cultivation if the produce could be trans- ported to the Colombo and other markets. This drawback makes the case for a railway through the North-Central Proyince stronger still. Northern arm of the Colombo breakwater is com- pleted, and when the Jaffna railway through the depopulated regions of the North-Central and Northern Proyimces is made, a fortune is to be made by the cultivation of fruit and _ vegetables. There will be a large demand for supplies of fruit and vegetables by the steamers which will call daily at Colombo.—* Jaffna, Patriot.” i When tke. ‘leo \ June 1, 1895.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Sar A LOST CINCHONA-PIONEER FOUND. Most of the cinchona ‘ pioneers,’ who were con- nected with the introduction of the quinine-yieldin lants from South America into British India ahd ava, and with the first cnltivation-experiments, are now dead. We have from time to time recorded the decease ot men, such as Dr. Spruce and Dr. Haas- kari, who had withdrawn from the scene of their life-work and were living in the retirement which they probably liked best, ‘‘the world forgetting, by the world forgot.’ One of the “pioneers” whose death was announced long ago was Mr. Charles Ledger, in whose honour the late Mr. J. EH. Howard named the variety of Cinchona Calisaya of which the plants were first introduced into commerce by Mr. Ledger, then a more or less iti- nerant trader in wool, cinchona-bark, and other South American products. Mr. Ledger, like most of his brethren among the cinchona-pionecrs, had his troubles with the authorities in the matter of remuneration for his services, but with the establishment, upon a firm basis, of the cinchona-culture of the Hast, the public interests in the men who had brought the first shipments of the plants from South America died out, and one by one the greater number tell out of sight. Mr, Charles Ledger was supp sed to have died a good niny years ago at J'ucuman, in Argentina, well advanced in years, and in none too flourishing circum- stances. His death is recorded in several text-books on cinchona, but when, some time ago, inquiries were made in South America concerning the year of his decease, nothing could be ascertained beyond an assertion that he was no longer alive. Singulmly enough, however, we have just received a letter from Mr. Ledger, who is still living, we hope in good health, in New South Wales, and turns out te bea reader of this journal. Myr. Ledger’s letter was written principally to throw some light upon the identity and uses of a certain inga-flower which is often found mixed with South American coca-leaves, and on which Mr, R. G. Guyer read a paper at the Chemists’ Assistants’ Association in December last. Mr, Ledger incidentally refers to his Indian servant Manuel Yneré Mamani, to whom he was himself indebted for his knowledge of the Ledger cinchona, and who died in consequence of injuries inflicted upon him by the Bolivian authorities for having betrayed the secret of the origin of the best cinchona-bark to a foreigner. Tt was in 1865 that Mr. Ledger received from Mamani the first parcel of seed of the cinchona variety which has since been called after him. At that time the cinchona-plantations in British India and Java were in their infancy, and they did not include any of this special variety of “ Calisaya.”” Mr. Ledger sent the parcel of seed to his brother in London, who offered it forsale to the British Government. The authorities, however, delayed the conclusion of the bargain, and at last Mr, Ledger disposed of half the lot to Mr. J. W. B. Voney, an Anglo-{[ndian cinchona- planter. ‘he remainder Mr. Ledger sold to the Dutch Government, who made him a payment on account of about 8/. 10s, and when it turned out after a year that over 20,000 of the seeds had germi- nated satisfactorily in Java, made up thesum to 50/. Mr. Ledger expressed his satisfaction, and in 1871 wrote from South America, offering to supply more seed on the same terms. ‘Ihe Dutch Government accepted, but, according to Myr. Van Gorkoms, the late director of the Java cinchona-plantation, Mr. Ledger failed to send any further supplies. In 1875 he nevertheless petitioned the Dutch Government for a further grant on account of the first parcel, and received 100/, in settlement of his claims. At present the Government plantations in Jaya alone contain many millions of Ledgeriana trees, which farnish the most valuable of all the commercial cinchona-barks, the average equivalent of sulphate of quinine in the Ledger bark from the Java Govern- ment plantations being 6°50 per cent, that of the Officinalis bark only 5°12 per cent, while of the total crop of about 640,000 Ib. in the Government gardens last year, 565,000 lb consisted of Led- geriana bark. The late Mr. J. BW. Howard was glways of opinion that My. Ledger had not been 103 adequately remunerated for his services by the Dutch Government ; but even if that should be the case (and 150/. does not seem an excessive vemuneration for the seed from which haye sprung three-fourths of the whole cinchona wealth of Jaya), it would now probabl be too late for that gentleman to press his claims wit any prospect of success. It will, however, be interesting to learn how the report of Mr. Ledger’s deatli came to be circulated, and why that gentleman has refrained for pomeny years from giving any sign of life to the outside world. We hope shortly to be able to clear up this mystery. —Chemist and Druggist, April 6. MR. CHARLES LEDGER. In our correspondence columns will be found a letter from Mr. Clements R. Markham, ¢.B., F.R.s., President of the Royal Geographical Society, calling attention to the almost destitute condition of Mr. Charles Ledger, the introducer into the East of the most valuable variety of all the cinchonas. There can be no doubt that Mr. Ledger has been very shabbily rewarded for the service he rendered to medicine, pharmacy, and civilisation generally. It may be said that Mr. Ledger’s connection with the introduction of the Ledgeriana seed was a purely commercial transaction. He received his price for the seed he supplied, and there was the end of it so far as concerned the buyers. That seems to have been the view of the Government of India, who refused to entertain the application for some remuneration which was made on Mr. Ledger's behalf by Mr. Markham some years ago. We doubt whether, as a matter of bare commercial principle, it would be possible for Mr. Ledger to show any cause why either the Dutch or the Indian Governments, to whom, for a hundred pounds or so, he supplied seed that has produced cinchona-bark worth many thousands of times the sum paid for it, should do anything for him in his old age. Fortunately, however, for those in distress, sentiment counts for something in the government of the world, and we trust that many private per- sons, especially among the planters, importers, brokers, and manufacturers, who have reaped large profits out of their dealing in Ledgeriana bark in the past, will show some practical sympathy with the man who was the immediate cause of the pro- duction of the wealth they handled so profitably, but of whose actual existence many of them have, perhaps, scarcely been aware. It is unfortunate for Mr. Ledger that his destitution should become known ata time when the cinchona-industry is less profitable than it ever has been; but for all that we hope that those engaged in it will feel it due to themselves to keep Mr. Ledger from actual want during the last years of his life. Contributions may be sent to Clements R. Markham, Esq., c.s., F-R.s. (President of the Royal Geographical Society), 21 Eccleston Square, London, S.W., or the Editor of ‘Time CuHramst anp DruGeist, 42, Cannon Street, E.C., will pass to Mr. Markham any amounts which may be sent to him.—Chemist and Druggist, April 6. Mr. Charles Ledger, the Cinchona-pioneer. Sir,—Simultaneously with the publication of the letter from Mr. Charles Ledger in your issue of March 23, I received a communication from that gentleman, who was the first man to supply the British and Dutch Governments with the seed of the Cinchona Calisaya Ledyericna, from which millions of trees have since been cultivated in India, Ceylon, and Java. Mr. Ledger tells me that he is now 77 years of age, and is reduced to penury owing to the failure of Australian banks. He only has 3/. a month to subsist upon. This is, in my opinion, most dis- graceful to the Government of India, to whom the Cinchona Ledgeriana has proved most valuable. In 1880 I made a strong representation of Mr. Charles Ledgev’s services to the Secretary of State for India, and urged that some remuneration should be granted tohim. The reply, aftera delay of four months, was a curt refusal.—Yours truly, CLements R. MARKHAM. 21 Eccleston Square, S.W.—Ihid, 822 THE TROPICAL — — TRAMWAYS ON MOUNTAIN ROADS. (To the Editor of the “Engineer.”) Sir,—In your editorial of last week, under the above heading, you draw attention to certain colonial requirements, and state that you are not aware that light and cheap railways have ever been attempted with gradients as steep as 1 in 10 or 12, coincident with curves of a few yards radius, without recourse to a rack system. As bearing insome degree upon this question, will you permit me to mention that I have for nearly twenty years worked a little line of ldin. gauge which, in a quarter of a mile, rises 80ft. with almost con- tinuous gradients of 1 in 10 and Lin 11, the direction at one point being reversed by a curve of somewhat more than a semicircle with a radius of eight yards, the gradient, however, being here reduced to 1 in 20. The locomotives at present in use weigh res- ectively 34 and 5 tons in work. One has a wheel Base of 44 ft. with six wheels, the other of 6ft. with eight wheels, both being coupled all round. There is but little friction on the curves, as the axles work radially on a plan you were good enough to illustrate in one of your issues for July, 1881. The maximum load, of which about two-thirds is paying, approximately equals the weight of the engine, but, as a rule, is somewhat less. The traffic is that of a small estate, and consists chiefly of building materials, round timber, manure, and earth. In dry or thoroughly wet weather the natural adhesion suffices, when at all greasy sand has to be freely used, but there is never any difficulty in performing the work. On a less severe portion ofthe line, used principally for experimental has a the larger engine has hauled a train, 170ft. in length, of eight bogie carriages, including sleeping and dining cars, carrying 124 passengers, up gradients of 1 in 48 and 1 in 25. On the former of these gradients there is a curve, three-fifths of a circle in extent, of fifteen yards radius. A coefficient of adhesion of 1 to 44 is readily ob- tainable on such small lines, and in good weather 1 to 4. Regarded financially the difficulty lies not in surmounting extreme gradients and curves, but in the comparatively small paying load that can be hauled. It is of course impossible that this drawback can be obviated, whatever may be the motive power em- ployed, unless a large proportion of the axles of the train is utilised for adhesion, an alternative pro- bably more costly than a rack rail. Duffield Bank, near A. Percrvan Hrywoop. Derby, March 26th. ——————— or MR. D. MORRIS ON FIBRES. It is to be regretted that the lectures at the Society of Arts by Dr. D. Morris, of Kew Gardens, werenot more fully attended ; for, owing to the terribly depressed state of the sugar market ani the possibility of the abandonment of sugar in the West Indies, it is a matter of vital importance that attention should be paid to some other industry, which might pos- sibly save the bulk of the sugar estates from being thrown out of all cultivation. Those who areunable to attend the lectures ought certainly to make a point of obtaining copies, as the society intend pub- lishing them in extenso, for they will contain most valuable and useful information, as Dr. Morris is _ treating the subject very fully indeed. It is not the first time that Dr. Morris has submitted proposals that have borne excellent fruit.—Colonies and Inia. —_—<>— PLANTING AND PRODUCE. Tra SuHares.—We have received from Messrs. Gow, Wilson and Stanton the April issue of their list of the London Tea Companies, with capital and prices, ~ which is carefully compiled and gives much useful information. We learn that in order to meet the wishes of many of their friends they have opened at their office a department for the purchase and sale ~ of tea shares where investors may learn all the necessary information concerning the state of the | market and other matters of interest in connection with the shares of tea compamies. AGRICULTURIST. ee ee [June 1, 1895. Tue Qua.ity or Tra.—The quality of tea threatens to become a ‘“‘ burning question" in the management and advertisements = cafés, hotels, and restaurants, says the Grocer. Messrs. Kirkland Brothers, purveyors to the Queen, announced that during Lent, to com- memorate the opening of their new café, 32, Bold Street, Liverpool—next door to the magnificent new premises of Messrs. Robert Roberts & Co., Limited —they have decided to use the ‘‘ famous Golden Tip tea. This tea has been sold as high as £10 per lb. and, notwithstanding that the cost will be very great, Messrs. R. Roberts & Co. tea merchants, Bold Street, have been instructed to procure the finest tea in the market regardless of expense.’ There is a fine opening here for an ostentatious presenta- tion of tronks, Turkey carpets, bamboo fur- niture, frying-pans, “‘ objects of bigotry and virtue,” &c., also regardless*of expense. Bat we suspect that Messrs. R. Roberts & Co. (Limited), have n too long in the tea trade to adopt such modern notions. Messrs. Kirkland Brothers also may be too good judges of tea to accept gifts in lieu of quality. A rival café, hotel, and restaurant now comes forward and seeks to dilute the above Golden Tip to a considerable extent, giving, in fact, the Solio. ing “straight tip’: “As the tea used at the above is blended under immediate supervision of an expert, ladies can rely on having a good cup of tea at these establishments all the year round, and equal to any sold elsewhere under fancy names.” More illustrations might be given to show the in- gennity, elegant taste, and fine philanthropic aroma that surround this phase of the tea trade, but space is not so expansive as the subject. Tea: Puntic Sate Conprrions.—As a result of the difference of opinion lately expressed as to the correct interpretation of Clause 4, as it now stands, and the decision given in the late arbitration case on the subject, favouring the view Messrs. Hawes and Co. had placed on it, the Committee of the Tea Brokers’ Association held a meeting on Thursday last week. It was agreed that changes were neces- sary, and a sub-committee, consisting of Messrs. Wm. Thompson (Chairman), Robert Moffatt, and F. Sutton Hawes, was appointed to meet a sub-com- mittee from the Wholesale Tea Dealers’ Association of Messrs. Salmon, Wiltshire, and W.K. Appleton (Mr. R. H. Salmon was prevented from attending from ill-health), and three principal representatives from the Warehousekeepers—Messrs Champ, Wil- son, and Wrightson—to discuss and amend Clauses 4 and 5 of the Public Sale Conditions. After a very friendly discussion last Friday new rules were framed which will be placed betore a general meeting of the trade, when it is hoped that they will be accepted as satisfactory to all parties. That amendments were very necessary, the nature of the trade having changed so much during the last few years, was re- cognised by all, especially to the buyers. THe Srineto Trea Company, Lrwrrep.—The public are learning to appreciate tea shares as investments. The applications for investment in the Singlo Tea Company were so numerous that the amount was subscribed three times over, the shares being litezally snapped up—H. and C. Mail, April 12. Peo gee SERDANG—SUMATRA ; NO. IV.—AN INTERLUDE. (By an ex-Ceylon Planter.) I have up my sleeve much more about Liberian coffee for you: but as it is the Javanese new year, let us throw coffee to the dogs, for the tim2 being, and have a smallinterlude. First, let me say NEVER TRAVEL ON A PUBLIC HOLIDAY. My first experience was at home. I was travelling south and broke the journey at Bedford. The travel- — ling pulse was normal. But next day was a public holiday: and how was a poor old Orienta! to know it? Arriving at the station I at once lost, my, luggage which was hurled péle m3le into the luggage yan. But there was no room forme. The cvrriages were ccack- ing their sides with trippers. ‘All right, sir; there © » June 1, 1895.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 823 are two extras coming on behind.” The second train was as bad; and in the third I just managed to squeeze in, when, at the last whistle, a baby was thrust through the window and fell upon my knees. Nobody would own it: and it squalled the whole way to London, where an infuriated female wanted to give me in charge for kidnapping, and whose rage only re- doubled when I told her to ‘take the brat; I was only too glad to get rid of it!’? I recovered my luggage by merely giving a description of it, and found my way to my quarters at Kensington. A curious thing happened that night. My sister, being unable to sleep by reason of the heat, threw up her window and read. About 38 a.m. she heard a child crying in the street aud at the same time a policeman came yound the corner. He caught up the child, cuddlel it, found it had come from the country with it’s parents, and got lost in a crowd. ‘‘ Never mind, little ‘un, I will find your mammy for you!” and he marched off with the child in his arms. How’s this for the Trafalgar Square stink-jobbers who talk about the roughness of the police? No roughness without reason. My second experience of travelling on a public holiday was IN JAVA some years ago. It was Javanese New Year; and we were kept waiting four hours in an important inland town for a carriage! All had been pre-engaged for weeks by the natives. The result was a late start and an eight mile tramp up a jungle track on a pitch dark night. My companion, though an old resident, was in mortal fear of tigers; and every lizard we heard scuttling in the dead leaves, he thought was a tiger! I was far more afraid of the pigs, which were literally in swarms on all sides. Of a tiger I am not afraid, as unless wounded or a rofessional man-eater, he is as glad to get away rom you, as you are from him: while a pig taken by surprise, as likely as not, charges on sight! My last travel on a public holiday was the CHINESE NEW YEAR IN SINGAPORE. I determined to go over to Johore. ‘‘ Have you got a catriage?’’ I wasasked. ‘Oh, dear no,” I jauntily replied. ‘My boy can geta riksha in two shakes of a duck’s tail.” And so he did. But the brutes jibbed at the 4th mile. Here I got others; but they again stuck at the 7th mile. HereI had to hang up my box in the police station; and my companion and I walked on to Kranji, 73 miles: and let me tell you that a 7§ mile walk in Singa- pore takes more out of one than a stroll from Colombo to Mount Lavinia and back. I reported all the recalcitrant ‘xricksha’ coolies to the Registrar, and they got 10 days’ suspension of license. Let all intending visitors to Singapore make a note: Leqis- trar of Hackery Carriajes. rol good people in Cey- jon think you know a Tamil: but you don’t, I as- sure you. Of all the filthy, scoundrelly scum of bestiality that ever I have come acyoss, the Tamil harry-syce in Singapore is the worst. On receiving fis legal fare he will standin the middle of the road, and abuse you at the top of his voice in Tamil and Malay, knowing that you will not take the trouble to take him to Court, while if you give him what Paddy gave the drum—a bally good beating—he does not grudge his dollar for a summons against you. Now you need not go to Court. Neport the insolent syce by letter to the Registrar, who deals summarily with him, without calling on you to appear. A bene- ficent Municipality is that of Singapore! (Some people differ.) Let us get back to public holidays in general, and a description of THE JAVANESE NEW in particular, as celebrated in Serdang. I was asked to assist in arranging the programme for the Coolies’ Athletic Sports on a certain Estate and Sport it was. There were two greasy poles decorated at the top with sarongs, coats, We. They could by no means be negotiated by swarm- ing, and the number of ladders that collapsed (one cooly on the top of another’s shoulder), before the YEAR top was achieved provoked shouts of laughter. I think the best fun was got from the sloping greasy pole. It was about 30 feet long, placed at an angle of 30° or thereabout and had to be walked! The high jump was poor, though productive of consider- able amusement. The sprinting was wretched. A good upcountry horse-keeper could have given any one of them 60 yards in 100! Feats of endurance with a 20 lb. dumb-bell brought a strong competi- tion; but they soon tailed off! The three-legged yace was most comical. They could not understand how to work it: so they lifted the tied legs, and hopped on the outside legs. It was grand to see the best hopper dragging his partner after him until both came the inevitable crumpler. The pig-a-back race was a great success, the ‘“horse’’ being blind- fold, and the rider guiding him. After this we had a blindfold sprint; and of course the only two who came to grief were the slunkest man on the estate, and the head syce’s pretty little daughter, every- body’s pet, both of whom were knocked end over end by a man running wild. It was tried to get up a three-legged race for the women; but as soon as the word was passed, the beauties scuttled. Two, however, afterwards stood up for atug of war, which concluded the sports. A most successful day finished up with a jovial dinner, at which sat down two Germans, one Dutchman, one Italian, one Frenchman, one Swiss, and your Celtic scribe, the attendant waiters being a Chinese boy, and a Javanese girl; and the cook in the kitchen was a Tamil! This is a fairly cos- mopolitan mixture, isn’t it ? The produce of the country of every Huropean present was on the table, either in solid or fluid. And I am proud to say that my country was repre- sented by Usquebaugh ! 4 The host apologised for not having been able to rocure the band of the Blue Hungarians, or the oldstream Guards: but our post-prandial jokes were cracked to the strains of the orchestra of the Java- nese theatre, which we visited by way of a Slamat taun bharu, z.e. Wishing them a good New Year. The music was by no means unmusical: but it is beyond me to describe the instruments which were many and marvellous, A pleasing feature about a Javanese festival is that it is rarely followed by those squabbles and rows which form an almost invariable. addendum to a Tamil Periya Nal. The reason is not far to seek, As a rule the Javanese don’t drink. es et FRUIT CULTURE IN UVA. A correspondent says:—“‘In writing about your visit to NewGalway district you did not notice the trees around Warwick old bungalow. There used to be :—oranges (fivekinds), lemon, pears (two kinds), apples (four kinds), cherry plums (masards), plums (two kinds), peaches (three kinds), vines, figs (three kinds), limes, loquats, jambo,date palms, pambaloes,tree tomatoes, papaw, elder berry, raspberry &c., all growing well and some bear- ing when I left. Good land in Uvya should grow fruit. trees well, especially oranges, lemons, figs, peaches and plums. The figs bear better at flappy Valley, than any where else tnat I have seen in Ceylon ; and a young” plum tree of the large kind at Warwick had a& number of plums, and other trees were loaded; and at another Uva place I saw lemons almost, if not quite, as fine as those grown by poor Woodhouse on Choisy, Ramboda, and the flavour quite equal to them. Iam certain that in Uva, fruit culture will pry if gone into with a fair capital and on selected land (fair soil and sheltered, especially from the S.W. winds). - _— Yams.—I send you a sample (7 lb.) parcel of yams. These yams are best when boiled like potatoes and they have been awarded several highest prize medals at the different local A. H. Shows. [So writes Mr. G. I, Soysa, Florist, Kandy, and we can testify that his yams ave yery wholesome and good.] ; 824 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [Junn 1, 1895. eg oi = a — VARIOUS PLANTING NOTES. CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA,—An upcountry planter writes:—‘‘I met when at home one otf Carnegie’s men who told me he sent regularly to New York for Ceylon tea, as it was hard to get otherwise. He strongly advocated adver- tising, especially in the religious papers, and was sure there was a vast public to drink it.” THE JOREHAUYT TEA CompANy—is the subject of a discriminating notice which we take from the current month’s ZJnvestor’s Revicw into another column, ‘The selling price and cost of prodne- tion for the tea is given. Last year 15 per cent was earned on an average price of 10°88d for 1,620,343 1b. of tea or 350 lb. per acre from 4,632 acres. Tue IMPORTATION OF FOOD FOR EUROPEANS IN CEYLON.—We see that ‘ The Imperial Trade Review” has reproduced i extenso the leading article which we had on this subject sometime ago and in which, _ without wishing to dis- courage the introduction of foreign food supplies, we pointed out the danger to European settlers in tropical countries, from indulging in the yicher food of the more temperate countries, Tue Saiprinc or Inp1An T'a.—It a from a telegram received from the London Branch of the Indian Tea Association thatthe owners of the Indian Mutual Line of Steamers were negotiating with tea shippers in London for an extension of contract but that the negotiations have fallen through. The telegram, which we take from the 7. J. G., says: ‘‘Mutual contract cancelled. Arranged Conference. Advise Mutusl Shippers.’—. Vines, May 12. Tun Inpian Imusorants, ror Fist Ex s.s. “ Vadala,” who have been placed in quarantine landes on this of Nukulau and Makuluva, are progressing favourably. There were about 6) cases of measles on board and these have been segregated on Makuluva with their friends, the total being some 62. The remainder are on the other island ani up to the present no fresh cases have broken out, so that there seems every possibility of the detention not being extended for any length of time.—/jr Tunes. , Tea SHIPMENTS AND EsrimMAres.—After all, the estimate for April has not only not been ex- ceeded, but not even reached. It stood at 7,600,090 Th. ; while the total that got away is viven at 7,130,000 Ib. There was, nevertheless, about 2 million 1b. tea lying on board steamers in the Colombo harbour when April closed, and this added to the shipments during May, can- not but give us from 10 to II million Ib, _for the current month’s exports to the U nited Kingdom. VEYANGODA, April 19.—After the heavy plumps of rain between the Sth and the 11th instant, aggregating about 6 inches, there has been no rainfall to mention. The mecernings have been brieht and sunny, the days hot and steamy, and the. evenings cloudy, with an occasional drizzle registering a few handredths of an inch. As IT write (3 p.m.) a smart shower is falling, ac- companied by growling thunder overhead and thickening clouds which promise more rain. CEYLON TEA IN CANADA.—We direct the spe- gial attention of our planters and merchants to the letter of Messrs. P. C. Larkin & Co., the well-known tea merchants of Toronto, in another column. Itis to the special interest of all in ( eylon to encourage direct shipments of tea from Colombo to Canada, and to America generally, and there- fore ib is of great importance that the utmost care should be taken to avoid giving cause for complaint in the way our correspondents point out. It would be well if the Planters -Associla- tion issued a note of warning and advice on the subject ; not , sufficient and condition cattle usually good. Mapras Crop anp WEATHER Report.—Week ending 6th April. Few showers parts Southern Districts, West Coast and Circars. Premonsoon rains being anxiously looked for in Central and Southern Districts ; cultivation for next crop commencing West Coast ; elsewhere confined to small areas under wells and largest irrigation work-. Irrigation supplies continue to decrease as usual this time of year. Standing crops very extensive, but suffering in many parts southern half of Presidency. Harvest still continues on sinall scale with only moderate yield. Fodder general Prices ! almost stationary, but slightly easier in most districts, ———— <<< <$<— $$ $$ and visen slightly only in South Arcot, Salem and Madura.—Madras Times. COFFEE AND TEA—MATALE N.E., April 18.— We have been having grand flushing weather here lately and the leaf gathered off some estates, daily, beating all their previous records. The cotive which has survived throngh years of neglect, but not totally abandoned, is looking better than it has done for many years, and young trees growing from seed dropped by monkeys about 34 to 4 years ago in a virgin forest tea clearing, are now wortli seeing. Fine, healthy, well tormed trees loaded with green fruit. Coolies are at present very scarce, and the rush of leaf coming in makes us long for the arrival of the coolies now overdue from the Coast. THE JOKAL TEA COMPANY.—The splendid re- serves held hy some of the Assam Tea Com- panies is well illustrated by the case of this Company. In 10 years the area enltivated has risen from 1,460 to 7,239 acres, while the gross area held is as large as 35,568 acres! The annual tea crops have, inthe same way, risen froin 300,000 to over 3 million Ib. The yield per acre in 1893 was 951 |b., costing 859d per lb. and realizing 10°30d per lb. on the average. The dividend of the Company has heen 10 per eent for 10 years consecutively. It is said to have one of the best tea-factories in India. All this and much more will be seen from the extract we take from the Jnvestors’ Review for April. COFFEE IN) NYASSALAND.——The Madras Times of the 25th inst. says :—Coffee planting in Nyassaland is apparently conducted on very different principles from those whiclf apply in India and Ceylon. According to a letter from a Ceylon Planter who has been visiting Nyassa- land, published in the Ceylon Observer, the cotiee there ‘‘ gives a good maiden crop and second crop. The next crop falls off very much, then every- body cuts the trees down, and lets them send up a fresh sucker.” It would, we think, be in- teresting to discover how this treatment would answer in districts affected by leaf disease, and whether if carried out it would have saved some of the estates that collapsed under that scourge. TEA SHIPMENTS AND EsTIMATES.—The esti- mate for Colombo shipments for April was over 74 million Ib. It is certain to be over 8 million and it depends on whether two steamers—* City of Vienna” and ‘‘Logician” (Harrison’s Line)— get off tomorrow or wait till Wednesday for more tea,—if the month’s total should remain at 8} or perhaps rise to 93 million. If the 1} to 14 mil- lion lb. tea expected to be taken by the above two steamers go into May, it will probably he a “ re- cord” month with over 11 million Ib. of fea. TItis the case of a steamer or steamers clearing on the last, or first day of the month, that makes the difficulty about monthly estimates. Of course, as regards the home market, it is quite the same as to whether the ‘‘Logician” and City steamer leave on the last day of April oy Ist of May; but not so in estimates, JUNE 1, 1895. | LE Peal O PIG ATs AGRICULTURIST. 825 COFFRKE IN UtLU LANGAT, STRAITS SETTLE- MENTS.—-We copy from the March report of Mr. J. AH. M. Robson as follows :— The natives in the Ulu Langat District do not seem to be very deeply bitten yet with the coffee-plant- ing fever, but here and there one sees traces of it. A Chinaman is making a good clearing on the road- side hill half a mile out from Semenyih on the Balau Road; a Vamil is ploughing up the lalang on a small portion of ground adjoining .the Reko Road and has already planted coffee in the approved fashion ; whilst the Malays who are taking up lend in the Ulu Langat Mukim talk of cultivating coffee, bananas and other fruit, an ancient inhabitant there telling me that the latter paid best because the profits came socner. The few patches of full grown coffee I have seen present a diversified appear- ance; on the whole rather poor, Iam afraid, but whether the result of cultivation or soil I don’t know. New Propucts: KOLA AND CuBEBS.—We are leased to learn that Mr. Robson of Matale so Monourably connected with early experiments with Kola, still keeps up the cultivation and has been getting a good deal of seed lately from his trees. Mr. Robson has also he tiinks, g¢t ahold at) last of the proper Cubebs anid is hopeful of the result. —A very complete litt!e manual respecting ‘Kola’ has just been published in America entitied ;— ‘© An illustrated Monograph on Kola ; Part I.—Phavr- miucognosy. Part Il.—Physiological and Therapeutic Actions. Part III.—-A Clinical Study of Kola. Part [LV.—Bibliography. Published under the Direction of F. EH. Stewart, m.p., pu. G. Director Scientific Department, F. Stearns & Co., formerly Demonstrator and Lecturer on Materia Medica and Parmacy, Jeiferson Medical College, ete. We may quote some useful paragraphs fromthe Monograph later on. Tue LABOUR QUESTION IN SKELANGOR.—We see that at a meeting of the Selangor Planters’ As- sociation on the 27th ult. the labour question was under discussion and the following resolution passed :—That the Committee of the S.P.A. be empowered to find out from Government whether the proposed extension of the Selangor Railway System to the borders of Pahang be a fact ; and, (il.) That ifsuch is the case, it be duly pointed ont to Government by the Committee of S.P.A. that such an undertaking must necessarily be a great strain on the local labour resources and tiere- fore detrimental to the existing planting inter- ests; (iii.) That Government therefore be asked whether it is proposed to take adequate steps during the present year to recruit from without Selangor a sufficient labour foree. (iv.) That in the event of the work beine given out on con- tract, Government would bind the contractors to import their labour forces. The matter of crimping had also” been under consideration, correspondence between Mr. EE. V. Carey and the State Engineer being read in connection with that ollicial’s refusal to dismiss from the Govern- ment Service an overseer and a mandor who had been convieted in the Selangor Courts of crimping Mr. Carey’s coolies. Mr. Carey gave notice, that, if the further endeavours he pro- posed to make to induce the State Engineer to reconsider his determination, were of no avail, lhe would at the next meeting move the follow- ing resolution: ‘*'That copies of the corvespon- dence which has passed between Mr. Eb. V. Carey and the State Engineer be forwarded to the Government; and further, that the Government be informed that this Association strongly de- precates the action of the State Engineer in ve tainine the services of Sinna Tambi, Overseer, and Sinna Tambi, Mandor, as being altogether opposed to the true interests of labour,” THE COLONY OF Corrkene GROWERS AT OLAA, near Hilo—by the Planters’ Monthly of Hono- lolu—is gvadnally extending the improvements in that district. New buildings are going up every month, and clearings of the torest are steadily extending baelk a mile or more fromthe voleanoroad which, furnishes a iwost charming drive from Bilo to the crater of Kilauea. There is an abundance of land south of Olaa, in the diree- tion Puna; but as ib is covered with thick Dnshes and trees, and has noroads through it, the c On entire region is almost inaccessible. It is the purpose of the government to open new roads through all districts that are suitable for settle- ments. Although Olaa and Puna are rainy districts, there are times when it is: very dry, and water for drinking purposes becomes scarce. ‘he only way to eunard against these spells of dvought is to provide water tanks. There are thousands of acres well adapted to growing coffee and oranges in the Hilo and Puna districts, but until roads are opened through them, it will be hazardous to lees there. LAND FOR TEA IN THE KALUTARA Disrricr ORIGINALLY ADVERTISED FoR R20 PER ACRE Upser PRICE, AND AFTERWARDS RaAtIsEp ro R100!—We call attention to the extra- ordinary proceedings at the Government Kachcheri teday. We were inclined to ask when we heard of it whether the (Gov. ernment Agent had lost his head. He has not heen successful in managing Arrack Rents’ sales : but assuredly he will come to utter erief_ Land Sales if his policy is 5 what oceurreld today. We have not the slightest interest in the sale—indeed we had not per- sonally noted that there were these lots for sale today or we should have brought up the warn- ing which the experience of Sir Hercules Rob: inson offered to all his successors in Ceylon. When the Morowa Korale was first entered 6n, the idea got abroad of its being a first-class district. for coffee, and the Agent of the day, persuaded the Governor to double the upset price, that is inake it R20 per acre. The result was a complete fiasco—the sale was altogether spoilt—merchants and planters who would have competed, stayed over to be represented by away; and so clear was this made, that Sir Hercules Robinson declared that it would be a blunder ever to depart in the case of plantation land from the R10, although by thorough adver- tising, the Government and its Servants should do all in their power to secure the fullest competi- tion. It would certainly be interestine to know on what authority the rate today was raised to R100, and whether this not being advertised at the very outset, the Government has not made itself liable for the expenses of the gentlemen who travelled to Colombo on the faith of the ori- ginal advertisements. Another point is how Mr. Dawson delegates luis most linportant work ? Sir Charles Peter Layard, never, we helieve. missed presiding at any Arrack Rents or Land Sale, ever held in his time in the Colombo Kachcheri —nor did Mr. F. R, Saunders. IsMr. A. R. Dawson a ereater or man than his predecessors ? —The advertisement at R20 first appeared an 15th March; the notice raisinesthe rate te Roo on Tlth April; the sale took place today, 24th April. Lt has frequently been ‘pointed out to Government that time ought to be allowed for planters and others to communieate with avents in Enelwnd. In this case, the change did, not wlow even of a letter going and a telecram conlugy back ! ‘The whole business has been miserably bungled, ’ busier 826 Cryton tea ‘is rapidly gniniag a firm footing in the Russian market. Upwards of 89,099 pounds weight of this tex was some little tim2 ago distributed as samples among the Russian te. merchants, and in nearly all cases the judgment upon the quality has been highly favourable.—Minancial Times, April 17. LABOUR SUppLy ScHEME.—The scheme pro- nounded at the Northern Districts Association is so elaborate as to be in our opinion unworkable, and that because the large majority of estates would refuse to register or pay the required fee. In fact there is a considerable proportion of planters who say ‘we experience no scarcity of coolies; we are fully supplied, and having fairly trustworthy kanganies we demur to any sclieme which would involve a general tax, or to be called on to share in a scheme we do not require or approve of.” Then there are the B.I, Agents who are ready at the very minimum of expense to help individual planters working throngh their kanganies—so that altogether, we do not see how it is possible to take up with a novel and elaborate scheme which, in our opinion, would come to grief within six months of commencing operations. ExecrricaLn TrRANsmiss1on AT NrAGARA Fauts.— In an interesting article on the system of electrical transmission at Niagra Falls, Hlectriz Puirer for January describes and illustrates the principal fea- titres of the plant that has been installed there. The HLngineering Meview considers the article is one of the best that has yet appeared on the subject. It appears that, owing to the plans of the hydrvnlic engines, and the special construction of the wheels, it became necessary to design adynimo that should develop a maximum of 5,009 electric horse-powar at their terminals which a fly-wheel effect of at least 1,10) million lb., and that there volving purts resting on the shaft should not exzee] 8°,0)9 tb. in weight. This dynamo wis designed by Professor G2orge Forbe:, of London ; it diffars essentially from any hitherto mvde, and has answered its purpose admirably. The pro- fessor has all the more reason to ba proud of his design that upwards of twentydynvmos had previously been designed, allof which were rejected as failing to cover the necessary reyuiremants.—/ndian Mngineer. ur ‘InpiAN Forester,” April, 1895.—Contents.— Trees, Original Articles and Translations.—The dis- eases of by J. Nisbet; System of. Tapping the Caryota Urens of ‘loddy in Travancore, by A. M. Sawyer; The Sandalwood tree in Mysore, by N. Narayan Rao; The Minagement of forests con- taining teak, by H.J. Porter. Corzespondence.—The Forest Policy of the Government of India, letter from Veteran Forest Officer’; Germination of Kharshu letter from Mc. Keshavan-and ; Bymoo-se2ding and Fever, letter from J. Nisbet: Forests and Forestry in Japan, Official Papers and Intelligence.—Notes on Girdling, by J. W. Oliver and C. W. A. Bruce. Resolution on the Report of the Imperial Forest School for 183-94. Reviews.—The Ceylon Forest Administration Report for 1893. Extracts, Notes and Queries.—Imperial Forest School, Dehra Dan, Prize Day; Obituary, Dr. J. M. Slym. Timberand Produce Trade.—Vhurchill and Sim’s Circular, January 1895. Market Rates for Produze. Extracts from Official Guzettes. Appendix Series. —Experimental Regeneration. Fellings in the Beech forests of Altenbucke and Giesson, by A. M. Reuther. INDIA AND CEYLON TEAS IN AMERICA.— Messrs. Gow, Wilson & Co. in their circular show very reat progress in the exports of these teas from ondon to America. Of Indian tea, six times the quantity was taken for America in 1894 that was required in 1892 ; of Ceylon five times as much last year as two years: previously. Weshould like to have some information as to the re-export back to the United Kingdom of India and Ceylon teas reported by the American Grocer : ean the Rood Tane firm throw any light on this? Altogether the ye-exports of Indian and Ceylon teas from the Vnited Kingdom to all places aggregated 8,623,302 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June t, 1895. Ib. in 1894 against only 4,056,510 Ib. in 1890; and Ceylon has made the greater progress generally, al- thoug Indian teahas got the startin America, * ABANDONED” Esraves,—A C:ylon proprietor has been calling our attention to the doubtful expediency of continuing the term *‘ abandoned ” in connection with plantation properties not now in cultivation, He mentions as an illustration, how he and a partner some years ago lost the chance of selling a property in Ceylon, only a small portion of which had heen opened, through the intending purchaser discovering the word “abandoned” opposite it in ‘Ferguson's Direc- for which reason he would have nothing tory, to say to it! This was certainly a hard case. The word ‘‘abandoned” if we remember rightly was first started by Colombo Agents at the time when it was an object to be connected With as few estates as possible! [We speak of the days when the story of Mr. Boustead, senior, was trae about asking any very depressed look- ing or melancholy man ‘what was the matter’? ‘Oh, sir, [ve got a coffee estate’ !] We quite agree that the term “abandoned” is not a very happy one, more especially at the present time of day; and we have taken steps now to substi- tute “uncultivated” for it, in every case, right through our Estates Directory. CEYLON TEA IN AMERICA.—In a private letter to a Colombo friend, Mr. Mackenzie repeats the very practical suggestion that in respect of ex- hibiting our teas at the State Food Shows throughout America, Ceylon and India might very well nnite forces. Mr. Blechynden has got a staff of native servants and one or two Sinha- lese and Tamils added to them might be enough. The suggestion is one that is deserving of con- sideration ; for the battle of ousting China and Japan teas is one in which India and Ceylon planters have to stand shoulder to shoulder. In the same letter, he says that in the Show business Mr. Bierach might be employed as he has had the necessary experience ; but that would probably be left to the Indian Agent tu decide. One curious fact, pointed ont to us, is the Dele- gate’s inconsistency after pointing out that it is not to the interest of the big dealers in tea to introduce or push the new kinds, that he should wind up by recommending grants to this very class—in place of seeing that available funds should go to create the demand among the people, when, of course, dealers, importers ct hoe genus omne would be forced to meet that demand. It is impossible not to feel that Ceylon money could not be better spent than in advertising; demonstrations by native servants at tea stores; and also at the Pure Food Shows in each State.—In our opinion it is non- seuse to say that Mr. Wm. Mackenzie's visit to America has done no good: is has un- doubtedly cleared the way for action and en- abled opinion to crystalize and concentrate. For instance, it is well to be clear on the point that none of the Ceylon Fund should go in the meantim2 to 4/7 Exhibitions. On the other hand we trust there will be no attempt for the present at least at subsidizing. Last year it was shown that 1,100,000 1b. of Indian and Ceylon teas were re-exported from America to the United Kingdom. Who is to prevent this going on still further under subsidies? In the early days we heard of Indian teas—sent to Melbourne and sold cheap in order to increase the demand—being reshipp to London. Now, New York is only a few days comparatively away from the British market: verb sap. Far better to spend the Ceylon Fund |in advertising and on the Pure Food Shows. Tunp 1, 1893.] THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 824 IN A TROPICAL FOREST.* Mr. Rodway was unable to dicover a single wind- fertilised tree in all the Guiana forest; so that all would have remained barren but for the intermedia- tion of insects. And even to secure this, the plant has had to resort to many ingenious devices, frequently involving animportant modification of structure. A remarkable phenomenon is observable in con- nection with the fragrance of the flowers in these tropical forests, and that is that their perfume is distilled at certain times, and then only for short periods, this intermittent distillation being almost general in the white flowers of the tropics. It occurs almost to the minute, and this appears to coincide with the period when the fertilising agent—be it bee or butterfly—is on the wing. What is the explanation? Mr. Rodway tells us that ‘the flower can only be fertilised by a parti- cular kind of insect, and allits efforts are put forth when that insect is likely to be hovering around. Without the flowers the bee could not exist, and without the bee no seed would be produced.” In one of the most striking chapters of the book, Mr. Rodway reminds us that, of the five senses credited to animals, plants certainly possess three— feeling, taste, and smell—and their tactile sense is so exquisite that it compensates them for the ab- sence of vision, just as it does, to a considerable extent, in human beings who are unfortunately blind. * Roots are undoubtedly able to distinguish suitable from unsuitable food, and their sensitive tips go wandering in every direction, branching here and there, in search of proper aliment. As long as the soil is uncongenial they press forward, and only when a good feast is discovered do they throw out that broomlike mass of fibres so con3picuous on the banks of rivers and creeks.’ And it isthe same when they are in quest of moisture. ‘In some c1ses,’’ observes Mr. Rodway, “it appears as if the roots smell the water at a distance, and move straight onwards until they reach it. Some eriphytes that push their aerial roots down the trunks of trees in the forest, hang them quite free when above the water, only allowing them to branch out when they reach the surface.’’ We speak of such acts as ‘instinctive’; but this is only an epithet, and no explan:tion of them ; and we should want a satisfactory definition of instinct before accepting it in this connection, especially as we find plants exercising something like judgment and discrimination Climbers, for example, in these tropical forests, ‘“‘refase to attach themselves to dead trees, and will have nothing to do with rotten Sticks.” How do they know that these will not afford them the stable support they require? And, again, if a bough to which an orchid has attached itself begins to decay, the plant forthwith ‘ throws out extensions in eyery direction to search for something better ; some of these attach them- selves to a living bough, perhaps several feet dis- tant, and the whole plant is moving off before its wea'c perch gives way. What is specially noticeable is the fact that if does not wait for the downfall, but ‘ takes time by the forelock.’”’ If a human being vacates a dilapidated hut before it tumbles about his ears, and removes to a safer habi- tation, we credit him ‘with reason and forevhought, but what shall we say of the prevision and precau- tion of the orchid ? Then, again, the fraits of the tropics being pecu- liarly exposed to attack from hosts of ravenous insect enemies, have succeeded in protecting themselves by the thi kness of their skins, which are impenetrable to anything smaller than birdsor bats. ‘“ The orange fumily,’’ observes Mr. Rodway, ‘‘have even gone fur- ther, and by means of bitter secretions and stinging essential oils have kept off all comers. Other fruits have not gone so far, although many of them try their best, with thick skins impregnated with tannin, and in some cases poisonous milky juices, to preserve their edible seeds from destruction.”’—Addstralasian. ee Se ee "In the Guiana borest.—By James Rodway, P.1.s., London: |v. Fisher Unwin. Melbourne: Melville. Mullen, and Slade. THE JOKAI. (ASSAM) TEA COMPANY. Originally a purely Indian Company, its office was transferred to London in 1882. During the whole of its history it has been a steady absorber of neigh- bouring gardens, with the result that the cultivated area under its control has risen during the past ten years from 1,460 acres to 7,239, while the gross area of land it holds is as much as 35,568 acres. In the same time the outturn of tea has been increased from 295,000 to 3,137,000 lb. per annum. The rate of progress is shown in the following table :— Culti- Mature Outturn Divi- Year. vated area. of tea. dend. area, Acres. Acres. lb. 5 1883 1460 - 295,628 4 188+ 1681 1545 600,064 10 1885 .. 1847 1722 650,318 10 1886 se) OT 1766 707,980 10 1887 2130 1746 791,727 10 1888 4032 3242 2,135,177 10 1889 5096 4408 2,309,088 10 1890 5193 4494 2..298,115 10 1891 -- 6588 5405 2,332,007 10 1892 -. 6960 5699 2,389,783 10 1893 cio) BIS) 5800 3,137,888 10 * Not stated in these years. Selling — Cost of Net Yield Year. price production profit pez per lb. per lb. perlb. acre. d. d. d. lb. 1883 13°02 11-95 1:07 s 1884 12°76 10°53 2°23 HS 1885 12°91 10°56 QEBD bs 1886 11°89 9°23 2°66 411 1887 11°55 8°52 3°03 456 1888 9759 754 2°05 637 1889 10°73 8°58 als 563 1890 12°60 9-46 314 525 i891 10°77 8°58 2419 529 1892 13°19 10°65 2°54 445 1893 10°30 8°59 171 551 While still a native Company it had to suspend dividends in 1878, 1879, and 1880, owing to the large area of unproductive plants, and in 1883 the Com- pany had only recently recovered from this state of congestion. Since then a good proportion of the money spent upon improvements has been placed to capital account, so that the Company is not re- latively so strong as the Jorehaut. Still, a great deal of the extension in planting, new machinery, and other additions, have been met out of re- venue; and it must be borne in mind that the Com- pany is exceptionally well equipped. No less than thirty miles of light railway, adequately furnished with locomotives, goods waggons, and other rolling stock, are upon its plantations, while considerable sums have been expended upon saw-mills, which turn out tea-boxes for all the needs of the Company and its neighbours. The tea-house at Tippuk is said to be the best of its kind in India, and altogether this Company, with its large acreage and outturn, is one of the most important in India. In 1893 no less than 1,439 acres, or about 20 per cent of its cultivated area, were immature, and the Company has stopped extensions for the time. Thisshould means that profits will rise, which is certainly needed, for the dividend of 10 per cent in 1893 was only paid after swal- lowing up £3,126 brought forward and taking £923 from reserye. ‘The season, however, was stated to have been au bad one, which led to deterioration in quality and a consequently low selling price as will be seen in the table above. The Company will, however, have to pay interest upon £50,000 of six cent. Preference Shares recently issued. The Ordinary capital amounts to £250,000, in £10 shares, fully paid, and there is no mortgage or debenture debt. The reserve fund stands at £41,330, but a good deal of it is composed of premiums on new shares. About £24,500 nominal of it is invested separately, but some £19,000 is re- presented by rupee paper brought at a high price, tnd is now worth about £14,000. The capital, without including the new Preference Shares, represents £35 per cultivated acre, which is low considering the 828 THE TROPICAL Le ae Malice. nt dhl tad . ae 3.7 . a AGRICULTURIST. [June 1, 1895. high state of equipment. Ont of the 35,568 acres held, no less than 22,426 acres are freehold. The growth of capital, however, has been so great, that unless the profits increase sharply it is somewhat doubtful whether the 10 per cent. dividends can be maintained in the future. ought to be an excellent investment if obtained at a reasonable price. A word of praise must be given to the very instructive report issued by this Company, which gives far more information than the ayerage of such, good in this respect though they are. ‘he information and tabular matter, without accounts run to 16 pp. of pamphlet size, and accounts are rendered seperate for each garden.—7he Investors’ Review, of April. eS ee THE LABOUR SUPPLY THe BI. AGENCY In a conversation which one of our representa- tives had with My. Percy Bois of Messrs. Bois Bros. the local agents of the B. I. Coy. that gentleman gave some very interesting informa- tion on this subject. In the first place men- tion was made of the fact that a number of years ago Messrs. Adamson, Mactaggart & Co., Tuti- corin, started an agency for the supplying of estates here with coolies, }ut that it had been given up because of the paucity of support which it received from planters, and because it was found that the coolies heing unaccompanied by a kangany and not under advance to anybody, were either crimped on board or ““polted” on their arrival at Colombo. That is one instance of the failure of a private agency to successfully recruit labour and goes to show that the present system of finding the coolies through a cangany is the best, provided of course that it is properly worked. Benetiting from the experience gained in connection with this agency and knowing that the great point which the planters wished to make sure of was that the money they gave the canganies actually went to India, Messrs. Bois Brothers made ar- rangements which have been in operation for QUESTION. several years and very fairly taken advan- tage of, whereby superintendents of estates desirous of securing labour could send their ean- ganies over to Tuticorin to recruit, advances and passage back to Ceylon being only paid to them by the B. I. Agent at Tuticorin when they presented themselves at the office of the Company with the requisite gangs and produced their letters of identification. There have been cases, where the kanganies returned to Ceylon and said they, could not obtain the coolies wanted without money, but these had been the exception, and Mr. ‘Bois was glad to say that on the whole the system had been found to work very well, and that the planters who hal tried it were well satisied with it. Anotherdevelopment of it was thatcooliescould now get, at any of the railway stations npcountry, through tickets to Madura. With regard to the supply he mentioned that up to date from 7th April the number of coolies who had arrived was 8,000 and the number who had left was 6,000, leaving a margin of 2,600. Tlie steamers were specially fitted up for the coolies, anid aiso fitted with the electrie light, an abundant supply of water kept on board, anid a man specially told off to look after the coolies on each voyage and attend to any complaints they might have every- thing in reason, being done for tieir comfort. k nessa 2 THE EASTERN PRODUCH AND ESTATES COMPANY, LIMITED. Report to be presented at the eighth ordinary general meeting, to be held at Winchester House, Old Broad Street, at 12 o'clock noon, on the 29th The Pyreference Shares | i ' { April 1895. ay and The directors herewith submit the re- balance sheet for the year ending 31st ecember 1894. The profit for the year (including £34 23 3d balance from last account after payment of debentures for £8,000) amounts to £36,387 13s 8d, from which, after providing for interest on deben- tures, there remains a balance of £26,466 14s 2d, which it is proposed to appropriate as follows :— eee § Dividend on Preferred Shares ” 37 138 0 Payment of debentures -- 5000 0 0 Dividend of 3 per cent per annum fo the year 1894 on the ordinary share capital, being the fall rate per- mitted by the Articles of Association, pending reduction of the deben- tures below £50,000 de =, 802%. 1;,0 Balance to be further applied in redue- tion of Debentures ae .. 14,455 0 2 £26,466 14 2 The Debentures now stand at £149,880, having been reduced by the £11,000 appropriated out of profits as per last Report, plus a further sum of £10,000 paid out of the Company's cash resources in December, 1894, This the Directors think may be considered satisfactory. As shown in the annexed schedule, the Company have now 10,048 acres under tea evltivation, of which 8,970 acres are over four years old. The yield of tea in 1594 was 2,742,000 1b , being slightly less than the original estimate owing to the some- what unfavourable weather that prevailed generally in Ceylon during part of the year. The average gress sale price was approximately 84d perlb. The estimated yield for 1895 is 3,051,000 lb. SCHEDULE OF THE COMPANY'S ESTATES AT 31st DECEMBER 1894. Arapolakande, Asyeria and LBulatwatte, Colonna, Condegalla, Doombagastalawa, Dromoland, Hope- Ingurugalla and Berrewella, Kirrimittia, Koladenia, Kolapsxtns and Gongalla, Kumaradola, Kumbuakkan, Liabookellie, Meddecoombra, Norwood, Rothschild, acters: Wellai Oya and Dandukelawa, and We- vekellie. Under Tea : 10,048 acres “4 Cocoa a, + SHI» » sy i Cotfee a ES NES thi} 7 Cardamonis and Sundries i41 ,, “ Forest Grassand unculti- vated Land +o) Pe 458i os Total .. 17,323’aecres —$<—______—_- TEA IN JAPAN. Nothing can be said about New ‘Tea, though the crop is supposed to be going on allright. It is too early yet for the canards to be fioated that annually reach Yokohama, but they will come in time—* dia- astrous frosts,’ “twenty per cent. of the tea crop lost,” &e. &e.—Japan Mail, March 23rd. Nothing to report about Tea, good or bad, though the weather has been suitable for leaf growing.—Japan Mail, March 30th. ; - > “THE KELANI TEA GARDEN COMPANY.” Under the above title a new Company is about to be floated with a capital of R300,000 to purchase and work the Keiani estate in the Yatiantota district with nearly 600 acres of wich half is in tea and bearing. The Di- rectors are to be Messrs. E. P. Willisford, W.S. Rattin, C. L. Davis (who sells the estate), Julias and Macindoe—a strong, practical Board — —with Messrs. Carson & Co. as Secretaries. It is scarcely likely the general publie will have the opportunity of subscribing: the Directors and friends no doubt taking up the shares on private offer, JuNE fie 1£95.| THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 829 NEW AND PROMISING COFFEES ; AND THE ‘“LADY-BIRDS” FOR OLD COFFEE. We ave indebted to Mr. Munton of Kandy for the following very interestine notes on coffee written in answer to our enquiry :— “ The name ‘Maragogipe’ is that of a town in Brazil, in the Province of Bahia and given in Keith John- ston’s Dictionary of Geography as being 25 miles south-west of Cachoeirva with a population of 3,000. ‘In the London letter of 21st September 1883 appearing in the local ‘* Times” of 15th October 1883 there is the following :— “*Mr. Von. Glehu just resurned fron Rio says that on many plantations old trees 30 to 40 feet high are being cut down in order to make room for plants of this wonderful ‘Maragogipe coffee’ said to be indigenous to South America, and discovered a few years ago in the Province of Bahia &c.’ “T cannot write to you more about this coffee yet. Ithas got distributed in small quantities experimen- tally in Kegalle, Kaduganawa, Dolosbage, Matale notably Sellegamma (the Caledonian Tea Plantations Limited), Palagamma and Doombera and we must awit results. “The Hybrid Coffee—Arabian tree with Liberian blossom appears to have partly (only) set its crop, and I am looking for something to say about it in a few months time. It is a curious and interest- ing specimen. I enclose a dried blossom of it to compare with the Arabian blossom; both of course ure shrivelled up but the comparison holds good. The number of petals in the Hybrid are 6, whereas pasha is I think always 5, and the Liberian to 9.” The llossoms enclosed certainly present a vreat contrast in the large healthy six-petalled hybrid variety, as compared with the puny withered five-petalled blossom of the Arabian coffee. We hope to hear of steady success with both new varieties of coftee; and with Mr. E. E. Green (letermined to persevere in his importation of the lady-bird enemy of green bug from California, we trust there are also brighter days in store for such old coffee as remains in Uva. Mr, Green leaves for home this week; but Mr. C. H. Bagot has kindly consented to receive the consign- ment of beetles and to deal, with them according to instructions. Should this consignment fail, Mr. Green will order another and, being in England, can the better secure attention and superintend transmission. Fee Bene eee TEA AND SCANDAL. Your Vropical Agriculturist is such a repertory of all that concerns ‘lea, Corres, and all other things that cheer and preserve our physical life, that it is dificult to find anything new to send you. But as fur as I know the following items have not yet ap- eared in your pages. ‘Che first extract I make is com a book called “An Account of the wonderful cures perform'd by the Cold Baths, &c.” by Joseph Brown, 1707. Preface—The continual use of Coffee, Tea, Choco- late nnd the hot spices in their Ragoues, Frigasies, &c., have quite spoil'd their taste (/. ¢. Effeminate faxurious Men) and relish of the true Comforts of Life, which consist in the cool refreshing Simples of Spring Water, Syder, Mead, Lemmons, Cucumbers, &e., which are to be prefer'd far before the hot Regimen above-named. Le'ter to Sir John Floyer. So that, undoubtedly, the disuse of Cold Baths came from the dis- credit of their Saints of later times, together with the Luxury and the Delicacy of the present Age, which may be attributed in a great measure, to the modern use of the hot Regimen, which as you have justly observ’d, has increas'd with the Interest of oreign Trade, which has introduc’d Tobacco, Vea and Coffee, with all the Brandy, Spirits and Spices, 104 |; AndT'll tell you what it And the causes of all our Rheumatisms, Defluxions, Intermitting-Fevers, &c., are chiefly owing to the late Practice of Drinking hot Liquors, and the pernicious use of Flannel and Wollen Shirts next to the Skin, which always keeps the Pores too open for the Climate we live in. The next mixture I take from “The Treasury of Drugs unlock’d”’ by Jo. Jacob Berlu, 1690. : AyacorpraA is the Fruit of an Indian Tree, like a Bird’s Heart, with: Juice like Blood: it is by some cwiled the Elephant’s Lowse: it is brought from Bantam in the Hast Indies. Baccan Corren.—Coho Seeds or Coffee, is a Berry which groweth upon a shrub in the Deserts of Arabia Telic, fcom whence it is carriedthrough all the Grand Siegnior’s Dominions even to the [ust Indies: the best comes now from the Mast Indices, being large, bright, a full Berry, and clean. Formerly that which came from Turkey (which generally looks a little greenish) was best esteemed: great quantities are yearly imported from both parts. Lapis Rusivus.—Is ofa pure fine, red, fiery colour ; that which is physically used is very small, like Gravel, but of blood red colour: the harder they are the better they are reckoned: The small ones which are used come out of Germany, Bohemia, and Italy : the large Oriental Rubies being Jewels of great worth, come from Zeylon, and other parts of the Last Indies. Nucar Inpicau.—This Nut is in shape like a Nut- meg, in chawing turns Red. ‘Tis said they will make one Drunk in taking them inwardly, but I could never find it. The people in the East Indies chaw- ing them for Refreshment or Recreation, as we do Tobacco. ; Tea is asmall Herb of a Shrub which grows in China: the same is us’d in most Coffee-Houses: The goodness consists in a fine green Tenderness, excel- lent, fragrant smell like Violet, and to keep a good clear, and green colowin the Water: being chew’d, streaks very gieen like Grass: of it are seyeralsorts which must be distinguish’'d by the eye, taste and smell, above all the leaves, fine, czisp’d, green, in- clining to Razor-blew-colouz. Proverb.—Vhe Cockroach is always wrong when arguing with the Chicken. The Quarrel. Molly, my sister, and f fell out, La Querelle. Ma soeur s’écrie un jours “Je te trouve ennu- yeux,” Je vais vous raconter laffaire ; aime le café, moi j'aime le thé mieux: V'la e’qui met ma soeur en colere. was all about, She liked Coffee, and I | liked Tea, And that is the reason we could not agree. Elle _ (p. 48.) Sage, Balm, and a little Lemon peel made into Thea, Chocolate, Milk-Porridge, Chicken or Mutton-Broth, Bread and Batter, are counted best for Breakfast: about half an Hour after driking the Waters, Coffee may be used, but the less the better. But as for the Green or Bohea Thea, it onght tobe banish’d out of your sight for the time you are in this watery course; for it will undo, in many cases, all that the Waters have done for you before: besides, in general, they commonly disagree with these waters. (p. 97. Oet. 12). ‘he same Morning I put 4 Leaves of Green Thea into a 4 Ounce Vial fill’d with the Hampstead Water: in about a Minute it began to phen the Leayes, and anumber of fine Purple-streams like Rays, striking through the Body of Water to the Dottom of the Vial, and rising up like a Purple Cloud, inclining to a Blue, which in five Minutes time tinged the whole Vial of a tine Purple Colour. ‘Lhis retained its Colour for 6 Days without any Alteration, unless it was when you held it against the Sun, there appeared a Ring or Circle in the Middle of a Mazerine Blue, and a fine Crimson Red Shade to- wards the Top of the Vial. I then added to this Tincture 10 Drops of Spirit of Sal-Ammoniac, which in a Moment’s time turn’d it intoa deep Red, and so continued for above two Months, without the least Alteration, Hampstead Wells. John Soame. 1734. A. M, Fercusoy, . 830 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. June I, 1895. PICKINGS WITH A LOCAL APPLICATION. The following from Land and Water of January 5th gives an account of a most interesting experi- ment; viz. the Arririctan PropoGarion or Fisu: Five years ago a Fisheries Commission was ap- pointed which in 1893 became a Department witb a skilful, and scientific superintendent in charge of the practical work. Well-considered regulations for the proper and economical conduct of the fisheries have been devised and are now enforced while the methods of curing and packing the different kinds of fish for foreign markets are being i improved. Most interesting of all however are the experiments in artificial pro- pagation to which at the beginning of this letter I referred and which have already met with a decided measure of success. Under the direction of the Su- perintendent, a hatchery wasestablished on an island in Trinity Bay, from which, during the four years 1890-93 no fewer than 423,439,000 cod have been turned out. From the same place, during the five vents 1889-93 nearly 33,000,000 lobster ova have also een hatched out. In addition to the above, by means of floating incubators (an invention of Mr. Milsen’s) placed in nearly’ all the large bays of the island, the gigantic number of 1,836,767,000 lobsters have been treated. The young cod require from three to four years to mature, lobsters from five to seven; further time therefore in the case of the latter more especially is needful. This year however the Newfoundland papers have been able, to the infinite joy of all concerned, to announce that the ‘‘grand experiment of restocking the waters of Trinity Bay by the artificial propaga- tion of codfish, which has ae going on for four years, has resulted in a magnificent success.” Vast shoals of cod, one, two, and three years old, intermingled with larger ones have been found all round Trinity Island, and the oldest fishermen declare that they never beheld there such quantities of fish, and that they can catch as many as they like. Mr. Wilson has two thousand spawners in his pond and expected to plant three hundred million ova this year. The lobster hatching would appear likely to turn out equally successful, for vast numbers of these valuable crustaceans from two to five inches in length have been observed in the neighbourhood of the incubators. The value of the latter achieyement is enhanced by the fact that the whole of the immense niass of ova thus utilised was collected from the various lobster factories along the coast and would in the ordinary course have been destroyed. The Australian Agriculturist referring to the varieties of BANANAS prown in Queensland, says;—The ease with which the Cavendish yariety (Musa Cavendishii) is cultivated along with it, carrying the heaviest crop and being of a short sturdy growth renders it the favourite. Next in importance comes the so-called sugar (M. Sapientum) var. grown solely in commercial quanti- ties in South Queensland.. Following the sugar eomes the Lady’s finger (M. ‘Orientum? ) which, along with the Dacca (M. Dacca?) and Strawberry (M. Baracoa?) are the only sorts commonly cultivated. Besides the above, however, the following are to be séen, some undergoirg test cultivation: ‘Orinoco, Lubang, large fig from West Indies, Golden from Bahamas, besides a dozen sorts from Ceylon, and half as many from-New Guinea...... Highly or- namental as are all the members of thie’ family, none can for scenic effect compare with the red Jamaican or Baracoa which has its entire stalks, midribs of leaves and bunches of fruit alike wine- coloured and attains a height of 20 feet. During the past month—says the Austr alian Agricul- twrist—the attention of culturists, as well as investors, has been called to the growth of one of the most useful of plants—that of COFFEE. Not that coffee has been neglected in Queensland, for there axe a goodly number of coffee growers scattered over the colony. But the efforts made in fhe past to grow the cheering berry have been of too dekard a character to Attract notice. The days of haphazard growing or experimenting are pow over, and a system of determined and businesslike effort has been initiated. In another column we give the report of a meeting of promoters of a properly orga- nised company, calling themselves the uckenien’ Coffee Company, which we believe is only the fore- runner of others to follow. It is said that it is the unexpected which always happens, but it looks strange (now that a company has been actually formed) that coffee growing has not before this been tried on a large scale. Coffee is a crop requiring, like tobacco, special skill, and unlike most other crops, requiring consider- able capital. GUINEA GRASS is thus along while in reaching Australia. the Zvopiculturist and Stock Breeder old fodder grass :—A new POPPER PLANT, the Guinea Grass or Panicum Maximum, appears to be a fodder of great value. It is a fast grower, and attains a height of 8 feet. It is highly nutritious, and well adapted for Queensland. It is the best grass raised on the plains of India, where it sometimes grow six inches in one day. Here is h-w refers to this (Given in the Cape Colony Journal of Agriculture.) The following is a list of the principal FisHEs caught in the colony i Snoek (Thyrsites atun),a voracious fish, caught in large nunibers and salted for exportation Sole (Solea vulgaris), highly prized Anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus), caught abundantly Bagger (Bagrus capensis), flesh resembling that of eel Baardmannetjie (Umbrina capensis), reputed a deli- cious fish Bamboo Fish (Boops Salpa), a rich and delicate fish Dageraad (Pagrus laniarius), highly p Dasje (Cantharus emarginatus), highly esteemed Elft (Temnodon saltator), do Galleon (Dipterodon capensis), a good fish Geelbek (Otolithus quidens), large fish, flesh rather dry Gurnard, Red (Tri nee pe flesh firm but palatable Gurnard, Grey (Trigla Peronii) Halfcord (Scomber capensis), not much in request Hangberger (Surgus hottentottus), Much used for arbling Harder (Mugil ¢ ipensis) very numerous, Hottentot (Sargus capensis), fairly good ieee! 12 inches to 14 inches Jacob Evertsen Coeseike Capes so called from a Dutch captain witha red face and projecting eyes ; highly prized Bastard Jacob Evertsen flesh well flavoured Kabeljouw (Sciena hololepidota), a large fish, good for salting and export to Mauritius Katunker (Stromatetis capensis), a good table fish Kalipfish (Blennius versicolor), very delicious, several varieties King Klifish (Xiphiurus capensis), very good Leerfish (Lichia Amia), not much esteemed Mackerel (Scomber Grex), not much liked, fiesh greasy Do (Bastard Maasbanker) (Caranx trachurus), flesh well formed and wholesome Pompelmoesje (Cheilodactylus brachydactylus), and wholesome Poeskop (Chrysophris gibbiceps), very choice Rock Cod (Serranus Cuvierii), highly esteemed Roman (Chrysophrys cristiceps), most delicious Sanecord (Sebastes maculatus), a delicions fish Sandcreeper (Rhinobatus annulatus), tender and delicate —the addition of an excess would not be detri« mental, as it would be soon converted into salphate by the oxygen dissolved in the water. After treat- ment in this manner, water has a pure taste and a perfectly neutral reaction. Whether pathogenic bacteria are completely destroyed by such treatment has not been exactly ascertained. The Melbourne Leader mentions that two Viennese bacteriologists have beenexamining some bank notes that have been in circulation for a few years, and estimated the number of microbes on them at 19, 000 or more on each note. Besiles a specific mi- crobe, which has a deadly effect on animals “ in- goarated with it, they are reported to have found ight pathogenic species, amongst them the bacilli of uberculosis and diphtheria, and the streptococcus of eae It would be interesting to learn how many) bacilli of the pathogenic sort could be found on some of the most freely circulated books = a leading library, (Pimelepter ied "fuscus), tender JUNE 1, 1895.] TEA IN NEW YORK. The market is steady and in about the same con- dition as at the time of our last report. Jobbers are very conservative, and cannot be induced to purchase beyond mere bare requirements. Greens, and parti- cularly Pingsueys and Formosa Oolongs, are very firm; the latter are so on account of the attack of the Japanese forces upon the island of Formosa. Japans continue to favor the buyer. Today at noon the Montgomery Auction and Com- mission Company will sell 5,546 packages, viz: 1,308 half-chests Vioyune. 1,632 boxes Pingsuey; 247 half- Congou; 88 packages India, Java, Pekoe and Ceylon, including choice grades; 271 halt-chests and boxes Formosa, including some very fancy early ‘‘ Summer Crop” teas.—.lmwerican Grocer, April 3. —-____+>___ --——_ PIGMY RAILWAY. The following paragraph cut from The Times will show you that the Duke of Westminster appreciates the benefits that this has secured, and that he desires to obtain the same for one of his own estates. The paragraph gives some details in addition to those to be obtained from Mr. Heywood’s letter. It states this 15 inch line to be equal to a haulage of 20,000 tons per aunum, and puts its cost, fully equipped, at £1,200 per mile. It is impossible not to con- trast these figures with Mr. Warine’s latest estimate for your northern line. Can it be as- serted that the traffic on that line will for many years to come pass beyond the capacity of a line of about as cheap construction? IT hope, of course, that the limit of tonnage mentioned would be considerably passed in the case of a railway to Jaffna, and am not in- sisting that the capacity of this should be limited to that of Mr. Heywood’s line. But surely it would not be necessary for years to come to go very far beyond that standard. But there must be very many localities for which means of transport are desirable where such a line as that now contemplated by the Duke of Westminster would amply suffice. The paragraph referred to reads as under :— THE EXTENSION OF LIGHT RAILWAYS.—The Duke of West- minster has decided upon constructing at Eaton a narrow- gauge railway upon the lines of that which has been laid down on the estate of Mr. A. Percival Heywood at Duffield Bank, near Derby, and which has already been described in the columns of Vhe Times. Mr. Heywood has under- taken, at the request of the duke, not only to lay out the course of the intended line from Balderon sidings on the Great Western Railway, near Chester, to Eaton-hall, a distance of some three or four miles, but to superintend the laying down of the permanent way, and, moreover, to construct a locomotive exactly on the same principle as his own and to build the wagons of the same class, and the work has already been begun. On a fair calculation the railway when completed, in about nine months’ time, will allow of a 20,000-ton haulage per annum if worked anything like full time. The cost of the line, when fully equipped, will be as near £1,200 per mile as can be reckoned. A cattle railway, 3{ miles in length, has been constructed ucross country in Derbyshire by a private firm to the town of Derby, traversing the country from the village of Stanley and passing through the intervening parishes of Morley and Chaddesden. If 600 tons per day were carried it is estimated that the cost in labour, in- cluding repairs of the road, would not exceed 1d per ton for the whole distance This is one of the longest cable railroads in England, and was constructed under the personal supervision of Mr. W. H. Sankey, C.k., of Morley hall, near Derby. It may be added with. reference to the fore- eoing topic that during the present week I have neard of the preserice in London of a gentleman hailing from the Isleof Man. He is here forthe purpose of arranging for the extension of a LIGHT RAILWAY opened last yearin the island mentioned which has repaid its entire cost in its first season of working} THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 83 This was laid down for the conveyance of tourists to the foot of the mountain that forms so great an attraction to visitors to the island, and is of exceedingly ‘‘ pony” character. As the result to this experience it has now been determined to extend the line up to the summit of the moun- tain without delay. I of course do not pretend that lines of a similar class in Ceylon must have as great suecess as this. The instance is only quoted as showing what may be accomplished by very trifling means and small outlay, and when we have it gravely put forward that a 5ft. Gin. rail- way is necessary for your northern line it is only natural that our minds should turn to par- ticular instances of what has been accomplished elsewhere by railways of the character completed in the [sle of Man and that just ordered by the Duke of Westminsteron the model of Mr. Hey- wood’s pigmy railway. You must not expect this letter to include much that is of local bearing. Everyone has been away from town for Easter, and everything almost has been kept standing over awaiting the return of the holiday makers. So my letter, as is usual at this season, must be relatively barren in this respect. There are a number of old residents in Batti- caloa who will be pleased to read the following notification of the marriage of a gentleman who they must well recollect romping about as a child on the esplanade at that station. [¢ will recall to their memory, also, his highly esteemed father, the late Dr. Sortain. (See in our “ Tomestic.” ecolumn).—London Coz. =A A I, PLANTING AND PRODUCE. Ts CoMPANIES AND THE TEA INDUsTRY.—Now that the season for tea companies’ reports and meetings has set in, it is worthy of note that two financial journals have quite recently discussed the position and prospects of the tea industry and the joint stock companies connected with it at consider- able length. We give elsewhere the leading feature of both these articles, as, apart from the views ex- pressed, the fact that the tea industry claims more attention and prominence in the world of finance than it has done hitherto is evidence of its increasing importance, and must be grati- fying to those interested in its welfare. The current number of the Jnvestors’ Review, and conducted by Mr. Wilson, a finance writer usually credited with pessi- mistic tendencies, contains the most exhaustive article on tea companies and tea prospects we have ever seen in the pagesof any financial journal. Yea Companies’ SHares.—Another article is from the Citizen, a contemporary which makes a special feature of financial information on tea shares. While pointing out that the attention paid of late to tea shares by investors is justified in some instances, the writer expresses the view that China has only temporarily taken a ‘back seat” as a competitor for the tea trade of the world, and that after the war both the Celestials and the Japanese may be ex- pected to make the best of their opportunities. There seems to us no special ground for the conjecture that after the war both China and Japan will largely increase their tea cultivation, nor do we see that the shareholders in the tea companies of India and Ceylon need be ina state of trepidation from fear of the successful competition of China and Japan. India and Ceylon growers are in possession of the market at present, and they will strive hard and earnestly to hold it. When our contemporary says that it would be “imprudent” to regard the future of tea shares as “ absolutely assured, in view of the constant and enormous variation in the source of sup- ply,’ and the general outlook in China and Japan, it sounds a note of warning which might be useful if tea shares were dealt in by speculators, and the prices were inflated. In face of the fact, however 832 that the tea industry, on the whole, is on a sound footing that gardens are economically managed, and that the palates of the public are accustomed to | THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. Indian and Ceylon tea—a point not to be lostsight | of—the hint dropped by the writer in the Citizen merely contains a truism which would apply with equal force to any commercial industry. ere is go very little in life that is ‘absolutely assured” that shareholders in tea companies have no special cause for concern on this score. It will be needful for both China and Japan to reform their methods of tea ma- nufacture considerably before either the one can regain lost ground or the other acquire a considerable footing in the Huropean tea market. They are clever and imitative people and may accomplish many things jn the future. But we have confidence in British enter- prise, and believe that our countrymen in India aud Ceylon will retain the lead they have acquired and prove fully equal to any competitive dangers. TpA Compantrs.—Ap/opos of Messrs. Gow, Wil on, and Stanton’s statistics about tea companies and tea shares, to which we referred last week, we notice that the writer of the financial articlein an evening contempor- ary calls attention to the advantage of investment in tea shares. By spreading asum of money over differ- ent shares in both Indian and Ceylon companies it should be practicable to obtain a high and, at the same time, a fairly regular rate of dividend. The following examples will bear this out, says the Echo :— Yield Price percent. rapola Six per Cent. Deben- TER EBA od MiOk ae 1084. 516 8 Bandarapola £10 Ordinary 134 6 0 0 Ceylon Toa Plantations Seyen per ’ Cent Preference .. cit Lod 4 10 0 Ceylon “hy Ordinary £10... 213 .. 616 0 FBastern Produce Company Six per Cent. Debenture .. ey 100: Saten6 0

    ta- tions whereby theobjects which both countries have in view might be obtained and the resources economised. _ —1. and C. Mail. ee THE KELANI VALLEY TEA ASSOCI- ATION, LIMITED. The ninth annual ordinary meeting of the above company was held at the offices of the company, 16, Philpot Lane, .C., on Wednesday, 10th insé., at “30 p.i. ‘ 3 ee ee [Juxe 1 vgs. Notice convening the meeting having been read, the chairman, Mr. G. W. Paine, in proposing“ That the report and accounts as presented to the shareholders be received and capped said that he had only a | few remarks to make, and, referring to the balance sheet, drew attention to the fact that the capital subscribed now consisted of 253 fully-paid vendors’ shares and 2,747 ordinary £10 shares, on which £5 had been oy making in all 3,000 shares, with a paid-up capital of £16,265, being the full amount of share capital at present issued. He then noted that the reserve fund had been increased by the amount of the premiums paid on ; the 184 shares allotted by tender, and now stood:at | £2,273 7s. 9d., which sum was invested in first-class securities, realisable at any time, the market value of which on Decemter 31st last was given by the company’s brokers as £2,388 11s. 4d. As would be seen in the balance sheet, the value of the buildings and mach nery on the two last purchased estates of the company, Werea- galla and Parusella, had been transferred from estates account to building and machinery account, making the total of the latter account £7,000 6s 3d, and this had been done in order to enable the depreciation to be correctly estimated. Mr Paine then apologised to the shareholders for an oversight which had occurred in not giving in detail, as promised at the last meeting, the items | which made up the amount shown under “ Genera] Charges,’ but he now had pleasure in supplying the omission, and in future the separate items would appear in the accounts. The Company had added nothing to their acreage during the past year, the directors’ think- ing it advisable to refrain from purchasing more land at present, trusting that by waiting they might erhaps secure a better bargain than was possible just now; in the meantime they would develop their existing property, and the shareholders would notice they had cleared a small block of seven acres on Parusella. Although the crop had fallen short of the estimate by 60,000lb., the prices they had obtained for their produce had placed them in a _ very ,for- tunate position, and every credit was due to the management in Ceylon for the results obtained. The average price for teas from the same district for the past year was 6'875dper lb., while that tor the company’s teas was 8°188d.; that is. they -were 1,313d. above the average of all estates in the Kelani Valley district. The chairman then stated that samples of soil from each of the four estates had been forwarded from Ceylon at the request of the board, who had snb- mitted them to an expert on agriculture for analysis, and he had written an exhaustive report, an extract of which was read, and it was satisfactory to find that the class of manure recommended by Mr. John Hughes was the same as that decided upon by the managing director. The chairman’s motion having been seconded by Mr. L. F. Davies, and carried unanimously. Mr. Mennell,- as a _ practical authority, made a few very eulogistic remarks on the company’s teas. He said that there had been a most remark- able improvement in the quality of the ‘* Degalessa’’ tea during the pasi year. The ‘‘fiatness’’ which had characterised it in the past had been got rid of, and the flavour of the tea was now very full and rich. He added that during the year tea generally had been thin and wanting in flayour, while on these two points the teas from Degalessa were exception- ally good, and the prices obtained were im many cases remazkable. The following resotutions were then put to the meeting and carried unanimously. Proposed by the chairman, seconded by Mr. D. A.C. Scott. that a final dividend of 10 per cent. (free of income tax) be declared payable forthyith, making im all 15 per cent. for the year. Proposed by Mr. Andrew seconded by Mx, Heward; ;that Mr. L. F. Davies be re-elected a director of the company. Proposed by Mr. Dodds, seconded by Mr. Hornby, that Mid: B. Laurie, C.A., be re-elected auditor for the ensuing year, TROPICAL THE JUNE 1, 1895. | AGRICULTURIST. 833 Proposed by the chairman, seconded by Mr. Andyrew, that a vote of thanks be given to Mr. Porter, Mr. Mitchell, and the Ceylon and London staff for thei efficient working of the company’s properties and busi- ness. Proposed by Mr. Durham, seconded by Mr. Moss that in accordance with Article No. 88, in the Arti- cles of Association, a bonus of £100 be given to the directors to be divided amongst themselves as they may think fit. Proposed by Mr. \ionnel, seconded by Mr. Durham, that a vote of thanks be and is hereby given to the chairman and directors; and, finally, ‘Mx. Howard having proposed that a vote of thanks should be given to the chairman for his con- duct of the day’s proceedings, the latter gentleman made a suitable reply and the meeting came toa conclusion.—//. d: CU. dTail. : gp Tees wt FOREST ADMINISTRATION IN MADRAS PRESIDENCY. The Progress Report of Forest Administration in the Madras Presidency for the year ended the 30th June 1894, is a bulky volume covering, with appendices, 98 pages of foolscap, closely printed. The Report proper extends over 38 pages, and deals comprehensively with a variety of subjects closely connected with Forests and their Conservancy; and distinct from the Report and its Appendices is the ‘‘ Order” of the Govern- ment covering eight pages of criticism. This document may be regarded as a suminary, to a ereat extent, of the Report, dealing as it does with its more salient features, and conveying approval or disapproval of the work unilertaken and recorded. The course of procedure seems to be for the senior Conservator of the Presidency to draw ap the Report and to submit it to the Board of Land Revenue, whose duty it is to forwanl it to the Secretary to the Government, Revenue Department, by whojn, with the Order ol the Grovermment, it has to be finally submitted to the Government of India, Revenue and Aeri- eultural Department. Whether there results any public advantage, commensurate with the labour and expense involved in the study of such an elaborate Report as that before us, with its many Appendices, by so many Departments, may be doubted; but the ‘‘ Order” of the Presi- deney Government certainly sugeests pretty eaveful study and digestion of the Report in all its details; while there is the further pros- pect held ont of more careful review in the future, of all technical subjects by a professional oflicer to be specially appointed. The late appearance of the Report was to us THE a matter of surprise; and we find from the Resolution of the Board of Revenue, that the Renort shonld have reached its hands much earlier th n it did, but there was “nordinate delay’ onthe part of the Collector ot Midaraia sending in statistical returns. Complete information was not sent to the Board before the 7th November; and thus the Report, which should have been before the Government on the 15th November ag latest, did not reach its hands till the 8ih De- camber, aml was not dealt with by it till the 22nd Jannary. The ground covered by the Re- yort is, however, most extensive ; and if accuracy lis been stadied in all its parts, as seems to have been the case, judying from the several reminders and telegrams sail to have been addressed to the dilatory Collector of Madura, and from the fact that inaccurate returns had to be returned and revised returns called for, it is no wonder that there hasbeen some delay. Some idea may be forined of the magnitude of the operations chro- nighed ftom, ths cimeuinstunces dhid the pase yu it = ee lands of the Presidency aggregate 18,010 square miles. That was the ascertained extent up to 30th June last, after the addition of new areas during the year, and the exclusion of old areas, leav- ing a net increase of 823 miles. Of this. vast ex- tent—about three-fourths of the area of the whole of Ceylon—the reserved forests amount to 10,786 square miles, the balance being reserved lands which remain to be dealt with ; and the work of settlement is progressing, while further reserva- ions too are in progress. The percentage of the area already reserved, to the total area at the disposal of the Government is 34:7, and the maxi- mum area that will be reserved is caleulated at 22.387 square nules or 43°L of all the Crown lands. The work of settlement is delayed by the Jack of surveys and by the paucity of subordinate officers. The application of the sugeested remedy of training Forest Officers as Surveyors, in order to overcome the first ditticulty, is hindered by the second difficulty ; and every effort is being made to overcome the latter, notwitnstanding that the unwillingness to add to establishuents at a time when exchange threatens a deficit, is in the way. We do not find details of the exact streneth of the establishment ; ut for the work of Forest settlement four special Officers had to be appointed, to supplement the labours of the Revenue Divi- sional Officers numbering 16. The cost of estab- lishments for the year was R686,671, an increase of about R34,000 on that of the previous year, mainly caused by the return of senior Officers from furlough, the promotion of juniors, the ar- rival of four new Assistant Conservators fron Knrope, and the payment of exchange compensa tion allowance. The expenditure on Conservancy and works amounted torather more than that on establishments, raising the total to R1,368,411 ; Imt with a revenue of R1I,943,715, the financial results for the year must be considered, satis- factory, the net gain being over 52 lakhs of rupees. Ainong the causes which contributed to the increase of revenne were some which the local Government would do well to note: (1) the sup- ply of sleepers to the East Coast Railway ; (2) the development of departmental operations and the expansion of the grazing revenne ; (3) the larger demand for fuel from the Railway and for bamboos required for sugar plantations ; (4) improy- ed demand and better sales. The deficits which we have had to record Ceylon in, year after year, in the operations of the Forest Department have probably heen dne to the failure to utilize to the full the produce of our Forests. We cannot pretend to judge to what extent this may he traceable to deficiencies in the Forest Department and to what extent to mistakes in other Depart- ments with which there has been admitted friction, we deal only with the faet, and = in illustration of it, we need only refer to Mr. Wavring’s Report, issned a few weeks ago. on Railway Extension to the North, in’ which he estimates for ereosoted sleepers from the Baltic. while the trace runs through gigantic, if not primeval, forests whose timbers are expected to form a not unimportant part of the traffie on the projected line! We are aware that experi- ments have been made with local sleepers and they have been pronounced a failure; but some at least of the woods should never have been even trie, being notoriously unlit for any work necessitating contact with the earth. Perhaps it ix too much to expect any from ix te revenne eraz- ing from a people whose delight seems te be to let their stock find their own food any way, or pre ferably to feed them on their neighbours’ lands, B34 THE TROPICAL AG) 1 Us JURIST. [June 1 188. especially if they are valuable plantations ; but the Report before us shows how important a source of revenue grazing is in the Madras Presidency. For the twelve months under notice, no less a sum than KR 266,891 was obtained from grazing fees, grazing contracts and sale of grass, or about R455,000 more than for the previous 15 months. The improvement is acknowledged to be chiefly due to a scheme elaborated by Mr. A. W. Lushington of the Kistna district —whom our readers will recognize as an occasional cor- respondent to our columns on the subject of coconut production on the adjoining continent. A yet larger revenue is expected from this rather ticklish source, as the scheme is better understood, and the friction attendant on all fresh efforts is lessened; but it may be mentioned that the existence of free—we presume, communal—graz- ing grounds is recogniset. If only village owners of cattle here appreciate the advantage of a sufficiency of food for their beasts, there cannot fail to be an improvement in the character of their stock before lone, anil an increase in their value. As it is, deterioration on apace, while the enfeebled cattle fall ready victims to the diseases that attack them. The Marsras Report before us is full of intevest, anil should supply many useful hints to our own Forest De- partment. : i We cannot help quoting here in reference to the Indian Forest Department, the eloquent pas- sage with which Rudyard Kipling opens his weird story of “In the Rukh” :— “Of the wheels of public service that turn under the Indian Government, there is none more important, than the Departments of Woods and Forests. The reboisement of all India is in its hands: or will be when Goverement has the money to spend. Its ser- vants wrestle with wandering sand-torrents and shifting dun s: wattling them at the sides, damming them in front, and pegging them down atop with coarse grass and spindling pine after the ruies of Naney. They are responsible for a!l the timber in the State forests of the Himalayas, as well as for the denuded hillsides that the monsoons wash into dry gullies and aching ravines; each cut a mouth crying aloud what carelessness can do. They experiment with battalions of foreign trees, and coax the blue gum to take root and, perhaps, dry up the Crmal fever. In the plains the chief part of their duty is to see that the belt fire- lines in the forest reserves ave kept clean, so tha when droughi comes and the cattle starve, they throw the reserve open to the villager’s herd : aliow the man himsef to gather sticks. They poli and lop for the stacked railway-fuel alony the lines that burn no coal; they caleulate the profit of their lyntations to five points of decimais; they are the octors and midwives of the huge texk forests of Upper Burma, the rubber of the Hastern Jungles, and the gall-nuts of the South; and they are always hampered by lackof funds. Butsince » Forest Officer's business takes him far from the beaten ro ds and the regular stations, he learns to grow wise in more than wood-lore alone; to know the people aud the polity of the jungle; meeting tiger, bear, leopard, wild-dog, and all the deer, not once or twice after days of beat- ing, but again and agvin in the execution of his duty. He spends much time in saddle or under canvas— the friend of newiy plinted trees, the associate of uncouth ranges and hairy trackers—till the woods, that shows his care in turn set their mark upon him and he ceases to sing the nwghty French songs he learvned at Nancy’s, and grows sileat with the silent things of the underorush.” al a et ee’ COOLY AGENCIES. We do not think there is a single department connected with the Planting industry in Ceylon goes BY EP on which there has been so much written and! iavolye the Planters’ Association officially, in an | | | | in connection with which so many experiments have been made in past years, as that of Cooly Agencies in supersession of the ordinary means of recruiting in Southern India. Let members of the Association refer to the “Cool Company ” established 40 years ago, but which col- lapsed within a year, Then came the Immi- gration Commission officially supported; but whose end was gladly welcomed. The late Mr. Robert Dawson was among the earliest to be connected with a Cooly Immigration sehewe aid a very elaborate one it was; but it died down for want of support—that is beeause it did not answer its purpose, after a eom- paratively short period. Mr. W. H. Swan wrote very dargely and made many calculations to show how an Agency could ‘be profitably worked if every planter in Ceylon subscribed an supported the proposal—one impossible factor at the outset ;—but experiments made in the direction he indicated did not answer the endin view. The late Mr. Alex. Brown had a Cooly Agency at work for the benefit of a certain number of proprietors; but it speedily resolved itself into the old kangany system and Mr. Brown gave it as his opinion that no European could compete with the natives in recruiting in the cooly districts of Southern India under the conditions prevalent in Ceylon. ‘Insidious defunc- tion ” affected every Cooly Ageney scheme. New regions for coolies north of the present districts were explored long before Mr. Young’s mission, and Mr. E. J. Young himself did much to indicate fresh recruiting grounds; but did he with his pro- longed experience as a planter and his spe- cial aequaintance with Southern India as Commissioner, recommend that a Cooly Agency under European anspices should be established by the Planters’ Association in the new any more than the old districts? We repeat that a more favourable experiment froma business-like point of view could scarcely be offered than that put forward by Messrs. Adamson, MacTaggart & Co. of Tuticorin ; because they asked no guarantee nor recognition from the Association; they had an estab- lished base of operations; they did not depend as business men on the Cooly Agency alone ; while, on the other hand, if it had proved Successful to the degree they expected, they would no doubt be quite prepared to have extended tae scope of reeruit- ing and establish inland Agencies. This Mr. C. Rk. Martin now proposes to do—that is to estab- lish an_ office in Tuticorin with branches in Tinnevelly, Madras, and Tanjore, &e. provided he is appointed Agent by the Planters’ Asso- ciation with a commission per cooly head re- cruited, to be guaranteed, no doubt, by the As- sociation. ‘That would mean an entire revolution in the present system, just as much as the Scheme irom the Northern Districts promulgated yester- day ; but what ‘‘pucka” planter in Ceylon is prepared to abandon or supersede his ‘“ kangani” system in favonr of the best Cooly Ageney ever devised? We may have any number of schemes on paper, and a Cooly Agent or another Commissioner appointed; but we should like to see the list of proprietors or managers who are prepared to endorse any such movement by giving up themselves, or recommending their neigh- bours to give up, their present recognised mode of recruiting ? We do not for one moment say that it is not open to any number of planters in their private ca- pacity to favour and support a Cooly Agency— to give it indeed, the fullest possible trial. ‘All our writing in objection is to the attempt t ao a i ee r pi aay 5 _ June 1, 1895. | 825 ro; such undertaking, even to the extent of recog- nising an Avent, but much more in guaranteeing a commission. We think the common sense of the large majority , will see that the matter is not one for the Association at all; and as to Mv. Martin’s proposal, we have no doubt that the Tuticorin Virm are quite prepared to do as much under the same conditions. The simple plan would be for any number of proprietors or man- agers inclined to experiment through an Agency to meet independently of the Association and to agree to give Mr. Martin, or any one else con- sidered suitable, a trial ; making it known, say that between them, they are prepared to take 1,009 coolies and to pay commission onsaime. Let the terms be fixedand a trial made of the Agency; but let care be taken both in District Associations and the parent body not to involve the represen- tative Institution in any responsibility for such an experiment. =< >—- CHEAP TRANSPORT AND CE, ANON clr: BY J. DAVIS-ALLEN, WORKING EXPENSES. The time isnot far off when the competition of other countries in her own products, and first 1 tea. will compel Ceylon to tackle the problem which all the world over is occupying the best brains, how to cheapen land carriage, how to do for it what, under the compulsion of free, often fierce competition, has already been done for ocean carriage. In the latter respect all sea washed countries, except a few like Cape Colony inthe grip of a shipping ring, stand now on an equal footing. What differences them is interio transport ;and that country has the advantage which can deliver her products most cheaply to the sea-board. In this connection few recent publications have a higher value than the report of the Railway Commission of New South Wales, exhaustively reviewing — the six years’ work of that master of railway cralt, Mr. E. M. G. Eddy, and the Report, less teclinical and more polemical, of a Select Com- mittee on Railway management appointed last year by the Cape Parliament, ‘ smarting,’ as one speaker put it, ‘under 2,253 miles of State mis- management.’ But with a clean profit on its tea of Lid. a pound, and a Government confessing to a profit on its railways which would be stigmatised as “Vloated” if made by joint stock enterprise, Ceylon may say she has herein a fighting reserve sv ample that the thoray problems which arise in connection with the working expenses of rail- ways have no immediate interest for ler, And since it is injudicious to agitate for re- form until you can confront the powers with a erievance speeilic, incontestable, and pressing, this attitude may be wise. It seldom pays to previous. But Working Expenses come up for discussion not only in the case of existing railways but of wojected railways also. They are among the Rae which must be kept in view in the Inquiry we are now engaged in, to wit, the capital out lay which may be incurred on any proposed line. HOW TO be And what we have first to learn is how most accurately to prefigure them. A very coniunon method is to estimate them in percentage of ross receipts, some figure approximating to the average of the English railways being selected at discretion, Mr. Black, to take the latest instance, estimates the working expenses of his Indo-Mediterranean | railway at 40 per cent of gross receipts (surely a roseate forecast!) but a more usual figure is 50 percent. There are, however, grave objections to this method. An obvious one is that in place of three independent data from which to calculate Capital Outlay :—Traftic, Expenses, and Tariffs, it leaves us with two only, since it makes the second a function of the first. But the main defect of the method is that its figures are barren. Statistics are valuable in pioportion to their implications; but the figuration of expenses in percentage of receipts has no implications at all; you can never safely infer anything from it, either as to management, state of business, or anything else. Moreover a low percentage can always be attained, and_ of- tenest is attained, by starving the service and in- comimoding the public. Every railway, be its ae- commodation never so dear and indifferent, is se- cured in a certain irreducible quantum of tratfiic, all that, namely, which, to quote our first article, tra- vels because it must. Adiministrations that content themselves with this compelled trattic, giving it the minimum of accommodation, can always boast a low percentage of receipts expended. On the other hand administrations that aim at deve- loping the trattic potentialities of their districts, set themselves to entice to their metals the second and generally larger, class of contingent trafic as it may be styled, and in this pursuit necessarily lay out a larger proportion of their receipts. Let us submit the method to the test of actual eises of railway management. Working Ex- penses on the Midland and L. & N. W. of Eng- land were, in 1893, 58 per cent. of gross receipts, the average of the United Kingdom being 56 per cent on a minimum of 44 per cent. (Metropolitan) and a maximum of 61 per cent. (Waterford and Limerick). On the Cape Government Railways for the same year they were 59 per cent., and on the Ceylon Government Railway 45 per cent. The last is certainly the best looking figure, but before congratulating ourselves about it, let us glance at the work done. Against their 58 per cent the Midland supplied the public with aservice of 27,000 train-iniles per mile of line ope- rated ; the L.& N. W. one of 22,000; on the Coylon Government Railways the service amounted to 4,210 train miles, and at the Cape to 3,096, Again, the Midland ran 24 freight Waggons to ] passenger carriage ; the L. & N. W. 8 waggons to 1 carriage; the Cape Government Railways 12: the Ceylon Government Railways only 2°5 ; or putting the difference in another way, the Ceylon Governinent Railways earry 13 pasSenvers to 1 ton of freight, as against 3 passengers for every ton on the English, and 6 on the Cape lines. Add to these figures the fact that pas- senger traffic is from 25 per cent to 30 per bar) cent cheaper to operate than goods trattc, and in the light of them the statement of expen- diture in percentage of receipts wears another complexion, The table, subjoined abstracted from the returns of the Cape Government Railways will complete what we have to say as to the futility of this method of representing working ex- penses. ‘The first column gives the several adminis- | trative systems into which the Cape Government Railways are divided with their mileage, and the second column shows the actual expenditure per unit of work done. ‘The relatively low rate per tram-mile on the Northern system was owine to the fact that the bulk of the traflie was in passengers, who, as we have already remarked, are cheaper to operate than freight, In 1893, on the completion of the line, the goods traffig 836 increased three-fold (from 23,000 to 73,00) toms), the passenger trattic only 13 percent (53,000 to 94,000) with the result that working expenses per train-mile rose from 38 4°4d to 3s 108d :— W.Xs per Per centof train-mile gross re- Miles. were ceipss. On the Western systern, 865 4:0°9 7L0 3 Midland ~ O13 4:0°6 AT*1 ; Hastern 7 390 a:11L5 90°6 “4 Northern _,, 3U3 3:44 bla A glance at these figures will show low mis- lealing is the statement of working expenses in percentage of gross receipts. Ib inay serve to inform thesharenolder, wnaose interest in his rail- way is restricted to his dividend, whether or not there has been a profit on working; but this is the most that can be said for the tigures. For our purpose we want a datum less ambiguous, Suchadatum is cost per train-mile. Experience has shown that the probable num- ber of trains a day over a defined length of line is the most satisfactory basis for a forecast of expenses. It may be more correctly anticipated than any other item of railway business, and it furnishes a unit of measurement sufficiently uniform and easy of application. The cost of working a train a mile varies, indeed, within such narrow limits that it may be regarded as a “constant,” holding good of al] trains except, heavy expresses, irrespective of lengol and load. More than this, the modifications, generally slight necessitated by local peculiarities may be readily asvertained and accurately caleulated. The influence of loadl on working ex- penses was investigated afresh last year by a Select Parliamentary Commission at the Cape. ‘echnical evidence checked by experi- mental runs, established the valuable fact that on acertain line (length 303 miles, gauge 3/6,” ruling gradient 1 percent, curves ** flat ant few") the ditferenee in cost of running between trucks full and trucks empty was one-thirty-sizth of a penny per ton (=2,0U0 Ib.) per mile. Another enquiry undertaken by the same Committee was as to the relative influence of curves and gra- dients on costs of running, with the result that where the engines are of a heavy type and skilfully handled the straightening out of enrves is a much more beneticial betterment than the veduction of gradients, that, indeed, gradients are a much less formidable obstacle to cheap working than is generally supposed: afact which contributes to the unitary value of the train-mile. Taking the average of the railways of the United Kingdom in 1893, the cost of the train-mile is 2s: 8'dd, an astonishing figure when due weight is given to the circumstances under which the management of these great under- takings has to be carried on: e.g. the high rates of speed, the rapid wear and tear, the costly requirements of the Board of Trade, the high rice and indocility of labour, the enormous uctuations in the yolume of traftic, the ficrce competition at every point. Even more signifi- cant of super! management is the fact that since 1870 the figure has altered by only 20 percent, and this in the direction of steady reduction. Not- withstanding that the determining factors of cost have been all in continual, often violent, perturbation, yet so vigilant and resourceful has been the management that in their resultant, cost per train-mile, small sign of perturbation is to be detected. Throughout the industrial storms and economic crisis ot the last 25 years, the figures under that heading _show a steady frac- tional shrinkage from 38d to 82°0d, THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIS?, ‘not only great ‘ sae Vol = [June 1, 1895. On the State-built, State managed railways of the Colonies a very different state of things obtains, and we come upon figures of expenditure swollen by politics. Keeping strictly within the known facts we may say that on many of the colonial lines the cost of the train mile depends much more on the political exigencies of uimisters and parties, than on curves, gradients, price of fuel, or any other legitimate determinant. In the light of these considerations we con- clude that ou any new line, exempt from state management, working expenses should not ex- ceed 35 per train-mile under any cireuinstances, while ou well-constructed single line railways of metre gauge, not less than 45 wiles in length, and operated at speeds not exceeding with stop- pages 20 miles an hour, the cost per train-mile should be under rather than over 2s 6d. To show how under conditions which may be sutfti- ciently indicated by the word * normal” the cost per train-mile is male up we adopt, lacking wything more authoritative, a form of digest suggested by Wellington in his invaluable work “The Economic Theory of Railway Location.” :—- per cent per cent | Locomotive power and repairs 18 - Train wages and stores : 17 (Carriage and waggon repairs 12 Total Train expenses — 47 ( Track between stations - 8 Road bed . 7 (Yards and structures . 8 Total maintenance of way and works — 23 Stations wages and stores 20 General expenses < 10 100 By help of this table, the effeet of such local peculiarities as influence cost of working may he allowed for, and the standard of cost added to or subtracted from accordingly. BRITISH NEW GUINEA AND SIR WM. MACGREGOR. Sir Wm. Macgregor was a passenger by the BI. ss. “India” whieh left Colombo on 9th May. Sir William has had to hurry ont earlier than wasex- pected, in consequenceofsmallpox, forthe first time, having reached New Guinea, and his fear that mortality but a state of demo- ralization may be the result among the people. Sir William goes back alone and he has 34 years before him of the term for which the present compact between Queensland and ihe Imperial Government in respect of New Guinea, has to run. Sir William regrets very much being unable to stay overa fortnight or month in Ceylon ; and he would gladly welcome a few Ceylon planters in New Guinea to plant coffee, coconuts, cacao, &¢., guaranteeing them ‘and and labour if they brought the needful capital and reputation as practical reliable men. Sir Wm. Macgregor has not been idle while at home as his several addresses before public bodies show. ? ¥ my (Junge 1, 1895. 838 DARJEELING. 1883 ae 18.59 13.17 5.42 1884 Ay 17.41 12.18 5.23 1885 of 17.72 11.91 4.81 1886 He 15.18 10.18 5.00 1887 AS 13.98 9.79 4.19 1888 12, 12.54 9.15 3.39 1889 AA 14.10 10.11 3.99 1890 An 12.66 10.14 2.52 1891 Bd 11.72 9°36 2.36 1892 Sid 12.90 8.40 4°50 1893 a 11.02 8.50 2°52 eee eee THE BANANA TRADE OF JAMAICA. A paper in the latest issue of ‘‘Timehri” (the Journal of the Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society of British Guiana) gives us a new and much enlarged view of the great importance of the in- dustry and trade in ‘‘bananas” or plantains which has sprung up in Jamaica. We are sur- prised that our correspondent, Mr. Wm. Sabon- adiere, has never alluded to the revolution that was taking place; but probably the change has been confined to a part of the island remote from his coffee-growing district. Among other things in the f@llowing extract from the paper before us, we want to direct the attention of our planters to the way in which a banana trade has led to Railway Extension, to narrow-gauge lines projected, and especially to the ‘Overhead Wire Railroad” successfully con- strueted and worked by one private proprietor on his own account, at a cost of about £8,000. (A detailed account of this werk wonld he of much interest to us in Ceylon). What Fruit Companies and Syndicates have done in tramways &e. will be duly noted, and the fact that the Governor, Sir Henry Blake, has not been afraid to identify himself with one enterprising Syndi- cate. Above all let it be noted how sugar estates which had sunk to a value of £30,000 have been transformed into ‘‘ banana walks” and raised to a value exceeding £125,000!—while the total output of bananas in Jamaica is now put at 4 million bunches a year, with 10, 12 and even 14 steamers loading up in a week in the height of the season! Here is the extraet :— The innumerable neat little cottages and new houses dotted all over the hills, surrounded by small and large tracts of land in bananas, the many wharves and storehouses, new villages and enlarged and busy centres of trade connected by a network of telephone and telegraph wires, even in the remotest parts of the hills, present a more impressive picture of prosperity than either words or statistics can con- vey. It is not many years ago, evenas late as 1880, that little or nothing was known of the interior of the Island, and the few mule-tracks that did duty as roads across the country were seldom used by white people except on an occasional journey. The negroes lived in a semi-wild state, often going about in a naked condition and running and hiding at the approach of a white man. But all this is changed now, for with the continued increase of the area under bananas, many new roads and extensive re- pairs to old ones were demanded and insisted upon; and the local authorities being unable to cope with the urgent needs of the new industry petitioned the Government, which in 1891, assumed the manage- ment of over 900 miles of these parochial roads, and at once set about the simultaneous reconstruc- tion of them in each district at a cost varying from £100 to £400 per mile. Good roads without bridges being of little service, the Government had to face an outlay of £150,000 for this purpose, which has been chiefly spent in the parishes of Portland and St. Thomas-in-the-East, in the construction of some fine iron and concrete structures varying in length from 80 to 480 feet over the Rio Grande River. At the same time urgent demands were made through- | out the Island for railway extension and £1,200,00 was voted for the purpose of inereasing the line one hundred miles, the greater portion of which has been brought into operation, Several narrow gauge Tram- ways have also been projected to tap the rich valle and act as feeders to the main line. In a few in- stances such lines are actually in ration, whilst Mr. Clarke's Overhead Wire Railr traversing the Mandeville mountains from Porus to his banana property is worthy of mention. This line was erected y him at a cost of some $40,000, solely for the transportation of his own fruit direct from the fields into the railway shed at Porus and thus avoid hand- ling and jolting in cartage. The Fruit Companies on their part have not been backward, and beyond the use of private telephones connecting their properties, wharves and buying sta- tions, and the construction of Tramways, have built, and are building fast steamships, specially designed and fitted with warming and ventilating apparatus for the safe conveyance of the fruit in all seasons, while Captain Baker, of the Boston Fruit Company, which owns some 35,000 acres of land in Jamaica alone, is constructing a dry Dock at Port Antonio, where he already has exten- sive shops for boat building and ship repairing. He has taaker been successful in raising some £300,000 in London to further develop his gigantic Banana Industry in all its various beanebes, while the Jamaica Syndicate with a capital of £50,000 in ten shares of £5,000 each, was proposed, formed and £30,000 of its capital subscribed inside of 48 hours, and cabled to London to Messrs. Hawthorne and Sheddon to acquire certain sugar properties then in the market. Among the gentlemen forming this enterprising Syndicate, was This Excellency Sir Henry Blake, who took one share. Among the individual proprietors of large banana walks, may be inentionea Dee Pringle, who some four years ago refased £125,000 for his properties, which as sugar estates in cultivation, together witb live and dead stock he had acquired for £30,000. Within the last four years he has almost doubled the area under bananas and now loads his own steamers weekly. The extent of the export of bananas from Jamaica at present is on an average between 70,000 and 80,000 bunches a week, and it is not uncommon for 10, 12 and even 14 steamers to clear at a single port in a week during the height of the season between farch and June, so that the annual output may be roughly taken at 4,000,000 bunches. ¥ The great advantages possessed hy Jamaica for this fruit trade are richness of soil and proximity to the great and growing American market, while she is also within manageable distance of London. There is little chance of Ceylon com- peting, we fear, for a share in the European trade, although, we daresay, a market could be found in Egypt or the nearer parts of Southern Europe; but there is another question raised by Dr. H. B. Ford, the writer in ‘‘Timehri,” who quotes an account of the preparation of fine dry meal from bananas and plantains, which was copied into the “Sugar Journal” from the Tropical Agriculturist. If a meal-making indus- try came to the front—and we shall watch for experiments—there is no reason hiss Seong dis- tricts in Ceylon should not reap the benefit. a LABOUR SUPPLY ON CEYLON PLANTATIONS. ; (From a Correspondent. ) As the Secretary of the Northern Districts Planters’ Association may not have had time to send you a report of the meeting, the following is a copy from the rough draft ofthe paper read re the Labour difficulty. (This does not pretend to be an exact copy.) 1.—That a Labour Intelligence Agency be formed, with a Committee consisting of the Chairman and Secretary of the Planters’ Association and the Chair- . JuNE 1, 1895.| — men and Secretaries of the District Associations, provided they consent to act. 2.—That their place of meeting be in Kandy and the Secretary be empowered to call a meeting giving ten days’ notice. 3.—That all estate proprietors or their represent- atives be entitled to enroll their estates on the books of the Agency by payment of an annual sum, either at R10 per 100 acres cultivated with a mini- mum of R20 or asum of R20 and not exceeding R50. (?) 4.—That the Secretary be paid a yearly salary of R1,5 (2?) or a fixed sum according to the number of estates enrolled. 5.—That a gentleman be appointed to reside and control the work of the Agency in India, at a salary of R3,000 (2?) with—? Commission per head of labour transmitted by him from India to the estates through the Agency. 6.—That Managers of estates on the books of the Labour Intelligence Agency would, two months previous to their requiring labour from India, have to send to the Secretary a cheque equivalent to R15 per head of labour and _— state the approximate number of male and female adults and children (able to work) they required. 7.—That the duties of the Seceretary would be to wire or post this information to the Agent in India, keep the Agency’s accounts in Kandy and be the intermediate or only one with whom the Estates’ Managers would communicate about their labour supply, 8. That the agent in India would have to be in touch with all reliable agencies in the labour sup- plying districts, establish new agencies, and be re- uired to send fortnightly reports of his work to the Secretary in addition to his advices by wire and letter of despatch of labour to Ceylon. 9, That the actual advances to coolies only, as per paragraph 10, be recoverable from individual labourers, and not any part of the Commission the Agent and sub-Aencies may receive. An account of all advances would befurnished by the agent through the Secretary with each batch of coolies. 10.—That the recoverable advances would be cash advanced, the cost of their ticket from place of embarkation to the terminal railway stationin Ceylon, and for food to be provided to each cooly in transit. If the advances to coolies and commission paid to sub-agents and agent do not amount to R15 per head, the balance be refunded through the Secretary. 11.—That one of the gang sent be chosen by mutual arrangement if possible to act as kan- any, and be put in charge of a consignment, or which he would receive commission on the safe arrival of the coolies at their destination. DRUG REPORT. (From Chemist and Druggist.) London, April 18. For a few odd parcels trom 254 to 27% per Ib has been paid on the spot. Sales era alyo said to have been made at 21s per lb for August delivery. All this business was done by second-hand holders. The American market continues to be much higher than that in London ; from $8°50 up to 810 per Ib being asked in the States, where, however, the drug is pro- tected by a 20 or 25 per-cent duty. CINCHONA—A_ parcel of about 90 Bolivian Calisaya bark, HF brand, has just arrived. It is likely to sell well. The last parcel realised about 2s per lb for sound quality. CocatiNE—The manufacturers of cocaine on April 10 reduced their price for Hydvochlorate by 9d, making the current quotation as follows:—For lots under 2502, 19. 9d; from 25 to 100 0z, 19s 6d; 100 oz and more, 19s 3d er oz. These quotations are for Cocaine packed in tins ; in l-oz bottles the price is 8d per oz more. QUININE—A very firm market. Tor a few thousand ounces of second-hand German buwk 1s per oz is said to have been paid a few days ago, and that appears at present to be the lowest quotation. ESSENTIAL OIL—There has been an upwards movement in Oil of citronella, which is exceedingly searce in «ll wsitions, On the spot the quotation tor wative brands in Parties is Is 4d per oz, for tins Is 2d per oz, business having already been done in the last-named variety at 1s 14d per oz, For shipment there is yery little offering ; CAPFEINE-—Again dearer. packages of natural THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 839 business has been done at 11}d per lb, cif. terms, in dvums for shipment within the next six months, and 1s per lb is now asked. There appears to be nothing prac- tically available for immediate shipment. Oil of lemongrass remains quiet at 1d to 1$d_ per oz. THE AMSTERDAM MARKET. Our correspondent in Amsterdam writes on April 12th that of Sumatra Benzoin 523 boxes are to be sold by auction on April 19th ; nearly the whole of this is of recent importation. The parcel includes 100 boxes of tine seconds, valued at 90c to 95¢ per halt-kilo ; 70 boxes very good seconds, valuation trom 77}e to $5¢ ; 258 boxes good seconds, valuation 70c to 80c; and 95 boxes fair seconds, valuation 55¢ to 65c¢. Arrivals have been very heavy lately, almost every steamer bringing in consign- ments. Oil of Cajuput unaltered without business to re- port, Cassia ftistula.—Very quiet, There is no inquiry at all on the spot; on the other hand there has been some demand for shipment both by sail and by steam ship. _ or TEA PLANTATIONS COMPANY, LIMITED. The annual ordinary general meeting of this Company was held at Winchester House, B.C., on Wednesday. Mr. H. K. Rutherford (the chairman), in mov- ing the adoption of the report, said that the profit for the past year, inclusive of the balance carried forward, was £50,598, or £4,616 in excess of the rofit of the preceding year. The yield of tea rom the properties was 2,971,987 lb., or 37,068 lb. less than in 1893, and the total output from the factories was 4,825,498 lb., or 141,430 lb. short of the previous outturn. This shortfall did not in any way arise from failing vigour in the tea bushes, but owing to unseasonable weather, in which the company suf- fered along with nearly all other Ceylon growers. The price of 884d per pound was practically the same as that of the previous year, but the tea was produced more cheaply owing to low exchange and economic working. The reserve fund was increased by £14,872, bringing that fund up to £50,000, while there was a cash reserve amounting to £25,000. A sum of £10,751 from the reserve fund was invested in coconut lands, and the balance was at present merged in the general business of the company, Mr. David Reid seconded the motion, which was adopted unanimously. A final dividend of 8 per cent, making 15 per cent for the year on the ordinary shares, was declared.— Hf. and C. Mail, April 26. —_— oS TEA COMPANIES’ MEETINGS ; THE STANDARD TEA COMPANY OF CEYLON, LIMITED. The fourth annual meeting of this company was held at the offices, 25, Fenchurch Street, on Wed- nesday, April 24. The directors present were Mr. Alex. Brooke (in the chair), Mr. Peter Moir, Mr. Robt. Kay Shuttleworth, and Mr. Norman W. Grieve. Among those present were Mr. George Johnston, Mr, H. L. Stables, Mr Regd. W. Wickham, and Mr. Stehn. The Secretary having read the notice calling the meeting, and the report and accounts having been taken as read, the Chairman said :—Gentlemen, it is a pleasure to meet you with what the directors consider, and hope you will consider, a fayour- able report, and to be able to recommend you to declare a dividend of 12§ per cent. for the year 1894, after having divided for three previous years at the rate of 10 percent. The report shows that the favourable results of our working in 1894 were aided by a good exchange and by coffee. You will also notice that, compared with our in- vestments, we had a small capital to pay dividend on having borrowed largely at a low rate. I[t is a very profitable and tempting course, but not very sufe, except for a short time. The issue of shares paid for last month, has enabled us substantially to reduce our loans. New shares participate in 1895 CEYLON | profits, ’ : at - ee er Se B4o THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. {June 1, 1895. Exchange we thought favourable in 1893, when it averaged 1s 3 7-32d. In 1894 it was still more favourable, being 1s 1 13-32d. Some think we shall never see another year so favourable in this respect. Well, they thought so in 1893, and even in previous years. It is argued now that there is a deerease in production of silver, and that the de- mand for it will increase as a consequence of the newly- made peace between Japan and China, with pow - ability of the opening up of China. The pros and cons of these points I will not disenss. At this date exchange is a little above the average of last year. Should it rise materially it would tell adversely in current work- ing expenses, but only on us in Ceylon in common with othe countries using a silver currency As regards capital outlay, any rise should rather tellin our favour, and handicap our later competitors. All that we have invested on capital account when rupees were cheap should score for us, enabling us to compete al the better with rivals who inyest capital with rupees dearer. Coffee continues to help us; still if is a decreasing and uncertain factor. We had 473 cwt. in 1894 from all the estates against 723 cwt. in 1893. We hope for 540 ewt. this year. Taking St. Leonards alone (and in coffee it stands as altogether the most im- potant) the yield wasin 1892, 455 cwt., in 1893 it wase 466 cwt., in 1894 it was 300 cwt.; this year we hope for 300 cwt. Everything has been done to keep up this valuable product. I mentioned last year the beneficial effect of old grevillia trees as shade during attacks by bug, as seen under old trees planted by Mr. Grieve on Liddesdale and the late Mr. Kay Shuttle worth on St. Leonards, and that what was left of your coffee had been interplanted with grevillias in hopes of their growing up in time to save the coffee. Mr. A. E. Wright on that occasion remarked that it was a race for the coffee between bug and greyiilia. Matters are much in the same position this year. Mr. BH. S. Grigson reports last month that the ravages of the bug are hardly perceptible under the shade of the old grevillias, and the coffee so shaded bears well in alternate years, but no striking results are noticed under the shade of the young greyillias. Under coffee alone, unintermixed with tea, you have on St. Leonards 75 acres, and on Liddesdale 60 acres. You have in addition on St. Leonards, Gordon, and Tulloes estates a certain amount of coffee interspersed through the tea. Tea is our mainstay, of course; we may consider it practi- cally our only product. We obtained neither the quantity we expected nor quite the prices in 1894. ‘We looked for nearly ten per cent in quantity more than we obtained, but unfavourable weather prevented us. The disappointment in prices on fine teas was owing to the scarcity and high prices of common qualities. To one unacquainted with the tea market a rise in the price of common would lead him to expect a rise in all the higher grades. The reverse is the ordinary course. When common teas are dear fine teas are relatively cheap. It has always been the case. Itresults from the habit of tea.drinkers buying their tea at so much per pound, refusing to pay more in times of scarcity and high prices. If there be a rise in wine the same individuals will pay the extra without demur; but if accustomed to pay 2s 6d or 3s per Ib. for their tea they rarely can be induced to pay more than their wont, whatever happens, but are content to drink an inferior article. The packet trade tends in the same direction. The. vendor of some unrivalled “Sun and Stax’ blend at 2s or some other sum per lb. advertised as the finest the world produces, on finding his profits disappearing by a rise in common teas buys less of the superior to put into his pockets. He must reduce thus the quality of his “ blend” or raise the price; and his customers. will not al- low him to raise the price. Still, though we did not command quite the prices for our Uda Pusilawa teas all the year that we hoped for, we were in the same boat as other growers of fine teas, What af- fected us affected them, and the St. Leosards mark with some 188,000lb. of tea was at the head of the market, as it was also during the short time it was sold here in the preceding year. Several circum- stances contribute to this—altitude, climate, soil, the great proportion of young tea, a factory and ma- chinery as complete as they well can be, and a good manager. Mr. Bagot’s services have been specially alluded to in the report. The dir- ectors believe you have been well served by all your managers under the supervision of such a firm as the company’s agents, Messrs. George Stenart & Co. Mr. G, A. Craib, at the head of your Maskeliya estates, has worked those properties very satisfactorily. The consumption of Ceylon tea increased in 1894 satisfactorily, the London deliveries exceeding those of the previous year by 7$ million pounds, The general average price of Ceylon tea in Mincing Lane unfortunately almost yearly shows a fall. It was 94d in 1892; in 1893 it was 9d; in I894it was Bad. € cannot have prosperous times without their leading to competition, with its ineyit.ble results. ‘We must face that fact, and that fair returns from tea planting can be expected only from good estates reasonably bought and carefully managed. The company’s pro- perties seem to come under this category. With not very far short of 1,000 acres still to come into bearing, in addition to the 1,300 acres now in bearing, but likely to increase in yield, there is reasonable prospect for the company even with its increased capital, a somewhat more adverse exchange and rather lower prices, if these two last come. I do not think there is anything else for me to say in connection with the report now in your hands. I will therefore move “That the report and state- ment of accounts be, and that they are, received and adopted.” Mr. Moir seconded the resolution, which, after some remarks by the shareholders present, was carried unanimously. The Chairman then proposed, and Mr. Kay Shut- tleworth seconded, that a final dividend of 10 per cent. on the £40,400 paid-up capital entitled to divi- dend—viz., on shares Nos. 1 to 5,600—be paid on April 25, free of income-tax; that £3,000 be placed to reserve; and that the balance, £812 13s 5d., be carried forward to next account. The resolution was carried nem con. A proposal was adopted re-electing Mr. Norman W. Grieve, moved by Mr. Stables, and seconded by Mr. Wickham. Mr. Johnston, premising that he had a reso- lution to propose, said that he was an original shareholder, that he had taken part in the pro- ceedings first determining the amount set apart for theremuneration of the directors when they were three in number; that he then thought it rather inade- quate; that they now numbered four; that the com- pany had then one estate, and has now seven ; that the acreage under tea was then 265, and is now 2250; that there was then some doubt of work- ing to pay a dividend during the first year or so; and that the company has now, divided 124 per cent. after having three years’ dividend atthe rate of 10 per cent. He had therefore much pleasure in moying that the amount set aside for the directors be £500 annually. He generally reviewed their conduct of the affairs of the company, especially in forming the reserve, in very complimentary terms, stating wherein he differed from them—viz.,in the last issue of shares. These he considered should have been issued at a premium to be added to reserve. Mr. Wickham seconded the resolution, which was carried unani- mously. The Chairman, on behalf of the directors, thanked the shareholders, and replied to the observations and criticisms of Messrs. Jolmnston and Wickham, and remarks and analyses of figures by Mr. Stables. Mr. A. E. Maidlow Davis was elected anditor of the company’s accounts for 1895. : A vote of thanks te the chairman closed the pro- ceedings.—H. and C. Mail, ‘ June 1, 1895.] THE BANDARAPOLA CEYLON COMPANY, LIMITED, The second annual ordinary meeting of the Ban- darapola Ceylon Company, Limited, was held at the oflices of the company, 16, Philpot Lane, E. C., on Thursday. 18th inst. Notice convening the meeting having been read, the chairman, Mr. G. W. Paine, in proposing that the report and accounts as presented to the shareholders be received and adopted. said that he had very few observations to make on this occasion, as the report spoke for itself, He had to apologise for the absence of one of their divectors, Sir Geo. A. Pilkington. mM. D., who was now on his way back from Ceylon, and would no doubt bring the very latest news rom the estate, as he had visited the company’s pro- perty while in the island. They would notice from the balance-sheet that the share capital had been increased by the sum of £2,300 and the debentures by £500, which arose from the fact that they had allotted to the vendor the balance of shaves and de- bentures due to him on the transfer of Muendeniya to the company, and from a call of £1 per share on £800 shares; consequently the dividend now to be declared was payable on.a larger amount of capital than last year. He would ask Mr. Scott to second his motion, and as the latter gentleman had _ been in Ceylon towards the end of last year, and had visited the company's property, he was in a much better position to tell the shareholders about the estate than he (the chairman) was. Mr. C. J. Scott, in seconding the chairman’s motion, said he had much pleasure in stating that he was very well pleased with his visit to the estate, and in his opinion the yield per acre should be most satisfactory. A feature of the estate is the factory field, thirty-four acres, containing a fine flat. This field yielded over 1,000 lb, per acre during the past year, The new clearings had been carefully done, and nowhere had he seen finer tea in Ceylon than on the eighteen months old clearings. Great credit was due to Mr. James Anderson their late acting manager (who was present at the meeting), for the careful and efficient way in which he had attended to the Company’s interests in this matter, The Com- pany had exceptional advantages in the way of laloar and cheapness of transport. I'he estate was a favourite one with coolies, and as the labour question was be- coming a rather serious one in Ceylon they were very fortunate in having a good labour supply. The Chairman's motion was then put to the meet- ing and carried unanimously, as were also the follow- ing resolutions : ; Proposed by the Chairman, seconded by Mr. C. J. Scott, ‘“‘Thata final dividend of 74 per cent. (free of income tax) be declared, making in all 10 per cent. for the year, payable forthwith.’ Proposed by Mr. L. F. Davies, seconded by Mr. D. Andrew, “That Mr. Dalgleish, C. A., be re-elected auditor for the ensuing year.” Proposed by the Chairman, seconded by Mr. J. Vicary, ‘That a vote of thanks be given to the Ceylon and London staffs for their efficient working of the Company's property and business.” Proposed by Mr. A. Leslie, seconded by Mr. W. W. Lord, “ That a vote of thanks be and is hereby given to the Chairman and directors of the Company.” A yote of thanks to Mr. Paine for his conduct in the chair was carried by acclamation, and in acknow- ledging same the Chairman took the opportunity of rerding a f-w in evesting extracts from recent Jetters received from Mr. Haugh Fraser, the managing divector. The proceedinzs then terminated.—//. and C. Mail. - - Ee CEYLON TEA PLANTATIONS COMPANY. From the loeal Times we take the following full port of Mr. H. R. Rutherford’s speech :— At the meeting Mv. Rutherford, the Chairman said; THE THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. 1h eI 5 ets Sa cee RES SS nn 84t —I will not detain you very long as I have hut little to add to whatis stated in the directors’ report. We meet you to-day with an account of our,steward- ship, shewing a profit for the past year, inclusive of the balance carried forward, of £50,598 10s. 2d., or £4,616 8s. 9d. in excess of the profits of the proceed- ing year, and this latter sum very closely represents the difference in the Ceylon expenditure in 1894 as againgt that of L895. THE YIELD. The yield of tea from our own properties was 2,971,987 lb., or 37,068 lb. less than that of the pre- vious year, and the total out-put from our fac- tories was 4,825,498 lb., being 141,430 lb. short of last year’s out-turn. The shortfall from our own estates, it will be satisfactory for you to know does not in any way arise from failing vigour in the tea bushes. As you are probably aware the whole tea crop from Ceylon was under the estimated quantity, owing to unseasonable weather, and we suffered in this respect along with nearly all other Ceylon growers. Had, however, the crop from the island been up to anticipations we doubtless would have seen a fall in the price realised for onr teas. As it was the price was practically the same as for 1893, viz., 8°84 pence per lb., but we were able to produce the tea cheaper, not only by reason of the low exchange, but also by more econo- mic working. As this question of exchange in re- lation to price is one that disturbs the minds of a good many shareholders as bearing on the future of the tea industry, I would like for a moment to explain to you how an adverse exchange, or a fall in the price of tea, would affect this company. If the rupee were to rise by some unforeseen set of circum- stances to 1/6, and the price of tea remain at what it has been during the last 2 years, or were on the other hand the price of tea to go down 13d in average price, and exchange to continue at last year’s rate, we would still be able to pay you a 15 per cent dividend. ACREAGE. Having stated these two extreme positions you will be able to work out for yourselyes any interme- diate state cf affairs you may think likely to arise, in the event of further currency fluctuations or a rise or fall in the selling price of our produce, You will observe, from the report, we were pluck- ing tea off 800 acres in excess of the previous year, and when this area is in full bearing it should add very considerably to our out-turn. We have 367 acres not yet in bearing, and beyond this we can only plant up with tea a few hundred acres more from our forest reserves. Our developments, how- ever, lie in «a different direction, for, as you see from the report, we now hold 1290 acres in coco- nuts properties, 420 acres of which are planted up, the trees varying from two to nine years of age. This season we are opening out 270 acres more in coconuts, and about 46 acres with Liberian coffee. As you are aware. no profits of any consequence can be looked for from our coconut properties for a few years, but every year increases the value of these estates, and as we do not at present require profits from this source to pay our dividends we can afford to wait some little time for returns. Our Ceylon manager has been most assiduous in trying to acquire other coconut estates, but those offered us have either not been suitable or too high a figure has been asked, so that we have not been able to purchase more than the acreage stated. With regard to THE RESERVE FUND, we propose to add this year £14,872 19s 10d, bringing it up to a total of £50,000. The accounts, shews that at the end of the year £14,316 2s 10d was in- vested in high class securities, and you will be pleased to hear that, at the present date, we have actually set aside the sum of £25,000 Cash teserve. ‘he Securities huve been entered at cost price, but ave now at higher values than those at which we bought £10,371 of the reserve has been mus ik 842 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. , [Junk 1, 1895, invested in coconut lands and the balance, which we are now adding to the fund, is at present merged in the general business of the Company , but, we hope, to be able to specifically invest thi; sum as we have done former additions to the fund. CAPITAL COST. The capital cost of the planted land, aggregating 8,666 acres, (after allowing for the Reserve und, and at the rate of £3 per acre for Reserve Forest and waste lands) is equal to £28 per acre. This includes, not merely the land, but the full equipment with engines, turbines, rollers and dryers, and all machinery and buildings incidental to the manufacture of tea in 17 factories, and is also inclusive of a manufacturing business for other proprietors’ leaf, amounting last year to 1,853,000 Ib. of ‘tea. I think we may fairly congratulate the share- holders on the position which this Company has attained among the many excellent concerns of a like nature to which the British public have subscribed, and your Directors are convinced that the policy adopted from the beginning, of steadily building up a substantial Reserve Fund in prosperous years, in- stead of paying larger dividends, has the approval of the shareholders, and it is largely dne to ae i! that the shares of this Company stand so highly in the estimation of Investors. THE FUTURE, The future of the tea enterprize is a sealed book, but the steadily increasing demand for Ceylon teas by countries other than Great Britain is, [ believe, likely, in a few years, to assume such proportions as to relieve us of our increasing output, and thus remove that dread nightmare of overproduction which has been continually threatening us, I consider we are embarked in an enterprize in which, although we may hereafter be subject to unwelcome vicissitudes (as all commercial and agricultural undertakings are liable to), we have, nevertheless, the essentials of success. The cheapness of production which Ceylon enjoys for a product eminently suited to its soil and climate, and which continues to grow in public favour, and the successful efforts which follow the determination of her planters to force their teas into new markets form fairly broad and sound bases to warrant a belief in the stability of the Ceylon tea industry. A TRIBUTE TO THE STAFF, Notwithstanding, however. the advantages I have stated, and which we are fortunate in possessing, still all these agencies would fail to bring about the good results we congratulate ourselves upon as a Company had not our manages, Mr. GA. Talbot, and his efficient staff of Superintendents and Assistants in Ceylon conducted our business in every department with their accustomed carefulness in expenditure and energy and zeal in the com- pany’s interest. While you no doubt agree withme that the burden of the day rests with the Ceylon staff, you will also, I am sure, endorse the opinion of the Board that great credit is due to the London office staff, and also to our brokers for the share they have had in bringing about the successful working of the year under review. Mr. J. Leake, suggested that the depreciation ac- count should beshewn annually in the balance sheet, and would like the Chairman to explain the amount of £127 inthe Reserve Fund. He further would be glad to hear if there was any hope of getting an of- ficial quotati n for the company’s shares. The CHarmman, in reply, said that the directors did not think it would serve any useful purpose bringing forward the past amounts set aside for depreciation, and that the apparent discrepancy of £127 in the reserve fund arose from the amount being derived from profits on investments. With regard to the quotation on the Stock Exchange, this could be obtained at any time for the pre- ference shares, but until the proportion of ordi- nary shares demanded by the rules of the Stock Exchange were in the hands of the public, and not in those of the vendors, no quotation could be ob- tained for the ordinary shares, . interesting country it is hard to conceive. The Crarmman proposed, and Mr. D. Rem seconded, the adoption of the report and accounts and declaration of dividend. Mr. Rurnerroxrp proposed, and Mr. Herserr ANDERSON seconded, ihe re-election of Mr. Tod as a director. Mr. Hastam proposed, and Mr. Hunter Rem seconded, the re-appointment of Messrs. Harper Brothers as auditors. Mr. DanGerrreLp proposed, and Mr. SHanp seconded, a vote of thanks to the Chairman and directors, which concluded the proceedings. — —e --- - TEA IN INDIA; LATEST REPORTS. (From The Planter, May 4th.) PLANTING AND PRODUCE. Assam.—Severe dronght has continued in Lower Assam for the past week, and rain is now very much needed. Rain has not fallen for about three weeks, and in consequence the soil is parehed for want of moisture. The heat is intense. Dvuars.—The reports from this District are some- what more encouraging. More good rain has fallen, and this should be the means of clearing out red spider, which is bad on some gardens, DanseeLinG.—Weather has now thoroughly broken and rain is falling every day. About 7 inches have heen registered at Pamghatta during the last ten days. Red spider should have no show now. Tur Doon.—The weather in the Doon is voted lovely. Every two or three days there is a down. our of rain, sometimes nearly an inch. There is a airly equal proportion of sunshine and cloud, and the atmosphere is steamy. The success of the spring crop is assured. Terar.—Leaf has not come onas well as it might have done. but this has been caused by red spider and the severe drought which prevailedearlier in the season, Gardenshave not yet made up the deficiency as compared with 1894, but now that rain has fallen, it should not be long before they do so. The rain- fall too, in comparison with that of 1894,is behind. SytHet.—The weather here continues vey hot and dry, the little rain which fell on the 2lst makinga small difference. No cholera has been reported, and it is to be hoped that it will not appear. Cacnuar.—The latest advices from Cacbar state that rain is still much needed. Notwithstanding this, however, the returns show an increase oyer last year. Managers are still plucking. No samples have yet been received. Red spider is spreading fast, but willmost probably go away as soon as they haye a heavy shower. ee eee A CEYLON PLANTER IN SUMATRA.—The writer of the interesting letters from Sumatra which have appeared and are to appear in our columns, writes by last mail :— “T have just returned from a prospecting trip in the jungle in Lower Langkat. A few years more will see the greater portion of Serdang in coffee: and don’t forget I prophesied it! Just as I am closing my letter, Mr. horst gives me, to send to you, the enclosed two maps, which givea very clear idea of the “Oost Kust”’ of Sumatra. I know the country now, pretty well from Bedagie to Lower Langkat as far as the petroleum boring. A more uninteresting, and at the same time a more Uninter- esting for scenery, which is deadly monotonous. But highly interesting as regards geological formation which seems to vary at every turn and corner. In a country where no stones are, you suddenly come across a patch of water-worn stones 100 feet above a river! And on the top of a small ridge I have seen a sand bed that must at one time have had witer running over it. Men that go down to the sea in ships truly see the wonders of the Lord. Bnt the land-Inbbers, if they keep their eyes open, see strange things now and again. Geologically and ethnologically, Sumatra is the most interesting coun- try I have yet seen!” June 1 1895.] THE TROPICAL COLOMBO PRICE CURRENT. (Furnished by the Chamber of Commerce ). Colombo, May 27, 1895. ExcuHanGe on Lonpon.—Bank Selling tates :—On demand 1/1 5-16 to 11-32; 4 months’ sight 1/1g to 13-32; 6 months’ sight 1/1 7-16. Bank Buying Rates :— Credits 3 months’ sight 1/1 15-32 to 4; 6 months’ sight 1/1 17-32 to 9-163 Documents 3 months’ sight 1/14 to 17-32; 6 months’ sight 1/1 9-16 to 19-32.—Closing rates. Correr.—Plantation Estate Parchment on the spot per bushel, R16:50 to R17:75. Estate pegRe in Parchment, delivery to end Feb. per bushel,—No quotations. Plantation Estate Coffee, f.o.b. on the spot per ewt, R88-00 to R92:00.—Nominal. Plantation Hstate Coffee f.o.b. Special Assortment per cwt,—No quotations. Liberian parchment on the R12:00 to R12°75. Garden and Chetty Parchment on the spot per bushel, R15:00 to 16°50. ations. Garden and Chetty Coffee f.o.b. per cwt,—No quot- Native Coffee f.o.b. per cwt, R71:00 to R72:00. Tra.—Average Prices ruling during the week: Broken Pekoe, per iB. 5le. Pekoe per lb. 43c. Pekoe Souchong, per lb. 34c. Broken mixed and Dust, per lb. 28c.—Averages of Wednesday’s sale. Crncnonsa Barx.—Per unit of Sulphate of Quinine per lb. 01c.—For 1 to 4 %. Twigs and Branch.—No quotations. Carpamoms.—per lb. 80c. to R2-00. Coconur Or:—Mill oil per cwt, R15°75 to R15'37. Dealer's oil per cwt, R15°62 to 15°87. Coconut oil in ordinary packages f.o.b. per ton R347°50.—Buyers,. Cocoa.—(Unpicked and undried) per ewl, R30 to R40. Copra.—Per candy of 560 Ib. R41-00 to K419-00. Coconut Cakr.—(Poonac) f.o.b. per ton, R55 to R72. Com Yarn.—Nos. 1 to 8 per cwt, R600 to R12:00. Crynamon.-—Nos. 1 and 2 only per lb. 54¢.—Small supplies. supplies. JINNAMON.—Ordinary Assortment, per lb. 51¢.—Small PiLumBaco.—Large Lumps per ton, R150 to R300. spot per bushel, Do Ordinary pare per ton, R130 to R290. Do Chips per ton, R80 to R150. Do Dust per ton, R30 to R100. Exony.—Per ton.—Goyt. sales on 19th June. Rice.—Soolye per bag, R7:00 to R8-00. Peguand Calcutta Calunda per bag R7710 to R7°85,° Coast Calunda per bushel, R3:05 to R320. Muttusamba per bushel, R325 to R350. Kadappa and Kuruwe per bushel,—No quotatious. Rangoon Raw 3 bushel, bag do do FReicuHts. n , B53 3a g2 23 23, Cargo. H FI H re 7 4 4 H B os aoe wma Re Bo we BO Ck GOCE OCR ECE Tea 25/ Hol REY! 5} 22/6 Coconut Oil 25/ Je Qofmee25 a Plumbago 22/6 ee) ene) 60 Coconuts in bags —.2/ oe 20/ 25/ an Other Cargo 25/ og eye ey ae Broken Stowaye 12/6 é aie a are SAILERS. Coconut Oil OC 3d/ ae Plumbago fe B5/ii cas oe ot New York rates per steamer with transhipment 12/6 @ 15/ above London rates. Hote = LOCAL MARKET. By Mr. A. M. Chittumbalam, 7, Baillie St., Fore. Colombo, June Ist, 1895. Garden Parchment :— R15°50 to 16°00 per bushel. Chetty do a 16°00 to 16°25 do Native Coffee a 62°00 to 63°00 per ewt. do f.o.b. i— 70-00 Liberian Parchment, 13°00) per bushel (nominal). do Coffee, 63°00 per cwt. CARDAMOMS. — O70 to 2°00 per Ib. (nominal), Cocoa.—(nominal) Rice.—Market is quiet :-— Kazla Sovlye 22°00 to 85°00 per ewt. do R650 to G75 per bag, TO to 740) do AGRICULTURIST. 843 Callunda (new) 7°15 to. 7°30 Coast Callunda 2°95 to 3°06 per bushel. Kuruve 2°37 to 3°00 do Muttusamba, 3°25 to 3°90 do CINNAMON.—Quoted Nos. 1 to 4, at 54 cents per lb. (nominal). CHIPS.—R55'00 per candy (nominal). CocoNnutTs.—Ordinary B38°00 to 42°00 do Selected 45°00 to 48°00 dle and Nos. Land 2 av per 1,000 (nominal), do do Coconut O1L.— 15°75 to 15°37 per cwt. do Copra.—Market steady :— Kalpitiya R48°50 to 49°00 per candy. Marawila 47°00 to 47°75 do Cart Copra 44°00 to 46°00 do Poonac.—Gingelly 90°00 to 92°50 per ton. Chekku 70°00 to 75°00 do Mill (retail) 60°00 to 62°50 do EBONY.—quotations at SATINWOOD.—cubic feet 1°50 to 2°12 do HALMILLA.— do 1:00 to 1°25 do KITUL FIBRE.—Quoted at R30°00 per ewt (nominal). PALMYRA FIBRE.—Quoted nominally :— Jaffna Black.—Cleaned R16:'00 to 20°00 R100 to R185 (nominal). : per cwt, do. Mixed 13°00 to 15°00 do Indian do 8:00 to 10°00 do to) Cleaned 12°00 to 15°00 SAPAN Woop.—Quoted. 50:00 to 60°00 per ton. KEROSINE O1L—American 7:00 to 7°12 per case, do Russian 2°85 to 2°90 per tin, Kapok.—Cleaned f.0.b :— 22°00 to 25°00 (nominal. ) do Uncleaned 4°50 to 5°50 do Croton Seed 13°00 to 17°00 do Nux. Vomica 2°50 to 3°00 per cwt. a CBHYLON EXPORTS jis ono onl Saas % | 2s mo :6OMrie ses = aE + > ~ a mf tis oe Rees aie ys s z ee er o n 64 den al | a See) =I z = n £2. Ole2 n ix a Te} =I y a} S a) mn | vA ol alk AEs eg aS 2| = ee , So cal Si eee ees | xo IN ~ }19 nS Ay aA mri o 15 be aja= |2 35 e|a2 3 S| med S oh Ss 2 a] oO= — Sy lente a8 2 10 Al Se Sins Ss e| oe ye (3) > 2 a 5 S S | > Cth Oo oqR| 2.2 ss as 2 SONDH | Brea | ~_ =) SI < =) D x = “x | -——— 2 = =) = 5 mS ° SES | ax . ss] fe S) esa ke Raa | Ee Bh4 THE TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST. [June 1, 1895. MARKET RATES FOR OLD AND NEW PRODUCTS. (From 8. Piggis & Co.’s Fortnightly Price Current, London, wth May 1895). EAST INDIA Continued | EAST INDIA, { ‘ley f Come hin Mil Bombay, Ceylon, Mairas QUALITY, | QUOTATION ai 0 18 rier, Ad sla- : Co ana Zaruvine Y QUOTATION |! bar and Madras Cost, QUALITY, QUOTATIONS. Rie * { Bengal. ALOES Socotrine ... ...| Good aud tine dry liver...!e 194, p2 ads Pp eT came | a Zanzibar & Hepatic Common and good 7/6 108 a ep Karrachee Leaf... out an imay pale \as a 247d BARK, CINCHONA Crown\|Renewed .. fs rl 1 INDIGO B 1 el part thia ~ | 8 2da is 9d Original stem valid 33 enga Middling to fine violet... is 81a 53 74 Red ioe ogee + “lit te RRS _ [Orilears semmiddiag 5. io dl a de 61 ” Original stem : a rpa oo airto good reddish viol:! jas Bla 33 10d ear ; : 21 Ordinary and middl { Fy Beek! Wie, 5 {eae sl Si. sof, to gd. hard brig. | if 1) a3 Madras (Dry Leaf) Mitiling to good “s a nee ** Lie ; oa , os 6a £7 Low to ordi i Mauritius & Madagasear.,,,Hair to fine —.,, lBy 158 a £7 10s| [LVORY--Elephants’ Teeth one ie abt oA alent Fair to fine clippe | | 6). lb. & upwards » Soft sound 155 a £65 ) iat, Pade slippe i Mangaiore .., ...| Bold, bright, fuirto fine. cdl 10 “y 6d oe ef tinea) 60 Ib. ” ” £48 10s a £60 r 'Clipped, bold, brigg ‘ a.as 8d vfHlard: oy jE37 lus a £46 Malaba ia ..|CLIpy riget,tine MU talk BE ls 8da Qs 2d | Scrivelloes .. |Soft ps close & wile | £2348 £35 1s Ceylon, Malabar sort Mi ing, 5 er y £ lean jis 31 a 1s 6d | Billiard Ball Pieces # ‘ hn) Sound soft... .e7i 10s a £93 10s oy MedIUm 4, |15 Hd a vg | Bagatelle Points .|Sli. def.to fine sound so’t/ est n £63 oral rd merle g Is 11s 6d | Cut Puints for Bille .,..Shaly to fine solid $4. sfi €6310s a £73 10s |S 0 bold brown .. “jis a ls 6! Mixed Points & Tips... Defective, part hard —.. €33 a £14 Alleppee and) Fair to fine bold 25611 3391 || Cut Hollows Thiu to thick to sQ. sft |£25a £41 Mysore sort] ,, 5, inept, clip 1. lls 94 a 33 101 || Gas Hon Teeth "ge J gp De Ss : is 2la Is 5l adj tb. ‘Straight erked part close Long Ceylon... ae to good .. ~\Is Ida 2s11d | this grass (lodder Grasses of Northern India p: 9) :— “Tt is generally considered to be one of the best kinds of fodder It is abundant all over the plains, and ascends to some few thousand feet on the Ilimalayas. It is greedily eaten by all kinds of eattle both before and after it has flowered, the abundant crop of grain yielded by grass, Supplement to the “ Tropical Agricullurist” LN Sati a Sen - 7 ——-——. jt adding materially to its nutritive value, lt extends to Australia, where, it is reported, its very succule:.t stems grow from 2 to8 feet in height.” Panicum maximum, Jacg. (P. jumentorum, Pers.).—‘ Guinea grass.” Native of tropical Africa. Widely cultivated in most countries. In Brazil it is known as “ Capim de Colonia.” This grass was accidentally intreduced to Jamaica from the Coast of Guinea as bird food about 1740. Jn 1794 Bryan Edwards wrote: “ Most of the grazing and breeding pens were originally created and are still supported by means of this invaluable herbage, and perhaps the settlement of the ‘ north side’ is wholly owing to the introduction of this excellent grass.” In 1879 taxes were paid in Jamaica on 115,576 acres under guinea grass. It was deseribed as “ growing freely from sea-level up to nearly 5,000 feet, and when once established, except for an occasional weeding, it receives very little attention. . lt answers in every respect the requirements of a good fodder plant in being perennial, nutritious, and thoroughly suitable to the soil and climate.” The lite Dr. Imray, quoted in the Kew Report, 1879, p. 17, says, “ Guinea grass may be cut down crop utter crop for many years, 1 have had a guinea grass piece (with the weeds cut down and an occasional manuring ) kept in good order for full 20 years,’ Guinea grass grows to the height of 3 to 6 feet. The leaves are broad and flat, with the sheaths and nodes softly hairy. The panicle is large and loose, with numerous branches. Although it usually seeds freely, it is generally propagated by root cuttings. It requires to be weeded at regnlar intervals, and to be manured in poor soils, When it grows rank and tall it should be cut frequently to prevent it becoming too hard and coarse, Analysis shows it to be very rich in nutritive qualities, and where this grass can be fully estab- lished it is probably the best fodder plant known for permanent cultivation. It is a favourite grass for stall-fodder, but it is sometimes necessary to guard against over-feeding with this grass alone in a rank state. It would form an excellent material for preserving in silos. The following ge ras have been cakes te ting the cultivation of guinea grass in India (Diet. Eebn, Prod. India, V\., Part 1, p. 11):— “It is best propagated by root cuttings. lt should be planted about 2 feet apart, in parallel ridges, at the commencement of the rains. The rows of plants should form lines at right angles to the ridges. This arrangement will facilitate ploughing and weeding between the plants. In Madras this grass is known to resist the effects of severe droughts. In old-established fields it is advisable to pass a plough or cultivator occa- sionally through and across the crop, and to manure the land thoroughly. Where the plants have formed large tussocks these should be reduced by simple chopping with a spade or hoe at right angles, thus dividing each one into four parts. Of these three may be removed for planting else- where, or they will form excellent bedding for cattle stalls. During the cold weather ot N orthern India the plants dry up and remain dormant until the approach of spring. In places where frosts appear. manure should be applied to the roots at the commencement of the cold season, It is | -Jand, [June 1, 1895, particularly enjoined that Guinea grass should not be grazed too closely.” The “St. Mary’s Grass” in Jamaiea may be a robust variety of P. marimum or another species. It grows in large tufts tothe height of 6 to 8 feet, with the stems hard and indurated in old specimens. Panicum bulbosum, /1. 2K. (regarded by Munro us a variety of P. maximum, and found in the Southern United States) is mentioned by Vasey as likely to be of great agricultural value. “ Its bulbous root stocks contam a store of moisture which enables it to endure a protracted drought, and as the plant grows to a large size it would produce a great amount of fodder,” Panicum molle, Swartz. This is somewhat similar to the following P. muticwn, with whieh it was confused by Grisebuch in his Flora of the British West Indian Islands. According to Swartz it is a native of Surinam, and is commonly called “ Dutch grass” in Jamuiea. We deseribes it as having thick succulent stems which are readily eaten by cattle. Panicum muticum, Jursk. (P. numidianum, Lam.; VP. burbinode, Trin; P. molle, Grisel, nop Si.),—lt has various names, such as “ Para grass,” “ Mauritius grass,” “Scotch grass,” and “Water grass.” A course and very vigorous grass, spreading rapidly in damp places, It has succulent stems and leaves, with the nodes dis- tinctly hairy. It roots readily at the joints, and these are even said to grow after passing through animals. Hence, this grass is regarded as unsuit- able to grow in the neighbourhood of cultivated Its use is also discouraged as fodder for animals specially kept for manure, For general pasture purposes it is, however, one of the best of tropical In Barbados, 40 acres of this grass, well manured and irrigated, are said to yield in good yeurs cut-grass of the annual value of 600/. It is largely cultivated elsewhere in the West Indies, in Florida (where it is said to make heavy growth on high pine-ridges), in Curagoa (where it is regarded as capable of resist- ing drought), and also in Ceylon, Mauritius, and in the plains of Bengal. It is readily propagated by grasses, -seed and by cuttings of the root and stem. Seeds and plants of Para grass were first intro- duced from Caracas to Barbados by Colonel Reid, Governor of the Windward Islands, in 1847. Later a supply was received in this country, and for- warded to Kew, with the following letter from Earl Grey, Secretary of State for the Colonial and War Department, addressed to Sir William Hooker, dated 50th June 1849 :— “T am directed by Earl Grey to transmit to you a copy of a despatch from the Lieutenant- Governor of St. Lucia, stating that he had trans- mitted a few roots of the Para grass, and proposed to send some seeds when he should have been able to collect a sufficient quantity. “The roots and seeds having arrived, they are slso now forwarded to you, together with a copy of the despatch from Colonel Reid, late Goyernor- in-Chief of the Windward Islands, in which the valuable Lord Grey requests that you will have the goodness to take charge of these roots and seeds, and to cause them to be prepared for transmission to the different Anstralian Colonies, to the Cape of Good : Hope, and to the Mauritius, qualities of this grass are described. . June 1, 1895.] Supplement to the “ Tropical Agriculturist.” 853 “7 am also to transmit to you a case contain- ing some slips of this grass, which,has been forwarded to Lord Grey from the Caracas. His Lordship would be glad to be furnished with any suggestions which may occur to you as to the best mode of proceeding in order to introduce these seeds and plantsinto those colonies for which they are best fitted.—I have, &c., (Signed) B. Hawzs.” The correspondence in regard to the -introduc- tion of Para grass to Barbados is given by Dr. Lindley in the Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc., iy. (1847) p. 148. Adapting the name given to the grass in Curagoa, Dr, Lindley called it Panicum jumen- torum, thus confusing it with Guinea. grass. Further supplies of Para grass were received at Kew in six Wardian cases, shipped from Caracas by Her Majesty’s Consul, Mr. J. Riddel. From these plants distribution was made (with fall directions for cultivation)to various colonies in the eastern hemisphere, including New South Wales, Western Australia, Ascension, &c. In the first report if was stated that Para grass was capable of resisting drought. This was shown by Mr. Riddel to be an error, It evidently prefers and, indeed will only flourish in localities where it has abund- ant moisture. It is interesting to note that this distribution of Para grass from Kew by Sir William Hooker was one of the early operations undertaken by him to assist industries in the colonies. Such operations, since that time, have been consistently carried on for nearly 50 years. The following extact from the report of the Government Experimental Farm, Poona, for the year ending March 31, 1894 (p 5), gives the results of the experimental cultivation in India :— “Mauritius Water Grass or Buffalo Grass.— This is the chief fodder grass of Ceylon. There it remains green all the year round, and is employed largely for feeding milk cattle. A few roots were obtained from the Schoolof Agriculture Farm, Colombo, The plant can be propagated either from the roots or from the stoloniferous stems which grow out laterally along the ground, and root at every node. Krom these rooted nodes straight shoots spring up. When ready to cut, the grass is very thick, and stands about 18 inches high. Cattle like it, but it grows slower than Guinea grass, and does not give the same out-turn. It has this advantage, it thrives well in a danp, even a wet, situation. The best method of propagating is to cut the long Jateral stems into short lengths. Broadcast these sparingly over the surface, and cover lightly with soil. The plot on the farm since ithas become fully established has been cut twice at an interval of 87 days. The yields of green fodder were:— Yield per Acre. lbs. lst cutting of 10,700 2nd cutting 18,020.” Panicum spectabile, MNees.—A valuable fodder plant long established in Brazil and other parts of tropical America. It is known as “Capim de Angola.” According to Spruce it is also called“ Canna Ranna.” The stem is stout, 5 to 6 feet high, with the nodes softly bearded. The leaves ere 3 feet long and about an inch broad. The spikes are numerous, with the spikelets arranged in 4—6 series. It belongs to the same section of Panicum as the “Cockspur grass” (P.Crus-galli). By some it is regarded as only a robust variety of that species. The Brazilian specimens in the Kew Herbarium are, however, well marked, This grass was introduced, according to Martius, #2. Brass., ii., pt. 2, p.148, from the South-West Coast of Africa. It prefers moist situations, and spreads rapidly everywhere. On the Miger, Barter de- scribed it as “an aquatic grass 6 feet high.” In East Africa Kirk speaks of it as supplying “ the richest fodder for cattle.” It is very widely spread in tropical America, in Cuba (Wright), Jamica (MacF'adyen), various parts of Brazil, and south as far Paraguay. It is a very desirable grass to introduce into the Hast Indies. Seeds of “Capim de Angola” sent to Kew by Glaziou (Kew Heports, 1880, p. 16) proved to be ‘‘ Para grass” Panicum mutrewm, Worsk.). Panicum texanum, Buckley. — “ Blue-grass,” “ Colorado grass,” ‘‘ Buffalo grass,” or ‘ Austin grass.” An annual grass little known outside Texas, The plant is furnished with an abundance of rather short, broad leaves, and the stems, which are rather weak, are often produced in considerable number froma single root. It grows usually from 2 to 4 feet high. It prefers rich, alluvial soils, but stands drought well, though on dry uplands the yield is much reduced. It is especially valuable for hay. Paspalum conjugatum, Berg.— ‘Sour grass’ of Jamaica. ‘ Green grass” of Singapore. A low grass rooting at the nodes, seldom more than 1 to 2 feet high, leaves bright green, flat, and cliate. The flowers arranged in two divergent spikes at the top of the stem. Widely distributed throughout tropical America and Africa. In- troduced to Ceylon and East Indies. In Jamaica this grass forms the excellent “‘ low-bite ” pastures in the warmer parts of the island. It spreads rapidly, and covers the ground to the exclusion of everything else. In Ceylon this grass was described by Dr. Thwaites as growing well in shade and in places exposed to the sun, and it retained its fresh green appearance even during the dry season. It is a somewhat coarse grass, but when cut and slightly dried it has been found a very acceptable food to cattle and horses, In Singapore this grass is equally valued, and it deserves to be more widely known in the East. Paspalum distichum, Z. (B. vaginatum, Sw.). — Silt grass” or “Water couch.” ) Cola-nut.—A fresh supply of 285 seeds (from Jamaica) was received from Kew, through the Crown Agents, in November, and were distributed among the low-country gardens; they have mostly germinated well. Palmirah Bristles—In my report for 1891, page 15, I made some remarks on this new product from the Northern Province, and on the reckless manner in which young trees had been destroyed by stripping the leaves. It now appears taat so far from this wanton destruction having been puta stop to, it has been allowed to increase, and even to spread to private plantations, whence thieves have been taking leaf-stalks at night. From the Government Agent’s report for 1893 it appears that the shipments of this product from the northern ports to Colombo were in 1891 9,029 ewt., in 1892 12,178 ewt:, and in 1893 8,743 cwt., of the total value of Rs. 394,896. It is high time that a stop be put toa reckless destruction of the most valuable tree of the northern couniry. Calathea Allowia.—\ recorded the receipt of this vegetable from Trinidad in my report for last year. It grows well at Péradeniya, but its tubers here cannot be regarded as a good substitute for potatoes, being quite tasteless though pleasant in texture; they are small, and only I lb. 5 oz. was afforded by the stool dug up. Fruits at Hakgala.—Myv. Clark reports :— The various English fruit trees continue to make good growth. They have been carefully manured, and pruned of the thin weak wood. As weather permitted, grafting of the superior varieties was taken in hand ; 200 grafts of the large “ Ooty” plum were worked on to stocks of our common kind, and a large number of the named varieties of apples were put on to the ordinary one. The English blackberries fruited well, and seemed to benefit by the dry weather. The recently imported strawberries also fruited abundantly in April. Polygonum sachalinense.—This much-lauded fodder plant has made very poor growth ; on three occasions during the year the plants were leafless and dormant. Lucerne (Alfalfa) —Mr. Clark, who sent this variety from Peru in 1891, reports thatthe plot at Hakgala is flourishing. He says :— As many as seven cuttings have been made during the year, and, as in Peru it continues to crop for fifteen years, it may be considered a valuable fodder for the higher regions, especially the drier ones, of Ceylon. 10.—HERBARIUM, MUSEUM, AND LIBRARY. General Herbarium.—sSome slight further progress has been made in the arrangement of this for ready consultation, but the work requires far more time than I have to spare from more pressing duties. There is indeed many years’ work here for a botanical assistant. The only additions during the year have been from the Royal Botanical Gardens, Calcutta:— 280 sheets of mounted and named Indian plants. 80 Bambusee, named by Mr. Gamble of the Dehra Dun Forest School, whose Monograph of these Grasses will be shortly published. Ceylon Herbarium.—The Hepatice, the only group which remained unnamed and unarranged, were carefully examined by Mr. J. B. Farmer during his stay here in 1891, and he has since his return to England forwarded me a list of his determinations. I have thus been enabled to arrange them, and the whole of our series of Cryptogamic plants is now in a condition available for reference. é The draughtsman has made 23 finished coloured drawings of Ceylon planis during the year, and has completed all the remaining plates required for the Flora now in course of publication. He has also made drawings of several foreign plants of interest flowering in the garden, including Camoensia. “Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon.’—The second part of this work was published in London early in July. It continues the descriptions, &c., to the end of the Rubiacee. My time during this year has been mainly occupied with the preparation of Part 3, which has proved a heavy piece of work. It carries on the account to the Balanophoracee (over 700 more species), and may be expected to be out by the middle of this year. This work has taken upso much time, that beyond the usual periodical visits to the Branch Gardens I have done no botanical travelling. wa) N , 7 r vets ~ > : ry « Museum.—T wo more upright wall cases have been set up in room IV. (Foreign Products), and are filled with a collection of Indian fibres. All our museum specimens are now accommodated and labelled, but I should like to see the collection much extended. Library.—The following are the additions made to the Garden Library during the year :— Jackson, Index Kewensis, Parts 2 and 3. 1893-94. De Candolle, Monographie Phanerogamarum, VIII. 1893. Veitch, Manual of Orchidaceous Plants, Part 10. 1894. (Completing the work.) Trimen, Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon, Part 2. 1894. (Presented by Author, 4 copies.) Hooker, Flora of British India, Part 20, 1894. (Presented by the India Office.) King, Materials for Flora of Malay Peninsula, Part 6. 1894. (Presented by Author.) Id., Anonacee of British India, 1893 (Amn. Bot. Gard., Galeutta, TV.) (Presented by Author.) Pierre, Flore Forest de la Cochin-Chine, Parts 19 and 20. 1894. (Presented by the French Government.) Records of Botanical Survey of India, Parts 1 and 2. 1893-94. (Presented by Government of India.) Colville, Botany of Death Valley (California). 1893. ( Presented.) . esa) Coulter, Manual of Plants of W. Texas, I. 1894. (Presented.) Id., N. American Species of Cactus, &c. 1894. (Presented.) Vasey, Graminee of the South. 1587. (Presented.) Id., Grasses of the Arid Districts of Texas, &e. 1888. (Presented.) Id.. Illustrations of N. American Grasses, I. and IL. ( Presented.) Id., Monograph of Grasses of United States and British America, I, 1892. (Presented.) Crombie, Monograph of British Lichens, I. 1894. (Presented by Trustees of British Museum.) The (Indian) Agricultural Ledger, 27 numbers. (Presented by Indian Government. ) Hooker’s [cones Plantarum, ser. 4, I1., 4; IID., 4; IV., land 2. 1894. (Presented by the Bentham Trustees.) Handbooks of Commercial Products, India (Imp. Inst. Series), 14 numbers. 1894. ( Presented.) Annales du Jard. Bot., Buitenzorg, Vol. XIL., Part 1. 1894. (Presented by the Director.) ‘ Catalogue de la Bibliotheque du Jard. Buitenzorg, Ed. 2, 1894. (Presented by the Director.) - Missouri Botanic Garden, 5th Annual Report. ( Presented.) Koorders, Plantenk. Wordenboek v.d. Boomen Java, 1894. (Presented.) Id. and Valleton, Boomsorten v. Java. 1894. ( Presented.) Indian Museum Notes, I.—III., 3. (Presented by Trustees of Indian Museum.) The volumes for the year 1894 of the following periodicals have also been added to their respective series :—Botanical Magazine, Gardeners’ Chronicle (presented), Journal of Botany, Kew Bulletin (presented), Nature, Pharmaceutical Journal (presented), Tropical Agriculturist. The Library has also received numerous Reports and Official Papers from various Colonial, Indian, and Foreign Governments, and my thanks are due to all the donors. 7 A number of books have been bound; among them I have made up a volume of the Annual Reports of the Royal Botanic Gardens from 1843-60, obtained with great difficulty from many sources. If there were any earlier printed reports I have been unable to discover them. 11.—RECEIPTS FROM SALES. I am sorry to observe an increase in sales in Pérddeniya, as it is mainly due to the demand for ordinary garden plants by residents in the Colony, in India, and in Australia, and Wardian cases and boxes of orchids for travellers. I should be glad to see such sales entirely abolished at least at Pérddeniya, as outside the scope of a great Botanic Garden. Indeed to carry them out properly we have neither the men, the means, or the time. The propagation of ordinary garden plants for public sale should be, in my opinion, left to private enterprise, the Botanic Garden restricting itself to making exchanges only, and the usual gratis distribution to official places. The sale of new economic plants and seeds to planters and others comes under another category, and should, of course, not be interfered with, such distribution being an important part of the objects of the Department. The receipts for the year were :— : Sales. Number of ‘ Rs...) 1G Purchasers. From Péradentya abc Ras 2,389 81 no 484 Hakgala ... 20 sec 815 21 oe 128 Henaratgoda 3. poe 605 53 ote 82 Anuradhapura cee AS 68 25 bia 42 Badulla ... =6 eae Buk 3 47 Total- ... 3,971 88 783 The estimated value of plants and seeds supplied gratis is :— Ba. :. From Péradeniya Bos eee ee 435 0 Hakgala = 55 oe 474 35 Henaratgoda 3 Roe je 60 60 Badulla B6C a se 122 88 Total ... 1.492 .83 12.— EXPENDITURE. ei The total cost of my Department for the year has been :-— . Re? dos a-- Rea ies} Lb Rsii ©. Re | ie Salaries doo 390 — 21,547 66 Stationery... ; 180 DKD ___.. 286 15 ch unassorted 1650 34 Lot Box Deserip- Weight 181 Chesterford 286 20 ch bro pek 2100 +4 No. Mark, No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. c. ae4 20) ABs. fo peyoe 4 27 bid 3 Kanerioabage 5 12 ch or pek 12.0 58 183 282 13 do pek sou 1300 27 4 7 9 do ee ook 184 Deltotta .., 294 52 ch bro pek 5200 39 - cael oe wen 2426 «= «451 bid 185 296 17 do pek 1530 36 4 oe 7m s 186 298 26 do pek sou 2340-32 ~y AB 3 ee fans pry 187 300 6 do sou 54024 cf be ee ened oo 0 188 Clunes 302 31 g-ch bropek 1550 55 8 15 85 do sae tt 2198 ay 189 304 23 do pek No.1 1035 33 20 1-38 a> “ - a7 bia 190 396 40 do pek No.2 1800 31 - 19 10 & pek cou = 29 bid 191 308 13 ch pek sou 1170-26 2 ae oe | rl ae 4 192 Minnawatta- “i : 13 °¥ 22° 8 ch «ott pok 730 2 kelle ...310 7 ch bro pek 760 with d’n 14 * 3 : o 4 4 81 193 SK «. 312 35%4ch pekoe 1750 62 4 ~ jooded 24 2 194 Kirindi .. 414 6 ch »bropek 600 76 16 i eae | 17 ne Ae Fc a0 eet ine 5 17 Portewood .. 28 7 do sou 5t0 ~ 9 a es 310.3 'do vsol 270 «© -22 bid + Kalkande .. 2 = t-8 pek sou 1000 198 322 1-ch_ red leaf 47 «16 oo breed rd - 1000-35 bid 199 324 1 do dust 15 23 nx fe TE iro pel 1009 55 bid 200 Monrovia ... 326 2)43-ch bro pe 1000 48 22 Relugess |. 37 2 ch gon 200 15 202 230 9 eh re 7030 23 23 Comar > BB 44 f-ch bro pek 2200 F3 Hr} 202 -¢ ‘ oss 203 Moalpedde.. 332 7 ch brope 700 Al ~ rH do joes ime 27 bid ay ee 3 BY ae che z 26 Nabslma .. 44 6 do dust 375 . bid 906 288 4 Re conzon, ol = a Rove ive 4 : * copgou 20 207 310 2 do rei lea 5 ~ 308 342 1 do umassorted 100 49 oa held ‘s Seb nas mized 160 4 209 344 1 do dust 105 24 32 a | rr 50 4 17 210 Augusta .,.346 9 ch bro pe 900 75 33 52 2 do o—_ +4 23 au Bab) Boo «Dee aa 36 Norton .. 53 12 do upas 960 ab bi an gop ae 0 Ghee meme. . SEAR igaiee 35 55 12 do dust so Sul 213 5 ts) sou 214 354 1 do dust _ 159 36 4 2.42 e. 4 gis BTN -. 356 13 4-ch sou 728 =«16 44 BGA 7 20 $-ch bro ‘a M4 glé 368 2 do bro pe fans I60 28 | 35 69 18 ch pe = 60 gl7 360 2 do congou 1146022 al Sich par a 918 862 2 do red leaf 31 14 | 46 ae ee ion 4 bid 200 Manangoda 363 3 3 ip pe 308 50 | 47 Arcadia * i 25 4-ch bro pe 131520 +7 5a 388 4 do pok 400 29 48 “4 do pek 1224 (26 bid 22 70 3 do Fe sou 0 23 Ascot 372 1 ch congou 100021 Messrs. ForpEs & WALKzER put up for sale at the 924 ean i. z ge pus ld a Cues of leas Sale-room on the 13th June 25 c us’ the undermentioned lots o i 206 North Oove 378 9 ch congou 900 35 sold: as under-— . f tea (362,043 Ib.), which 927 380 11 %-ch dust 880 29 1G 422 15 ch con sis 928 Theberton .,. 382 304-ch bro pe 1500 9 43 2GMRA -.4% 8 ao” ae 1260 16 926 884 32.do pek 1609-28 | 3 Kobo «4281 do” dust no. = 930 386 43 do pesos 2150 = 28 fa 2B 6 do”) Sorts 570. 331 388 16 do pe fans 800 27 | §& D, in estate 27 932 K ». 390 4 ch bro pe 400 21 mark ee eee me 933 392 4 do pek 360 8621 6 432 92h dost a 26 934 394 1 do Fe sou Bi 8 os 7 St.Helen ... 434 20 ao bro pek 12¢¢ 28 a5 gos i do fans ig 2 : 486 20 do fekoe 10003 2 ' 438 20 do pek sou 900 — 37 Balgownie.. 400 11 ch brope 1100s 4 | 26 oo) ae 402 14 do pekoe 1000 83 ged ao ee ae io ee ee 939 404 19 do pe sou 1615 927 | 17 454 13 do P . 650 34 940 406 5 do umassoried 425 25 18 Hethersett .. 456 15 ao eek pik 28 1 408 3 do dust 390 23 | 1 *"isa38 an’ feo een , 942 410 1 ch pek 90 20 20 400 20 ch ro pe i 165 ai3 Blenheim 412 23 ch flowery or pe 3332 64 bid | 5) 183°"> an Laws eine 244 414 36 do unassorted 3400 38 bid | J 464 2 4-ch = = 46 3b 416 40 do pe gou A000, 083010 | 23 Goran! 408 Ie sig eee eee 946 418 22 do pe fans 2640 30 bid 24 468 }1 ch oe bs 45 247 420 204-ch pe dust 1710.27 25 pig ie eae) _ ed 28 —_—— eae 472 1 do redleat 99 7% Mesers- BENHAM & BREMNER pnt up or sale at the 28 a. oe 2 7 at = = 46 Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 6th Jane | 2% 478 8 do fans 48) 3e : : 30 480 22 do congou 880 99 the undermentioned lots of tea (4,772 lb.) which | 31 482 8 do b “3 5 4 TO tea 376 15 Id as under: ‘ . 32 Pansalatenne 484 35 ch bro pek 337543 Le ce : F eo 486 31 do pekce 3100 35 Lot Box. _ Desorip- Weight 34 488 21 do pek acu 1995 95 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. ct. Bs » - a congou 400 19 1 Pannapitiya.. 42 1 ch dust 62-23 37 BDW .. 404 16 “de es ee 2 44 1 do bromix 50 929 38 496 11 ch " pek sou 9 2e bid 3 46 11 do pekoe 550 28 bid | 39 498 10 do : 4 25 bid 4 48 6 do bro pek 250 38 #12-ch°? gon 105 5 Battalgalla... 50 8 ch pekscn 800 32 40 500 4 co redleaf 336 #25, 6 53. 4 do fans 360 25 41 502. 2 ch fans 156 20 bid 7. Elston, in est. ) 42. 504 5 dot 19 bid mark -» 54 30 do pek sou 2700 §=©25 bid 62-ch dust 1070-4 bid CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 | Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Descrip- Weight | No. Mark No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. C, No. Mark No. Pkgs. tion. pee | 43 M -» 16 1 ch 137 694 2 ch pekoe 170 28 1 $-ch — pekoe 138 28 135 696 1 do pesou |. q7 25 44 SV -. 608 18 ch pek sou 1530 25 139 628 3 do fans 384 28 f 45 510 12 do fans 1440 21 140 Nugagalla .. 700 24 4-ch bro pek 1200 qZ | 46 612 3 do red leaf 282 15 141 72 77 do pekoe 8850 38 62 Ederapolla ,., 524 30 3-ch broorpek 1500 37 142 704 12 do pek sou 600 Q7 53 526 22 do pekoe 1760 39 143 705 4 do dust 320 27 | 54 528 21 do pek sou 1575 26 144 Waitalawa... 703 24 do bro pe 1200 £0 55 BE + ., 530 5 ch — pek sou 450 26 145 710 75 do pekee 3750 4 | E6 d 532 9 do dust 1170 24 145 712 20 do pe sou 1600 99 57 Glenorchy ... 534 83 4-ch bro pek 4980 63 147 Hunugalla.. 714. 10 do bro pek 1100 3b 58 536 97 do pekoe 5235 47 148 716 10 do pekoe 1050 28 bid 59 538 1 do dust 95 25 149 718 10 do pek sou 1000-93 bid | 62 Torwood .,. 544 39 do bro pek 4095 64 150 Wewesse ... 729 46 4-ch bropek 2760 = gg 63 546 58 do pekoe 4930 37 151 722 53 do pekoe 2915 38 64 548 20 do wek sou 1800 27 152 724 23 do pek sou 12353 65 50 5 4-ch bropek dust 400 26 153 726 6 do sou 30095 66 Scrubs wes 502 12° ch broorpek 120) 72 bid 164 728° do bro tea 65 19 67 554 21 do bro pek 2310 69 155 730 2 do fans 1300435 68 656 32 do pekoe «880 49 166 W327 do duat 590 25 69 658 12 do pek sou 400 46 157 Regeen .,, 734 12 do bro pek 510-36 bid 70 Lsxapsna- 158 736. 31 do pekoe 1240 39 bid galla .. 560 50%-ch broorpek 2750 36 159 738 21 ¢o pe sou 8:0 -o4 bid 71 562 50 do pek 2500 29 160 740 2 do congou 80 19 bik 72 564 50 do peks-u £850 8925 161 742, 2 do fans 120 3 bid | 732 AG .. 596 8 ch bro pek| 840 5S 162 Farm .. 744 3 do dust 210 928 | 74 568 13 do pekoe 1105 39 163 7i6 «1 «do bro tea 50 25 765 Asgeria ..570 1 do dust 156-27 169 KB -. 758 1 do sou 95 93 16 EREO ww. 572 1 do dust 140 25 170 760 2 do dust 260 23 | 77 Ambalawa ,. 574 11 do bro pek 1100.37 bid | 171 Robhill ». 762 1 }-ch duat 90 92 78 Caranden ... 576 10 ch bro pek 1138042 172 Thedden .. 76 22 ch bro pek 2420 gy 79 578 8 do pekoe 83337 173 766 28 do pekoe 2800-39 | 80 580 6 do pek sou 607 5 174 768 4 do pe sou 860 26 81 PDA ». 682 4 do bro or pek 405 40 175 710 2 do dust 300 ae 82 584 5 4-ch pekoe 2655 24 176 Sandringham 772 46 3-ch br orpek 2990 gg bid 83 Knavesmire., 586 26 ch bro pek 2860 32 bid 177 Oaskieben ,,. 774 40 ch flowery pek 4000 53 bid 84 588 46 do pekoe 4140 2 178 776 32 do pekoe 3200 34 bid 85 590 17 do pekoe No.2 1700 24 179 778 6 do unas 600 og 86 592 15 do sou 1200 23 | 180 780 2 do pe fans 260 OL 87 594 15 do bre mix 1975 15 {181 EH .. 782 14 ch bro orpek 1470 42 did 88 596 29 do mnas 2320 19} | 182 784 12 do or pok 1200 4g bia 89 598 28 do seu No.2 1689 17 bid | 183 786 19 do pekos 1710-435 90 600 3 do dust 390 =. 28 184 7188 4 do peksou 340 39 91 Amblakande,,.6(2 15 do bro pek 1500 5t 185 790 9 do dust 132395 92 604 15 do pekoe 1350 35 iss MAH ... 796 3 do congou 309. 949 93 606 36 do pe sou 324027 189 Tisted .,, 798 354-ch bro pek. 1750 47 94 608 4 do sou 36u 24 190 800 49 do pekoe 2205-36 5 AK, in estate 191 802 23 do pek sou 1035 99 mark +. 610 1 do pekoe 93 27 192 Liliawatte.. 804 6 ch sou 600 rT.) } 96 6l2 2 do pek sou 160 024 193 N ... 806 18 do sou 1600 og 97 Palmerston ... 614 91 4-ch bro pek 126089 | 194 £08 1 do dust 10 oS 98 616 27 do pekoe 2430-554 195 G «- 810 18 do sou 1710 24 99 618 10 do pek sou £50 45 196 812 2 do dust 280 24 100 Chesterford 620 13 do peks.u 130027 187 OGA, in est. 101 Anningkande 622 16 ch bro pek 1780 54 mark e< #14 1 ch bro pekfan 140 28 102 624 16 do pekoe 1€09 4 193 816 1 do dust 120 9¢ 103 626 15 do pek sou 1500 28 169 818 1 do bro mix 101 20 104 628 2 do congou 200 =. 20 209 Bagdad .., 820 34-ch dust 255 a3 105 Middleton ,. 630 40 4-ch bro pek 2400 7 201 * 622 7 do bro tea 4:2 24 106 632 15 ch pekoe 15v0 50 202Koorooloogalla &24 23 ch bro peg 2300 59 107 634 10 do pek sou 950 36 203 826 18 do pekoe 1725 3 108 M .. 636 13 4-ch bro pek 7800 BT 204 828 12 do peksou 1080 37 109 638 7 ch pek 700 = 40 205 830 5 do sou 425 og 110 640 6 do pek sou 475 35 206 Blackwood.,. 832 10 4-ch bro tea 600 32 111 BD WG... 642 44-ch dust 349-25 207 834 8 do fans ain 112 BD WP... 644 4 do bro pek fans 240 25 203 K +. 8836 2 ch peksou 209 og 113 646 6 do dust 522 24 209 838 1 do dust 180 24 114 648 1 ch _ red leaf j112 (14 218 Dammeria.. §56 78 ch broorpek. 4680 + 1155 BDWA.., 650 26 do sou 2360-25 219 858 75 do pekoe 7500 at 116 652 3 do dust 4750-23 220 860 14 de peksou 1400 34 117 654 4 do bropekfan 4%5 &5 221 862 2 do sou 200 o 118 658 4 do bromix 36) 16 922 864 2 do dust 290 of 119 658 2 do fans 250 83=—28 223 MA .. 866 12 ch broorpek 1140 ae 1230 Osbarne .., 660 18 do broorpek 1232 34 224 Langdale .. 858 20 do bro pok 2400 ie 121 682 2 do ekoe 21000 23 225 870 20 do C) 2409 S 122 €64 3 do ro tea 351 16 bid 226 872 19 do pekoe 1900 50 123 Wewagoda 6¢6 3 ch bro pek 330 942 227 874 18 do de 1800 = 124 6638 8 do pekce 800 27 228 876 3 do dust 420 aS 125 670 13 do pek sou 1300 22 229 Polatagama 878 47 }-ch bro pek a30 | #8 126 672 2 do sou 200 20 230 880 70 do pekoe 3500 47 bia 127 674 5 4-ch pek fans 35u 15 231 882 41 do pek sou 2050 5 1 do _ do 70 «12 232 684 25 do fang 137534 bid 128 676 2 ch pexdust 20 12 233 Kirrimettia 836 15 do bro pek 750 40 129 Fred’s Ruhe 675 19 4-ch bro pek 959 51 234 888 31 ch pekoe 1890 40 130 680 29 ch pekce 2900 33 235 890 9 4-ch bro mix 4l4 a 131 692 17 do pe sou 1700.27 236 99an 8 dol.. dust a0 2 132 684 2 do fans 260 31 239 Harringten’ 898 15 }-ch flow pok Bret Ace 133 WA ». 686 5 do pekoe 52526 240 | 920 14 do broor pek 1541 * 134 688 2 do bro mix 200 «15 241 902 16 do pekoe Teniieeros 135 690 1 4-ch dust 8&8 24 242 904 5 do pek sou ie a7 136 DK .. 6922 2 ch _ bro pek 17040 243 906 2 do dust 200" tor ne 4 Lot Box Deserip- Weight No. Mark, No, Pkgs. tion. Ib. @. 251 Clunes.—(Erracht Division) .,. 942 50 4-ch broek 2251) 61 252 924 69 ch pebkcoe 5015 25 252 926 20 do pek sou 1609 29 DEA 928 20 do bro mix 2009-85 255 Denmark Hill930 8 4-ch bro or pek 628 95 256 932 18 do tro pe« 1188 76 257 934 11 ch pekoe 1100 54 258 986 6 do pek sou 425 44 262 Hatale +. 944 39 ch bro pek 4446 41 bid 263 946 26 do pekoe 2470 22 bid 264 9148 32 do pek gou 2720 25 bid 255 950 15 do bro pe No. 2 1710 35 bid 266 Ferandole .. 952 40 ch bro pek 4000 30 bid 267 954 €0 do ee 6600 25 bid 272 WHR ... 964 7 do ro pex 805 48 273 966 @ do pekoe 560 35 74 968 1 do pek sou 90 26 215 970 1 do pk sou fans 125 24 276 972 3 Co dust 480 24 277 Dromore .. 974 12 ch bro pek 1388 = 45 278 $76 11 do pekce 1100 29 bid 279 978 1 do congou 100021 280 980 5 do dust 375 24 281 E D, in estate mark . 982 1 do bro pek 80 40 282 Chalmers .. 984 34 do bro pek 2720 59 283, 986 62 do pekoe 4340 40 bid 284 988 29 do peck sou 2030 BL 265 99) 3B do dust 3600 3 286 992 2 do scu 140 21 287 ‘Thornfield .. 994 46 }-ch brorek 2760 13 268 996 £3 ch pekoe 23C0 48 bid 289 998 2 do pek sou 200-387 290 1000 34-ch pek duet 240 27 291 Clunes ww. (2 42 ch bro mix 3780 out Messrs. BenHAM & BREMNER put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce sale-room on the 13th June, the under mentioned lots of Tea (8,789 lb.), which sold as under : = Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkz. tion. Ib. ot 1 Elston, in est. mark » 44°93 ch congou 310 15 2. 46 4 do du-t 280 22 3 48 2 do bro mix 200 22 4 50 25 do pek sou 2250 26 5 Mahanilu 62 4 do dust 320 25 6 54 12 do pek sou 1080 33 7 Hope Well .. &6 1 do pekson 80 30 8 68 1 do pekoe 84 39 9 €0 2 do bro pek 14246 10. Sutton 62 2 do pek sou 168 25 il 64 5 do ‘208 745 29 Messrs. A. H. THompson & Co. put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 13th June, the undermentioned lots of tea (49,400 Ib.) which sold as under :— Lot Descrip- Weight No, No. Pks tion. Ibs eile. 1 Bogahagodde Watte 1 38 4-ch_ bro pek 180 47 2 ges “do pekce 275 30 3 3 Il do pek sou 605 25 4 5 2 do s0u 100 21 5 6 2 do dust 160 23 G& Portswood.. 7 10 ch sou sco. «48 7 9 5 2-ch dust 400-34 8 Nahalma 10 5 ch dust 375 =: 22 bid UL Pambagama - 14 6 do dust 540 22 42 16 23 do congou 3840 24 pb WN «. 91 132 do pekce 950 28 bid 16 Woodend .. 23 2 do stu 180 19 evs : 24° 2 do dust 225 23 18 Vogan 25 18 co pekee 1530 = 35 bid a9 Wanharaka ... 27 20 do unas 2300 26 bid 20 Engurakande’ 29 15 3-ch bro pek 960 33 bid Bi 1 It do pekoe 547 27 bid 22 Ocdovil -.'83 23 do bro pek 2047 28 bid 23 35 24 do pekoe 1208 24 bid 2A 37 014 ch? 13-ch acu 1451 16 bid 98 Ardgowan .. 43 28 ch bro pek 3060 33 bid 29 45 18 do pekce 1808 27 bid 30 47 22 do pek sou 2222 21 bid 3. 49 13 3-ch broorpek 890 25 bid ‘GBYLON OBSERVER’ PRESS, COLOMBO. -CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. i Lot Box Descrip- Weight he Mark. No. Pkgs. tion, hh. -, B&D 51 3 ch dust “5 2 33 St. Leonards 52 38 $-ch bro pek 2660 «= 44 34 61 20 do pekos 1300 28 bid 35 56 i ¢o dust 70 «633 38 Hazelmere ... 61 7ibex or pek 355 75 39 62 51 §-ch bro pek 2080 «= 64 bid 40 64 31 ch pekoe 3255 38 41 66 14 do pek sou 1400 29 bid 42 €8 4 do dust 26 43 St. Leonsrds 69 2 ch bro mix he 19 44 Yalta 70 5 ch pekoe 54 45 Ugieside 72 4 do dust 620 «23 46 i3 3 do bro tea 309 20 bid 47 74 +. do bro mix 95 15 48 Vetadela 75 19 ch = pekoe 1890 «=: 8 bid CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent Mincirne Lanz, May 25th 1894. Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lave up to 25th May:— Ex “Ameer’—Mahakande, 1b 105s; 1¢ 105; 20 1t 101s; lb 95+; 1b 100e. (MK'T), 1b 87s; 1b overtaken 968. ‘otk “Ksisow' ‘—Oabragalls, 15 104+; 2c Ib 104s 64; e 1t102s; 1b 92s; 1t 120s; 1 86%; Ib 84s; lb 103s; 1b tins 963. Kew, 1t 113s; le lt 107s; 1b 998; lo 181s; 1b 89s. (K), 1b 90s. Ex “City of Bomhay”—Broughton, le 108s; 2c lt 103s 63; 1t 938 6d; le 115 1b 883, CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. Commercial Correspondent), Mincine Lane, May 25th, 1894. Ex ‘‘Kaisow’—Keenakelle A,3SD. B,5b 48s. Ex "*Kiasow’’—Mahaberia (OBEC)O, 18D60s. Kon- desalle (OBEO)B, 165 34s. Tyrells, 110b 70s; 5 SD 60s. J J Van- (From Our Ex “Glenorchy’’—Britton (K), 7b 50% derspar & Co.B No. 1 coroa, 2040s. Ib No. 2, 2b 40s; Nibs, lb 35s. CEYLON CARDAMOM ‘SALES IN LONDON. — (From wur Commercial Gorresponden t.) Mincine Lanz, May 25th, 1894. Ex “‘Kattcow’—Duckwari, le 289d; 1e¢ 2s 1d; 2c 2s 1d; le ls 7; le 1s 6d. Nawanagalle, 20 2s 7d; 2c 1s” 11°; 2c 1s 10d; 5e 1s 6¢; 1c ls 7d; 3c 1s 6d. (F), 3cls 8d; "33.13 94. MC 3c 1s 6d; 9c 1s 7d. Ex “Ameer”—Knuckles, ‘le 88 4d; 10 2s 8d; 2c 2s 3d. Group, Ie 1s 10d; le 23; le 1s 74. Vicarton, 2c 2s 5d; 4e 1s 11d. Ex ‘City of Oxford”—VB (984), 15c 1s 7d. Ex “Ameer”—Vedehette, 40 23 10!; 50 1s 4d; 2e 2s 2d; 22 1510d; 3c 13 65; le 1s 64. Ex‘ ‘Orizaba’ ’—Nellaoolla, 5¢ 23 2d; 62 Is 104; 2c 1s 6d; le 1s 42; le ls 73. Ex « Ameer”—Gallantenne, le 3s; ic 33 5d; 10¢ 2s 6d; 802-5 2223; 5¢ 13 10d. Deipotonoye, le 2s 10d; 1c Qe 9d; Be 1s 10d; 1c 1s 6d; 3c1s8d. Ex “Yorksbire”—Bulatwatte, Mysore, 1c Qs, Ex ‘‘Ameer”—Gonavelle, 20 2s 5d; 2c 2s 2d. Ex “Mira’’—Wariagalla, Mysore, 1c 23 47; Ie Is 5d, dc 1893; THA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SAUKS. oe NO. 19.] CotomsBo, JUNE 23, 1894. {EBtCE :—123 cents each; 3 copies. ‘30 cents; 6 copies $ rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Messre. SoMERVILLE & Co. put up for sale at the Ohamber of Oommerce S:le-room on the 13th Jane, the undermeutioned lots of tea (101,610 lb.) which sold ag under :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs, tion. Ib see: 1 Walahanduwa 80 9 ch bro pek 900 57 2 81 13 do pekoe 1300 37 3 82 8 do pek sou 800 27 4 838 7 do sou 700 25 5 8t 1 do dust 150 24 6 85 1 do red ieaf 105 15 7 Kelani ve. 86 33 $-ch br: pek 2090 60 8 87 43 do pek 1935 32 bid 9 88 30 do pek scu 1650 27 10 89 4 do bro tea 180 14 11 90 2 do fans 90 24 12 9 "2 ‘do dust 1€0 24 19 Alpitikande, Ceylon .. 98 33-ch broor pek 180 «40 kid 20 99 7 do pekoe 750 = 80 bid 21 100 8 do pek sou Biat) 27 bid 22 1/1 do dust 80 23 26 Hatiowa 5 26 ch bro pek —-. 2600 34 bid 27 6 30 do pekoe 2553 28 28 7 57 do pek sou 4815 25 bid 29 8 2 do dust 300 22 30 Narangoda 9 17 do bro pek 1800-37 31 10 14 do pekoe 1400 30 32 11 18 do pek sou 1800 27 383 Diyagama .. 12 65 do bro pek 500 36 34 13 6 do pekoe 600 27 35 14 5 do pek sou 500 24 36 15 2 do fans 155 24 37 1é 1 do dust 85 22 38 ld Ll idd mixed 91 15 39 BG -» 18 64-ch unas 233 22 bid 40 Debatgama.. 19 1 ch fans + “110 23 41 20 1 do dust 129 23 42 JCDS «. 21 24 }-ch bro pek 1200 50 48 22 10 ch pekoe 1000 <0 44 23 12 do pek scu 1140 25 45 24 2 do bro mix 250 20 46 25 2 do red leaf 136 14 53 Ukuwella .,. 38 42 do bro pek 4200 4i 54 33 32 do pekce 3200 33 55 f 3k 2L do pek sou 210) 28 bid 56 Ingeriya .. 35 7ich bro pex 3&5 6 57 36 10 do pekce 600 31 58 37 14 do pek sou 672 25 59 38 4 do bro mix 208 19 60 39 2 do bro tea 132 23 67 Allakolla ..; 46. 88 do bro pek 1815 33 68 47 25 ch pekce 2500 30 69 48 12 do pek sou 1140-25 70 49 14-ch dust 20 29 71 T, ivestate mark «- 50 5 ch unas 475 26 12 51 1g do pek sou 1805 25 73 62 8 do sou 680 2s 74 53 4 do fan 440 24 75 54 44-ch dust - 288 24 76 Goovambil .. 55 20 do bro pek 1200 43 77 66 20 do pekoe 1100 34 78 57 10 do pek sou 550 26 72 Mousakanda 658 4 ch _ bro pek 448 50 80 59 5 do pek sou 500 32 81 60 2 dch dust (Acme packages) 140 28 82 HHH -. 6L 1 4-ch pelkce 46 30 83 62 1 ch pek sou 76 20 84 63 2 do sou 200 22 85 64 2 do bro tea 160 16 86 65 2 4-ch dust 160 23 87 66 4 do do No, 2 300 23 88 Malvern A... 67 9 do bro pek 495 37 89 68 14 do peke 77 80 90 69 3 do pek sou 165 28 3 Peria Kande- beitia AD 37 ch or pek 1870 43 4 73 #16 do bro pek 2000 61 95 74 81 do pex 1400-33 96 75 14 do pelt sou 1400 27 97 76 11 do bro mix 6U5 15 98 7 8 do dist 210 *° 22 49 Ottery and Stm- Mr. A. M. Gepp put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce sale-room on the 13th June, the un- dermentioned lots of tea (4,811 lb.), which sold as under :— 5 Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark No, Pkgs. tion. Ib. -@. r 5 1 mos 2 nay Chr pek sou eat 22 1 $-ch do 60 6 14 3 ch pek dust 460 } 22 1 4-ch dust 9i Mr. KE. Joun pnt up for scale at the Ch:mber of Commerce Sale-Room on the 13th June, the un- dermentioned lots of tea (76,250 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. kgs. tion. Iba ec: 1 Ca'innder .. 187 2t 4-ch pexk sou 1050 35 2 W—T wn S89), Yomch bro pex 1500 40 3 191 3 ch pekoe Py (0) 33 4 193 20 do pek sou 1500 30 5 195 12 do sou 1080 26 6 Great Vailey 197 33 do bro pek 3530 62 7 199 33 do pekos 3800-46 8 201 21 cdo pek sou 1995 33 9 i 203 7 4-ch = dust 595 28 lu Eila Fold Ata nePh eal bro pek 2000 5a 11 207 50 do pekoe 4500 34 12 209 15 do peksou 1350 27 13 Ajlingtin .. 211 35 3-ch bro pex 1740 49 14 213 26 do pekoe 1300 34 bid 15 215 21 do jes sou lus) “7 bia 15 217 3 do red leaf 165 16 17 218 3 do aust 240 26 18 Glentit me, PAM WSs Tan bro pek 1680 €3 dy 931° 12° do pek sou 1200 33 20 Apchankatte 223 2 do sou 200 19 21 Tarf wo 224° 18 ch bro pek 840 29 22 226 22 do pekoe 2209 30 23 228 18 do pexoe 18U0 26 24 GT eeB0. ab (do dust 570 23 25 282 13 do congou 1300 <8 25 Little Valley 234 11 do bro pek 1540 47 bid 27 236 30 do } ekoe 3000 37 bid 28 238 3 i-ch pek sou 150 23 | 29 239 3 do dust 210 24 34 Orwell ec evens, acl bro mix 1£0 18... 35 Blackburn .. 248 17 do bro pek 187u 40 bid 35 <5) 23 do pekoe 2230 23 37 Kotuwagedera 252 31 do oro pek 3100 38 38 234 22 do pekoe 220 30 39 Bollegalla .. 256 37 34-ch bro pek 2035 37 bid 40 258 30 ch pekce 2700 34 4) 260 19 do sk sou 1900 27 42 262 24-ch dust 180 22 43 Maddagedera 263 46. ch bro pea 5000 48 4t 235 31 do pekoe v945 33 45 267 39 do pe sou 1710 23 46 Henepama .. 269 1 do bro mix 115 lj 47 270 8 %-ch = dust 275 23 48 K,BT in est. Mark 271 5 ¢o bro tea 250 lu fird Hill .. 272 19 do bro pek 1045 Ga 50 274 25 do or pek 1250 67 51 276 17 «ch pekoe 1485 49 52 RS, io estat mark -- 278 3 do sou 270 30 63 279 #1 do dust lou 25 | Mr. A. M. Gerp put up for sale at the Chamber | of Commerce Sale-room on the 20th June, the un- | dermentioned lots of tea (4,541 1b,), which sold as under :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight | No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. 1 5, in estate mark -- 16 2 $-ch bro pek 10 43 2 18 6 do pekowe 00 29 3 20 8 do su 141 24 4 22 4 do bropeksou 189 20 5 Burnside .. 34 26 $ch bro pek lsue 4) bid 6 26 33 do pekoe 1900 33 7 88 lt do pek sou 550 “5 8 30 «1 do dust 60 2 : , = i nd a _ « 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIs!. [EE eee eee ee Messrs. Forpes & Wauser put up for sale at the | Lot Box Descrip- Weight Chamber of Commerce Sale room on the 20th Jone, | No. Mark No. Pkgs. __ tion. Ib og the undermentioned lots of tea (290,372 lb.), which | 85 Lowlands ., 172 11 ch bro pek 1100 4g 1d as under :— 86 174 9 do pekoe 810 By ce : f 87 176 10 do pek sou 800-26 Lot Box Descrip- Weight a a8 1 “4 = 4 26 Ve N ion. tye 4 4 vas 4 Now; Mark: No. .Bkge, ,,, tien ; 90 Malvern .. 182 204-ch bropekh 2900 97 1 Dorm 4 14 ch dust — 2100 26 91 164 40 do pekoe Bu0 4s 6 2 do bro mix <0) . 19 92 186 8 ch pek son 606 «a7 3 Citrus 8 12 %4-ch bro pek 660 48 93 168 l4-ch cuct 80 25 4 10 13 do yekoe 1300-25 94 Deaculla ... 190 4 ch bropek 240 «79 5 12° 5 cb rek sou 43024 95 192 11 $-ch prkoe 625 «45 6 lt 2% do unas 310 23 96 194 10 do pek sou 750 38 7 16 1 ¢o 97 196 3 do duct a400—Ciso25 1 4-ch brotea M47, M4 98 198 1 ch bro mix 6 2 8 18 4 ch fans 336 21 69 D 200 9 do bro pek 1082 37 bia» 9 20 1 do es lo’) CRD 102 44-ch dust 400-93 1 4-ch = pek dusb 226 20 101 m4 a4 8 on coe tat 300 15 0 G, in estate ¢ be 102 Aigburth .. 204 i¥ do ‘ans 1995 1 TK «e227 do bro pek 350. 20 103 A «. 28 2 do peksou 180 ~ n 24 1 da pekoe 50 238 144 AOB .. 810 4 do bro sek 380 30 12 Bt. Helen .. £6 20 co bropek 1200 40 105 219 3 do or pek 25 og 13 28 11 do pekoe 55028 105 214 2 do peace 180 gs 14 20 29 do pek sou 920 26 107 216 5 do pek fans 550g 15 32 4 do pe fans a0 28 108 218 6 do eongou 53019 16 Warargelia 34 40 ch bro pek 400) 62 109 2:0 8 do dust 1200 ga 7 36 35 do pekoer 3150," 110 Kakiriskande 222 12 do bro pek 660 BY 18 38 26 do pek sou 2340-28 111 221 15 do pekoe 75030 19 40 7 do dust 105024 1lz 225 9 do pek sou 450g 2 42 25 do bro pek 2500 113 228 2 do bro wix #0 17 21 44 31 do pekoe 3100 ont | 114 930 24-ch dust 10 94 22 46-4 do 4 115 Jambugeh:- 1 #-ch pek sou 450 watta .. 232 3 do bro pek 150 gy a 48 3 do bro tea 189 12bid | 116 234 8 do pekoe 400 ont 2 50 1 do dust 8) 618 117 236 13 do pek sou 650 og 25 Wilexande ... 52 12 do bropek 540, 58 118 Dambagas- 23 54 3 ch pekoe 270 = 83 talawa .. 2388 2 ch pek scu MO 57 27 56 28 do pek sou 1960 26 119 240 44-ch duet 260 Bt 63 68 33 3-ch unas 1710 31 1:0 DGT ... 242 2 ch bro pek 200 458 29 60 50 do bro tea 2500 21 121 244 4 do pores 400 46 20 62 4 ch _ red leaf 30014 124 Dunkeld .. 220 25 ch ro pek 2760 69 bid 31 64 3 do dust 3602 125 252 31 4-ch or pek 1550 4 32 Harrington 66 84-ch flowerypek 860 64 bid | 496 254 25 do pekoe 250044 35 eg 6 ch broorpek 660 52 bid | 42 256 2 do pek sou 20 3] 31 70 10 doe pekoe 1000 48 128 258 9 do pekfans 1395 94 25 72 3 do pek sou 300-25 129 Midlands... 260 44-ch Gust 30095 36 74 .1 do dust 150 2k 130 §t.Helier's 262 31 do broorpek 1550 70 37 Weoya .. 76 55 4-ch bropek 3025-35 131 264 35 ch pekoe 1600 43 38 78 31 do or pek 155021 132 266 7 do pek sou 70) 34 39 89 48 do pekoe 217023 133 Queensland 268 28 do flowery pek 2800 54 40 62 36 do pekeou 1800-26 134 270 24 do pekoe 2400 35 41 81 30 do sou 1500 20 135 272 3 do pek fang 390 gg 42 Chougbleigh 88 16 ch bro pek 1840 55 bid | 136 Bismark .. 274 84-ch bro pek 480 92 43 88 9 do pekce 900 43 137 276 17 ch pekoe 1700-52 bid aL 90 14 do eek sou 1330 37 128 278 10 4-ch pek sou 500 45 92 10 do sou 803-28 139 28) 1 do dust 120 4g Hunugalla.. 94 6 do bro pek 660 33 144 Polatagama 290 47 4-ch bro pek 2820 45 bid 43 Hunugalla.. 98 25 do peksou 2500 21 145 292 41 ch peksou 2050 97 49 100 1 do bro mix 100,.; 18 146 Court Lidge 294 37 j-ch bio pek 2257 = 68 50 Talgaswella 102 22 do bro pek 2200 «64 147 296 18 ch pekoe 1620 55 51 104 14 do pekce 1260 41 148 298 13 do pek sou 1040-40 59 108 9 do pek sou 810-29 149 300 1 do pekoe 17°40 53 108 1 do . congou 100 22 £0 302. 1 do pek fans 170-26 54 110 1 do dust 1500s 24 155 Essex -. 812 20 do bro mix 2240 94 5B Weweese 112 22 3-ch bro pek 1210 3968 156 314 13 do dust 1820 25 56 114 21 do pekoe 1155 52 157 Mahadowa... 316 4 do bro pek 400 43 57 116 15 do pek sou 750 36 158 318. 8 do pekoe 800 34 68 Yahalakele 188 4 ch _ red leaf 360 8616 159 320 3 do pek gou 300 97 59 120 1 do dust 160-23 105 Chesterford 332 22 ch bropek 2205 46 bid €0 Alnoor 122 22 4-ch bro pek 1100, 63 1€6 . 324 14 do pekoe 1400 = -29 bid 61 12k 7 do or pek 420 57 bid 167 336 12 do pekson 1300 =. 25 bid 62 126 25 do pekoe 1250 41 163 Osberne .. 338 3 do bro tea 351 16 63 128 21 do pek sou y050 35 169 LT .. 3840 203-ch bro pek 1206 9 bid 64 120 11 do fens 715-32 170 342 14 do pekce 700 97 bid 6 MM,S_ ... 132 5 ch bropek 512 out 171 §t. Mary.. 844 14 ch bropek 1500 30 bid 66 131 1 do pekoe 120021 172 346 8 do pekoe 825 = -.29 bid 68 Melrose ... 138 15 do bryekNo.11500 47 1 box 62 140 17 do do No.21700 47 173 348 6 ch peksou 530 28 10 142 35 do pekoe 3510 38 174 MTLin 91 144 24 do peksou 2400 29 estate mark 350 2 do bromix 160 14 12 146 16 3-ch bropekfans 900 29 175 852 54ch dust 400 23 3 BDW .- 148 25 do bro pek 1875 3l 176 Castlereagh 354 15 ch bro pek 1650 75 74 150 16 do pekoe. 80003 177 356 21 do or pek 1890 «59 15 152 11 do peksou 990 24 178 358 35 do pekee 315040 76 154 4 ch red leat 326 «17 f 179 KC «- 360 3 do dust 420 24 11 156 2 do fans 156 withd’n | 1794 1 do do 140205 78 Rambodde.. 158 36 4-ch bro pek 1800 65 160 L . «. 362 24 do bro pek 3910 28 bid. 79 160 22 do pekoe 990 42 181 Moralioysa.. 364 2 4-ch brotea 1200 4 80 162 23 do pek sou 1035-39 1 do do 60 14 81 164 19 do sou 855 29-29 182 366 1 do dust 80 21 82 166 38 do bropek dust 220 33 183 Yoxford ... 368 J1 4-ch dust 880 30 83 168 2 do fans 130 30 184 BDV «. 370 18 ch fans 1710 +26 84 170 2 do dust 160 2 185 © 372 20 do dust £800 26 CEYLON PR 17, : A ODUCE SALES LIST. = = eae a 3 Box Deseri = = ene ¢ a serip- Weic es . worl No. Pkgs. tone ee ie Box. Deacki arte nesatete 374 9 ch orpek Ib, c. No, Mark N eserip- Weight avi 376 16 do pekoe Sys 3 A o. Pkee. tion. Ib 378 6 do pe sou ae 38 4 : 3 24-ch dust hae Boes! 360 1 do bro tea 28 5 H 4 1 do oT 160 23 gehawatte 382 2 do bromi 1200 17; atton Beano Lid 0 tea ito) s15 a 384 5 do dust ie (2400) tsubia. | oe Pepe “aie anette 160 96 A 1 do red leaf 630 a7 bid | 9 Z Tides Bech eroeaie a58 e 3 3 4d i Ki Doe 855 Tonscombe 390 32 a6 aaa i 20 ‘a Kelani i iB ie ‘ch dust : 1060 ne 392 83 do 35200 74 10 93 xOuDe 2igu 64 pekoe 830 1) do _ peke 394 14 a 0 4) bid 11 e 1100 396 5 dech Bekepn 1400 29 | 22 Neuchatel 41 do pek sou 2050 ge Beaument.. 898 10 ch dust ct 2 iy neeglon a CtenY tebe oa io) + 400 15 do or pekce AB a v1 Gh Seaotmetosion 4 Ose 33 do peko ate 14 14 ch 70 45 404 5 do e 3125-32 15 ee pek scu 1120 Siva... sccm rae BER gi aeeO ateooe 16 Nets liRevlonh eee sr pene 285 25 Fe Aieaeredong tiespe. anasisninss i Ae ic, eae 200 32 bid ib. 412g 385-a e 30 19 45 ¢ Pp 2040 «62 Knayesmire 414 28 come brotnes, 2070) 36: bia 20 Oe oslo cee 427545 Sandringham416 74 do se i 1680 17 at Glenalla ... 21 21 ch ek sou 2430 = 31 é., 418 67 do bro pek 6660 51 bid | 33 Samco aa mae orpek 2310 41 bid Be Micah Se epee) Ch Tee | ae zi 2) do orpek! ue bd 422 23 ch peko 22 72 24 26 do 2500 ~=-.28 bid 424 23 do 2 2300 48 25 25 32 pence 2600 28 bi aye pek sou 230 26 82 do pek id . 426 24d 0 43 cau 26 3: sou 3200 2 . Gleneagles 428 34 do eee ieee 30 ar Polgahakanda 27 7 a eae 3300 a Ba 430 34 do k 64 28 31 cx £85 58 bid TEN CG EE MET a sof oolong Deak ao 2065 38 434 3 do aust 1140 40 4 30 17 do pek sou 1980 32 os 436 1 do fans oot ae ah TL CaRG ne tanh 1530 2 Edy 438 12 do or pek 130 9-23 os , 398 ot ap far 110. 24 bid 440 13 do bro or pek 1200 68 3f Morningside 33 15 do ore 24) 38 Tasdal 452 12 do rekoe ut 3. 34 4 do caper 1500 45 bid sdale 442 Tae donee broTnar rae 3? 35 9 do cores 400 33 6 6 do ek : 65 bid | 8 26) 48) 1d i 900 = 32 Factetat Age Siegen OD rant emia Bf Bitte’ emp eee 76) 28 : 450 1 do dust 1080 35 3 38 I ns 240 23 Clunes 9 45 ust 130 p 39 HJS E do congou 5 A . 452 42 do bro mix ‘ 23 3 . 39 18 4-ch B 9 18 mbalawa.. 454 17 do bro pek 378021 40) = Wacceer pekce 900 36 ae 456 12 do pekoesu wey 39 4l Sit in estate pek sou 1100 «29 ca ot dv _ pekoe No. 2 too Mica Ze jmerk 41 17 ch b anaes do pek sou 508 a0 5 42 21 d ro pek 1700 «13 N 462 24-ch dust ee) a8 de uaiaedo othaus 1849 13 5S . 464 15 ch 9 scu peste ae 41 Mousagalla Oe GUE: 100 in estate 1500 a7 45 a re aeeOOpSCU 400 13 ES OLR 1A ieee re settattcs taut a 15 neyella = 468787 4c0H — BYO nek i023 47 X 47 13 ee dust Aen rh oe itor are ae Ee oO d f Be LZ 1 i Sambawatte ae 24 do rapes one 4 23 50 EC a 8 de dust 100 ue bid 482 18 do pek 4 36 51 RX a ° ust STO: 484 2 oe 1710 29 52 51 4 ch got } Bei M A ln estate 0 do pekoesou 1800 27 53 Crurie = Mado dust "5 ie a mark qe 4 ae bro pek 100 24 Re Ba 8 do ree 1600 62 ° eko ; a 55 16 1080 2 490 1 do pe sou ee ae 56 Pirie igo. pek scu 128031 492 3 do bro tea ao les 57 Udabage By eae eae 340-8 Py We 400 oar bss arolag 39 ica G8 SoReal 298050 * ei eae : 2 5 1440 eee Say (hoe eee i o 0 v ; ea Sy mee Se EOE) aan ob 62 6 sLyido -j,congou yt As 504 11 do sou rene ee Ley ese Cetin ee ata C6 : 990 24 64 3 34-ch bro pek 2 : H do fans = 64 P 210 Hanuealla 5(8 8 do pekoe 235 0-83 65 ht 3 do pekoe ale a out a. 510 24-ch bro mix 810 26 bid EG ao uduganga 51a TOL eis, abxojnek A ne 16 66 66 pach pour 310 «18 6 do bro pek sy : : pe faps 43 516 5 do bro nak B ae 48 68 Happugas- G7 Dig Cpe DKo tea 483 cnt et 3 do perce 315 a 6 mulla 68 <2 do ‘ 5a 15 do pek souA 1500 2 - (9.0 tik ado unas 2200 30 sa2 5 do Pek souB suo 5 Ages BROS, SCOMRE x is abst oe Sl . congo 7 ? " n nes Pee 2 ue Bio tea ana ue ie Beverley 2 is oe pekoe k ios 22 big ) . as : ek 5 Micau cae eas | broek Gave a8 is iSqatado pekoe st 532 11 do or 75 = 0 pek sou g * pek 990 P 15 3 d-ch 880 3a 634 1 do k fs 27 3 pek dust 5 95 Court Lodge $38 Bch Lrworpek 31078 eo RVK te hae Pee dust 85 538 19 do bro pek is ie 540 13 ch pekoae ae ae a 77 ech bro pek 2500 48 542 8 do pek sou eid 4 78 78 8.d pekoe 95 25 ” a | 41 79 Comillah .. 79 11 oo omper eau 985 al Olainber. Somerviitie & Co, put up for sale at th st 89 6 do cakoo ULGO i) 44 Ghanber of Gowmeree.Sai-toom au tbe 20th June, | & fae is, OF © Cc « “8 under :— ots of tea (183,502 Ib.), which sold eH Labugama .. 88. 30 }-ch corel Pe aS 6606: 3 en fost 20 43 ss eomanbaa cevak a 1044 2 3 do bro tea 150 16° rd 85a 1 4-ch Pa sou 90 30 Hagalla . & 6 ro pek dust 86 : €0 do bro pek 2k 30v0 44 2 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Descrip-. No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. ib)” e; No. Mark No. Pkge. tiove 87 87 39 4-ch pekoe 1950 = 35 57 Ayr . 52 264-ch bro pek 88 &8 o pek sou 1450 0931 58 54 28 ch pekoe 89 89 7 do bro mix 350 «15 59 56 17 do pek sou 90 90 2 do dust 150 39.23 60 58 1¢-ch fans 91 OvocaAl ., 91 2) ch bro pek 2200 «46 61 {9 3 do congou 92 92 26 do pekoe 2600 53 62 60 2 do pek dust 93 93 22 do pek sou 2200 «= 39 63 61 3 do brotea 94 94 33 %-ch pek fans 2244 34 64 MR -» 62 3 do dust 95 FA in estate 65 Tullagalla- mark .. 95 4 ch bro tea 460 19 kanie .. 63 11 do bro pek 96 96 6 do dust 920 23 66 65 15 do pekoe 97 Wahakula .. 97 20 do _ bro pe 2000 52 67 67 7 do pek sou 98 98 20 do pekoe 2000 «32 68 68 1 do dust 99 99 20 do pe sou 2000 29 69 Patulpana .. 69 « do bro pek 100 Lyndhurst 100 17 do broorpek 1670 44 70 70 5 do pekoe 101 101 25 ch bro pek 2375 37 71 _ Tt 8 do pek sou 102 103 46 do pekoe 4140 28 72 T&T Co. in 103 105 42 do e 600 3780 28 estate mark.. 72 77 do bro pek 104 107. 3 do ro tea 315 «15 13 74 70 ch pekoe 105 Depedene 109 39 4-ch bro pek 1950 9 45 74 76 14 do peksou 106 111 35 do pekoe 1750 34 75 78 5 do fans 107 113 35 do pek sou 1750 = 27 72 Templestowe 66 23 do or pek 103 115 2 do red leaf 10.016 80 83 37 do pekoe 109 117 6 do dust 480 22 81 90 22 do peksu ss 82 102 4 ds pek fms Mr. E. Joun put up forsale at the Ohamber of Com- & pone pe 103 10 do ro . Ge pek merce Sale-room on the 20th June, the undermenticned | g4 105 16 do pekce lots of tea (121,541 1b.), which sold as under :-— 85 BS, iniaiate ei : mar -- 107 2 do sou 180 0=— 31 a dine aay Deaoriy els 86 108 1 do dust 134 Ad \ " F - c. 87 Talagalla 109 26 do bro pek 2730 65 1 Ap in palate nate ch ae ox Abas = oo 27 do or pek 2865 38 bid 2 232 6 4-ch dust 540 35 118 14 do pekoe 1330 31 ‘bid i3 mn .. 284 13 te oe mix 1200 26 es 4 286 3 do ro mix 309 15 = 5 Tarf 287 6 do pex sou 630 46 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. 6 289 Q9-ch dust 75624 (From Our Commercial Correspondent ) 7 Shawlands .. ints 20 as verre Aono 36 Mincrnc Lane, Juve Ist 1894. H - us 5 y . as # 5 308 hash oe 100 a Marks and prices of CEYLON OOFFEE sold in 10 Doonhiuda .. 306 10 do bropek 1150 42 Mincing Lane up to Ist June :— 11 308 12 do pexe 1200 =. 29 bid Ex “Ameer”—Wihar yalla, 1c 108s, 3c 96-; 1t 96s; ie Bittacy a. ee 27 Be bees sr 4 lb 118s; 1b 868; 1b 99s. 1 212 28 do pekve 540 34 Ex '‘Kaisow’—Brindwell, le 108s; 2c 104s 6d. Lb is BUN pase petal ek Vt ein Mao 98s; It 116s; 1b 105 ; 1b 938; 1b 119s; le 89s; 1b 83s. 16 om 13 Be a 520-17 — WW 31 1 do red lea 55 15 18 Dikapittia .. 420 28 ch bra pek 3080 64 CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. 19 322 24 do pekoe 2400 46 i 20 324 22 do pek sou 2200 32 ees Oey Ste nab fear i — 21 326 2 do sou 180 20 “M *, InciInG Lane, June 1th, 1894. 22 327 34-ch bropekdust 270 26 Ex“ Manora’’—Dyne"o-, 6b 7186 °; 1h 47s; 49403; 2b 5s. 93 328 1 do pek dust 70 24 Ex “Wanderer”—Maris, 20b 55 ; 11b 55s. 94 Kanangama.. an 2 ou Lro psk aes 33 bid Ex ‘‘Vo ute” —Eadelis, 1b 58s. 25 B 3 do pexoe 420 28 bid Ex “Kaisow”— d agi t : . 26 353 59 do pek sou 5605 95 bid | gb dds. w”—Cocoa Marwg ila, 560 638 6d; 1 SD 52s; 27 Mocha .. 3387 32 do bro pek 3520 75 bid 98 439 27 do pekoe 2700 54 bid Se ee 29 341 19 do pekson 1710 47 LONDON REPORTS ON TRAVAN- 30 343 6 do fans 810 24 bid 31 Ella .. 345 35 do pekoe 3150 30 bid CORE PRODUCE. ° ekoe i 0 bi ee 3 L 389 6 do ; ek BE (From Patry & Pasteur, Limited, Report of the : Bs; a ae bro pek 840 53 Colonial Markets for the Week ending 34 ¢ May 30th, 1894.) x. k is 4 4 3 6 a ee ree Ror met =} The quality of the Teas in sals this week shows 36 13 2 do dust 360 25 considerable improvement upon late srrivals, and prices 37 Great Valley 14 20 do bro pek 2200 ~=—s«68 realised compared mo-t favorably against those paid Ee e ‘i 16 20 do pekoe 2000-47 for Indian and Ceylon. 9 Ardlaw an The liquors have strength and in most instance: F pe) J 7 Es Hs Wishford .. x ae pon ae ees Wate y rich colour, which always at-racts buyers 41 22 17 ch pekoe 1700 = 49 a 2 to 42 A,inestatemark24 9 do bro mix 945 8932 oO ° Be Sey ee < 43 Agra Ouvyoh,,. 26 824-ch broorpek 2080 90 pa oy Rn mae = & 4a 28 35 do or pek 2100 «9 a a a) Bis. a 45 30 33 do pekoe 1980 49 “J s rom o =] > 46 32 27 do ek sou 1620 36 2 Ay F a. fare ee a 47 34 6 do pek fans 540 34 dd 48 St.Catherine 36 10}-ch bropek 609 33 bia | Glenmmary slid 83d — 52 9% 34ch Qa 49 38 14 do pekoe 700 27 bid | Aneimud: 102d 834 73 — — 904ch 82d 50 40 19 do pek gou 855 25 Seafield 1s0id 7d — 5 6 114 83d 51 ‘ 42 sr go pel sins ea 25 Kuduwa = = Glentilt .. 43 14 do ro pe 470 66 s R re 45 12 do pek oe 1200 Karnum 9d -733-63d — — 636205 ch 72d 64 Croden .. 47°12 do son 1200 4bia | Feirfield 103d 8d 6; 43 43 57 ch. Tad 65 Fernlands .. 49 4 do red leaf 380 ©6116 Parvitbi. 9d-84d 62-631 53 — 5k 157$ch 684 66 Glasgow .. 50 18 do peksou 117044 Total 657 packages averaging 8d per lb. “CEYLON OBSERVER” PRESS, COLOMBO. TEA, COFFER, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SAuWU&S. NO. 20.] Conombondved 34 1894 ) Price :—12 cents each ; 3 copies. ’ ! 30 cents; 6 copies } rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. | Lt Rox Deserip- —§ Weight | aNo}. oi Maida. NoraoDPikes: tion. ib, Messrs. BrenHaAm& BREMNER put up for sale at the | 7 ; 556 10 ch pek au 95: 25 bid Chamber of Commerce sale-room on the 20th Jun» 5 L. in es(ate i Bae { the under mentioned lots of Tea (4,925 1b,), which | 4 p ier Me Be a on bo ne AAD agi sold as under : Lae ee ee og ae en atat re a 4 mae | 5by 48° ch pekoe 1800 22 Lot Box Descrip- Weight HLL 764 30 rek eu 2600-28 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Iba, /e: V2 56; 1) do. fan« ilo 6 auderdale.,. 46 $8 ch ng {i ep j 13 558 U7 a-ch duct 45 i Lauderdale BOS chee Googe a ar 14 Clunes 510 25 co try tex 11506 3 50 5 do dust 650 23 a Sig bey 10,7, expels {BIOs Aa 4 50 8 do rei leaf 300-18 A 574 8 do pekoe 26: Rd 5 .Hormsey 54 4 do pek sou 400 235 is M po) Sie achi. | Dek eau. (20107 26 6 56 3 «do fans 270 25 9 ecomoraoya! (ols 2h acl Droge pek "949 oy 7 Oolapane ‘8 5 do dust 355 23 He ony pay do BEKO 1350 ai 8 WO 60 14 do or pek 1470 34 ait aan a? Sem: SOU tee eee : | 22 Hethersett .. BY R 1 86 Messrs. A, H. Tuompson & Co, put up forsale | 23 Be Mf oe wae aan ae a at the Obhamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the | #4 590 14 ch pekoc 146057 20th June, the undermentiored lots of tea (45,914 lb.,) | 22 92 5 do ek sou 426 42 which sold as under :— | os » oe i ag gongon Be BE if . 2 A 2 ans 240 met wate Bes ae Deport Werene 28 598 3 do brotea 285 14 ame , 5 5 ov. ics | 29 Maha Uya 6 0 68 do _ bro pek 36380 68 4 K’Della 5 10 ch bro pek 1000 60 30 602 20 do pekoe 200044 5 NR Ge pekoe 1170 32 3l 64 11 do pek scu 1015 33 6 9 g do pek sou 720 25 tia | 33 605 1 do congou 852 7 Belgravia ll 4 do peksou 400 9.29 33 68 24-ch dust 160-28 3 TAMRON COU TURE 200. 24 | 34 M 6l0 2 ch bro pek 166 49 9 Paterajah 13.12 do bro pek 12004 | 99 612 3 do pekoe 208 «87 10 1 9 do pekce 900 28 <6 614 4 do pek sou 325 27 11 17 1k do dust 150 22 tae 66 1 do bro tea 107 22 12 Nahalma 18 4 do dust 20923 | 38 KW -- 618 1 do pekce 97. 23 3 19 5 do congcu 200 18 | 89 Woodthcrpe #:9 13-ch dro pek 5044 14 Pambagana %) 3 do dust 270 23 40 PDA ape OP Pa Tt or pek 93 43 15 21 39 do bro tea 3510 20 41 ‘Theberton 62: 28 $-ch bro pek 1400 16 St.Leonards... 23 u02-ch fekce 1300 38 bia | 42 625 32 do pekce 300 f witha, 17 WP 4. 9 12 do bropek 16t0. 20 bia | 43 623 5 do sou 253 18 Norton 27 12 ch unas 960 27 dii | 44 639 38 do congou 150) e228 19 Relugas 29 3 do dust 420 297 45 633 1g do dust 70023 20 £0. 1 4-ch xed leaf 8 15 | 46 3 634 8 do red leaf 40015 21 Myraganga... 31 13 ch bro pek 1300 38, ti | 47 RC Win est 8 22 23 13 do pekoa 1235 32) | HS So soe US ay Ro 23 Hemingford... 35 17 do sou 1275 9619 Ke fr 9 ch orpe fans 19380 37 24 Ugiside .. 37 2 do dust 260 22 ; 48 Lyegrove 638 29 do tropek 3196 54 2 AGG .. 88 2 do sou 160, -16yra fece eA0neo do, | Rowse 25C0 37 26 39 3 do pek fans 420 26 50 642 6 do pek sou 6CO 23 27 40 38 do dust 450 £4 | ol 644 1 do dust 150 9-22 2 WL ww 41 25 4-ch | 62 D 646 16 ch 1 box bro pek W520) | SOutidvlee cose 1 4-ch pek sou 147025 23 KR. in estate | 438 Ederapolls .. 648 31 do bro or pek 1705 39 bid mark .. 49 2 do dust 170-22 | 54 20 23 ch pekce 1840 30 bid IG) Aan | 5 pea a noe pek sou 1£99 28 4 loowatte... 50 1 4- ro p 43 bi ab 3 3 box sou 240 l 84 Ooloo 4 dich bro pek 2164 43 bid | 57 Becherton €56 11 ch bro pek 1100 51 35 52 36 ch | 58 658 19 do pekoe 1710 3: 1 box pekoe 3613. 80 bid | 29 660 6 do pek sou 610-26 36 54 3 ch bro mix 261 19 60 matty 662 2 do bro pek sou 170 16 bid 37 55 3 do dust 216 29 €6 RCW, in estate t 38 Vogan .. 58 80 do bropek 9870 61 aes mark . 674 16 ch pekoe 1520-337 bid 39 58 30 do pekoe 2700 37 ~bid | 87 675 9G do pek sou 570-29 46 60 2lL do pek scu 1880 ~=. 30 | 68 M 678 25 do pekoe 2250 40 bid at 684. do at 310 22 | 69 CRD 689 4 do dust 372) - 22 42 63 6 4-ch dust £00) 2d 4), 70 682 2 do redleaf 22) 16 43 W. .. 64 7 ch © fekoe 700 «= r6bia_ «| 71 Acct 68t 2 do — congou 200.19 “a 66 6 do pek son 600 23 | 72 BES 2, doe da celle 45 68 20 do unas 2020 $5 | 73 Idiagoda 6% YL do bro pe sou 85 18 46 Waharaka .. 70 17 do unas 1700-25 | 74 Ragalla 680 9 do faus 1190 27 47 72 1 do congeu LOD 7 ee ries HS ECR EF o0e a> 48 A&FL 73 44-ch_ pek fans 320 »=- 381 | 76 HAT, in est. 49 H 74 2 ch red loaf 186 Olt lee mark 694 11 ch bro pek 1210 29 bid | 77 696 2 «lo pekoe 200 30 Messrs. Forses & WALKER put up for sale at the | 4 Pee ite Ne eee Haar Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 27:h June | 80 Harangalla... 702 22 ch bro pek 2200 65 ; 3 C 4 eee 22 65 the undermentioned lots of ten (323,149 lb.), which | 8 104 2L do pekoe 1820 © 37 sold aa under:— | 82 H -, 706 25 do bro pek = 2500 12 bid Lot Box Deserip- Weight ee ECS re a ahh pte ee Teer aah : : ; hoe Kou rebate No, Mark No. Pkgs. _ tion. Ib, c §5 Ambla‘ande 712 4 do bro pek 40) 48 1 Reckside .. 614 5 ch bromixel 559 26 85 714 6 do pekce 510-87 2 546 15 do dust 2250 24 87 716-12 do pe seu 1050.28 .. 548 25 do bro tea 8000-25 85 718) 1 do bulk 120° “20 4 Udagoda 510 7 do broorpek 735 39 bil ; 89 Bismark 720 10 §-ch bro pek KOd 88 5 552 13 do bro pek 1365 RH Did | I 72 12 ch _— pekce 120067 6 554 49 do pekce 420 27 tid | ¥ 72k 4 do peksou 490° 43 _—_ fe ae ie Oy ss > .» 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Deserip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs, tion. ibe, No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. db. & 92 BKnavesmire.. 726 28 ch bro pek 2800 191 924 164-ch peksou 960 38 93 728 41 do pexoe 3633 | ent 192 926 10 do sou 600 94 730 8 do sou 6 193 928 2 du fans 130 27 95 Sembawatte.. 732 23 do bro pek 2300 «4 194 930 3 do dust 235 8623 96 734 16 do pekoe 15200 3l 195 Goleonda .. 932 15 ch bropek 1600 658 97 736 2) do ek sou 1890 23 196 934 i do pekoe 1400 36 bid 98 7338 2 do ro tea 200 «18 197 936 1 do dust 10023 99 749 2 do dust 230 27 198 Newangamwana938 7 do bro pek 702 61 100 Scrubs .. T42 8 ch broorpes 840 79 199 940 7 do pekce 700038 101 744 18 do bro pek 1990 66 200 942 «9 do pek sou 810 28 102 746 27 do pekoe ' 2430 48 201 9454 2 Co 2.0 2s 103 743 11 do pe sou 930 3) 202 936 1 do dust 125 24 104 759 11 }-ch dust 825 25 bid 203 Dunbar .. 948 29 ch bro pek 2300 6: 105 Liskilleen .. 732 20 ch bro pek 2300 65 204 950 23 do pekos 2610 37 bid 103 7a4 24 do pekoe 2160 39 205 952 5 do Pek sou 450 26 bid 107 Tas. 7. do pek sou 700 27 206 954 1 do dust 13) 22 103 153 1 do anat 110 = 93 207 956 2 do fans 210 25 103 Beaumont.. 760 34 do bro pek 3468 298 Farnbam .. 968 24¢-ch bro pek 930 36 110 764 iB do or pek 1620 itha’ 209 960 a7 do bro orpek 1850 25 111 7164 48 do pekoe 4300 ¢ Witaao | 210 962 64 do pe 2160 30 112 765 3 do bro pek fans 450 211 964 43 do pek sou 1720 26 113 MC ~- 768 14 ch bro or pek 1339 48 212 966 3 do fans 189 2k 114 7i0 14 do pekoe 1330 23 214 968 2 do dust 160 21 115 712 13 do dust 1950 22pid | 214 970 4 do congceu 160 = «18 116 774 6 do congeu 600 21 215 $72 25 do bopeNo2i00) 31 417 vite as) re! leaf 95 15 216 974 52 do pesou ,, 2 1872 23 118 APK Be fii free aires) dust 569 24 217 $76 46 do k No.2 1840 26 119 R .. 730 12 do bro tea 1080 19 218 Clyde .. 978 22 ch ropek 32.00 68 121 Kirimettia.. 781 8 ch bro mix 832 25 219 980 27 do pekoe 2430 38 122 786 4 do bro p2 dust 632 24 2.0 982 8 do pe sou 800 29 122 VO we. 4B aun he or pek 709 73 221 984 2 do dust 260 23 12k 70 26 do pe*oe 2170 33 222 OGA, io es- 125 792 5 do bre tea 550 15 bil tate mark ... 986 12 do bro pe 1200 «558 126 Zor og ab dust 240 26 £23 936 10 do pekce 900 «44 131 Middletoa.. 8)1 32 do bro pek 1920 17 224 930 6 do pe sou 540 29 138 808 14 ch p2%oe 140) 49 225 992 +1 do aust 150 22 133 M .. 803 8434-ch Lropek 450 76 2346 AMB -- 994 20 do bro tea 1700 19 134 810 8 do pesoe 40 47 227 996 5 do red leaf 470 14 135 WW .. 82 2 ch pekoe 9k 4) 223 998 3 do bropesou 318 26 136 Harrington 814 8 3-ch flowery pec 350 within 229 1000 11 do fans 1210 21 bid 137 8:6 6 ch broor pe 630 57 230 HM Y, in es- 138 MMS .» 813 5 do bry p2k 512 27 tate mark.. 2 18 do pe sou 1620 26 189 D, io estate 231 4 2 }-< dust 16u 22 * mar .. B22 10 do bro mix 964 17 232 PLG ae Oe" ch pekoe 8i 27 140 Bloomfield... &22 54 ch flowpak 6400 65 ¢33 Caranden . #8 Il j-ch sou 45 17 141 &2i 45 ao pesce 4500 33 24 A ao 10 — do pe sou 131 17 142 Morankande 826 74%-ch ovro pek 395) 40 238 We:t Haputele 18 3 4-ch pe sou 15002) 143 823 16 ch pekoe 16)0 28 bd 239 20 2 do congou Ko 826 144 830 Ju do pek s0u 2000 27 QW 22 8 doa dust 640 22 145 832 4 4-ch fais 3.0 24 2i5 Theberton ... 82 234-ch brope 1400 46 146 831 1 do dust 9) 21 2466 34 82 do ypekoe 16:0 28 147 Wattagalla.. 835 41 ch bro pek 4510 63 247 35 46 do pesou 230) 26 148 833 sy do pekve 49) 40 248 78 9 do red leaf 450 14 3 149 810 20 do pek sou <0U0 21 239 40 16 do pe fans 800 25 1£0 842 6 do dust 009 2k 250 42 4 do congou 200 22 151. Blackwood.. 844 2uv ch bro pek 2uu0 62 251 44 4 do pe dust 200 22 152 846 16 do peKoe 1suu 43 22 BFL .. $6 4 do Uvas 200 18 163 843 17 do pek sou 1539 32 253 48 2 do dust 135 22 154 Gallawatta.. 85) 3 4-ch bro tea 159 12 ee 165 Dammeria.., 852 16 on wa EEX aft 65 bid Mesers. SOMERVILLE & Co. put up for sale at the Ace ah ep = ae ee ve Be bit | Chamber ot Commerce Sale-room ov the 27th June, 158 Udaradella.. 858 23 %-ch bro pek 1960 73 bid the undermentioned lots of tea (71,418 lb.), which sold 159 86) 54 do or pexk 2370 7a ‘| 88 under :— e 160 862 46 do pekoe 2309 «= «60 Lot Box Deserip- Weight 161 864 385 do peksou 1790 41 No. Mark No. Pkgs. tion. Ibae' 2. 162 866 3 do aust 285 93 ? 163 Sandringham 868 10 do brocrpek 650 75 1 Hirelouveh.. 1 1 ch bro pekA 100 42 164 870 32 ch bropek 30 73bid | 2 2 2 do pekee A 18432 165 872 31 do pe!oe 2.90 55 3 3 2 co pekauA 1800 27 166 Palmerston... 874 15 3-ch bro pex 853 -B2 4 4 1 do ] 167 876 18 ch ~—pekve 1620 55 _ ich bro mix 144 5 163 878 10 do pes sou 8&0 40 5 BT - 5 3 do unas — Die 23 169 88) 3 3-ch dust 255 24 6 6 2 do bro mix 93 26 bid 170 Chalmers , 882 4 ch pekce 230 32 7 : 7 1 do dust = 2 171 834. 10 do sou Hilt) ers 8 CA, in estate é 172 885 7 do dust 640 22 mark .. 8 64 do pek sou 3520-32 177 Alton -. 896 3 ch _ pekoe 305 cut 9 9 19 do bro tea 1083 #5 178 H, in estate 10 10 26 do pek dust 18:8 24 : mark soe 898 22 do bro pek fan 2640 25 bid 11 SS -- 11 2 Ch pekoe 220 2% bid 179 St. Mary .. 900 14 do Dbropek 1530-34 lla lia 1 do yeboe a08 29 bid 180 902 8 ch 12 12 3 do pek sou 294 3 1 box pekoe €35 30 13 13 3 do sou 269 2 181 Minnawata- : 14 Halpantenne ae 4 do ae pek oe a kelle «. 904 10 ch ek fans 1500 22 15 ze DENS . 182 S86 d0do) anu 1500 25 16 BD AS eee Ag es 183 P .. 948 1 do bropek 100 49 17 17. 5 do sou 49700 22 184 Keenegaha 18 Pellawatte ..18 ly do bro pek 1140) 46 bid Elia oe 910 41 do sou loo. 2k 19 19 18 do pekoe 2042-32 185 912 1 do pekdust 170 46 20 20 10 do pek a _ 1068 23 189 Wewesse .,, 9:0 30 3-ch bro pek 160) 73 21 Pelgahakende 21 27 a0, ie pe! aa 2 190 $22 31 do pekoe 1860 45 bid 22 22 1 do annings CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box J) >scrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs tion. Ibibtie: 23S, in estate mark aes OL 1c. bro tea 735 20 24 24 84-ch pek dust 640 = 21 ~bid 255 Tap. 3. 25/20) ch pek sou 1500 25 26 DG ite MEIC} bro mix 270 22 27 27 «444-ch = fannings 240 26 28 28 4 do dust 300 21 29 Roseneath .., 29 36 do bro pek 1980 45 30 30 16 ch pek 1440 83 bid 31 31 16 do pe sou 1440 27 @2 Friedland .. 32 2443-ch bro pek 1290 80 33 33 18 do pekoe 900 5 bid 34 34 20 do pe sou 1000 40 bid 35 Hopewell ... 35 18 do or pek 1080 46 bid 36 36 26 do pekoe 1560 =. 28 bid 37 37 18 do pek sou 990 25 bid 33 Pantiya PACT ee Beoateli dust 130 21 39 T, in estate mark 39 11 do pek sou 1045 27 40 40 5 do sou 450 25 4l 407 do bro mix 735 2l 42 42 2 do fabs 212 24 43 43 1 @do dust 137 22 4k 44 17 do bro pek 1700 46 bid 45 45 12 do pekoe 1200 33 bid 46 46 4 do pek sou 400 26 bid 47 Penrith we 47 25 do bro pek 2500 63 48 48 26 do pekoe 2210 35 49 49 25 do pek sou 2000 28 50 Ukuwella ..59 36 do bro pek 360) 45 bid 51 51 26 do pekoe 2600 33 bid 52 62 4 do pek sou No.1 380 30 53 53 13 do pek sou No.2 1235 Bi) 54 Halpantenne 54 1 do _ bropek 1i4 42 55 55 1 do pekoe 106 20 56 56 1 do pek sou 102 £5 57 Knutsford ..,57 4 3-ch br or pek 273 70 58 58 5 do bro pek 2$7 43 59 59 17 do pekoe 1018 25 60 HG0te Londo pek seu 55 29 61 61 1 do upas 50 25 62 62 1 do fans 82 Q1 63 Forest Hill,, 63 6 ch bro pek 672 5 6h 64 18 do pekoe 1830 33 65 65 30 do pek sou 10U0 3L 66 68 3 f-ch dust (acme packages) 210 23 67 Hatdowa ... 67 12 ch bro pek 1200 35 bid 68 68 11 do pekce 935 24 bid 69 69 24 do pek sou 2040 = 21 bid 70 New Tunis- galle 10a. 4GG pek sou 630 25 71 {LZ V1- do dust 9% 21 72 Sirisanda 72 2) boxes or pek 252 Ri 25 73 73 223--h bro pek 1320 64 74 74 30 do pekoe 1500 37 75 75 24 do sou 1200 30 76 76 #3 ch 2j-ch pek dust 613 24 77 . 177 3 do bro pek 210 33 78 78 3 do pekoe 168 25 79 79 7 do pek fans 43) out £0 80, 5 ch bro tea 485 12 81 Wadurewe, HD .. 81 5 3-ch bro pek 250 42 82 €2 4 do pekoe 200 23 83 83 8 do pek sou 360 24 bid 84 84 3 do tro tea lid 14 65 85 1 do bro mix 50 16 86 86 1 do dust 56 21 ~ Messrs, A. H. THOMPSON & Co. put up for sale at the Obsmber of Commerce Sale-room on the 27th June, the undermentioued lots of tea (46,154 1b.) which sold as under :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No, Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. LDR cs 1 ASC «- Ll 144-ch fans 00 2h 2 3 5 do ‘, pe dust 250 22 3 4 10 do red leaf 500 15 4 Kennington... 6 12 ch pek sou 1200 15 8 4 4-ch unas 240 «lt 6 9 2 do dust 180 16 7 St. Leonards 10 15 do bro pek 1050 42 12 #4 do pekoe 22.0 30 ly ch 9 Oolooawatie 144 1 }-ch bro pek 2164 43 bid 1 box 10 Kalikande 16 6 4g-ch dust 372 25 3 Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. | tion. Ibe ,ca il VW 8i-ch bropekfan 496 30 12 19 20 do pek sou 1000 27 bei 13 21 30 do pekoe 1000 el bel ee ccs SD C.8 ied leaf 183 14 17 Woodend ., 26 3 do sou 255 7 18 27 3 do dust 3638 a2 19 Sapitiyagodde Invoice No,22 28 20 do bro pek 2209 65 20 30 35 do or pek 1500 58 21 82 21 do pekce 2100 37 22 34 1 do pek fans 150 21 ba 3 Sapitiyazodde Invoice No.23 35 10 do or pek 1000 58 Qt 37 14 do bro pek 1540 57 25 39 12 do Fekoe 1200 38 26 41 1 do pe fang 150 22 bid 31 Comar »» 49 442-ch bro pek 22350 34 32 51 25 do pekoe 1250 28 33 53 18 do peksou 900 25 B4 53 38 de brosou 4)0 14 35 54. 5 do dust 200 21 36 Madampe ., 57 10 ch bro pex 1020 34 bid 37 69 6 do 1 }-ch pekoe 610 =. 28 bed 3s 61° 9 “ch i j-ch pek sou 930 26 39 63 do dust 270 23 tid 40 EKE t4 3 ch Jans 360 21 bid 4\ KKK 65 2 4-ch dost 110 24 42 BGA 1. OO) (25 chi fans 200 28 bid 43 Manickwatte 67 13 do bro pek 1200 47 44 €9 6 do pekoe 600 34 45 7L lL do dust 100 22 46 Hazelmere .. 72 73box orpek 395 79 47 73 5)43-ch bro pek 3000 &8 48 75 40 do or pek 2605 58 49 77 18 do _ pekoe 9v0 48 60 79 39 do pek au 1950 *8 51 81 2 do ~ fek fans 140 25 Did 52 82 1 do dust 1:0 24 bid 57 Vogan «» 983 26 ch bro pek 24170 = 62 53 58 27 do pesoe 2295 33 59 92. 13 do pek sou 1105 31 bid €0 94 & do dust 280 22,8 61 W ae DD cao) pekoe 700 Pe) 62 Dikmukalena 97 3 3-ch dust 150 23 dermentioned lots of tea (27,927 1b.), My. as under :— Lot Box No. Mark. No. Pkg. 1 Oakfieid -» 121510 3-ch 2 117 4 ch 3 119 § do 4 421 1 3-ch 5 Wadella 122 18 ch 6 124 16 do 7 125 22 do Seow, T .. 128 40 do 9 Madooltenne.. 139 15 do 10 132 15 do 11 Coslanda 134 28 3-ch 12 136 18) do 13 133 18 do 14 1410 2 do 15 4L 4 Z-ch 16 Whyddoo 142 14 ch 17 144 16 do 18 146 14 do 19 Ela 448 3k do 2) 1f0 20) do 21 Mccha 152 23 do 22 154 22 do 23 156 15 do 24 Alliady 158 38 4-ch 25 i60 37 «do 26 16g 1l do 27 164 4 do 28 Blackburn 165 16 do 29 167 «15 do 30 BB i169 § do 38 17t 5 do 32 Meeriatenne 173 10 jh 33 175 it do 34 Overten 1i7 16 do 45 79 19 ech 35 181 15 do E. Joun pnt up for sa'e at Descrip- tion. bro pek pexce peksou dust bro pek pekve pek sou bro pes bro pek pek sou bro pe pekoe pek sou bro mix dust tro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek pek sou bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek pekoe bro mx dust bro pek pekee pek sou unsorted bro pek pekoe bro pek pekce pek sou the Chzmber of Commerce Sale-Room on the 27th June, the un- which sold Weight lb. @ 500 =«60 400 35 600 29 3) Bi 1800 = 47 1440 31 1760 28 4000 AT 1600 50 1500 27 1900 69 18y0 45 800 gk 20) 18 820 27 1540 19 1690 40 1400 35 3100 57 18cv 27 2520 7i 2200 ag bid 1350 50 1900 37 1si0 ao 450 5 280 #2 176 35 bid 1650 30 680 23 550 23 60) 50 680 3e 950 “2 171) 2 1350 il 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALH#s LI51. Lot Box Deserip- Weight No. Marx. No. Pkgs tion. 1b?) 'c. 31 Galgawaite 168 3 A-ch -ved leaf 15015 2 28 Verelsjaiana 184 88 co bro pek 3180 30 39 We 2 ch yek No.2 240 i 40 188 2) do copguu 20u 21 4t Venture . 189 Bi du pek sou «2719 32 bd 42 9 Lt de scuchong 10-0 27 43 193 16 4-0) dust 12802 44 Glentil: 195 18 ch ‘ropek 890 4&1 45 197 YR do pex rou 1-00 35 46 i99 38 g-ch bro rex #36 7G 47 mr ae" C0 or pek 110) 72 48 gu4 13 ch ce pek 170 St 42 245 tf do ickee 1312 43 60 TS jn estate mark jos 2G Bo senchong 270 29 5 (8 ii dust “9 a} 2 Aper’s Land 244 34 «oO bro pek |flju 50 53 zli sl do pekoc 1550 37 Mess: Binnam & Vretiner pot up or seleat the Cian b x cf Commerce 8 1:-:00m +n the 27th June, the u.dermenticned Icts of tea (10,688 Ib.) which o'd ws urder :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight Ne. Murk. No, Pkg-. tion, 1b. Cc, 1 Elstow, in est. ’ mnark v.45 Sane oh pek sou Fe90 82 2 Acrawstte .. BU 2 du jek dust FO 24 # bz 14 do pek Fou 1i0u 28 4 54 23 +0 pekoe 2520 40 By 53 12 «do bro pek 1324 52 tid 6 68 12 do or pek 1:40 60 bid 7 Airy Hill .. Gv 6 ¥-ch pekoe 300 26 &’ PJP ae Be oO, uuas 168 out CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. Crom Our Commercial Correspondent ) Mincinc Lane, June 8th 1894. Marks and priecs cf CHY!L.ON OOFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 8 h June:— Ex “Shiop hire” —Delmar (OBEC), 1b 106s. Ex “Barister”—Thcetu'agalla, le 104s; 16 112s; 42 993 61. CEYLON CINNAMON SALES iN LONDON. Messrs. Wm. Jas.and Hy. Thompsonreport under date London, 28th May. The quarterly sales today comprised the follow- ing assortinent :— 996 Ist sort against 307 1st sort Ueylon last year. 409 2nd do 513 2nd do - do. 116 3rd do 230 3rd. do do. 88 4th sort | 117 fAth sort and 235 unworked ( unworked 1074 Ceylon, against 1167 Ceylon, 25) bags chips ,, The landed stock kere is reduced to 2,870 bales, or considerably telow average and the market has been firmer by private contact, with some re- covery on a few parcela sold from second hands. The Unworked eold « little ander the price of Worked. Totay’s prices wee rather higher generally, and the smal] quantity of fue in the sales brought 4d to 14d per lb. advance. About 700 bales sold in the room. Quotations as follows: —~ Per lb. s. a nee ‘eylon Ist sort, fixe and superior .. © 9 tol @ Do 1st do common to good ‘ Do 2nd do goed to fine - 0, 7k to 0 10 Do 2nd do wmiddiing tofair .. 0 GktoO 7 Do 3rd do do aie 0 6 toOll Do 4th do 1. 0 5 00 9 Chips realized 2d to 2§d; Cuttings, Quillings, &c, The next sales are to be beld on the 27th August. LONDON REPORTS ON CORE PRODUCE. TRAVAN- (From Patry & Pasteur, Limited, Beport of the Colonial Markets for the Week ending Juans G6tb, 1894.) TRAVANCORE TEA. From this district there was rather a large selec- tion in Monday's sale. These teas were mostly light in cup, and many would be improyed by more care in manufacture. Prices realised compare favourably against Ceylon. = 5 ww g : = og ee ee ee ) a w = 2 . S : B) Pe = < 2 ah» e obee Bee aBbs bag rea) oo 4 MR oS < Stagbrook 83d 74, 6¢d 5d ~ 56 chs. 63d Braemore 81d 6d --- ae 44d, 34478 3-ch. 630 Granby a cae i 13. bee | 14 do 63d (unas.) Home “ss »» 64d 5d 52d 107 do 63d (snas Kinmylies ... -. 67d 5d 53d 54 do 63d (anas.) * Poonmudi 73d 6d,5Zd 43d, 53d, 206 pkgs. 6d 5d 324, 3d Brigton Sid 53d 39d ... 6d 25 do 6d Seenikali 7d 53d 49d 5id,3d 83 3-chs 53d Bonaccord 74d “53d 5d ... 5d 334203 do 53d Hereford 253 -. 53d .. 43d,32d 49 chs. 53d (unas.) Invercauld 73d 5351 ..- 3 . Sad, 105 $-chs 53d Glenbrittle 734 sd 54d 43d 4d,434 98 do 53a- (nnas. ) Mantmallima.. >. 9) P28=% 5d= ae. =e (unas.) Total 1,085 packages, averaging 6d per Ib., against. 12 chs. 5d 47d for the corresponding week last year, ‘“CEYLON OBSERVER” PRESS, COLOMBO. TEA, COFFEK, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO. 21.] ConomBo, Juty 10, 1894. - | Raie eee cents each; 3 copies. 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Messrs. Forszs & WaALK»R put up for sale at the | Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 4h July, the undermentioned lots sold ss under:— Lot Box No. No Pkgs. LN 52 1 4-ch 2 54 15 do 2 Niloomally .. 56 2 ch 4 CH .. 58 11 4-ch 5 Avooa 60 15 ch 6 62 18 do 7 64 2 do 8 63 4 4-ch 9 Navaheena .. €8 56 3-ch 10 70 25 do 11 72 33 do 12 74 2 do 13 Kelaneiya 76 27 ch 14 718 27 do 15 80 2 do 16 82 3 do 17 Ireby 84 13 do 18 66 13 do 19 83 33 do 20 MK 90 1 }-ch Al ¢2 1 do 22 Weoya 91 40 4-ch 23 96 3L do 24 938 30 do 25 100 «8 do 26 Melrose 102 20 do 27 lc4 17 do 28 105 19 do 29 108 5 3-cb 30 W’Bedde 110 28 do 31 112 16 ch 33 114 12 do 33 Atherficld 116 12 4-ch 34 118 29 do 35 120 3 do £6 A 204192" 3° $-ch 37 Ascot foaled 21 sch 33 i 125 26 do 39 128 1 do 40 130 2 do 43 Ederapolla .. 136 dl 3-ch 44 138 23 do 45 140 3 do 46 142 21 do 47 ROC W, io est. mark een4ae? 7 ich 48 146 30 4-ch 49 Aigburth 148 5 ch 50 150 3 do 51 152 6 do 52 Anningkande 164 12 ch 53 156 12 do 54 158 17 do 55 160 4 4-ch 56 162 6 ch 59 Moragalla ... 168 15 4-ch 60 Milliapco .., 170 30 do 61 MP oa 172" 5 ch 62 174 3 do 63 HAT, in estate mark we 176) diteda 64 Yataderia .. 178 12 do 65 180 19 do 66 182 12 do 67 18t 7t do 63 186 12 do 69 Patiagams ... 186 17 ch ‘70 190 11 do 71 192 22 do 72 194 5 do 13 196 1 do 74 Thornfiell .. 198 74 $-ch 76 200 31 ch 76 Peiro .. 202 15 do 17 204 18 do 78 206 46 do 79 208 2 do ot te. (246,800 lb.), which Deecrip- Weight. tion. lb. G. bro mixei 45 14 pe funs 1050 26 bro mix 242 20 aust 800 23 bro pek 1500 87 bid pekce 1800 67 pek sou 200 48 dust 240 38 bro pek 2800 66 ekoe 13v0 48 pek sou 1900 33 dust 180 22 bro pek 2295 70 pekoe 2700 ti) dust 230 22 sou 300 22 oc pek 170) 61 pkoe 1170 42 pek sou 1310 32 bro pe Nol 67 46 Ose 2 68°. 23 bro pek 2400 4) pekoe 1700 30 pek sou 1500 28 pek duet 520 22 bro pek 2009 49 pekoe 1700 34 pek sou 1900 30 bro pek fans 300 28 bro pek 1680 52 pekoe 1520-35 bid bro pek fan 1260 34 dust 950 24 sou 1450 25 bro mix 150 16 sou 240 20 bro pe 2205 54 bid pekoe 2000 35 bid copgou 100 21 dust 300 93 bro or pek 1705 poke yma pek {sou 1890 orpe fans 735 40 bro pek 1800 55 copgou 500 25 dust 360 25 fans 660 31 bro pek 1320 59 pekoe 1200 42 pek sou 1700 80 dust 300 22 congou 600 24 bro mix 1125 16. bro or pe 1800 65 bid sou 525 27 dust 420 25 bro pek 121¢ 28 bid broor pek 1260 37 bid bro pek 1995 30 bid or pek 1200 §=- 30 pekos 7100 27 pek sou 1140 25 bro or pee 1870 67 bro pe 1100 65 pekoe 2200 45 pek sou 500 31 dust 160 22 bro pek 4140 17 ekoe 3100 54 ro pek 1650 97 pekoe 1620 64 pek sou 195039 dust 300 2 Lot No. y Clunea,—(Erracht Mark. WW tee Golconda .. 214 Yoxford -- 216 Sembawatie.., Torwool oe Asgeria Scrubs ee vo . se .» 250 KHL K A, in est. mark oe 254 255 258 26u Gipgranoya 262 264 Dunbar son AMB 00 Knavesniire a8 EK .. 282 286 G PM, in estate mark 0 509 Horagaskelle 302 304 305 303 310 Mauangoda 312 314 316 318 320 322 324 326 328 330 332 33k 336 333 Moragalla ... 340 342 844 wee SRG 343 300 L D, in estate mark 2. doo Bor 356 358 36u 342 364 868 Hunugalla.. Salem Talgaswela DW or PDA Divieion) .. 474 ML ~ lores) NOE nwpewuno Q ° Descrip- — Weight tion, lb. ch bro pek 105 It pek seu 95 18 pekoa 1400 39 bro pek 1500 50 bid pekoe 1449 42 pek sou 63) 22 bro tea 753 24 bro pek 180) 43 pekoe 1235 3 pe seu 1330 23 bro pek 2860 62 bid pekoe 3620 36 bid pek sou 1140 23 bro pe dust 660 2s bro tea 360 25 broorpek sud 72 bro pek 1155 vat pekoe 1620 53 pek sou 549 40 bro tea 550 15 bid. sou 735 <9 dust 709 23 DIF bro mix 210 15 unas 200 30 bro pek 420 at pekoe 112 3 bro pek 260 49 pek s_u 1520.28 dust 400 22 pekoe 2610 a7 pek son 450 2 fans 1210 20 pek No.2 3ivu 22 sou 1600 19 pekoe 720 2) bro pek 2800 29 pekoe 3690 25 pek gou §40 19 or pek 1500 95. bro pek 15uv oF pekce 2352 73 pek sou 4ub0 61 vuro Mix 784 53 sou lusts 46 pek fans 35 23 bro pelc 433 43 pekow 463 ab pek sou ols 28 congou 57 t bro mix 63 19 goldea tips 7 RL:30 bro pez 1209 4) pesoe 1200 32 pek sou 945 25 bro mix 200 29 fans 114 22 congou 3 17 red teaf 101 13 dust 446 23 bro pek 465 47 pekoe 450 20 pe sou 400 & bro: tea 620 19 pe jans 270 19 bro pek 132) 30 pekce S40 a3 pe scu Lug 29 LLo0 Av 1405 an S17 25 fans 5) 3 bro tea 59 At bro pek 2500 66 pekve 1950 3) bia pek sou 1080 23 copgou 100 “2 pes sou 645 21 bid or pek 210 3] bro pek 2100 65 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIS!. Lot Box Descrip- Weait.,, Lot Box Dererip - i No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion, No. Mark No. Pkgs. tion, wets 113 ee ee ie 3145 37 = Silver Valley 12 2$-ch bro pek oh §©680 id 373 8 do pek sou 720. 27 28 Rae 2 2. 165 Richlands .. 38) 24box brepek CoRL02 | 95 14 340 ex sou “a 8 1e6 762 B do pek Bou 80) 35 | 30 fe Ive y s ts : 4 0 cong? 45 25 y ¢ 63 ues 8 bch ne u “A 33 i Penrith y 20 ch bro pek 200 8665 174 Glenalpin ... 398 1 ch pek No.1 78 42 38 4 4 4 pales Le . .,.8 ee 195 : 4009 1$-ch pesouNo.! 46 32 26 agp 29 * an i 176° Kicblees ..#402 445 do bropek 2838 72 37 hay es Nap = tata ~ Mr 17 404 29 ch pekce = 2047 38 ao BAD PEt: GP oni BE 17 406 26 do pek sou 2600 36 39 GW 9 3 rd me >) —_— 119 408 1 do dust 1c0 30 40 26 5d ra ce ae 160 Blackwood... 410 40 ch bro pek 4000 60 4 ar 1 do owen S 181 412 36 do pekoe 2340 40 . oe. ave 14 30 do eksou 2700 31 {83 Killarney .. 416 6 do Eakga 600 “8 Mr, E. Joun put up toreale at the Obamber of Com- 181 4183 dé Pon 150 22 werce Sale-room on the 4th July, the undermentioned 185 420 1 -ch dost 9 23 lots of tea (18,899 Ib.), which sold as under -— 189 Aberdcen .. 422 48 do bropek 2400 41 Lot Box scrip- Weigh #87 424 40 do pekoe 2000 32 No. Mark No. Pkgs. ti P cig ’ 188 426 39 do pesou 1500 29 1 Glanrhos 213 ” b ey ab, * 189 428 “3 do dust 180 24 4 . es ee 49) Alton... 430% ch — pekoe 305 «15 3 + hae peioe _. 1278... 196 Moalpedide.., 442 6 ch or pek 550 48 4 419 ; be oe One > 197 414.7 do. bropek | 665 47 - + a = 193 446 8 do pekoe 720 38 6 ot 3 a come -_ = 199 448 4 do pek sou 36025 7 ardlaw & 422 20 $eh —— ed 4 200 450 9 do congou 763 20 6 Wishtora 844 iad = gt Sg 20 452 3 do fans 300 28 4 a ee 20% 454 4 ch redleaf 340 16 10 "an Bich | daee ee 203 456 2 do bro mix sl 1] Glentilt 238 20 «h orea = 4 Q04 453 2 do nas 180 33 2 te 12 do ya ed 4 205 480 14-ch dust (5 2 Kacangama 8:2 32 ch i and a a 206 Pelatagama 462 72 do bropek 4320 43bid | 44 “" 934 34 do — poo = hn 207 464 38 ch pekoe 3800 29 bid 15 236 26 do aa sou 2340 = tn 208 466 25 do pesou 2375 896.28 16 Agar’s Land.. 288 £3 4§-ch 4 eh 2385 20 bit. 209 488 18 do fan 1800 29 17 240 23 do 1083S 210 » 470 4 do bro mix 260 18 18 Tarf 242 10 ch tan k 1080 ~ i L w. 472 25 ch bropek 2500 22 bii | 9 91s 20 do 4 20m at ela 474 1 do bro pek 95 22 bid | 2) 246 3 do peksou 30u m 2 476 9 do pekdust 1060 22 21 DE 247 17 ch soucbong 13:0 = Bi Rosendhal .. ae p ich aro pek pp 4 22 Litte Valley... 219 13 ch bro wg 132 4 ae ° pekoe j 2¢ z R i) 216 482 1 do bro tesa 69 18 oe ~ ee ‘th al rr _ aie Santee wi 484 1 do congou 40 iW 25 254 2 do obst 160 s mark 486 1 do pekoe 50 «= «19 37 237 28 Pa pda Ze — ek 4 t ae rel leaf 55 “4 98 259 16 do e sou 152 - : oO congou 47 2 \ on Honpella «a 492 2 ch aoe 160 12 30 Gi. 263 2 my oe ek rd = 4 axapana- 38 DD 7 a if gaila .. 404 3 3-ch bro tea 150 12 38 oe 6 ao + ll 540 20 32 Eadelia «» 269 20 ch browpek 2000 61 SS 34 x71 18 do pekoe 1620 33 bid esars. SOMERVILLE & Co. put up for sale at the iS eam 278 12 do peksou 960 = ag : Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 4th July, 37 aa > ss Pa a 4 —— aha 4 : tue undermentioned lots of tea (41,940 Ib.), which sold | 38 279 2 do dust 280 25 -39 Anchor +» £80, 22 eb bro pek 2530 As under :— 40 292 do pekoe 2000 4 Int Box Descrip- Weight x A Sk Reel ¢ DeR SOEs eB ial 0. Mark. No. Pkgs, tion. Ib. c | bro 398 1 Malvern A ... 87 18 Poh bro pek 990 50 a7 pare eet ame he eee Pek ae 4 2 88 18do pekoe $90 28 bid | 4g 318 49 do 295 A 3 69 1do bro pekfan 55 23 45 Glasgow 7g ds chs Daeeek 24 EI 4 Beverley 90 6 ch __ bro pek 60062 50 08 ieee Sone a tee Fs 91 6 do pekoe 5404 5L ae aT eae | pes eee tae 6 92 4 do pee re 320 oe 52 3:6 § do oe pe “= 7 93 2 do pek dus 130 ; : pekoe b aoustante.. gga Beoee F H) ae Ra 4) So Bemis ot 5 ‘o pekoe i ‘ 55 322 6 do bro mix? £40 10 96 14-ch dust (acme é = 36 = x packages) . 2 oe 324 74-eh = dust 560° 24 31 Peru .. 97 263-ch bro pek 1560 2? apt a7 ab a eee i440 34 IA Mesere, A. H. THomPson & Co. put up for sale at the 43 e 99 ofc pek sou By 2 bid peak ua of Conimere Sale-room on the 4th July, AA Dace .. 100 c ro pe e uudermentio: ots of ten 15 1 37 fo pened ee a bid as uncer :— Fin te) ee cold 16 g §9do ro sou 3 i i 7 3 3do dust 300 26 ne niet = Pkes Descrip- Weight 18 4 2do_ fan 200 30 i an 0. a Ib. c. 19 riedland 5 184-ch pekoe 900. 52 eh) 2 ee 20 Hopewell |. 6 26¢o pekoe 156027 bid a ee ee eee | Bh ek eke. ; 2 2 80 3-ch = unas 1500 30 tetamark 7 304-ch bro pek 1500 «47 3 “v4 HL ch) dust! 770-22 22 8 37 do pek 1850. 30 4 6 2 do bro mix 200 15 28 9 14 ch pekson 1400 28 2 ae oe eee 100 Ont a a 10 3 d-ch pek fan - “165 30 6 oe Le . 82°2 dd bro tea 200 10 25 Li tnestate : ee eee: sae ee pA Mark 11 42ch peksou 8780 26 bid | 8 ee BN CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot Box Deserip- Weight Mersre. SomERVILLH & Co. pus up for sale at the No. Mark. No. Pke. tion. lb... Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 1irh Joly 9 Ossington 12 12 ch _ bro pek 1320 62 bid | the undermeutioned lotsa of tea (131,625 1b.) which sold 10 14 16 do pekoe 1800 40 as under :— , apt 3 ue ge Lie ae 3p Lot Box Descrip- Weight ba oe : i ; ton. ao: 13 AGO . 19 3 ch pe fane 420-22 Nan, Moule No. Phga,, ton AG 5 ‘ Alutkelle .. 283 6 Ack bro pek 200 47 14 20 19 do ~ pekscu Peete 29 10 do pekce 500 28 15 22 2 do soll 180 13 2 20 7. do pek soli 250 25 16 23 2 do dust 140 18 3 Ceylon 31 12 do dast 96D 39 17 Sapitiyagodde 24 2 do pek fan 300 20 4 GA Cey Beee 18 Nagur -» 25 1 do bro pek 95 24 bid 5 8 ap Corsi Pan fags Wo 34 19 2h = do pekoe 1¢0 24 mar OP sey ahi beaten 315 16 bid 20 27 1 do ica leaf 356 1 6 eck bppkedast: 400.22 21 ChurlieHill.. 28 3 4-ch fans 180 25 7 einer pe nuiibe ado bromek 156 | “73 22 29 2 do pekfans 120 30 BeWocduior De: 7a no. rakes a45«48 23 30 13 do sou 650 = 23 9 37 4 do pek sou 240-39 a4 32 12 do bekison 600 x At BRIOCHE Gu "3885 25 34 6 do pekoe 30 : 39 5 ; se 3180 3 2 PO oo) eee Dek) 250) aeae See eT . aoaga) apewes 810) .stNa 27 Hallowella .. 36 4 ch sou 320-27 toni i 44 2ch 14-ch bro pek 250 47 28 87 4 do dust 580-26 iy att Se em TeKeND; 1 2c0) 3 a Hp GI) a SELL BUOe «32 Ht 46 3 do pekoe 200 = 25 bid 35 OV -, 49 TLbox broorpek 82 55 | 19 ana io nek'son 200 20 Bd 36 51 28 ch pekoe 1960 4 bid | 20 480d Ach teas 50.—«18 bid 37 Rakwana .... 53 24 do bro pek 8720 SSB | ee Tags 4912 ch bro pek 1200 48 ee Bi Thee a 50.9 do _pekoe 810 36 1 4-ch’ ” pekoe 1552 23 bid a 5112 do sou 1020 = -7_ bid ? ee mt Ean pek sou 1305 25 bid | 2° Paget ce ane ‘Be te pee ; 5 e 80 40 Nahaveena.. 57 28 do pbropek 140041 as Narangoda ... B ie fo Lae pek nae 5 a Se en ouped 3 nepeens 38 5512 do —pekkson = 1030S 42 6t 19° do pek seu 950 33 9 Allakolla 56 33 $-ch broipeks 1815 48 43 : 63 1 do dust 90 22 Bn 87 32 ch pekoe 9.0 36 ep mpabltizenodde 3 6813 do pekiacu 123597 Invoice No.24 @8 9 do or pek 900 57 35 Udab 59 57 4-ch bro pek 349) 51 49 70 18 do bro pek 1430 57 3) avage . 60.41 do ets 1440 31 BO ae | 6 72 14 do pekoe 1400 33 DA 6118 do ek sain 990 27 51 Sapitiyagodda : o. Citrus 62 5 -ch Dro yek 275 «48 Invoice No.25 7% 20 ch or pek 2000 57 38 6310 do broor pex 5€0 43 52 76 33 do bro pek 3630 55 3, Gi ws chitercntnek ce’ 595 29 53 78 22 do do No.2 2640-380 bid | 37 @SIE) clos nok. sou $81 26 BS pom aT do umbekoe 2700-36 bid | 3) €6 3 do unas 31822 Be eu BOR Ae WQS CH) 40 67 1ch14 chbro tes 150-15 bid gl 68 2 ch fans 200 3 Mr. A. M. Gerp put up for sale at the Chamber of 42 €9 2 do pek dust z69 . 21 Commerce Sale-room on the 4th July, the undermen- |- 43 Ingeriya .. 70 8 }-ch bro pekx 44055 tioned lots of tea (7,896 1b,), which sold as under :— a ue ie ae ane 7D er KS 7 z Lot Box Descrip- Weight ‘8 73 2 do bro mix 1047 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. LbsAl a: a pera oe 74 24 do pekoe 1440 40 Lot A ~» 20 22 ch ek sou 2420 in estate ; b : 1 4-ch ss do 43 tout 4° “mark Ap ane CO bro pek $25 49 2 TM +» 22 23 ch peksou 2530 i 49 7612 do pekeoe 660 35 1 do do 104 out 50 7716 do pek seu g02 27 3.P “1 24 2 do bro pel 203 eut | Bt ABushade soma Sw high oO U Q 2 13-ch sou 157-12 bia | 52 79 2 do dust 15031 5 28 6 do bro tea 506 out BB Tee 8026 ch = pek sou st 26 6 30 7 do pekfen 435 out 4 5 8113 4-ch dost 104 28 7 BG .». 32 1 ch bdbroorpek 126 53 55 RX 84 3 do sou i26 a2 8 34 2 do or pek 230 36 56 : 83 2 do dust 150 23 9 36 4 do bro pek 460 47 bia | 7 ING .. 84 6 do pek dust 450 2 10 38 14-ch pek sou 55022 58 85 2 do dust 150022 11 AGT 40 1 ch bro pek 10047 59 86 3 ch red leat sco. 8:19 12 42 2 do pekoe 180 24 bia | 60 87 1 do sou — 100 2k 13 44. 1 do peksou 85s 2 6t Salawe »» 8821 do bro pek 2100-57 bid lu G -. 45° 1 do unss 62 out | 82 89 20 do pekoe 1840 34 bid an 63 99 27 do pek sou Q205 29 64 Tin estatemark 91 11 do unas 1045 29 bid Messrs- BENHAM & BreEMNER put up or sale at the | 65 92 7 do sou 630-23 Ohamber of Commerce Ssle-room cn the 4th July, 86 93 5 ch bromix 509-20 bid the undermentioned lots of tea (12,243 1b.) which o ae - oe Spee 250, as eens mer 69 Penrith .. 9839 ch — brogeic 20 G2 - SLOD BIg eats 1 70 97 21 do pekoe 1785 35 a ae on ane Sits hele: eon 4160-23 71 9321 do peck sot 1680-29 2 Mahanilu .. 52 8 do peksou 8@0 3k 72 99 1 d , a 3 54 19 do 5 5 © te) sou $i ls > sou 1805 28 73 100 5 do fans 00 21 4 AiryHill .. 58 6 4-ch pekoe 300-26 14 1 2 do obrot Toa. aD 56 Ss 7» Of “é"¢ch red leaf 433 10 45 211 do Avago 1788 OL 6 Battalgaila.. 60 5 do fans 450 82 78 Monrovia .. 39) 4. & 738 a 7 62 3 do pekgsou 30035 11 “39 ae pupines 1000, ac. 88 8 TRE .. 64 4 do bro pek 300 46 78 Bib sae fee 290 1 9 66 7 do koe ¢ a t oO ans 1000 ( pe 700 27 9 6 5 do dust 350 al 10 68 4 do 6 SOL 380 20 89 Deniya 6c ot ae Sa 52 ul 70 2 do brotea 190 ont | 90 i It do “rds 8 12 Orange Field 72 7 ch bro pek 67648 91 18 9 do + es 1100 og 13 T1 12 do pekoe 1200 30 SMBs 5. 10 8 do. wgattnle 300 3a 14 76 1 do pesou 100 24 93 40 2 do pek su 196 36 15 78 2 do bro tea 200 «14 94 aad J u 19 26 16 Acrawatte .. 50 24 do b 95 ae fe ac : re -> = 5 ad ~ eg fans 23 = l}-ch rop ek 246061 96 23 2 do cust 220 25 ¥ 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST, Lot Box Descrip- Weight os Bos Box Weight No. Mark. No. Pkge. tion. Ib. ¢. indteettines land No. Pkgs. Desoription. lb. —. 97 Walahenduwa 2411 ch bro pek 1100 65 Iuvoice No. 27 21 17 ch or pek 1703-56 bid 93 2517 do jek 1700 #4 14 23 20 do bro pek 2200 «58 bid 99 2611 do jek s5u 11008 15 25 20 do pekoe 2000 «39 100 27 1 do rei leaf 15 15 16 27 +1 do pek fans lsu at 191 101 1 do dust 150 22 17 Sapitiyagodds 108 Kirimettia.. 115 1 do dust 155 22 Invoice No. 28 28 16 do or pek 1600 £6 bid 109 Veralrpatna 117 2 do pek No.2 100-25 bid | 18 30 20 do bropek 2200 64 bid 110 Wattagalla 119 1 do pek dust 100 21 | 19 32 20 do pekoe 2000 «40 lll HHH... 121 1 $-ch pekoe 3 2 20 34 1 do pek fans 102 112 123 1 ch pek #9u 10018 21 AKA OC, in est. 113 125 1 }3-ch dust 5 20 mark «. 85 4 $-ch pek sou 209 «= 33 114 W . 127 1 do bro pek 60 18 22 36 2 do dust 260 2 15 129 1 ch pek sou “uo 8019 23 37 2 do congou 15018 6 131 1 $-ch ‘sou ei 19 26 Manickwatte 42 12 do bro pek 1200 50 17 133 3 ch cyngou 300 7 | at 44 6 do pekoe 600 (3s 118 135 5 do bro tea 500 ithd’a | 9 AGC .. 46 4 do pe fans 560-23 119 157 3 do dust 390 20 29 Wocdend .. 43 1 }-ch pekoe 38 120 Forest Hill 139 7 do pek sou 700 30 30 Vogan + 49 22 ch bro pek 2000 68 121 141 1 do congou 100 18 31 51 24 do pekoe 2040 = 36 bid 122 133 3 do dust(Aeme pk) 310 22 32 538 15 do pesou 1275 30 bid 129 Ukuwella .. 157 36 ch bro pek J 53 33 55 6 do s0u 400 25 130 159 28 do pekoe 2060 36 Bt 56 2é-ch dust 140 22 131 161 20 do peksou 190098 85. V .. 57 2 ch pek fans 2636 «= 30 bid 132 163 1 3-ch red leaf 3310 44 Nagur «- 69 1 ch bropek 9 23 133 165 1 do dust 7 21 4 RWT - DWiwh,ch fans 100 12 134 Allakolla 167 40 do bro pek 2200 45 46 Glenesk 71 30 box pek No. 1 600 out 125 169 21 ch pekoe 2100-36 47 73 254-ch bro pek 1500 8-82 136 171 9 do pek son 855 27 48 75 34 ¢o or pek 2u20. 5 bid 157 1733.2 do red jegf 200 12 49 77 60 do k 3000s 45 138 175.1 4-ch dust No, ] 95 93 50 79 11 do pekeou 6300-36 139 177.1 do dust No. 2 9 97 53 Rakwana 83 1@ ch 140 Depedene 178 17 }4-ch bropek 935 47 1 4-ch ro 130545 141 180 30 do pekNo.1 1510 35 54 Engurukande 85 22 do pek 200337 142 182 20 do pek,,2 1000 31 55 87 6 do pekoe 2950-28 143 184 24 do pe sou 1200 98 144 186 2 do red leat 110 14 Se ee 145 4 187 3 a0 dust 240 22 146 rion 189 4 ¢ feo, weeee a CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. 147 191 1 ch pekoe (2 Ib. re ¥ rackets) 96 37 Ise fone 2 us ce 50.37 (From Our Commercial Correspondent ) 149 193 : Bo. ree aise Mrixcine Lane, June 22nd, 1894. . ; < - —) 160 195 1 da dnst 30-32 Marke and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in 151 Bombra ... ae is zr pek 150 68 Mincing Lane up to 22nd June : — 1 ° 198 eh et Beem aoe, AE Ex “‘Ameer’—Pittarat Malle, 1b 1063; 1b 105s; 3e 154 202 1 ch dust 92 22 1033; 1t 1003; 1b 110s; 1¢ 89; 1b 75s. Messrs. BennHAM& BREMNER put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce sale-room on the Jith July Ex “Lancashire’”—Gonamotava, 2c 1b 108s; 65 105<; Ic 100s; 2b 123s; 1e 125s; 2c 90s 6'; 3b 1083 61. Ex “Barrister” —Ouvah JB, lc 104s, 4¢ 101s; 1b 94¢; der mentioned lots of Tea (5,1421b.), which | 1t 116s; lc 845; 1b 10is. Bogawantalavws, 1b 993; 1 ea 2 abe : a : 959; 1b 104s; 1b 78s. Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mars. No. Pkgs tion. ea ; 1 Elston in estat ¢ uy sfoncia btn (oa egies ttt asa Bt} CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. 2 54 7 do bromix 700 24 : oe oP a a ae (From Our Commercial Correspondent). 5 Sutton 60 : go pene ia ee Mincine Lane, June 22nd, 1894. ia) f° May Of nator Somes Ex “India”—SB(229)X€, 20 bags 75s bought in; 8 8 TRE 66 2 do tro tea 190 13 bage 65s bovght in. : Ex *‘Oanfa’—S 1 (MK‘IM, 13 bags 70s bought in. Messrs. A. H. THompson & Co, put up for sale Ex ‘Leg’ s'ator”—Medagodde No. 3, 4 bags 46. at tbe Ohamber of Qommerce Sale-room on the 11th July, the undermentiored lots of tea (55,095 Ib.,) which sold as under: Lot Box No. No. 1 Pcrtswood 1 2 3 3 Kalkande 4 4 6 5 8 6 Pamtagama 10 7 11 8 J2 9 Sapitiyagodda Invoice No. 26 14 10 16 i 18 32 20 Descrip- Weight CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES Pks. tion. Ib. c. 12 ch sou 960 47 bid IN LONDON. 4 i-ch dust Bad a bid ae = SE e eo Peron a0 33 bid (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) de be pee 200 - pa Mrncine Lane, June 22nd, 1894. 4 a 20 360} a Ex “‘Orizaba”—Mysore, Kuru, le 1s6d; Ic Is 57; le 14 do congeu 1199 FRAP. | 1g QA; 1a 1p 4d. Ex "«Oroyn”—Hunargeria, le 1873; 4c 1s 7d. 17 do or pek 17000 57 Ex “‘Orient”—Myeore cardamome, 2c 1s 94; 39¢ ts 22 do brope 2120 = 52 bid 10d: 4c 1s 24; 5¢5* 53. Ba oe obs sate cath Ex “City of Oxford” —VB(984), 60 1s 74. ‘“‘CEYLON OBSERVER’ PRESS, COLOMBO. THA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. ———— NO. 22.] Comm COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. CotomsBo, JuLy 20, 1894. Mr. E. Joun put up for sale the Chamber of erce Sale-room on the lith July, the undermentioned ots of Tea (68,088 lb.), which sold as under:— Lot Box No. Marx. No. Pkgs 1 Callander 826 18 4-ch 2 328 18 do 3 330 20 do 8 Great Valely 3388 30 ch 9 340 27 do 10 342 12 do ll 244 5 4-ch 1g B45 2) ch 13 Madooltenne 346 17 do 14 348 12 do 15 350 12 do 16 Ford Jl 26 do iW Ns 13 15 do 18 15 11 do 19 Shawlands.. 17 40 4-ch 20 19 17 ch 21 21 25 do 22 Glentilt D3" 17. do 23 25°12 do 24 27 18 3-ch 56 Ayr 29 34 do 27 31 36 ch 28 83 25 do 29 Bh) 1 do 30 26 2 3-ch 3l 31. 3 do 32K, BT in est, mark oe) gtBSy 45 CO 32 W—T AG OL eerie (ON 33 41 10 do 34 43 18 do 35 45 4 do 36 46 17 do 45 N i (Glee do 46 Lameliere 63 27 do 47 65 25 do 48 67 17 do 49 69 5 }-ch £0 Ottery and Stam- ford Hill ca, ADS Pee) 51 q Ion ae ch 52 74. 1 3-ch 53 70 8, ch Descrip- Weight tion, bye Cs broorpek 1080 65 or pek 990 62 pekoe 1080 54 bro pek 3300 70 pekoe 2700 56 pe sou 1140 39 dust 425 24 bro mix 190 13 bro pek 1700 51 pek 1200 32 pe sou 1200-25 pekoe 2600 41 sou 1425 36 dust 1760 23 bid bro pek 2400 55 pek No.1 1400 46 do ,,2 2500 30 bro pek 1785 64 pek sou 1177 36 dust 1390 25 bro pek 1700 538 pekoe 2520 34 bid pe sou 1875 28 congou 80 20 fans 160 20 pek dust 240 23 bro tea 200 14 bro pek 700 51 pekoe 900 42 pek scu 1620 3 sou 360 28 dust 2550 25 bro mix 12.0 2k bro pek 3310 65 pekce 2250 41 pek sou 1615 Bt dust 450 24 bro pek 1100 79 bid pekce 2160 45 dust 71 22 sou 720 24 Messrs. Forses & WALKER put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the llth Jaly, the undermentioned lots of tea (264,037 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box No, No. 1 Kobo wee 496 2 Elfindale 498 3 Hurstpier point 509 4 602 i) 5u4 6 A068 7 508 8 Rcckside 510 9 512 10 Arduthie 5l4 M1 516 12 518 13 520 14 542 15 G .. 524 16 Macaldenia.. 526 17 628 18 530 19 Sb, Helier’s .. 532 20 534 21 536 22 Havilland .,, 638 28 Deaculla .. 550 39 659 Pks. 14 ch 19 $-ch 10 do 8 do 7 do 2 do Desorip- Weight tion, Ib. dust 1120 dust 950 bro pek 500 pekoe 400 pek sou 350 dust 80 congou 50 pek No.2 26v0 pek sou 1400 bro pek 1000 pekoe 1000 pe sou 1000 dust 90 sou 50 sou 700 bro pek 2500 pekoe 1500 pek sou 1400 broor pex 180 pekoe 1600 pek sou 700 bro pek 100 bro pek 1140 pekoe 2775 c. bid Lot Box No. Mark. No. Pkgs. 30 Clunes, —(Clunes Division) ., 554 20 3-ch BL 556 51 do 32 658 20 de 33 Easdale 560 9 do 34 562 9 do 35 564 2 do 36 566 1 do 37 Augusta -. 568 12 ch 38 570 24 do 39 572 29 do 40 574 6 do 41 576 1 $-ch 42 578 2 ch 43 Kirindi «» 580 10 do 4t 582 19 do 45 584 23 do 46 585 5 do 47 588 2 do 48 Calefornia ... 590 7 #-ch 49 592 5 do 50 594. 3 do 51 596 4 do 52 598 IL do 53 600 1 do 54 Dunkeld 602 28 ch 55 64 32 4-ch 56 606 24 ch 57 DKD .. 608 2 do 58 610 4 do 59 Maha Uva 612 40 4-ch 60 614 13 ch 61 616 7 do 62 Glenorchy .., 618 74 3-ch 63 620 65 do 64 622, 1 do 65 Anamallai 624 6 ch 65 Wewesse 626 +2 -ch 67 625 26 do 68 620 28 do 69 632 2 do 70 63£ 1 do 71 636 2 do 72 Hunugalla .. 638 11 ch 73 640 10 do 74 642 9 do 75 644 1 do 75 646 1 do 77 Farm 648 2 3-ch 73 650 1 do 79 Alnoor 652 32 do 8u 654 25 do bal 656 25 do 82 53 9 do 83 J, in estate mark - 660 4 ch 84 Palmerston 662 12 do 1 3-ck 85 664 16 ch 1 3-ch 86 665 9 ch 1 3-ch 87 Minnawsata- kelle +» 668 10 ch 88s PGM 670 10 do 91 KAS 676 2 ch 92 678 1 do 1 3-ch 93. 680 5 ch 9k 682 4 do 95 634 3 do 98 Craigie Lea.. 686 12 do 27 688 13 do 98 Hethersett... 690 9 4-ch 92 692 13 do 100 694 28 do 101 696 17 do 102 698 10 do 103 70 2 do 104 Wolleyfield.. 702 1 ch 105 704 1 do 1 $-ch 108 706 2 ch 107 70S 1 do 108 B, in estate mark oo 71 9 $-ch Descrip- Weight tion. lb. bro pek 1000 pekoe 2295 pek sou 1800 bro pek 450 pekoe 450 pek sou 90 dust 60 bro pek 1260 pekoe 1920 pek sou 2465 sou 420 red leaf 60 dust 232 bro pek 1050 pekoe 1520 pek sou 1955 sou 350 dust 272 bro pek 365 pekce 250 vek sou 150 fans 224 unes 50 bro pek dusb 74 bro pek 3080 or pek 1600 pekce 2400 pek sou 174 pek fans 536 bro pek 2200 pekoe 1300 pek sou €65 bro pek 4440 pekoe 4675 dust 95 dust 510 bro pek 1320 pekoe 1430 pek sou 1540 congou 100 fans 60 dust 160 bro pek 1210 pekoe 1050 pek sou 90) dust 120 bro mix 108 dust 160 bro tea 60 bro pe« 1600 pekoe 1250 pek sou 1250 fans 585 bro tea 489 bro pek 765 pekoe 1495 pex sow 815 pe dust 1500 pe dust 1500 bro pefans 222 pek No. lk 172 pexoe 4501 ps sou BHU dust 420 sou 1200 red leaf 1170 or pek 433 bro or pek 871 bro pek 1784 pekoe 1666 pek son 830 pe fans 180 bro pek 85 pekoe 145 sou 190 bro mix 90 dust 720 {eEres :—123 cents each; 3 copies. 30 cents; 6 copies $ rupee. 5 bid hid bid bid bid bid bié 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LISY. Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pke. tion. ib, =e; No. Mark No. Pkgs. tion. lb. c. 109 L. in estate 199 Goraka -- 892 5 ch bro pe 625 46 mark .. 12 1 $ch_ bropek 38 47 200 894 4 do pekoe 400-28 110 714 1 ch pekoe 7 2 201 896 3 do pe sou 3200220 111 716 1%ch dust 54 22 202 898 1 do ou 10015 112 Knavesmire 718 28 ch br>pek 2300 29 . 208 M&C .. 900 4 do cougou 400 «17 113 720 24 do ekoe 2160 ©. 26 204 902 7 do dust 770 «8630 114 722 15 do do No. 21500 24 205 904 7 do brotea 700 " 115 72425 do sou 2000 22 206 D C in estate 116 126 8 do sou No. 2 640 21 mark -- 906 4 ch sou 320 368 117 728 8 do dust 420 20 207 908 21 ts dust 204026 118 L . 730 4 do bro pek 460 26 bid | 210 Fred’s Rube 914 23 bro pe 1150 61 19 888s . 732 3 do pekoe 240037 2i1 916 23 ch pekoe 2300 «= 33 120 1734 2 do pesou 230 30 212 918 12 do sou 1200 27 121 736 2 do bro tea 250 «-28 213 920. 2 do pefan 260 34 122 738° 12° do dust 2052 «2k 214 WA «- 922 4 do 420 «27 123 740° 1 do congou 9 26 2165 924 1 do ro mix 10004 124 742 8 do red leaf 279 «17 216 Harangalla 926 27 do brope 2700S 61 12 NWD 744 1 ch bro pek 106 48 217 928 21 do pekoe 1890 39 126 746 2 do pek 18484 218 930 26 do pe sou 9340 ©4630 127 748 1 do pek sou 110 27 219 932 4 do dust 600 22 128 Dromoland.. 750 5 do pek sou 600 25 226 Weitalawe.. 946 18 do bro pe 900 «Bl 129 752, 6 do bro tea 600 §=- 23 227 948 41 do pekoe 2050 860 130 Elgin «. 754 4 do bro pek 400 55 bid | 228 950 9 do pesou 450 «= 36 131 Laxapana- 239 952 4 do dust 372 23 galla .. 756 44%-ch broorpe 220 47 230 CB 954 7 ch bro pe 700)=— 70 132 758 46 de peksou 2417 2 bid | 231 956 11 do pekee 1100 67 133 760 6 do do 300 «12 233 958 1 do pe sou 100-39 134 762 8 do dust 680 21 233 960 3 do t 195 8638 135 Polatagama 764 72 4-ch bro pek 4320 44 2344 H&H .. 962 6 do bromix 600 17 136 Bearwell 766 22 do bro pe 1320 55 235 964 5 do dust 850 21 137 768 11 do pekce 660-33 236 ~P «- 966 14-ch pekoe 50-20 138 770 1 do peksou 690 237 968 2 ch dust 30002 139 Lillawatte.. 772 6 ch congeu 600 19 238 Langdale 970 23 do bro pe 2760 78 140 774 6 do sou €00 «19 239 972 31 do 3100 «52 141 D, inestate 240 974 6 do pe sou 540 38 mark .. 776 3 do pek dust 300 20 241 976 1 do pefans 14096 147 Custlereagh 758 16 ch bropek 1680 77 242 978 1 do dust 160 24 148 790 17 do or pek 1530 62 243 Munamal .. 980 3 ch bro pek 317 49 149 792 22 do pekoe 1870 45 244 982 % do 150 Miilapoo ... 794 26 do 1¢ch pekoe 32% 3) 34-ch bropek 2805 52 245 984 3 ch 151 Theberton .. 795 8 do unas 150 16 1¢-ch pek sou 322 «26 162 CRD .. 798 8 ch dust 315-23 246 986 J ch 153 800 2 do red leaf 2 16 1 g-eh bro tea 13 2 154 Middleton .. 802 424-ch bro pek 2520 74 247 988 1 ch 155 804 20 ‘do or pek 1100 64 1%-ch dust 185 22 156 806 13 ch pekoe 1300 57 248 990 1 ch 157 808 11 do peksou 10146 36 4-ch on 135 19 158 810 3 do fan 315 26 249 Razeen 992 16 3-ch pekoe 400 159 Ferndale 812 30 do bro pek 3000 38 250 994 8 do pesou 283 ¢ tna" 160 814 50 do pekce 5000 27 251 996 1 do copgou 40 ? 161 Bagdad .. 816 24-ch dust 170-22 252 998 1 do dust 75 162 818 do bro tea 65 47 258 Brnnoswick .. 10 6 do unas 618 35 163 TGH .. 820 2 ch_ red leaf 200 «14 259 12 6 do e fans 810 23 164 Wattagalla H 822 28 do bro pek 3080 70 260 Weoya «» 14 56 4-ch bropek 3080 43 165 824 30 do pekce 3300 41 261 16 31 do pekoe 1550-30 166 826 3 do fe dust 300 22 262 18 39 do pesou 19:0 SP 167 K wv» $8261.03} do dust 340 22 263 20 § do bro pe fan 275 26 168 830 1 do sou 100 22 264 22 12 do pe dust £40 23 168 Dea Ella .. 832 25 do bro pek 2750 48 » 265 24 26 do ~ sou _ 1300 22 170 834.5 do pekoe 1560 86 bid | 206 26 8 do bro mix 400 - 16 171 83h 4 oo pek sou 360 27 267 PDH -- 9 9#ch pefans 740 24 172 Aberdeen ... 838 59 4-ch bro pek 2250 48 268 M—D -. -30) 23) ch bro pek 2760 51 178 840 31 do pekoe 15:0 39688 269 32 28 do ekoe 1958 39 bid 174 842 21 do pe sou 1050 30 271 Denmark Hill 36 7 4-ch roorpek 448 &2 175 €44 3 do dust 180 21 272 38 17 do bro pek 1083 81 176 846 3 do pek fans? 180 25 273 40 11 ch pekoe 1100 «5 177 BDWPE.. 848 54 do bro pek 2700 42 274 42 5 do Pek sou 425 46 178 850 43 do pekoe 2150 29 215 44 24-ch pekfans 180 «=—25 176 852 6 0O pbropefans 360 24 276 46 4 do or pek 192 72 bid 180 854 4 do ~ dust 318-23 217 48 6 do breor pek 402 89 181 85 3 ch red leaf 336 12 278 50 14 do bro pek 882 80 182 H .. 858 7 do dust 1050 22 bid | 279 52 9 ch _ pekoe 882 57 188 BDWA 860 1 do fans 150 29 280 54 4 do pek sou 332 59 184 662 1 co bromix 100 «13 281 56 1 ¢-ch_ pek fans 90 8625 185 864 1 do dust 150 922 186 D -. 866 14=ch = dust 70 =20 187 BDWG.. 8€8 3 do dust 255 924 Messrs. Forpgs & WALKER put up for sslé at the Te ee 4. BOG 7@ das) pe fans — B50"? Re Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 18th July, STarEEa Yt. Agak aed ReneS es the undermentione? lots of ten (277,703 lb.), which 190 Pansalatenne 874 29 ae oe) pe 3045 57 sold as under:— ; aa ether 2a ae Lot Box Deserip- © Weight 192 878 14 do pe sou 1330 28 = = 193 880 2 do congou 200 20 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. ib: ce: 194 882 3 3-ch dust 225 21 1 Lynford .. 58 3 ch _ bro tea 330 622 195 Tyegrove.... 88 380 ch brope; 525 55 2 60 2 do redleaf 180 14 196 886 11 do pekoe 330037 3 G@MRBA.. 62 5 do dust 750 24 A197 888 6 do pesou. 600 29 14 64 2 do red leaf 230 «4 198 890 1 do dust 150 al 5 66 2 do fans 137 20- ee i ny oi CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot No. Mark. 6 MV toe Sinnapittia... Beddegama... Maha Uva Gonawella Ambalaw.., Caskieben.. Queensland St. Helier’s Amblakande Bismark .. Panmure ., N ort Eastland Ederapolla Chougbleigh KC Galaha Hanteville Iddagodde KB ch Midlands ... TB Polatagama Box Weight No. Pkgs. Desoription. Ib. On 68 2 ch fans 300 20 70 2 do dust 305 24 72 4 do bro mix 380 18 74 11 do bro mix 1100 18 76 21 do bro pek 2205 55 78 15 do pekoe 1350 36 80 8 do pek sou 720 27 82 14-ch dust 95 23 84 2 ch bro pek 209 31 66 2 do pek oe 200 24 83 1 do con 99 16 90 38 do fan’s 360 26 v2 7 do dust No, 1 1050 19 94 12%-ch sou 672 14 96 6 do do 336 14 98 18 do do 1008 14 100 5 do do 280 ll 102 3 do congou 163 21 104 1 do bro pe fang 80 22 106 2 do dust 189 22 108 1 do red leaf 43 10 110 31 do bro pek 1705 72 112 11 ch pekoe 1100 50 114 7 do pek sou 665 36 116 1é%-ch congou 56 a1 118 1 do red leaf 45 withd’no 120 6 ch bro pek 600 52 122 3 do pekoe 270 33 124 3. do pe sou 270 29 126. 1 do bro tea 120 23 128 1 do dust 145 22 136 20 ch bro pek 1800 46 138 11 do pek sou 880 31 140 5 4-ch dust 400 23 142 38 ch flowery pek 3784 52 bid 144 28 do pekoe 800 36 146 1 4-ch pekoe No, 2 48 30 148 3 do unas 312 29 150 2 do pe fans 283 20 i52 26 ch flowery pek 2600 64 154 20 do pekoe 1974 37 156 2 do pek sou 288 21 158. 27 j-ch broorpek 1317 67 160 12 do pekoe 1200-35 162 5 do pek sou 476 29 164 2 do bro mix 208 10 166 4 3-ch dust 367 22 1468 17 ch bro pe 1700 64 17) 17 do pekoe 1530 41 172 35 do pek sou 3150 32 174 3 do sou 255 24 176 14 }-ch bro pek 840 91 178 17 ch pekoe 1700 58 180 5 do hek sou §00 42 182 1 do sou 100 2 18t 4 do 1 4-ch dust 580 22 186 3 ch bro mix 315 15 185 5 do sou 500 24 190 10 do bro tea 1300 23 192 40 4-ch = bro pak 2400 71 194 88 4-ch bro pek 4406 44 Did 196 18 do pekce 1440 30 198 11 do pek sou 990 26 200 4 do sou 360 16 202 15 ch bro pek 1680 60 204. 8 do pekoe 800 37_—‘bid 206 7 do peksou 665 34 bid 208 4 do sou 3e8 27 210 3 do dust 463 22 212. 1 4-ch bro pek 50 48 214 3 ch dust 390 24 216 5 do soutippings 450 23 218 2 do red leaf 180 15 420 8 do sou 720 27 222 10 do dust 1500 22 224 2 do pek sou 180 30 226 3 do red leaf 309 1s 228 4 do fans 410 2k 230 7 $-ch = dust 655 23 282\ 2: ch bro pe sou 177 18 224 Jt do dust 130 2t 236 3 do sou 285 22 238 6 do dust 780 23 210 5 4-ch dust 375 21 242 2 ch i¢-ch fans 330 23 244 1 ch 1}-ch dust 180-21 246 «#1 ch bro mix 90 18 250 74 4-ch bro yek 444044 $28 Court Lodge 262 264 266 268 Ketadola ... 270 2 Bickley ... 286 Wewesse .. 291 BDV Seneuo 2938 Kande ... 316 KW Din est. 318 mark 320 324 W’Bedde.. 326 328 330 332 Ascot +» 334 336 PDM. 5. 338 340 P ee 342 J #H S, in estate mark «- 348 Moralioya 356 Denegama 362 Peacock Hill 364 vo +» 366 R ve 385 Strathdon .. 392 Scrubs ve ood Deltotta . 404 G ab KPG.... 414 N in estate mark ~. 416 Golec@nda.. 420 ae 424 Stisted 428 DW te. 440 M L T, in estate mark woe 412 Nugagalla.. 444 445 448 Yahalakelle 450 452 454 TCO -. 400 462 1 PA awe NHeE NG ” _ Ae toe = MN ONFSOAC OU GoOYNaNH OF Od Ree ht ee BD — - COn wh fs Paw Descrip- tion. pekoe pek sou fans dust bro pek pekoe pek sou pek fan bro pek fan congou pe dust dust red leaf pek sou bro pek bro pe fan bro or pek or pek pekoe dust congou dust bro pe fan bro tea dust or pek pekoe pek sou bro tea pe sou bro tea dust bro mix fans bro tea dust bro tea or pek pekoe fans dust bro tea pekoe bro or pek bro pek pekce pek sou bro pek fan bro pek pekoe pek son dust dust bro mix pek sou unas bro pek pekoe bro pek bro pek bro pek pekce pek sou dust sou bro pek fans pek sou dust bro or pek pekoe pe sou unas red leaf dust bropek ekoou Weight lb. e. 3900 32 1710 27 1400 25 935 22 1674 80 999 7 560 44 129 25 592 52 605 3a 450 26 180 18 70 I4 58 19 82- 19 180 22 300 22 450 20 g90 1 1540 36 bid 1000 45 bid 3266 24 bid 391 46 63 24 230 24 152 12 320 27 1894 74 bid 1530 623 240 493 1580 25 100 22 300 24 180 24 130 lq 700 22 700 73 1190 40 340 29 110 «sols 100 14 240 12 160 20 240 17 289 2 550 15 120 22 220 13 600 73 1020 41 700 18 1260 21 540 13 90 35 810 $0 1365 74 2340 57 810 41 720 0= 33 270055 900 38 1080 «39 1800 23 290 2) 180 13 68 30 18147 1000-57 500 36 1686 44 bid 2255 36 bid 2805 64 2300 42 1000 3h 350 23 650 24 70 36 686 16 Dad 320 22 700 2 2050 «5 450 37 600 20 90 15 288 ai ll4 38 90 22 4 Lot Box No. No 204 464 205 466 206 Hatale .. 468 207 470 208 473 209 474 210 476 213 Patirajah... 482 @l4 484 215 438 216 Clunes.—(Erracht Division) 448 217 46 2is 492 219 494 220 498 221 G -. 498 227 Morankande 510 228 512 229 514 ) 516 a 518 232 AD in estate mark see a “933 F iy 524 235 526 236 528 937 KKK ... 530 238 Gleneagles 532 239 P 534 245 Clydesdale 546 216 548 247 550 249 C «. 502 249 Stisted 554 250 556 251 558 252 560 253 562 254 564 255 Farnham.. 566 256 568 237 Hillezande 570 258 572 959 574 260 576 201 578 262 580 263 582 64 Kirrimettia 084 365 585 266 588 267 590 268 593 dde 594 os Moalpe Bae 271 598 272 600 273 Glepcorse.. 692 274 604 275 606 276 608 3 610 Hs Gordon .. 612 279 614 380 616 281 618 282 Barkindale 620 283 622 284 624 285 626 290 Talgaswela 636 291 688 292 640 293 642 294 644 298 Kobo 652 299 58, 300 Dunbar 605 301 i 855 302 66 303 662 304 Pedro .. 666 306 - 668 307 668 308 670 bw =! Ce ee tt Hoe até orem 22 . ae CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Descrip- tion, bro or pek bro pek pekoe pe sou dust sou pekoe bro tea bro pex pekoe pek sou upas congou red leaf dust bro pek pekoe fans bro mix dust or pek bro pek pekoe pe sou bro pek pekoe pe sou dust sou bro pek pekoe pe sou rel leaf bro psk pekoe sou bro mix bro pe pekoe pek scl congou dust dust . pe fans bro pek pekoe pek sou sou bro or pe pekoe pek sou dust Weight. lp. cc. 120 14 660 12 4788 46 bid 1592 4 1710 §=34 bid 1462.38 1120 22 1300 51 bid 1000 = 31._ bid 90 «=—.20 2610 63 4420 3h 930 28 bid 2200 21 500 34 750 18 2696 42 1500 34 1400 30 375 22 90 21 350 44 150 32 100 26 109 14 60 20 288 12 56 12 2860 64 bid Qi85 52 3900 78 2200 53 270 34 700 22 60 61 1530 64 2035 43 1050 32 60 22 350 21 800 «30 684 21 1728 53 540 31 1125 31 630 39 1750 26 160 12 390 23 600 50 675 25 370 =. 20 131 12 332 22 600 53 270 53 510 37 935 30 1600 64 1710 35 1520-29 300-20 100 «14 450 47 600 29 190 86.23 45 18 1344 80 3705 49 190 25 225 15 2200 59 1260 35 1080 80 100 20 150 22 480 2k 280 22 1250 79 1710 53 810 44 810 32 1430 «= 92 1710 59 1725 43 150 25 Mr. A. M. Gepp put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce sale-room on the 18th July, the une dermentioned lots of tea (3,265 lb.), which sold a under :— Lot Box Deecrip- Weight No. Mark No. Pkgs. tion. ats c 1 Burnside ... 20 20$ch bro pek 0 52 - 22 do peboe 1600 36 3 24 6 do pe sou 27 i ih 26 26 d0 dust 60 25 5 B, in estate mark « 28 4 do bro pek 240 46 6 30 3 do pekoe 165 35 7 32 4 «do son 200 24 bid 8 34 3 do Ppescun 160 22 Messrs- Bennam & Bremner put up or ssle at the Obambrr of Commerce Ssk-i00m «n the 18th July, the uncermentioned lots of tea (20,033 lb.) which told as under :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Merk. No. Pkgs tion. Ib. ¢. 1 Drayton ... 54 17 $-ch dust 1190-83 bid 2 56 26 do bro pek 2060 72 bid 3 58 26 do pekoe 2340 $1 bid 4 60 38 ch bro pek 8040 5 62 32 do pekoe 2se0 | withd’n, 6 61 §& do sou 450 7 Tavalamtenne 66 1 do red leaf 60 14 8 €8 1 do congou 100—s «18 9 70 1 do dust 150 22 10 72 16 do pekce 1600 23 ll 74 21 do bro pek 210047 12 Oolpane -» 7 @BA4-ch dust 213 21 13 Elston, in est. mark -» 18 Y @ ‘dust 700 (28 14 86 2 ch bro mix 200 «26 15 82 26 do pek sou 2340 29 146 F&R «. 84 18 $-ch ek sou 900 31 17 3666 do ust a 23 M’Gella 44 ch bro pek 4840 53 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent ) Mixcrxe Lane, June 29th, 1894. Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE cold in Mincing Lane up to 29th June:— Ex ‘“Lancashire’—Roehampton, lb 107s; 2c 105s 6d; 8c 103s; 1b 96s; 1t 116s. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent). Mincine Lane, June 29th, 1894. Ex “Dorunda”—Anniewatte, 3 SD 54s; 1 SD 653s; 1SD 46s. Ex ‘Coromande!l”—Ravens Craig, 1 half case 60s. (BAT), 2 half cases 50s. Ex “Orient”—Havilland (OBR) Ceylon, 4b 70s. Ex “Kaisow’’— Kondesalle (OBEC) Ceylon, 2b 35s. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. Price :—123 cents each; 3 copies. NO. 23.] Cotommo, Juny 30, 1894. 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee, Lot Box Descrip- Weight, POLS MBC pen LES (QF TEA. N Ni Pk tio : Ib ; G oO. fe) gg. ion. : i 69 60 2 ch Mersra. SomukvitnE & Co. put up fon alee care 1 4-ch fans 300 «17 Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on b hich sold | 7° 70 2 ch the undermentioned lots of tea (150,592 1b.) whio ode. get, 1 }-ch dust 320 19 der :— : : SPO cea ee tes Bou Descrip- Weight kettia = ., 7115 ch or pek 1710 £0 i) = k tion lb. ec. 72 7215 do bro pek 1950 56 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. ae 180-27 73 73 23 do pekoe 2599 35 1 S88 se) Leeds eon pe 102.2 74 7410 do pek sou 1000 = 28 2 ere eee ea hs 165 19 15 1503") 4-ch. bto mix 150 14 3 “ 50 76 76 1 do dust 70 23 A TED .. £18 zh eh ey a5 31 77 New Valley 77 1 ch or pok 73 46 5 5 5 78 78 1 4-ch fans 60 22 2 7 1 ae Be a pie 19 79 1 ch rei leaf 95 12 1 2 80 80 1 do dust 1221 ave eo unas ee 81 tas, fb 2 do. do 247 withd’o, 8 § 82 Weyweltalawa 82 6 3-ch bro tea 330 13 bi 1 $-ch brome ouen Te 83 8316 ch dust 1280 22 9 9.1 eh red lea 60 16 84 Lyndhurst... 8414 ch broorpek 1:49 42 9a Sa 1 do sou bid | 85 85 16 do bro pek 1600 30 V1012 do bropek 1200 40 : 3 10 Wattagalla,K liyiievas . pekse 1100 28 86 Bs Be Ae pekge ain as ll 22 87 0 do pek sou i€ 6 1213 do pek sou 1300 ¢ : i ee ca ames 14 ee Oe 1700 ~ 4g 9 GB » 92 6 ch bro tea 660 17 15 Eenveula ... 1517 ch bro pe 91 91 31 do dust 5115 al 16 1G"ta do! pekos aan ge 92) REX -- 92 2 2ch sou 10021 17 17 2 We pel a TOORMNTe 93 95 2 seh dust 143 Q3 18 19 4 eH aust? 220 22 bid | 9 YB +» 9£ 3 ch sou 47319 ete ee BO Bon 0 BP ee Gea Te a1 Fee tan ee ee ps 97 Salo7: 7 ech pusts |= 5051 93.0 Se ar cae Poe ie 2200 5. gg Friedland .. 9732 4-ch bro pekoe 160075 bid 33 NDA .. 23 20 oh bro pe 24 bia | 99 9919 do pekoe 950 55 bid 24 24.17 ¢ - ik 1730 100 100 21 do pek sou 1050 40 bid aed i hy sche pekoe 25 bid | 101 Wilpita .. 10110 ch pekoe 1050 26 25 = 102 CA in estate 1 Z-ch pek sou ae 24 mark +» 102 108 4-ch pek sou 6048 «82 ar agence eee 1300 «58 103 103 7 do bro mix 41324 a7 35 104 1045 do red leaf 75.20 bia a8 sagen als. bee fon Sear 105 R - 105 2 ch bro tea 90 (12 29 a7 13 106 108 2 do . fans 201 30 SUES Cy Oe sane SESE 107 Malvern ... 10715 3-ch bro pek 825 49 31 SE bdo dust 1440 «93 103 108 23 do —_pekoe 1265 32 88 Lonach ... 32 24 d-ch Peek 4180 67 109 W9 7 do pek son 385 85 33 53 110 110 1 do bropek fans 55 22 34 pene el Seo ae en IW WG = pea: 11113 ch) son 1040 21 bid Polgahakande 35 24 ch rope ; 56 1lz 112 10 3-ch bro tea 500-16 brad 38 ce 36 23, do, pek 218s 46 113 113 3 ch dust 420 93 bid 37 BU oh a oR 2120 114 BGB .. 11412 ch bro pek 1320 45 bid Beech uekpzou 1800 29 115 11510 do pekoe 1000-29 bid 38 bk Se et 372-5 116 11612 do pek sou 1080 26 bid 39 39 3 do dust : 1320 22 117 11712 do sou 960 20 bid 40 Woodlands.. 4012 ch browre 1600 60 118 118 2 do cheon 170-18 bid 4110 do pe sine 1.40 9 Pantiya .. 119 5 ch bopekscu 425 47 rr Fee SS Ee elas) 120 120 2 do dust 20 43 someon os SUSE ar) 121 Roseneath.. 12140 }-ch brobrok 9200-9 44 a4 sega! Téa! lee ema 123 12214 ch _pekoe 1260 34 dura .. 4512 ch bro pek ie 5 123 12316 do pek sou 1440 i ata SORA pak eal 14 BE 124° 84-ch bro mix 4122) me 4715 do pek gou Mea oh 20 125 125.6 do dust 906 21 bi 43 ee oe LOS ee eC Dy GML stands ne Gots 300 15 bid ce pects 929 «18 127 12717 do fans 1700-22 bid 49 geri ics Ce A 1g «22 128 128 4 do dust 600 93 50 se eon nek dus o 2 122 BG «» 12914 do son 980 95 FE te 130 130 2 do Me re. GLI Rae Wrootia 104514 L}-ch red Jeaf 250 13 mer 52 2 do red leaf 180 49 131 Diyagama 131 5 ch pokoe 500 38 ee Hatdowa .. 5311 ch Lis pekoe er 35 132 132 3 de: pek sou 300 95 lo pe ; 183 eul ds lust 85 22 54 tS 13 a0 pek sou 1530 22 ist 134 1 ne Tate 15 7 55 5613 do bro mix 975 18 135 Hanagama 13520 ch bro pek 2193 49 “ 57 1 do dust 173 18 136 138 61 do pekoe 6100 31 fi 37 95 al a5 ot beinewmanletians ea See ae | ie re a 59 60 6 do pek son 540 88 bid | 139 139 3 do bro tea 300 13 60 61 1 do dust 9 23 140 140 2 do dust 300-21 bid 61 62 2 $-ch bro tea 100 «14 144 Harlston ... 144 6 ch = dust 480 Qt 62 S 63 1 4-ch bro tea 504 145 145 3 do fans 210 42 63 A “64 1 do dust 80 22 13 148 1 do congou 1002 Gs 65 1 }-ch bro tea 5014 M47 Hagalla .. 147 42 f-ch_ bro pek 2100 50 Pe BO ae og tds dae 80 92 148 148 80 do pekoe 1500 38 e AR «- 67 5 ch congou 50016 149 49 23 do —— pek sou 1150 68 1 do _ bro tea 90 10 150 150 4 do bro mix 300 14 68 1 }-ch bro tea 9 10 151 151 1 do dust 7 692 ee a 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Deserip- Weight No. Mars. No. Pkgs tion. 1b, 1c. No. Mark No. Pkgs. _ tion. lb oc. 152 Happugas- 66 K. in estate ie »» 152 7 ch bro pek 703 57 mar + 197 9 dust 720 «= 2 163 163 2 do pekoe 360 42 67 199 1 ch copgou 10o0)Clidk 154 15412 do peksou 1080-29 68 Chapelton ... 200 12 ¢-ch bro mixed 720 17 155 155 2 do g0u 172° “al 69 202 4 do dust 340027 156 166 1 do dust 113, 20 70 GB -» 203 20 ch souchong 1800 30 157 157 1 do fans 100 §=20 bid | 71 205 8 é-ch fans 760 48620 158 Lambugama 158 26 4-ch bro pek 1430 =—-57 72 207 10 do bro mixed 700 12 159 169 12 ch pekoe 1080 42 73 Galloola + 209 13 ch ek sou 1300 31 160 160 8 do k sou 720 «28 74 211 1 do ust 100=— 2 61 161 1 4-ch ropekdust 88 21 75 Tarf +. 212 6 do pek sou 28 162 Wahakula,.. 162 31 ch bro pek 310386 76 214 10 $-ch dust 770 23 163 163 16 do pekoe 1600 32 77 ‘Bleckburn .. 219 18 ch bro pek 1980 «= 42 164 164 14 do pek seu 1400 28 78 216 19 do pekoe 2090 30 165 Pelawatte 196 7 do bro pek 792 47 72 BB +. 220 2ch k sou 220 “1 166 166 9 do pekoe 952 35 80 221 ido ro tea 100 12 167 167 6 do peksou 629 «27 81 Glasgow .. 222 10 do bro pek 80086 82 224 8 do pekoe 800 53 a 63 226 3 do pek sou 300 41 Mr. E. Joun put up for sale at the Obamber - Easdella 227 = Se bro pek 1800 60 of Commerce Sale-room on the 18th July, the un- | ge 4 ibe ede | 4 - dermentioned lots of tea (128,327 lb.), which sold as | g7 S in estate under :-— Me ry ——_ : - rd mixed 540 93 2 p ust as Box Descrip- Weight 89 ly be _— “ = oO. No. Pks, _ tion. Ib. o. an 237 1 do red leat 100 13 1 St, Gatherine 76 254-ch bro pek 1500 37 oe Tee Pe soe do 3008 2 78 15 do —_pekoe 720 20 bia | #2 Bomawanadn 3 80 5do pek sou 240 20 te mark ... 239 6 do pek sou 57082 4 81 ldo pek fan 7 © 21 93 241 11 do B 1046 29 5 Ardlaw & 96 243 10 ¢-ch _— bro tes 600 15 Wishford .. 82 32do bro or pek 1600 83 86 45 8 do dust 7200-25 6 96 246 15 do fans 1050.28 84 13do or pek A. 546 75 bid 7 8 12do orpek Be £0 71 97 Talagalla ...248 15 ch bro pek 1575 58 bid 8 88 9ch pekoe 900 48 98 250 18 do orange pek 1710 44 9 A, in estate 99 252 21 do pekoe 1995 34 bid mark .. 90 19}-ch pek sou $55 «33 100 254 2 do dust B20 22 10 102 2 do upassorted 210 28 11 Agra Ouvah,..103 21 do broorpek 1365 91 Mesers, A. H. Toompson & Co. put up for sale at the + Ne s os or Be 508 17 Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 18th Jul 14 109 °ag: doy ede)’ iene the undermentioned lots of tea (82,349 lb.) which sola» 16 a lll 4 do pek fan 340 48 as uoder :-— ocha ee 112 19 ch bro pek 2090 = 81 Lot Box Desorip- Weight 17 114 28 do ekoe 2300 ~=—60 i . 18 116 17 do E sou =-:'15380 «46 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. ih: ne 19 118 2 do bropek Nol 220 83 1 Kennington.. 1 3 eh 20 119 2 do pek No.1 180 65 13-ch brotea 360 «610 21 120 1 do peksouNo.1 75 40 L 2 4 ch pe sou 400 18 bid 22 121 5 do bro sou 590 27 3 : 3 34-ch unas 240=— «19 23 123 11 do _ fans 1470 28 bid | 4 Wellaioya .. 4 25 ch bropek 2500 40 bid 24 Kanangama,.. 125 75 chs bro pek 2500 35 bid 6 14 do pekoe 1400-25 bid 25 12724 do pekoe 2160 «a8tii | 6 8 1 do peksou 100 out 26 12911 do pek acu 990 20 bid 7 ® 43-ch brotea 200 «10 27 13111 do fans 990 out 8 10 2 do dust 150 «18 28 133 1 do dust 120 «21 9 FEW -» 11 2 do brotea 190) = «10 29 8 134 2 4-ch unassorted 140 14 bid } 10 12 1 do dust 60 «21 30 135 1 do red leaf 70 «21 1l Ferndale, 31 136 1 do dust 100 22 Rangalla.. 13 14 ch broor pek 1400 50 32 Hila «.. 137 62 chs bro pek 6200 59 12 15 9 do or pek 900 44 33 13955 do —_—pekoe 4950 30 bia | !3 17 24 do pekoe 240033 34 139 55 do pekoe 4950 31 bia | 14 : 19 8 do pekoe 800 33 35 141 27 do pek sou 2430 © ©-28 15 Belgravia .. 21 2 do peksou 180 «= 330 36 148 16 do dust 2080 22 bia | 16 22. 2 do dust 260 «25 J 145 5 do bro tea 500 18 bid | 17 Tennie Totum 23 2box bro pek 10 4 Dickoya .., 15595 do bro or pek 4750 €0 18 24 4 do pekoe 20 157 48 chs _—pekoe 4320 45 19 25 2 do pesou 10 } withd’n. 45 159 39 do peksou 3120 33 20 26 1 do dust 5 46 16110 do ppekfans 1100 27 21 27 1 do congou 4 47 163 62-ch pek dust 420 922 22 Pambagama 28 3 ch dust 270 = 21 bid 7 164 10 a bro tea 1100 «98 zs =A at as dust = as 166 4 do unassorted 380 o congou 1 50 T & T Co, in cd 25 Sapitiyagodde % estate mark .. 167 79 3-ch bro pek 4345 47 Invoice No.27 32 17 ch or pek 1700s 56 51 169 67 ch pekoe 6030 35 26 34 20 do bro pek 2200 52 bid 52 171 17 do pek sou 1530 28 27 Sapitiyagodde 53 173 4do fans 560 22 Invoice No.28 36 16 do orpek 1600 48 54 Ettapolla ... 174 17 3-ch bro pek 952 30 bid | 28 38 20 do bro pek 2200 ~ 56 bid — 55 176 20 do pekoe 1120 9.27 29 Nahalma .. 40 4 -ch dust 300 21 bid 66 Talagalla ... 178 39 ch bro pek 4095 £8 bid | 30 41 9 ch bro mix 900 «17 bid 57 PG in estate 31 K@_ -» 43 6 do pekoe 540 30 bid .. 180 6 do bro pek 600 52 32 Sapitiyagodda 58 182 5 do pekoe 500 38 Invoice No.29 45 7 do orpek 700 59 184 8 do pek sou 720 30 bid | 30 47 14 do bro pek 1540 55 bid 60 186 18 do sou 1040-27 34 46 49 8 do pekoe 860 188 4 do bro mixed 6560 13 35 Sapitiyagodda 190 14 3-ch dust 1260 22 Invoice No.30 51 12 ch or pek 1280 63 SG .. 192 1 ch bro mixed 906 21 36 538 29 do bro pek 3190 55 bid 64 Westhall ... 193 10 do bro mixed 900 16 37 55 16 do koe 1€00 4l 65 Kabaragalla 195 18 ¢-ch bro tea 900 0s: 18 38 57 1 do pekfan 150s 21 Lot Box No. Mark No, 89 Hemingford.. 58 40 60 41 Comar oe 61 42 63 43 65 44 66 45 68 46 AGC 69 47 70 48 71 49 § vel’ 72 60 Vogan oe =74 51 76 61 Glenesk oe 92 62 SL so 94 63 95 64 St. Leonards 96 65 98 66 100 67 Vogan ee 1OL 68 103 69 105 70 107 71 108 81 B&D .» 126 82 Relugas -» 127 Messrs. Forbes & Elfindale NF Kalupab ana K A, in est. mark H&H ate Chalmers .. Kelaneicya.., Glencorse .. St. Helen ... Ambawelia Clunes ts MAH CRD Lowlands ... Anningkande Rambodde .. CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Pkgs. 13° ch Descrip- tion. sou unas bro pek pekoe pek sou bro sou dust pe fans dust sou, bre pek pekoe pe sou or pek bro mix do bro pek pekoe dust bro pe pekoe pek gou sou dust dust dust Weight lb. Ce 975 20 bid 300 25 bid 1150 42 600 83 400 26 bid 850 10 bid 50 22 700 23 140 21 270 out 3850 36 2040 35 bid 1275 32 2040 61 bid 130 13 bid 44 13 bid 1100 4 700 28 bid 160 22 2375 64 2160 35 bil 1360 31 bid 240 27 130 © ,21 330 21 296 7 WALKER put up for sale at the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 25th July, the undermentioned lots of ten (217,360 1b.), which sold as under:— Box No. Pkgs. 672 9 &-ch 674 40 do 676 3 ch 678 11 $-ch 680 1 do 682 1 do 684 1 ch 686 2 do 688 1 3-ch 690 5 ch -692. 3 do 694 17 do 6°46 30 do (93 10 do io 92) dd je G3iodo 5 + 60 do i « 42° do jus 2 do 710 2 do 712 12 $ch 7i4 20 ch 716 12 do 718 19 do 720 1 do 722 1 do 724 12 %-ch 726 18 do 728 18 do 730 41 4-ch 732 46 do 734 1 do 786 30 3-ch 738 76 do 740 13 ch 742 15 do 744 2 do 746 2 do 748 2 do 750 9 do 752. 8 do 754 6 do 756 1 do 758 1 do 760 13 ch 1 box 762 12 ch 764 12 do 766 2 do 768 30 4-ch 770 19 do %72 #17 do 774 13 do 7176 2 do Descrip- Weight tion. Ib. oc. bro mix 504 15 fans 2000 19 sou 240 26 pekoe 550 27 congou 50 23 dust 99 15 bro pek 122 43 pekoe 231 25 pek sou 47 20 bro mix 500 22 dust 480 23 bro pek 1360 67 pekoe 2100 45 pek sou 700 33 unas 140 41 sou 210 25 bro pek 4250 val pekoe 4200 43 dust 230 23 sou 200 25 bro or pek 600 62 bro pek 2000 ~=55 bid pekoe 1020 35 pe sou 1520 29 dust 150 22 sou 95 14 bro pe Nol 730 35 do , 2 1080 45 pekoe 972 35 bro,pek 2460 68 pekoe 2530 43 dust 95 22 bro pek 1500 56 bid pekoe 3420 34 pe sou 1170 28 bro mix 1500 19 congo 200 20 dust 210 27 red leat 200 16 bro pek 909 61 pekoe 720 36 pek sou 480 32 fans 120 30 dust 140 24 bro pek 1436 58 pekoe 1200 44 pek sou 1200 32 congou 200 22 bro pek 1500 = 69 pekoe 855 44 pek sou 766 #5 sou 585 28 bropedust 150 withd’n, do 80 out Lot Box No Mark. No. 54 Erlemere .. 778 60 B, in estate mark -- 790 61 792 62 794 63 Kalupahana 796 64 PGM e798, 65 Hethersett... 800 66 802 67 804 68 806 69 808 70 810 71 Knavesmire 812 72 814 73 816 74 818 75 Cottaganga 820 76 822 77 Katooloya.. 824 78 826 79 Thedden .. §28 80 830 81 832 82 Midlands . 834 83 833 84 838 8 RA W , 840 86 842 87 844 88 846 69 RC W, in est. mark «. 848 90 850 91 BDW we 852 92 HMY, inest. mark .. 854 93 856 94 858 95 Meemoraoya 860 96 862 97 864 98 866 99 G@ . 868 100 Annfleld .. 870 101 872 102 MA, in est. mark .. 874 103 876 104 Sembawatte 878 105 880 106 882 107 884 108 &86 109 Doomba 888 110 Ingurugalla 890 lll 892 112 894 113 896 114 898 115 Torwood ... 900 116 902 117 904 118 905 119 Kirrimettia 908 120 910 121 Oodewella.. 912 122 HO « 914 123 916 124 918 125 Denegama 920 126 Tonacombe 922 127 924 128 926 129 928 130 9306 131 932 132 Hatale 934 133 St. Mary... 936 134 938 135 940 138 Patirajah... 942 137 Manangoda 944 133 946 Pkgs. 8 29 _ ON ew bo s} i= me bo Om mone arH Deserip- tion. dust bro mix sou pek dust dust pek sou broor pek or pek bro pek pekoe pek sou pek fans bro pek pekoe pek No, 2 sou bro pek bro pek fan bro tea pek sou bro mix dust bro or pek pekoe sou dust sou dust bro mix bro tea do dust bro pek pekoe pek sou bo tea dust red leaf bro pek pekoe pek sou bro tea! red leaf bro pek pekes pek sou fans bro mix bro pe dust do dust sou dust fans dust bro pek pekoe pekoe pe sou dust bro sou bro pek bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek bro pek pekoe Weight lb, 140 31 bid 50 bid 60 30 —— ae. 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Let Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. b. 0. No. Mark. No. Pkgs. thom ha c. 139 948 «64 ch pek sou 400 22 227 124 1 ch brope sou 68 «21 140 950 1 do bro mix 101 20 223 126 1 do dust 109 21 141 amiiaeenis oes 5 ae ter 450 a 229 ~«—E ow =196 do 142 Cabrawatte 954 66 do r) pek 6100 1 ed leaf 148 Blackwood 966 23 ch bropek 2300 Gf och Se B00 08 149 968 36 do pekoe 3240 40 =—S 150 nes 13 then pee sou au a 151 9 13 3-¢ ans 75 i) 152 Laxapava- Messrs. BennAM & BREMNER put ap for sale at the galla «- 974 46 do pek scu 2417 25 5 153 VO ae SAd coker . = Ohamber of Commerce sale-room on the 25th July 154 a 15 a5 pekoe 1275 a0 the under mentioned lots of Tea (7,389 1b.), which 155 60 3 do dust 360 5 : 156 982 3 de bro tea 320 «17 sold as under : - a5 WHR .. 884 7 do bro pek a0 8 Lot Box Weight 5 86 ° pekce 7 prey “He Ss aatIG wes Deora Ae argo No. Mark. No. Pkgs. Description. Ib. 6. 160 990 2 do dust 340028 1 Elston, in est. 161 TD «» 992 12 ch pekoe 1184 34 mark -- 56 15 ch pe sou 1250 20 162 Wewesse .. 994 304-ch bro pe 1650 70 2 58 8 do congou 300 «(17 163 996 38 do pekoe 1900 41 bid 3 Mahanilu .. 66 9 do pe sou 855 39 164 998 63 do pek sou 3290 89-35 62 7 do sou; 63) 34 165 1000 15 do sou 750 28 6t 1 dO bromix 100 —sd15 166 2 4 do fan 260 33 6 Hopewell .. 66 I1-ch bro pek 84 «4B 167 4 4 do congou 200 «17 7 @&8 1 do pekoe 82 36 163 6 2 do bro tea 120 20 8 70 #1 do pek sou 82 32 169 “pag ae pee i oe 9 KK on 72 eB ob galla se € cougou 1 26 ld-ch bi 170 10 4 do dust 6ll 26 10 Drayton «. 74 17 = aa 1100 rH 3 171 oaneeahe ee. " : 11 D. gs eatetp a 1a eel () sou i 2 mar. - 76 46 di j 172 14. 1 do unas 100 18 é 0. DRO RIPON, 000 80 bie 173 16 1 do dust 170 22 174 Maryland... 18 5 ch bro pek 400 44 175 20 7 do pekoe 543 31 er Ae ee 176 Hunugalla 22 A ae ae pek 1430 43 La. 24 10 do pekce 1050 28 148 26 9 do pek sou 90 2 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. 172 Kuruwille.. 28 16 ch bro peE 1600 56 180 30 12 do pekce 1200 36 —— 181 82 12 do pek sou 1140 31 F 0 182 BB, inest. A : sal CO mark :. 34 17 ch brotea = 161518 ( ag 219 108 5 do red leaf 525 16 220 Rambodde.. 110 2 4-ch fans 130 31 Pn 5 ean 221 Gampaha.. ug oe ee By. pek 2n00 ge 222 114 2 () pekoe 2400 . a 116 Uiaie doleaneKecn 2100 38 (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) 224 F, an estate ieee 2 es e Mincine Lane, Joly 6th, 1894. bok ie eS pukod! He “3 Ex “Port Vietor’—Karu, Ic 1s 11d; 2c1s6d. Warie- 226 122 2 do pek sou 134 37 galla, Mysore, 20 1s 11d; 40 1s 9d; 3c 1s 5d. ‘‘OEYLON OBSERVER’ PRESS, COLOMBO. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. —_ Price :—124 cents each; 3 copies. NO. 24.] Cotomso, Avcusr 6, 1894. 30. cents’: 6 copies }. rapes, ? COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs, tion. lb. c. Mersrs. SOMERVILLE & Co. put up for sale at the 79 ose chee Anas 200: ., 4} ‘Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 25th July, | g5 Goonambil .. 80 134-ch ro pek 768 59 the undermentioned lots of tea (66,816 Ib.), which sold | 8; 81 12 do pekoe 648 36 bid a8 under :— 82 82 13 do pe sou 688 29 “Lot Box Deserip- Weight 83 83 1 do fan 420 23 No. Mark. No. Pke. tion. lb, a. Be Be 3 a3 proms soe ® 1 Chetnole ... 1 10 ch pek sou 1000 85 bid - AA tch) Songen 50 io) | SS Bolingalla a8 a0tah oepek id 88 a Bt Bo lAy de od “dust Loe 8 88 88 12 do pek eu 1200 31 4 EHilandbu .. 4 3 ch _ brotea 240 «19 89 89 1%-ch dust 90 21 5 5 92 4-ch. fans EE 90 Ivies . 90-93 do bropek 1265 53 6 Big ty ooh duet et 91 91 47 do pekoe 2350 34 7 Penrith yah chin bypipek 20005 ..65 92 ogllas dol? pek son 3575 ©" 30 8 8 15 do peke No,1 1200 43 D 98 93 6 do bro tea 390 16 Pr Bp ee Bee pete as 94 94 3 do dust 1240-33 pe 95 Kelani .» 95 61 do bropek 3355 58 11 ¥l 2 do dust. 290 22 96 98 13 do le 715 36 12 cel TO a 97 7 as doo" Sek dou: 1003 28 13 131 do wunassorted 94 26 ~~ | og ~Waduréwo ... 98 3 do~ Ero pek 156-33 45 Glenalla.. Y . fie be OF Dek eo i bid | 99 99 4 do brosou 180 18 bid ah oO or pe 3 16 16 18 ¢o pekce 1800 34 100 100 2 do red leaf 1¢0 12 bid 17 17 36 do ek sou 2600 29 18. Morningside 18 12 do ropekl 1200 &4 Mr. E. JowN put up for sale the Chamber of 19 19 3 do pek No.2 300 35 Comm erce Sale-room on the 25th July, the 20 Bf te AON Ge Le undermentioned ots of Tea (118,985 lb.), which sold 21 21 @ do pek sou 380 30 ee 23 aa 1 do fans 120 at as) ugder.c 2 23 3 1 do congou 5 1 Lot Ox Desorip- Weight 24 GL. W. «- 2 4 do 500 60 27 Bia: 95 B54 do. dust 400 24 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. c. 39 2% #1 do red leaf 97 15 1 Faitbill we 255 4 ch sou 340 25 27 Hiralouyah.. 27 3 do pe sou 248 8632 256 3 $-ch dust 300 426 28 28 2 do 3 Ardlaw and 1 $-ch bromixz 254 16 Wishford .. 257 24 do broorpek 1200 92 28a 288 do bro mix 137 25 4 259 12 ch pekos 1200 50 29 DON «. 29 1 ch _ bro pek 1000-27 5 Blackwater .. 261 24 do bro or pek 2520 71 bid 30 Doom «. 380 19 do bro pek 1900 7 6 263 15 do or pek 1425 72 bid 31 31 24 do pekoe 2400 45 7 265 31 do bro pe 3255 = ont 83 Ain estate 8 267 70 do pekoe 6650 41 bid mark o. 32 4 4-ch bropek 220 43 9 269 40 do pek sou 3400 32 bid 83 33 2 ch pekoe 170 29 10 271 4 do dust 640 22 bid as 34 2 do pek sou 170 24 bid | 11 Coslanda .. 272 31 ch bro pek 3100 72 bid 35 35 1 do 12 274 24 do pekoe 34C0 3=—_ «45 1 4-ch bro mix 15132 13 276 29 do peksou 2900 36 36 1A «- 36 3 do bro pek 144 46 14 978 1 do bro mix 105 16 37 37 6 do pekoe 240 37 15 279 4%-ch pek dust 320 26 38 88 4 do pek sou 160 27 16 BE «» 280 7 do dust 725 27 39 Tinestatema. 39 4 ch unassorted 400 38 17 Cabragslla .. 282 19 do bro pek 950 75 40 40 656 do sou 25 30 18 984 33 do pekoe 1650 54 41 41 13 do bro mix 1300 28 19 286 37 do pek sou 1850 46 42 42 3%-ch dust 225 4923 20 985 11 do sou 550 =. 336 43 Kuruwitte .. 43 8 do bro pek 432 52 al 290 3 do» - fans 225 38 44 44 5 do pekoe 240-37 22 : 301 2 do redleaf 120 17 45 45 15 do pe cou 750 29 23 Anchor, in est. 46 46 10 do sou 480 22 mark «. 302 14 ch bro pek 1610 78 37 47 4 do bro mix 240 20 24 304 12 do pekoe 1140 55 48 48 1 do congou 20 25 306 18 }-ch. pesou 990 43 49 49 24 do unassorted 1348 26 26 Madooltenne 308 13 ch bro pek 1300 43 50 50 2 do rei leaf 108 15 27 310 12 do per sou 1200 26 51 51 2 do ust 172 22 28 Obicago + 3812 32 $-ch ro pek 1763 50 62 Inchstelly LON52 2 ch pesou 200 3824 29 314 65 do pekoe 2925 40 53 53. 1 do s0u 100 19 30 316 12 do pek sou 660 3L 54 54 1 do dust 100 20 31 318 2 do dust 180 24 55 DG +» *) 1 do fans 110.26 32 319 2 do sou 110 21 56 5% 1 do bro mix 90 16 33 Overton «we 820 22 do bro pek 1320 78 57 ' 4 do dust 440 22 34 822 12 ch Pekoe 1080 50 Bs EYP +» 'S 16 do pek sou 1216 25 35 324 11 do pe sou 990 36 69 ‘9 2¢$-ch dust 171 23 86 326 «3 $-cdie— dust 255 a5 60 Crurie »» 6) 15 ch _ bro pek 1650 69 37 327. 5 ch bro mix 450 19 él 61 14 do pekoe 1380 44 38 Wiharagalla 328 2 do bro pek 220 76 62 62 13 do Pek sou 1170S 38 39 329 1 do pekoe 105 46 63 63 2 do e fans 280 24 40 330 2 do Pek sou 200 36 64 64 3 do ro tea 225 15 41 33L Lach dust 75 33 65 MO +» 6 1 ch. sou 1000s 2 42 M Orar «. 332 4 ch bro mix 360 1y7 66 66 13 ¢-ch dust 1105 94 43 333 3 4-ch dust 255 25 66a 66a 3 do duspA 255 27 44 Portree we 334 5 ch bro mix 450 17 67 67 3 ch bro tea 300 15 bid | 45 335 «84 4-ch = dust 340 22 72 BG B in estate 46 Meeriatenne 338 11 do bro pek 660 85 mark +» 72 12 do bro pek 1320. 49 47 338 10 do pekoe 560 40 bid 73 73 10 do pekoe 1000 32 48 Henegama .. 3410 1 ch bro mix 120 18 rc} 74 i2 do pek cou 1080 29 49 341 2 $-ch = dust 150 24 5 75 2 do congou 170 = Qh 50 Maddagedera 342 46 ch bropek 5060 48 ‘76 Wahsraka.. 76 8 do bro pek 800 55 51 344 37 do pekce 8515 36 a7 77 do —— pekoe 700 89-32 52 346 21 do pesou 1890 32 7 78 3 do pek sou 300 4=—-&a7 638 C0 -. 848 1 do unas 100 32 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Deseri Weight Lot Desorip- yes No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tiot ib, Peo, No. Merk. No. Pkgs. tion. To Lee 54 349 11 ch pekoe 1210 «32 41 8T ss 62 1 ech 55 10 4 do congou 380 21 2§-ch bro mix 174 15 56 8 «es 1) 10 do bro pek 1300 54 42 St. Leomards., 63 do pooh 700 8 57 13 36 do. pekoe 3960. 41 43 &FL.. 6 1 do ust 78 22 58 15 18 do pek sou 1800 = 33 “4 66 5 do pefans 400 «(a7 69 Tarf +» 17 18 ch pekpek 1800 = 31 45 67 1 do redleat ao #12 60 19 50 do pekoe 5000-26 46 Dikmukelana 68 4h or pek. 20082 61 21 4 do peksou 400 «21 47 69 1 do bro pek 60 12 62 92° 24-ch dust 136 89624 60 Dickmuka- ? 63 WP * te > uO) aoe, lana oe 74 12 $-ch mon 600 al 14-ch bro mix 150 8=.20 51 Kalkande .. 76 8 $-ch 8b 160023 64 Dickapittia.. 24 32 ch bro pek 3200 75 52 77 65 do bro pek fan 300 34 65 26 28 do pekce 2800 = 49 53 7822 do pek sou 1100-28 66 28 16 do 54 80 17 do pekoe 850 35 1 }-ch e sou 1650 37 55 82 12 do pekNo.2 600 25 67 80 2 do ropedust 160 22 56 84 21 do do , 1 1100 45 68 31 2 do pe dust 160 29 57 86 4 do or pek 200 56 69 Templestowe 32 21 ch or pek 2100 76 58 87 18 do bro pek 900 «87 70 34 21 do pekoe 1890 49 59 69 4 do broorpek 200 66 71 36 26 do pe son 221037 63 Kottagalla .. 96 74h or pek 416 «45. 72 K,B Tin est. 64 97 8 do pekoe 125 35 mark .» 88 44-ch bro tea 200 = «16 73 -. 89 10 do pksou 480 35 74 40 ll ch dust 1155 24 15 41 3 do red leaf 150s Messrs. Forses & WALKER put up for sale at the 76 Ayr -. $2 10 do 59 pek a4 « Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the Ist Aug., ch Fe Hi bs Ree son bd a the undermentioned lots of ten (187, 183 lb.), which 79 48° 1 $-ch ea 44 24 sold as under:— 80 49 1 do ro pe fan 5 - Lot z 81 ; 50 1 do,» pedust | 110, 26 s, se Deserip Wetghs 8p Little Valley 61 12 ch bropek 1320 70 0. Mark, No, , .Pkgs. tion. Ib. c. 8! 53 22 do pekoe 22 4 1 ambagas la- . 84 55 4 4-ch pesou 210 30 5 mr axe acd Lee sep) m 86 DE ari oT oe sou 640 29 3 DGT .. 136°°°3 ch bro pek 309 75 87 Talagaiia <. 59 13 do orpek 1235 46 4 188 #5 do pekoe 500 61 85 61 15 do pekoe 1425 35 5 140° 2}-ch dust 29 89 Agra Ouvah.. 63 344-ch broorpe 2210 95 18WE ee a ee congou Bs 20 90 65 32 do or pek 1920 il 8 Nahaveena.. 146 224-ch bro pek 1190 (70 91 67 34 do pekoe 2040 52 9 148 8 do peki 400 48 SS 10 150 14 do sou 700 38 Mesers. A. H. THompson & Co.,, put up forsale | 11 152 2 do ust 180 “25 at the QOhamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the | 16 Polatagama.. 162 68 do bropek 4080 59 25th July, the undermentioned lots ofttea (54,976 Ib.,) | 17 164 78 do pekoe 3510 36 arena 1 18 166 28 ch pek sou 2660 4= 31 BES GSO SaeeS UC as 19 . 1€8 10 do fans 1000 33 Lot Box Descrip- Weight 20 WF, invest, - No, No. Pks. tion. lb. . mark -» 170 19 ch bro mix 171022 26 Uda Redella 182 174-ch bropek 1190 86 1 Portswood ... 1 10 ch sou 800 853 27 184 37 do or pek 2035 $75 2 3 7 4-ch = dust 560 33 28 188 31 do pekoe 1550 «57 3 4 2 ch pe fans 354 B4 29 188 25 do pek sou 1250 «43 4 WK «. “5 25 do bro pek aon f Withd’n 30 190° 2 do dust 200 «27 5 7 14 do _ pekoe 1400 * | 31 Thornfield 192 59 4-ch bro pe 3540 80 6 9 4 do pek sou 400 20 32 194 23 ch pekoe 2300 55 7 Bogahagode 33 Robgill «. 196 3 do © bro mix 270 16 Watte .. 11 24-ch bro pek 170 = 51 34 198 @¢-ch dust a0 25 8 12 6 do pekoe 275 33 _35 Wewesse .. 200 22 do bropek 1320 76 9 13 8 do pek sou 440 27 36 202 26 do pekoe 1430 60 10 14 2 do sou 100-22 37 204 19 do peksou 1045 37 il 15 1 do dust 5628 28 208 4 do dust 360 20 12 Nahalma 16 4 do dust 300 49-22 39 208 2 do congou 100 24 13 17. 9 ch’ bromix 900-23 40 Chesterford... 210 12 ch bro pek 1260 57 14 Pambagama 19 4 do dust 360 41 41 212 12 do pekoe 1200 37 15 20 3 do dust 270 23 42 214 12 do pean 1200 33 16 21 3 do dust 270 = 2 43 Langdale .. 216 20 do bro pe! 2400 «9 17 92 8 do con 640 19 44 218 22 do pekoe 2200 Ee 1 AGC .. 23 25° do pek sou 2375 18 45 220 3 do pek sou 270 349 19 23 3 do sou 270 «15 46 222 1 do pe fans 112 «39 28 26 1 do pe fans 140 21 47 224 2 do dust 280 97 21 27 2 do ° dust 280 20 48 Sandringham 226 62 ch bro pek 6820 80 22 Myraganga.. 28 23 do bro orpek 2530 55 49 228 45 do pekoe 4050 57 23 30 22 do or pek 2090 61 50 230 do pek sou 2200 39. 24 32 39 do bro pek 3900 58 51 232\ 12 3-ch bropedust 1080 28 25 34 72 do pekoe’ 6840 43 52 Aberdeen .,. 234 20 box broorpek 300R1°04 26 36 17 do pek sou 1530 34 53 286 50 ¢ch bro pek 2500 59 27 Myreganga.. 38 9 ch bro pek 945 58 54 238 30 do Ppekoe 1500 42 28 40 10 do pekoe ~ 950 85 55 240 20 do pek sou 1000 38 29 Hemingford... 42 18 do sou 975 24 56 242 2 do dust 180 24 320 44 4 do unas 300 21 57 ok 244 3 do pek fans 186 §=632 31 Comar » 45 8 3-ch peksou 400-26 59 Wattagalla... 246 12 do 32 46 17 do bro sou 850 15 : 22 ch bro pek 3140 70 33 Hazelmere ... 48 80box: broorpek 400 38 bid} 85 248 13 3-ch : 34 50 35 3-ch bro pek 1750 67 bid 2 ch pekoe 320049 35 52 35 do or pek 1750 57 bid | 60 250 3 43-ch pek sou 150 837 36 54 34 do pekoe 1700 42 bid } 61 ve 252 2 ch pedust 200 96 37 56 41 do pe sou 2050 34 bid | 63 Yataderia .. 256 14 ch broorpek 1470 43 38 58 7 do sou 350 25 64 258 23 do bro pek 2415 35 39 59 2 do red leaf 100 19 65 260 86 do pekce 8600 $31 40 60 9 de dust 575 25 bid } 66 262 5 do byo tea 52518 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Dereri i ‘ p- Weight. No. Marx. No. Pkgs tion. Ib. cc. No. No Pkgs. tion. Ib. G. 67 St. Helier’s.. 264 20%-ch or pek 1000 7 160 Anamallai .. 4: . 5p 68 266 11 ch pekoe 1045 = 48 161 DW me ie B ae ae 638 3 69 268 8 do pesou 760 34 162 § «. 454 8 ch pek sou 846 86:19 10 270 1 do bromix 100 15 163 Lillawatte.. 456 8 do congou 8C0 24 71 Scrubs .. 272 6 do bro pekfan 600 49 164 458 OR ido. sson 600 24 72 274 % do obrotea 300 44 165 West Hapu- 3 276 12%-ch dust 900-29 tale ». 480 6 4-ch pe sou 300 32 79 NWD .. 278 3 ch bropek 824 &8 166 462 1 do congou 50 26 80 250 5 do pekoe 450 57 167 Asean o Baotmitec 60 14 i ae fi 60 a so ag cet < sone oe 16s 466 5 do dust 400 23 4 ekilleen .. 4 t) ro pe 169 pete. 76 286 ¥38 do pekos 1620 44 Ss +. 468 2 ch pekoe 208 withd’n. 7 . al a Plas ale aaa ala Mersra. SoMERVILLE & Co. put up for sale at the 81 NWDE .. 292.8 do _ bro pek 864 86 hamber of Commerce Sale-room on the Ist August. 82 294 9 do _ pekoe 810 57 he undermentioned lots of tea (79,117 lb.) which sold SS Mrocdilontior, Gob Oath) aniek 8542 Bs Dner oe roo a c pekoe Lot Box Descrip- Weight 84 Berrowella... 298 4 do pek sou 360. 31 E Scrip s 35 acohadidon-. broites: 360 28 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. c. 86 Ingurugalla... 302 5 do pek sou 450 36 1 Marymount 101 6 3-ch brofex 300 4g 87 304 5 do bro tea 6cO Q7 2 1¢2 8 do pekoe 400 30 88 Carlebeck .. 306 8 do pek sou 300 54 3 103 2 do dust 147 20 ts) 308 11 4-ch dust 7150 48 48 104 10 ch bro tea 1,050 <9 90 Marthupasa... 310 3 ch _ pe fans 420 25 5 105 2 ch red leaf 199 17 91 312 2 do bro,tea 150 17 6 106 9 do fans 990 32 92 Denegama.., 314 3 4-ch dust 240 23 1 107. 5- }ch pek dust 400 25 93 Condegalla .. 316 ch pesou 873 40 8 W’Tenna,.. 168 4 do bropek 200 = =RL‘03 4 O, in estate y 9 109 7 do pekoe 350 56 mark -- 318 4 do bro tea 400 18 bid } 10 110 17 do _pek sou e040 % Labookelle.. 380 8 do pek sou 776 40 11 Depedeue... 111 20 do bro or pek 1100 68 6 Clunes .. 822 65 ch bromix 4950 23 12 112 24 do bro pex 1200 55 4 10 do dust 1300 23 13 118 26 do pekoe 1300 40 x Osborne tas 63205 pon GO bro tea 318 14 14 114 24 do pek sou 1200 1 Aigturth .. 328 11 do dust 1320 31 15 115 2 do red leaf 110 22 330 11 do fans 1210 45 16 116 3 do dust 240 24 332 4 do eongou 40) 33 17 Friedland., 117 32 do bropek 1600 79 bid Amzingkande 334 8 do bro pek 80 «63 18 11819 do pekoe 950 60 336 4 do pekee 400 48 19 ; 119 21 do pek s:u 1050 43 bid cil 338. 7 ch bro sou 700 36 90 Udabage .. 120862 do bro pek 3720 48 bid 108 340 3 4-ch dust 225 24 Ql W1 21 do pekoe 1440 35 108 342 2 ch congou 300 25 23 z 122 12 do peksou 6£0 32 107 BD V ». 344 17 do bropekfan 1266 3 $3 Kelvin «- 1238 3isdo ddust 198 24 108 Farnham ... 346 18 4-ch bro pek 900~—s«59 2, Pingarawa 124 2 ch _ bro sou 240 26 108 348 39 do pek No. 1 1677 48 25 125 8 3-ch 72) 24 110 350 39 do pek sou 1560 Bb) 26 Monrovia .. 12616 do bro pek 800 64 lll 852 12 do fans 729 28 27 217.18 ch pekoe 1800 47 112 Sf .. 354 4 4%-ch _ bro fans 280 23 23 128 18 4-ch pek sou 9:0 31 116 A, in estate at. 29 129 65 ch fans 500 t5 mark w» 362 19 4-ch pek sou 855 36 20 130 2 do pes 269 23 ut 864 2 ch pek fan 228 23 31 Lonach 131 18 $-ch bro pek 1080 79 123 BDWJ.. 376 4 ch pekoe 400-46 32 132.56 ch pekoe 3120 «5g 124 878 26 do. pek seu 2340 = 36 33 133.21 do pek sou 1890 938 1B 880 16 do. sou 155021 34 L +» 134 5 do bromix CG) arse 126 882 2 }-ch_ red leaf 120 20 35 135 6. 4-ch. dust 540 { Withd’n. 127 384 2 do bo tea 120 21 36 Rondura... 13% 7 ch bro pek 735 60 12 886 7 ch dust 1050 25 37 137 11 do pekoe 1100 46 1233 UK .. 388,33 do. pek son 2970 87 38 13810 ch pek son 950 =. 333 130 390 34-ch dust 240 =««18 39 139 3 do fans 330 = 29 131 W SB, invest. 40 140° 2. do bro tea 20 5 mark oe 392.44 ch red leaf 360 15 41 141 2 4-ch pek dust 160 24 182 Gourt Lodge 394 74-ch broorpee 455 98 42 DO 14217 ch bropekNo2 1700 14 RB 396 386 do bro pek 2196 83 43 143 4 do pekoe No 2 400 14 34 898 14 ch pekoe 1260 66 44 144 5 do pek sou No2 500 12 bid ¥ 400 8 do pe sou 640 43 45 145 18 do bro tea 1800 12 1965 402 1 do pk fans 172 28 46 WA 146 2 do congeou 150 16 bid 1a? Teltgoswella 404 14 do bro pek 1400 64 47 RP 147 2 do 138 408 12 do pekoe 960 40 1 4-ch red leaf 183 12 1 408 12 do pek sou $60 38 48 HJS 148 18 do Pekoe 900 49 140 410 1 do cougou 100 27 49 149 18 do pek scu 900 35 1 Alnoor vw» 412 20 ¢-ch bro pek 1000 68 50 150 5 do red leaf 200 l4 St 414 14 do pekoe 709 46 51 NDA 151 20 ch bro pek 2200 25 uss 416 12 do pe sou 600 38 52 Alpitikande 152 6 4-ch broor pek 360 65 Knavesmire 418 16 ch bro pek 1590 51 53 153 15 do pekce 750 56 42%) 22 do pekoe 1980 35 54 15411 do pek sou 62 4] 422 8 do pe sou 720 34 55 155 1 do dust 65 25 ry 44 %7 do sou 560 3=- 28 86 Ukuwella., 156 46 ch bro pek 4600 58 5 B@omfield.. 426 32 do flow pek 3200 862 57 157 28 do pekoe 2800 43 io 428 256 do pekoe 2500 43 58 150 28 do pek sou 2660 35 we DEH -- 438 2 do fans 260 a4 69 Knutsford .,, 159 4 §-ch or pek 260 R103 MA OUXiK AA, inest, 60 160 65 do bro pek 265 56 mock e 482 2 ch bro pek 220 42 61 16117 do pekoe 1001 37 n 434 1 do pekoe 100 26 62 162 2 do pek sou 81 25 3 436 1 do fans 110.23 63 163 3 do unas 162 939 156 A, in estate 64 MG 164 5 ch mark oe 408) 1. ‘ch bro pek 100 465 1 ch bropek 558 48 1 440 2 do pekoe 155 42 65 165 7 ch pekce 665 30 i: 442 56 do pek sou 435 25 66 166 4 do pek sou 360 out ry 444 1 do sou 80 17 67 DBK 167 1 ch 446 2 do fan 175 (23 1 }-ch bro tea 15715 he 448 1 do red leaf 55 withd’n, | 63 168 1 do bro mix 33s out eo ha: a 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark, No, Pkgs. tion. lb. No Mark. No. Pkgs. ti lb oo. 68 168 1 4-ch bro mix 33 ~—s out 37 S4 25 ch 56 48637 69 162 ar 38 Ohsrlie Hill 56 14-ch 6 2% 1 ¢ch duet £02 20 39 S87 2 do pe fans 120 32 bid 10 WG 170 13 ch pek sou 1300-25 ty 58 11 do sou 5508 71 171 3 do sou 270 «19 4 59 18 do pek sou 600-37 i Mosh tome oe |g Be og: 73 ACW 178 20 4c rO OF pe ro 4 174 Ae ch yekoe 1200 «= 64 44 Warwick .. 63 8 do 560026 75 175 22 ¢-ch fek sou 1100 = 38 45 Migaswatta.. 64 7 ch bro pek 700 6 16 17%6 2 do cou 100 +2 46 6 8 do pee 8Oo 86388 77°«Sirieanda 177 15 box or peko 180 Bl 77 47 68 18 do ‘0 s0u 1300 34 78 178 22 4-ch bro pek 1320 7 48 70 6l 6do dust 140 2) 79 179 25 do pekoe 1250 «48 49 71 1 do fens 100 8 80 180 38 do pek sou 1650 86.36 60 0 ~ 72 12 do pekoe 1080s 6B $1 f 181 8 ch dust 423 ~ Berd Peerias od: 184 shiners poche Mr. E. Joun put up for sale at the Obamber 84 184 12 do peksou 576 82 of Commerce Sale-room on the Ist Aug,, the un- 85 186 4 do bro mix 200-22 dermentioned lots of tea (64,100 lb.), which sold as 86 - : nas A a under -— 87 7 tC) ‘0 tea P : $8 Kudaganga.. 18813 ch bro pek 1430 © 62 Lot Box Descrip- Weight 89 omnne 189 3 do Dekoe ap 4 No. Mark No. Pkgs. tion. - et 90 o pek sou 91 191 3 dO bro tea 360 27 5 en ~ Seo “anes — rh 192 1 do dust 100 23 3 vi & fo? aon 18031 —— 4 Agaer’sLand 72 32 do bre pek 1660 Mesers. A. H. Tuompson & Co. put up for sale J 5 74 18 40 pekoe 900 i QOhamber of Commerce Sale-room on the Ist . - 47 - sa ae —= the undermentioned lots of tea (37,677 lb.) biel 8 Bullatwella.. 79 28 do bee pe 10c0—s«&BL a6 under :— "| 8 = ae “a maxon = 39 Lot Box Descrip- Weight i o sou 32 : 1 Callander ... 85 18 do « sou 900 No. Mark No. Pkgs. _ tion. lb. c. 19 Dartry — oF oh” pen aa 4 Ferandsle, Ran- 1g 89 9 ¢ch dust 115 galla « @ 7 ch s0u 700 «33 14 Great Valley 101 30 ch bro pek 2200 6 8 do dust 600-25 15 103 22 do pekoe 2200 6 QOssington .. 8 6 ch _ bro pek 660 «(5 16 105 12 de pek eon 140 ¢ Withd’s. 7 10 11 do pekoe 1100 = 38 17 107 2 g-ch = dust 17@ 8 12 6 do pesou 600 30 1g Kanangama... 108 22 ch obrope 2310 «47 11 Woodend .. 16 1 eh 19 110 33 do pekoe 3135 0-36 14-ch sou 127. (12 20 112 16 do pek scu 1440S 31 12 17. 1 ch _opek fan 10016 21 114 I do dust 10 2 13 18 2 do dust 150021 22 Glentilt ..115 28 do bro pek 2940 0=— 70 14 AgraOya .. 19 3 do bropek 315 44 23 117 20 do pek son 2000 48 15 20 4 do pekoe 400 37 24 Blackburn ... 119 14 eh Lro pek 1540 52 16 21 9 do peksou 900 = 33 25 121 14 do pekoe 154086 WW 23 4 do dust 320 9-25 26 BB - 123 7 do dust 2 18 24 3 do bro mix 285 14 27 Verelapatna | 125 21 do bro pek 9415 62 19 Sapitiyagodde 38 127 53 do pek No.l 5300 43 Invoice No.31 25 17 ch or pek 1700 #9 29 129 50 do do , 2 5000 36 20 27 27 do bro pek 2970 63 bid | 30 131 14 ¢-ch dust 1120 2 21 29 20 do pekoe 2000 = §2 31 Shawlends .. 133 17 ch bro 1955 65 22 31 1 do pek fan 150 §=.30 32 135 18 do pekNol 1800 45 33 Huningford (sic.) 32 9 ch 50u 675 25 33 137 17 do de ,, 2 1706 = 34 AGC -» 36 12 do pek sou 1140, 15 34 139 9 §-ch dust 7200 «23 37 38 2 do sou 180-16 35 Glasgow .. 141 30 ch broorpe 2400 R1°'ll 28 39 6 do pek fans 80 424 36 143 25 g-ch or pek 1500 «80 29 41 2 do dust 280 21 37 45 ch = pekoe 2200 «3=«63 30 Hazelmere... 42 25 §-ch or pek 1750 = 60 38 Glanrhos .. 147 14 ch bro pek 1330 «68 31 44 4 do pesou 2050 =—-.36_ bid-| 39 149 6 do pekoe '400 45 32 Nahaveena.. 46 11 do bro pek 550 | 40 151 9 do pek sou 765 36 33 48 4 do peboe 200 «647 hae 153. 4 do pek fan aco) 80=31 34 49 7 do pescu 35u 38 42 154 2 do congou 20 8625 85 Rakwepa .. 50 26 ch | 43 Talagalla .. 155 22 ch tre pek 2310 =s«61L 14#-ch bro pek 2634-43 , 44 ae 2ch fang 120) 04 36 52 17 ch 45 K, in estate 1 4-ch or pek 1156 43 mark -- 158 7 do brotea 35016 ‘CEYLON OBSERVER ”’ PRESS, COLOMBO. THA,‘C OFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. —_. Pricer :—123 cents each; 3 copies. NO. 25.] Coxtompo, Aveustr 18, 1894. 30) centsau6’ copiag® rupee: ) Lot Box Descrip- Weigtt COLOMBO SALES OF TEA, No. Mark No. Pkgs. tion. lb. C. Messrs. Forszs & WALKER put up for sale at the | 77 622 4 ch pe cou 400 47 Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 8th Aug., | 78 624 1 }-ch dust 80 29 . x . 719 G »- 626 1 ch bro pek 106 »,.53 the undermentioned lots of tea (165,206 lb.), which | ¢) Pedro ) 62397 4-ch bro orpek 1620 R199 bia sold as under:— 81 630 11 do bropes 715 686 bid Cr u 82 632 32 do pekos 1600 68 et Mark N Reon : Deseue ewclent 83 634 96 do pek sou 1040 51 b ‘ : 88. 1001. . , 84 North Cove.,, 638 6 do dust 48) 25 1 St.Helen .., 470 18 4-ch bro pek 108054 85 638 4 ch congou 409 930 2a ee pAle oe. ich sou 100 30 86 Atherfield .. 649 44 4-ch sou 2200 32 3 474 134-ch unas 50 27 87 612 6 do pe dust 269 30 4 Andaradeniya 476 6 ch _ bro pek 600 70 88 644 8 do dust 640 25 5 478 12 do pekoe 1080 51 69 646 5 do bro mix 250 28 6 480 3 do pek sou 270 33 90 HOH -- 648 13 do congou 650 27 7 482 14-ch dust 50-23 91 650 2 do red leaf 10014 8 W’Bedde ... 484 4 do bro pek 25) 68 92 MW -. 652 7 ch red leaf 63) 14 9 4865 17 ch 93 654 2 do dust 230 23 1 3-ch or pek 1755 19 94 Torwood .. 656 16 do _ bro pek 1440 70 10 CRD a6) SASS" 3) pe sou 13°09 = 35 205 878 2 do dust 300 25 65 65 2 do dust 160 ga 276 §80 1 do _ red leaf 53. 66 Den yaya .. 66 10 do bropek 1100s 6g 207 Rosendbal,,. &82 3% 3-ch bro pek 15054 67 67 8 do pek 52 208 884 5 do jeke 250 9 4u 63 63 5 do pe sou 47543 209 OO, in estate 72 W os Oe ee congou 150 17 mark -- 886 2 ch je'oe 160 935 75 Kaluva «» 73 1 43-ch bro pek 5067 210 Horagas- 78 76 1 do pek 50 46 keiie «. 888 7 $-ch broipek 420 64 17 77 1 do peksou 50 §=33 21L 890 7 do pekoe 3i6 3) 73 78 1 do son 50 =. 25 bia 21a 892 8 Go pek scu 464 30 i9 WG li: {Jee © YAR osc 400 213 894 1 do congou 56 29 80 so 4 360 8! si 2 §2 Silver Valley. 82 3 83 83 4 Messrs. SOMERVILLE & C.. putjup fcr sale at the - # - Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 8th Aug., S S3 : je undermentioned lots of tea (83,318 lb.), which sold S Woodthorpe. a as under :— 9) 90 3 3 ; 91 = ort Lot Box Descrip- Weight 92 Forest Hill... 92 11 = 5 9% 93 14 No. Mark. No. Pkgs.. tion. libs anes aaene OngEot g 1 sL «. 1.5 ch bro mix 475 9.23 95 X aia ine! | 2 2 64-ch dust 540 24 96 ioe 3 Hiralouvsh.. 3 4 ch broorpek 458 59 97 Cereal 4 9 4 5 do pek sou 465 387 98 Periya Kande- 5 dos 1 ‘do bro mix 102 17 kettia setae mae 6 Charley Valley 6,68 3-ch bropek 3808 q7 99 100 8 v6 7 44 do pek 2112 59 100 101 14 8 : 8.48 do peksou 2256 8647 101 102 9 9 Renveula .. 9 12 ch bro pek 1200 56 02 WwW 38 10 10 12 do pekoe 12¢0 45 103° 14) ws * 11 2 do pekau 200 26 = :{ 108 105 3 12 12.2 do bro mix 200 832 106 Neuchatel .. 105 23 13 AO Wo: e» 13 24 4-ch broor pek 120) 80 107 107 27 14 14. 9 do pekoe 900 52 103 s 108° 20 15 15 13 do ek sou 1300 38 » | 109 : , 109" 3 16 g 16 3 do ro mix 270) «619 lu 1101s CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Mr. A. M. Gere put up for sale at the Chamber | Lot Box Descrip- Weight of Commerce Sale-room on the 8th Aug., the un- | No. Mark. No. Pkgs, tion. thet dermentioned lots of tea (3,267 lb.), which sold as | 14 A,in estate under :— _ mark 183 2 ch pek sou 190 38 Lot Box Deecrip- Weight. 15 ue = ag nes 410 3B S . 5 ts) ust! 145 6 No. No, Pkgs. tion. Ib. «. 17 ETK | 4, 1867 do bro mix 700 30 1 DCL we 20.8 1) ch Si brovor'pekr: * 115 %:66)_ © 18 188 9 4-ch dust 720-26 2 22 3 do bro pek 317 40 bil | 19 1909 7 ch red lef 700 21 3 24 11 do bro mix 935 15 bid | 20 Ford se 192 242 do, pekoe 2120 49 4 TD(B&H) 26 20 do _ bro mix 1900 16 21 Eadella 194 16 do bro p2k 1600 = 69 22 196 14 do pekoe 1260 46 23 = 198 14 do pek sou 1120 39 Messrs. Bennam & Bremner put up for sale at the | 34 ge tneencee POO TaMatts. Gee rEOneds Ohamber of Commerce sale-room on the 8th Aug., | ,- ag CoO 25 CAEP, DERE. the under mentioned lots of Tea (16,192 1b,), which Be eoravy. a a ol ae it ee sold as under : -- ; : 27 Agar’sLand 206 153-ch _ bro pek 750) 75 Tot Box Descrip- Weight § a8 9 do broor pek 450 95 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. e@, 28 a 0 1s ds pek son 720 «46 2 ~ iw i Hornsey .. Be 3 cn pe sou B08 44 S@eKatdmane: L ie bro mix 700 18 2 0) 3 do fans a5 de +» B14 26 ro 2 5 a XXX 62 43 40 broten ae bt | gg OT Fi aes URARIe oan eg 49 apn Yer) 0) pesou 25 3 1 = 3 eeristontinest, 3 2'8 17 do pe sou 1530 33 mark ». 66 29 do pe sou 2610 35 6 68 24-ch dust 140 26 7 70 3 ch congou 309-25 Messr3. SOMERVILLE & Co. put up; for sale at the 8 RA—-B .. 72 52 do” bropescu 5188 25 Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 15th August, Messrs. A. H. Tuompson & Co. put up fer sale at the Ohamb’r of Commerce Sale-room on the 8th Aug., the undermeationed lots of tea (38,618 lb.) which sold ag uncer :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. No. Pks. tion, Ib:; . a. 4MLC »» 4 26 do sou 1170 34 5 6 2 do bro pek 110 51 6 14. 2\cd0 pekoe 100 37 7 Vogan ser S20) ch bro pek 2185 68 8 10 26 do yekoe 2340 48 9 12 16 do pek sou 1360 42 10 14 3 do sou 240 29 11 Nahalma .. 15 43-ch dust 300 25 12 16 8 ch congou 80 24 13. Ugieside. .. 18 4 do dust 5tO 25 14 19 7 do bro tea 660 25 15 AGC ~- 2c 20 do pe sou 1900 20 16 22 ceE OO, pek fan 280 27 7 23 2 do dust 280 22 18. XiX -. 24 1 do congou 105 14 19 Glenesk .. 2) 8534-ch bro orpek 2150 17 bid 20 27 63 do or pek 3780 61 21 29 18 do pekoe 90 51 bid 22 D ee 3L 30 ch bro pek 2100 = 74 bil 23 33 27 do pekoe 2430 53 bid 24 35 8 4-ch fans 560 =—.28 bid 25 $8 se 36 22 box broor pek 110 40 bid 26 37 27 ch bro pek 2970 67 27 Saitewatte.. 39 14 do bro or pek 168% F 28 41 20 do pek oe 2000 44 29 43 15 do pe sou 1350 34 32 Murland ,,, 48 63 bex bro or pe 1386 80 bid 33 50 26 ch pekoe 2522 42 bid 34 62 23 co 1 4-ch pek sou 2340 84 bid 35 Madamps .. 54 13 do _ bro pek 634 33 bid Mr. E. Joun put up for sale at the Obamber of Cormmerce Sale-room on the 8th Avg,, the un- dermentioned lots of tea (39,1181b.), which sold as under :-— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkg. tion. lb. c. 1 Ampitiakande 159 7 ch ecngou 7002.27 2 161 8 4-ch dust 560 24 3 163 do fans 480 20 4 Great Valley 164 2 do dust 170 24 5 165 12 ch pesou 1140 41 6 167 22 do pekoe 2209 56 T 169 20 do bro pek 2200 7 8 Whyddon .. 171 16 do bro pek 1760 73 9 173 16 do pekce 1800 56 10 175 12 do pe sou 1200 41 ll Ardlaw and wisbford .. 177 27 4-ch bro or pek 1350 R100 1 179 15 do orpek 600 17 13 181 14 do pekoe 728 = 58 the undermeutioaed lots of tea (99,097 lb.) whioh sold as under :— Lot No Mark. 1 Wewelmaide 2 3 4 Pvlgahakands 5 6 7 8 9 Kelani 10 1L 12 13 14 15 R-seneath.. 16 17 Allakolla .. 18 19 Doom toe 21 MO ann 22 CT 5 23 GLA on 24 WG se 25 26 27 QL an 28 29 20 GA Ceylon 31 32 33 Citrus OC. 34 35 35 37 38 Wallabanduwa 9 40 41 AS ee 43 43 44 Rajahwatte 45 46 47 ACW... 48 49 50 LL in estate mark.. 6) X co 53 54 Box No. 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 a Descrip- tion. red leaf dust N>. 1 dust No, 2 red leaf pek acu dust bro mix souchong do bro tea dust tro pek pekoe pek sou fans pek dust bro pek Pskoe pek sou sou dust red leaf bro pek pekoe rek sou bro pek cr pek pek sou dust bro tea beks u soucbong dust Weight Z °f > 2 a eS 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip- Weigh Lot Bor Deserip- Weight No. Mark, No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. c. 55 K -. 165 9 ch peksou 675. 26 32 50 13 do or pek 1235 «59 §6 166 4 do sovchong 400 21 33 52 28 do bro pek 2800 59 57 167 4 do red leaf 360 18 bid | 34 54 55 do pekoe 503545 58 168 2 do pe dust 260 25 35 56 Il do pe scu 920 38 59 IP «» 169 17 ch souchong 1275 33 38 Glemesk .. 61 36 do broye 2160 6 bid 60 170 84-ch dust 610 24 39 63 18 do pekoe 900 60 bid 61 RX ann 20D ch scuchong 100 22 42 Morland .. 68 26 ch pekoe 27909 41 bid 62 172 1 do dust 150 «823 44 70 23 do 63 Rogenesth... 173 14 do pence 1260 43 1 $-ch sou 2340 2 64 Hatdowa .. 174 14 do ro pek 1400 BY 45 Hazelmer .. 72 34 do pe 2040 = 65 bid 65 175 21 do pekoe 1785 45 46 74 39 do or pek 2145 50 bid €6 176 23 do pek soy 1955 35 47 ; 76 23 do pekce 11500 37 bid 67 177. 2 do dust 310 25 48 MartinsTown 78 12 ch bro pek 1344 59 bid 68 178 1 do bro mix 85 22 49 80 138 do pekoe 1300—s 87 bid 1 do 85 60 82 29 do sou 2885 32 69 PF .. 179° 3 do bro pek 315 48 51 Rakwena .. 84 6560 do pe 4970 48 70 180 3 do pekoe 300 30. 52 86 24 do pekoe 2400 35 bid 71 181 2 do peksou 225 2 bid | 53 Belgravia .. 88 1 do pesou 1000 40 1 $-ch 54 89 1 co dust 100025 72 DS ». 182 5 ch bro pek 525 BL 73 183 & do pekoe 500 36 74 184 5 do pek sou 500 24 bid 75 OTE -- 185 8 do ekoe 800 25 bid ag - a 186 8 re a fond Ld ze bid CEYLON 7 oragalla ... 157 56 do ro pe 1¢ a L i Moma 1 6c $8 SEM ata COFFEE SALES IN LONDON 9 189 3 do pek sou 4 76. 2s 80 190 3 do nek fans 300 (From Our Commercial Correspondent). 81 191 2 do ekoe dust e. 9 4 do pekrca ot 20 bid a ’ Mincrne Lane, July 6th, 1894. 82 Comillah 192 9 do ro pe 55 arks and pricea of CEYLON COFFEE eold in o 18 a pose Se 34 ef Mincing Line up to 20th July :— Se tae et ae Pet 120° 33 Ex a ae ae —Haputale, Ge lb 111s; 5c 1078 67; 86 Charley Valley 196 23 %3-ch bro pek 1280 85 50 10786"; 25 1b 107-; 2c 102+; 23 127s 6d; 3c 928; Gb 87 197 64 do pekoe 3200 58 106s 67; 1b 88s. Be H be % Sh pgkoe sou = ad Ex “Staffordshire” — Roehampton, 1b 116s; 30 114s “ “ch =pekoe 6d; 6c 109s 6d, 1b 98s; le 133-; 1b 93»; 2 s 6d. 90 Lyndhurst}, 200 19 ch bro pek = 209055 Luougalla, 3c 107¢; 50 lb 103s; Ic 1t 97s; ie ipa le 19 1 30 do pekoe 2850 37 ; 7 io P 92 2 19 do pek sou 1710 35 85s; 1b 100s 1SD¥9ls. Thotu agalla, a) 114s; Ic 1lle; 93 3 2 d0 bromix 20 «15 5c 1078 6d; 1c 100s; 1t 123s; 1t 89s; 1b 103+; 1 eweep- 94 4 3 do dust 300 28 ings 85s. 95 Hapugahalande 5 34%-ch unassorted 225 39 96 6 do souchong 50 21 97 7 1 do dust Ce i gee 98 Wahakula 8 13 ch bro pek 1300 60 CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. A 9 13 ap menos 1300 40 10 15 do pek sou 1500 36 i 101 Ww sos diy cB do), dust 380 90 (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) 103 12. 2 do copg-u 200 20 - 103 13. 2 do redleaf 230 withd’s, Mivcixe Lane, Joly 18th, 1894. Mesers. A. H. THompson & Co; put up forsale at the Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 15th Aug., the undermentioned lots of tea (65,950 lb.,) which sold as under :— Lot Box. Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. ct. 1 Portswood .. 1 1l ch sou 880 56 2 3 4 do dust 320 37 3 Erndale, Ran- galla .. 4 7 do bro pek 700 «69 “4 6 6 do. or pek 600 «ss 86 5 8 12 do pekoe 1200 43 6 Kennington.. 10 104-ch brotea 500 19 7 11.7 ch _ pek sou 7000-27 8 13 22-ch dust 240 «24 9 Wellaioya .. 14 14 ch bro pek 1400 53 10 16 17 do pekoe 1700 —s 38 ll 18 1 do peksou 100 «= 26 16 Nahalma ... 25 3 Go dust 225 23 17 26 6 ch congou 900. 25 18 Comar «. 28 10%-ch bro pe “500 «FQ 19 30 8 do pekce 409 42 20 31 6 do pe sou 300. 38 21 32 18 do unas 9co0 15 22 34 1 do dust 5025 23 AK AO, in est, mark -- 85 373-ch brogon 1850 75 24 . 37.7 do- pe sou 350 4-34 25 38 3 do dust 240 24 26 Sapitiyagoda 39 18 ch or pek 18(0 3=— 62 27 41 30 do bro ek 3300 66 28 43 20 do pekoe 2000 40 29 45 1 do e fans 150 34 30 8 -» 46 22 do rope No. 22636 <0 bid 31 Myraganga.. 4g 17 do broor pe 1955 60 bid Ex “Kaisow’—Monerakelle, 3b 19s. Ex “Oroya”—Elm:huret, 10) SD 6ls 6d, 8 SD, 58s 63; 3b SD 578; 2b SD 29s 6d. Glenalpin, 18b8D 61s 6d; 3b SD 51s 6d; 1 SD and rpkd. 35s 6d: 1 pocket 353 64. Ex “Capel'a”’—Eriagastenve, 1b 552. 1b 55s. Ex “McKenzie”—Yattewatte, Sb 45s; broken 1b 55s. No coffee sold in auction this week. aly 20. Goonambil, Ex “Capella”—Gangsroomwa, 41b 73s 6d. Ex “Volute’—Evxdella” 2 SD 37s. Ex “Lanoashire’—Keenskelle, 1 SD bulked 58s; 7 SD bulked 40s 6d; 3SDbulked 403 6d; 1 SD bulked 423 63. July 27. Ex ‘ Keisow”—MK, 9b 5is. . CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent ) Mincine Lane, July 20th, 1894. Ex “Chancellor’—Delpotonoya, 30 1s 9d; 4c 2a 4d; 40 28; 1c 1863; le 18.53; 3c 1s 9°; le 1s 4d. Knuckles Group, lo 3s 9d; 2c 2s 2d; 30 18 11d; dc 1s 6d. : Ex “‘Capella”—VB(12), 8c Is 8d. “CEYLON OBSERVER” PRESS, COLOMBO. THA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO. 26.] COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. CoLtomgo, Aucust 25, 1894. Messrs. Forses & WALKER put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 15th Aug., the undermentioned lots of tea (179,198 Ib.), which sold as yoder :— Lot Box No Mark. No. 1 CH 896 2 N oe BSB 7 Harrington... 908 8 910 9 912 10 914 11 916 12 918 13 Polatagama.. 920 14 922 15 924 16 926 17 928 18 Brunswick .. 930 19 Caskieben .. 932 20n5 934 21 936 22. A 938 23 940 24 942 25 944 2 946 28 Shrubs Hill.. 950 29 952 30 954 31 Freds Ruhe.. 956 32 958 33 960 34 962 35 $64 36 WA os, 9B 37 968 38 Goraka 970 3 972 40 974 41 Castlereagh.. 976 ' 978 980 44 JH8, in est. mark «+, 982 45 : 934 46 986 47 988 48 MO ee 990 49 992 50 fats 994 51 Sembawatte.. 996 52 998 53 1090 St 2 55 4 56 S W, in estate ; mark ae 6 67 : 8 68 10 59 MA) in estato mark 12 €0 14 61 16 ea 18 6% 20 64 I O,in estate mark sor Vag 65 ; 24 66 26 62 Becherton ... 28 68 gu 69 #2 70 34 7t 36 7% Knavesmire 38 3 40 _ ~ Bb ROM UWE OHATH OIE wos eau ear GPeoenwuw Descrip- tion: red leaf bro tea flow pek bro or pek pekoe pek sou dust sou bro pe pekoe pe sou fans dust pe fans flow pek pekoe pe fans bro pek pekoe funs dust Bou bro pek pekce pe sou bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pe fan bro pe dust pekoe bro mix bro pek” pekoe pek scu bro pek or pek pekoe or pek pekoe pek sou bro tea dust congou red leaf Weight Ib. c. 570 20 1430-28 450 79 lico = a9 720 BB 18) 48 14 24 27 38 2640 53 bid 2700 ~=—-86 2050 33 715-28 bid 76 24 420 26 1900, 72 bid 1400 48 140 «24 23) out 500 29 bid 632-25 107021 62 29 46) 13 28 5 200 40 100057 2300 41 1500 36 375, 40 95 27 930 38 158. 26 31555 3CO. 34 300 a9 1400-73, bid 1170-59 bid 1870 49 bid 4cO.— 83 595 47. 255-38 100 18 21002} 600 31 100-17 ct) 50 190; 3h 1350-28 190 92 200 13 280 23 700 «45 190 29 180-23 300.45 190 © .28 270 «20 200-20 650 28 700 45° 95 : 27028 180063 425-28 2.60 45 1020-35 | 100054 1350 38 Lot Box. No, Mark. No. Pkgs. 74 42 10 ch 75. 44 6 do 76 46 7 do 77 48 42% do 78 Gordon .. 50 8 4-ch 73 62° 1 do 80 564 «4 ch 81 56 2 do 82 Geragama .. 68 5 ch 83 60 10 du 84 62 15 do 85 64 1 do 86 66 1 4-ch 87 Glenorchy ... 68 62 do 88 70 53 do 89 H2°'1. ch 90 East Land Ceylon, HE P inest, mark ww. TA. 81 4-ch 91 76 13 do 1t do 92 78 26 do 93 80 2 do 94 Chough'ey .. 82 15 ch 95 8t 6 do 96 86 6 co 97 88 2 do 98 90 2 do 99 CB +. 92 11 4-ch 160 94 8 do 101 95 1 ch 104 98 3 4-ch 103 WD A, inest. mark -« 100 15 ch 104 102 1 4-ch 105 M .. 104 3) ch 106 Weoya 106. 42 3-ch 107 18 30 do 108 1l0 21 do 100 112. 9 do 110 114 8 do lll DH ee dGE ae Ch 112 : 118 2 do 1138 Downside... 120 4% 3-ch 114 123 1 do 115 124 1 do 116 Manangoda 126 7 ch 117 128 10 do 118 130 5 do 11 1328 1 do 122 124 1 4-ch 121 Ganapalla.. 136 11 do 122 138 15 do 123 Koorooloc- galla 140 25 ch 124 142 15 do 125 144 9 do 126 146 6 do 127 Sandringham 148 62 $-ch 128 i 150 32 ch 129 Gleneagles.. 152 1 do 13) HL, in est. mark «. 154 4 do 131 Lyegrove ... 156 19 ch 132 188 5 do 133 160 65 do 134 loz 1 do 135 RC Ws in est. mark «. 164 10 do 6 4-ch 16 DBWK... 166 47 do 137 168 10 ch 4 4-ch 138 170 15 ch 139 170 10 do 140 Talgaswella 174 20 do 141 176 15 do 149 173 7 do 143. Ellekande .. 180 25 $-ch 144 182 14 do 145 184. 33 ch 146 186 10 g-oh 147 188 3 ch 148 19% 64 6d 149 =N 192 1 fe 150 194 10 do {Barce :—125 cents each; 3 copies. 30 cents ; ; 6 copies 4 rupee. Descrip- Weight tion, lb. ct. pek sou 900 33 bro mix 600 3L sou 560 =—-29 dust 280 25 bro pek 400 61 do No.2 59 47 pekoe 360 40 yek sou 160 34 bro pek 525 80 pekoe 800 50 pek sou 1275 4l Bou 65 27 dust 15 24 bro pek 3780 G7 pekoe 3190 51 dust 100 24 bro pek 1850 82 pekce 780 ) 57 do 660 rek son 1540 48 du-t 160 27 bro pek 1290 58 pekoe €00 44 pe sou 540 39 s0u 180 3L dust 224 24 bro pek 550 R100 pekoe 810 76 pe fans 110 50 dust 165 44 pe sou 1234 32 dust 62 22 pek sou 3000 38 bro pek 2255 53 pekoo 1500 43 pe sou 1050 56 sou 450 27 dust 560. 24 dust_ 280 25 pe dust 270 25 dust 180 28 dus9 70 25 red leaf 50 15 bro pek 700 53 pékoe 1000 =. 39 pek scu §25 B4 red leaf 103 17 dust 82 23 brope fan 770 32 bro mix 150 23 bro pek 2500 57 pekoe 1500 45 pek sou 855 37 sou 435 30 bro pek 3720 80 pekoe 2880 62 dust 130 25 bro tea 400 22 bro pek 2090 69 pekoe, 5c0 45 pe sou 600 38 dust 1.0 25 bro pe fans 1410 34 pekoe 2800 a2 Pe sou 1219 34 red leaf 1090 ly dust 1013 24 bro pek 2000 70 pekoe 1350 51 pek sou 630 3s bro pek 1200 66 pekoe qu = 49 pek sou 2240 37 unas 500 47 dust 375 24 red leat 300 19 bro mix 45 4 pk faus 700d bid 2 CEYLON Lot Box Descrip- Weight No Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb oc. 151 8 «- 196 54-ch faos 699 = aL 152 VC +. 198 87 box bro pck 435 48 153 PDA «. 200 2 ch fans 280 19 154 202 2 do fans 244 19 156 Ambrose ... 706 36 do bro pek 1800 656 157 208 43 do pekoe 2385 39 bid 158 EX .» 210 15 ch red leaf 1425 7 159 Langdale... 212 9 do bropek 1080 82 Hig 160 214 10 do pekoe 1060 67 16L 216 1 do pek sou 90 42 162 Nugagalla... 218 84-ch bro pek 400 77 1€3 220 24 do pekoe 1209 60 164 222 3 do pe sou 150 42 165 224 3 do dust 270 28 1¢6 Waitalawa 226 13 do bropk 650 «85 167 28 23 do pekoe 1400-87 168 230 6 do pek sou 300 42 169 Olunes +. 2382 27 do bropek 1350 67 110 234 66 do pekoe 2970 43 171 936 9 ch pek sou 810 36 172 Whornfield.. 238 27 }-ch bro pek i620 80 173 240 11 ch pekoe 1100—ss«58 174 942 6 do pe sou 600 «44 175 214 6 4%-ch pe dust 480 86 3 176 Munamal .. 246 1 ch 14-ch bropek 150 080555 177 248 3 ch pekoe 198-46 178 250 2 do pe sou 171 35 179 252 2 do - bro tea +1) as 180 254 1 do congeu 80 8620 181 Dangkande 256 5 do dust 475 24 185 Queensland 264 21 ch fiowpek 2100 §7 bid 186 266 16 do yekoe 1600 © 4 bid 187 268 1 do _ pe fans 149 024 185 Tonacombe 270 18 do _ bro pek 1989 78 189 : 972 64 do pekoe 6400 52 190 274 17 do pek sou 100 38 19l 276 3 do dust 270 23 192 Ambewella,.. 278 28 4-ch bro pek 1680 70 19: 28) 27 do pekoe 1485 49 194 282 1 do dust 1002s Messta- BENHAM & BREMNER put up or sale at the Ohamber of Commerce S:le-room on the told as under :— Lot Mark. Pannapitiya 1 2 3 4 5 Battalgalla.. 6 7 8 Oolapane .. 9 Elston, in est. mark 4 Drayton Sutton eae Box No. Pks. 60 4 $-ch 62 8 do 63 1 do 64 1 do 66 5 ch 68 3 do 70 9 do 72 4 4-ch 74 2 ch 76 3 do 78 15 do 80 16 $-ch 82 27 ch 84 30 do 86 1 4-ch 88 4 ch | Descrip- tion. bro pek pekoe bro mix dust fans red leaf pe sou dust congou bro mix pe sou dust pekoe bro pek pe sou fans the 15th Aug., uadermentioned lots of tea (10,940 lb.) which Weight Ib. cc. 200 57 400 38 Bie “a5 50 25 459 28 300 19 900 46 284 a4 200 «18 300 29 1350 35 1120 30 2430 56 bid 2400 76 bid - 45 36 480 29 Mr. E.. Jonn put up for sale the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on adermenticnedl ots of Tea (63,851 1b.), which . sold a3 under:— Let Mark, Eijla Lamelier .. 1 10£ Hunugalla .. 11 12 Box ~ No. Pkgs. 20 27 the 15th Aug., the un- Descrip- tion. bro pe pekoe pek sou bro tea dust bro pe pekoe pe sou dust bro pe pekoe pe cou Weight Ib. Cc, 2000 «64 24380 46 810 34 100 20 130 23 1540 76 1080 57 855 41 255 28 1210 45 1050 76 10¢0 28 ‘Wewesse .. Yabalakelle Delpotonoya Farm Gopavy si Overton P G, in est. mark as Troup Blackburn ... Madooltenne Pati Rajeb ... TT & Co. in est. mark N ae Talagalla .. Tarf wa Logan oe Bogawene . Ayr 212 . Messrs. Forsgs & Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 22nd Aug., the undermentioned lots of tes (146,729 lb.), which sold as under:— Lot No . Mark. G MV Elfindale Gallawatta.. PTC <- Polwatte Ambalawa .. S8t.Helen .... Sana 55 DEO Box No. PRODUCE SALES LIST. Descrip- Weight. Pkgs. tion. Ib. c. 1 ch obromix 100 «48 21 do bro pek 8100 56 12 do pekce 1020 40 11 do 880 35 7 do do No.2 635 81 1 §-ch 80 «85 1 do red leaf 47 17 24 do bro pek 1440 75 83 do pekoe 1615 56 76 do pksou 14800 39 bia 8 do sou 440 36 1 do dust 90 23 8 ch bro orpe 840 57 13 do bro pek 13800 655 li do pekoe 1250 = 41 bid 16 do pesou 1280 = 38 3 $-ch congou 210 38620 4 “4 dust - 24 ec pe sou 36 15 do - 14-ch bro pe 1560 = 96 bid 10 ch pekoe 1000s) bid 6 ch = go0u 4680 042 4 do dust 360 o3 1 do cosgpe 10533 14-ch rei leaf 6 19 14 ch bro pek 1540 63 14 do 0 Fek 130084 13 do pekoce 1300 = BB 16 do pe sou 1600 = 32 4 do dust €00 23 4 do red leaf 40 16 11 ¢o bro pek 100) = &3 bid 12 do pe! oe 1200 ee} 1 do copgou 90 oe 1 do dust 18g 8628 73 $-ch bro 36500 63 61 ch me 5490 38 17 do pe sou 1530 2 4 do ropefan 660 24 10 do bro mix coo 33 14 do bro pek 1470— «BY bid 14 do orpe 1330 = 44 bid 14 do pekoe 12300 38 2 do dust 32023 3 ch pe sou 315 36 34ch dust 40 6 608 3 ch bro tea 255 20 2 do pe rou 190 «8641 2 do s00 180 35 24-ch dust 180-28 3 do fans 210 36 32 do bro pe 1504 40 21 ch pekoe 1575 42 bid 14 do pe sou 1120 27 24-ch pe dust 150 82 WALEER put up for sale at the Descrip- Weight Pkgs. tion. Ib. c. 1 ch sou 100) 19 2 do 1¢ch bro mix 236 8624 1 do ust 92 «33 18 do fans 9col 20 1l do dust 550-27 9 do pek sou 450 31 4 do brotea 200 15 9 do dust 450 25 16 ch bro tea 1440 36 13 do bro pek 1300 9-59 bid 11 do Pekoe 990 38 bid 7 do pek sou 630 24 do bro pek 2160 5i bid 5 do pek sou 400 34 2 do cou 110g 44-ch. dust 280 23 40 do — bro pek 24€0 55 22 do pekos 11c0 40 26 do pek sou 1125 33 18 do brope 900 «= 556 18 ¢o pekoe 900 «8638 26 do sou 1300 38 3 do ust 150 «26 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. a Mark. Hethereett .. Galawatte .. Dunkeld ... Iddagodda ... Ragalla 60 Thedden .. Ederapolla ... RCW, in est. mark ats Deaculla ... Kande ae Lowlands .. Aigburth .. Theberton .. Minnawata- kelle ao Amblakande Palmerston ... Weyagcda .., Polatagama L, in estate mark Ederapolla.. > Lunugalla id APK ale vo is - Zz 330 ~ Box No. Descrip- Weight tion. lb. (op or pek 450 89 bro orpek 504 94 bro pek 1200 90 pekoe 1133 62 pek sou 440 49 pe fans 180 34 pek sou 250 30 pek sou 200 24 bro tea 50 15 bro pek 22(0 69 or pek 945 5 pekoe 1710 47 bro pe sou 170 27 dust 130 24 fans 8E0 30 brown leat 90 20 ust 630 23 bro pek 1320 58 bid pekoe 1600 46 pek sou 100 35 pek sou 95 35 dust 160 25 bro pek 2300 pekoe 2840 ek sou 1275 aire Be 253 withd’n, bro pe dust 75 bro mix 300 bro pek 1260 62 bid pekoe 1080 45 bid pek sou 900 35 bro pek 1620 78 pekoe 4875 56 pek scu 750 40 dust 160 26 pekoe 600 40 bid pek sou 1615 33 bid bro pek 509 59 pekoe 450 44 pe sou 400 35 dust 650 34 fan 550 = 47 congou 300 23 bro pek 1400 52 pekoe 900 40 bid pek sou 1250 34 pek fans 300 31 congou 50 24 dust 200 Q3 red leaf 250 16 bro pek 1540 47 bid pekoe 935 35 bid pek fan 750 27 bro pex 715 66 pekoe No. 1 595 56 pekoe ,, 2 765 43 pe sou 900 37 sou 100 27 bro pek 420 82 pekoe B15 61 pek sou 420 59 dust 170 29 bro pek 410 47 pekoe 1600 9-34 pek sou 100 27 pek fans 350 22 pe dust 84 23 rel leaf 70 15 - bro pek 2695 57 or pek 715 48 pekoe 3609 36 pek sou 2300 33 fans 1430 41 bro pek 78 46 pe sou 100 39 dust 45 22 bro pek 1200 48 pekoe 1360 35 pek sou 2395 32 sou 680 29 bro pek fan 950 30 -pe sou 30 32 red leaf 210 17 dust 5e0 24 dust 600 28 bro tea 650 20 bro pek fans 400 23 Mark. BDV see Luccombe .. O GA, in est. mark ove Aberdeen .. Kirklees .. Morankande Li lawatte .., Nicholaoya. . A a Chesterford Dunbar... AS AS vee ASR sve New Anga- mana are MW so D, in estate mark eee Meemora- oys Farnbam Box No. 520 522 52k 526 528 654 656 658 660 662 66a 666 663 67u 672 674 676 678 Clunes,—(Erracht Division) ... Geragama .. 688 691 Descrip- tion, dust fans pek sou s0u pe fans bro pek pekoe p3 sou dust bro or pek dust pe facs dust bro pek pexoe pek su red leaf dust fans bro mix bro or pek or pek pekoe pekoe No, 2 sou pek fan sou bro pek pekoe dust pek sou pekoe bro pek pekoe pe sou bro pe pekce pek sou red leaf bro pek pekoe No.1 pekoe pek sou sou cong. u Lro tea pek sou red leaf dust bro pek pekve pek sou pe dust bro pek pekoe pek sou sou do dust bro tea bro or pek br> pek pekoe pek sou dust yefans or pek jek e pek sou fans bro or pe pe*oe pek sou bro pek pekoe pesou bro mix bro ,ex Weight lb. C 1440 24 2090 31 600 83 100 24 450 23 800 6L 630 45 bid 450 35 150 24 400 92 90 24 240 27 190 27 1980 57 +409 = 42 bid 1300 56 900 22 180 = 23 15u “8 56-22 540 97 660 gt 935 75 1485 65 440 46 40 32 800 20 77 BY A 246 41 135 23 156 31 410 39 1575 By) 1200-37 bid 1200 33 £5) 82 1250 53 990 47 990 38 120 3u 130 2k 80 29 765 22 170 20 255 21 510 22 595 16 353 Eg 115 43 202 36 383 32 300 28 162 25 212 16 270 16 9u 15 280 20 809 53 475 Bi 285 34 400 25 675, . 61 540 44 225 27 180 } a7 149 2b 105 18 240 go 1200 66 800 48 800 35 3090 24 120 31 160 28 65 25 g9u 16 105 15 WHO 59 2880 65 1890 36 2305 60 bid 4335 40 did 1710 23 1000 25 526 75 bid 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Messrs. Somervitite & C.. put up for sale atthe Chamber of Co nmerce Sale-room on the 22nd ‘Aug. the undermentioned lots of tea (96,807 lb.), which sold as under :-— Lot Box Desorip- Weight No. Mark, No. Pkgs. tion. lb. c, 1 HHH «ws 14 1 $ch peboe 60 31 2 16' 1 ch ek sou 100 26 3 16 4 do ro tea 360 16 4 17 1 do 1 h pek dust 195 18 5 18 1 box dust 40 8622 6 T in estate mark «ies 7 oh unassorted 700 36 7 a 20 9 do pekau 828s 33, E] 21 6 do s0u 610 32 9 22 7 do bro mix 735 28 10 23 2 do dust 284 23 11 Chetnole «. 234 10 do pek sou 1006 «=. 87 bid 12 25 62 «4-ch dust 10 28023 13 Pantiya «. 26 2 ch redleaf 1£0 14 14 27 3 do dust 390 25 15 WG «. 28 5 do sou 365 25 bid 16 £9 2 do congou 150 17 bid 17 20 4 do bro mix 3F0 16 bid 18 WA w 31 4 $ch fanvings 240 26 19 32. 2 ch bro tea 210 23 20 33 2 $-ch pe! dust 160 = 23 _ bid 21 Penrith oo ORi17 eh bro pek 1700 64 bid 22 35 19 do pekoe 1520 45 bid 23 86 16 do pek sou 1275 37 24 37. 2 «do dust 804 23 25 Bollagalla .. 38 25 $-ch bropek 1375 39550 26 39 16 ch pekoe 1440 33 bid 27 40 14 do pek sou 1400 34 28 4% 2 4-ch bro tesa 120 16 29 42 2 do dust 180 22 380 L L in estate mark «. 43 17 do bropek 838 52 31 44 17 do pekoe 1018 35 32 45 35 do pek sou 1575 33 33 Hin estate mark ». 46°18 ch bro pek 1800 30 til 34 Rondura «. 47 8 do bro pek 8&0 55 bid 35 48 12 do pekoe 1200. 43: bid 36 49 7 do pek sou 665 32 bid 37 50 2 do fannings 220 29 38 Dl ada bro tea 105 2L 39 52 1 4-ch pek dust 80 <2 40 Sin estate mark .. 53 5 ch fannings 650 31 4l i 54 2 do bro tea 210 19 42 55 3 ch pek dust 240 8922 43 D -» 56 5 ch pek sou 500 20 bid 44 67 13 4-ch bro pek 7165 51 bid 45 58 16 do pekoe 880 59 46 C A in estate mark .. £9 77 do pekoeson 4235 39 47 Pelawdtte .. 60 6 ch bro pek 69 55 bid 48 Mi 6 9 do pekoe 39 bid 49 62 7 do pekoesou 717 32 bid 50 63 3 do souchong 29k 29 51 Diyagama .. 64 2 do tro pekoe 200 53 52 €5 3 do bropekNo.2.250 47 53. 66 4 do pekoe 400 36 54 67 3 do ee sc Tl 3003 5) 68- 1 do annings 88 2 $5 69 1 atch duai 50 2 57 70 2 ch _— red leaf 18% Ab. 68 Glenalla .. 71 8 do obroorpek 880 58 bid 59 f 72.10 do orpek 1000, 58. bid 60 73-17 do koe 170040. 6L 74 22 do pek sou 2200 62: GW .. 7% 6 do souchcng 400 28 bid 63 76 1 do fannings 100 26 64 i% 2 do red leat 184 «16 63 78 6 4-ch dust 450 25 66 Naseby -» 799 8 do bropek 400 = 90. 67 88.10 do pekoo 500 68 Ukuwella .» 81 32 ch bropekoe 3200 54 bid 69: 82 22 do pekoe 2200. 40 bid 10 3 15 do peksu 14 rf Wi HIS .. #0 17 do bro pek 85i 63 78 hoa 9: 6 do pek 310 40 i9 92° 6 do dust 450 ax su RVK .. 93° 3 ch bro rek 295 4 81 nee » 94. 2 do pek 170 82 95 5 do peksou 490 83° J F .» 9% 3 do congcu 311 84 . 9% 3 do bromix ———————— eee ‘(CEYLON OBSERVER’’ PRESS, COLOMBO. Lot Box Desenip - Weight No. Mark No. Pkgs. ion. Ib. . 5 93 #1 ch _ pek dust 150 9L Monrovia ... w4 18 do bropek 650 = €0 bid 92 105 19 do pekoe 30050 37 a 93 106 7 jh pek rou 850 = 32 94 107 6 ch fannipgs 500 25 5 108 2 do ypekoedust 270 22 100 Waharaka li@ 9 ch bro pek 101 us 7 da pe) 102 116 4 do pekson 400 34 103 117 1 do dust 149 104 lis 1 do copgou 1 3 105 Galsta «. 119 8 do red leaf 310 15 166 1 ¢-ch duet 107 M -. 121 10 do bropek soo 4 bi. 108 Totness .., 122 34 $-ch bro pekoe us 109 123 #1 co or pekoe #2145 % llu 124 33 do 1 box pek gou } 35 bid 113 Narangoda.. 127 12 co bro pek 1320-50 1l4 328 iv do pekoe 1900 «40 115 128 «66 «do pek sou 720 34 bid 116 IP «. 130 17 do pek sou 175 38630 117 13t 67 }-ch dust 560s 118 DBG 132 16 ch fannings 1°00 28 11g 1 do bro nix 100 22 120 134 6 do dust 900 22 121 E, ia estate mark «. 135 5 do 630 24 122 136 1 do dust Ho 802 123 M P in estate matk - 187 4 $-ch bro pek 220 55 bid 124 138 7 do pekoe B50 45 126 139 #7 do pek sou 33008 126 140 2 do souchong KO 28 CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Mincinc Lane, July 3 st, 1894: Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE eold in Mincing Lane up to 3let July :— Ex “Ospella”—OuvahGA, 1c 107s; 4e 1038; 1t 93s; 1t 1138; lo 88s; 1 b overtaken 96s, 0 ws a Ex “Ulysses’’ —Ravenswood, 1b 105s; 1b Qe; 1b 120a; 1b 878; 1b 80s; 1b 114s; le 109s; 3c 107s; 2t 99r- 1t 124s; le 92s; 1b overtaken 113s. Ex “Glengyle”’—Black wood, 2c 109s; 1c 1b 104s 64; 1b 978; 1b 119s; 1b 86s. Ex “Ulysses” N° abedde, le 117s 40 1¢ 112s 6d; 5c 1088 6d; 5c 1t 1088 9d; 20 102s; lo 1t 1093 62; 1t 2c 91s 6d; 3b 109s 6d; 1b 85s. Ex “Dictator”—PDM, Ib 87s. Ex “Ulysses"’—Wibaragalla, 1b 114s; le 114s; 20 1b 1063 64; lt 978; 1t 128s. CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Bomishetal Correspondent ) -Minerne” LANE, Jaly 31a, 1894. Ex “Orient"—Mysore c cardamoms, dc 2s gd, THA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO. 27.] Cotoms0, SrPtEmBeER, 1 1894, COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Messrs. BrennHAM & BREMNER put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce sale-room on the 22nd Aug., the under mentioned lots of Tea (14,471 1b,), which sold as under : Lot Box Wo Mark. No. 1 Lauderdale.., 62 2 64 8 65 4 68 5 Lauderdale in est. mark 70 6 72 7 74 8 F&R Bench) 9 Nagar 78 10 80 11 82 12 Elston, in est. mark oe 84 13 Orange Field 86 14 8 15 9u 16 91 17 92 22 Drayton... 100 23 Loz ao} a 5 e SCNEFKANAD NAGONNwDH NaAae i=") ° cr Descrip- tion. congou red leaf fans dust pek sou pekoe bro pek pek sou pek sou pekoe bro pek Weight Ib, 570 600 720 280 285 Messrs, A. H. THompson & Co. put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-rsomon the 22nd Aug. the uudermentioued lots of tea (54,841 1b.) which soid as under :— Lot No. Mark. 1 ASO ee Migaswatta.. Kalkande .. 10 Ss 50 11 Myrsgangs .. 12 Poéngalla .., OOYQue& ots 14 Pambagama.., 16 Agra Oys .. 21 Sapitiyagoda Ossington .. SSS AGC oa oa = Nahalma .. Ugieside ase AGO Pry Kintyre eae SE SSSSey 49 St Leonard < sL an Box No. Desorip- Weight tion. Ib. a. fans 200 22 pek dust 250 22 red leaf 400 19 bro pek 500 51 pekoe 500 39 pek sou 1100 34 dust 120 24 pekoe 600 43 pe rou 1400-33 bro pe fans 2636 32 bro or pek 1955 59 dust 1080 2 fans 650 28 dust 540 20 congou 1710 18 bro pek 30) 49 pekoe 200 35 pe sou 306 = 32 bro mix 230. 16 dust 180 23 or pek 2100 ~=61 bid bro pek 3630 65 pekoe 1900 46 red leaf 99 16 pex fan B00 QT factory dust 110 withd’n, bro pek 440 61 bid pekoe 1100s 41 bid pek sou 500-34 dust 160 22 60u 90 ig pe fans 420 25 dust 140 QF congou 80024 bro tea 600 20 bid pek sou 1900 20 or pek 1760 = 7k bro or pek 793 80 Re fans 400 49 ro peson 300 36 dust 108 =: 97 bro pek 1185 49 ekoe 7380 «3838 rp pek 400 44 pekce 3 bro mix a 1 1 Price :—123 cents each; 3 copies. 30 cents; 6 copies $ rupee. Lot Box No. Mark. No. Pkga, 47 B&D - 6t'-~2' ch 48 Vogan - 65 5 box 49 66 28 ch 50 68 29 do 51 70 15 do 53 72 #4 do 53 73 3 do 54 Rathkeale .. 74 51 4-ch 65 76 26 do 63 78 11 do 57 80 29 ch 1 $-ch 58 82 30 do 59 Glenesk .- 84 86 do Descrip- tion. dust bro or pek bro pek pekoe pek sou sou dust bro pek or pek pekoe No, 1 pekoe pek sou bro or pek 2160 Weig bt Mr. E. JOHN put up for eale at the Obamber of Comwerce Sale-room on the 22nd Aug,, the un= dermentioned lots of tea (85,002 1b.), which sold ag under :— Lot Box No. No. 1 Great Valley 343 2 343 3 317 4 349 5 350 6 Cleveland .. 10 7 12 8 14 9 15 10 Mocha +00) PAG ll 18 12 20 13 22 14 Kanangama.. 23 15 25 16 27 17 29 18 Anchor, in estate mark eoU 19 32 20 34 21 AgraQOuvah.., 36 22 38 23 40 24 Ford wwe 42 30 Kuruyille .. 52 3 54 32 56 33 58 34 59 33 Hatale -- 60 36 62 37 64 48 66 39 Yahalakele.., 68 40 7v 4h cat 42 Anamallai .. 72 43 Alnoor ceo CH 44 75 45 77 46 vi 47 Templestowe 80 43 82 49 84 50 85 4l Glentilt o» §=56 52 88 53 Little Valley 90 54 lu2 55 lat £6 105 67 Moddagedera 105 58 108 49 110 60 Henegdma .. 118 61 113 62 Anochankattie Lid 63 116 64 Bullatwella ., 6 Pkgs. 22 ch 21 do Deecrip- tion. bro or pe or pek pekoe bro or pek or pek pekos pekoe bro pe pekos pe sou dust red leaf bro pek pekoe pek sdu bro pe No. 2 uoas bro tea dust dist bro pe pekow pex sou fans or pek pekc 8 dust Weight. lb. 0. 2420 70 2100 47 1140 3y 190 26 255 23 luud 67 100 45 bid 150 34 120 3L 311081 bid 27v0 65 1260 54 420 83 1785 51 2160 36 720 3L 240 32 1680 74 bia 990 68 1080 58 1490 98 1920 17 1560 54 1i2l 49 bid 1900 57 13uu 42 1235 33 380 22 45 14 2230 59 bid 855 88 bid 602 36 bid 798 47 bia aa 34 340 24 165 22 258 23 850 64 600 45 450 39 160 22 1800 74 1800 60 560 : 30s 2415 67 bid 100 = 43 bid lw 65 19.0 48 lwo 6% 70 26 3960 53 2850 42 190 97 230 26 240 22 3u0 31 140 22 437 53 ——— ——— 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Dese Weight No. Mark. No. aoe tion. “4 6. No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. ha ce. 65 118 -ch pekoe 250 a4 66 119 6 do beksou 300 33 7 ine 175 14 ch brope 1460 ~ 66 67 120 2 do red leaf 4 #14 + 177 13 do pekoe 7045 68 St. Catherine 121 22 do bro ipek 1320 50 + 179 13 do pe sou 1060-3 69 123 13 do pekoe 650 38 + 181 7 ch 70 12 3 do peksou 13533 1 PT 1g-ch = dost 1070 ~withd’n. 71 126 2 do pek fans 14002 18 Yabalakelle”” 188 3 ch pekoe ; 30034 72 Allington .. 127 10 do or pek 500 = BD 19 Per alakelle 484 14 do — 1250 43 73 129 8 do _ bro pek 440 86 oe iy ae ++ 186 16 §-ch pek 960 66 bid 14 131 8 do pekoeNo.l 400 42 al 18 12 do pekoe 720043 75 133 17 do do ,2 850 39 3 199 4 do pe sou 200 36 16 135 14 do pesou 700 8635 a3 WN. 191 2 ch pe dust 200 «25 7 137 2 do dust 160 24 ew Tunis- 78 DO 8,in estate a, balla 1928 ch bro pek 810-61 bid mark ik 138 F Bs ch _pekoe 500 50 bid | 55 no 4 rh pekoe = 44 . packets wrapped in paper. pe sou 37 79 Eadella ..139 12 ch fans 1440 38 = Hunugella .. 196 12 ch bropek 1320 49 80 DE 141 10 4-ch sou 600 34 28 198 8 do 945 439-85 81 Blackburn .., 143 16 ch bro pek 1760 50 : 200 9 do pe gou 900-43 Ba et gu 19 ae Bake 2090 © =37 30 =4 : © or, 06 23 B - 147 «4 do pek sou 440 28 - mi 25 84 148. 1 do __ brotea 70 15 a Wewesse .. 204 244-ch bro pek 1140 70 85 149 1 do dust 150 22 33 206 33 do pekoe 1815 49 86 Razeen ... 150 84-ch bro pek 400 650 34 #08 55 do pesou 3025 40 87 151 11 do pekoe 495 37 35 210 7 do sou 385 3 88 158 7 do peksou 294 él £6. BB, in es'ate Zll 1 do dust 90 25 Messrs. A. H. Taompson & Co., put up forsale | 37 ™** -- aa : eer 100 a4 at the Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the | 38 § 315 1 do ‘Sane 122 a 29th Aug., the undermentioned lots of;tea (22,098 Ib.,) 39 Glasgow .. 216 30 do bro pe 2400 «(96 minigh sold as undp — ct rm 4 ale = ie or pek 150074 ot ox escrip- eight 4 ve oe 2,00 60 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. ec. - Eitapolla .. a “ ao vl ig Hr = 1 Nahaveena.., 1 28 3-ch bro pek 1400 66 bid 44 2 3 13 do pekoe 650 845 45 Talagaiia .. = _ 5 bro pet — 62 3 5 16 do pek sou 800 39 46 230 12 do 156 18 do pekoe 936 57 25 elawatte ... ms 1 do pek sou 104 3 CN .. 158 4 ch bro tea 380 19 26 W_ on ted 5 a as sou. 400 7 Allington .. 165 63-ch broor pe 330 56 27 Friedland .. 167 2 3 ropek = 10 8 "167 10 do bro pe 500 50 28 ae ole eae 900 9. 169 11 do pekoe 550 45 29 v3 21 do pekscu- 1050 10 171 9 do pe sou 450. 38 30 Doom “am 0 20 ch bropek 20073 ll- 173° 1 do. duet 80 26 31 es 23 = pekoe .._ 118550 49 174 1 do red jJeaf 5518 32 Glenalla .. 172 8 do broor pek 88056 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. c. No. Mark No. Pkgs. tion. lb. Ce 33 WG acmeli cuir oe Chia (SOU 36526 133 BDWP .. 720 60%4-ch bro pek 3000 43 BA 174 2 do congou 16021 14 722 46 do pekoe 2300 33 35 175 4 do bro mix 38017 15 724 6 do bro pe fan 309 30 36 WA oe 176 24-ch pek dust 160 9.25 16 726 3 do dust 261 86.26 37 JCDS _.. 177 21 do _ bro pek 1050-453 17 728 1 do red leaf 10) «16 38 178 9 ch pekoe 900 = 38 18 BDWG... 730 1 do dust 90 26 39 179 10 do pek sou 950 34 19 RC W, in estate 40 180 8 do unas 800 §=.33 mark we 032,12 ch bro pek 1260 70 bid 41 181 2 do bro mix 240 26 20 734 29 4-ch bro pefan 1829 32 42 Monrovia ... 183 19 do pek 1805 39 21 136 3 do bropedust 180 withd’n. 43 Chetnole ... 184 10 ch pek sou 1000 36 bid | 22 DBW «. 738 10 ch peksou 850-36 44 Kelvin «» 185 1 4-ch -congou 61 21 23 740 17 do red leaf 1700 «17 45 186 2 do dust 122 24 24 742 4 do dust 450 25 46 Pantiya .. 187 2 ch bro peksou 17 27 2 BDWA .. 744 1 ch . bromix 100 «19 4T 183 1 do dust 130 23 26 746 1 do fans 125 44 48 Lonach .. 189 23 ch bro pek 1380 = ZL 27 A, in estate 49 190 33 do pekoe 3135 52 mark ». 748 6 do bro pek 600 46 50 191 14 do pek sou 1260 =. 39 28 750 5 do 51 Benveula .. 192 18 ch bro pek 1800 56 20 4-ch pekoe 1493 40 bid 52 193 16 do pekoe 1600 42 29 752 20 ch 53 194 2 do pek sou 200 33 1 4-ch pe sou 2039 35 54 195 1 do bro mix 10 8626 30 754. 7 ch sou 579 18 bid 55 H, ino estate 31 756 5 do mark .. 196 18 ch bropek 1800 932 5 4-ch fans 850 13 bid 58 Ratwatte .. 197 14 do bro pek 1400 55 32 758 3 do red leaf 164 15 bid 57 198 12 do pekoe 1200 41 33 766 18 do dust 1381 24 58 199 13 do pek sou 1235 36 34 Stisted «. 762 34 do bro pek 1870 63 59 200 .1 do dust 80 23 ?5 754.37 do pekoe 1850 42 60 Hopewell .. 1 10 4-ch or pek 600 48 bid | 36. 766 17 do pek gou 850 40 61 2 10 do pekoe 600 35 hid | 37 768 5 do sou 250 3k 62 3 5 do pek sou 275 28 bid | 38 770 1 do dust viv) 23 63 KD do 4 4 do bro pek 220 839 39 HM Y, in estate 64 5 3 do pek sou 150 38 mark -» 772° 9 ch pek sou 810 32 65 Castlemilk.. 6 10 do dust 750 40 774 2 do sou 160 47 66 Ingeriya 7 10 do bro pek 550 53 4). 176 3%-ch = dust 240 26 67 8 10 do — pekoe 500 36 42 MK «. 778 3 ch unas 340 36 68 9 11 do pe sou 528 34 48 PDA :» 780 13 ¢-ch dust 1025 68 10 3 do unas 150 34 44 § i] 782.2 do fang 15032 fins 70 Niassa; bro mix 208 27 45 Campion .. 784 3 do sou 285 18 71 122 do bro tea 132 25 46 786 84-ch dust 68033 72 Sirisanda .. 13 18box or pek 216 R1'25 bid | 47 Iddagodda ... 788 5 ch bropek 300 62a 73 14 16 4-ch bro pek 960 70 48 790 ;11 do ~ pekoe 990,25 bid 74 15 23 do pekoe 1150 46 49 792 14 do pek sou 1190 16 16 23 do peksou 1250 37 50 Bloomfield .. 794 28 ch flow pek 9600 °° 76 17 14 do unas 700 = 40 51 793 23 do pekoe 2000 © 17 ACW . 18 17$-ch bropek, 950 & 52 Maha Uva .. 798 7 do pesou 665 78 19 2 do or pek 110 66 bid | 53 Denmark Hill 800 5 4-ch or pek 939 42,. 79 20 12 ch . pekoe 1080 53 bid | 54 802 7 do broorpe a4, 88 bid 80 Goonambil .. 21 17 3-ch bro pek 1020-53 55 8°4 12 do bro pek 720 85 bid 8i 22 13 do pekoe 768 4 56 803 6 ch pekoe gig cobra 82 23 8 do peksou 440 38 57 88 4 do peksou 39 & 83 GL +» 24 5 ch 58 Pedro e» 810 223-ch bro orpe 133) os 1}-ch orpek fans 622 26 59 812 23 do pekoe lisow) 02 84 25 8 do dus 64025 60 8l4 8 ch peksou 699 °8 85 s6 2 ch brotea g00 «93 61 816 2 do dust socheas 86 GLA .. 27 20 do bro tea 2:00 2 62 Essex «. 8{8 8 do bromix 944 30 87 K PG, inestate 63 £20 6 do dust we oe mark .. 28 39 do bropek 3000 §8.. | 64 822 11 do redleaf 999 2° 88 £9 20 do pekoe 2000 43 bid | 65 Kande one, OSL) LZ do pek scu 1615 ye 89 30 15 db peksou 1425 386 bid | 66 826 12 }-ch dus 1080 fe 90 MO “oy. ORL BY GS bro pek 324 59 67 Ederapolla ... 828 46 do bro pek 2300 a 91 82 14-ch orpek 56 42 68 830 23 do pekoe ison 92 33. 1 ch __ pekoe 100 34 69 832 17 do ek son 373 32 93 34 1 do pefans 112 26 70 834 3 do sou 3557 94 0 «. 35 1 do pek sou 100. 2k 71 836 6 do bro pe dust 375 an 95 Hiralouvah.. 36 3 do bro pek 300 59 72 &38 4 do bro mix 300 25 a Ba 2 Ba pekoe 184 47 ig wee. aus he 15 ch pekoe 1350 4g bid 5 do ek 36 illiapgo .. 842 27 do eko one ADE 98 39 1 do e oo goo ie 844 7 3-ch eae aan oa 3 bid 14-ch bro mix 6 846 6 ch ro ; = ey TL Rn 19 Middleton ... 853 27 j-ch Sete ie Messrs. Forsns & WALKER put u 854 15 do or pe 750 pbpabet of Commerce Balercont Se ‘tho oth Pane 3 Clunes aa miecachty Sec teces 57058 al *] . 3 , = Fab 2-o a ened lots of tea (136,689 lb.), which Division.).. 858 49 4-ch bropek 2995 gy as under :— 83 860 61 ch pekoe 4335 43 Lot Box Desorip- Weight 84 G ee 862 l do sou 100 li No. Mark. No. Pkes ti 85 Chesterford .., 864 12 do pekoe 1 00 G's cts gs. tion, Ibe eck 89 Kirrimettia.. 870 10 4-ch br 38 bid 1 Lynford «- 696 4 ch s0u oO pek 500 49 9 Mh 400 a7 90 874 8 do pekoe ess pL ee ee He sais 23) pek = 2800 65 bid | 91 876 3 do fans Ha a 2 t9) ekoe 1 2 7 < 3t ‘ tee ee, ae es is kak bo pek ants ° dust 180 26 1 }-ch x 5 Olunes oe aa Bn gc bro pe 1750 «66 bid | 94 : 882 1 do cece "7 A 8 moe he ao pence. 3800 37 bid | 95 CE Ls in est. 23 mar oe 884 1 : 5 0 came 14 a ri or) pek 2460 77 96 Minnawata- Ge pekag 60 46 il N16 1 do femen nee tae ee ee ne brope 154049 bid 1 ch du ¢ ekoe ‘30g Bt 100 27 98 St. Heliers .. 890 20 ¢-ch broorpek 1.v0 "a 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mars. No, Pkgs tion. Ib, cy No. Mark, No. Pkgs. tion, Ib ¢ F 39 ee Sais ap} eh tea eg eK s0u . 101 O GA, inest. 4 150 Macaldenia 994 18 4-ch bro pek 900 . 4 mark «. 896 7 do pekoe 630 47 151 996. 11 do pekoe 65 102 'Mordikande 89824 do’ \pelibe 2400 42 PH t- Aaa oe uch peo =O AT ie » inest, ’ markC .., 900 1 4-ch oolon 48 35 mork -- 1000 4 do ; 104 CH, in est. 4 ¢ li-ch bro pek 600. 3h mark D .., 902 1box golong 1B OS 154 2 8 ch su cd up pongepe 914 5 ch brope 525 «78 156 -4 Lich dust m 6 bam « 916 2 ch ek sou 180 = 45 Messrs- BenoamM & Bremneg put up for sele at the ae Hp? i ec a pi = Obamber of Commerce Sale-room cn the 29th Ang., 114 Wattagalla 922 16 do bropek «360 © 60 | ee undermentioned lots of tea (7,888 lb.) whi Lis 24 12 do pekoe 1320 50 | sold as under :-— 1 25 17 do pe sou 100 38 Lot Box. Deserip- Weight 117 #28 2 do e dust 200 26 | wy * ' 118 Heeloya ... $30 11 ch pek sou 100 35 No, Mark. No. Pkge. tion. Ib. 6. 119 932 3%3-ch aust 240 25 1 TRE oo. C4 3 ch bro pek 3800 47 120 Scrubs »- OSUET de broorpek 1735 97 | 3 66 464 do pekoe 400 37 121 26 15 do bro pek 1575 72 3 68 @ do ek sou 200 38 122 938 23 do pekoe 2070 «#59 | 4 69 1 do Bio ta 900 «3 123 910 19 do pek sou 900 §=650 | 5 Eanderdale.. 70 6 do fans 72008 124 Ingurugalla 912 1 ch pesou 90 29 | 6 JT «. 72 16 do pesou 15760333 125 44 1 do bro tea 120 «24 i 126 916 2 do red lesf 180 16 on a Kirrimettia 948 1 . nek dust 3 27 128 950 1 do ans 1 29 139 Diyagama .. 982 18 do pek sou 1440 52 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. 15u 954 3 Jo son 270 51 131 956 30 ch brope dust 2:00 34 bid aA Harangalla pas 33 a a pek 3636 es (From Our Commercial Correspondent). 13: 960' 23 da _—pekoe 2070 4 H 134 MTL, in est Mixcixc Lane, Angust 10th, 1894. fy . | k -. 962 2 @o bro mix 160 14 15.0 pee de “cok 24014 Marks abd prices of CEYLON COFFEE cold in 1°6 966 5 do dust 4c0 26 ward F 137 Munemal .. +68 3 do bro'pe 290 50 Mineing Lane up to 10th August :— 128 970 4 do pekse 388 «89 Ex “Yorkshire’—Leangawells, 6c 102664; le 972;. ate oat ore Fl ro lekine: eieet Gi Re 4 4 ) 5 > - 1 }-ch = = dust 18 26 , 141 ae i one 2 ‘th os al oe 2 on Ex “Glenfruin”—Gonamotara, 2c 1t1lls; 5c 107% 145 Talgaswella 934 ¢ ro pe ‘a . . is ; ae & oa6v2 tip) © pdiees 1170. 44 big |/29 2078; 1¢ 1b 1018; 2b 120s 6d; 2b 1t 89s 6d; 2b 104s 147 988 10 do pesou 900 27 6d; 2 SD 100s; 1 SD 86s. ‘¢ CEYLON OBSERVER” PRESS, COLOMBO. - THA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SAULKS. NO. 28.] COLOMBO SALES. OF TEA. Messrs. BenHAM & BREMNER put up fox sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Sale-room on ‘the 5th Sept.. the undermentioned lots of Tea (4,815 1b.), which sold as under :—= ’ Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark No. Pkgs, tion. lb. c. 1 Wlston, in est. mark eae OGL BO) GL) pek sou 450 88 2 68 2 do bro mix 200 36 8 XxX xX aT AN MIG) 1j-ch sou 1865 23 bid Messrs, A. H. THompson & Co. put up for sale at the Obeamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 5th Sept., the undermentioned lots of tea (33,809 lb.) which sold ag ucder :— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No, Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. c. LETS -» 1 33-ch bro pek 150 72 2: 2 4 ch pekoe 320 51 3 3 5 do pek sou 425 41 4 4 1 34-ch sou 40 29 5» Portswced ....5 10. ch sou 8009 55 bid 6 7 4%-ch = dust 320 35 wane, Ts vend Siae) Udo} pe fans 164 35 8 Nahalma .. 9 4 do dust 300 25 9 10 8 ch congou 800 32 10 Woodend .. 11 1 do sou 15 22 ll 12 1 do dust 175 23 12 Sapitiyagoda 13 15 do or pek 1500 63 i3 15 25 do bro pek 2750 €6 bid 14. AGC of alte al ae sou 90 14 15 1 8 do pek fan 420 27 16 eh al Gs dust 140 25 24 Ugieside ... 31 3 do dust 420 26 28 P .. 36 81 do 1j-ch orpkfans 2825 33 bid 20 ~=R, in eslate mark we 90) 182 Ch 1 $-ch = pekoe 1850 44 30) 40 23 ch 1 3-ch pek sou 2100 35 bid 31 ED KY we, 424.29 rch pek sou 2870 35 bid 32 Churlie Hill 44 1 4-ch fans 50 33 33 45 2 do pe fats 120 41 34 46 11 dO sou 550 35 35 47 11 do orzpekoe 650 43 36 48 4 do pekoe 200 50 bid 37 49 4 do bro pek 209 66 38 Engurukande 50 24 ch bro pek 2630 56 bid 29 52 47 3-ch pekoe 2350 47 41 54 19 ch pek sou 1895 35 bid Mr. E. Joun put up for sale at the Obhamber of Commerce Sale-room on tho 5th Sept,, the un- dermentioned lots of tea (49,843 1b.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Descrip- No. Marl. No. Pkgs, tion. Ardlaw and Weight lb. c. Wishford,.,, 260 20 4-ch bro orpek 10°60 75 bid 2 262 18 do pe-oe 936 52 bid 8 Whyddon .,. 264 12 ch bro pek 1300 59 bid 4 266 25 do peloe 1500 61 5 Ella «. 208 29 do bro pe 2910 64 6 270 16 do pekoe 1440 43 bid 7 272 6 do pek sou 640-385 8- Kanangama.. 274 13 do bro pek 1365 65 9 276 20 do peloe 1900 37 10 278 9 do pe sou 810 B34 18] 280 6 do fans 600 25 12 282 1 do dust 140 a4 ls Madooltenne 283 15 do bro pek 1500 59 14 285 13 do pek sou 1300 35 15 A east? 6 CR 1 }-ch dust 1070 25 VG) uy -» 289 3 ch perxoe 309 35 22 Hunugalla .. 309 12 ch bro je 1320 53 98 811 9 do pesoe 915 40 24 313 9 do pe sou 900 35 CeLomBo, SEPTEMBER 15, 1894. { Price :—125 cents each; 3 copies. 30 cents; 6 copies $ rupee. Lot Box Descrip - Weight No. Mark No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. c. 23 Maryland ... 315 2 ch bro pek 160 8654 26 316 3 4-ch pekce 288 41 27 Yahalakele.,, 317 5 ch bro pe No, 1 525 57 28 319 7 do 0 5 2700 56 29 32: 12 do pekoe 1069 42 30 323 13 do pe sou 1010 38 31 Alnoor .. 825 20 4-ch bro pek 100) 69 32 337 17 do pekoe 850 49 33 329 12 do pek sou 600 42 34 831 7 do fans 490 49 35 Agar’s Land... 333 8 do bro pe 400 70 36 335 21 do pekoe 1051 48 37 337 19 do pe sou 855 42 88 Killin soe, 039 1 bOx bro mix 15 Bl 39 Alliady .. 840 10 4-ch bro pe 500 57 40 342 10 do pekoe 500 38 4) Tarf Re Gh ems tel bro pek 800 50 42 346 20 do pekoa 2000 42 43 348 3 do pek sou 24) 34 44 Glanrhos .. 349 13 do bro pe 1235 68 45 10 21 do pekoe 1785 46 46 12 10 do pek scu 800 39 47 14 4 do pek fans 420 45 48 ty ido fans 125 25 49 ETK tesa Ont eAuCLO. bro mix 200 27 50 17 74-ch dust 560-28 51 Sy Loch bro pe fans 120 45 52 19) =2igdo rei lest 200 19 53 Ayr .. 20 294-ch bro pek 1333 = 63 bid 54 22 20 ch patzoe 1509 4) 55 24 12 do pek sou 950 38 56 26 23-ch pedusy 140 24 567 Ta..aravelly 27 15 ch red leaf 1590 21 Messrs. Forses & WALKnR put up for sale at the Chamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 5th Sept., the undermentioned lots of tea (116,072 lb.), which sold as under:— Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. ce 1 GO bo 6 3 ch pek sou 285 36 2 8 34-ch pe fans 210 32 3 10. 2 do dust 160 £5 430 «» 12 13 ch peksou 1170) 2g 5 OJ «14 1 }-ch © congou 40 22 9 Olyde soe g) 22> 16 ¥do bro pek 1600 60 10 24 18 do pekoe 1620 4L ll 26 5 do pek sou 500 3T 1a 28 2 do dust 220 25 13 U K vee 50) 18 ydo pe sou 1620 42 14 32 1 do ve dust £0 16 15 Weoya .» 384 49 4-ch bro pek 2695 60 16 86 37 do pekos 1850 43 7 38 33 do pek sou 1485 39 18 40 8 do fans 4:0 40 19 ANK -» 42 54-ch bropk 250 8946 20 44 2 do pekoe 100 36 ZL 46 3 do dust 150 24 22 CG, inest. mark -» 48 1 4-ch bro pek 3880 23 50 = 1 box pekoe 27 60 24 52 1 do pe sou 20 50 25 Anningxende 54 18 ch bro pe 1980 61 26 56 18 do peloe 1800 62 27 58 22 do pex sou 2200 40 28 60 24%-ch dust 15) 24 29 62 4 ch congou 400 32 30 Palmerston .. 64 7 do bro pek 420 81 31 66 8 do pekoe 760 60 BP] 68 5 do pek sou 410 48 43 Ederapolla.,. 90 45 $-ch bzo pek 2250 37 44 92 19 ch pekoe 1520 42 45 94 59 do pe sou 1425 Bil 46 93 4 ch sou 340 Bt 47 98 2 do bro mix 160 lj 48 100 2 $-ch = dust 150 23 49 102 1 do bro tea 43 2 50 EDP we lOd 2 ch pek sou 150 39 53 Ascot «» 110 1 do congou 100 29 54 112. 2 do dust 30) a6 56 Becherton .. 116 24 ch pekoe 2160 42 bid 57 West Hapu- tale +e ILS 3B g-ch pek sou 15) ou) CEYLON PRODUGE “SALES LIST. a,” 2 Bot Box Descrip Weight , pots 4, Box Deserip- Weight ‘No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. c. No. Mark N . o. Mark. o. Pkgs, tion. Ib. ¢ 58 120 1 4-ch | congou 50 --28 " 5 59 122 1 do bro mix 60 18 145 Geragama... 204 6 ch bro pek 630 72 60 : 124 5 do dust 400 27 146 296 11 do pekoe 880 48 61 Yoxford .. 126 5 ch ‘pesou 450 48 147 293 15 do peson 1200 40 62 om 128 8 do dust 1040 27 148 200 % do sou 19S 63 Liskifleen .. 140 16 do bropek 1600 66 149 302 I j-ch dust 1 = 64 132 20 do pekoe 1800 43 150 304 1 do xed leaf 60 16 65 134 5 do pek sou 600 35 151 © O, in est. 66 133 0 do 4d 280 95 mark 306 1 ch pekoe 10732 67 D Apes do bropek 600 55 152 308 2 sue ‘ “ 68 149 5 do pekce 415-38 x pek sou 4 2 69 142 3 do brotea 878 27 158 310 1 ¢-ch pe dust 50 2a 70 144 1 do red leaf 100 =««18 154 Augusta .., 312 14 ch bropek 1670 72 971 Torwood .. 146 16 do broyek 1520 70 165 314 28 do pekoe 2240.48 q 148 21 ch — pekoe 1785 48 156 316 37 do peksou 2960 40 1 le 4 do ek sou 39 45 157 318 7 do seu 455 «(38 14 152 3 do fans 3 60 158 320 1 do duet 150.23 15 154 4 do br pedust 320 27 169 322 1 do red leaf 8 | OoB 76 Koledenia .. 156 2 do brotea 252 25 160 HO 324 1 ch duet 1400-23 77 Ingurugalla.. 158 3 do pex sou 270 «38 161 326 4 do sou 36003 18 1860 4 do bro tea 480 25 162 328 1 do (red leat 90 «6.18 79 AG .. 162 2 ch _ brotea 164 54 168 Gencorse .. 330 17box bro orpek 340 68 bid 80 Beaumont .. 161 6 do dust 1048 96 164 332 14 ch br: pek 1330 63 81° BDWM .. 1s6 16 §-ch pek sou 800-38 165 334 10 do pekoe 80043 82 2 cn 166 336 9 do pek sou 720 42= «87 168 8 $-ch dust 101395 167 338 1 do dust 150 23 83 Atherfield .. 170 9 do pekdust 540 28 168 340 1 do ou 100 «oY 84 172 30 do sou 1500 38 169 W + 842 12 do pekoe 1000 42 85 174. 3 do bromix 150 43 170 344 18 do pek sou 1667 98 86 Iddagodda ... 176 6 ch bro pek 500 withd’n, | 17! T EK -» 846 1 ®eh k sou 16 33 87 W .. 178 1 4-ch bro pek 55 48 172 Rosendhsl... 348 1 do ro pek 55 52 88 DK “1s0 3 ch bropek 300 60 173 350 3 do pekce 150 8B 89 183 2 do fan 200 42 174 354 1 do congou 508 ‘90 14 2 do dust 200 «25 175 854 2 do bro tea 8683 91 0 .. 188 2 do bropeNo.1 165 37 176 Gordon .. 856 3 ch bropek 300 «62 92 188 2 do pekoe 190 30 177 358 3 do pekoe 270-35 93 190 3 ch sou 24325 178 360 1 do pee sou 60 22 94 192 1 do fans 97 «33 179 362 1 do opeNo.1 70 46 95 194 1 4-ch dust 17 22 180 8S +. 364 1 4-ch red leaf 45 15 96 S .. 195 2 do pekce 194 29 181 H + 866 99 box broorper 2090 60 bid 97 198 2 do pe sou 200 92 98 arn 2 Bo unas - - 49 202 2 do fens 224 Mersrs. SoMERVILLE & Co. put up for sal 204 a leat 100 1 - put up for sale at the TOL ra i aM 987 ¥ Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 5th § pt. 102 A ». 2U8 2 ch bropek 163 32 the undermentioned lots of tea (87,642 lb.), which sold 103 ae 1 dp a Ed 26 as under :— 104 ai 3 do dust No.1 23 . ‘ 105 a'4 7 do dust, 2 576 18 Lot Bor Descrip. § Weight 108 216 2 do fans 194 96 No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. ¢, 107 Knavesmire.. 2'8 9 ch bro pek 900 62 1 CA in estate 108 220 7 do do No.2 630 149 mark -« 40 5924-ch Pek sou 3245 43 109 222 2» do pekoe 2250 «= 41 2 41 10 do bromix 600 «33 110 24 12 do pesou 1080-40 3 42 5 do red leaf 260 «26 1il 226 2 do sil 160-33 4 43 11 do Pek dust 792 27 112 : 228 1 do duet 150 23 5 Salawe 44 21 ch bro pek 2100 60 114M XD .. 240 1 do pek sou 90 29 6 45 19 do pek 1748 44 114 232 2 do fans — 200 «16 7 46 22 do peksou 2210 8639 116 234 2 do bro mix 8 Eilandhu 47 20 do bropek i 54 , No. 1 200 «16 9 48 19 do ik 1520 40 116 256 6 do Bro mix 10 Kelani 49 30 4-ch bropek 1800 = 62 i No.2 480 15 11 50 15 co pek 750 46 117 'T we 288. «2 ch bropek 190 59 12 5l 34 do pek 1530-37 118 210 $3 do pekoe 2850 «38 13 52 6 do brotea 200 «47 119 Dammeria ... 242 4 do pe sou 400 41 14 53 2 do dust 140 26 120 Hayes w. 244 T}-ch dust 350 25 15 Kelani ee 54 35 $ch bropek 2100 «8660 121 Battawatta.. 245 1 ch bropekfan 100 33 16 55 23 do pek 1150 42 122 248 2 do dust 200 26 17 66 28 do pek sou 1400 36 123 Hunugalla... 250 7 do suu 595 33 18 567 1 do fan - 50 # 124 Morankande 252 31 4-ch bro pek 137077 19 58 2 do bro tea 80 14 125 254 24 ch pekoe 2400 46 20 Kin estate ; 126 26 1s do pe sou 1600 42 mark .. 59 17 4-ch bro pek 1020 «52 127 258 i. 2-ch dust 90 24 21 60 20 do pek 1000 4 128 26: 3 do fans 225 27 22 61 36 do esa 1040 34 129 Atherfield... 262 5 do dust 400 i) 23 F 62 5 do _ bro tea 2 2 130 Munemal ., 264 2 ch bro pek 200 v 24 Ruanwella .. 63 3 ch pek sou 985 27 pia 131 266 2 uo per oe 200 35 25 64 2 do fan 200 25 132 2°8 2 do pesou 200 31 2655 ter 65 14-ch con 62 26 133 470 z do bro tea 190 25 27 S in estate x 134 22 1 do mark 20) ing ; 1 $-ch congeu 128 22 lé-ch pek 140 34 135 2 274 #1 do dust 63 24 ~—- 67 2 eh pek fan 198 «8650 136 Moalpedde.. 275 13 ch bropek 1300 64 29 Wilpita .. 68 6 ch bropex 600. 49 137 273 18 du e oe 1620 8943 30 .~ 69 5 do pek 646 0-337 133 : 80 0 do p+k sou £50 38 31 70 #3 do peksou 29% 33 139 Kirindi .. 28. 7 do bro pe 735 (72 32 7L 2 do sou 180 28 140 28. 13 do pekce 104048 33 72 & do unas. 368 36 14t 988 18 do pek sou 1440 40 34 73 2 do pek fan 260 «28 142 258 5 do sou 325 34 SS) 74 1 do fan 123 (92 143 290 1 do dust 93-23 361, P.,-: .. 73 19 ch | peksou 1425-36 144 «92 1 da red leaf ie i 37 Hiralouvah .. 76 3 do bro pek 28366 oF a CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark, No. Pkgs. tion. Ib. 0. 38 “Oa : 1 $-ch =pek 126 «49 39 78 2 do ; 7 1 }-ch pek sou. 220 37 "40° ‘79 1 do dust 68 23 41 N. -. 80 5 }-ch bro pek 3007 42 81 10 do pek 560 53 43 82 12 do pek sou 726 48 44 W.G. ne eS aia unas 700 38 45 84 6 do congou 600 32 "46 i 8 3 do dust 380 (19 47 Knutsford .. 86 $-ch = or pek 251 69 bid 48 87 5 do bro pek 271 49 Ad 88 18 do pekoe 1036 39 50 89 2°do pek sou 17 29 51 90 2 do faus 167 23 $2 R qo Eh PE ain bro pek 2415 45 53 ING, in es- tate mark.. 92 1 4-ch bro mix 50 30 54 93 7 do dust 525 33 55 O47 Leh red leaf 100 20 56 XX », 95 44-ch bropeNo.1 204 55 57 96 1 ch bro pek 89 36 58 97 14-ch broorpefans 49 32 59 4H, in estate mark «. 98 19 ch bropek 1900 §57 60 99 26 ch pekoe 2210 42 bid 61 100 12 ch pek sou 1200 36 62 Sirisanda .. 101 18 box or pek 216 =1°25 bid 63 AMD -. 102 6 }-ch pekoe 300 40 64 Kananka .. 103 7 ch bro pek 749 61 bid 65 104 28 do ‘pekoe 2800 40 bid 66 105 13 do pek sou 1170 36 67 106 7 do faus 700 34 68 107 3 do dust 435 14 69 Labugama .. 108 13 4-ch bro pek 715 ‘62 bid ‘70. 108 6 do pekoe 510 “48 71 110 12 do pek sou 1080 41 72 L . Ill €4-ch bro pek 330 0=— 49 bid 73 112 3 ch pekoe 270 41 74 113 2 do ek sou 180 37 75 114 2 Bee ropek dust 225 24 76 Penrith - 115 16 ch bro pek 1600 67 V7 116 15 do pekoe 1200 49 78 117 12 do pek sou 1020 41 79 118 1 do unas 95 40 80 119 +1 do dust 150 24 8t Ukuwella .. 120 35 do bropek 3500 «56 82 121 20 do pekoe 2000 43 83 122 18° do pek seu 1710 36 84 Woodthorpe 123 3 3-ch bro pek 165 70 85 124 4 do -pekoe 320 48 86 125 5 do pek rou 400 40 87 126 1 do dust 78 23 88 Mausakande 127 8 ch bro pek 896 61 89 128 J1 do pekoe 1155 43 90 129 6 do pek sou 600 37 91 1:0 .3 $-ch dust "270 24 92 Wahakula .. 13l 14 ch bro pek 1400 64 93 132 12 do pekoe 1200 42 94 133 18 do pek sou 1800-25 9 W 134 3 do dust 370 16 95 135 1 do congou 100 dg 97 ARA «. 186 32 do AOL 3200 22 bid 98 Hagalla «. 187 24 4-ch bro pek 1440 61 90 138 22 do pekoe 1100 46 100 139 17 do pek sou 835 4l 101 140 4 do tro mix 230 27 102 141 4t do dust 75 23 103 Friedland .. 142 21 do bro pek 1200 104 143 18 do pekoe 900 59 bid 105 144 2) do pek vou 1050 42 bid 106 Hopewell .. 145 10 do or pek 600 out 107 146 10 do pekoe 600 = 4i bid 108 ° : 147 56 do pek sou 275 35 109 Marymount 148 4 do bro pek 200 37 10 149 +5 do bek sou 250 33 lll 150 9 do red leaf 900 380 Mersré. SomprvitLE & Co. put up for sale at the Ohamber of Commerce Ssle-room on the 12th Sept., the undermeutioued lots of tea (104,164 lb.) which sold as under :— Lot ©. No. Mark. 1M 2Lu0N Pf Hatton Box Descrip- No. Pke. tion. -» 151 6 ch red leaf +» 2 4 %do pek sou ow» 163 1 th brotea 4 2 do dust Weight Ib. oo. 450 16 400 34 60 «417 160 26 Lot Box No Mark. No. Pkgs. 5 Wattagal’a.. 155 9 ch 6 S 166 13 do 7 157 1 do 8 158. 1 4$-ch 9 159 +1 do 14 SY .. 164,42 do 15 165 17 do 16 166 11 do 17 167 1 do 18 168 1 do 19 169 1 do 20 X Mousagalla 170 1 $-ch al 17l 1 do 22 1i2 1 do 23 Wewelmedde 173 .2 ch 24 Roseneath .., 174 40 3-ch 25 175 14 do 36 176 18 do 27. Kelvin -e W177 a2 do 28 Citrus te eelZ8) #10) do ‘ 179 12 ch 30 180 7 3-ch 1 ch 31 181 2 do 32 182 1 do 33 1833 1 do 1 3-ch 34 SS +e 84:52 chi 35 185 1 do 1 4-ch 36 Silver Valley 186 3 do 37 187 3 do 38 1&8 63 do 39 189 1 do 40 DDG vos 190) 28 chi 41 191 4 do 42 W .» 192.4 4-ch 43 Ivies .- 193 25 do 44 194 44 ch 45 195 16 do 46 196 2 3-ch 47 197 2 do 48 Polgahakande 198 16 ch 40 199 19 do 50 200 17 do ol 1 8 do 52 2 al Go ky 53 9 93 2 Sch 54 4 2 do 55 Wahakula .. 5 3 ch 56 6 2 do 57 7 3 do 58 Kudaganuga .., 8 15 do 59 92 do 60 10 21 do 61 ll 4 do 67 NA cool ealivan (4) 3doO 68 Happugas- mulle o. | 08) 12) ch 69 19 4 do 70 20 9 do 71 21 421 do 712 22 1 do 13 23 1 do 74 Penrith ~» (24 13 ch 75 25 15 do 16 26 12 do VW 27 ,1. do 78 FF ve) eOu de CO 79 Ukuwella ... 29 36 ch 80 30 22 do 81 31 19 do 2 32 2 $-ch 83 TT 33 3 «ch 84 N ae 34 2 do 85 35 2 do 86 36 8 do 87 8S 37 10 4-ch 88 38 10 do 89 39 15 do 90 N, in estate mark -» 40 17 ch 91 Morningside 41 12 do 92 42 10 do 93 3 6 do 9t 4 1 do 95 45 1 do 96 G we 46 5 ch 97 47 4 do 98 48 3 do 99 NK oe §© 49 6 f-ch Descrip- tion. bro pek pekoe pek sou bro tea dust bro pek pekoe pek sou congou fans red leaf dust sou xed leaf dust bro pek pekoe pek scu dust bro pek pekoe pex sou pek fan fan pe dust bro pek pe sou bro pek peke pe sou dust bro pek pe sou bro mix bro pek pekoe pek sou sou fans pek dust bro pek pekce pe sou dust bro pe fan 36 bid 41 33 bid 60 bid 60 bid 25 26 bid 18 bid 19 did 36 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 8 eee Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark, No. Pkgs. tion. Ibe. @: 160 50 42 %-ch sou 130 §=25 bid 101 I «» 51 2 do bro pek 60 bid 102 Allakclla ,. 52 17 do bro pek 2310 =59 bid 103 53 23 ch pekoe 2185 50 104 54 12 do pe sou 1080 40 105 55 5 do dust 475 27 106 B.liagalla .., 66 284-ch bro pek 1540 «53 bid 107 57 14 ch pekoe 1280 36 bid 108 58 14 do pe sou 1400 36 109 59 14-ch bro tea 60 19 110 60 1 do dust 90 24 111 Kuruwitty.. 61 5 do bro pek 270 =a 112 62 10 do pekce 470 44 113 63 16 do pek sou 800 36 114 64 6 do secu 576 85 115 66 4 do bromix 240 <9 116 66 1 do dust 74 23 117 K -» 67 10 ch unas 1000 v3 118 68 1 do dust 154 22 119 69 4 do red leaf 400 18 120 Peria Kande- kettia at, 30" @ GO or pek 300 48 121 71 14 do bro pek 1750 = 60 122 72 14 do pekoe 1510 41 123 73 2 do pe sou 200 35 124 Castlemilk.. 74 2 do bro mix 18) 18 125 75 4%-ch dust 3.0 24 126 AB » a6 DS” ch s0u 450 34 127 77 2 do pd fan 200 42 128 78 2 do du t 270 24 129 79°" do red leaf 95 18 130 B «. 80 3%4-ch bropek 165 44 bid 131 Wallahanduwa 81 13 ch bro pek 1300 56 bid 132 82 16 do pek 1600 47 133 83 12 do pek sou 1140 7 134 Glenaila ... 84 16 do bro or pek 1760 59 bid 185 85 12 do bro pek 1:00 58 136 8&6 18 do pek 1710 43 137 87 2l do pek sou 1995 35 Messrs- BrnHam & BreMNer put up for sale at th Obamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 12th Sept., the undermentioned lots of tea (2,213 1b.) which sold as under :— Lot Box. Descrip- Weight No, Mark. No. Pkgs. tion, lb. oc. 1 E)ston, in est. mark »» &4 11 ch pek sou 990 25 2 Nagar «» 86 5 %-ch pek sou 268 13 3 83 5 do pekoe 268 35 4 99 3 do bro pek 172 «50 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent). Mincine Lane, August 16th, 1894. Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincirg Lane up to 16th August :— Ex ‘‘Wanderer”—Roehampton, lc 108s; 60 106s; 1c 101s; 10 126s; 16 90s; 1b overtaken 103s. Leangawelle» 8c 1b 11s 6d; 4c 106s; 1t 99s; 1t 125s; lo 893; 2b overtaken 102s 6d; 2o 107s 6d; 43 1b 105s; 1c 100s; 1t 124s; 1t 8936d; 2b overtakers 105s 6d, Ex “‘Austral”—Hiralouvah, 1b 108s; 1¢ 106s; 1b 99:; 1b 116s; 1b 808; 1b 85s, Needwood, 1b 111s; le 1t 1103; 2c 1b 106s 6d; lo 101s; 1t 126s; 1b 90s; Lb 85s 6d; 1b overtaken 106s. Kahagalla, 1t 1138; 3c 108s; 1c 1b 102s; 1t 124e; 1o 926; Ib overtaker 107s. Brough- ton, 2c 1128 63; 50 1082; 4c 1b 1038; 2c 1b 103s; Ic 1t 1293; 2c 92s; 1b 892; lb 84:; 1b overtaker 107s; 1b 845; 1b 88s. Kx “Dilwara”—Rosebury, 1c 1b 86s 6d; 1b 83s. ‘CEYLON OBSERVER’ PRESS, COLOMBO. Marke and prices of OEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane upto 24th August:— Ex “Algeria”—Niabedda, lb 1145; lb le 112s; Be 1083 64; le 1b 103; 1e 1338; le 93+; 1b overtakers 98s. Ex ‘“‘Austra]l”—Gowerakellie, 4c 113s; 2c 102s 6d: le 1b 1333; le 91s; 1b 93s; 1b le 88+; lb 85s; lb 1158; 8b 104s 6d. Gonakelle, lb 1c 1093; 1c 1b 101s 6d; It 130s; 1c 90s; lb SD 100+, Ex ‘‘Manilla”—Niasbedda, le 1b 113s; 6c 107s; 3c Ib 103s 64; 1¢ 131s; 1e1b 933; 1t 908; 1b 85s; 1b 105s; 2 overtakers 106s 6d. Ex “Austral”—Gampaha, 2: 1t lb Ills; 30 1t 2b 1063; 2c lb 102s 6d; le 128+; 1t 89s. Ex “Bengal’—Sherwoo!, 3c Ib 105s; 5c 105s; 102s; le 123s; 1c 16903 6d; 4b overtakers 105s. Ex ,‘Ulysces”—Ravenswood, le 100:. 26 CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent.) Mivcrxc Lane, August 16tb, 1894. Ex “Legislator” —Yattewatte, 22b 57s. Ex “Oruba”—Asgeria, 27b 723;55SDB 61s. Irgura- galle, 3 SDB 61s; 3b 50s; Gb 46%. Kumaradola, 4 SDB 6ls. Maynetrees, 29 SDB 63s; 11 SDB 54s. Periawatte London, 8 SDB 56s 63;3 SDB 45. Tyrelle, 6 SDB, 56s 6d. ie ee 23b 65s 6d; 9b 4b 46s. Ex ‘“'Pekin’”—Periawatte, 2b 12s 6d. (From our Commercial Gorresponden t.) Mrixcine Lane, August 24th, 1894. Ex “Dorunda”’—-Anniewatte, 4b 658 6d; 21b 623 6d. Ex “Volute’’—Anniewatte. 6b69s 6d. Ex “Austral” — Walton, 3b 52s. CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. ooo (From Our Commercial Correspondent ) Mincrxe Lane, August 16th, 1894 Ex ‘‘Glevfruin”—Deanstoue, Mysore, 6c 1s 10d; le 1s6d; 2cls4d. | ; Ex “‘Orient”—GCF, 4c 1s 24: le 84d. Hx ‘‘Glenesk’’—Mysore, 5c 1s 11d; 6c 2d. Ex ‘‘Glenorchy”—Tyrells, le 2s. Ex ‘Lezislator’—Geallatenue AA, le 33 4d; 3c¢ 2s 54; 20 1s 11d; 3c1s 10d; 621s 9?. Ex ‘‘Gaskwar’—Naranghena (OBEC), 2c 2:; 30 Is 10d; le 1s 4d, 1c 13 10d. oj Ex “Oruba” --Asgeria; 4¢ 1s 64; 401s 7d; 4c Is 6d. Ex ‘‘Wanderer’—Delpotonoys, 2c 2s 8d; 30 2s 3d; 4c1s 11d; 2c 1s 8d; 1c 1s 4}. a Ex “Gsekwar’—Nawanngalla, 1c 2s 4d; 2c 1s 10d; lois 7d; 1c 1s 44; 2c 1s 7d; 2c lsilc; le 1s 60. THA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SAUES. IT nn nnn nn ne TT eli NO. 29.] ConomnBo, SEPTEMBER 22, 1894. {Fate :—123 cents each; 3 copies. 30 cents; 6 copies % rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Messrs. Fornrs & WALKER put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 12th Sept., the undermentioned lots of sold as uuder :— Lot Box No. Mark, No. Pkgs. it BN .. 368 10 ch 2 Rocrside ., 370 12 do 8 Harrington, 372 7 3-ch 4 OTe" techy 5 376 6 do 6 878 2 do 7 380 1 do 8 Calefornia .. 382 2 do 1 4-ch 9 38! 5 ch 1 3-ch 10 886 2 ch 11 388 1 do 12 390 1 4-ch 13 392 1 do 14 334 1 do 15 Polatagama.. 395 44 do 15 398 17 -do 17 400 98 do 18 402 69 do 19 6(4 26 do 20 405 il do Dieu ely. 4088 cli 22 410 2 do 23 412 1 do 94 Thornfield ., 414 4t 3-ch 25 416 it ch 25 Bismark .. 418 7 ch 27 $29 10 do 23 423" 2° do 1 }-ch 29 424 1 do 30 Yataderia 426 14 ch 31 428 16 do 32 439 12 do 3u 432 20 do 34 434 27 do 35 436 12 do 36 Middleton ... 435 23 3-ch 37 440 14 do 38 442 6 ch 39 CRD .. 444 4 GO 40 446 3 do 41 Kande -» 348 20 do 43 450 10 do 43 Milliapoo .. 432 55 3-ch 44 454 27 do 45 Melrose me) AG LL cht 46 458 li do 47 450 ll do 48 452 6 4-ch 49 Lowlands .. 454 7 ch 50 465 6 do 51 463 6 do 52 470 1 do 53 472 1 do 54 Pansalatenne 474 27 do 65 476 22 do 56 474 14 do 57 430 2 4-ch 58 482 2 ch 59 RC VW, in astate mark 4&4 5 4-ch 60 486 1 ch 6L W’bedde .. 488 5 ch e2 499 9 do 63 492 1 do 64 Patlagama ., 494 14 ch 65 496 5 do 66 498 10 do 67 600 2 do 68 502 1 do 69 Kelaneiya .. 504 26 ch 70 506 32 do 11 508 2 do 12 510 1 do 7s Talgaswella 522 7 do tea (155,897 lb.), which ( Descrip- Weig ht tion. lb. bro mix 1300 dust 1800 flow pek 315 bro or pek | 770 pekoe 510 pek sou 150 dust 140 bro pek 250 pekoe 550 unas 2c0 fans 78 bro tea 50 bro pe dust €68 pe dust 69 bro pek 00 or pek 850 pekoe 4410 pek sou 3105 fans 1800 dust 880 bro nek 100 pekoe 200 pek son 100 bro pek 2200 pekce 1260 bro pek 420 pekoe 1000 pek sou 250 dust 7 70 bro or pek 1470 bro pek 168u or pek 120 pekoe 3000 pekoe 2700 pes seu 1140 bro pek 1389 or pek 700 pekos 570 dust 400 xed leaf 300 bro pek 2000 pekoe 1000 bro pek 2965 pekoe 2430 bro pek 1109 pekoe 110) pek s5u 1100 bro pefan 360 bro pek Juv pekoe 5ic pek sou 480 fans 120 dust 140 bro pe 2833 pe’ oe 2200 pek sou 1830 dust 150 congou 240 or pek 270 bro pe $9 bro or pek 505 bro pek 960 bro See dust 89 broorpe 1540 bro pek 50) pekoe 1000 pek sou 220 dust 10 bro pek 2210 pekoe 3200 50u 200 dust 115 bro or, pek 700 Cc. 76 bid 59 bid 39 bid 42 bid Waita’ awa Ellekande .., Clydesdale Uda Radella Dea E la Ganapalla .. lIngurugalla EH Castlereagh Udabage BIN Harangaiia Diyagama AB one FEasdale Avoca oe Fred’s Ruhe Hurst pier- point Dainbagalla NP Bloomflela Caskieben .., Nugagal'a Grove Box. No. Pkgs. 52t 12 ch 526 16 do 523 14 do 530 4 do 532 13 4-ch 5°4 1.6 do 536066 «6$-ch 633 3 do 510 4 do 542 22 Co 544 31 ch 546 5 dy» 548. 5 }3-ch 540 8 ch 552, 2 do 54 2 do 556 1 do 558 2 do 560 20 ch 562 15 do 564 5 do 585 3 }-ch 663 39 3-ch 670 58° ch 572 32) do 574 4 do 576 21 3-ch 578 27 do 58) 41 do 582 14 do 58402" chi 686 2 do 683°. Gch 1 }.ch 59086 3h chi 1 -ch 592 10 ch 53% 13 do 546 24 do 598 80 3-ch €09 6 do 62 «3 3-ch 604 2 do 606 1 do 608 5 ch 619 7 do 6\2. 7 do 614 2 do 616 5 ch 618 6 }-ch €20. 8 ch 622 7 3-ch 624 8 do 626 1 do 928 1 do 630 1 ch 632 5 4-ch 634 33 3-ch 636 27 ch 638 7 do 610 i do €42 § 3-ch 644 6 do 645 5 do 648 1 do 60 8 ch t52 5 do 654 38 do 655-6 3-ch 658 15 ch 660 10 do €62 1 do 664 3 do 656 18 ch 668 12 do 670 1 do 672 8 $-ch 674 20 do 676 3 do 978 1 do €8) 19 ch 5 4-ch 682 3 ch 6842 do 7 $-cla Descrip- Weight tion, lb. «a. bro pek 1140 68 pek Ii40 48 pel sou 126) 41 c ngou 90 32 bro pek 659 75 yek 1300 57 pek sou 300 42 dust 255 27 bro pek 3072 66 rek 924 42 pels sou 2232 38 unassorted 4(0 39 dust 350 25 ergou 489 BL red leaf 169 18 1ex sou 160 43 pek dust 140 26 dust 180 30 bro pek 2.00 59 pek 1510 4t pet sou 450 37 dist 225 25 bro re 19:6 62 pekoe 4640 43 pe sou 2560 37 dust 640 23 twankay 1(50 21 hyson 1350 35 do No, 2 2050 45 young hysen 770 50 pex sou 180 33 bro tea 240 32 du3t 974 25 pek sou 299 35 bro pek 10350 70 or pek 1170 63 pekoe 2010 42 pek sou 1550 835 dust 420 25 sou 144 4) dast 270 30 red leaf 25 15 bro pex 550 56 pekoe 630 40 pes sou 630 33 dust £00 Qt pek sou 400 48 dust 48) 30 e.ngo 664 15 bro pe 350 RUCT pekoe 400 7 pek sou 50 51 dust 65 46 pec sou 112 50 du t 275 41 b-o , ck 2090 67 pesoe 2700 43 pek sou quo 35 Lro pedust 165 25 bro pek 395 54 pekoe 390 43 pek s:u 250 37 congo 50 29 bro ,ek 448 61 pekoe 404 43 pek sou 150 39 pe fan 420 82 flow pel 1500 12 pekoe 100947 unassortel 100 40 pew f.n 590 27 flow pe 1800-72 pekoe 120) 47 pek fan 140 7 bro ;ek 100 7s pekoe 1,00 60 pek xu 150 42 dust 9) 25 bro pek 2189 = 47 pekoe 270 42 dust 663 24 bid bid bid bid bid bid ed ee - 3 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Descrip- Weight Lot Box Deseri eight No. Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. lb. cc. No Mark. No. Pkgs. tion. r: Ibe. 170 Stisted .., 706 90 4-ch bro pek 1100 71 25 37 1 ch dust 120 2% 171 7083 29 do pekoe 1450 57 26 38 2 do bro mix 124 aa 172 Queensland 710 18 ch flow pek 1800 1 27 SL «+. 89 6 do bro pek 600 52 173 ° 712 13 do pekoe 1300 44 bid | 28 41 4 do koe 380 «4 174 714 #1 do pek fan 140 27 29 42 1 do ro mix fo 17 bil 20 AGO ow 43 24-ch pesou 180 . 81 44 1 do 60u 90 16 Mr. E. Joun put up for sale at the Chamber of Com- | 32 45 3 do pe fans 4200 «6 merce Sale-room on the 12th Sept., the undermentioned a aaah < 1 2 cust 14002 lots of Tea, (43,462 lb.), which sold as under:— 35 =" warn _ oe aoe 3 47 Lot Box Descrip- Weight 36 Dikmukalana 49 19 do bropek 500 = 66 bid No. Mars. No. Pkgs tion. pas 37 " a ~~ pekoe 50 Os) sou 800 1 PG, in estate 39 53 2 do Loca 100 3 yn mark -- 29 5 ch bro pek 500 58 40 54 1 do bro mix 50 36 3 31.2 do — pekoe 200 (44 41 Sapitiyagodde 55 15 ch or pek 1890 62 E oy Seeds (yamon mo 68 42 57 56 do bropek 6160 6 bid 4 33 4 do sou 320 35 43 , 69 17 do pekoe 1700 49 § 34 4bag bro mix 300 15 44 gi. A Wp pek fon 100 29 7 NB A ee 2 weak - 0 Bho Co tla 4 o. (6 4 raOya .. 24 8 Gonavy .. 38 40 do bro pe 4800 71 47 as z €6 % 4 mde 500 rt * 9 40 21 do pekoe 2310 52 48 67. & do pe seu 500 al va 42 80) doe Dae aon > 4 49 AGC ., @9 57 ch bropek 6700 46 il 44 4 do _ pe fans 1460 «27 60 71 43 do pekoe 4085 36 12 Wewesse .. 45 15 4-ch bro pe 900 66 bid | 5 73 29 do pe sou 2755 3934 13 47 21 do pekoe 1166 48 bid 52 75 4 do red leaf 369 14 14 49 4 ae pe sou = 41 61 A, in estate aR pind tall re a4 mark .. 89 18 ch or pek id 16 53 2 do dust 180 93 63 Gomarsit .. il fade ieee ee aoe 17° Farm ». 54 1 do _ bro tea 70 3=638 61 92 6 do 08 3090-39 18 55 3 do dust 169-26 65 93 4 do com 300 «38 24 =®P, in estate 6 t mark .. 64 Q%-ch brotea 495 «17 87 ae th) 9 ee me 25 Bb» 1B) 6 hx: Tene A 68 97 45 box or pek 225 60 bid 26 66 & ¢o pe dust 375 25 69 WEB, inest. > , % K Ce 14 do peed B00 |e bia mee. a PBA, cho Oe ae “9 Cora. alee tiaan 80 16 70 RA «+» 10 32 do pex sou 3200 8=- 21. bide Ee ye . 9 Messrs. Forsgs & WALKER put up for sale at the mark Binal 5 $-ch Lrotea 250 16 31 Yabalakelle 71 12 ch bro pek 1260 «54 Chamber of Commerce Sale-room on the 19th Sept., 32 73 12 do pekoe 1080 = 42 the undermentioned lots of ten (133,050 lb.), which 33 mo aS 12 aa pe on ine Bs sold as under:— 34 Eadella... 77 18 ¢ ro pe a : Boa 79 12 do pekoe 1080 44 iat Mark N th Desa — eight 86 81 13 do pe sou 104037 oO. ark, ° gs. ion. i c. 37 Lameliere ... 83 10 ch bro pe 1120-72 1 Monaragella 716 9% ch bro mix 120 820 38 £5 8 do pekoe 720 50 bid 2 CH -» 718 104-ch dust 800 27 39 87 10 do ypesou 950 41 3 MP -» 720 3 ch sou 330 = 36 40 89 14-ch dust 90 26 4 722 6 do dust 8400s 26 40a Whyddon ... 119 12 ch bro pek 1320 65 bid 5 Beverley .. 724 16 $-ch pe dust 10400 337 41 M .» 90 24-ch or pek 100 4 6 Beddegama.. 726 8 ch pek sou 720 38 42 101 5 do pk sou 245 37 7 SK +.» 728 11 %-ch pekoe 528 75 43 Agra Ouvah.. 102 23 do pe sou 1380 50 8 730 5 do sou 250 = «65 44 104 3 do ye fans 270 29 9 732 2 do fans 140 €8 45 N -. 105 7 ch pe sou 700 3=— 40 10 734 4 do dust 30 8649 49 Talegalla .. 213 15 ch bro pek 1365 69 12 Munamal ... 736 2 ch bro pek 165 62 50 115 16 do or pek 1520 52 12 738 2 do 51 117 13 do pekoe 123544 1i-ch pekoe 250 40 13 740 3 ch pe sou 265 aL ; 14 742 2 do bro tea 220 27 Messrs. A. H. Taompson & Co, put up for sale | 15 744 1 do at tbe Ohamber of Oommerce Sale-room on the 4 ie : re . a4 124 = 12th Sept., the undermentioved lots of tea (65,659 lb.,) " as 7 ich tg “ed ro hich sold a3 under :-— 5 bi Ww 18 East Land .. ig = 3-ch bro pek = Hs we Lot Box Descrip- Weight. 19 Ng DB ie Te a339 il . 20 754 22 co pek sou 132043 No. No Pkgs. tion. Ib. co. pil 756 2 do dust 160 27 1 STNE w- 1 8 4-ch tro pek 400 75 22 Clunes 758 29 4-ch tro pek 1400—s 2 2 12 do pekoe 540 49 23 760 & do pek 3e25 40 3 4 8 do bro pesou 360 42 24 762 9 ch r 810 37 4 Weliaioya .. 5 14 ch bropek moc 35 25 Amblakande 764 14 ch bropek 710 = 64 5 7 16 do pekoe 1600 41 bid | 26 766 4 do pekoe No.1 320 47 6 9 1 do pek sou 100-26 27 768 5 do pekee 450 5 7 10 1 do _ bro tea 50 0-23 23 7i0 8 do peksou 720° «42 8 ll 1 do dust €0 25 29 , 7i2 1 do sou 160 35 19 Kenningtou... 12 4 do pesou 400 33 30 J. H.S in “ f 10 13 23-ch unes 100 =22 estate mar« 774 5 ch orange pek 500 73 bid 11 14 3 do dust 240 25 3l 776 7 do pekoe 595 48 bid 16 Mapifigama 22 24 co bro pek 2520 57 bid | 32. 778 3 do pek sou 255° 40 17 24 24 do pekoe 2400 40 33 Aigburth .,. 780 12 do fan 1320 45 18 26 24 do pe sou 2400 3935 33 782 8 do dust 1040-27 19 28 3 do brotea 315 At 35 784 6 do corgou 600 87 20 Pambagama... 29 34j-ch dust 270221 35 BDW -. (85 22 ch : 41 30 9 ch congou 810 29 11 j-ch_ red leaf 2515 20 92 Hemingford.. 34 31 do sou 13500 335 37 788 10 ch fans 850 27 283 Oolooawatte 33 18 do bro pek 1760 63 88 Ascot av 420) 1s ao congou 100 31 24 35 18 do pekoe 1620 46 39 792 1 do dust 150 26 Lot No. Mark. Ederapolla MAH H&H MV oe Becherton K O, in est. mark ee Maha Uva see Thedden ae KB oe RAW vee Kirrimettia.. 8s Sembawatte MA M W P A LAW Wevagoda ... Dea Ella Pedro a0 Berragalla ... Palmereton VK Ketadola OG A, in est. mark aes Gleneagles... Killarcey ... Ganapa'la .. Battewatte... Scrubs G encorre ” CEYLON PRODUCE 1 3-ch —— =D OGM FON BRK eEDpNwORes a ° —p LAS) eo oe el. eee a ° ~ cn 2 ° 16 che do 14 box bro orpek 280 Descrip- Weight tion. lb. bro pek 2350 pekoe 1520 pe sou 1425 sou 170 bro tea 53 dust 15 bro mix 42 congou 409 bro mix 285 dust 320 Bro mix 195 dust 140 bro pek 1100 pekoe 1260 pek son 595 Lro pe sou 255 dust 130 pekoe 425 dust 650 red leat 80 bro pek 1540 pekoe 1100 pe sou 6¢5 congou 56 bro pek 132 pekoe 1400 pek sou 180 dust 320 bro mix 129 sou 95 dust 260 fans 339 dust 300 bro mix 600 bro pedust 702 pe dust 120 fans 100 fans 980 dust 519 red leaf 270 bro pek 3600 pekoe 128) pek sou 2210 dust 390 dust 910 pe sou 270 dust 260 pe sou 675 pek sou 33 bro pek fans 1120 pek sou 100 bro pek 2200 bro or fe 2280 pekoe 1890 pek sou 825 dust £09 pek sou 1800 unas 346 bro pek 350 pekoe 625 pe sou 255 ians 130 funs 130 brope 840 pel oe 715 pek sou £00 sou 12 red leaf 1260 au 1330 dust 405 bro tea 105 bro pek 1520 pekoe 9v0 pe sou 270 fans 130 pekoe 309 pek sou 210 aust 90 twankey 1050 hysou 13.0 do No, 2 20/0 young hyson 770 pe* sou 900 duet 200 broorpek 735 tro pek 176) yckoe 1880 pek son 7.0 SALES LIST. 3 Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No. Pkgs, tion. Ib. c. 133 980 12 ch bropek 1200 = 69 134 952 10 do pekoe 800 50 135 981 9 do pek sou 720 «41 135 986 1 do pek fan 110 34 142 West Hapu- tale »- $98 8 do broorpek 480 47 143 1000 2 do pek sou 109 37 144 2 1 do congou 50 34 145 4 4 do dust 820 8637 146 Kosgalla .. 6 9 Go bro pe 450 0 del % 13 do pekce 585 43 448 10 1l do pek cou 550 37 149 1221 do dust 64 25 150 C MP 14 1043-ch bro pek 1000s «87 151 16 10 do pekoe 1000 29 bid 152 Langdale .. 18 17 ch bro pek 2040 84 153 20 19 do pekoe 1900 69 154 22. 3 do pek sou 270 47 155 22a do dust 170 32 156 26 1 do fans 135 37 157 Depmark Hill 28 11 $-ch orpek 473 92 158 30 7 do bro or pek 441 96 159 32 7 do do do 441 95 160 3t 13 do bro pek 740 95 161 36 6 ch pekoe €18 73 162 38 3 do pek sou 270 53 163 4) 2 4-ch pe fans 180 33 164 Glenorchy .. 42 38 do bro pe 2280 86 165 44 45 do pekoe 2475 53 166 46 1 do do 45 40 167 48 1 ch dust 100 27 168 Clunes, ai etache Division) .., 41 4-ch bro pek 1845 69 169 eS 46 do pekos 3910 44 170 51 13 ch pek s-u 1170 37 171 Golconda 56 9 do bro pk 930 60 172 58 4 do pekce 400 45 173 60 1 do dust 100 25 174 IK V «» 63 23-ch tromix WP Bat 175 Barkindale... 64 9 do bro pek 604 &8 176 66 10 ch pekoe 950 bt 177 68 14-ch sou 45 40 178 {Omens ado bro mix 50 20 179 St.Mary .. 72 20 do broor pek 1230 67 180 74 44 do bro pek 2420 46 181 76 31 do pekoe 1875 40 bid 182 73 6 do dust 360 9-27 Messr’. SOMERVILLE & Co. put up for ‘sale at the Chamber of Commerce S:lce-room on the 19th Sept., the undermeutioned lots of tea (64,569 !b.) which sold as under :— Lot Box No. Mark. No. 1 Lyndhurst .. &8 2 € 3 £0 4 91 5 92 6 Hatdowa ... 93 7 9L 8 95 9 96 10 Kelani 97 ll 98 12 99 13 1¢0 lf 1 15 Deniyaya 102 16 "3 17 104 18 105 19 Doom 108 20 107 QL Rondura 108 22 109 23 10 24 lit 25 112 36 113 27 Malvern lia 28 115 29 iG 30 7 31 Mou agalla... HS 32 11g 33 Allakella }20 34 FF la Pkgs. 13. ch 26 do 12 do 1 do tote el ek en) cS oom = vero ° 4? $-ch 4 ch bro or pek 400 Descrip- Weight tion. lb. oP bro pek 1430 63 pekoe 2¢00 42 pek sou 1140 38 bro tea 125 18 dust 199 27 bro pek 1100s 6S pekoe L105 46 yek sou 1539 38 red leaf 320 18 bro pe 2695 6) pekoe 1215 42 pe sou 1340 37 dust €0 2k bro tea 210 18 bro pek 1540 77 pekoe suds $8 bia pek sou 570 40 bid sou 2.0 3) bid bro pek 1s0u 76 pekoe 2350 47 bro pek 90087 pekoe 1.0) 50 pek sou 855 39 fans 60 39 dust i6) 95 bro tea 50 18 bro pek 1130 5 bid pekce 1595 36 bid pec au 220 31 bri fon 55 27 bro pek 290 58 bid pekoa 600 40 bul bro pek 2310 67 ~ a a 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Deserip- Weight Lot Box Descrip- Weight No. Mark. No, Pkgs. tion. Ib. oe. ne. ihe No. Pkgs. tion, lb. ..c 33 Ukuwella 122 38 ch bropek 3660 49 g tee Walley ee 2 et eee ee ee 36 Rip ie cath 123.18 do bro pe 1300 = 69 A = - fe a3 i r 3 , in esta‘e ; p 4 mark .. 126 9 do fans 220 83 Seren spe Spe od i a lay 4 ich dust 320. 26 47 193 2 ch — bro tea 170 «19 Ga atic fon y do bro tea 100 22 43 Verellapatna 194 4 ch bro pek 400 68 : an ie $-ch = pek dust: 264 27 49 198 5 do ‘ 43 Derryclare.. 130 2 ch red leaf 17016 £0 198 -7. do —— ++ aL 44 1 - 13117 $-ch bro pek —«- 838.63 bid | 51 2a, vi'dech ; deseteeel, Se ae ay a +» 132 1 do pekoe £0) 9.08R 52 Pati Rajah.. 201 9 ch bro pek 90 «65 aseby «. 133 9 do bro pek 450 897 53 203. 8 do b N 47 134 12 do pekoe 600 63 BA ads oe ee 48 TA 135 8 ch pekdost 120 28bd| 55 ja a do”. eae 43 bia 49 Monrovia 136 19 4-ch bro pek 950 + 68 5 207. 1 do ose. 8. . d 28 i 2 i 136 1 do com ss ee au tea (72,368 1b.), which sold as under — “ 94 Sembawatte.. 138 21 do ro pe H : ; y : Name. ic 95 140 18 do pekoe 1620 43 ney Box Pkgs ; 96 142 19 do ek sou 1615 35 1 S in estate i i eh 6 3 oe Bae 300 s ater tas q hf-ch bro tea 160 29: £8 ‘oO : F f ings 220 26 99 Torwood .. 148 15 do bropek 1500 72 2 26 2 ch ‘annings “hi eu” 150 18 do pekoe 1520 55 3 27 3hfch dust 20 8 oF CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb ¢. Messrs. Somervinte & Co. ee : b k ren Ls put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- 4 Wilpitiya a A oh Be B00) Mas yoom on Noyember 7th the undermentioned lots of 5 ay P ; tea (69,236), which sold as under. 6 38 4 do pek sou 376 36 € 7 31 3 do sou 270 33 Lot Box Pkes. Name Ib. 5 ¢. 8 324 do unassorted 360 36 1 Penrith .. 118221 ch bro pek 2100 71 bid 9 33. 4 do fannings 454 30 2 119 20 do pek 1600 54 bid 10 Kelani 34 35 hf-ch bro pek 1925 69 3 120 12 do pek sou 1020 44 bid ape 35 32 do ek 1600 46 4 121 1 do dust 160 28 12 36 26 do pek sou 1170 38 5 Deniyaya .. 122 15 ch bropek 1650 71 bid 13 B72) do. bro tea 90 21 6 123 13 do pek sou 1235 45 bid 14 35 1 do dust 60 27 7 124 4 do dust 500 28 15 H in estate , 8 R leone Lach bro pek 107 27 mark . 39 29 ch bro pek 2900 64 bid 9 ingeriya .. 1226 Uhf-ch do 825 63 bid 16 40 18 do ek 1800 45 bid 10 127. 15 do pek 750 51 17 41 11 do pek sou 888 87 bid | 11 128 20 do pek sou 960 39 18 42 1 do dust 140 28 bid | 42 1229 6 do — bro mix 300 =.29 bid 19 Naseby 48 6 hf-ch bro pek 300 R101 13 130 4 do bro tea 272 31 20 44 10 do ek 500 74 te 14 Depedene .. 131 23 do broorpek 1265 63 bid 21 Tyspany 45 27 ch ro pek 2700 74 bid | 15 132 32 do bro pek —-1600 56 22 46 47 do pek 4465 52 bid | 16 133 40 do pek 2000 50 23 C A in estate 17 134 22 do pek sou 1100 38 mark .. 47 56 hf-ch pek sou 3186 44 18 135 2 do dust 160-27 24 48 6 do ro mix 420 36 19 136. 3 do red leaf 165.20 25 49 4 do red leat 228 29 20 HGL vat akoviek (3° 1G sou 300 $1 26 50 14 do pekdust 1190 31.) 21 138 S do dust 1200 2 27 Chetnole . 51 7 hf-ch pek sou 700 40 bid | 92 x .. 139 5 hi-ch broorpek 224 $2 bid 93 Kehelwatte .. 52 12 ch bro pek 1320 70 bid | 933 XX Role; 2 do do 112 54 29 53 9 do pek 990 58 24 Ragalla .. 142) 2 ich < redleaf 146-24 30 54 6 do pek sou 600-43 25 143 2 Lf-ch fannings 160 33 31 5dln 3 do ek fanning 330 45 bid | 96 144 2 do dust 180 28 32 56 2hf-ch dust 160 29 27 Pantiya . 145.) 3: eh do 390 28 33 Kuruwitty Sv, 6 do bro pek 324 60 98 TT .. 146 1hfch pek sou 48 34 58 3 do pek 150 48 29 147 +1 ch 35 59 8 ch pek sou 784 40 1 hi-ch dust 232 15 bid 36 60 10 do sou 980 BB 30 Weoodthrope.. 148 4 do bro pek 200 7 37 61 6 hf-ch bromix 348 28 bid | 31 1449 6 ch pek 420 56 bid 38 62 1 do dust 90 27 32 150 7 do pek sou 490 46 bid 39 63. 1 do congou 76 26 33 15g | endo sou 60 36 bid 40 Kuruwitty 64 11 do bro pek 59463 34 152 1lhi-ch red leaf 34 oe 41 65 8 do pek 384045 35 153 1 do dust 75 2S 42 66 7 do peksou 658 388 36 154. 1 do bro pek No. 2 50 70 bid 43 67 12 do sou 1104 =. 34 bid | 37 Ludlow yelb>) em che bro pel 760 59 44 68 7 do bro mix 742 26 bid 38 156 5 do pek 500 49 45 69 4 do red leat 384 18 39 157 6 do pek sou 560 39 46 70 1 do dust 154-6 40 H .. 158 29 do bropek 200° 67 49 Ukuwela 73 21 do bro pek 2100 62 41 159 18 do ek 1800 £7 50 74 13 do pek 1300 45 42 160 1 do ust 140 28 51 foley sO pek sou 1140 37 43 Wadurewe HD 161 14 hf-ch unassorted 700 35 52 Irex 76 23 do ek 2300 «46 bid | 44 WG .. 162 13 do bro-tea 650-21 bid 53 Hagalla 77 3 do ro pek 180 57 bid | 45 163 14 do fannings 710 22 bid Ad 78 3 do pek 150 42 bid | 46 GL .. 164 4 ch peksou 300 38 55 79. 3 ‘do pek sou 165037 47 165 5 do bropeksous500 32 56 Gampolawatte 80 S$ ch ro pek 800 67 48 166 4 do bro tea 400 22 57 81 12 do pek 1200-49 49 M’Kande .. 167 42 hi-ch pek 2520 46 58 Barnagalla,CK 82 5 do pek_ 425 50 50 168 38 do pek No.2 1900 36 59 83 4 do — fannings 320 51 51 LL .. 169 13 ch bropek 1430 67 bid 60 D Castlemilk.. 84 14 do bro pek 1540 71 52 170 10 do pek S00 53 61 85 14 do pek 1400 956 53 171 12 do ksou 1992 37 62 86 7 do ek sou 665 48 54 G -. 172 20 do rotea 1800 17 63 : 87 3 hf-ch ust 225 31 60 ER -. 178 24 de bro pek 2400 54 64 A Castlemilk .. 88 9 ch bro pek 945 63 61 179 24 do pek 2450) " 65 89 7 do pek 70047 1 hi-ch do jp 66 2 do pek sou 200, 38 62 180 25 ch peksou 2320) 67 91 1 do dust 8 27 Lhi-ch do do treks 68 Silver Valley 92 3 hf-ch bro pek 150 57 67 OCastlemilk.. 185 16 do bropek 1760 61bid 69 93 2 do _ pek 80 37 68 186 6 do orpek 600 54 70 94 2 do — pek sou 96 «32 bid | 69 187 14 do pek 1470 »=-50 71 95 1 do congou 38 28 70 188 9 do ek sou 810 48 72 96 1 do fannings 45 24 71 189 2 do ust 1708 13° RX 7 oe2 ch sou 200 28 bid | 72 Peria Kande- 74 98 1 ch : kettia .. 19) 16 do bropek 2000 65 2 hf-ch dust 330 23 bid | 73 191 4 do pek 460 50) 75 BF 9 4 do dust 292 «28 bid | 74 192 14 do ek sou 40 044 76 DBG 100 «9 ch fannings 900 2B 75 193 3 do dust 210 26 77 10k 89 do dust 1350 27 76 GoonambilM 194 9 hf-ch_ bro pek 540 67 738 102 2 do bro mix 200 20 bid | 77 195 9 do pek 540 50 79 IP 108 23 do sou 1725 35 7S 195 7 do pek sou 385 40 80 104 13 hf-ch dust 10400 27 79 197 1 do tannings so 29 Sh KD 105 5 ch bro tea 450 16 bid | s9 Goonambil .. 198 32 do bropek 1320 70 se AGC 1066 20 do pek 2000 3 sl 199 18 do pek 90 54 83 Wadurewe 107 14 hf-ch unassorted 700 30 bid | ge 200 9 do pek sou 495 41 S4 10s 61 do dust 65 26 83 +. ‘Lindo dust 64 28 85 Labugama 109 20 do bro pek 1100 71 St HHH ae 2 1 do pek 40 43 86 110 12 ch pek 100 53 85 3 1. do pek sou 56 34 87 lll 10 oo ek sou 900 40 $8 Tl2) 1 hf-c us SL 2 Cnacnr. (i ae eRe ate ue 89 Lonach 113 26 do bropek 1500 33 f Te ee SS WALKER 90 Hiralouvah 1144 6 do broorpek 336 61 bid | Put up for sale at the amber of Commerce Sale- ol U5 9 ch bropek 892 72 did | room onthe 7th Noy., the undermentioned lots of 92 116 6 do tea (116,299 lb.), which sold as under :— 1 hf-ch pek GOL 5@ bid 1 Rosendhal .. 324 2hf-ch bro pek 100 = 60 93 117. «5 «ch pek sou 428 36 bid 2 326 3 do pekoe 150 40 ie ao Lee * t a 4 CEYLON. ,.PRODUCE. SALES. JIST. { Lot Box Pkgs. Name Ib. at: Lot Box Pkgs. Name Ib. ce. 6 Ascot 334 15 ch bro pek 1575s GA 113 Langdale .. 548 2 ch bro pek 3360 «92 7 236 22 do pekoe 2209 43 114 550 25 do pekoe 200 «68 8 388 1 do congou 100 3f 115 552 5 do pek sou 450 ow 9 340 2 do dust 300 30 116 564 2 do* dust 320 38 16 Amblakande 342 14 do bro pek 70 66 117 556 1 do fans 135 46 bid 11 344 12 do pekoe 1030 53 118 Middleton .. 558 10hf-ch bro pek 650 70 12 346 9 do pek sou 810 43 119 560 22 do do 1320 36 13. Tonacombe 348 81 hf-ch or pek 1736 79 120 562 20 do pekoe No. 11000 68 14 250 47 do pekoe 4230 62 121 564 13 ch de’ _,, Saas 68 15 Glencorse 352 25 box yroor pek 500 80 122 “M 566 Be do fans 450 30 16 354 19 ch bro pek 1900 = 70 13 BDWP 568 27 hf-ch bro pek 135065 17 . 356 13 do pekoe 1040 58 | 124 570 3 do bro pek fan = 46 18 358 19 do pek sou 1520 44 | 125 572 1 do dust 27 19 360 2 do sou 160-24 12% K 574-7 ~Och bro pek 700 45 bid 20 262 1 do ‘unas 70 «(34 |127 BDWA 576 2 do fans 235 55 21 364. 1 do ek fans 110 36 128 578 1 do dust 142030 22 BG .. B66 17 do pek sou 1700 45 1229 BDWG 80 «Lhf-eh dust 90 45 30 Katooloya .. 382 2 do bro or pek 140 85 bid | 120 Theberton .. 582 21 do koe 105043 31 Iddagodda .. 384 3 ch dust 390-28 131 F 586 2 ch ust 174 27 32 Midlands 386 1 do red leaf 90 Ww {137 CRD ‘oO 83 ch dust 345 28 33 Ingurugalla.. 388 2 do pek sou 180 38 138 5934 «do red leaf 400 22 34 390 2 do bro tea 240 30 141 Augusta 64 88 dea bro pek 760° 87 35 Kirrimettia.. 392 5 ch bro mix 500 33 | 142 06 Ohfch do No. 2 300 72 36 394 2 do bro pek dust 316 28 143 os 19 ch pekoe 1330 57 3 396 1 do fans 112 38 M44 610 21 do pek sou 1470 49 38 SSS 398 8 do bro pek fan 1120 53 145 612 Ghf-ch sou 360 37 39 400 4 do dust 712 238 146 614 2 ch dust 200 23 40 402 1 do red leaf 81 28 147 616 Lhich unas 69 3 42 Be uumiont. 406 5 do dust 832 29 148 Scrubs 618 8 ch bro or pek 840 85 43 408 3 do bro tea 330 25 150 620 22 do bro pek 2310 80 44 410 3 do dust 360 29 151 622 25 do pekoe 2250 «GC 45 G 412 5 do bro pek 550 50 152 624 ll do k sou 990 8655 46 414. 5 do pekoe 450 42 155 cae ool 682 18 ch ro Fg 1080 G6 47 UK 416 23 ch pek sou 2070 58 156 634 10 do bro pe 1000 41 bid 48 418 4 do red lea 157 R CW, in est. ' dust 580-21 mark’ 636 1 do bro pek 8 43 49 Patiagama .. 420 11 ch bro or pek 1210 65 50 Galatota 422 lhf-ch bro pek 57 52 ee 51 494 4 ae peape 200 38 | 52 426 3 do pek sou 167 33 } , ”) by 7 u 2A Gel] Ui 1 eee SS CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON.- 54 UK 430 5 ch red leaf } a dust 750 (21 $ . 55 432 1 do a leaf (From Our Commercial Correspondent) dust 150 21 —— 48 Pedro 434 17 ch broorpek 1870 97 Mixcrxc Lane, October 12h, 1894. 57 436 16 do pekoe 1440 70 Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing oe en 3 eo peer ps "4 Lane up to 12th October :— iB EPalmerston! Meetaon Salo maliino pek 720 91 Ex ‘“‘ Oroya”"—Ragalla, 5c 102s; 2c 1b 102s; 1t 108s; 2e 91s; 61 444 12 do pekoe 1080 68 i bag 98s. Concordia, 2t 102s 6d; 6c 102s; 1c 109s; Le 88s. 62 446 6 do pek sou 480 56 A 63 Dammeria 448 50hf-ch bro or pek 3060 77 = G4 450 48 ee Benge 4300 60 65 452 5 do ek sou 500 53 67 456 7 ch pekoe 700 55 73 Sandringham 468 41 ch ro pek 4715 $1 7 47 j 7 7 7 ’ ee Kirindi pt Ce bee Pero 2 0 a (From our Commercial Gorrespondent ) 76 474 16 ch pekoe 1120 57 TINCIN 5 2 2 iG, 27 80642 Meweou 1190 46 , 5 MinxcixG Lane, October 12tb, 1394. 73 478 5 -do sou 300 36 Ex ‘‘ Oroya —Sirigalla, 20 bags 65s 6d; 1 bag 35s. 79 480 1 do dust 150 23 Ex ‘‘ Jumna ”"—War riapolla, 16 bags 69s: 20 71s; 20 71s; 80 482 1hf-ch red leaf Fil 5 20 71s; 20 71s; 20 71s; 25 71s; 9 63s GdsD; 20 538; 7 538; 81 Geragama 484 7 ch bro pek 665 87 19 41s 6d. 82 486 5 hf-ch do No. 2 250 73 83 488 16 ch pekoe 1120 57 = ae 5 * oe te 8 8 pe pou 130 ay Mincine Lane, October 19th, 1894. 86 494. 1 do dust 150 23 Ex ‘‘ Barrister ”*"—Gangaroowa, 32 bags 63s 6d. 87 496 l1hf-ch_ red leaf 61 25 Ex ‘“‘ Kaisow ”"—Monarakelle, 65 bags 64s. 88 Turin 498 4 ch bro pek 400 74 89 500 3 do pekoe 240 60 90 Manangoda.. 502 § an oe pek a 60 ie Gaamraase | OL 504 9 do pekoe 09 48 92 506 5 do peksou 5253 CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES 93 508. 1 Hee ee TA nos 94 510 1 hf-c us §2 20 T 9 ANK p12) 5 “do bro pek 300 56 IN LONDON. , 96 514 4 He Fekoe oe a pe. Bs 97 516 1 do ans ts E 98 518 6-do dust 510 28 (From Our Commercial Correspondent ) 105 WHurstpier- . TINcrinc- o + L point spat gsido i fovpek 400. 57 Minctne Lane, Oct ber 124, 1894. 106 -..~-584~ 5 do- pekoe 240 41 Ex ‘‘ Pindari”—Vedehette, 2 cases 2s 6d;6 2s 3b;1 1s 11d; 107 Munamal .. 536 8 ch bro pek 692 59 2 1s10d; 4 1s Sd; 3 1s 5d; 1 Is 6d. Cottaganga, 1 case 2s 108 5388 3 do pekoe 305 46 4d; 1 1s 8d;2 15 7d; 11s 4d; 1 is 7d. 109 540 3 do pek sou - 282, 30 Ex “Mount Hebron’ ’—Hsperanza, 8 cases Is 9d. 110 542 1 do dust 131 28 Ex “‘ Solingen’ '—VB(990), G cases 1s 6d. a ant 544 1 do congou 78 22 | Ex ‘“ Glenorchy ”"—Tyrells, 1 case 1s 5d. ; 112 Essex 546 15 ch red leaf 1350 ily | Ex “Mount Hebron *_R(AA), 1 case 1s 5d;1 Is 6d. - OBSERVER GAS ENGINE PRESS. NO. 35.] Coromno, November 19, [18 94. HA, COFFAR, CINCHONA, COCOA,’ AND CARDAMOM SALES, { Price :—123 cents each ;3 copies. r 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. COLOMBU..SALES OF TEA. Mr. A. M. Gupp put up for sale xt the Chamber of Commerce Sale- room on the 7th Nov., the untermentioned lots of te, (2,535 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Pkges. Name Wo i JV 34 10hf-ch bre tea 465 22 g 36. 8 ch pek dast 1200 12 bid 3 wO 6 eT lo) bro tea, 770 22 4 M 2. (40) mal, slo congot 100 33 Moessrs.. Bennam & BRremMNeR put up for sale at_ yoom on the 7th Nov., toa (9,765 lb.), which sold as under :— the Chamber of Commerce Sale- the undermentioned lots of Ib. Lot Box Pkgs. Name 1 Elston, in est. mark 10 16 ch pek sou PAG T2ie2: xclo: pro mix 3 14 2hf-ch dust 4 16eu3 sich congow 5 Lynford 18 4 do sou 6 Acrawatta ... 20 Lhf-ch dust 7 22),12 ch pek sou 8 24 19 do pekoe 9 28 12 ‘do bro pek 10 23 12 do or pek 11 CNC 30 7Thf-ch bro pek 12 32 11 do pekoe 13 34 10 do pek sou Messrs. A. H. THompson & Co. 73 bid 30 bid 33 bid 33 put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- yoom on the 7th Nov., the undermentioned lots tex (62,880 1b.), which sold as under :— Lot 30x Phas. 1 Ferndale .. 1 7hf-ch 2 206 ido 3 Soe.G: ich 4 Sapitiyagoda 5 20 ch 5 7128 ‘do 6 9 19 do 7 11 1 do 8 Ossington .. 12 5 ch 9 14 9 do att) 16 5 do 11 BHemingford.. 18 4 box 12 19 9hf-ch 13 21 39 do 14 23. 20 ch 15 2527 ido 16 27 6 do V7 28 1. do 18 29 5hf-ch 19 Lavant -» 30129) ch 21 32 28 do 22 34 50 do 23 36 5 do 24 37 4 do 24 AK AC, inest. mark . 88 37 hf-ch - 25 40 36 ch 26 42 3 do 27 «Elgin 43 5)hf-ch 28 4b 3 do ©9 Dikmukalana 45 8 hf-ch 30 47 17 do 31 49 18 do 32 SL wo (6. ch 33 52 2hf-ch 2 Mayfield 66 14 do 43 68 27 do Ad 70 5 do 45 MIF Ww. (Sch 48 Vogan 76 24 ch 49 77 26-do 50 79 16 do 51 $1 4. do 51 82 2hf-ch 63 Migaswatte.. 83 S$ ch 64 85 10 do 55 87 19 do 66 W'Oya -. 89 38. do p7 Migaswatte.. 91 1 do Name bro or pel bro pek pekoe or pek bro pek pekoe dust bro pek pekoe pek sou golden tip bro or pek bro pek pekoe pek sou sou bro mix dust bro pek pekoe pek sou sou dust bro pek pekoe dust pek sou clust bro pek pekoe pek sou unas or pek dust bro pek pekoe pek sou pek sou bro pek pekoe pek sou sou dust bro pek pekoe nek sou ro pek fans Ib. 392 280 600 2000 3080 1900 150 530 900 500 of 38 20 R12°0 bid 540 1950 2900 2380 4250 400 520 1850 1800 225 450 140 400 $50 650 360 140 1400 2295 400 240 2400 2340 1360 340 130 S00 1000 1900 3838 100 82 bid 62 bid 51 bid 38 bid 35 bid 37 bid bid 77 bid bid $ bid Mr. E. Joun. put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- room on the 7th Nov., the undermentioned lots of tea (57,582 1b.), which sold as under :— Lot Box. Pkg. Name. lb. Cs 1 Wewesse li 16 hf-ch sou 8380 50 2 1352 do dus6 180 28 3 Hunugalla 14.9 ch bro pek 990 59 4 16.4 do pek 420 49 313° do pek 315 43 5 18 14 do pek sou 1400 37 6 20 1 do mix 100 23 Ti Zion cdo dust 125 27 8 Glanrhos eere2) Lito bro pek 1700 71 9 24 4 do pek sou 340 44 10 25 11 do pek fans 1210 45 Li” G VWars2, “do! bro pek 190 60 bid 12 28 4 do pek 340 43 13 29 1 do pek sou 85 87) 14 30. 22 do bro pek 2420 83 bid 15 32 22 do ek 2200 66 16 34 23 hf-ch pek fans 1380 46 17 36 11 do dust 990 33 18 Whyddon .. 38 12 eh bro pek 1320 68 19 40 15 4 pekoe 1500 = 58 20 42 12 “9 pek sou 1200 47 21 Great Valley... 44 42 hi-ch bro pek 2520 75 bid 22 46 22 ch pek 2200 57 23 48 20 do pek sou 1900 47 24 50 4 hf-ch dust 340 28 bid 25 plats ly chi sou 80 30 26 Ardlaw and Wishford .. 52 14 hf-ch or pek 700 78 27 54 19 ch bro or pek 2052 89 28 56 20 do pek 2000 64 29 Ainestatemark 58 6 do unassorted 630 51 30 Blackburn GO 12 do bro pek 1320 66 31 62 14 do pek 1540 46 32 BE 64.2 do pek sou 200 35 33 Gomi 1 do bro tea 100 23 3 66 2 do dust 250 27 35 Kotuwagedera 67 24 do pro pek 2400 66 36° 69 16 do pek 1600 52 37 71 13 do pek sou 1235 38 38 ; 73 Lhf-ch dust 0) 28 39 ETK 74° 2 ch bro mix 200 37 40 75 4hf-ch dust 320 32 41 76 2 ch red leaf 200 22 42 Talagalla “i” 18° do bro pek 1365 71 3 Madcooltenne 79 14 do bro pek 1400 64 44 81 16 do pek 1600 49 45 83 12 do pek sou 1200 38 46 MV 85. 1 do dust 145 26 47 Patulpana 86 4 hf-ch bro pek 180 56 49 Wadella 88 18 ch bro pek 1800 68 bid 50 90 14 do pek 1260 51 51 102 13 do pek sou 1040 41 52 104 12 do dust 1680 238 53 Maryland 106 2 do bro pek 230 58 54 107 2 ‘do pek 210 40 55 Ayr 108 36 hf-ch bro pek 1692 70 56 110 20 ch pekoe 1500 48 57 112 11 do pek sou 8380 40 58 114 1hf-ch congou 43 35 59 115 2hf-ch bro pek dust 15( 28 ; Messrs. Forses & Wausur put for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- room on the 14th Nov., the under mentioned lots of tea (223,358 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. iy CH 638 12hf-ch dust 2 Kosgalla 640 Ghf-ch bro pek 3 642 8 do pekoe 644 11 do yek sou 75 Kelaneiya 646 300 ch Bro pek 3} 648 28 do pekoe 7. 650 3 do sou 8 652 2 do dust 9 Hakurugalla 654 hf-ch- bro pek 10 ; 656 22 do do ll 658 13° ch pekoe 12 660 1 do pek sou 13 662. Lht-ch dust 14 Macaldenia.. 664 21 do bro pek 15 686 13° do pekoe lb. 960 500 400 550 2550 2800 300 230 60 2209 1300 100 85 1050 650 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Pkgs. Name Ib tee: Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. e. 16 HAT, in est. 1066 MA «-- 88 1 ch bro tea 100 «24 mark . 668 19 do bro pek 1140 46 107 850 4 do dust 520 26 a7, . 670 20 ch bro 2600 29 108 Labookellie 852 5 do bro pek 500 79 18 Nay Anga-— 109 854 4 do orpek 36066 mana -- 672 5hf-ch bro pek 500 65 110 856 6 ch pekoe 540 59 19 674 5 do pekoe 490 50 lll 858 4 do k sou 336 45 20 676 5 do pek sou 450 41 112 APK -- 860 5 do aes pek 500 0 21 678 1 do dust 92 BB 113 862 6 do pekoe 54043 22 Bismark .. 680 15 do bro pek 1500 =8lbid | 114 864 4 do dust 5602-27 23 682 384 do pekoe 3060 61 bid | 115. Chalmers .. 866 22 ch bro pek 2040 76 24 684 14 do pek sou 700 53 116 868 38 do pekoe 3230 GO 25 if 686 8 do dust 210 84640 117 870 10 do peksou 70 8645 26 SK .. 688 16hf-ch broorpek 960 96 bid | 118 872 1 do sou 80 35 27 690 16 do or pek 880 77 bid | 119 874 1 do dust 150 27 23 692 16 do pekoe 848 66 bid 1200 VO -. 876 3 do bro tea 330 27 29 694 14 do do 672 67 121 Weoya -- 878 49hf-ch bro pek 2695 68 30 696 2 do pek sou 100 55 122 880 30 ch koe 2550 45 31 698 3 do pek fans 210 63 123 882 20 do k sou 900 39 32 700 2 do dust 180 41 bid 124 884 20 do As pe fans 1200 44 33 GO je LOZN OO pek sou 630 38 125 886 8 do k dust 520 27 34 704 2 do tans 2801 3 126 Dunbar .. 888 24hf-ch bro es 1200 =—80 35 706 2hf-ch dust 170 7 127 890 24 do pekoe 1200 72 383 MMS -. 712) ‘ch’ ‘bro pek 87 50 128 892 13 ch pek sou 1170s 60 39 MM jo ere Ado bro pek 105 44 129 294 13 do sou 1170 52 40 716 = lLhf-ch do 53 44 130 $96 1 do dust 130 28 41 718 1 do red leaf 82 22 131 89 1 do fans 120 40 bid 42 720 3hf-ch dust 219 27 132 900 1 do congou 9 6 43 722, 1 do fans 50 = 30 133 Fred’s Ruhe 902 39hf-ch bro pek 2340 8 =71 44 Gampaha .. 724 30hf-ch bro pek 1800 77 134 904 16 do pekoe 1600 = «55 45 726 32 do pekoe 1600 60 135 906 5 do vek sou 500 «40 46 728 32 do peksou 1600 46 136 St. Heliers.. 908 16 hf-ch roorpek 800 75 47 730 2 do dust 190 27 137 910 11 ch pekoe 1045 58 48 782) 2’ ‘do bro tea 190 34 128 912 11 do pek sou 1045044 49 Knavesmire.. 734 16 ch bro pek 1600 70 139 OG A, in est. 50 736 21 do pekoe 1890 55 mark .. 914 15 do bro pek 1500 7 51 738 16 do pek sou 144041 140 916 16 do pekoe 12380 53 52 740 1hf-ch sou 50 36 141 918 4 do pek sou 320 43 53 742, 1. ch dust 125 27 142 Aberdeen .. 920 82 hf-ch a ac = 1600 70 bid 544 MXD .. 744 1 do fans 85 27 143 922 39 do bro pe! 1950 55 bid 55 746 1 do bro mix 85 24 | 144 924 38 do pekoe 1900 5 56 Pansala- 145 926 18 do k sou 900 44 tenne .. 74828 do © bropek 2415 71 146 Ganapayla.. 928 69 do bro pek 3450 71 bid 57 750 19 do pekoe 1900 51 147 930 71 ch pekoe 5680551 58 752 11 do pek sou 1045 39 148 932 24 do pek sou 1920 40 59 754 2 do congou 200 36 149 934 2 do dust 320 Ww 60 756 2hf-ch dust 150 26 150 Dea Ella .. 936 45hf-ch bro pek 2475 = «GO 61 Diyagama .. 758 20 ch pek sou 1600 61 151 938 28 do pekoe 140045 62 760 4 do congou 329 58 152 940 8 do pek sou 360 40 63 762 31hf-ch dust 2325. 45 153 942 2 do dust 160 28 64 Goomera .. 764 6 ch bro pek 660 64 154 West see 65 7 4 do pekoe 420 53 tale 944 9 do broorpek 540 ~ 59 66 768 3 do pek sou 300 43 155 946 3 do peksou 150 39 67 770 1 do do 65 40 156 948 2 do congou 100 3: 68 Ketadola .. 772 4hf-ch or pek 240 67 157 950 1 do bro mix 60 22 69 774 13 do bro pek 760 65 158 952 4 do dust 320 27 70 776 17 ch pekoeNo.1 935 48 159 S .. 954 17 ch ekoe 1690 37 bid 71 778 6 do peksou 54041 160 Ederapolla.. 956 19box bro or pee 38083 72 780 1hf-ch do 50 40 161 958 48 hf-ch bro pe’ 2400 65 73 782) sleek) sou 90 36 162 960 18 ch pekoe 1530 45 74 784 1 do bro fans 120 37 163 962 16 do pek sou 1200 41 75 786 lhf-ch fans 75 22 . 164 964 5 do sou 375 35 76 A, in estate 165 966 1 do brotea 100 «29 mark a 788". 4 box bro pek 20 59 166 968 3hf-ch dust 240 28 oz 790 2 ch do 150 52 167 Atherfield.. 970 9 ch sou 950 39 78 792 4 box pekoe 40 46 168 972 12hf-ch pek dust 720 36 79 794 3 ch pekoe 240 39 169 974 4 do us' 320 27 80 796 4 do pek sou 355 28 170 976 9 do bro mix 450 34 $1 798 1 do sou 90 25 171 Verulupitiya 978 12 ch bro pek 1200 =70 82 800 1 do fans 90 31 172 930 8 do pekoe 720 47 83 802 l1hf-ch_ red leaf 50 vA 173 982 6 do pek sou 540 40 g4 Dunkeld .. 804 22 ch bro pek 2420 75 bid | 174 KWD .. 984 3hf-ch dust 225 27 $5 806 24hf-ch or pek 1080.74 175 Melrose .. 986 10 ch bro pek 950 69 86 808 12 ch pekoe 1200 55 176 988 7 do pekoe 665 50 37 DK D .. 810 17 do unas 1870 48 177 9909 9 do peksou 855 44 83 Nugagalla .. S12 S8hf-ch bro pek 400 79 178 992 4 do congou 380 38 89 814 23 do pekoe 1150 58 179 Clyde 994 16 do bropek 1600 70 99 816 3 do ek sou 150 45 180 996 20 do koe 1800 50 91 818 2 do ust 160 28 181 998 7 do pek sou 700 «41 92: Waitalawa .. 820 20 do bropek 1000 3% 182 1000 1 do dust 140 «28 93 822 88 do pekoe 1900 62 183 AV 2 2 ch bro pek 200 60 94 824 11 do e SOU 550 45 184 4 3 do koe 270 43 95 826 2 do ust 180 31 185 Clunes 6 39 hf-ch ro pek 1755 iL -96 Bittacy -. 828 6 do e sou 300 42 186 8 32 ch pekoe 2720 «450 97 830 4 do ust 320 27 187 10 5 do pek sou 450 _ 40 98 832 4 do fans 240 43 188 Scrubs .. 12 4 do bropekfans500 51 _99 Labukellie .. 834 9 ch pek sou 756 48 189 14 9 do dust 1305 39 100 836 8 do Co} 504 848 190 Yoxford 16 6 do k sou 50451 101 EH .. 838 9 do broorpek 945 53 191 18 6 do ust _ 10 102 840 6 do bro peK 570-58 192 Chesterford 20 58 ch bropek 5800 57 bid 108 842 12 do pekoe 1080 45 193 22 23 do pekoe 2300 = 41 bid 104 844 3 do pek sou 222 40 994 24 24 do Kson 2400 38 bid 405 846 5 do us 730 27 195 2 8 do ro tea 800 «8b 3 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST: Lot Box Pkgs. Name Ib ce. | Lot Box Pkgs. Name lb. ee. 196 28° 1) ch dust 110 27 25 Lameliere 156 18 do bro pek 2016 75 bid 197 Harrington .. 30 10hf-ch flow pek 450 84 26 158 16 do pek 1600 GL 198 32 11 ch bro or pek 1210 84 27 160 17 do pek sou 1615 51 199 34 11 do pekoe 990 65 28 162 2 hf-ch pek fan 170336 200 36 3 do pek sou 270 49 29 Kila Se GES VERY (on) oro pek 3300 60 bid 201 38 2 do dust 390 28 34 Glasgow .. 172 28 do bro pek 2240 91 bid 202 A .. 40 JLhf-ch bro or pek 50 55 35 Perth -. AWA. 4- do bro or pek = 440 69 203 WKirrimettia 42 12hf-ch bro pek 600 62 36 175 4 do bro pek 400 61 204 44 2 ch 33 176 7 do pek 700 52 15 hf-ch ekoe 855 43 38 178 5 do pek sou 500 45 205 46 1 do ro pe dust 60 52 39 180 1 do souchong 100 «339 206 48 1 ch 40 Nikakatuwa.. 181 13 do bro pek 1430 70 bid 4hf-ch fans 281 44 41 183 22 do pek 2200 60 207 50 2 do dust 140 29 42 185 2 do unassorted 192 40 208 Moalpedde.. 52 10 ch bro pek 900 67 43 Little Valley.. 186 2 hf-ch bro mix 100 37 209 54 14 do pekoe 1190 48 44 187 3 do dust 240 29 210 56x17) ido pek sou 595 40 45 18s 3 do red leaf 150 24 211 Munamal .. 58 4 do bro pek 325 52 46 H.S. ee 89). 8. ch bro pek 800 57 212 60 2 do i 47 19L 52 do pek 500 44 1Lhf-ch pekoe 240 36 48 193 4 do pek sou 360 39 62 4 ch pek sou 381 31 49 194 6 do souchong 480 34 64 Lhf-ch dust 64 27 50 196 5 hf-ch dust 27 66 1 do congou 44 23 51 197 4 bags red leaf 20 Brunswick... 68 8 ch unas 800 47 D2 Lees + 1985022 ech souchong 41 70 3. do pek fans 398 31 53 199 -1 dG red leat 22 Polatagama, 80 40 hf-ch bro pek 2200 66 64 T.T.&Co. .. 200 73 hf-ch’ bro pek 62 82 77 do pekoe 3850 45 55 202 65° ch pek 46 84 55 do ek sou 2750 40 56 204 18 do pek sou 40 86 52 do bro pe fans 2860 52 57 206° 2 do bro pek fan 27 INGE: .. 98 Lhf-ch bro mix 45 23 58 Glasgow +. 207 381 do bro pek 90 bid 100 8 ch pe fans 5607 2531! 59 209 20 hf-ch or pek 75 Moneragalla 102 2 do pe fans 140 28 60 211! | 25) ich pek 2500 65 WG Ba & 61 N . 2 213)).,23. 42 aa ox pence Sait 3 , 5 aman ie tac 39 ob) sa ae amen ¥* do pekoe 2310 6 5 Comra 6 7 do bre or pek 350 59 By Saher al er 3 j 6 7 13) do or pekoe 650 58° 3 ore . 303 16 do or pekoe 800 7 7 Stay. de seRGE asd a5 ad aoe 18 ch bro or pek 1980 77 bid 8 10 13 do pro tea 650 20 SatWAL sitheGth te 307 15 do pekoe 1425 63 2 1 do dust 50 27 sa ea ‘ 5 10 Myraganga .. 13 15 ch Dro or pek 1795 FA hid ue siete Be 5 de unassorted 500 52 il 15 20 do or pekoe 2100 66 bid 41 Talagalla 312 sant prgenek a wee ‘e ariaar Wa nek pe Caos 1 gall: 312 M4 do or pek 13380 §3 i 10 84 +do ekos pe ey as 3l4 13) do bro pek 1365 70 a; 38 23 i t pek son 1710 49 44 Kdella 318 17 a op k 1700 “ 5 4 2hf-ch fannmys 250 37 — - =~ ‘ bs oh ee A700 67 m4 37 45 x20 We odo pekoe 1260 83 ar 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Pkgs. Name Th, pe 46 322.12 ch pek sou 960 2 47 Ottery& Stand- ford Hill .. 324 24 do bro pek 2400 = 76 bid 48 326 14 do or pek 1260. 69 49 328 43 do pekoe 3870 56 bid 50 330 35 do do 3150 56 bid SL 332, 1 do sou 83 41 52 333. 2 do dust 300 30 53° «Glentilt 334 25 do bro pek 2625 = «69 54 3836.17 do ek sou 1700 46 55 Madagedera.. 338 22 do oro. pek 2420 = it 340 24 do pekoe 2280 50 57 342 12 do k sou 1080 45 58 Henegama .. 344 3 hf-ch Trot 240 26 65 Madooltenne.. 16 12 ch bro pek 120065 4G 18 12 do pek sou 1200 42 67. Templestowe.. 20 29 do orpekoe 2900 73 bid 68 22 28 do pekoe 2520 65 69 24 21 do ek sou 1785 47 76 26, 2 do ust 280 = -330 Ti Stinsford ., 27 20 hf-ch bro pek 1100) 73 bid | 5 vhA 29 25 do pekoe 1250 59 } 7. 31 17 do pek sou 850 44 ve 33.4 do dust 280 28 +, Kanagama .. 34 28 do bro pek 2800. ., 55 7 36 23 do pekoe 2070 = «46 38 12 do pek sou 1080 43 78 40 3 do dust 420 27 79 Tarf Se re ek sou 500 47 30 43 9 hf-ch ast 693 29 si. Chapelton .. 44 6 ch bro mixed 600 2 32 46 2hf-ch dust 168 27 33 MR iektinas do 510 27 34 KBG +, 49;.,1 do, .bro pek 46 hat 35 Murialenne .. 50 10 do do 600 «65 36 62.9 do pek 498 58 Messrs. Somervitte & Co. put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- room on the 28th Noy., the undermentioned lots of tea (82,418 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Pkgs. Name ID. ey & 1 §, in estate mark oe) MO) eae chi 1 hf-ch fans 260 26 2 Vile Seach. 1 hf-ch bro tea 365 24 3 Wattagalla.. 72 10 ch bro pek 100055 4 73 8 do pekoe 800 42 5 74 1 do pek sou 100 33 6 75 1 hf-ch_ bro tea 50. 24 7 76. 1 do dust 50 26 38 C A, iu estate mark 7 a5 1680 47 9 Inchstelly .. ant = ic} = 9 hf-ch bro pek 1195 54 bid 16 79 10 ch > ae 8 hf-ch pekoe 1440 40 bid ai 80 .1 ch 4 hf-ch pek sou 320 32 bid 12 81.1 ch sou 100 30 13 82.2 hf-ch fans 110 31 a4 «IS. 83.11 ch sou 1015 eo 15 Walahanduwa 84 20 do pek sou 1800 39 1G 85 10 do unas 1000 33 17 86 6 do red leaf 600 25 bid a8 15 heel CO fans 120 36 ag 88.12 do dust 310 28 20 AS -- 89.10 do bro pek | 1000 - 61 bid 21 ? 90. 22 do pekoe 2200 42. 22, : Oita? do sou 810 = 36 23 Rondura .. 92 21 do b o pek 2310 = 60 bid 24 93 18 do pekoe | 1800 45 bid 25 94.10 do peksou 950 36 bid 26 95. 1 do. fans 10030 27 96 1 do : 1hf-ch brotea _ 155 22 bid 28 DBG Ben NYA CA, Ton fans 200 31 29 , 98.1 do dust 150 Hi 20 RX 99 1-do sou" 100 34 31 100. 3 hf-ch dust 20 29 32 BE mep LOL aS ug: bro mix 198 30 33 °102 7 do dust 15821, 27s 31 IP 1903: 925 ich pek sou No.1 2000 40 35 Barnagalla, CK 104. 6 do °- fans 480 44 36 105. 4 hf-ch dust 280 30, 37 Ovoca, AT 106. 28 do broorpek 1540 385 38 107, 17 «ch or pek 1275 = 76 39 108. 13 do pekoe 1300 = 63. 40 109,12 do peksou 1200 51., OBSERVER Lot Box Pkgs. Name Ib, cc. 41 Ratwatte Cocoa Co. 110 22 ch bro pek 2200 = 5B 42 111 15 deo pekoe 1500 46 43 112 12 do pek sou 1140 36 bid! 44 113° «1s de dust 80 26 45 114 «1 hf-ch red leaf 35 sd] 46 Nuseby -- 15 1 do bro pek KO 8B 47 116 17 do = pekoe 850 68 48 Trex -- 117 4 ch Oe 1400 45 49 Kelani - .. 118 44 hf-ch bro pek 2420048 bid 50 119 21 do bro pek A 1155 54 bid 51 120 34 do pekoe 1700 45 52 121 27 do pekoe A 1350 45 53 122 55 do k sou 2475 35 it 123 63 ~«Cdo aro tea 135 2 55 124 6 do bro tea A 20 2 5 125 2 do ‘dust 140 27 57 MP, in estate mark, Ceylon 126 4 do bro pek 224 50 bid 58 127 5 do pekoe 25) 45 59 128 6 do pek sou 270 35 bid 60 129 3 do sou 135 28 bid 61 130 61 «Odo bro pek fans 60 28 62 131 1 do lust 75 6 63 Monrovia .. 182 15 do bro pek 7 G2 64 133 20 ch pekoe 2000 = 40 bid. 65 134 12 hf-ch pek sou 600 38 66 135 4 ch fans 400 7 67 136 2 do k dust 260 26 71 Penrith 140 17 ch ro pek 1700 70 iz 141 19 do pekoe 1520 56 73 142 14 do k sou 1190 42 74 143 do ns 120 28 bid’ 77 CB 146 «6 hf-ch k fans 510 2% 78 HT oO »ro or pek 300 52 79 Gordon »» BOF oh ITO ty 450 «57 80 149 9 do pekoe 675 44 81 1”) 63 do pek sou 225 37 82 151 1 do dust 100 2 83 Ukuwela .. 152 41 do bropek 4100 58 bid 84 153 2 do pekoe 2300 44 bid 85 154 13 do pek sou 1235 8937 dib 86 155 1 do dust 80. 26 87 Ismalle -. 156 G6 hf-ch dust 570 26 88 157 7 do k fans 525 30 89 158 2 ch ro mix 190-25 bid. 90 Kuruwitty .. 159 9% hf-ch bro pek 486 55 bid 91 160 7 do pekoe 350 8648 92 161 18 do peksou 900 93 162 20 do sou 960 34 bid 94 163 15 do unas 750 «36 95 164 7 do bro mix 420 20 bid 96 165 1 do dust 76 26 97 166 1 do ek fans 6 98 Gampolawatte 167 10 ch pro pek 1000-59 bid* 99 168 12 do pekoe 1200 45 100 169 2 do pek sou 200 =—39 101 170 1 do dust 10. oy 102, WG -/171 Shf-ch dust 377 29 103 G 0 ee ee OED ekoe 450 44 104°RV,K. .. 178) 2-0 ro pek 200 45 105 174 1 do pekoe 100 33 bid 106 175 5 do pek sou 500-28 bid CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent). Mincine Lane, November 9th, 1894. Marks and Pe of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing. Lane up to 9th Noy. :— Ex “ Ormuz *_Craig JMK,, 2c 101s; 3c and 99s 6d; 1b- 117s; 1b 86s; 1b 90s; le 87s; Ic and Ri ‘88s; 2t 97 G6ds; 1t 83s 6d; 11 81s; 5 bags $is 6d; 2 bags 84s 6d. Ex “ Port Pirie ”"_OBEC, 2b 101s. Yebnitr, 10¢ and Lt 99s;_ -1t and 1b 118s 6d; 2t 91s; 1 bag 102s. Ex “‘ City of Vienna’ ’—Kondesalle, 4b 92s 6; 1c and 1t 90s:. le 86s; 1c 94s; Ib 988; 1b 87s: 2t Sls 6d; 1 pocket SD 80s.. Noy. 9, 5 p.m. The Produce Markets close ‘quiet steady. Silver closed’ 291. Exchanges 1s 13d. Middling American Cotton closed near 23 per Ib crop~ 9% to 10t aS ‘ -CARDAMOMS. Ex “ Mount abrors 7—L(AA), le-1s 7d. Ex “Oolong "—N, 2¢ 1s 7d; 1¢ 1s 4d. Ex “ Ameer”—Lebanon, 3¢ is 7d. Delpotonoya, le 1s 7d_ Ex ‘“ Thorsten”"—WW,, 3c is 4d : 24 GAS ENGINE PRESS. THA, COFFHEH, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO. 37.] COLOMBO SALES“ OF VHA. Massns. BungnAm & Bremner put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- roo. on Noy. 28th the undermentioned tots of tea (7,614 1b.), which sold as: under :— Lot Box 'Pkes. Name Ibs %e: { Klston, in est. 4 mark se LG 26). ch. pe sou 2340 35 bid 2 ae BR .. 18. 9hi-ch peson 450 az’ 3 20.6 do dust 300 26 4 Babtalealla .. 220104 ch fans 380 27 5 24-12 do red leaf 200 26 6 26 17 do pe sou 1700 dL ie DDN} .. 28122 do bro pek 2244 55 bid Mussrs. A. H. Tompson & Co. put up for sale at the Chainber of Commerce Sale- yvoon. on the 28th Nov., the undermentioned lots of tex (54,763 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Hox Pkés. Nanie lb etc: GoW Lf ly 4 ch bro pek 400 52 2 Zivd do pekoe 400 43 3 3°°8 do pek son S00 Bi) 4 WUemineford.. 5 1box golden tips 5 out 5 j 6 17 hf-ch Dro or pek 70 bid 6 § 33 do bro pek 58 bid 7 1025 chi pekoe 45 bid Ss 11 if do do 45 bid ) J2ra2e dol pek sou 35 bid | Ww if 6 do sou 3L bid ul 15 10hf-ch dust 30 25 Maytield .. 85.9 do bro pek 900 73 bid 5 3728 do pekoe 2330 56 bid 27 38 18 do do 1530 50 bid j 28 39) nvA do pek sou 560 45 bid 29 Sapitiyagodde 41 43° do bro pek 4730 60 bid Bou 19 do or pek 1900 GO bid 80 43 20 do pekoe 2000 49 bid | BL 45 2 do unas : 300 25 | 327 Sr .. 46/13 do dust 650 85 bid | 5: 33 48 2 do pek fans 70 33 84 49 3 do bro orpek 210 47 3h Snidawatte .. “50 28 do bro pek 2800 58 bid | 56 36 52 13 do pekoe 1300 5 41 bid | 37 54 11 do dust 1600 28 38 D H, inestate : mark 1) 5622" ch bro pek 2410 55 bid Damulagolia 58 14 do bro or pek 1400 60 bid 60 12 do or pek 1200 51 bid 62.15 do bro pek (500 48 bid 64 16 do pekoe 1600 40 bid Dickmukalana 66 16 box’ © bro pek 320 65 bid 67 30 do or pek 600 60 bid 69 12 hf-ch «lo 600-58 bid 7149 do pekoe © 450 47 bid 73°15 do pek sow 750 42 75 2 do |, >.dust 100 26 76 3 do congou 150 3 Gi .. ‘77 6hf-ch pe sou 267 3 MY Pee RRS ch. sou 35 34 Date .. Band. do bro tea 360 27 KK os SOuhi& do red leat 250 16 hid mM KKK .. Sl» Lhf-ch, sou 61 18 55 if o» (84. ped, ‘ch pekoe | 100 40 bid 56 85. 6 do red leaf 450 IS bin aT) 86 Ght-eh do 300 17 bia Mr. I. Sonn put up for sale at. the Chamber of Commerce Sale- room on the 28th Nov., the undermentioned lots ten (118,922 1b.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Pkgs. Name Lb can 1 Paithlie © .. 546 ch son 450 39 y : a f6 2 do ~ pe fans 170.85 3 : S57 S hf-ch) dust GOO 27 SH Wh .. 666reb “chi> “pekONo, Lilly AbOgi 87 ” 63 Lhf-ch — pek No. 2 4s 2 Lot > Clk OO of | Overton rQyr Dickapitiya.. 69 Westhall Kotuwagedera 78 Wila Ree SD Allington .. 101 Anchor, in est. mark oo OU Kirkoswald.. 117 BK ao alls) Whyddon .. 121 DE =. 129 R, inestate mark cg alphl K oni K B'L, in est. mark .. 139 N 7 40 Razeen be aleat Hunugalla .. 148 Wewesse. .. 155 Glasgow + LG New Tunis- galla == RLG7 MBH .. did Berndule .. 178 " Wewesse ... 186 Alnoor .. 187 Glanvrhos ~.. 20 Little Valley Cees SRO bo ae Wipe we Sheer i Cow wee mei ry ou 2A ese i PRreR JOL . i Coromso, Ducemser 10th, 1894. te BGEbert 2a COnES caChi 3 (Copier: 30 cents; 6 copies $ rupee. ch do do L hf-ch ch clo ao do 1 hf-ch ch do do i hf-ch do do do do do ch do do clo hi-ch 31 hf-ch ch lo Lhf-ch eh do 7hf-ch ch do Box .Pkgs. Name bro pe pekoe pek sou dust bro mix bro pe pekoe pek son cust bro pek pekoe peksou bro or pe bro pe vekoe pek sow dust red leaf bro pek pekoe pek sou pek No. 2 dish bro tea bro pek pekoe dust sou bro pek pekoe pek sou pek sou tens bro tea pekoe bro pek pekoe pek sou bro tea bro pek pekoe pe sou mixed bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek or pek pekoe bro pek pekoe pe sou dust bro pek pekoe pek sou dust ‘bro or pek bro pek pekoe pek sou dust golden tips bro pe pekoe pek sou ans bro pek pekoe bro pe fans fans pe sou congou bro pe pekoe pe Son bro pe fans bro pe pekoe dust, congzon bro pe ib. 2990 2000 1190 vO 10380 2600 1600 1140 85 3800 1440 630 385 500 600 350 80 5d 5103 2660 2100 ATE 2300 100 980 1320 1210 2960 1620 3500 1470 990 540 190 300 300 200, 100 840 784 3700 100 500 5 1540 850 750 650 2100 2210 1210 860 510 95 1550 1500 960 62 2200 1600 665 L000 1650 Cc. 62 bid 51 42 27 27 60 bid 44 27 26 538 bid 44 bid 37 59 dl 45 37 27 21 74 did 59 49 42 bid Qe bAt 60 bid 52 bid 30 43 57 bid 46, 40 out 18 21 30 60 bid 34 bid 31 82 bid 77 68 bid 66 bid 54 24 2 45 bid 36 bid 33 bid 29 50 bid 58 44 bid 37 ot Ri a0 bid 67 bid 50 bid 45 45 67 {S 51 50 3s 29 ve 63 bid 45 bid 41 40 -5 68 bid 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. ib: Lc; | Lot 96 227 30 ch pekoe 300063 | 75 ‘97 229 8hf-ch pe sou 480 41 "6 98 231 3 do dust ZA0 30 77 99 Blackburn .. 232 20 ch bro pe 2200 56 78 100 234 21 do pekoe 2310 43 79 RAW 101 236 1 do pesou 110 34 80 102 N . 237 12 do pe sou 120038 $1 Polatagama. . 103 Ythanside.. 239 3 do red leaf 270 22 82 Se a 83 Messrs. Fornes & WALKER | oe a put for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- | 36 room on the 28th Noy., the under mentioned lots of | 87 RWA tea (240,684 lb.), which sold as under :— a Lot. Box. Pkg. Name. lb. c: 60 Udagoda 1 Elfindale .. 532 23 hf-ch pek sou 115037 91 Torwood 2 534 20 do bro mix 1000 26 92° 3 536 12 do dust 600 28 93 4 Ambalawa .. 538 28 do bro or pe 1680 59 bid | gg 5 540 12 ch bropek 10380 47 bid | gs 6 542 20 do pek son 1600 40 19% SSS 7 Langdale .. 544 18 do pro pe 2160 =80 bid | 97 8 546 17 do pekoe 1700 60 bid 98 (C, in estate 9 548 3 do pe sou 270 59 mark 10 650 1 do dust 160 35 | on T 11 Drayton .. 552 77 hf-ch bro pek 3465 76 100 12 554 40 ch pekoe 3400 62 101 Liskilleen .. 13 556 7 do sou 630 40 102 14 Weoya .. 558 47hf-ch bro pek 2585 61 bid | 103 15 560 51 do pek 2550 47 104 16 562 26 do pek sou 1170 40 105 MO 17 564. 4 do unassorted 220 35 106 18 Kelaneiya .. 566 24 ch bropek 2040 69 Did | 107 19 568 30 do pekoe 2000 56 108 20 K ) chi pekoe 12 do pek sou 15 do bro pek 15 do pekoe 14 do vro pek 4 do bro tea 3 ch bro tea 2 do bro pek 3 do pekoe ch or pek 2 do or pek 3 do pekoe 13. do sou 15 do red leaf 2s hf-ch bro pek 7 ch bro pek Oht-ch pekvoe 4 do pek sou 13 do dust 26 ch bro pek 25 do pekoe 6 do pek son 2 do pedust ad bro pe fens 5 do dust 24 do bro or pe s4 odo lro pek 35 do pekoe 19 do pek sou Ys ao eLope 23 do pekvoe 24 hfch unas 22 do bro pe 15 ch bro pe 15 do pekoe 5 do pe sou & oa) Noy) Xe 1800 50 1800 2 150 29 200 28 1970 18 bid 500 61 bid 500 50 200 withd’n. 720 71 bid 1050 49 225 41 1500 74 2175 49 450 45 240 31 75 27 3040 53 1920 46 1154 64 1700 bs} 1600 40 1500 69 1620 49 600 38 280 31 100 41 50 30 170 31 2040 TU 2040 md) 3000 50 1250 70 bid 200 80 130 190 -withdn 85 100 60 2520 7L bid 1785 54 1890 46 1200 40 6100 39 1235 35 1870 5O 2160 50 2340 66 4590 46 720 38 400 2+ 1550 ~withd'n. 4675 44 bid 1080 38 1500 52 1365 29 bia 1330 52 400 29 200 28 200 59 246 41 GO GO 200 61 255 > 1300 oT 1350 1 1531 42 bid 420 45 495 31 020 23 975 26 2860 «67 bid 2750 Fi) Coo 46 200 27 200 16 500 be 13820 ont 2040 50 bd 1750 48 950 42 2025 65 2300 ad 1200 45 1100 U4 1480 55 1476 So hid 500 M4 ee Se ee ee oe ee Box Scsn Sv stien St aS UPON wt ube up) tor xyoom on the Lot Box HH 0%) 2 g 22 3 24 “4 26 5 ees 6 Min estate ff mark 30 el a S3REe 38D, in estate ; “mark 24 9 26). 10 988 | 11 40 2 ¢ 42 13 DM, in est. , mark: . Ady, 14 MBH, in est. mark »- AG. he yagi. Tee ie Ue ol CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Drayton AN K Munamal Polatagania Cabrawatte MO Becherton .. RAIL, 'inest. mark P DM, m est. mark Opalgalla .. Rderapolla, O O, in est. mari WY WW" Choughieigh HM x, inest. mart Castlereagh 2 Harangalla 284 286 288 290 292 204 296 298 200 202 206 203 310 512 314 316 318 320 a22 324 226 328 346 348 350 352 354 256 358 360 262 204 366 368 370 272 374 376 378 2&0 382 884 386 388 3007-2 382 Mr. A. M. Gepp sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale }j 5th Dec., the undermentiened lots oi tea (5,578 lb.). which sold as under :— Pkegs. 1 ch 1 do 80 hf-ch 47 ch 4 hf-ch 7 do 1 do L ch 1 do. 3 hf-ch 5 ch 1 hf-ch 60 do call aed NaASCGRRrNw i So Pkes 1 ch 1 hf-ch, v4 ch. 1 do. Namie eae. | Messrs. A. H. Tuompson so. = hy FS eae | put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- ‘dust WOT | room on the 5th Dee., the undermentioned lots of bro pe 3600 76 tea (63,328 lb.), which sold as under :-— pekte 3995 BL | 1 SV, in estate oro pek 200 4G | Lot Box Pkgs. Name lb ¢. pekoe 350 41 | mark 1 1bhf-ch dust 1050 oF sou 50 2s 2 B 1 do fans ww 43 bro tea $1 28 3 4 4 ch ans 400 20 congou 90 25 4 5 % do bro mix 200 Bh fans 225 31 5 Portswood .. 6 12 ch sou 960 53 bro pek 460 51 6 8 S5hf-ch dust 400. 87 | 7 Mayfield Ww 9 ch bro pe 900 70 bid pekoe 362° 80 bid | 8 12 23 do pekoe 2380 0=— «52 bid pe sou 209 =. 26 bid 9 14 is do pekoo 150 52 bid dust 110 23 10 Saidawatte .. 16 28 do wo pek 2300-58 bid congou 45 22 11 18 18 do pekoe 1300 = 45 bid bro pels 2365 = GS 12, Glenalvah .. 20 4 ch bro pek 420 = 45 bid pekoe 3e00 45 |B 224 do. bro pek 600 85 bid pe sou 2050 38 14 24. 8B och pek sou 500 80 bid fans 1595 47 15 % 2 do dust 170 > bro pek 1975 59 | 16 27 4 do bro mix 400-2 bid nek sou 2660 40 bid | 2 AK AC; inest. ro pek 90 «= 70 mark 43 32 do. bro pe 1600 = 70 bid or pe 200 61 23 45115 do pekoe S7ae 48 pekoe 54057 29 47. 4 do dest 3200S BO bro pek sou 96 40 30 AGC .. 48 5;ch ©. pe sowNo.2 450 28 fans 126 48 | 31 50 2. do pe fan 280035 bropek 1500 68 32 51 2 do cdlust 300 pekoe 162048 3: 52 Tbox bro mixed 630 28 pek sow 600 «49 34) XXX »» hy 10) ch bro tea 1100. 21 dust 280-2) 35 Elgin .. 56 G6 do. pek sou by 236 58 3 do dust 420 34 dust 80 25 37 Sapitiyagodde 59 48. do bro pek 473063 bid 38 Vathalana .. 61 35 ch ~ or = 3500-55 bid sou 270.48 39 63 18 do pe 1628 46 unas 30049 40 65 1 do age mix 0 B34 red leaf 70 28 ) 41 E 66 i do dust 100 27 red leaf 450 921 | 42 Mahagodde.. 67 2 ch bro pek 200 «BO dust 372 27 | 43 6S 6 do ; pe dust 252-2 } Lhi-ch pekoe 6038 pekoe 1530045 4h 70 1 ch ~ pek sow 100 | 45 7L 1 do koefan 110 30 pekoe 280-35 46 Court Lodge 72> 7hf-ch pe = 490 = 84 bid pek sou 200 28 47 74, 31 do bro Lséo " ; he hae ee ae ; F é : AN > : -: Sr, y $ . : ‘ THA, COFFEE, CINGHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO. 38.] Cotomgo, December 18th, 1894. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Messrs.. Bennam & BREMNER put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- room on the 5th Dec., the undermentioned lots of tea (5,553 Ib.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Pkgs. 1 Elston, in est. mark a LS ATSORyCD. 2 20° "3 “do 3 22 3hf-ch 4 Sie atich 5 Nagar .. 26°: 5° do 6 28°25 do 7 30 5 hf-ch 8 NA hoy reevan ean ON 9 34. 2 do Messrs. SOMERY Name Ib. ek sow 3240 ro mix 300 dust 210 congou 200 pek sou 455 pekoe 186 bro pek 250 pek sou 200 pekoe 200 ILLE & Co. Cc. 46 bid put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- room on the 5th Dec. tea (90,768lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Pkes. Name lb. 1 Kosgahawella 176 4 hf-ch bro pek 200 Bek 177, 13 do pekoe 650 3 C A—A 178° kr ch or pek fans 840 4 Narangoda 179 11 ch bro pe 1210 5 180 13 do pekoe 1300 6 Carey 181 41 hf-ch bro pek 2050 a 182 16 do pekoe 800 8 183 25 do pe sou 1250 9 184 14 do bro mixed 700 10 185 712. do ek dust 100 11 Deniyaya 186 14 ch ropek 1540 12 187 18 hi-ch pekoe 900 13 188 12 ch pek sou 1140 u4MVN . 189 6 boxes bro pek 40 15 199 8 do pekoe 55 16 191 9 do pek sou 65 17 Neuchatel Cey- lon 7. LOREM ch bro pe 1400 18 193 13 do pekoe 1170 19 194 12 do peksou 1020 20 Natal Ceylon 195 4 do pekoe 360 21 196 4 do pe sou 540 22 197 3 do broken 255 23 198 3 hf-ch pekfans 225 24 Roseneath 199 30 do .brope 1650 25 200 12 ch pekoe 1080 26 1 12 do e sou 1080 27 Forest Hill 2 20 do bro pe 2100 28 3 26 do pekoe 2730 29 4 7 do pe sou 700 Bi) 5 4 hf-ch dust 360 31 GW G98) ‘chi souchong 180 32 net do red leaf 90 33 8 1 do fannings 100 34 9 2hf-ch dust 130 35 A WrelO ip) ch pe sou 490 36 11 2 do pek fans 252 87 Galkadua .. 12 16 do bro pe 1600 38 13 14 do pekoe 1400 39 14 10 do pek sou =: 1000 40 G i MBO de souchong 92 41 California .. 16 4 do 1 hf-ch bro pek 450 42 17-10 ch 1 hf-ch pekoe 1055 43 18 2 ch fannings 200 44 19 1 do bro tea 100 45 20° 1 do bro pe dust 130 46 Mount Pleasant 21 4 hf-ch bro pek 192 47 22°83 do pekoe 41 48 23 #4 do souchong 176 49 24 1 do fannings 44 50 2 1 do congou 45 51 26 1 do red leat 48 52 ‘ 27 1 do dust 58 53 M’Kande 28°98 ch bro pe fans 960 54 Ingeriya .. 29 9 hf-ch bro pe 495 55 30 9 do pekoe 450 56 31 12 do © SOU 576 57 $2 2 do ro mixed 100 the undermentioned lots of 47 bid 53 bid 30 bid 28 25 26 49 bid 38 ‘ Price :—123 cents each; 3 copies. 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. t Lot Box Pkgs. 58 Diyagama 83502; ch 1 hi-ch 59 S44 i; ch 60 35 44 do 61 36. July do 1 box 62 3c ely OO: 63 38 1 do 64 Beverley 39 23 hf-ch 65 Galamuna 40 5 ch 66 41 (5\-ido 67 42 3 hf-ch 68 M 43. 1 box 69 Ukuwela 44° 26 ch 70 45 14 do a 46 12 do 72 Rondura 47 21 do 73 48 18 do 74 49 19 do 75 DAL 50 18 hf-ch 76 Inchstelly 51 10 ch 1 hf-ch 77 52, 2 ch 4 hf-ch 783 ARA 58 °8 ch 79 Benveula 54 14 do 80 5517 do st 56 6 do 82 57, 2 do 83 58 ..2 do 81 KG 59 3 do 85 Labugama 60 17 hf-ch 86 61 16 ch 87 62 14 do 88 63 3 do 89 S 64 8 ch 90 Harangalla 65 63 do 91 66 51 do 92 67 12 do 93 T, in estate mark 68 10 do 94 69 8 do 95 70 11 do 96 Wi tt do 97 725946 do, 98 73 4 do 99 74 1 do 160 (mals do 101 RV EK {ome do 102 iit do 105 Silver Valley.. 80 5 do 106 81 4 do 107 82 2 do 108 83 1 do 109 84 1 do 110 85 1 do 111 AS 86 22 ch 112. Monrovia 87 20 do 113 M P, in est. Ceylon 8S 4hf-ch 114 89 6 do 115.4 99 3 do 116 Ismalle 91 2 ch Name lb. bro pe 150 bro pe No. 2100 pekoe 400 pek sou 110 fannings 27 dust 38 pek dust 1495 bro pek 525 pek sou 500 dust 285 gélden tips 7 bro pe 2600 pekoe 1400 e sou 1140 bro pe 2310 pekoe 1800 pe sou 950 unassorted 898 pexoe 1440 pe son 320 pe fans 960 bro pe 1400 pekoe 1700 pe sow 600 unassorted 200 bro mixed 200 pe ‘sou 330 bro pe 935 pekoe 1440 pe sou 1260 fannings - 306 bro tea 8380 bro pek 6300 pekoe 4080 pek sou 960 bro pek 1000 ekoe 760 pek sou 990 sou 595 unas 600 bio mixed 420 fann 125 dust 145 pekoe 100 pek sou 500 bro pek 230 pekoe 192 pek sou 96 congou 43 fannings 49 bro tea 48 pekoe 2200 pekoe 2000 bro pek 224 pek sou 270 sou 135 190 bro mix Mr. E. Joy. 48 bid 43 put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- room.on the 5th Dec., tea 1 4) NO Ore Cok (93,900 1b.), GB .. 240 14 ch sou 1260 242 S hf-ch fans 720 PTE .. Bs *S'ich dust 360 St. Catherine 245 25 hf-ch bro pek 1500 247 17 do pekoe $50 249 11 do pek sou 495 251 2 do pek fans 140 Ottery & Stam- ford Hill 252 22 ch bro pek 2200 254 15 do orange pek 1275 256 38 do pekoe 3420 258 1 do dust 144 Great Valley.. 259 64 hf-ch bro pek 3840 261 35 ch pekoe 3500 263 25 do pek sou 2375 265 2 do sou 200 266 5 hf-ch dust 425 the undermentioned lots of which sold as under :— 45 bid 2 Lot Box 17° Mocha . 267 18 269 19 271 20 Glentile 273 ‘21 275 22 FEadella 277 23 279 24 281 25 283 26 Gonavy . 285 27 287 28 289 29° 301 30 302 31 Ardlaw and Wishford .. 303 32 305 33 307 34 A in estate mark 309 35 311 36 HS in estate mark 312 37 313 38 314 39 Whyddon 315 40 Cin estate mark ox OL? 41 ST .. 318 42 Tamaravelly 319 43 Agra Ouvah.. 320 44 322 45 324 46 Patulpana .. 326 47 327 48 328 49 329 50 CN 330 51 Wewesse 332 62 334 53 336 54 338 55 Yahalakelle.. 339 56 341 57 343 58 345 59 Lenawatte .. 357 60 349 61 350 66 Templestowe.. 17 67 19 68 M—BH 21 69 Gonavy 22 70 24 71 Madooltenne.. 26 72 28 73 30 Lot. Box. 1 Woodthorp.. 92 2 93 3 94 4 95 5 96 6 97 7 Depedene 98 8 99 9 100 10 101 il 102 12 103 17 RA 103 18 Kelani 109 19 110 20 Mousagalla.. 111 21 112 22 113 23 S ( 114 24 115 25 Wewelmedde 116 26 Pantiya 117 27 SY 118 28 118 29 119 -30 119 Pkgs. ch CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Name. |b. bro pek 3410 pekoe 2700 k sou 1530 bro pek 2940 k sou 2400 bro pek 2000 pekoe 1440 pek sou 1120 fans 1440 bro pek 3584 pekoe 1144 pek sou 810 pek fans 146 dust 180 or pek 800 broorpek 2310 pekoe 1520 unas 540 dust 300 sou 400 red leaf 350 dust 360 bro pek 1320 pek sou 180 pek sou 162 red leaf 500 bro or pek = 4420 or pek 3780 pekoe 2880 br or pek 150 »ek sou 300 bro pek 100 sou 40 bro tea 735 bro pek 1045 pekoe 990 pek sou 990 dust 270 bro pek 2100 pek 1080 ek sou 960 ro tea 1360 bro pek 450 pekoe 400 pek sou 250 or pekoe Bi ekoe 2340 ro pekoe 300 pekoe 2080 pek sou 1440 bro pekoe 1400 pekoe 1600 pekoe 1300 Messrs. SoMERVILLE & Co. put for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- room on the 12th Dec., the undermentioned lots of tea (135,488 lb.), which sold under :— Pkgs. Name. lb. bro pek 300 pekoe 490 pek sou 560 sou 60 dust 63 bro pek No, 2 10 bro or pek 1375 bro pek 1750 pekoe 1650 pek sou 1300 red leaf 165 dust 160 bro pek 2310 bro pek 2255 pek sou 2295 bro pek 2420 pekoe 1400 dust 115 dust 240 bro tea . 100 dust 388 - dust 260 bro pek 4056 bro pek 3952 pekoe — 2574 pekoe 2486 bid bid bid bid 5 bid Lot Box Pkgs. 31 120 44 ch 82 121 6 do 33 122 2 do 34 123 3 do 2 do 35 Naseby -. 124 9 hf-ch 36 125 138 do 37 A - 13 8 de 38 127 1 do 39 Hatton 128 1 do 40 129 1 do 41 HJS 130 10 do 42 131 13 do 43 132 17 do 44 Hopewell 133 18 do 45 134 16 do 46 135 13 do 47 Glenalla 136 10 ch 48 137 21 do 49 138 17 do 50 139 11 do 51 WG 140 8 do 52 WF 141 6 do 1 hf-ch 53 CB 142 1 do 54 148 1 do 55 144 1 ch 1 hf-ch 56 Ukuwela 145 26 ch 57 146 15 do 53 147 12 do 59 148 «1 hf-ch 62 SLG 151 7 do 63 152 3 do 4 153 2 do 65 154 2 do 66 155. .2 do 72 G .. 3651..6 ch 73 Trex 162 15 do 77 DBG 166 10 do 78 167 6 do 79 RX 168 1 do 80 169 3 hf-ch 81 Hatdowa I70 14 ch 82 171 4% do 83 172 23 do 84 173 1 do 85 174 1 do 86 Sirisanda 1758 hf-ch 87 176 13 do 88 177 2% do 89 178 4 do 909 JS 179 1 ch 91 180 1 do 92 181 1 do 93 DG 182 3 do 1 hf-ch 94 183 3 ch 3 hf-ch 95 184 1 do 96 185 1 do 97 Carney 19% 41 ch 98 TK 187 1 do 99 18s 5 do 100 189 6 hf-ch 101 California 190 10 ch 1 hf-ch 102 GLA 191 28 do 103 W 192 2 ch 164 193 3 do 1 hf-ch 10 WG 194 5 do 106 Deniya 195 14 ch 107 LL 196 28 hf-ch 108 Penrith 197 ch 169 198 16 do 110 199 10 do 111 200 1 do 112 Polgahakandal. 25 ch 113 2 25 do 114 3 19 do 115 Au de 1146 L BK in estatemark 5 12 do 117 6 3 do 118 Z.«.5 da 119 Peria Kande- kettie 8 33 do 120 9 8 do 121 10 24 do 122 11 5hf-ch 123 Bollagalla 12 37 do Name lb. pek sou 3872 sou 492 red leaf 302 bro pek fans 393 k fams 262 ro pek 450 650 ro tea 100 dust 80 bro tea 50 dust 80 bro pek 500 pekoe 650 pek sou 350 or pek 780 pekoe 960 k sou 715 roorpek 1100 or pek 2100 pekoe 1700 ek sou 1100 ro pek pek sou 590 koe sou 40 ro tea 71 k dust 213 ro pek 2600 pekoe 1500 es sou 1140 ust 80 sou 315 congou 145 con No, 2 110 fans 150 dust 200 bro pek 530 bro pek 1500 bro mix 950 fans 600 sou 100 dust 270 bro pek 1400 pekoe 2040 pek sou 1840 dust 112 red leaf 70 bro pek 480 ekoe 650 pek sou 1000 unas 200 congou 112 bro mix 108 dust 163 bro pek 345 ekoe 435 ro mix 7 dust 86 bro pek 2050 pekye 100 ro tea 300 bro tea 300 pekoe 1055 bro pe 1680 pe 200 dust 445 dust 372 bro pe 1540 pro pe 1400 bro pe 1680 pekoe 1280 pe sou 850 dust 160 bro pe 2500 pekoe 2250 pe sou 1710 dust 280 sou 1200 red leaf 300 fannings 550 bro pe (bul.) 4125 pe bul.) 920 sou (bul.) 2770 © 250 ro mix bro pe 2035 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Pkgs. Name bil xe. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 124 13)-125 ch pekoe 1080 44 74 540 lch fans 384 125 14 12 do e Sou 1030-36 75 Bap don duse 88 126 3 15 1 do bro mix 99 21 76 Melroce .. 544 16 ch brope 1600 127 Kuruwitty 16 6hf-ch bro pe 324 60 bid "7 546 13 do pekoe 1235 128 17 4 do pekoe 200 «47 78 548 16 do pe sou 1520 129 18 6 ch pesou 588 40 79 650 14hf-ch bropefan 910 130 19 7 do souchong 672 36 80 652° 5 ch sou 475 131 20 3hf-ch unassorted 150 39 81 Rambodde .. 554 S3hf-ch congou 135 132 21 10 do bro mix 560 28 82 556 1 do fans 65 133 22 1 do congou 44 28 83 558 1 do dust 85 134 23 1 do dust 72 26 84 560 2 do pe dust 120 85 Talgaswela .. 562 15 oR pro pe 1425 yn G 86 564 13 do pekoe 1170 Messrs. Forses & WALKER 87 56610.2d0.". pe Sou 900 put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- | 88 Elamana_ .. 568 5 do brope 500 room on the 12th Dec., the undermentioned lots of 3 Patiagama .. pa % oe pte oe pe 250 ; ay 7 2 : 2 tea (245,971 lb.), which sold as under :— oT B74 18 uo nékoe 1800 92 576 2 do pe sou 200 Lot Box Pkgs. Name Ib. ec. aa rested doth “dust 760 1 RAH, in estate 94 Palmerston.. 580 16hf-ch bro pe 888 mark Teo ke Le Ch: dust 101 28 95 582 16 ch pekoe 1490 2 Avoca -. 396 3hf-ch pesou 165 66 96 684. 8 do peksou 720 3 398 5 do dust 300 58 97 586 2 do dust 160 4 Kirindi -. 400 16 do bro ps 800 74 100 MAH Soy EA ay congou 300 5 402 8 do do No 2 400 57 bid 101 M .. 594 4hf-ch dust 450 6 404 16 ch pekoe 1120 50 102 Iddagodde.. 596 2 ch dust 260 7 406 21 do pe sou 1470 41 103 Midlands .. 598 4hf-ch fans 300 8 408 3 do sou 180 33 184 600 1 do sou 90 9 410 2hf-ch dust 150 27 105 Hethersett.. 602 19 do or pe 874 10 412 1 do red leaf 47 23 116 604 16 do bro or pe 1016 11 Geragama .. 414 14 do bro pe 700 74 107 606 25 do bro pe 1450 12 416 6 do °* do No.2 300 58 bid 108 608 13 ch pekoe 1170 13 413 14 ch pekoe 980 49 bid 109 610 7 do pe sow 539 14 420 16 do pesou 1120 41 110 612 2 do pe fan 180 15 422 2 do sou 120 37 Ht DE .. 6145052" do dust 260 16 424 lhf-ch dust 75 30 112 Kelaneiya 616 26 do bro pek 2210 ii 426 1 ch red leaf 68 23 113 618 18 do pekoe 1800 18 Weoya .. 428 46hi-ch bro pe 2530 «63 114 620 3 do dust 345 19 430 57 do pekoe 2850 42 115 622 4 do sou 400 20 432 30 do pe sou 1350 33 116 Fred’sRuhe 624 43hf-ch bro pek 2580 21 434 22 do bro pe fan 1320 42 117 626 16 ch 22 436 7 do pe dust 455 29 lhf-ch pekoe 1600 23 Kakiriskande 438 13 do brope 75) (64 118 628 8 ch 24 440 19 do pekoe 950 45 lhf-ch pesou 860 25 442 10 do pe sou 500 37 119 630 9 ch 26 444 1 do bro mix 57 28 lhf-ch pekoe 1010 | 446 2 do dust 1359e0g 28 120 6320 et ich bro mix 100 28 448 1 do congou 5827 121 SO 634 35 box _pekoe 175 29 Goraka +» 450.23) do bro pe 300 63 122 G 6386 3 ch sou 270 30 452. 3 do pekoe 300 46 123 638 7hf-ch pe dust 455 31 454 3 do e sou 300 33 124 640 1 ch dust 150 32 Chesterford.. 456 22 ch ro pe 2200 65 125 Tonacombe 642 12 do pe sou 1199 33 458 17 do pekoe 1700 44 126 NP 644 Lhf-ch bro mix 45 34 460 18 do pe sow 1800 38 127 646 6 do pe fan 420 37 Sayathu ne 1466 wi3..ch bro or pe 382 50 128 Sembawatte 648 21 ch bro pe 2100 38 468 1 do pe sou 100 39337 129 650 15 do pekoe 1350 39 470 2 do orpefans 274 33 130 652 20 do pe sou 1700 40 472 1 do sou 107 29 131 654 1 do bro tea 100 Al 474. 2 do dus 290 35 132 656 5 do dust 650 42 Essex -- 476 8 do bro mix 896 26 133 SSS 5a whith Bl CW bro pe 315 43 478 4 do dust 640 29 134 660 3 do pekoe 300 44 Y : -. 480 8hf-ch dust 480 30 135 662 S do bro pe fan 1120 45 Rockside .. 482 12 ch pekoe 1200 56 136 664 1 de bro tea 185 46 484 13 do pe sou 1300 48 137 666 6 do dust 1068 47 486 13 do ro mix 1300 38 138 668 2 do red leaf 196 “43 488 10 do dust 1600 3t 112 VO a eeOsan Onc dust 720 49 Gallawatte.. 490 8hf-ch brope 150 41 bid 143 678 6 do bro tea 660 50 492 4 do yekoe 200 37 144 AP K 22 W680. 74 “do dust 560 51 IKB .. 494 1 ch vo mix 112 20 145 C, inest. 52 Kosgalla .. 496 9hf-ch brope 491 60 mark .. 682 € do bro tea 400 53 493 8 do pekoe 405 43 146 _L, in estate 54 500 9 do pesou 459 39 mark -. 684 4 do bro tea 500 65 502. 1 do dust 70 28 147 Koladenia .. 686 1 do bro tea 126 56 Dunkeld -» 6504 23 ch bro pe 2415 66 bid 148 Ingurugalli 688 7 do pe sou 630 57 506 25hf-ch or pek 1250 61 bid 149 690 9 do bro tea 1080 58 508 15 ch pekoe 1500 53 150 Kirrimettin 692 6 do bro mix 600 59 DKD AOL) 5 Lai: pe sou 100 40 161 694. 2 do fan 215 60 512. 6 do _ pe fans 960 28 152 696 1 do bro pe dust 153 “Ol 514 2 do red leat 174 30 158 KC -. 608°°5 do pekoe 425 62 516 1Whtf-ch unas 1495 49 154 700 1 do red leaf 85 63 Amblangoda 518 4 ch bro pe 440 62 155 702. 4 do dust 520 64 520 3 do pekoe 830 45 156 Clunes .. 704 55 do vyekoe 4675 65 522 8 do pesou 300 40 157 Augusta .. 706 16hf-ch bro pe S00 66 524. 2hf-ch dust 160 2 158 70S S do do No, 2 400 67 Ederapolla .. 526 57 do bro pe 2850 48bid | 159 710 17 ch pekoe 1190 68 528 28° ch pdkoe 2380 43 bid 160 w J7IS'S1)- do pe sou 1470 69 , 530 39 do pe pou 2025 86 161 714 $ do sou 180 70 Farnham .. 582 17 hf-ch ro pe 918 62 162 716 «2hf-ch dust 150 71 534 18 do or pe 810 65 163 718 1 ch red leaf 77 72 536 27 do pekoe 1133 48 164 Manangoda 720 15 do pekoe 1470 73 588 15 do pesou 570 = 40 165 Essex .. 722 19 do redleof 1710 PRODUCE SALES LIST. CEYLON Box Pkes. Name lb. 2 Lot Box Pkgs. Name Ib ec. Stisted 724 3ihf-ch brope 1705 70 a a oe bi St, ae . 726, 32 do pekoe 1600 50 279 Knavesmire! 950 19 do 1900 6 728 9 do pesou 450 42 250 988 35 do pe > i : 730 2 ch gon; 100 38 oa of 30 pekoo — o 4 732 2 do dust 120 38 ma och x do. Giese ih Biot 734 4 do congonu 360 28 zs Clunes 58 6 do e sou 540 36 mark 736 8 do pedust 800 2% es eo i 2 Hakurugalla ib wy eB ro pe 1900 55 bid | 56 Grarie 964 5 do maken 450 30 4 G) ; = F 287 966 5 do sou 510 27 lhf-ch pekoe 715 43 bid | ; Oe ee ee ee aos ashtch rote 1105 | er ee ann aa 200 JHS 972 16 ch or 1609 4 bid 748 2 ch 291 974 20 do pekoe 1900 50 1 hf-ch sou 230 86 eo O78' 18) ao a) io Diyagama .. 750 26 ch pe sou 2080 54 _ 16! 3 es on ap . ° 1 Name. pekce pe sou bro mix dust red leaf bro pe pekoe pe sou pe sou fans iro tea bro pe or pe pekoe sou dust bro or pe bro pe pe sou dust pe fans pe dust bro tea bro pe pekoe pe sou bro pe pekoe pe sou bro pe pekoe pe sou pe Tans bro pe or pe pekoe pe sou or pe dust do bro pe pekoe pe sou fans bro pe bro pe pekoe bro pe pekoe pe sou dust bro mix bro pe pekoe pe sou Tans bro or pe pekoe dust bro pek pekoe pek sou dust bro pek pek sou bro mix bro pek vekoe pek sou bro pek dust pe dust CONLOU bro pek hro pe or pekoe pekoe pe son sou dust bro pe pekoe aust teu peak) 1L9S0 moo 1200 AOO 1200 E TR wit Ve St 2 He did bid bid bid hid bid bid bid bid bid bic hid bid hid 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Eox Pkgs. Name lb. ¢. | Lot Box Pkgs. Name Ibe. 83 Orwell 175) 2 ch congou 200 42 86 M, in estate 84 176 1 do bro mix 100-27 mark - 180 3 ch bro tea a0 85 Dartry 177 «+5 do bro tea 450 33 87 152 9 do dust. 1170 2s 86 Logan 178 22 do bro pek 2200 62 88 Sembawatte 154 30 do bro pe 3000 is 87 180 23 do pekoe 2070 «= 44 bid | 89 156 16 do pekoe 16204 88 182 20 do pek seu 1700 38 90 158 30 do pesou 27004 89 184 ¢dhi-cn dust 280 «28 i) a) -- 160 8 de fans 602=C 17 45 = 162 2 ae sae, 190 = : »- 106 2 do ro tea 170 uu Messrs. Forsrs & WALKER 4% MC .- 166 6 ch dustNo.1 750 31 put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- | 95 168 26 do o 4 2 8669 3H room on the 19th Dee., the undermentioned lots of eS Ingurugalla. . = . re pe ae fo 48 A . ee 97 Oo bso 240 87 a (268,439 lb.), which ae as under : 9% BDV 14 AG Ol, Me 2100 = ot Box Pkgs. Name ib; °c: 99 176 20 do fan 2755 34 1 Dangkande.. 980 4hf-ch dust 360 28 100 6D -- 178 6 do bro tea 630 3K 2 982 1 do bro mix 50 20 101 180 1 do red leaf 100 oy 3 Newangama- 102 Lunugalla .. 182 2hf-ch red Jeaf 1m 6 na .. 984 6 ch bro pek 600 BL 103 Kirrimettia 184 3 ch bro mix 300 ay 4 986 7 do pekoe 700 46 184 RA, in estate 5 988. 8 do pek sou 72000 47 mark -- 186 16 do broorpe 160) %s 6 999 1 do dust 107 33 105 188 15 do orpek 1365 Pr) 7 Deanstone .. 992 Shf-ch pek sou 135 40) 116 Lyegrove .. 190 19 ch bro pek 2090 2 8 994 2 do dust 10 38 107 192 5 do pekoe 50048 13 Caskieben .. 4 51 ch flow pek 5100 = 63 bid | 108 194 2 do pesou 200 «8643 14 6 38 do pekoe 3800 48 bid | 109 CRD -- 100 €° ch dust 420 28 15 8 3 do unas 300-42 ) 110 198 3 do red leaf 300 ww 16 10 2 do pe fars 260 «(OB | 111 Brunswick.. 200 14 do unas 140046 17 Nugagalla .. 12 17hf-ch bro pe ©8500 7 112 202 3 do _ pe fan 390 18 14 42 do pekoe 210056 113 RAH, inest, 19 ‘*- ALG® °G> do’ pesou 300 43 inark -» 204 2 do dust 25 636 20 18 2 do dust 160 30 | 114 Middleton -. 206 14hf-ch bro pe 910 71 21 4H, in estate 115 208 30 do or pe 1500 rt) mark -- 20 10 ch bro pe 1100054 116 210 10 ch pekNo.1l 950 7 22 22 5 do pekoe 525 «48 117 212 9 do do No.2 900 4% 23 24 4 do e sou 400 40 118 214 5 do ns sou 500 +t) 24 26 Lhf-ch dust 6028 119 M .. 216 4hf-ch bro pe 26008 25 Matale -- 28 29 ch brope 310) 60 bid | 120 28 #7 do orpe 350 =| «9 26 30 16 do pekoe 160047 121 220 4 do pt No.1 200 58 27 82 35 do pekoe 3325 47 122 222 5 do do No.2 275 Se 28 34 2hf-ch dust 170 28 1233 MW -» 22ers ch pe sou 270 % 29 SK -- 86 16 do broorpe 960 76,bid | 124 226 2 do dust 23000 30 28 14 do or pek 742 85 125 DL -- 228 1 do unas 79 2 31 40 15 do pekoe 750 77 126 KG .. 230 Ilhf-ch unas 2 43 32 42 14 do pekoe 655 U6 127 Radella .. 282 51 ch brope 510075 33 44 2 do pesou 100 60 128 234 27 de pekoe 243002 34 46 2 do pe fans 140 61 129 236 19 do pesou 1710057 35 48 1 do dust 85 38 130 238 #2 do dust 260 32 36 Langdale .. 50 25 ch bro pe 3000 85 131 A «. 240.5 do bro pe 545 44 37 52 27 do pekoe 270067 132 242 3 do pekoe 300-46 38 54 6 do pesou 540 56 133 244 1 do pesou 99 «30 39 56 1 do pe fan 120 58 134 246 «5 ch fans 550) 30 40 68 2 do «ust 320 38 135 248 «S8hf-ch dust mo 7 41 Bismark .. 60 17 do _ bro pe 1700) 67 136 250 2 do congou 140 28 42 62 65hf-ch pekoe 3250 50 137 O ve Serie ch bro pe 8B 8640 43 64 25 do pesou 1250 46 138 254 4hf-ch pekoe 2002-35 44 66 1 do sou 55 3 139 256 2 ch sou 135 20 45 68 4 do dust 320 32 140 258 2 do fans 224 28 46 Harrington... 70 16 do flow pe 720) ~ 72 141 260 8 do _ red leaf 7200 36 47 72 13 ch bro or pe 1430 6S 112 262 Thf-ch dust 601 25 48 74 12 do pekoe 1080 65 143 5S .. 264 2 do pekoe 162 ¥ 49 76 4 do pe sou 360 49 144 266 2 do sou 129 3 60 7@ 2 do dust 300 27 145 268 2 do fans 127 zy 57 ~Veralupitiya 92 11 ch brope 1100, 7k 146 270 5 do dust 619 5 58 94 9 do pekoe 810» 48 147 Dunbar... 272 30 do broorpe 1500 73 59 96 7 do peksou 630 41 148 274 32 do bro pek 16005 60 Atherfield .. 98 27hf-ch sou 135¢ 46 149 276 18 ch pekoe 1620 52 61 100 7 do e dust 42 37 150 278 17 do 50u 1530 d 62 102 4 do ust 320 28 | 151 280 2 do ans 2400 0635 63 104 9 do bro mix 450 95 | 152 282 1 do congou 90 33 64 Ascot - 106 23 do bro pek 2300 67 . {| 153 284. 1 do dust 130. 3 65 108 29 do pekoe 2900 49 154 Irveby o- 28642 ch bro pe 1320 79 66 110 1 do congou 100 36 155 288 22 do or pe 2200 = 61 67 112 3 de dust 450 25 156 290 16 do pekoe 1600 5S 68 St. Heliers .. 114 17hf-ch broor pe 935 65 157 292 12 do pesou 1200-46 69 116 14 ch pekoe 1400 54 158 Galawatte.. 294 3hf-ch bro pe 1500 46 70 118 12 do pesou 1200 42 159 SK .. 296 16 do broorpe 960 76 )id 7 120 2 do bulk 212 19 160 Hethersett... 298 19 do do 1216085 72 122 2 do dust 160 28 161 Denmark ; 73 Stafford - .. 124 3 do Iwo pek 315 70 Hill -.. 800 11 do do 640 0 SS 74 126 3 do pekoe 270 57 162 Hakurugalla 302 19 ch bro pe 1900 St i) 128 2 do e sou WO 9 45 163 ; 304. 7 do 76 Queensland.. 180 22 do ow pek 2200 6k : lhf-ch pekoe 75 45 77 132 16 ch pekoe 1600 50 164 A .- 806 1 do bro pe 38 45 78 134 8 do unas $00 40 165 GPM, inest. 79 136 2 do pe fans 260 23 mark co SUS Maeva bro. or pe 429-90 80 Meddetenne 138 1 do congou 95 29 166 310 6 do orpe 3600031 81 140 2 do red leaf 190 19) a4 167 312 12 do pekoe 696 78 82 MO -» 142 1 ch bro pe 90 58 | 168 314 12 do do No.2 696 6s 83 144. 1 do or pe 100-59 | 169 316 9 do sou 495 iN 84 146 1 do pekoe 90 45 170 318 4 do pe fans 360 30 85 148 1 do bro pe sou 96 37 171 Nahaveena 320 52 j do brope 2600 @ CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Pkgs. 172 322 24 ch 172 324 70 do 174 326 26 do 175 CRF ohh CG) 176 330 1 do 177 “Dunkeld 332) (23° ch 178 334 25 hf-ch 179 JHS, estate mark ecoOy LG Ch 180 Pedro 338 18 ch 181 340 2 do 182 342 15 do 182 344 13 d 187 Maha Uva 352 73 hf-ch 188 354 21 ch 189 356 12 do 190 358 2hf-ch 191 Clydesdale 360 50 ¢ 192 362 15 do 193 364 3 do 194 366 1 do 195 IXoorooloo- galla 368 18 do 196 370 10 do 197 372 4 do 198 Gallawatte 374 6}-ch 199 Gleneagles 376 1 do 200 (Seek (ch 201 Aberdeen 380 24 hf-ch 202 382 34 do 203 Minnawatta Kelle . 884 13 ch 204 SO .. 386 35 box 204 Lowlands .. 388 5 ch 206 Palmerston., 390 11 hf-ch 207 392 13 ch 208 394. 7 do 209 Tonacombe 396 12 do 210 Andradeniya 398 6 do 21 400 5 do 212 402 3 hf-ch 213 404 1 do 214 CH 406 8 ch 215 Munamal 408 6 do 216 410 4 do 217 412-2) do 218 414 2 do 219 416 1hf-ch 220 AN K 418 5 do 221 420 8 do 222 422 3 ch 223 424 2hf-ch 224 Kirrimettia 426 12 do 225 28 14 ch 1 hf-ch 226 430 1 do 227 432 4 do 228 434 4 do 229 436 2 ch 230 Glencores 438 15 box 231 440 13 ch 232, 442 9 do 233 444 13 do 234 446. «1 «odo 235 448 1 do 236 KL «. 450°°13 “do 237 Manangoda 452 6 do 238 454 6 do 239 456 3 do 240 458 1 do Ae 460 6 hf-ch 242 462 1 do 243 «O .. 464 3 ch 244 Polatagami 466 39 hf-ch 245 468 44 do 246 470 31 do DAT 472 14 do 248 474 7 do 252 Ellekande.. 482 66 do 258 484 59 do 254 486 33 ch 255 488 26 do 256 490 5 do 257 492 3 hf-ch 258 Thornfield .. 494 21 do 259 4956 9 do 260 498 14 ch 201 BDWA 50) 2hf-ch 262 502 2 do 268 BDW.G Ot 2 do 244 AD 05.0 SC do 265 0S 1 ch Name pekoe do No, 2 pe sou dust congou bro pe or pe or pe bro or pe pekoe pekoe pe sou bro pe pekoe pesou dust bro pe pekoe pe sou dust bro pe BekAe pe sou pe sou dust fans bro or pe bro pe bro pe eee pekoe bro pe pekoe pe sou pe sou bro pe pekoe pe sou dust sou bro pe pekoe e sou dust congou bro pe ams bro tea dust bro pe pekoe bro pe dust fans bro mix dust bro or pe bro pe pekoe pe sou dust pe fans pekoe bro pe pekoe pe sou fans bro pe pekoe dust bro pe pekoe pe sou fans dust bro pe pekoe pe sou sou red leaf clust bro pe or pe pekoe fannings dust dust 250 300 1300 720 1105 150 110 1235 600 600 315 101 300 2310 1sv bro ten Nol 260 do No 2 50 53 bid 33 Lot Box Pkgs. 266 21024 ch 267 512 2 do 268 Dea Ella 514 3hf-ch 269 Serubs 5167 «ch 270 518 17 do 271 520 24 do 272 522 8 do 273 524 5 do 274 MC 526 11 do 275 528 10 do 276 NWD 530' 2, do 277 532 3 do 278 534 2 do 279 WHR 536 11 do 28 533 8 do 281 540 3 do 282 542 8 do 288 EH 544 12 do 284 546 8 do 385 548 15 do 286 5 3 do 287 5 do 288 Chesterford 24 do 289 17 do 290 17 do 291 Clunes 18 hf-ch 292, 26 ch 293 Chines (Erra- cht Division) 564 28 hf-ch | 94 566 48 ch 299 568 6 do Name bro tea red leaf dust bro or pe bro pe pekoe pe sou dust bro or pe pekoe pe sou dust bro or pe bro pe pekoe pe son dust bro pe pekoe pek sou bro pe pekoe bro pe pekoe pe sou Messrs . SOMERVILLE & Co. 28 76 bid 69 bid put for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- yoom on the 19th Dec., the undermentioned lots of tea (128,958 lb.), which sold under :— | Lot Box J Hapugasmulle 31 3G) 29 it 32 3 Bt id 34 5) 35 6 56 % Bilandhw =. 37 8 38 9 Citrus deeb it) | 10 40 | 11 41 12 42 | 13 45 14 Lyndhurst .. 44 15 45 16 46 17 47 18 48 19 49 20 IxXananka .. 50 21 51 23 53 24 o4 25 5d 26 B 56 27 57 | 2S 58 } 20° 0S we De 30 60 31 Malvern Nor OL 32 62 333 6S | 34 O4 | 35 Maligatenne — 65 36 66 37 O7 3S 6S 39 oo | 43 C A in estate mark eres 44 Alutkelle . 74 45 75 46 76 } 47 77 } 48 78 49 LPG 79 50 Moragilla . SO } 51 Sl 52 ) | 53 =: Pkgs. 12) ch 5 do 10 do 1 do 1 do 1 do 17 do 23 do 9 hf-ch 10 ch 3 do 4 do 1 do 1 hf-ch 10 ch 19 do 9 do 1 do 1 do 2 hf-ch 17 ch 38 do 37 «do 30 do 5 do 24 do 3 do S$ do t «lo 2 do 1 do 10 do 22 hf-ch 20 do 3. do 5 do & do 5 do 15 do 5 do 1 do 40 do 7 do 11 do s do 2 do 2 boxes 2 ch 5 do 5 do 8 do 3 do Name bro pek pekoe pek sou sou, fans pek dust bro pek pekoe bro pek pekoe pek sou fans pek dust bro pek pekoe pek sou sou bro tea dust bro pek pekoe ” pek sou sou pek fans bro tea bro pek pekoe pek sou pek sou sou bro pek pekoe pek sou tans bro pek pekve pek sou bro tea dust pek sou bro pek pekoe pek sou red leaf volden tips red leaf bro pek pekoe pek sou tans = hid 43 bid 5 ed OSS oe Ee eee ee E . 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. os +E hemes mn fii 0 — “= ret Lot. Box. Pkgs.. Name. Seer a, Box Pkgs. Name a 54 Ukuwela .. 84 22° ch bro pek 22000 OO 146 176 4 ch pek sou 400 By i 85 14 do pekoe 1400, 47 0 «| iz 3 do sou 235 Be 56 86 12 do ek sou 114044 / Ts 'K 8 3 do funs 3600031 5¢ California .. 87 4 do bro pek 400 iL | 49 TK 179 6 do brotea 3000 53 88 5 do koe 50040 | 154 Vincit 184 5 do bro pe 0. Ow 59 89 1 do fans 100-30 | 16 185 5 do — pekoe 50043 60 Ragalla .. 90 6hf-ch fans 480: 28 / 156 186 7 do pe son 7004 7 91 2 do dust 130 Ys ieee 187 Lhf-ch. dust 75 62, Woodlands .. 92 12 ch bro pek 132068 | 158 Kananka 188 11 ch brope 12105 63 93 10 do pekoe 100054 |, 150 189 39 do pekoe 388640 (4 94 7 do peksou 665s | 160 190 16 do pe sou 1440 4 GA on et do red leat 95 28 | 161 191 3 do sou 285 36 66 96 1hf-ch dust 85 | 162 192 8 do pe fans 928 88 67 IP .. 97 27 ch ' pekNo.2 2160 44 |, 108. 5 193 2 do dunt 3120 27 68 98 36 do pek sou 700 «4d 175 Caranden 5 1 do pe dust 980-85 6o BE -. 99 3hf-ch bro mix 231 32 | ———— 70 100 6 do dust 474 oS Mr. A. M. Gepp a Allakolla .. a gH de oh pek pa 4 | put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- a ter 2 : aa Leeags% :. 7 “Ge | room on the 19th Dec., the undermentiened lots of a 104 SH HEC duat 380 98 | tea (4,226 1b.). which sold as under :— 75 ..105 1 do bro pek 62° 47 , Lot : Box Pkgs. Name Ibe. 7 106 1.ch | 1 Burnside 20 zlhf-ch bro pe 1050 6) bid ; 1 box pekoe ste Na) | 2 22 32 do pekoe 1600 48 77 107 1 do congou 21 30 : ae “% 6 do peson 300 78 108 1 hf-ch dust 44 2 4 s 2 1 do dust Oo 7™ Marymount.. 109 7 do bro pek 350 35 bid 5 MC Y, in est. SI) 110 8 do pekoe 400 = 33 | mark 23° 6 ch pe son 556-26 bid 81 111 1 do pek son 50 out. =| 6 30 «4 hf-ch pe dust 3280 bid 82 1? ido dust 65 7 7 32 6 do yro tea 292 16 bid 88 G .. 118 2 ch pekoe 160 «42 ; 8 XX 342 doe) unas 140. 16 bid s4 - 14°61 ae dust 160 : Sau IN 115 1 box pekoe 2 42 | Messks.. Bennam & Bremner s3 St. Columbkille Be: iB ae imp BP Rid pi {| put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- 8g 118 9° do pek sou 855°. 42 room on the 19th Dec., the undermentioned lots of 59 119 8 do../gou 7) 87 | tea (18,009 Ib.), which sold as under :— 90 120 4 do bro mix 4503 i Lot Box Pkgs. Name lb. © : att ot Bl nea oe . P : ee ; » an Penutaierd m3 9 nee ee aoe a ' 1 Lyondford 22 43 hf-ch bro pe 2705 +78 93 123 S$ do pekoe 509 40 | 2 “Vo ae 4, 31 ch pekoe 3100 8 4 14°], do; pek son 33 B5 ) % Elston, in est. . 05 105 eee do nna 494 36 ' mark 2% 29 do pe sou 2610 42 1% 126 1 do fans 8) 28 ; 4 23 1 do congon 100" <"e1 o7 Pp . tov aa! do pek fans 1050 > hid | 4h Hornsey 4 1 do fans 95 28 93 Harangalla .. 128 3 ch — bro pek 30065 aes a AL ee ihe 99 129 37 do pekoe 2960) at 7 Sutton 34 2 do be sot 126 45 100 130 35 do pek sou 2800 42 x E 36 & do, eo , 101 131 6 do ani 900 29 9 AMY 38 #5 do bro pe fan 645 37 102 YSPA .. 132 12 do dust 180031 j 10 40 15 do pekoe el 103 RY,K ..138 2 do pro pek 200 «45 | 11 LH 42, 9 do bro pe dust 1080 104 134 1 do pekoe 100, 38 ; 22 aes: e bro pe sou 4001 J itna’n, 105 135 3 do peksou 30038 bape eee ae = 190 MJ .. 1386 3 do j 14 48,16 do. pekoe == a 1 hf-ch bro pek 345 36 bid | = == ——— 107 Hi .. 137 1 do _ pekoe 50 41 | : ae 103 188 1 ch peksou 80 - 35 CEYLON COF FE iis SALES LN LONDON, 19 139 1 do bro mix 10s 23 110 140, 1 box dust 20 2Onae ne ate Galamna 2 a oa son eee 1eeR 20 bid | (From Our Commercial Correspondent), aga +. a U aa i - - 115 145 30 do pekoe 1500 47 | Minesxe Lane, Nove nke’ 30th, 1894, } 2 cs 12 4 ; . is ~ sia ae hich per ai Bt iv | Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in 11s Ma tidote | duet “ 27 | Mineing Lane up. to 30th Noy. :— 119 New Valley 149 4 ch dust 27 | Ex ‘City of Khios "—Kelburne, Ic and 1t 107s: 120 150 38 do fans 41 | le and 1b 98s; lb 122s; 1t 1223; le 85s; 2 bags 121 i ey al) red leat 21 ' 97s 6d. es z ‘ es ; a Beko A Ex ‘“ Wanderer’’—Milnathort, 3c and 1t 108s; 2c for gel 2 Bios Beats Ber poe ye 104s; 1b 97s 6d; Ub 117s; 1 107s; 1 bag 98s. TEBE "155.6 ch dust _ > | Ex “Oanfa’—Corlanda, 1t 111s; 3¢ 106s 6d, 5¢ 126 Goonambil.. 156 28hf-ch bro pek 57 ) 190s; 1b 98s; 15 124s; 1c 88s. : 127 157 24 do pekoe ay | Ex “City of Khios’ ‘—Tommagong, 4e and 1b 128 158 5 do pek sou 59 | 100s: 1b 100s: 1b 80s. 129 159 1 do us ay R ¥ 130 Roseneath.. 160 47 ag bro pek 60 | SSS 131 61 12 ch pekoe 50 i Se ee 132 162 J8 do peksou 3 i CEYLON. COCOX S.\LES IN LONDON. 133 Glenella 163 10 do broorpek 1100 65 | 134 164 17 de ekoe . 1700 4G 135 WG 5 3 do 300 Dead Bh 5 1 ; = 136 % ie 5 hich feck 6 eee Fe | (from our Commercral Correspondent). 137 CH 167, 1hf-ch unas 43036 i CIy ANE. November 30th 1894 183 iXudaganga 168 11 ch bro pek 1210 63 : aes a 2 = a 130 : 169 1 do pekoe 105 46 | Jéx +‘ Austral’ —Suduganga, 29 bags 675; 9 bags 146 10 14 do peksou 1400 43 | 52s: 5 bags 333. 141 171 3 do bro tea” 260 36 | Bx “Jumna’’—Suduganga, 105 bags 66s; 1 “bag te dtl “Ah, yconeen a eee 495, S.D., 18 bags 505 Gd; 12 bags 298 6d. 143 if do dus Be 2 oe 2 Siok i" 141 Wilpitiya 174 4 do bro pek 439 59 Bx “Senator |} =v acriapolla, 38 ee 38 653 445 MSG 175 6 do vpekoe C00 45 Ex “ Lancashire °—Keenakelle, 5 bags 603. OESERVER GAS ENGINE PRESs. TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND C\RDAMOM SALES. : a { Price :—123 cents each; 3 copies. NO. 1.] ; Conomso, JANUARY 8th, 1895. ; doi ceutameezcopioa 4 cunee: Naa fp 21 225)" “lL ch red leuf 100 =:19 COLOM BO SALES OF 1 EA. 22 N 227 14 do pek sou 1400 42 aero) 23 Maddagedera 229 28 do Bro pek 3080 59 Sane Siri 24 331 27 do ekoe 2565 47 Messrs. A. H. T'Hompson & Co. 25 23314 do Ter sou 1260 42 put up forsale at uae Chamber of Commerce Sale- | 5, é Bae =O ite : 9 5 26 Henegama [235 1 do bro mix 115 27 xoom on the 19th Dec. the undermentioned lots of | 97 L 237 =2hf-ch dust 160° 29 tea (43,805 lb.). which cold as under :— 28 Ardlaw and Lot. Box. Pkg. Name lb. cc. Wishford 239 20 do or pek 1000 R100 rl (CAC! ie eaierch' dust 600 28 29 24115 ch br or pek 1725 80 2 B&D 2 6 do dust 871 28 30 , 243° 20 do pekoe 1900. 63 Nahaveena 3° 26hf-ch bro pek 1300 59 31 A in estate 5 13 do pekoe 650 46 bid mark 245 10 do unas 1080 47 5 7 13 do pek sou 650 43 32 Callander 247 18hf-ch broorpek 10380 83 6 9 35 do pekNo.2 1750 45 33 249 6 do pekoe 300 65 ” 11 °1 do dust 95 28, 34 251. 7 do pek sou 336 57 8 KMC 12 4 ch 35 253°" "il -do fans 60 34 9hf-ch bro pe 842 46 bid | 36 St. Catherine 255 20 do bro pek 1200 51 9 D 140%at do unas 35 34 37 257 11 do pekoe 550 43 10 Mapitigama 15 4 ch — bropek 406 withd’n, | 38 259 8 do pek sou 360 38 11 16’ 8 do pekoe 720 43 39 261° 1 do pek fans 70 27 12 18 3 do pekoe 255 37 40 Ferndale 263 15 ch bro or pek 1500 53 13 19-1 do bro tea 100 25 41 265 11 do bro pek 1100 58 14 20 hf-ch dust 100) 27 | 42 267 38 do — pekoe 33800 47 15 Si 21. 6 ch bro pek 480 44 43 269 3 do pek sou 300 39 16 23 4 do pekoe 240 37 44 ‘ 271 2 do dust 200 27 17 Glenalvah 24 10 do bropek 1015 50 45 TT&Co.in — : 18 26 15 ao pekoe 1500 41 estate mark 273 26 do bro pekoe 3850 57 bid 19 28 23 do pesou 2300 37 . _. 25 hf-ch sé 20 Saidawatte 30 21 ch bro pe 2100 55hbid | 46 275 78 ch pekoe 7020 «44 21 32 5 do pek sou 400 40 47 277 19. do pek sou 1710 39 22 33.19 do or pekfans 1516 37 43 279. 5. do bro pefans 760 26 3 Attabage .. 35 9 do red leaf 867 19 49 Tarf 281 4 ch pek sou 400-47 24 37° 4 do dust 320 27 50 283 6hf-ch dus 450 32 25 Comar 38 S8hf-ch broorpek 400 62)bid | 51 Great Valley 285 31 do or pe 1705-61 26 40 18 do or pek 900 57 52 287 18 do bro pe 1980 63 bid Dhi im 42 11 do pekoe 550 45 53 289 42 do pek 4209 50 bid 28 44. 26 ch brosou 1300 21 54, 301 23 do pe sou 2185 47 29 46 2 do dust 100 27 55 303 5 do dust 425 33 30 AGC 47 4 do peksouNo.2360 26 56 305 2 do — byo mix 190 25 31 48 5 do pek fans 700 36 57 Templestowe 307 24 do orange pe 2400 72 bid 32 50 3 ch dust 450 26 58 309 25 do pekoe 2250 58 Core 51 7hf-ch_ bro tea 630 29 59 311- 24 do pek sou 2040 48 BA XeXX 52 8 ch unas ~ 880 19 60 Glasgow 313. 24 ch bro pek 1920 83 35 R 54 «34 «do sou 400 out 61 315 12hf-ch or pek 720 76 40 Charlie Hill 61 7hf-ch bro or pe 350 50 bid | 62 317 29 ch pekoe 2900 69 41 62 8 do bro pe 400 45 bia | 63 Alnoor 319 14hf-ch bro pe 77069 42 64.19 do pekoe 950 37bid | 64 321 9 do pekoe 450 52 43 66 21 do pesou 1050 31bid | 6 323 8 do pe sou 400 46 44 68 4 do pe fans 250 «31 66 325. 5 do fans 325 43 45 691 do unas 50 40 67 Yahalakelle 327 4 ch dust 600.26 46 Ranasinbage 70 41 ch E 46 68 Ayr 329 13hf-ch bro pe 650 73 lhf-ch bro pe 4160 69 331 8 ch pekoe 600 50 47 72 16 ch orpe 1684 44 bid | 70 333° 4 ch pe sou 377 43 48 74 25 do pekoe 2525 41 bid | _ Lhf-ch x 49 76 40 do pesou 4000 40 71 335 3 ch unsassorted 225 50 50 78 14 do sou 970 2 bid | 72 _ 337 2hf-ch dust 143 28 51 Manickwatte 80 10 ch bro pe 1100 55 bid | 73 Stinford 339 19 do bro pe 1045 73 52 81 4 do pekoe 400 45 bid | 74 341 24 do pekoe 1200 5k 53 ? 82 ~1 do dust 100 o7 75 4 343 12 do pe sou 600 45 . 76 Chicago 345 27 do Tro pek 135061 77 347 58 do pekoe 2610 49 Mr. E. Joun. 79 ee 42 a6 pek sou a 540 2 = 73 do unassorte . 45 33 put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- | 3) Glanrhos 12° 14° ch’! “bro pe 1400 71 room on the 19th Dec., the undermentioned lots of | 4 14 24 -do koe 2040 51 The (99,572 lb.), which sold as under :— 82 Talagalla 16 13 do »ro pek 1365. 68 Box Pkgs. Name lb. ec. 83 18 15 do or pekoe 1425 51 bic 1 pak Rajah 185 10 ch bro pek 110068 84 DONS ION” BOR SOURS 12852 aa 187 5 do pekvoe 500 47 UR PEE te 22 2 do dust 320. 27 bid 3 189 6 do pek sow 600 42 86 WWS 24° 2do pekoe No.1 191 46 4 Allington 191 Q9hf-ch broorpek 495 60° 87 26 2 do pakoe No. 2° 165 35 5 193 11 do bro pel 550 50 : 2 195 12 do pekoe 600 45 bid’ | Messrs. Forses & WALKER ae s : ; 8 ae 4 uy Pees 2 Ss | put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Snale- 9 Anchor in ' . | room on the 4th Jan., the undermentioned lots of ‘ estate mark 201 30 ch bropek + 3300 © 72 bid | tea (267,4561b.), which sold as under.:— 0 : 203 18 do ekoe * 1800" 6O' } p > ie rl : ll 205 10hf-ch Bro tea’ 650° ~ 38" | Lot - Box Rkgs. Name Laas 12 Cleveland 207 10 ch bro pek LOOM) 8h =. ahaa DE 7 ch bro pe 700° 50 B 209 13 do pekoe 1170 63 1 43 5? do pekoe $50 43 I4 211 4 do’” pek sou 300" * 40° oi l7 ON : 22 ch bro tea 2860 29 1 213° 3° do sou ; 270 40" S Springkell 12hf-ch bre pe 600 70 16 Madooltenne 215 15 do bro pek 1500, 61" ("Sean ge 14> do pekoe 700 54 17 217 12 ‘do pekoe 1200 16 10° 8S «alo pe sou 720 44 18 219 12d pek sou 1200 11 12! 6° do dust 485 30 19 BAB 221 1 do bro or pek 140 62 13 6 do pe fan * 482 20 20 3 228-1 dio dust No. 2 i50 2 / 14 Exess 22 ch red leaf 1980 1s oe CEYLON PRODUCE SALES: LIST. Lot _ Box Pkgs. Name iD s Lot Box Pk Name lh « > $15 Ambalawa ,.. 598 65hf-ch broorpe 3900 65 172 912 26 ch 2600 «68 = “1S 600 14 ch brope 1260 5 173 914 6 do pesou BHO - 54 17°" 602 24 do sou 1920 42 174 BG -- 916 18 do sou 1800. 43 18 Gonawella .. 604 19 do ro pe 1900 64 176 Shannon .. 920 34 hf-ch pe 1870 62 bid 19 606 8 do pekoe 720 48 177 r 922 34 ch pekoe 3060 49 bid 20 . ' 608 8 do pe sou 720 40 178 924 35 do sou 3150 42 33 H MY, in estate 182 St. Helier’s 934 23 hf-ch S orpe 1265 76 mark .. 634 25 ch pek sou 2250, Al 184 936 19 ch pekoe 190059 37 Diyagama .. 642 30 do pe sou 2400 54 185 ; " 938 16 do sou 600 «(47 38 644 26hf-ch dust 208038 186 Amblakande 940 11 do pe 990 «3863 42 Sayathu 652 4 do dust 600 25 187 942 8 do sou 7D 8648 43 Bismark .. 654 20hf-ch bro pe 1200 71 188 Glenorehy .. 044 33 hf-ch pe 1980 78 bid 44 656 30 ch koe 3000 61 189 9416 54 do pekoe 70 62 bid 47, Blackstone.. 662 16 ch ro pe 1600 = 60 193 ANK 954 10 do pe sou 500. «41 48 664 19 do pekoe 1710 50 199 A,in estate 49 666 12 do pesou 1080 44 mark 966 5 ch 51 670 100 boxes’ or pek 500 0 1 hf-ch sou 515 37 52 BB, in estate 202 AD -. 972 18 do ‘0 pe 1030 BO mark «fie; «By ch bro tea 810 33 203 974 14 do pekoe 770 40 54 Dunkeld .. 676 26 do bro pe 2730 74 204 976 8 do sou 400 25 55 678 24hf-ch or pe 1200 70 207 982 21 ch ab sou 1560 23 56 680 14 ch pekoe 1400 56 209 Scrubs -- 986 7 do breorpe 735 80 57 682 11 do unas 1265 5z 210 9838 20 do bro pe 2200 74 58 Ederapolla.. 684 49hf-ch bvo pe 2450 64 212 92 2 do pekoe 2610 63 59 686 18 ch pekoe 1530047 213 994 9 do pesou 855 #1 60 688 24 do pe sou 1800 40 214 996 5 do dust 725 36 61 690 7 do sou 52 33 215 VO -- 998 15 do or 1500 65 63 Anningkande 694 27 do bro pe 2970 cl 226 1000 31 do oo 2945 47 bid 64 696 19 do pekoe 1900 53 217 2 ll do ar tea 1210 22 65 698 16 do e sou 1600 44 218 4 7 do dust 840 39 68 Malvern .. 704 11 hf-ch ro pek 660 87 219 MC 6 2 do bro or pe 2000 62 69 706 14 do pekoe 1050 65 220 8 18 do oe 1688 45 72 Deaculla . 712 21 do bro pe 1260 85 224 Clunes -- 16 whbf-ch 4 pe 10 72 73 714 27 do ekoe 2025 64 225 1s 29 ch pekoe 2465 ag 75 Dromore .. 718, 23 ch ro pe 2645 74 226 20 6 do pe sou 540 43 76 720 21 do pek No. 1 2100 59 227 Clunes(Erracht 77 722 6 do do No.2 600 45 Division). . 22 50hf-ch bro pe 2500 8673 79 Melrose TT aWeGe ter ch bro pe 864 67 228 2 42 ch koe 3570 51 80 723 7 do pekoe 700 = &B 231 Polatagama 30 37hf-ch bro pe 220 67 81 “805, Hy ‘ch pe sou HO 45 232 32 37 do pekoe 2035 62 8 BDWP .. 738 29hf-ch bro pe 1450 61 233 34 20 do pesou MOO 46 93 Matale .. 754 29 do bro pe 819U 66 23 36 15 do sou 825 45 94 SK .. 756 16hf-ch bro or pe 960 91 235 28 17 do fan 1020 54 95 Middleton .. 758 25 do brope 150074 236 Dunbar .. 40 20 ch pekoe 1800 96 760 37 de pekoe 1850 74 237 42 18 do sou «162043 97 762 15 ch pek No, 1 1425 68 z41 Patiagama.. 50 12 do orpe 1320 63 98 764 11 do do ,, 2 1100 58 242 52. 7, do bro pe 700 55 105 Essex -S0C778s £85 ch bro mix 840 =. 20 243 54 8 do pekoe 800 «53 186 780 3 fo dust j 480 28 246 Travancore, 07 782 5 do red lea 425 18 Venture 60 29 ch 10 WMV .. 788 10hf-ch bro pe 600 47 47 62 13 do iout iso 4 113 Weoya .. 794 68hf-ch bro pe 3740. 65 249 Carendon.. 66 9 do bro pe 959 58 114 796 89 do, pekoe 4450 8948 251 70 7 do pekoe 695 48 115 798 36 do e sou 1620 41 252 72, 8. do sou 757 43 116 800 .23 do ropefan 1380 52 255 Kmnavesmire 78 22 do ro pe 2200 “a 117 802 6 de e dust 420 27 256 80 30 do pekoe 2700 51 118 Choughleigh 804 25 ch ro pe 2500 863 257 82 19 do sou 171045 119 806 15 do pekoe 1320 51 262 Palmerston 92.20 hf-ch bro pe 1175 $7 120 ay ae 80g fis e sou 430 4Y (| 263 94 23 ch . pekoe- 2185 74 122 oomfield.. 812 2! o , flow pe 2900 71 bid | 264 : 96 12 do. 123 ee 814 22 gio ekoe 2200 56} ai ae << 124 erdeen .. 816 24 hf-c roorpe 1320 69 : 5 gt 125 Ganapalla.. 818 3 ch dust, 480 > 28 Messrs. Somervitte & Co. 126 Koorooloo- put for sale at the Chamiber of Commerce Sales galla .. 820 15 do .brope - 1575 60 room on the 4th Jan., the undermentioned lots of a am iu. Be oe Ah as } tea ( 79,165 lb.), which sold as under :-— 185 Luccombe.. £38 8 do pesou 800 41 Lot Ee Box _Pkgs ; Nan ne pee 136 840 3 do _ pe fans 450 28 1 Alpitikande 1 26 hf-ch” bro orpek 1560 . 62 bid 0 Macaldenia 848 2ihf-ch bro pe 1050 71. 2 2 8 do pekoe~ ~~ 400 48bid™ 141 _ 850 15 do koe 750 61 3 L ba 3 20 do Sou! 900 «42 bid 142 852 17 ch, do Ne.® 1700; 50 5 Penrith 5.26 ch opek 2730 «70 143 HAT, inest. .. taf 6 4 uff 8 s%inW. pete 2000 52 hid mark .. 854 15hf-ch brope 750° «35 7 Sa . 7°18 do sou 1620 45. 146 GP, inestate ~ 13 “rex - B 2 ch pe 230070 mark .- 860.,.5-ch brope 500 54, Mien x , 14-27 ‘de> oe 2700 48 152 Castlereagh 872 20 ch brope. 210070 15 Ukuwen 15 3% do 0 pek 3400 . 63, | 153 : 874 26 do or pe 2210 67 1é : - 16°24 do ie 2400 ~49 154 _ 876 26 do skoe 221¢ 52 | (Are 47 32 do pek sou 1140 © «-40-bid 155 Sembaavatte 878°15 ch~ bro pe 1500 © 62 18 Gallawatte 18 39 hfi-ch pekoe ~ 1950. «46 156 a S80. 19 da pekoe 1865 48 2 8 ch peksou 736. 48 157 8§2 11 do. sou 990 «48 23 SY 2 49 de bro pek 5096 .. -57 bid. 158 884 do tea 400 25 26 2 34 de - 3128 47 bid 160 SSS -- 888 5 do brope- 550 Fl 27 2 44 do peksou 123242 » 161 890 6 do. koe. 588 58 30 -Malvern 20 15 hi-ch bropek 825 58 162 SSS .- 892 9 do brope es 31 31 28 de - pekes 1540 47 163 | 894 11 do pekoe ~--280 53° 4 36 36 7 do 560-28 164 Koladenia.. 886 5 do broorpe 496 @ 33 38 7 ch = fans 4770-39 165 898 5 do brope 490. 45 {39 - 39 14 hf-ch dust 1120-28 166 ¥ 900 9 do pekee™ 81941 40-& W 40 7 ch sou 560 42 169 AP K -- 906 4 do dust ~ 560 “29 | 4-35 “46 4 ch pekoe 430 40 170 Dunkeld .. 908 23 de brope HB 7 i1°Wiema 51 10 hf-ch peksou 500-42 171 Langdale .. 910 21 do brope 2520 «86 3 2hGL ~33. 9 ch = dust 1350 2. CEYLON PRODUCE SALES room on the 4th Jan., tea ‘64,504 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Pkgs. Name 54 Naseby 54° 8 hf-ch bro pe 55 55 15 de koe -56 Friedland 56 44 ‘boxes bro or pe 57 57 34 do bro pe 58 58 22 hf-ch pekoe 59 59 do kK sou 60 Pelawatte 60° 9 ch ro pe ‘61 61 8 do pekoe 162 ** ' 62 7 do pek sou 64 R 64 6 do dust 65 Kelani 65 42 hf-ch bro pe 66 66 30 do pekoe 67 67 36 do ek sou 68 68 53 do ro tea 86 Vincit 86 8 ch bro pe 87 87 7 do pekoe 88 88 7 do pesou .89Gampolaw’te 89 11 do brope -.90 - 90 22 do koe 95 Ismalle 95 6 do pek fans 9 do dust Messrs. A. H. THompson & Co. -put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name 6 SL 6 22 hf-ch bro pe 7 8 12 do pekoe 8 Dikmukalana 10 32 boxes broer pe 9 12 49 do bro pk 10 14 30hf-ch bro pe 11 16 19 do pekoe 12 18 20 do pe sou 13 Elgin 20051 chi pe sou 15 Comar 22 Shf-ch bro or pe 16 Manickwatte 24 10 ch bro pe 17-AKA C, in Estate mark 26 20hf-ch bro pe 18 28 77 do pekoe 20 Ossington 31. 13 «ch bro pe 21 33 31 do pekoe 22 385 13 do pe sou 25 39 12 hf-ch dust 27 Ugieside AL 8b) ch dust 28 Attabagie 42 17 do red leaf 33 48 9 do bro tea 34 KX XX 50 4 do unassorted 36 SapitiyagoddeH5z 3 do dust 37 Portswood 53 .9 do sou 42 Bullatwella 60 12 do pek 43 62 12 do pe sou AS” 68 8 hf-ch_ bro pe 49 69 19 do pek 50 71 21 do pek sou 63 CL 75 10 do sou 54 Ui Sach’ pe sou 55 CN 79 28 do bro pe fan 56 Myraganga 81 26 do : Lhf-ch bro or pe 57 83 12 ch bro pe 58 85 12 do lhf-ch or pe 59 87 15 ch lhf-ch pek 60 89 11 ch Lhf-ch dust 61 C, in Estate mark 91 32hf-ch bro pe 62 93 114 do pek Mr. E. Joun the undermentioned lb, 1320 685 640 980 1500 950 1000 450 400 1100 1000 3850 1430 3100 1300 900 700 1700 810 440) 400 720 1200 1200 400 950 1050 600 800 2660 2920 220 1240 1600 5700 60 bid 46 bid 30 27 lots of 70 50 bid 43 bid 43 36 bid 56 64 bid 52 bid put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- room on the 4th Jan., tea (138,515 lb.) which sold as under -— Lot. Pox. Pkgs Ware 3 Yahalakelle 32 7 ch oro tea 5 36 3 (do dust 6 Hunugalla 38 10 do bro pe 7 40 10 do pekoe 8 42 11 do k sou 10 Alnoor 46 30 hf-ch bro pek ll 48 21 do pekoe 12 50 15 do ek sou 13 52 7 do ans yh, Tat) 400 the undermentioned lots of LIST. 3 Lot Box Pkgs. Name Ms 14 Wewesse 54 19 4-ch bro pek 1045 77 15 56 21 do pekoe 1155 59 16 58 18 ch e sou 990 50 17 Glanrhos 60 5 do ro pek 500 66 18 62 10 ch pekoe 850 52 19 64 11 do pekoe fans 1265 49 20 66 12 do pe sou 1020 43 22 Agar’s Land 70 33 boxes bro pe 660 70 23 72 24 hf-ch pekoe 1080 54 bid. 24 74 38 do pe sou 1710 45 25 Agra Ouvah 76 50 do bro orpe 3250 = 83 26 78 51 do or pe 3060 72 27 80 42 do pekee 2520 61 28 Oakfield 82 10 ch ro pe 1000 val 29 84 9 do pekoe 900 54 30 86 9 do pek sou 900. 43 32 Ottery & Stam- ford Hill 90 54 hf-ch bro pe 2970 72 33 102. 43 do or pekoe 1935 71 34 104 56 ch pekoe 5040 56 36 Eadella 108 3i do bro pe 3100 70 37 110 24 do pekoe 2160 51 38 112 15. do pek sou 1200 45 39 Claremont 114 18 hf-ch bro pe 1080 65 40 116 63 do pekoe 3150 50 41 11g 49 do pe sou 1960 45 44 New Tunis- galla 124° 12 ch bro pe 1260 69 45 126 § ch pekoe 720 54 50 Glentilt 135 31 do bro pe 3255 68 51 137 422 do pe sou 2200 40 52 Hila 189 35 do bro pe 3500 65 53 141 16 do pekce 1440 53 54 143 14 do pe sou 1260 46 55 Mocha 145 35 do bro pe 3850 73 56 147 27 do pekoe 2700 66 57 149 16 do pe sou 1440 52 58 Great Valley 151 33 do bro pek 3636 71 59 153 37 «do pekoe 3700 57 60 155 20 do pe sou 1900 48 63 Anchor in es- tatemark 161 26 ch bro pek 2860 73 G4 163 16 do pekoe 1520 60 65 165 14 do pe sou 1400 52 66 Agra Ouvah 167 56 hf-ch bro or pe 3640 83 67 169 57 do or pe 3135 72 68 171 42 do pe 2310 62 69 '’ & T Co in estate mark 173 26 ch bro pe 3850 58 25 hf-ch J 70 Kanangama 175 34 ch bro pe 3400 62 71 177 28 do pe 2520 46 72 179 13 do pe sou 1170 3 73 181 3 do dust 420 27 74 € 183 6 do sou 480 40 75 185 11 hf-ch dust 825 28 76 Meeriatenne 187 12 do bro pek 720.° 62 77 19 9 do pekoe 504 49 78 Blackburn 191 13 ch bro pek 1430 64 79 17 do pekoe 1870 48 85 Dickapittia 29 do bro pek 3190 70 86 20 do pekoe 2000 54 87 6 do pek sou €00 40 91 ETK 4 do bro mix 400 37 92 Shf-ch dust 640 30 94 N 10 ch pek sou 1000 40 95 GC 17_ do pekoe 1530 47 97 DE 28hf-ch sou 1680 45 99 HS @ ch pekoe 700 51 103 Dhf-ch = dust 450 30 106 Overton 25° ch bro pek 2500 107 20 do pekoe 2000 58 Messrs.. Bennam & Bremner put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- room on the 4th Jan., the undermentioned lots of tea (10,411 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Pkgs. Name Ib: 7 ¢- 1 Battalgalla ede Cll pe sou 700 ot 3 Hornsey 6 9 do pe sou 900 53 5 F&R 10) Ohf-ch pe sou 450-30 6 Hiragalla 12 16 ch pekoe 120 = 43 bid 7 14 36 do pe sou 2880 4) 8 16 64 do ye fan 400 36 bid 9 1s 9 do i pe dust 10S0 32 bid 10 Mahanilu 20 7 do sou 630 4s 12 Elston, in est. mark 24°16 ch pe sou 1426 43 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES ‘LI ‘E SALES LIST. SMALL LOTS. Lot Box Pkgs. Name are Messrs. Bennam & Bremner, 198 964 8 do Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. Cc. 200 : 968 i Ace Le ted 5 ~ 2 a a 4 4 gp Boe 380 31 201 970 “2 "do 30 4 Hornsey 8 1 do ans 95 30 1 hf-ch ‘os on 11. Mahanilu 22 2hf-ch dust 180 £0 AD 978° 7 nie ae +4 32 980 1.do dust 55 28 : os 984 “Shfch “brotes 350 28 Messrs. ForBEes & WALKER Bemis 900" 3° ch orpefam 375 58 a Junb: : F ‘ Lot Box Pkes. Name 1D cae, nan oe gs cm oon a 3 1 SVP. 570 3 ch pe faps 210 «9-28 48°. Mo “Aust 130-87 4 DK 576 4 Ds ae sou 340 38 Patiagama 56 2 do ROLL 200 42 5 578 ) dust 210 28 ‘ 58 1s Od faust 5 | 6 : 580 lhf-ch fans | 60 31 Carendon 68 4 om or = 3 11 Springkell .. 590 2 do bro mix 100 22 74 1 ch = ‘“Gongou 71 «8B oo ot ie oul hegitd pakas tee wes K r 2a jae Z A “) o2 Z naves re . ot 23 614 1 do. dust 88 27 ire Le ae ms wm UK (on «s 616402) ch bro pe No. 2 200 56 25 m7 618 2 do congou 180 40 26 620 2hf-ch dust 160-28 puss a ag 27 622 2 ch red dust 290 24 34 a NL Wipes eee . "RRR Se 96 at aki. Gb 8 doue-aan ie. 9s CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON 35 638 2hf-ch dust 160 27 36 WWE 640 1 ch pekoe 83 52 r t 39 Sayathu 646 1 ch or pe 107.“ (from Our Commercial Correspondent), an OAS Aas da ae NC a Mixcmo Lane, December 7th 1894 41 650 1 do tan No.1 1338-24 : = a Sea ne - 45 Mousakelle.. 658 2 dod el leaf 1702 : Me To ang wie es uf C4* ON COFPRKE sold in Mine’ ig 46 660 1 hf-c do 50 “ne up to Tun Dec. -— 50 Blackstone 668 6hf-ch — bro gr pe 250 70 ; Ex ss + Se ee My JaSt; Pe 1006s; Le 023 “2 (in 1 lb. packets) esi le 8; Jc &6 paz 10s. 53 BB, inestate ar Lx “Ale 2” Jralupe h. “ni, 14 3908; Ie 3+ 4s; 2c 7b 105s Go mark 674. 2 do pe dust 200 28 = 93s; J 122s; 1t 868 Gd- Lda 100°. . 62 Ederapolla 692 3 do bro tea 70 26 ee Ex “Civy of Caleuvia”—Witaia Ha, 1t 109s; 2c 109s; be 66 Anningkande 700 3 nich dust 225 28 J: 10" a Su ie 5g ee Ac 875; 1 beg 95s. 67 702)) «a ch conzou 300 34 pek sou 92 Kelani 92 1 do bro tea 93 938 hich dust ™ = Ismalle 9% 2 ch bro mix 35 36 35 30 bid 36 bid bid Lot. iL 2 i A. H. THomposn & Co. Box. Ahamud Elgin AKAC Ossington Hemingiord Attabagie AGC Pambagama Portswood Mandara Newera Charlie Hill Messrs. Fornes & Waker Pkgs. 1 6hf-ch 2 4 do im A (0) 4 1 do ip pale ae PA Lane at Co) 30 1 do BY Solev ATi) 38 5hf-ch 40 1 do 44. Lhf-ch 457 sam Ch 46 2 do 47 1 do 51 2hf-ch 55 64 hf-ch 64 lhf-ch 65552, 700 66ers “do 6 7 Name. bro pe pekoe pe sou dust fan dust dust dust sou bro mix dust pe sou No. 2 pefans dust bro pe dust pe sou pek bro pe bro or pe LARGE LOTS. put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- room on the 9th Jan., the undermentioned lots tea (220,550 lb.), which sold as under :— Elfindale K ae Blackstone .. B B, in estate mark Kelaniya Munamal Thedden Pingarawa Scrubs AG R A H, in es- tate mark .. +H Se AMB Dunkled DKD K Farnham M WwW AA Memoraoya .. Stisted Waitalawa .. Castlereagh. . KC Condagalla L, in estate mark Cleve C, in estate mark AG Ingurugalla . . Kirrimettia .. 108 110 116 126 pek sou bro fans pek pe bro pek pekoe pek sou bro tea bro pek pekoe bro pek pekoe pek son bro pek pekoe dust bro or pek red leaf bro pek or pek pekoe pek fans bro pek bro pek or pek pekoe pek sou bro pek bro or pek bro or pe ekoe ro pe pekoe bro pe pekoe e sou ro pe or pek yekoe dust pe sou bro tea dust bro pe »2 SOU bro tea bro mix or pe dust 2050 2200 $55 1700 2700 2340 1170 3400 3700 1336 786 528 1870 2100 450 1470 594 1440 2322 2280 602 4130 2184 3300 1015 800 1134 1100 1485 1160 1430 1300 1260 1125 1696 1504 1200 2350 750 1470 1700 2210 520 504 800 1162 600 450 600 500 4738 of 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Pkgs. Name ib, ¢ [ Lot Box Pkgs. Name kik 6. 97 Glenlyon 298 8 ch bro pe 800 77 | 57 90 Thf-ch dust 490 29 98 300 8 do ekoe 720 66 68 V 91 12 ch bro pek 1200 53 101 Yataderiya .. 306 16 do roorpe 1680 58 59 92 13 do pekoe 1170 48 102 308 22 do bro pe 2310 53 60 93 10 do pek sou 800 43 103 310 65 do — pekoe 6500 “ are eS 104 312 15 do pe son 1425 4 105 Theberton.. 314 46hf-ch bro pe 2300 55 ne Messrs. Bennam & BReMxXER 106 316 43 do ekoe 2150 46 bic ut up for sale at the Ch ‘ 4 119 Aberdeen 342 56hf-ch brope 3080 61 bid Pee P ‘on the Suntan Charme of Coeameee a “ye 120 344 41 do pekoe 2255 50 bid y fr 57 oe 0 421 346 22 do ACh in 110044 tea (13,058 lb.), which sold as “under — 124 Tonecombe 352 47 ch ro pe 3055 71 bid | Lot. Pox. Pkgs° Name. Ib. & 125 354 52 do pekoe 4680 60 1 Elston, in estate 126 356 9 do dust 765 33 mark 4 21 ch pek sou 1890 43 127 Goleonda 358 9 do bro pe 900 63 3 8 Ghf-ch dust 420 27 140 Moalpedde 384. 6 ch bro pe 540 63 4 10 8 ch congou 800 u“ 141 386 8 do pekoe 680 49 9 IH 2 4 ch bro pek dust 520 29 142 388 5 po e sou 400 45 10 22 22 do ek sou 1890 40 143 Dunbar 390 45 hf-ch roorpe 2250 71 bid | 14 Sutton 30 38 ch ans 444 32 144 392 47 do ekoe 2350 64 16 C 34 9 do pek sou 900 «36 146 Glencorse 896 17 ch ro pe 1700 71 17 D 36 8 do bro pek ou 50 147 398 13 do pekoe 70 56 19 XXX 40 16 do pekoe 12800 42._bid 148 400 12 do pe sou 1020 48 20 42 9 do pro pe dust 1080 34 bid 152 Harrington 403 18hf-ch flo pek 810 70 153 410 12 ch bro or pe 1320 76 154 412 10 ae pekoe ” - Mr. E. Jonny. 155 414 5 do e sou = 5 ’ 162 Manangoda 428 12 ch bro pe 1200-58 put up a ee the ce of fears ag 163 430 13 do pekoe 1300 45 room on the Yth Jan., the undermentioned lots 0: 164 432 8 do e sou R00 «40 tea (96,734 lb.), which sold as under :— 168 Talgaswela 440 30 ch oro pe 2850 8-69 Lot Box Pkgs. Name hw ~ 169 442 30 do pekoe 2700 53 3 A, in estake 170 444 16 do e sou 1440 47 mark . 255 8 ch uns 864 52 171 Matale 446 22 do yro pe 2420 65 4 257 14 =~ hf-ch uns 756 «49 V2 448 42 do pakoe 3990 5% 6 Ardlaw and 175 Clunes 554 29hf-ch bro pe 1450-69 Wishford .. 261 34 hf-ch or pe 170073 176 556 46 do pekoe 3910 52 7 263 29 ch brorpe 3190 77 bid 177 458 9 ch e sou 81044 8 265 41 ch pekoe 3895 = SY bid 179 462 8 do ro mix 800 16 9 Ottery & Stam- 184 Weoya 472 62 hf-ch bro pe 3410-66 ford Hill .. 267 32 ch brope 3200 70 185 474 73 do pekoe 3650 62 10 369 23 do or pekoe 1955 <9 186 476 32 do e sou 144000 44 oi 271 56 do ekoe 5040 «58 187 478 16 do ropefans 960 48 bid | 44 adella . 277 20 ch sro pek 2000 665 188 48:0 7 do e dust 490 27 15 279 «18 do pekoe 1620 55 189 St. Mary 482 48 do sro orpe 2400 64 16 281 15 do esou 1900 47 190 484 48 do bro pe 288059 17 Madooltenne 283 24 ch ro pek 2400 68 191 486 14 do or pe 840 50 18 285 14 do pekoe 1400-54 192 488 15 do pekoe 84048 19 287 20 do pe sou 2000-46 195 [ 494 5 do dust 400-30 24 Lameliere 307. 32 ch rope 3584 70bid 201 M C Y in estate 25 309 28 do pekoe 2800 = 67 mark 506 6 ch pek sou £56 39 26 311 18 do son 1764 55 219 BEB 542 10hf-ch dust 78 27 28 Stinsford 315 20 hf-ch bropek 1100 69 bid ‘220 Shannon 544 34 do brope 187065 29 317. 37 do pekoe 1850 56 221 546 34 ch pekoe 3060 49 bid 30 319 24 do pe SOU 1200 49 222 Langdale 548 18 do bro pe 2160 «79 bid | 3g Mocha .. 335 42 ch rope 4620 75 bid 223 550 22 do pekoe 2200 65 bid | 39 337. 32 do pekoe 3200 68 ——————————————————— 40 339 at iB pee sou 1890 59 41 341 do ans 980 44 Messrs. A. H. THompson & Co. 59 arf 361 1b ich bropek 1960 51 put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- | @ 33 32 do ekoe, SOIGD ay room on the 9th Jan., the uadermentioned lots of | ¢1 Nahavilla 40 20 ch Es pek 2100 77 tea (59,221 lb.), which sold as under :— 62 42 38 do pekoe 3800 60 Lot Box Pkgs. Name lb. e. 63 44 12 do pek sou 1200 50 5 Wereagalla 5 15hf-ch bro pek 750 52 68 Verelapatna 54 4 ch brope 460 64 6 7 17 do peksou 765 42 70 Little Valley 58 16 ch brope 1760 70 9 Woodend 11 31 ch pekoe 2045 48 ce pees 2 Pek cy SOND BF. 13 Nahalma 16 8 ch congou S00. 37 72 6211 do pe sou _ GON, f 1F8).- 14 Bogahagode- 15 Ayr 68 25 hf-ch bro pek 1250 68 bid watte 18 10hf-ch bro pek 600 56 16 70 20 do Dekoe 1500-53 bid 15 20 22 do pekoe 121045 7 72 10 ch pek sou 800 48 25 Lalkanda 355 nee -. “s ve soa SSS Se 8 hf-c ro pe 42 50 bi 3 x 26 Belgravia 37. 7 ch peksou 700-56 ACESS SD ET) 27 39 4 do aust 400 32 put for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- 29 itabagie 41 27 ch red leaf 2700 19bid | room on the 9th Jan., the undermentioned lots of 31 CG, in es- 1 Ib.), which sold as under :— tate mark 44 20hf-ch bro pek 1000 64 bid Veh Caedho Via 0 is 32 Ossington 46 13 ch peksou 1300 43 Lot Box Pkgs. Name Ib. nie: 3 AGC 50 9 ch bro tea 810 37 1 Ivies oof DIOLS Grech bro pe 600 64 bid 37 Sapitiyagodde 52 10 ch or pek 1000 60 2 102 21 do pe 1890 49 38 54 23 do bro pek 2530 65 3 103 9 do pe sou 720 42 39 56 7 do pekoe 700 55 6 Mousagalla.. 106 17 ch 40 58 1 do dust 150 oT 1 hf-ch bro pe 1925 55 bid 41 Engurakande 59 12 do bropek 1200 58 bid 7 107 11 do 42 Saidawatte 61 12 do bro pek 1320 62 bid 1 hf-ch pekoe 1155 48 47 Dikmukalana 71 32 boxes bro or pek 640 66 bid | 11 Deniyaya .. 111 22 ch ro pe 2420 56 bid 48 73 49 do bro pek 980 66 12 112 20 hf-ch pekoe 1000 49 hid 49 75 19hf-ch pekoe 950 55 13 113 «7 ch pekoe sou 665 44 52 RW 81 21 ch bro pek 2121 53 bid | 14 114 4 do 53 Vogan 83.49 do bro pek 4900 70 1 hf-ch souchong 420 41 5A 85 51 do pekoe 4590 54bid | 16 R e- 116 4 ch brokenpe 440 55 55 87 22 do pek sou 1980 45 19 Gallawatte .. 119 11 hi-ch pekoe 550 47 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box Pks. Name. lb. 31 Galkaduwa.. 131 9 ch _ brope 900 32 132 6 do pekoe 600 33 IEBY ME ab) pe sou 500 39 Mousakande 139 10 ch pekoe 1030 40 JS me 140; 9 ch souchong 855 42 LPG 142. 8 ch souchong 800 43 Beverley 143 14 hf-ch dust 910 Gil It le 151 36 ch pek No. 2 2880 52 152 17 do pe sou 1275 53 Harangalla.. 153. 46 ch. bro pe 4600 54 154 32 do pekoe 2560 oH wy woz do, pekoe 2560 55 155 15 dO e@ Sou 1200 56 SY 156 52 ch ro pe 5408 57 157 37 do pekoe 3404 48 158 21 do pe son 1848 59 159 7 do souchong 530 61 161, ..5 .ch fannings 655 62 Benveula 162, 22 ch brope 2200 63 163 36 do pekoe 3600 64 164 11 do e sou 1100 65 65 4 do yromixed 400 72 California 172 5 ch 1 hf-ch bro pe 550 73 73a, 13) ch yekoe 1300 Ua iiiemao. «chi a pe 525 78 Ukuwela 178 50 ch 1 hf-ch bro pe 5044 79 179 33 ch pekoe 3300 80 180 23 do pe sou 2185 85 Penrith 185 45 ch bro pe 4725 86 186 37 do pekoe 2950 87 187 24 do pe sou 2160 88 188 4 do dust 616 90 Trex 7-9 906130) (ch pekee, 3000 91 Roseneath .. 191 45 hf-ch bro pe 2475 92 192 13 ch pekoe 1170 93 193 17 hf:ch pe sou 1530 96 Knutsford .. 196 15 hf-ch pekoe 922 100 H, in est. mark 200 20 ch bro pe 2109 101 12 do 13 do or pe 1240 102 2 8 do pe sou 757 103 3 9 do pe dust 1350 104 LL,inest.mark 4 15 ch pekoe 1500 105 h 25 do or pe 2000 106 S,inest. mark 6 30 hf-ch bro pekoe 1500 107 Ludlow (loyachi bro pe 1430 108 8 10 do pekoe 920 126 IL aceon Seach dust 644 128 Alpitikande 28 26 hf-ch broorpe 1560 129 29 8 do pekoe 400 130 30 20 do pe sou 900 131 Narangoda 31 11 ch no pe 1210 133 Sirisanda 33 14 hf-ch bro pe 840 134 34 21 do pekoe 1050 135 35 29 do pe Sou 1450 139 Labugama 39 22 hf-ch bro pe 1210 140 40 16 ch pekoe 1440 141 41 18 do pe sou 1620 152 HIS -- 52 10 hf-ch bro pe 500 153 53 14 do pekoe 700 154 54 10 do pesou 800 155 Ratwatte Cocoa Co. He 5526ich 1 hf-ch bro pe 2045 156 56 14 ch 1 hf-ch pekoe 1440 157 ~ 57 13 ch 1 hf-ch pe sou 1278 160 Barnagalla — 60 6 hf-ch dust 450 162 Kelani — 62 40 hf-ch bro pe 2200 163 68 31 do pekoe 1550 164 64 27 do pe sou 1215 SMALL LOTS. MEssrs. SOMERVILLE & Co. Lot EKox Pkes. Name Ib. 4 Ivies 104-1 ~hf-ch_ bro tea 70 5 105 1 do dust SS) 8 Mousagalla.. 108 1 ch — souchong 99 9 109 «1 hf-ch_ red leaf 43 10 110" > ch dust 92 15 Deniyaya 15. 8 ‘cli dust 345 faok Tz 2ch pekoe 200 18 ls 2 do pe son 200 20 Gallawatte .. 120 3 hf-ch pe xou 150 2 do ye Sou 100 21 121 2 do ro tea 100 22 122, 6 do dust 300 7 bid bid bid 65 bid 53 bid 57 bid 49 Lot Box Pkgs. Name 28 Wewelmedde 128 1 ch unas 29 129. 1 do red leaf 30 130 3 do dust 34 G 134 2 ch bro pe 35 135, 2 do pekoe 36 2 do pe sou 37 Inchstelly 137-2: hf-ch_ = fannines 33 138 1 ch souchong 4. JS 141. 3 hf-ch dust 44 Debatgama.. 144 3 ch fannings 45 145 2 do congow 46 146 1 do dust 47 Pantiya 147 2 ch dust 48 EHK el sS eel ich bro pe 49 149° 1 do pekKoe 50 150 I do pe sou 60 SY 160 1 ch redleaf 66 Benveula 166 2 ch dust 74 California 7 I ch bro tea 75 7 ele (do. 1 hf-ch fannings 76 176 1 ch pe dust 81 Ukuwela 181) -2.ch souchong 82 182. 2 do fannings 83 183 1 do dust 84 184 1 do red leaf 89 Penvith 189 2 ch fannings 94 Knutsford 194 3 hf-ch orange pe 95 195, 3) do bro pe 97 Thty/ peal!” a) pe sou 98 198 2 do unas 99 199) 2 do fannings 1¢9 Ludlow ao a Gn pe seu 110 L aor ek) il dn pe No. 2 121 IL 21 2 hf-ch pekoe 122 22, 2. ‘ch pe sou 123 23. 4 do souchong 124 24 2 do 1 hf-ch pe fans 125 2a do unas 132 Sirisanda .. 32 20 boxes or pe 136 36 66 hf-ch unas 1364 36a 1 do dust 137 JF byi ya ain congou 138 BF wale) dust 142 Labugama Aves ech fannings 143 43 4 hf-ch dust 144 Inchstelly 44g ch. pe sou 145 SilverValley 45 6 hf-ch_ bro pe 146 46 3 do pekoe 147 47 4 do pe sou 148 48 1 do congou 149 49 1 do red leaf 150 50 1 do dust 1l4aH IS .. 54a 4 ch souchong 158 Ratwatle Cocoa Co. .- 58 1 hf-ch_ red leaf 159 59° 1 =.do dust 161 Chetnole — 61 4 hf-ch congon 165 Kelani — 65 5 hf-ch bro tea 165 66°" 2 do dust Mr. E. Joun. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. 1 L, in estate mark -» 2olh 3) Shf-ch: uns 2 CN Saab y SGN bro tea 5 A, in estate mark . 259 3 hf-ch dust 12 Ottery & Stam- ford Hill 1 ch sou 13 1 do dust 20 BAB 1 ch dust 21 1 do red leaf 22 1 do uns 23 2 hf-ch bro or pe 27 TLameliere 4 ch pe fars 3L Stinsford 4 hf-ch pe fan 32 2 do dust 33 3 do congou 42 Mocha 3 ch bro tea 48 Razeen 2 hf-ch bro pek 49 4 do pekoe 50 3. do pek sou Al 1 do fans 52 1 do dust 53 Maryland 3 och bro pe 54 3 do pekoe 56 IX, B. T. in est. mark .<, 80 4 hf-ch bro tea 67 K vase 2 hf-ch fans 58 34 S do pek sou big.a.¢: 105 45 107 18 381 27 200 54 bid 200 43 200 38 110 31 100 32 210 28 360 35 180 32 140 28 260 28 100 46 bid 95 35 51 31 bid 134 32 200 26 100 3 150 39 135 27 164 39 206 44 $0 27 46 20 168 39 167 68 171 54 59 36 115 44 116 29 200 43 110 out 120 42 209 6 392 312 30 40 39 200 R1°00 300 49 67 36 101 35 234 27 100 33 340 28 100 37 300 49 bid 141 41 209 37 46 31 44 21 51 31 200 = 40 32 21 70 27 200 38 200 20 150 23 lb. Cc: 156 37 315 40 240 28 105 42 164 31 160 28 So 20 100 47 100 54 340 35 240 46 160 28 1s0 39 330 48 108 65 180 jl 120 47 43 B5 30 37 3 oo 315 46 160 21 su 19 320 20 Lo 64 oo ¥ - 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. t Box Pkgs. Name Ibs e: Lot. Box. Pkgs Name. Ib. e. Nahavilla 46 3 hf-ch dust 27028 96 Kirrimettia.. 298 1 ch fans lig. 32 Alliady 487 hf-ch brope 392 GL 99 Glenlyon 302 2 do pe sou 1400457 50) 4 do pekoe = 200 45 100 304 1hf-ch dust 558 - 52 1 box dust 2500 27 107 Theberton 318 7hf-ch bro mix 350 26 Verelapatna 56 2 hf-ch fans 160 27 108 320 5& do dust 250 7 Little Valley 64 4 hf-ch dust 320 28 lll CRD 326 3 ch dust 315 26 MR -, 66 2 ch dust 240 = 28 112 328 2 do red leaf 200 «4 Ayr 1 Te 1 ch sou 90 39 113 LN, ines- 76 2 hf-ch dust 4000 (27 tatemark.. 330 1 do pesou 8&8 43 rs 114 332 lhf-ch pekoe 45 47 Messrs. Bennam & BreMNER. 115 Dammeria.. 334 3 ch pesou 800 «47 Elston, in estate 116 Killarney 336 2 do pekoe 200 52 mark 6 3 ch bro mix 200 122 Aberdeen 348 5hf-ch pe fans 350 489-87 IH 18 2 do bro tea 250 27 123 350 3 do dust 240 27 Nagar wt 3 th 128 Golconda 360 2 de pekoe 200 «56 lhf-ch pek sou 334 27 129 G 362 1 do sou 95 42 26 3 ch 130 364 2 do pe dust 270 «=«20 1hf-ch pekoe 346 = 40 131 366 2 do ust 250 8627 28 2 ch 145 Glencorse 394 17 boxes bro or pe 340 BU 3hf-ch bro pek 350° «50 149 402 1 ch dust 150 «27 Sutton 32 1 ch peksou 64 51 150 404 2 do sou 160 89630 151 406 1 do pe fans 125 36 156 Harrington 416 2 do dust 300 28 Messrs. A. H. THompson & Co. 157 Wollyfield 418 1 ch NGHT Jie Lh bro pek 100 ~—s 60 lhf-ch bro pe 150 3954 2 1 do _ pekoe 100-50 158 420 4 ch pekoe 360 43 GG DE 00 sou 380 44 159 22° °2 do pe son 180 37 4 3 do dust 399 29 160 424 4 do sou 360 30 Weregalla 9 3hf-ch bro tea 150 23 161 426 1 do bro mix 110 27 10 1 do dust 50 27 165 Manangoda 434 1 do bro mix 81 38 Woodend sis GU (a dust 145 26 166 436 1 do fans 111 36 142 do! congou 180 31 167 438 1 do dust 135 27 Nalhama (15 Lhf-ch dust Tdin 28 173 Matale 450 2 do sou 190 841 Bogahagode- 174 452 2 do dust 170027 _watte 22 3hf-ch peksou 165 = 4). 178 Clunes' 460 2 do dust 280 «27 Dou O) ans 180 38 193 St. Mary 490 1 hf-ch or pe fans 68 44 24 2 do sou 110 35 194 do 492 1 do fans 50% 26 1 do dust 80 27 202 MCY in estate Attabagie 43 3 ch dust 255 = 26 mark 508 4 do e dust 328 BT Sapitiyagodde 51 15 boxes or pek 300 65 203 do 510 6 do ro tea 292 7 Vogan 89 4 ch sou 340 38 218 BFB 540 Lhf-ch unas 56 Cts 88 224 Langdale 552 6 do e sou 360 56 r 2 é Meesrs. Forbes & Walker. pon Pe 4 Be ae = * Y =) LOGS Seach) a aust 300 29 Elfindale 112 7Thf-ch dust 350 28 K 114 2 ch bro mix 205 50 face nee ms wlateyy eal de bro prix 96 23 120 1 do mixe 111 24 = 122 1 do fans 120 31 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. 124 2 do dust 226 27 B B, in estate —— mark ; 134 2 ch peb pus 200 34 Munama 146 2 ch us 261 8927 Fy ; eae e% ] ae ies ao pek te an 6 (From Our Commercial Correspondent). 154 2 do ust 300 - an 156 2 do dust 260 27 Mincixe Lane, Dec. 21. Midlands 158 1 ¢ sou 90 41 Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing 160 5hf-ch fans 375 34 e ; os Ba . seld.in, Mincing RAW 164 3 do aus 225 28 NET IBD ATE 8S RGL 166 1 ch ust HO te Ex “Bengal ’’—Blackwood, 1b 116s: 5 BIN 170 1hf-ch sou 56 41 z d at Wes 63; oe ace bs and 2b 1772 1 do dust 62 29 110s; 3c and 1t 104s 6d; 1c 99s; 2t 136s. BKW, lc 91s; 4 DKD 1990 2 do peksou 72 8645 bags 75s. EW wae 194 4 ch red leaf 308-29 Ex ‘City of Oxford ”—Ravenswood, 1(RWT), 1t 111s; 4c hatonacickae 196 3hf-ch dust 223, 28 104s 6d; le and 1b 98s; 1b 128s; 1b 88s. Ravenswood, 2, 198 2 do - bro tea 192 «43 1 bag 98s | 12, Soules ae Shieh fans ae ma Mincinc Lane Propuce Report. 214 4 do bro tea 168 23 218 2 ch Dec. 21, 5 p.m. 1 box bro mix M4 37 : teady with*a holiday felling. 218 lhfch reddust 61. 27 Connnsmnlpsed 2 eeeaa peed ae 2 0 F, in estate - SILVER closed 273d per oz. | mark 2247 2 bee oe pek zoe 3 Tea firm little doing: : 996 2 ¢ pekoe eres | 298 2 do pek sou 148 42 Exchanges closed. 1s 15-16d. 230 1 do bro mix 115 26 : 232 1 do dust 116 28 4 Memoraoya.. 238 3hf-ch sou 130 39 g ; ) ; 249 4 do dust 280 28 i c Waitalawa .. 252 8 do dust 240 3 CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. Condagalla 964 8 ch bro tea 300 37 ; t - Cleve 272 3 do dust 369 27 NWD 278 2 do brope 207 = 65 : ‘ x 280 Fi feo pekoe 48151 (From our Commercial Gorrespondent). 282 1 ch sou 106 44 Mincix 1894. aS a ae eee abet ds Z react xa Lanz, December 7th 1894 286 1 do Ex “Wanderer ”"—B, 1 bag -42s. lhf-ch bro tea 137 28 No Cardamoms sales this week# OBSERVER GAS ENGINE PEESS. THA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALUS. NO. 3.] Cotomso, JANUARY 22nd, 1&95. Prick :—l! 4 cents each ; 3 copies. 30 cn s; 6 copies 3 rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. LARGE LOTS. Mr. A. M. Grepr put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- zoom on the 16th Jan., the undermentioned lots of tea (4,657 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. Cs 5 Burnside 5 19 hf-ch br pe 950 60 6 6 29 do pe 1450 49 bid 12 AO TIAN) ich pe fans . 431 out Messrs. SompRvitLteE & Co. put for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- room on the 16th Jan., the undermentioned lots of tea (197,564 lb.). which sold as under :— Lot Box Pkes. Name Ibs" ic: 1 Woodthorpe 67 5 ch bio pek 525 vat 2 638 8 do pekoe 560 56 3 96 10 do p2 sou 720 46 7 Tin estate mark Geuiee ch. pe sou 1980 42 10 Trex 76. 13 du bro pe 1300 65 Bol 77 20 do ekoe 2000 52 12 Lonach 78 45 hf-ch brope 2700 ~~ 68 13 79. 43 ch pekoe 4085 54 y » 43 do pekoe 4080 54 14 80 52 do pe sou 4660 47 17 Monrovia 83 47 hf-ch bro pe 2350 60 18 84 56 ch pekoe 5600 50 19 8 14 do pe sou 1400 42 20 86 14 do fans 1400 38 21 87 6 do pe dust 780 27 bid 25 Pelawattte 91 #9 do bro. pe 985 58 26 92 10 do pe 1035 50 28 Wattagalla KV 94 5 do bro pe 500 56 32 Gallawatte 98 26 hf-ch bro pe 1300 54 33 99 28 do pe 1400 46 bid 42 DMR 108. 7 ch bro pe 770 59 43 109 5 do pe 500 54 44 110 7 do pe sou 665 44> 47 Ruanwella 113. 28 hf-ch bro or pe 1620 60 bid 48 114.16 ch bro pe 1600 62 hid 49 115 37 do pekoe 3515 52 5 116 14 do pe sou 1330 44 120 6 hf-ch dust 480 28 Hatdewa M2122 (ch bro pe 2200 59 bid 5 122.21 do pekoe 1785 50 bid 57 123. 27 do pe sou 2160 45 60 Polgahakande 126 22 da, vO pe 2250 62 bid 1 hi-ch ; 61 127,21 ch pekoe 1995 54 62 128.19 do pe sou 1869 53 65 Narangoda 131 11 hf-ch bro pe 1210 47 bid | 66 132..16 ch pekoe 1600 45 bid 67 133. 7 do pe sou 685 41 63 Glenella 134 12 ch bro or pe 1320. GL. 69 135 26 do or pe 2600 Bes 70 136 27 do pekoe 2700 50 71 137.36 do pek sou 3600 44 7: 139 3 dv dust 450 28 74 Allakolla 140 53 hf-ch bro pe 2915 60 35 welozi do bro pe 2860 60 75 141 30 ch pekoe 2851) 52 ef a 129 do pekoe 2755 52 76 142 34 do pe SOU 3060 42 738 144 8 hi-ch dust 760 27 79 Wilpita 145.4 ch bro pe 480 56 80 1446. 8 do ~—pekoe 800. 47 83 Wo 4 do fans 4380 30 86 K 152. 9 hf-ch congou 495 32 88 BW - 15 8 hf-ch pekoe 440 43 100 Hantenu 166 25 ch ro pe 2000 59 101 167 25 do pekoe 2000 = 49 bid 104 Malvern 170 13 hf-ch pekoe 715 49 bid 114 Maligatenne 180 10 do pe sou 500 43 119 RV K 185 4 ch pesou 450-84 Did 1 hf-ch 120 Ingeriya 186 15 hf-ch bro pe 825-66 121 i 187 16 do pekoe 800 51 122 188 20 do pe.sou 960 44 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. Cc. 127 Naseby 193 9 hf-ch bro pe 450. 88 128 194 15 do pekoe 750 65 130 Nadukelle 196 40 do bro pe 2200 60 bid 131 Citrus 197 4 ch bro pe 510 56 bid 2 hf-ch 132 198 14 ch pekoe 1363 48 133 199 “5 do pe sou 550 43 1 hf-ch 134 200 8 -ch fans 860 32 : 1 hi-ch 135 Citrus ih; al ach dust 319 60 bid : 2 hf-ct 136 PDA cia NO unas 100 50 137 JHsA = 37+ 1. do bro tea 94 75 bid 138 Alpitikande 4 26 hf-ch bro or pe 1560 += 60 bid 139 5 °§8 do pekoe 400 50 140 Friediand 6 44 boxes bro or pe 880 75 bid 141 7 34 do bro pe 680 70 bid 142 8 22 hi-ch pekoe 1100 60 bid 143 9 23 do pe sou 1150 50 bid 144 Chetnole 10° 9 hi-ch dust 675 27 150 GB 16 29 ch dust +640 28 bid 155 Peria Kande- 21 36 do bro pe 4500 60 156 kettia 225 do’ pekoe 575 51 157 23 17 do pe sou 2040 45 165 Gampolawette 31 10 do bro pe 1000 60 166 32 10 do pekoe 1000 51 169 T in estate mark Soneey *d6 pekoe 665 49 17 36 13 do pe sou 1170 44 171 37° 4 do fans 460 36 180 St. Columb- 46 22 hf-ch bro pe 1100 60 181 kille 47 16 ch pekoe 1600 54 182 48 15 do pe sou 1425 47 184 50 7 do sou 630 41 185 Hinest. mar. 51 20 do bro pe 2100 64 bid Messrs. A. H. THompson & Co. put up for sale at the Chamber ot Commerce Sale- room on the 16th Jan., the undermentioned lots of tea ‘79,609 1b.), which sold as under :— Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. © 10 Court Lodge 17 19 hf-ch broorpexk 1197 87 bid 11 19 63 do bro pe 3780 72 did 12 21 40 do pekoe 1860 60 bid 13 2308 1erch pe sou S80 49 bid 15 Rewella 26 16 do bro pek 1440 51 bid 16 28''16 ‘do pekoe 1600 45 bid 17_M Tenne 30 20 ‘do pe sou 2000 42 bid 18 Vathalana 32.13 do 1 hf-ch bro pek 1355 47 bid Sia teh pekoe 630 45 RE 38'' 21 ‘do bro pek 1471 45 bid Kennington 40 10 do sou 900 39 43 5 ‘do dust 400 26 Halloowella 45 5 do fans 500 40 46 3 do dust 420 25 dD 48 4 do 1 hf-ch sou 428 35 31 Attabagie 49" 27 ch red leaf 2700 18 32 Ugieside ieee ow aO dust 420 26 34 Engurakande 53 12 do bro pe 1200 56 bid 35, Saidawatte 55° 12 ‘do bro pe 1320 52 bid pire ay 58" 7 do unas 616 40 bid 48 Relugas 65 7 do dust $54 28 44. Hemingtord 67 26 do pe sou 1950 43 46 Hemingford 70 7 do dust 525 28 52 Comar 79 13 hf-ch br or pe 650 60 bid 53 81 27 do or pe 1350 55 54 $83.14 do pe 700 48 56. CLD 86 21 do br sou 1050 26 69 Myraganga 108 12 ch pe sou 1140 46 70 lil 4 do fans 508 37 73 MyragangaPT113° 20 do bro pek 2300 50 73 115 14 do pekoe 1400 48 74 AKA C 117 41 hf-ch br pe 2200 64 bid 75 119 65 do pekoe 3250 49 bid 76 121: 8 do sou 400 38 79 Sapitiya- godde 124 13 ch or pe 13800 62 80 126 28 do bro pe 3080 65 sl 193° 10 do pekoe 1000 53 83 Manick- watte 181 8 do bro pek 800-60 85 SL 13417 ch bro pek 1860 47 86 136° 8 do pekoe 600 41 225 Ao CEYLON “PRODUCE SALES Lis‘. ' . . ‘ Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. c. | Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. ge 90 Diyatalawa 141 26 ch brorpe 2678 =669 bid | 134 824 5 ch bro pe 500, «60 bid 91 143 31 do or pe 3162 57 bid | 135 826 8 do pekoe 300 92 ¥ 8 145 16 do 140 MW 836 4 do dust 560-4 bid os 10 I ht-ch br pe 1650 40 bid | 142 J H Sin estate 9E c sou 440 27 mark ‘ 5 96 AGC 150 5 hf-ch br or pe 400 58 143 eae % < = tad ian Hy a“ 97 151 14 ch bro tea 1260 36 144 844 14 do pe sou 1330-48 98 112.’ 6, do pe fans 840 27 146 Yoxford 848 11 do bro pe 1100 66 99 153. 5 do pe sou No. 2 450 33 147 850 12 do pekoe 1080 52 102 156 7 do con 609 33 148 852. .7,do pe sou 630 48 103 XXX 157 9 do unas 990 20 149 854 11 do dust 1430 3=- 330 106 Dickmuka- : 156 Lyegrove 868 24 do bro pe 2640 «G3. lana 161 382 boxes br or pe 640 60bid | 157 870 5 do 500 ~»=o5L SS SSS = 164 Ascot 884 30 do bro pe 300068 Messrs. Forses & WALKER 165 886 44 do pek 4400 8&3 put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- ae; Pansalatenne vs) if ga. Guat a. 4 room on the 16th Jan., the undermentioned lots of | jg9 894 33 ‘do pokes 3300 +4 tea (275,249]b.), which sold as under :— 170 896 15 do pe sou 142% 4049 Lot. Box. era? Name 1b. 4 e 176 ANK 903 8 hf-ch bro pe 425 be 2NP .. 560 6 hf-ch pe fans 420 32 179 ‘illyrie 914 8 ch bro pek 800 69 9 Gautenne 574 14 ch bropek 1400 53 180 : 916 5 do ekoe 425 BB 10 576 7 do pekoe 630 48 181 Choughleigh 918 14 do propek = 1484 ~=— «56 bid 16 588 9 hf-ch pesou 506 = 41 182 920 10 do ekoe 900 = 48 bid 18 Rockside 592. 5 ch pekoe 500 = 68 188" Lowlands 932 7 do ro pekoe 700 63 19 594 9 do pesou 900 61 189 934 6 do ekoe 450 447 20 596 9 do bro mix 900 45 193 Pedro 942 29 do ro or pek 3190 83 bid 21 598 11 do 195 946 22 do pekve 2002 68 1 hf-ch dust 1740, ; ,..82 196 948 16 do pekson 1248 57 22 Havilland 600 65 ch bromix 500-26 197 950 5 do dust 690 52 23 602 5 hi-ch dust 400 27 199 MP 954 6 do dust 890 8 24 Polatagama .. 604 38 do bro pe 2280 ~=—« 69 199 a 955 4 ch dust 640-6 25 606 39 do pekoe 2145 3853 202 DK 960 5 do ksou 425 41 26 608 64 do peksou 3520 47 204 SSS 964 7 do ro pe 784 «= 63 bid 27 610 61 do sou 3355 = 46 205 966 10 do pekoe 980 «53 28 612 14 do fannings 840 55 206 SSS 968 8 do bro pek 63 bid 29 614 10 do bro mix 550 36 207 970 18 do ekoe 1274 51 bid 30 616 11 do dust 880 29 23 SSS - 972 18 do ro pek 1980 = 67 bid 31 Kalupahana 618 8 do pekoe 400, 43 209 974 24 do pekoe 2352 J 34 HKasdale 624 6 ch .brope 600 74 210 SSS 976 17 do br pefans 2295 36 bid 35 626 7 do pekoe 700» 3=59 211 978 9 do dust 1575 28 38 DGT 632. 6 do bro pek 600 72 2146 MA 988 5 do unassorted 500 44 -39 634 8 do pekoe 800 58 217 990 6 do ust 780 50 44 Kosgalla 644 16 hf-ch brope 366-56 218 992 5 do bro tea 50042 45 646 12 do pekoe 634 46 220 MC 996 11 do bro or pek 1100. 49 46 648 9 do pesou 473, 221 998 10 do pekoe 910 = 46 bid 55 Hin estate 222 1000 23 do dust 345080 mark 666 7 ch bro pe 770 53bid | 226 Torwood .. 8 22 do bro pe 2200 70 56 668 6 do ekoe 630 48 227 10 2% do pekoe 2160 57 69 Polwatte 676 4 do ro pe 440 59 229 T -- 14 4 do brope 400 54 64 Bismaik 684 20 do bro pe 2000 69 230 16 5 do pe 5u0 45 65 686 32 do pekoe 3200-57 231 CB 18 4 do vrope 4007 66 688 24 hf-ch pe sou 1200 48 232 20 4 do pe 400 «65 68 692 7 hf-ch dust 54 eS)! 235 Carlabeck 26 4 do pesou 400 «61 69 Gerag: ma 694 9 ch brope 945 67 bid | 236 23 16 hf-ch dust 960 = 48 bid 70 696 15 do pekoe 1050 54bid | 237 APK 2303 4 ch dust 560 8 71 698 17 do e sou 1294 45 bid | 238 Labookelle 32 8 do pe sou 672 53 75 Wirindi 706 9 do ro pe 945 67 bid | 239 34 #9 do bro pe fans 63055 76 708 15 do pekoe 1050 54 bid | 244 44. 7 do bro tea 87032 77 710 17 do pe sou 1224 46 bid | 245 Becherton 46 12 do bro pe 1200 68 81 Simnapitia 718 17 do bromix 1530 38 DAS. ee 48 16 do pe 1440053 3 Spiingkell 722 8 do pesou 720 47 Zol Liskilleon 58 30 do bro pe 3000 = 64 bid 7 N in estate 252 60 34 do e 3060-54 mark .. 730 9 do bro tea LN eee 988) 253 62 10 ch pesou 1000 45 88 Hakurugalla.. 732 19 de brope 1$00 55 bid | 254 64 3 do dust 420 28 <89 734 10 do pekoe 950 54 207 Torrood 70 22 do bro pe 2200 70 90 736 27 do pesou 24380 44 298 72 22 do pekoe 1980-55 91 738 6 do sou 540-38 259 74 4 do pe sou 400. 46 94 CH inestate 263 Castlereagh 82 15 do bro pe 1575 67 : mark 744 5 do sou 5 2 264 84 25 do orpe 2125 =60 ; 96 CH .. 748 11 ht-ch pe dust 880 29 265 86 34 do pekoe 2890 53 =. 97 Fred’sRuhe .. 750 38 ch brope 4180 67 270 Amblakanda 6 22 do brope 198065. 98 752 28 do pekoe 2800 52 271 98 22 do e 1760 955 ‘99 754 11 do pe sou 1100 47 272 100 15 do pe sou 1350 51 102, Kelaneiya 760 39 do bio pe 3315 ik 276 Queensland 108 40 do 103 762 38 do pekoe 3800 59 lhf-ch fiowery pe 4060 65 105 766 5 do sou 500 = 40 bid. | 277 110 31 ch pekoe 3100 59 106, Bickley 768 36 do brope 3960 66 278 112 11 do unas 110045 107 770 33 do pekoe 3003 55 280 Chesterford 116 41 do bro pe 4100 56 bid 108 772 16 do e sou 1600 49 281 118 30 do pekoe 3000 48 110 176 5 do ust we 30 282 120 42 do pe sou 4200 43 112 Diyagama 780 30 do -peksou 2400 59 284 M&C 124 5 do bro tea 500 = 330 113 782 23 hf-ch dust 1840 45 287 Goraka 130 4 do pekoe 400 47 114 NewArgamana7s4 6 ch bro pe 553 60 280 Dunbar 134 45hf-ch broorpe 2250 . 67 bid 115 786 8 do pekoe 750 51 290 136 10 ch bro pe 980 65 116 788 8 do pek sou 720 44 291 138 14 do pekoe 1274 53 119 Nugahena 794. 6 do bro pe 600 58 bid | 292 140 31 do pe sou 2821 38 120 796 5 do ekoe 406 48 bid | 293 142 16 do bro tea 1568 43 125 Nugagalla 806 12 hf-ch brope 600 70 bid | 295 144 6 do dust 900 27 126 808 29 do ekoe 1450 56 bid | 296 146 9 do congou 900 41 129, Barkindale .. 814. 8 hfch bro, pe 448 75 bid | 297 Radella 150 49’ do bro pe 4900 &6 30 816 15 ch ekoe 1425 60.-bid | 298 15222" do pek 1980. 68 133 Patiagama .. 822.12 do roorpe 1320 65 Boy 15420 do pesou 1800 yo CEYLON PRODUCE SALES. LIST. Lot Box. Pkgs. , Name. lb 301 Hurstpierpoint 158 14 hf-ch bro pe 700 302 160 10 do pekoe 500 305 Macaldenia 169 928 do bro pe 1400 306 168 17 do pekoe 850 307 170 11 ch e No2 1100 311 Tonacombe 178 47 do ro pe 3055 312 Augusta 180. 8 do bro pe 840 313 182 14 do pekoe 980 314 184 16 do pe sou 1152 318 Clunes 192 9 hf-ch broor pe 585 319 194 65 do bro pekoe 3250 320 196 91 ch pekoe 7735 321 198 12 do pe sou 1080 322 200 10 do bro mix 1000 323 202 5 do dust 750 324 Clyde 204 22 do brope 2200 325 206. 26 do pekoe 2340 326 208 7 do pe sou 700 327 210 38 do dust 420 330 Mukulana 216 7 do br orpe A 770 332 220 4 do bro peA 420 334 224 14 do pekoe A 1260 335 226 5 do pekoe B- 450 336 228 21 do pesouA 2045 338 232/72 ch dust 456 .345 Chalmers 246 14 hf-ch bro pe 1400 -346 248 28 ch pekoe 2380 347 250 7 do pe sou 560 350 Caskieben 256 46 do tlowery pe 4600 352 260 36 do pekoe 3600 355 Bloomfield 266 43 ch flowery pe 4300 356 268 34 do pekoe 3400 357 210-15 do unas 150u 359 274 4 do pe fans 4380 363 Wattagalla 276 25 do bro pe 2750 361 278 20 do pekoe 2200 362 230 6 do pe sou 600 368 Luccombe 292 3 do pe sou 450 369 Heeloya 294 5 hf-ch dust 400 372 Clydesdale 300 3 ch dust 510 373 Sandringham 302 4 do pe son 340 378 Edinburgh 312,17 ch 1 hf-ch br pe 1590 379 314 29 ch pe 2880 380 316 15 do 1 hf-ch sou 1550 351 318 1 ch 8 hf-ch br or p dust 660 B82 320 8 do dust 640 386 Ellekande 328 58 hf-ch br pe 2726 387 330 23 ch pe 2070 338 332 21 do pe sou 1470 389 334 10 do sou 680 399 Minnawattekelle 354 10 do br pe 1100 400 356 13 do e 1170 401 358 17 do pe sou 1530 402 Palmerston 360 12 hf-ch br pe 720 403 362 12 ch e 1330 404 364 7 do pe sou 630 405 PCH Galle in estate mark 366 9 hf-ch br pe 450 406 3638 9 do pe 450 407 370 13 hf-ch pesou 650 418 Daphne 376 89 boxes br pe 1602 411 378 105 do pe 1890 4144 DH 384 8 ch br tea 800 415 Beverley 386 8 hf-ch pe dust 520 419 Cottaganga 394 12 ch br pe 1200 423 402 8 do dust 1120 424 404 5 do fans 600 426 Hand H 408 4 ch br mix 400 427 410 3 ch dust 540 433 Middleton 422 12 hf-ch br pe 720 434 424 29 do or pe 1450 435 426 12 ch pe Nol 1140 436 4238 8 do do 2 800 437 430 6 do pe sou 570 438 M 432 20 hf-ch br pe 1200 439 434. 13 do pe Nol 650 440 436 9 do do 2 495 441 Knavesinire 488 32 ch br pe 2165 442 440 31 do pe 2790 443 442 20 do pe sou 1800 448 Ivies 452 10 do br pe 1000 449 454 30 do pek 3000 450 © 456 9 do pesou 765 455 Atherfield 466 31 hf-ch sou 1550 456 468 10 do pe dust 600 458 Verulapitiya 472 15 ch br pe 1550 459 474 12 do pe 1080 460 476 10 do pe sou 900 461 M 478 12 do brpe 1320 ia 65 bid 56 tea (10,968 lb.), which sold as under :— Box Pkgs. Messrs. Bennam & BREMNER put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- room on the 16th Jan., the undermentioned lots of Lot 5 Hornsey 14 8 Tavalamtenna 20 9 22 15 Battalgalla 34 17 38 18 Elston, in estate mark 40 19 42 20 Galatota 44 21 46 23 SC 50 24 GK 52 i nH wow Conn i=5 i} an ame 3S Name pe sou bro pe pekoe fans pe sou pe sou bro pe fans pe sou pekoe bro or pe bro pe Mr. E. Joun. lb. 1400 550 600 460 1900 1170 426 495 562 500 525 oe c. 55 62 53 28 put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- room on the 16th Jan., the undermentioned lots of tea (199,489 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box 4 Wewesse 72 5 74 6 76 7 Cattaratenne 78 9 Gonavy 82 10 84 11 86 12 Kanangama 83 13 90 14 102 15 104 16 Glasgow 106 17 108 18 110 19 112 21 116 22 Gonavy 118 23 120 24 122 26 Whyddon 126 27 128 28 130 29 : 132 31 Glentilt 136 32 138 33 140 34 Templestowe 142 35 144 36 146 37 1438 38 Talagalla 150 39 152 40 154 42 158 43 HS, in estate mark 160 50 SG 174 54 Logan 182 5d 1s4 56 18s 59 WP 192 62 Kotuagedera 193 63 200 64 68 Ferndale 69 212 73) Hunugalla as 79 23: 8u 23 83° Pati Rajah 240 385 244 90 Diyagama 254 93 Peru 270 99 272 109 Eadella 302 110 KO B04 lll ‘It & T Co., in estate mark 308 112 310 113 312 115 Anchor, in estate mark 316 116 318 7 320 118 322 35 14 38 41 18 4 20 10 5 10 14 do hf-ch Name bro pek pekoe pek sou dust pek sou bro pek unas bro pek pekoe pek sou unas bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek pekoe bro pek pekoe pek son bro pe pe sou pekoe bro pe pekoe pe sou pek sou bro pe pekoe pe sou bro pe pekoe pe sou pe fans lb. 1210 1320 1320 423 3000 1430 960 4200 37380 1800 840 6160 2220 7700 1209 1200 3240 1320 864 2400 4000 1700 960 5145 3500 1050 3800 3690 1530 560 2100 950 310 900 700 6C0 3500 2380 2720 300 6952 4645 3325 2100 3600 1100 son 1100 990. 434 Sv0 1140 S40 1120 $55 3630 6210 1980 4180 2058 630 “2040 55 bid 51 bid 45 46 61 bid 50 bid 45 43 59 Didk 46 bid 34 bid G2? 50 45 70 59 bidl 58 41 “CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 4 Lot Box Pkgs. Name Ib. c. Lot Box ‘Pkges yi 121, Great Valley 328 28 ch bro pe 3080 69 129) 3412 ar on a 4 Mod A22 330 23 de pekoe 2300 57 130 3421 do ‘congou 110-88 bid 123 332 12 do @ SOU 14049 133 Lenawatta 347 Shf-ch sou 275 39 125 336 5. do ro mix 425 5 134 348)2 do rovmix 120 38 1531 Lenawatte 343 I1hf-ch bro pe 660 57 135 3491 do pe dust 100-2 132 345 9 do ekoe 495° 45 138 Kalupahani 12 1 ch 136 SPR 350 4 ch vo mix 4005 20 1 box congou 1246. 33 137 N 10°10 do e sou 1000 44 139 13/1 ch 145 CN 229 do ro tea 945 38 bid 1 box red leaf 128-23 446 Agra Ouvah 24 ‘50hf-ch broorpe 3250 80bid | 153 Alliday 88 1 ch (dust 117». 38 bid 147 26 50 do or pe 3000 69 bid | 158 BB 47. 3 do) pesou 330-38 148 28 50 do pekoe 3000 62 bid | 159 48 2 do pro ten 2 92 149 30 49 do pesou 2940 = 52 160 49 2 do! ‘dust 230 150 32°10 do pe fars 800 38 451 Alliday 34.°«*5 ie bro pe 550 48 bid 152 : 36 5 do pekoe 550 44 : ; 154 Tarf 39. 5 do vi sou 500 7! 48 Somervitte & Co. 155 41 6hf-ch dust 462 BW Lot. Box., Pkgs. Name. Ib. e. 156 Blackburn 43. 164ch bro pe 1730 58 4 Woodthorpe 70 1 hf-ch sou 64 36 4157 45° 21 do pekoe 2310 48 5 71 1 do dust 75 27 161, Overton 50 22 do bro pe 2200 70 6 72.1 do red lead 58-20 162 52 23 do pekoe 2300 59 27 Pelawatte 9353 ch pe sou B15 41 163 54 4 do ust 520°. 29 29. WattagallaKV 95 1 do pekoe 9 48 30 96. .2 a 2 SOU 180 41 = ES POR o, 31 97 1 hf-e ro tea 50 28 SMALL LOTS. 34 Gualawatte 1005 heck ge sou 250 40 7 ’ Aan: 35 W1 1 do bro tea 50 2 Lot Mr A. M. Gepp. 36 102 1 do dust 50 (27 Ot. Box. Pkgs., Name. Ib. 37 Dahanaike., 103 5 do. brope 325... 58 bia 1 B in estate 38 104.5 do pekoe 300 49 mark 1.42) ch br pe 200 55 bid | 39 105065 Ode pe sou 275 40 2 2° 3) do pe 300 48 40 1066. «1 «do sou 55 36 3 3 1 hi-ch pesou 50.38 41 107 = «do dust 78 27 4 4X ch 45 DMR lit 1 ch ssou 70 41 1 hit-ch br pe sou 150 3d 46 12.2 de dust 200 28 7 Burnside 7-7 do pe sou 350 43 51 Ruanwella 117 «3B Ede pe son No.2 253 40 3 8 91 do dust 60 27 52 is «61 hf-ch congou 58 34 9 AO 94-2 do br pe 84 45 53 119. .2 ch fannings 200... 37 10 10 4 do sou 190 25 58 Hatdowa 124 L ch dust 145 27 ii 11 64 do pe fans 250 20 59 125).°2 do bro mixed 230 26 a3 LG 13/6 ch br pe sou 90 33 63 Polgahakande 129 2 ch dust 288. 26 4 14-1 do fans 94 27 64 130 2 do sou 164 36 72 Glenella 138 4 Be bro mix 320 24 h ye _ 73 139 8 de dust 450 28 Ie eae ae 7 Allakolla 143 3 ch. red leaf 75 (BB Lot Box Pkes. Name Ibs & 81 Wilpita 147, 3 do. pesou 300 40 1 Theresia 66 3 ch sou 2702 47 82 148 3 do. souchong 1) 2 68 3 do dust 360 . 31 84 1501 do bro tea 125 30 3 Farm 70 3 do dust 240 27 85 151.91 do red leaf 100 22 8 Cattaratenne 80 t2hi-ch congou 45 26 87 K 1632 hf-ch dust 140 26 20 Glasgow 11442 do sou 200 «44 39 BW 155 « 2 hich pe sou 110 = 35 bid 25 Gonavy 1249 2 ch pek fans 146 31 90 1561 do souchong 55 32 30 Whypdon 1354- 2 do ved leaf 1838 91 1575, 1 do, fans 66 30 41 Talagaila 156 2 do dust 220-28 92 158 1 do | bromix 55 24 44 HS, in estate 93 159.1 do dust 80 8 mark 162 2 do pekoe 200 50 94 8 160 3 hf-ch bro tea 150 24 45 164°) 2 do pe sou 90 42 95 161 4 ,do dust 320.' 26 bid 46 166 3. do sou 240 39 96 A 162. 2 hf-ch bro tea 100 24 AT 168 3 bags red leaf 225 22, © 97 163.2 do dust . 160 26 bid 4g 170 «=3ht-ch dust 270 26 bid | 98° Hatton 164 2 do bro tea 100 23 49 172, 1 ch fans 120 38 99 : 165 «2 do dust 160 27 51 SG 176° "2. do sou 206 38 102. ENandhu 1684.2 ch bro tea 150 32 52 178 Lhi-ch’ dust 50 238 103 169 1 do dust 70 26 bid 53 Galgawatte 180 3 do red leaf 180 22, 105. Malvern 171. 3 hi-ch pesou 165 37 bid 57 Logan 188 5 do dust 350 27 105 172.2 do tas 110 34 bid 58 JDK 190 4 ch bro mix 372 27 107 1732 do souchong 110); 30 60 WP 194 2 do sow 200 37 108 174.3 do dust 165 26 bid 61 196 1 hi-ch dust 50 28 109 175 1 do bro mix 55 29 $5 Kotuagedera 204 1 do sou 44 36 110 176..1 do bro tea 61 27 66 2061 do dust 80 26 111 Maligatenne 177. 1 hich or pe 58 = 47 66 208 1 do red leaf 48 24. 112 178 4 do bro pe 208 | 48 bid 70 Ferndale PALO! ich pe sou 200 40 113 179. 2 do pekoe 100 48 71 i 216° 8 do dust 300 26 bid | 115 181 3 do bro sou 150 a 72 218} “1 do red leaf 87 24 116 182.01 do dust 60 26 81 Hunugalla 23688271 do dust 120 27 117 RVK 183.,1 ch _ bro pe 150 47 82 238 -2 do mixed 100 31 i 1 hi-ch 84 Pati Rajah 2424 do pekoe Byes 51 118 184 1 ch pekoe 100 a B86 246 1) do ians 112 30 bid | 123 Ingeriya 189 2hf-ch unas 104 43 87 ~248 1 do dust 115 5 124 1901 do pe dust 62 30 88 Diyagama 250 38 do ‘bro pe 288° Sil bid | 125 “191, 3 do bro mix 150 26 89 252eet do) or pe 170 54 126 © 19213 do bre tea 189 28. 91 256 3 do pe sou 255 42, 135 ~ Citrus tagi eh dust 319 26 bid 92 258 1) do sou 80 37 2 ht-ch d 93 260 1 do dust 100 20 136 PDA Qu 1” ahi unas 100... 36. 94 262 1 hbf-ch» réd leaf 40 28 137, HA seal “do bro tea 94 100 Peru 274 4) do pe'sou 200 47 1145. Silver Villey 11 6 hf-ch brope 300 101 276 2 do pe dust 200 27 154. F EB 20, 3 ich bro or pe 315, 114 T & T Co., in f 158° W 24..;6 hf-ch bro pe 300 estate mark 314 2 ch dust 280 27 167 Gampolawatte 33.4 hf-ch pe sou + 200, 124 Great Valley 334 2 do dust 200 27! 168 34,2 do -dust. 155 126 Villa 338° Ihbf-ch’ pe sou 48 42011 172. T in estate : bh OL 127 ay 339 1 ch red leaf 70 «23 mark 88. 3 hf-ch dust 237 128 Orwell 340 2 do bro mix 260 «37 183 St. Columbkille 49 2 ch bromix 240 OBSERVER GAS ENGINE PRESS. cc a ee TEA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. ae ps Price :—124 cents each; 3 copies. NO. 4.] Cotompo, January 28th, 1895. } S0ucents ek copies A rupees COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. j::@. eee 184 924 «1 oe pe fans 145 27 ‘ ‘ 190 Lowlands 936 4 do e sou 320 44 SMALL LOTS. 191 933 Gi dovl dans 120 42 Concluded from List No 3. 192 940 1 do dust 140 28 Y 2 92. 5. Mnsens, Ronans & Watarn ce, ir bore ome Lot Box Pkgs. Name lbs awe: 200 DK .. 956 1 do brope 100» «63 1 NP .. 558 lht-ch bro mix 45 25 201 956 1 do pekoe 90 49 3. Moneragalla 562 2 do pe fans 140 27 | 203 962 3 do dust 195 27 4 Munamal .. 564 1 ch bro pek 108 52 1 21205S'S 980 3 do red lf 288 25 5 566. 1 do pekoe 96 40 | 113 982 2 do br tea 234 28 6 568. 1 hf-ch pek sou 520 ed | 214 984 1 do con 128, 3 7 DiOagele CD, congou 99 30 215 986 2 do dust No 2 266 26 8 572 Lhf-ch dust 73 P74 ; 219 MA 994. 3 do dust 390 26 411 4 Gautenne .. 578 2 do pe sou 180 37 223° MC DN FPR ATU) was 250 46 12 580 1 do congou 90 30 224 4- 2 do con 182 35 13 582. 1 hf-ch dust 80 27 225 62 i «do; red lf 93 26 14 Horagaskelle 584. 6 do bro pe 372 56 | 228 Torwood 12 4 hf-ch dust 520 27 15 586 7 do pekoe 378 44 933 :-@ B DEMERS On pe son 100 51 17 Horagaskelle 590 1 do congou 55 30 | 234 24...1 hf-ch dust 70 41 32 Kalupahana 620 1 hf-ch sou 4682 240 (L) in estate 33 622.1 do dust 66 26 | mark 36,403) ch bro pe 300 32 36 Easdale sa OP ak an pek sou 100 50 B 38.3 do do 300 54 37 630 1hf-ch dust 75 30 | 40 .2 do pekoe 199 49 40 DGT 56 SITE GA pek sou 100 49 | 42,2 do pe sou 180 40 41 638 1 hf-ch dust 70-30 js Becherton 50 3 do do 30043 42 Dambagas- | By2 SL ae) dust 140 28 talawa we O40e¢ 2 chy pe sou 200 59 } BIN 54 5.1 ‘do bro pe 100 59 43 642. 6 hf-ch dust 360 54) { 56 2 do pekoe 180 49 47 Kosgalla ae 40004.) 2 do dust 143 28 | TK 66 .2 .ch bro pe 200 58 48 652. 1 do bro tea 46,39 } 68 2 do pekoe 1s0 48 57 H in estate | Torwood 716 10) fans 120 23 mark 670 3 ch pek sou 300 41 | 78. 3 do bro pe 200 59 58 672. 1lhf-ch dust 50. 27 | 80 3 do pekoe 300 45 59 674,.1 do bro mix i) 44 | KC 88. 2 do pekoe LO ad 61 Polwatte EOl Sadao) Gn. pekoe 285 46 | 90 2 do bro mix 154 26 62 680 2 do pe sou 190 39 | 92.42 do dust 260 28 63 Blairgowrie .. 682 2 ch bro mix 125 32 bid | : 94 1 do bulk 100 40 67 Bismark .. 690 1 hf-ch bro mix 50 36 } 273. Amblakanda 102 2 do dust 200 28 72 Geragama .. 700 3 do sou 192 3¢ | 274 104.2 do sou 200 41 73 702.2 do, dust 150 9-27 | 275 106 3 do bro mix 300 36 74 704. 1 do redleat 52. 26 279 Queensland 114. 2 ch 78 Kirnidi eee sou 128 3 Lhf-ch pe fans 302 28 79 714 2hf-ch dust 150 27 | 23 M&C 122 ao Ch: congou 200-" °30 S) M6... 2 ch red leaf 83. 95 | 285 126 1 do dust 150 2% 82 Sinnapitia ~. 720 1 ch dust 120 30 | 286 Goraka, 128° 3” do bro pe 300 54 84 Springkell .. 724 1 ch bro mix 85 26 | 288 132; «3 do pe sou 300 43 85 726 3 do dust 255 IT | 296 MAF 148, 1. ch red leaf 100 22 86 728 2 do pe fans 160 Br | 300 Radella 156 2- do dust 260 29 92 Hakurugalla.. 740 1 ch dust 150 27 303 Hurstpierpoint 162. 1 hf-ch dust 40 27 93 742 2 hf-ch_ bro tea 100-26 | 304 164 1 do congou 35 29 9 CH ee (AO EES CH red leaf 300 28 | 308 HAT in estate 172 5 hf-ch bro pe 300 34 100 WA S60 VEO Ae pekoe 220 46 } 309 mark 1 Fen pe sou 100 36 101 758.1 do bro mix 115 37 | 310 1 hf-ch dust 74 27 104 Kelaneiya .. 764 2 do dnst 230 27 | 315 Augusta 2 ch souchong 128 33 109 Bickley Poeniaae le Go congou 100 38 | 1 do red leaf 72 26 11 778 1 do unassorted 93 40 2hf-ch duss 150 27 117. New Anga- ’ | AV 2 ch bro pe 200 56 mana 50 TE Al TE) fannings 93 49 | 2 do pekoe 180 49 118 792 1Lhf-ch dust 64 39 Mukulana 2 do bro or pe B 220 56 Dict 121 Nugahena .. 798 2 ch pek sou 180 42 1 do bro pe B 105 51 bid 122 800 1 hf-ch fannings 45 27 3: 4 do pek sou B 380 42 123 Battawatte 802 1 ch bro pe fans 100 29 339 3 do sou 300 38 124 s04 1 do dust 100 27 340 1 do red leaf 155 23 127 Nugagalla .. 810 4 hf-ch pesou 200 46 | 1 hf-ch 128 ‘ 812 2 do dust 160, 28 238 1 do fans 65-81 bid 131 Barkingdale Sisal cn sou 68 48 Minest. mark 240 2 ch bro pe 192 66 132 820 1 do bro mix sO 27 if) do 1 hf-ch_ bro pe 39 56 136 Pattiagama 828 1 do pesou 90 40 1 ch pesou 92 «42 137 : 830 2 do dust 250 26 Chalmers 1 do dust 150 27 138 8382,; 3 do bro mix 290 20 1 do sou 80 35 139 M W .. 884, 3° do pek sou 270 38 Caskieben 1 do flowery pe 76 64 141 838 1 hf-ch pe sou 23 30 3 do unas 300 42 145 J HS ines- 2 3 do pe fans 375 28 tate mark... 846 1 ch bro tea. 110 27 Bloomtield Dizi) neh unas 95 46 150 Yoxford co Fa bro tea 130 62 | Wattagalla 282" 3 do pe dust 300 27 151 858 2 do red leaf 220 30 | ¢ WG 284 1hf-ch bro pe 5A 58 158 Lyegrove .. 872 3 do pesou 300 44 236 1 do pekoe 51 45 166 Ascot Fontes AO congou 100 27 288 1 do pesou mt) 39 171 Pansalatenne 898 2 do do 200 36 Uda Radella 290 1 hf-ch dust 95 35 172 900 3 hf-ch dust 229 «35 Dea Ella 206 6 do pesoa 276 ~~ 44 1738S T 902 3 do pe sou 174-46 | 298 3 do dust 192 27 174 94 2 do ro pe fans 123 40 | Sandringham 304 2 ch dust 340 27 175 906 2 do dust 150-26 K 310 1 hf-ch bro pe 55 BL 177 ANK oe Gime CIN Ellekande 336 2 do dust 144 7 1 hf-ch pekoe 125 46 3388 67 do red leat 204 2 178 912 1 th yro tea 90 36 MMS 340 2 ch br pe 190 2 183 Choughleigh 922 4 do pe sou 284 42 342 1 do pe sou 105 38 aed 2 VOM ACREXLON, PRODUMED SATZO HUIS AYIOO AIT Lot Box vee: Name lb. ¢. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb c. 304 344-22 «OS br tea 210 25 4 . 395 346 2 do fans 220 ~~ °26 oy ania: on 53 _ nce 1e@ .OPiia 408 PCH Galle in 31 Aberdeen 540 56 da “ye oo estate mark 372 2 hf-ch — con 10030 22 tala 542 41 flo i 3080 65 bid 409 374 1 do dust 75 2 ER LR REE | ms rn 412, DH 380 1 ch pe dust 125 26 oi » gh Bota ngaze 3025 73 413 382, 1 do. © do 138.26 re a oe ee 416 Downside 388 2hf-ch dust u0 0 7 38 C. in estat a Mca 7005 417 300 3 do do 2358 merk pha Gye etl : 418 bs 392-1 do, red deaf 50 26 4 GPM ines Me ‘eb Lev, I aeedlllada Jottaganga 396 4 ch . pekoe 360,,. 49 awk : : : “1 421 398 2 do pe sou 180 45 au 50) Be PROMI Sy 76 422 400 2 do sou 140 © 35 rr Ae i I a FF a 425 406 1 do red lea 65 cAl 5 at 4 ~ 428 Munamal 412 3 do br pe 206 45 4 Downside 4 = — bro pek 10°5 oo 429 414. 2 do pekoe 207 38 47 72 1 I ch pemme nae, 430 416 1 do pe sou 102 32 49 Blackstone 576 38 ye vei San ss 431 418 1 do dust 11037 50 th eh PF ng —_ & 432 420 1hf-ch con 48 29 5h 580 35 fio Leon 4 -4 62 BB, in estate Mussrs. A. H. THomrson & Co. en mark 22 eS <= bree 1350 «87 2 =a r : oO us 3 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name Ib. e. 58 Nugahena coal 6 tent Chee a in 4 bid “14 Court Lodge 25 3 ch pe fans 200. 35 59 St. Helier’s £96 18 hf-ch bro or pe 990 | 68 20 Vathalana 36 1 hf-ch con 45 “* 85 60 598 15 do pekoe 1500 GO 9) 37° ¥ ‘do’ dust s9 26 61 600 15 do sou 1500 50 24 Kennington 42 3 ch bro tea 150 £6 62 Theberton 602 46 do at pe 2300 56 2% Halloowella 44 1 do sou 60° 87 63 604 43 do koe 2150 «50 29 Halloowella 47 2 ch red leaf 160 24 70 Kande 618 8 ch brope 800 «58 33 Ugieside 52 1 do bromix 105 74 MAH 626 4 do congou 400 39 383 MF 60 2 do dust 300-26 76 W 630 10 do ekoe 900 55. 42 Relugas 64 2 do red leaf 181 33 77 Ederapolla 682 66hf-ch brope 3200 63. 45 Hemingford 69 5 do sou 375 =: 334 78 634 25 do pekoe No. 22125 50 47 Norton iL ard Ole wed ar 70 BB 79 636 36 do sou 2700-46 48 Apes WOO) con S4 33 80 688 25 box ro or pe 500 63 55 Comar §5 3 hf-ch dust 150 rae 82 642 32hfch_ bro pe 1600 68 7) Myraganga 112 1 ch rdif 100-24 8 BDWP 644 8 do bro pefans 480 52 fy UAC | 22" hfiehezon AS NSD 8 BDWG 648 25 do unas 1250 «53 78 123° 6 do dust 300 26bid.| 97 Mahagastota 672 5 do koe" 450 69 82 Sapitiya- 98 Deaculla 674 25hf-ch bro pe 1500 77 godde 130 1 ch dust 150° 37 99 676 34 do pekoe 2550 58 84 Manick- 106 Geragama 690 9 ch ro pe 945 8673 watte Whi Ae (s\ pekoe 200 47 107 692 15 do pekoe 1050 E 871 SL 138 2 do ye fans 120-26 108 Kirindi 694 9 do bro pe 5 «72 38 139 3 do yy mix 180 28 19 696 15 do vekoe 1050 r 89 140 2 do dust 160 29 110 MV 698 8 ch bromix 750 ¢ 93. ¥ S 147. 2 ch ~~ peksou 1285. 27 12) rie 702 «6hf-ch fannings 480 30 94 148 1 do dust 170 26 114 Lillawatte 706 4 ch sou 400 38 100 AGC 164 1 do dust 100.26 115 Hethersett 708 10hf-ch or pe 460 90 101 155 2 do pe dust 800 25 116 710 10 do broorpek 620 91 BE a 7 ie 15 pe brope . 870 £1 7 8 ¢ koe 7 +7. Messrs. Benuam & Bremner. 121 Battagalla 720 31 do xp pe ser3 oi bid Lot Box; Pkgs. Name Ib. e. oe ee Chae 1150 64 Dae 1 Wo 6 3 ch pesou 240 48 124 RG 736 7 ch ne kage Os dg 2 iLynford 8 1 do _ red leat 100-28 125 728 , die as pee ee 3 10 3 do sou 300 45 127. Scrubs 732 7 do ene 560 36 4 12 3hf-ch dust 20 Or 128 734 15 do bee Ore La a S Hornsey 16 #1 ah bro tea 85 41 129 736 26 do pee. Ser Ae bid 18 3 do fans 282 28 3 79 ; F re 10 Tavalamtenna 24 1 ch dust 11s 828 2 D & 4 Be: per ou ; 810 54 il 26 6 do unas 100 46 137 "52 8 @ br a pe eo 8 32 Ulapane 28 4 do su 256 Bd 5 7 vd Bue 784 62 a pa eee sae Bue ‘ ait ed ee nys 754 16 do pekoe 145645 14 32. 1 do red leat 69 26 aay bo a as ai Pie oo a 16 Battalgalla 36 2 do bro tea 190 35 142 762 “4 do Drees 0 oS 22 Galatota 48 4 do brope 220 47 hid | 143 "eet 4 aol | aust” 480 2 144 BDV 766 27 ch fans 2565 39 a 145 ‘ 768 10 do dust 1400 ~— 30 LARGE LOTS. NO ght a ar’ 77 Oo unas ( Messrs. Forsres & WALKER Ua 772 9 do — dust uno put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- a pembvatte ee 25 ap big. os Feel 6 room on the 93rd J an., the undermentioned lots of | 150 718) 17 do ae cen fos ri tea (287,159 lb.), which sold as under :-— 51 730 11 do bro tea 1100 41 é 52 782 4 do dust 520 «£0 mtr a ae ene age Re 1 TEN ea Tae ae oes eel & mark 480 8 ch bro mix 20)» AEL te Gasticoes ae a de bmp Be id bit 6 Ambalawa 490 37hf-ch pro pek 2220 62 166 Minnawatt Rg OhRE 170061 v4 492 5 ch pe 45 52 kelle mk 810 10 ch 8 494 13 do pesou 1040 «49 167 812 13 4 bre, pe Be aa sa it 500 12hf-ch dust 960 28 168 814 17 ao se fon ee me GO ane A ot pe sou 132 45 oe Wevagoda 816 10 do brope 600 51 2 BS Sin aps 420. 28 173 SMugist a 2 ae peeoP «1460. 45 14 506. 6 do dust 480 27 174 : $26 14 do Beas. Reco £3 qi =—«-Essex 512 3 ch dust 450 26 175 ‘vies 328° 10 h ~ pekoe — 980 d55bid 18 514 6 do red leat 5p3) 9! 24 176 : 830 30 do pate 300. el 3 #@ RRB 522.11 do pekoe 1100 «48 178 Ketadola $34 6 do orpek 660 61 - CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot. Box. Pkgs Name. Ib. c. Lot. Box. Pkg:. si SEG ‘ Ib. c. 179 $36 4 ch bro pek 48650. | 5 Hila lis i de poke. 3670 $8 180 oy GO ya cuore 28 120 43 do peksou 3870 47 181 840 11Lhf-ch pekoe 605 29 129 18-do dust 3340 29 182 842° 5 ch pe sou ue oe 25 Anchor inestate rs TI inlestate S440 10/hf-ch’ pe_sou 508 - mark 134 20hf.ch dust 1600 32 Toa on 7 cy rope 770 «| Anchankatiio 188 18 ch” ro pek GL bd atiagama : 5 do ro pe 5 ! suis : 5 190 Golconda 858 6 ch bro pe 600 68 4a Maddageders., “Us0sc20ieeh doobkosDekor, S100} bus aus mtaleaswclne. (862207 do BS ee 45 154 11 ch pek son 990.47 1 box bro pe 1935 72 48 WHR in 194 soe aa cn, aoe 1215.55 estate mark 160 4 ch sou 540 9-22 sexed en oP z 51 Poilakande ~ 166 20hf-ch bro pek 1200 62 a 1 box e sou 1044 49 52 168 5 ch pek 425 of 197 879) (5! ch P } 53 170 9 ch _ pek sou 72047 CO WO boxe! abt 805. 30 56 St. Catherine 176 32hfch bropek 1920 58 203 West Haputale 884 7hf-ch dust 560-28 a ae 18 nich ne set ms oe ZU ad oa er Ue ReKOe B10) a 60 Esperanza 184 lsht-ch broor pek 780 7 210 Mukulana 898 9 do br orpe Alc B 920 64 61 186 26 do pek 119655 ae one af do Bro De . As ee 63 New Tunisgalla 199 6 ch bro pek 630-66 eee ae 67 Maria 198 6 ch bro pek 600 60 214 906 5 do pekoe B 450 51 68 200 7 ch pek 700 53 215 MW 908 4 do dust 560 - 25 69 202 6 ch pek sou 600 48 221 MMS 920 3 do dust 420 26 72 Yahalakele 908k. 30) chile dws 465. OT ‘ - : y 3 = 2 Yahe 2 i 200s ay ie ae - wy Ls er aa pS 73 Pati Rajah 218 39 oh BES pek rth Be bid ; cntge = = BINS ae 74 Diyagama 21210 ¢ ek ( 4 zo leelorankande)))940/3¢o htc bro. pe g308 oP 75 Mecriatetine 214 9hf-ch i pek 530 64 232 942 42 ch pekoe 4200 55 =6 216 11hf-ch_pek G04 55 238 aa OO Pc SOU Bisis S000 ee 77 Whyddon 218 29 ch bro pek 2400 66 did 241 D 960 30 do bro sou 2414 32 73 Ottery & Stamford 244 Kirklees 966 10 hf-ch pekoe 500 «G1 ee aa 220 92. ch bro pek 9900 72 6 All aay 9 ZZ p. 22 Z 2 NED Ee eS : : 79 17 ch __ or pek 14581 hf-ch pe sou 920 50 80 52 ch pek 4680 59 red aie 65 16 ch pekoe 1200 55 168 67 9 do pek sou 720 50 70 Hila 71 10 do fannings 1300 34 71 73 12 do ust 1550 23 72 DE 75 8hf-ch bropek 41668 73 77 41 ch pekoe 2665 60 4, 79 30 do souchong 1800 56 76. XM 83 4 do dust 400 29 77 Tart 8 10 do brepek 1050 52 78 87 34 do ekoe 3230 ©6350 79 89 5 do peksou 475 45 SMALL LOTS. Messrs, Bennawm & BreMNER. Lot - Box Pkgs. Name WC: 1 Mahanilu. .. 10 2hf-ch dust 180 30 2 12 1 ch ted leaf 100 26 Muissrs. A. H. THompson & Co. Lot.. Box. .Pkes. Name Ib. C. 13 Kalkande .. 21 3hf-ch dust 180 28 1 RW? -- 23 1 ch — dust 180. 27 16 24 1 do fans 100 29 %4, Glenalvah .. 38 2 do dust 170 28 29 Qssington .. 46 1 do dust 149-28 30 Charlie Hill.. 47 3hf-ch bro orpe 150 56 84 54. 7 do sou 350 40 3a 55 5 do pe fans. 300 40 36 56. 3 do bro mix 180 40 bid 41 Rakwana .. 65 d1,hf-ch. ,bropesou 60. 28° 44 Hemingford 70 6 do brope 360 65 bid 59 Vogan 198 3 do sou 255 44 60 9) 2 do dust 260 28 OBSERVER GAS ENGINE PRESS. Messrs. SomERVILE & Co. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib, c. 2 Hapugasmulle 2% 2 ch koe 20056 4 2, 2 1 ch ust 132 32 9 NatalCeylon 31 3 ¢ pe sou 200 33 5 Ainestatemark37 4 ch pekoe 360 fil 38 4 do pe SOU 360 - Gallawatte 40 5 hee 4 (Bulked) 250 0 2 do e sou 21 G A Ceylon 43. 2 ch ro tea = 4 23 Rondura 45 6 hf-ch fans 460 50 - , 3 ot dust 240 2 9 28 Sinestatemark50 2 ch Wo Pee > 7 1 hf-ch bro tea 25 40 36 T 58 1 ch pekoe 100 46 40 Woodlands G2 1 hf-ch dust 70° 2k Al 5 63 1 ch red leaf 106 28 53 Penrith 75 1 ch dust 150 %: 6 L 88 1 ch pek No. 2 107... B 70 Vincit 92.1 ch fannings 100 31 71 ? 9 1 do dust 100 7 75 RVK 97 1 ch bro pe 100. 50 76 98 1 do pekoe 1000 «45 7 99 1 do pe sou 39 81 Moregalla 103. 2 ch fan No. 1 237 2 —_—_—————— CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent ). Mixcixe Lane. Jan. 11th 1895. Marks and prices of CEYLON © i inci Lane upto “a preciso COFFEE sold in Minc ing ix ‘ Manora”—Pallil, 1b 92s, i i a fe 35 Palli PB. it ose, 2s. Palli2, 4c 91s6d. Palli Be oi ort Victor”—Leangawella, le 1b 1068; 8c 102k; Ex ‘‘Austral’—Poonagalla, 4¢ 5 . 3 le 10s tie oe ise galla, 1t 105s 6d; 5¢ 101s; le 1t ix ‘‘Capella”—PDM, 1b 1203; Ib Se 113s 6d; 44 1338; 1b 80s 6d. Wibaragalla. 2¢ 111s; 5¢ 104s 6d: se ag ce 98s; le 8s, (WHGT), Ic « il 3 see ( ), le 1b 89s. Wiharagalla, Z Ex ‘‘Senator”—Wiharagalla, 2¢ 110s; 8c 1b 105s: 1b le 98s: 1b 129s. (WHGT), 1c 1b 89s, Golconda, 1c 1b ites ete 108s; 1b 9786d; 1b 125s; 1c 91s: 1 bag 95s. E Ex ‘‘Capella”—Middleton, Dimbulla, 1b 115s; 8¢ 1t 1b 112s 6d; 1c 1t 108s; 1b 98s; 1c 1308; 1t88s. Mauss 2¢ 104s; 4 1038 6d; 2697s; 1 118s; 2b 87s 6d; 1 bag 95s, : d es CEYILON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From our Commercial Correspondent). Mixcixe Lanr, January 11th 1595. Ex ‘‘Malacca”—Pallil, 117 bags 63s; 5 bags 47: : i 2,12 bags 35s 6d. peal frokest4 hag 46s 64SD. eae eh Ex ‘‘Senator’—Pall 1, 133 bags 62s 6d; 8 bag: s Palli2, 1 bag 28sSD. _Palli broken, 3 bags 46s Lb. 7 gga Ex ‘‘Austral’—Palli 1, 88 bags 56s. Ex “Ningchow”—KL Black, 5 bags 31s. CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent). Mincine Lane, January 11th, 1895. os “Yorkshire’—Tyrells, 6 Is 6d. Elkadua, 2 2s: 2 2s 1d. f “Ex ‘‘Oceanien”—AL, 6 1384d;2 2s. Ex ‘‘Teucer”—AL, 2.2sid, 2 2s, Ex eee ene 2.28; 3 1s 9d; 1 1s 3d. _Ex “‘Txion”—Kobe, 2 1s 5d. ° ‘Ex “‘Chéshire’—Dambulagalla, 2 1s 11d; 4 28 1d; 2 2s: 9 isd 2 185d; 1 1s 9d33-1s 64. THA, COFFHH, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALKES. Cotompo, Fesruary 11th, 1895. } Price :—125 cents each ; 3 copies. NO. 6.] t 30 cents 3 6 copies 3 rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Mx. E. Jom. Lot Box Pkgs. Name Lbshey ec: 2 Coslanda 266 2hf-ch dust 160 30: i y 14 Claremont 290 1 do, fannings .50,,,, 38 SMALL LOTS. 15 302... 3 ao pek dust 168 20 16 304 2 do bro tea 112 27 Concluded from List No 5 23 eich lands 318 2 ae congou 120 50 25 YK 322. 2 ch dust 240 30 Massrs. Forres & WALKER. 30 Glanrhos 382 1 do congo 85 39 B Pk N 34 Teintsin 340 2 hf-ch souchong 220 40 Lot. ox. g. Name Ibveriic. 35 342 1 ch redleaf 83. 31 i 4 ye: 2 34 844 J hi-ch red leaf 43 31 3 : 4 E x avant 1 i a3 Pro tee fog a 42 Talagalla Loge «Ch. dust 160 28 4 WM Yin estate, m 46 Yahalakelle 23. 1 do dust 160 28 ata 136 1 do, red leaf 80 25 a Fathlie Gibse Py sanerdal bre or pek 110° 59 eae i> AS 9. 2 852 «3 ch pek fan 300 49 DA cee Heesrace oes eet niS 65 Dickapittiya | 61 1 do dust 100 29 10 148 3 ch pekoe 272 42 69 Ayr 69 2 hi-ch dust 150 29 W 150 2 do fang 215 30 75 XM EShily Seetstomrcao souchong 186 47 13 dods) Ji .do dust 160 27 ae mz 14 1560 | ss \'do bro tea 100 31 24 5 17Ge ech. bro pe 66 48 LARGE LOTS. 25 178 1 do pekoe 93 39 SSS 26 ISO) yal a gongou 65 36 Mr. A. M. Grrr o7 182 1 do ans 85 27 wer he CG nber of x . 38 O is2)o chy" broige 18847 put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale 39 186 2 do . pekoe 205 . 41 room on the 6th Feb., the peptone lots of 32 192 2 do congou 136 32 tea (975 1b.), which sold ; asunder * 34 Ragalla 196. 1hf-ch fan 80 35 Lot. Box. Pkes. Name lb. ¢. 35 198 2 do dust 180 29 1 Chrystler’s Farm 113 hf-ch dust 975 80 36 RGL ye U0s al 0) dust 80 27 as QP OI)? C “YomMix 4 7 Robgill D6 202 1 do bro mix 70 28 Messrs. Bexaamw & Breen 42 Tddagodda So AVRO ESA Ke) dust 390 =. 28 f aa A Clean beetat Con Ss 43 Pemberton .. 214 4hf-ch’ dust 340-28 pubjup. for, Sale aungae Cuamae: 2 Cea ale 44 M, in estate room on the 6th Feb., the undermentioned lots o mark 216 1 do bro orpe 52 6d tea (13,254 1b.), which sold as under :— a HW, in estate Beth quis the os a odie Lot Box Pkes. Wame Ibe *e: mark 225 3 ch pesou 270 51 3 Battalgalla.. 16 11 ch pesou 1100 59 54 Treby ezeor yt dor e-rediléat "5 129 5 Hornsey 20 8 do pesou 800° "9 57 nec iotenne 949 1 "ch red leat 70 22 6 Hlston, in est. : 58 244 Lhét-ch dust 70 7 5 aera 22igtoy dO pek sou rey re Big 59 246 1 do congou 50 Bt wet ped To or pre ( 1¢ 65 Carendon 255 4° ch pe sou 387 46 10 30. 23 do y : 66 260 Lhi-ch congou 61 40 Lhi-ch pe sou 2351 44 bid 67 262 1 do dust 70 29 te 70 CM,finestate ‘ Messrs. A. BH. Tuompson & Co. - mark ae 263 1 ch dust 1000 2% put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- 71 Syn Cet e ets rcse acne erp EH) room on the 6th FWeb., the undermenticned lots of 75 Gampaha, 278.2 ch bro tea 224 98 | tea (68,789 1b.), which sold as under :-— 76 980 2hfch dust 180-39 Lot. Box. pkgs Name lib... ¢: 77 Massena OS2eae2) do dust 100 29 1 Yathalana 1 26 ch bro pe 2600 60 78 Ganapalla 284 4 do young hyson 240 60 2 38 9 do pekoe 810 52 80 ‘ 288 6 do hyson 350 46 S Hemingford 10)..u1 7 ch 93 Melrose 314 8 ch sou 270 45 13 hf-ch bro pe 725 61 94. ” 316 4 do bro pe fan 240 53 9 Agra Oya ch bro pek 1470 59 bid 95 W’'Bedde 318 15 box bro or pe 300 72 bid | 10 do pekoe 1000 55 bid 103 W’Bedde 334 2hf-ch or pefan 125 51 13 Glenalvah do bro pe 660 50 bid 108 Dunbar 344 2 ch fans 240 3 14 Ossington do pekoe 1900 53 bid. 109 346 1 do congou 90 38 15 Lavant 2: do bro pe 2000 60 bid 113 Wocdslee 354 2 ht-ch congou 100 37 16 25 do pekoe 1920 54. 414 - 356 1 do redleaf 42, 25 17 2 do pesou 3060 45 bid 122 ANK S725 ol) chi bro pe 106 59 1 23 XXX 34°,.5 do unas 550 30 bid 125 Kirrimettia 378 1 do 24 St. Leonards on thf-ch fans 150 44 Sea 85 23 do bro pe 2300 54 126 380 2 ch dust 272 51 25 8G) LL ‘do pekoe 1045 45 bid 127 382 2 do bro mix 182 45 30 Werenegalla 47 10 ch unas 500 44 132 KC 392 2 do pe sou 170) 45 82 Dikmukalana 49 382 box Be or pe 640 65 bid 133 394 1 do bro mix 80 25 33 51 30 do ro pe 600 50 bid 134 396 2 do dust 260 30 84 53 19 hf-ch bro pe 950 55 bid 137 Beaumont 402 5hf-ch twankay 355 30 85 55 13 do pekoe 650 50 bid 143 Koladenia 414 2 do red leaf 220 25 86 57 29 do pe sou 1450 47 46 Lunugalla 420 38hf-ch red leaf 180° 29 39 Mahagodde 61 8 ch pekoe 755 45 147. ~Cabragalla 422 1 do red leaf 60 37 43 Sapitiyagoda 66 22 do bro pek 2470 64 149 Kirrimettia 426 1 ch fans 1i4 32 44 68 25 do or pek 2625 66 150 428 1 do bro pedust 160 30 45 70 as do pekoe 2100-56 1 K 4801 ch yekoe 100 37 46 72 do sou 78+ 38 153 434 2 do yvo Mix 200 24 47 74 29 hf-ch or pe fan 1994 37 bid 154 ae F ap pps ian aan 28 48 Myraganga 76 21 on bro or pe 2515 50 bid 5 38 do ans No, ¢ 2 27 49 78 81 0 pe 3870 f ee 442 2 do waht ni 2 290 2A 50 80 28 ae ae ctl es 158 Bagdad 444 Lhf-ch bro tea 62 41 Lhf-ch or ve 3132 58 159 O 446 2 do fans 17 26 82 82 ch pekoe 3200 52 bid 165 Glencorse 458 1 ch dust 150 28 92 84 27 do pe sou 2695 45 bid 166 460 1 do e fans 110 35 MGA 86 20 do 171 Mocha 470 2 ch ust 820 28 42 hf-ch pe fan 5333-80 bid 2 CEY ii LO agin Box N; PRODUCE 55 adoolten x Pkgs SALE 56 Bullatiella 88 20 he . Name HW Ps s LIST : 2 30 do bro pe Si 45 bid Lot 1 hf-ch 200 Du 121 bro pe 333) mera aoe Theberton .. nae ke Nai 36 246 bs 32 1, i put up fo Messrs. F 4g bia | 127 Ederapolla es a oe 4 Ib. Fe f sate ata DEBRSe Gy Vi 8 Tale +» 760 12 ds pekoe 1600 ~ tea (221,605 Il pia be oe day ere pe algaswéla.. 764 26 ch pekoc 900 Lot j ».), which | e uné omm pad 7 ch = Alay 52 f ch sold ndermenti erce Sal 132 G Ly a a ta 7) 49 3 = B as under: tioned ale- | 133 reat Ve 768 1s ag ke “ 247 S 4 SEM ox. Pkes : er :— lots of | 134 alley 772 oe ds a oe 1000 = fa ous sou 5 Name. 7 135 Ve 774 33 py bro pe 1350 = 10 Rocksi 16 4 de pe sou ©. 136 noure . 776 14 do pekoe S550 69 10. % okeide 5248 ne ABE 494 ‘eer + Tie 6¢ pe so 3300 9 1B oe ge io; Pesan Sab a ee a do dn sou No.2 50 ts 1é Hor: 30 5 pekoe 735 | 1389 782 16 ¢ ut 4 16 oragaekelle 534 4 Be pe Baa 1000 ~ | Mi Ather cathe ao kro rnd 2 16) 536 ea es 500 65 144 AiteerBeha 736 8 dl pekoe 1600 - 19 angdale on 10 is bro pe 000 BB Minnawatta- 790 22 hf-ch pek sou a 38 20 a oe aa 422 | 145 Tor 7 te 7 4s 22 Kelanei 546 29 fig Die Sok otk A pas! eaagENe 796 10 ch 0047 23 elanciya 54871 oO pek 2760 ’ + 3a7 798 33 pe dus' 47 552: hf-ch [oe 5 89 { 800 do b t 15 24 Wi z 34 cl pe sou 2900 ; | 148 36d rope pt vont on eoyn. 55d 3 a br 42 69 149 802 12 0 pek 214 27 5 nbd 37 do ro pe 20 57 49 Mz 0 2 do 08 5 74 26 556 64 hf- pekoe 2890 67 150 anangoda Su.” Shieh. petal Sen 27. 558 "70 a bro pe 3700 67 151 | oe ar pe dust oo 5 28 0, i 560 31 CS CER SEES toad 156 M 808 16 do pek pe rr 9 udnsontale 562 18 do per sou oan ae 157 unamal a 8 do pekoe es 63 9 UK ce ro pe fi 395 47 | 158 29°58 ch” ‘bee im yin 31 -» 564 11 an 100 56 161 G Soa a ae 32 Polatagama, aon 3 AP dust 162 ie aad 330 4 io pekoe "760 57 3 7 a4 ye 968 16: Dy. * ¥ we 5 7 « 33 > ae hfch ar dust ne 26 in - 832 3 rE } i oun mm 45 37. Cai B74 26 ch Oe ot tae Ene his acne oo ee 00) bi vis Cabararvatte 576 20 de LS ae 1705 Gs i71 TR 40 8 hf-ch ne sou 600 «5 bid agod: 582 ) u oR 55 = E 842 r 575 + 49 CBS da 582 44 ch sou 2000-49 ie - 0 10 hfe ekoe 40076 ; 2 37 ‘ ‘ = . ¢ pe { ns oo ped Gz 37 do pekoe mona | ANG Si 19 neh pel, fo 3068 2 Pedro 608 0 br SannY. «(ep 1 ed ieee an) 124 e ab ce Baer 3) Sia | ew Er ain BS 55 Ser 14 15 Prolonia 400°° 5 S, in estate S 38 hire 20047 bi 550 Sarthe 616 11 ae pekoe pok. 2090 a 188 Caatle 7 do broSou 2365 45 bid 56 ols x 0 pek = ah a 183 ‘astlereagh an a aa 2365 tees 22 2 Solar 325 2 18 Rees dele 3% 38 620a, A ee bro orpe 840 59 | 199 : SLs 20 “ bro ee 450 59 622 29 ad bro Be 1870 79 Sorana 876 17 an or pe EPO aa 4 60 SSS ee oe to eS 5 200 a A ita c a 0 61 : oe 7 do pe sou 2610 63 90: hae ipa 62 W 328 15 ch dust 990 8 7 ch bro pe 63 ieee elle 630 20 d bro 1015 3a it *y 64 ssex 632.7 hic eke. 1668 35 — if-ch pekoe - 65 634 20 -ch_ dus eee om 66 66 17 do PEE man ad put for Messrs. S - 69 638 7 do or pek —-2300 30 room sale at th ae Si 69 Dromola CoBemae nee eee eae ae tea, (76,8 the 6th the. Chamber & Co 70 By! os 20 do oe 870 BT (76,39 Feb nber of : 72 46 br 3 vere a £ pe Hee ese pase ie) Ba Lot ), which sold PF eee ei ‘ : ; as ° ake 74 CAUSEJOUL 652 6 ety hea 840 24 s Tyspany Box Pk S under :— ned lots of seen, b God Boia Grit 720 2 5 105 31 kes. Na 1 onevale .. eS a fo Be pe a st i Lyndhurst re 53 a bro oa hem alr MC 66 3 ch ekoe 300 56 bi 5 07 6c peko 3100 . 78 0 6 bro Be pia 10 ch bro pe Se ale 8 Cone do Tekoes tan 50 8 Monrovi ie 14 do bro. pe 4770 BA bid 2 Blackley Gaunt Gly oR e Br 56 9 ovia 112 6 do pekoe 60057 bi 85 era i a peeoee lobe Eo it 13 2h che bro ne ‘5107 vi > 6 br. 1092 54 ‘ 5 0 cade oe ee lian tle oe a ps Uda Rad ree ewe. Gees ae 61 u Gallawatte ly 3 do fans ‘smd 46 22 ella 690 2 os rope 600 _ 54 15 Caney Ls aoa ethno 0 94 2 45 di bro pe 700 7 119 33 - 2 : at = 96 Luc oars Go os ee oan 36 18 0 6 do" bro pe 65039 97 combe Ae ede 2700 7 2 121 36 ae a gabe 98 Coe oe, ao oe aee 3250 0 Asai ee Soak 500 46 bid 99 702 40 aie Ine Doe a ee ee ae Lacie 4 do. bro te nee Ae Se obec ne ae ae: ec ey 2 0Oo- a Galla to) eh do pe ae 1000 be 34 Neuchatel 131 . He Ea se 3172 102 a 30 ch 450 28 35 hee ° ye ere deat 440 Pe 105 Aberd hae do bro pe 36 riedland 138 28 ch 73038 106 deen .. 71 6 do pekoe 3150 62 37 139 35 b bro pe 29 bid ape ns ean pesou 1730 BA 38 140 30 be bro aH 3080 107 r pune pro apele 540 + 141 18h o bro pe a 63 bid 112 mii galatoune 722 16 Be pekoe 2050 ss Fit vin California i 24 ie Bee Oe 600 73 bid 1 if e 5 Wo - a 6 Mel re 2 do bro pe 30051 30 Jes die do bro pe 10856 oe 117 rose g 4 19 do pekoe 2625 6 L Lin esta 149 #5 oO pekae! 500 36 118 ie 6 ch e Sou 2100 = 53 ar ae Hee oa 800 pores 74 ES oil BEROE 1140 49 56 cnutsford 154 12 © 500 45 bid A e pek 64 Bb wed ey as oe do oe 8 62 bi 57 thor 19 hf pe so os Berge, — noorsee re tee pe Tel 6 heh pekoe 1179 38D: 7 3 rf = br = 1 id i 61 6 ro 179 = 9 | 62 Forest Hill ee 6 a pekoe 440 0 be re 10 ch pe sou 450 56 = 66 22 do bro pe 450 50 pekoe 1050 63 2310 52 bi 2 bid CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. C Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name Ib 69 Ismalle 173, 5 ch bro mix 475 40 17 542 “OY. 3 6 7. 1 542 1 do bro mix 63 70 174 12 do e fan 1140 38 21 Langdale 550 2 ch dust 340 71 175 7hf-ch dust 665 27 30 UK 568 2 do congou 180 7B (Ce We BPN pe fan 431 29 35 Polatagama 578 Ghf-ch fans 330 vz Malvern 181 23 hi-ch bro pe 1265 56 36 580 4 do dust 320 78 182 32 do pek 1760 48 33 MMS 584 1 do pekoe 100 87 M’Kande 191 49 ch pe sou 4900 50 bid 39 586 1 do dust 120 mH an oss E eas mixed 40 590 2 ¢ SO MGS. 1D} Cates id masa 592 1 do aust 20 ‘ 3 . 3 Midlands 59: 0 3 put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- } 44 ; Poa as Seeks an room on the 6th Feb., the undermentioned lots of | 45 598 5-do pe dust 375 tea (64,906 lb.), which sold as under :— 46 RAW 600 5 do dust 350 Lot. Box Pkes. Name lb. e. Bo OCS LC eae LG 101 13 hf-ch bro mix 650. 39 PB mark ee ch pe dust 300 2 BK 103 7 ch brotea 703 39 eS yee dom ason 100 4 Kila 107 37 do pro pek 3700 64 67 Dromoland 642 1. ch or pek 100 5 109 23 do pekoe 2070 = 55 eS G44 1 do _ pekoe 85 é 111 23 do. peksou 2070 50 . a Bield 650 2' do red leaf dust 300 7 Stinsford 113 18 hf-ch bro pek 900 65 os An ey, 680 1 ch dast 150 8 115 37 do pek .. 1665 56 ee ae Peon inie Re sou 60 117 24 do peksou 1080 51 ce a 2 ees Si Oh aS 80 10 Madooltenne 119 14 ch bropek 1400 60 bid 95) Uda Radella 698 3 do dust 285 11 121 14 do pekoe 1409 52 103 Kooroo!oo- 12) Ardlaw and 123 24 hf-ch -or pek 1200 75 104 gala fae ch red leaf 300 13° Wishford 15 PIA Kdoysiqibuoyoripek 1610\) 70 bid || 399. Apevaeen “on fon Shien Coe ie 4 127 22 do pekoe 2090 59 ca : enc EDC AanS 210 15 Ainest. mark 129 15 ch wunassorted1620 52 bid 108 AD 7262 dO dust 140 16 Kotuagedera 131 26 do bropek 2600 61 bid = ay GR (285 do bro tea 350 iz 133 17 do pekoe 1700 51 oe Pansalatenne 736 1 ch congou 100 18 Kotuagedera 135 13 ch peksou 1235 46 2 ‘ 738 2htch dust 150 2 HTK 141 8 hf-ch dust 640 32 Te) AHO: 46 4 do unas 180 28 Hunugalla 155 10 ch bropek 1000 58 Oe 749) 1 do pe dust 7 29 157 10 do pekoe 1000-49 124 Theberton 756 5 hf-ch ro mix 250 30 159 12 do peksou 1200 45 A 738 3 do dust. 150 31 Diyagama 161 12 hf-ch bro pek 600 60 1B ie one (70-1 ch bro mix 90 32 163 12 ch pekoe 960 49 bid 140 Athertield (88 4 hi-ch dust 320 35 Alnoor 169 23 hf-ch bropek 1265 63bid Bee “92 5 do pe dust 300 36 171 18 do pekoe 900 55 13 . 794 5 do bro mix 250 37 173 15 do pek sou 750 53 152 Manangada 812 2 ch fans 200 40 Kanagama 179 33 ch bropek 3300 58 ee sl4 1 do dust 125 41 181 30 do pekoe 2700 49 tS 816 2hftch pe sou 110 42 183 14 do peksou 1260 46 155 S18 4 do dust 280 43 1850 4 do ane 560 27 159 Manamal 826 1 ch 44 Agra ouvah 187 66 hf-ch bro or pek 4290 96 ; ihf-ch — dust 221 45 189 77 do orpek 4235 76 ser aeeba 1 do congou 54 6 191 60 do pekoe 3308 66 G4 Geragama 1 ch sou 64 165 lhf-ch dust 82 -—-- —— 168 CB 1 do pe sou 55 SMALL LOTS ie, Blineers ee 2 i 7 > 1n estate aa ye mark 848 4 ch dust 396 Messrs. Bennam & BREMNER. ee Ee oe auneeh ey Py ” i) é 40b Box Pkes. Name Ib. Cc: 1i7 Galatoto 862 2hf-ch bro pek 119 1 Battalgalla 12) 73) ch fans 270 27 178 864 5 do pekoe 250 2 14 2 do bro tea 190 38 179 866 4 do pe sou 20¢ 4 Hornsey 1s 3 do fans 207 27 185 G lenesk 878 1 ch pek No.1 100 d a). ee ee aes BILTN 880 1 hf-ch sou 50 Messrs. A. H. THompson & Co. Oa ue e Ns ae ees ee Box Pkgs. Name Ds Lhf-ch pe sou 300 Lot XS : a . 202 912) 2 “ch bro mix 76 3 Ahamud 5 5hf-ch bro pek 350 54 4 Chea cdo pekoe 250 44 5 7-6 do pesou 291 . 39 A Saralerdo fans 62 28 Snead 6 ‘ ote tnd consou 50 34 Messrs. Somervinte & Co. 1s Lavant 29 1 ch dust TE), DY Lot 30x Pkos. Name 20 AGC 81 2 (chi) pefan DN 3 5 Peevaliane sere Neuse it 21 : 32 3 do pe sou No. 2. 270 38 6 Lyndhurst 110 1 ch sou 100 58 33. 1 do aust 150 26 K * 111 2 do bro tea 200 31 Werenegalla 48 1 ch _ red leaf 47 28 a ea To aeiepenchs pe: dust ny 37 Dikmukalana 59 6hf-ch congou 300,33 as Ce ee 38 33 Mahagodde 68 3 ch bro pe 300 60 21 125 1 do pek 55 40 Mahagodde GBI = 2h fans 155 32 39 Pantiv: a8 A go euiee aoe ry Bien dust 80 27 me Banyan , 120 3) chi dust 390 3 35 red leaf 50 39-25 a 2 Bae 42 65 1 do es 2 2 ao Bae é 130. 3 hf ch red leaf 162 i a rr ae 6 California 150 1 ch unassorted = 100 Messrs. Forses & WaALker. 47 Te ily Fa) fan 100 48 152. 1hf-ch bro te: 5 Lot Box Pkgs. Name Ney, 49 TSS Teche byc netlust 133 1 SEM 510 1 ch bro pe No.1 115 41 51 Knutsford 155 3hf-ch or pe 192 2 512 1 do do No.2 106 45 52 156 4 do bro pe 225 fj iW MeV 518 2 do bro mix 224 Be 54 158 2 do pesou $s 1 hf-ch do 41 23 55 169 2 do fans 1us 6 ST 520 1 do or pe 60 55 59 Woodthorpe 163 1 hf-ch sou Ot We ats 522Fe ech pekoe 90 44 6O 164. 1 do dust 68 9 526 1 do dust — 140s 63 Silver Valley 167 4 hf-ch brope 200 12 Rockside 532 2 ch bro mix 200 = 46 64 168 $8 do pek 150 15 Horagaskelle 538 7hf-ch pekoe 378 47 65 169 3 do pe son 150 65 Linest. mark 209 4 hf-ch unassorted 196 46 bags 30s. “a P , "4 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Boxes. Pkgs. Name. Ib. Cc. ‘A 66 170 lhi-ch congou 43 Bd Crk C 67 171 1 do red leaf 48 2 ae One 68 iar! fe. . dust Fi id a TG 176 «7 hf-ch sou it . aory , FE er eg do b 4 38 (From Our Commercial Correspondent). 75 70a oe ro tea 114 Oe 76 180 2 do red leaf 220) 23 bid Mixcrxo Lanz. Feb. 11th 1895. 79 Malvern 183 2hf-ch fans 110 30 SS 184 3 ch pek 333 46 bid Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing 31 185 4 do peksou 387 41 bid | Lane up to 18th January :—- $2 186 2 do sou 193 36bid Ex “‘Lancashire”—Berragalla,1¢ 1b 110s; S¢ 1b 105s; Ub 98s: 8 HHH 189 l1hf-ch bro pefan 54 47 2b 118s; 1b 878; 1 bag 988; 1 bag 978 SD. 26° 199 1 ch pesou 100-40 Ex “Capella”—Standard Co., Lidderdale, 2e 100s 6d; Ib ‘ oes Eid! Rin ee, 106s; 1b 868; 1b 80s; 1b 88s. 7 - Ex “Palinurus”—St. Leonard's, 1 bag 101s. Mr. Ht. Joun. Ex “Senator’—Brookside, 1 bag 99s. Lot. Box Pak. Name. Ib. c. Ex | Sura, Dehmar (OBEY) t bag 101. 3) BK 105 3 hf-ch dust 252 23 Sa, 106 4 do dust 348 31 3 19 Fe mgeraera aay 1 aes ie leaf 42... 2B ON LES IN LON N 20 L¢ romix 100 37 4 VI, LES 22 143° 2 do red leaf 200 29 CEYI COCOA SA bo 23 Patulpana 145 2 hf-ch bropek 100-49 24 vis 6 ae pespe 30042 25 14 6 35 ‘ 246 Tet ab ae eee pe DH (From our Commercral Correspondent). 27 1538. 1 do souchong 45 36 33 Diyagama 165 1 ch souchong §0 88 Mixcixe Lane, February 11th 1895. 34 167 1 hi-ch pek fan 60 429 38 Alnoor 175 5 do fannings 350 38 Ex ‘‘Manora”—Yattewatte, 124 bags 61s: 4 bags 48s: 3 39 MR iat Ch. dust 240 27 bags 50s. 50 CN 199 2 do brok tea 210 39 bid Ex ‘‘Shropshire’—Asgeria A, 50 bags 64s. 51 HSinest.mark 201 4 do souchong 320. 42 Ex “Dalmatia”—Eollagaila, 3 hags 26s. 52 203 3 bags red leat 165 29 Ex “Ixion”—Warriapolla, 21 bags 628; 4 bags 44s; 2 bags 53 205 3 hf-ch dust 27 27 33s 6d. 54 207 2 ch fannings 105 «48 Ex “Senator’—Maousave, 32 bags 60s; 2 bags 35 SD; 10: J a ES ORSERVER GAS ENGINE PRESS. THA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALKS. NO. 7.] Conomso, FrsruARy 18th, 1895- { Price —12h cents each ; 3 copies. 30 cents ; 6 copies 4 rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. LARGE LOTS. Messrs. Bennim & BREMNER put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- zoom on the 13th Feb., the undermentioned lots of tea (9,323 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Pkes. Name Ibs" 7c: 1. Elston, in est. mark 14 Seoch congou 500 = 40 4 20) 7, do pe sou 630 46 7 Tavalamten- ne SOME Sao. pekoe 800 56 8 28 6 do bro pe 660 60 bid 9 Sutton 30) epi LO fans 530 29 41 Mayfair 34 14° do unas 1400 45 12 XXX 36 24 ch pekoe 2184 45 bid 13 38 15 do lhf-ch bro pe 1700 44 bid Elston 6 ch congu 600 40 Messrs. A. H. THompson & Co. put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- zoom on the 13th Feb., the undermentioned lots of tea (54,920 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot. Box. pkgs Name ND). es 1 Ugie Side 1 3 3iieh dust 420 29 2 MLC 2 .12,do sou 540 44 3 Lavant 3 34 do pe sou 3060 46 4 xX 5iged, dO unas 550 26 5 Agra Oya 6xibeido or pke 500 59 6 8 6 do bro pek 630 63 7 1 9 do pek sou 900 50 $s AO 12,6 do bro pe 660 50 9 Comar 14 14hf-ch bror pe 700 58 10 16 20 do or pek 1000 58 il 18 10 do pekoe 500 48 16D 24° 45 sch dust 700 27 18 TCKU 26 18 do or pe 1980 54 bid 19 MF 28 3 do dust 450 27 20 29. 6 do pe sou 480 48 21 A 30. 84 do red leaf 3374 26 23 Balgravia 32 kCD) pe sou 700 3 24 34. 4 do dust 400 31 26 Elgin 36nd ich pe sou 450 51 27 37 33.) do dust 420 32 283 MGA --1 38 ~20) clo or pe fan 2000 31 29 Myraganga.. 40 21 bro or pe 2515 50 30 MGA 42 42hf-ch or pefan 3333. - 31 31 ACE 44 34 ch 1hf-ch bro pe 3780 44 bid 32 46 28 ch 13 hf-ch pe sou 3735 38 bid 33 Hemingford.. 48 23 do bor or pe 1380 66 bid 34 50 40 do bro pe 2000 58 35 52 38 ch pekoe 2850 49 36 54 24 do pe sou 1800 4G 38 57 10hf-ch dust 750 31 43 RX A 64 27 ch pe sou 2700 41 bid 44 Gonakelle 66 14hf-ch bro pe 840 74 bid | 45 67 19 do pekoe 104564 bid Messrs. Forsrs & WALKER put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- room on the 13th Feb., the undermentioned lots of tea (237,222 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. «. 1 NE eee 1A es Sees Cn A. fan 560 31 10 Tveby 9382 17 ch o rpek 1700 68 11 934 17 do pekoe 1700 55 12 936 14 do ye SOU 1400 51 13 Kelaniya .. 938 26 do oro pe 2210 83974 14 940 24 do pekoe 2400 57 bid 15 942 4 do sou 400 47 18 Dunbar -- 948 22ht-ch broor pe 1100 67 19 950 25 do bro pe 1250 63 bid 20 952) 21 ch pekoe 1890 55 21 954 21 do pe son 1890 51 28 Kackjris- kan de 968 15 hf-ch bro pe 855 58 29 970 20 do pekoe 1048 49 03 972 9 do pek sou 450 45 Lot 34 Knavasmire . Clyde Nugagalla Waitalawa .. Wattagalla .. Aberdeen St. Helier’s .. Amblakande SEM 30 Sinnagolla Minawatte- kelle Melrose Ascot Middleton M 60 Clunes Augnsta Tedden Dunkeld Ingurugalla Dromoland bH Torwood Essex Liskelleen New Anga- mana Jambugaha Fred's Ruhe TRE H, in mark estate PTE Talgaswela Box 980 982 984 990 992 994 220 236 238 240 248 16 18 12 12 ov 58 POR bo be We TOO woe TKS 10h 9 2th 8 69 h do ch do do do do do do do do ch do do ch do do do do do f-ch do do do do ch do do f-ch f-ch Name bro pe pekoe pe sou bro pe pekoe pe sou bro pe pekoe bro pe pekoe pek sou bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pe bro or pe bro pe pe sou bro pe pekoe pe sou pekoe bro pe pekoe pe sou dust bro pek pekoe pe dust bro pe bro pe pekoe dust bro pe or pe pek No. 1 do No.2 or po fan bro pe bro pe bro pe pekoe pekoe pekoe pe sou bro mix pe dust bro pe pekoe pe sou bro pek pekoe sou bro pe or pe pekoe ro tea or pek pekoe dust bro pe pekoe dust bro mix dust bro tea bro pe pekoe pe sou bro pe pekoe pe sou pekoe pe sou bro pe pekoe pe sou pe dust bro pe pekoe tans bro pe pekoe pe sou Ib. 2300 3060 1800 2000 2070 700 550 1700 1050 2050 450 2970 2420 500 2050 990, 1800 1045 1200 500 480 3450 2610 4250 4250 2975 630 1240 980, 1000 975 1050 1650 1900 980 2750 1300 1700 720 400 425 552 2400 2250 400 714 640 1080 2000 2070 700 550 060 650 450 555 3190 2700 900 1680 8s0 420 TOO 1425 1350 1080 59 bid 67 bid 56 60 bid 55 28 65 56 29 36 30 23 56 bid 47 bid 34 bic 65 53 50 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIs‘’. a a a a Let Box Pkys. N | i ame lb e¢ Lot 180 MN 266 irons P d | nsf: Box Pkgs. Name 181 Great Valley 268 43 rite Me A ou os 47 Pati Rajah 313 «C8 ‘ch bro pe by e. 182 20 12 do pekoe 1200 56 | 49 ee ah: eee 700 52 bid 183 272 5 do pesou 475 50 52 F Bly 5 do pesou 500-50 184 74 5 do dust 5 A erndate 323 6 do k ah 500 28 61 7 . 4 : pekoe 608 = 52 tee ANE 276 5 do sou 475 43 Agra Ouvah = 341 -20hf ch or pe 1000 68 bid 278 10 hf- vi ‘ F 187 HMY, in Ce es an See estate mark 280 15 ch pesou 1350 46 Messrs. SoMERVIL ee vo 288 13 ch orpe 1300 a put for sale at the Chine ae rere E 290 30 do pekoe 2850 52 room on the13th F cemncece Bale- 193 ope 2 e eb., the undermentioned | 194 204 6 a et on te tea (111,886 lb.), whieh sold as under :— ee te v4 do pro tea 660 ° 30 a 195 LF 296 #hf-ch or pe fi ia | Lot 199 XI ou a2 a dust 660 42 bid I Gallawatte 390 4 on Bi 450 “4 23 hf-ch bro 05 5 bi 13° Ukuwell: “4 F £50 51 200 anche: dee vate \ in an Ba uwella = 4 45 ch bre pe 4500 61 201 308 35 ch otend 15 5 ae ee gee 2300 52 : 1 hf-ch 3525 ¢ akolle ET asd sou 1615 47 209 Matale 38 21 ch “brope 2810 60 ry aadeiae aeme g brope a ee 326 38 do k 5 x . ro ° 1100 61 211 Macaldenia 328 41 hf-ch 5 Bray as 2A. ay Ae ee pek 3 Nol 1235 51 218 330 24 do pekoe 1200 61 21 3p ap eee a les; gis Pete 332 16 ch peNo.2 1600 56 23 Warakamure 14 52 an ays a aan = ’ 24 as estate mark 334 4 dob 25 ab eS aes 31855 a Glencorse 364 12 ch Bio we 1900 oo 26 7 4 oe re gee 8100 (47 2 366 8 do pekoe 720-56 28 Trex 22 ee = 2 931 368 8 do ) 29 re a oe 2200 62 bid : 247 J HS, in estate ro aa of 30 Mousagalla 2 ae aya sae oA mark .. 400 12 ch orpek 1200 65 Sih 32 9 le exe 5 Hd 248 402 15 do pekoe 1425 55 32 Narangeda 23 9 ag Kee ry Js 249 404 12 do ek sou 1140 50 B84 Oy, : I 16 as ac aa = 4 ae Lyegrove x 30 oe ro pe 3300-58 36 JS ag Sy os, me se 2 Zee do ekoe 700 37 Hara 28 5 1 : ve ae oe 254 in eng Lb cas pid = al Harangalla a4 S - wad pek 2300 «63 bid 256 Cleve 418 15 ch bro pe 1650 60 bid | 39 5) teedio’ eee ae - thes 257 420 19 do pekoe 1900 54 bid | 41 Benveula 32 16 d sched a Milde 258 422 24 do pesou 2448 51 42 ee ie ene 8 en ae 26 GA 438 20hf-ch bro pe 1000 65 bia | 43 34 «6 io a : ae. Dae 2B Dea Ella ao = ae Bro pe 1925 58bid | 46 Roseneath 37 38 hf-ch sencitit 2000 él 2 21 do i 38 E 271 Glenorchy 448 28 do Sone 1540 ae 48 39 16 H lags rue 3 272 450 60 do pekoe 3000 62 53 M’Kande 44 49 ilo oe a 4000 sabi é 56 Polgahakande 47 17 ch Dro pe 1700 os bid a — 57 48 19 do pekoe 1805 53 bid Mr. E. Joun. 58 : 49 14 do peon 1330 50 put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- os Ardutiie 52 9 do bro pe 900 «65 room on the 13th Feb., the undermentioned lots of | 63 zi x Bb apesoD 90038 tea (79,455 lb.), which sold as under :— 64 Alpiti oF RA ae ee a hg 34 pitiakande 55 14 hf-ch_ bro or pe 840 »=-57 bid Lot. Box Pkgs. Name Ib e. ee : 57 10 do pe sou 440-45 2 NB 213 9 ch dust 140433 peta 2 59, gaveh » obiopek 2730 65 bid 3 Agars’ Land 215 40 box bro pe 800 60bia | & 60 27 do pekoe 2160-56 4 917 Whf-th bropeNo.2.550 55 bid | “2 po; 61/17 do pe son 144554 5 219 20 do pekoe 200 SPREE eee ee) Re Ae et eee 1100 68 6 921 34 do pesou 1530 47 | 79 10 hich 2 eee 500 58 8Templestowe 925 27 ch orpe 270) «66 is Alutkelle 70 10 do pekoe 500 46 9 297 96 do ane 9340 ‘57 bid 3 St. Columbkille74 8 hf-ch bro pe 400 60bid 11 Lameliere 931 30 ch rope 3600 71bid | 35 Lie lg 2 ge en 2 500-50 bid 12 233 31 do pekoe 3100 64 4 pl lias ie Sn UE 665 48 13 235 18 do pesou 1764 56 a 77 23 do unassorted 2300 51 4 237. 5 do pe fans 495 34 ae Mousakanda 85 15 do bro pe 1575 64 15 Glasgow 239 27 do brope 2160 69bdid | o¢ 86"'8Ko “pekoe 84053 16 241 18hf-ch or pe 1080 74 Fe Marymount 87 §& hf-ch Tro pe 400 44 17 243 33 ch pekoe 3200-0 bid | 44 Soa a ch ee “ed ie 18 Glentilt 245 23 do brope 2415 66 100 'Hatdowa = 9115 ch ~ brope Hey pea 19 247 18 do pesou 1800 54 bs el ae OM aE Eo gees a 20 Gonavy 249 40 do brope 4480 66 bid we : Ca ee sr Male ieee ee el et 21 251 11 do pekoe 114461 BUD Bee eT 22 Agar’s Land 253 46box bro pe 920 72 bid dekettia, 96 22 do bro pe UD .., 62 23 255 37hf-ch pe sou 1665 50 OE 9% 8 do pek 920 56 24 Ottery and Stam- 107 98 12 do pe sou 1440 50 ~ ford Hill 257 28 ch brope 92800 69 108 Goonambil 99 18 hf-ch bro pek 1080 = 61 25 259 22 do orpe 1870 79 109 100 16 do pekoe 800 50bid 26 261 59 ch ekoe 5310 59 28 Maria 267 «8 ab ro pe 800 56 269 9 do pekoe 900 49 , x 31 271. 6 do pesou 600, 45 SMALL LOTS. 33 Mocha 275 27 do bro pe 2970 874 34 277 25 do — pekoe 2600 64 bid Messrs. BENHAM & BREMNER. 35 279 14 do pe sou 1260 56 36 981 6 do fans 840 37 bia | Lot Box Pkgs. Name 1b, @: 38 Eadella 285 12 do brope 1200 «68 2 Elston, in est. 39 287 12 do _ pekoe 1080 = 50. mark 16 3hf-ch dust 210 26 40 289 12 do sou 960 46 3 17. 2 ch _~ bromix 200 «(27 43 Alnoor 305 34hf-ch bro pe 1870 83= 62 6 Ulapane 22 3 do sou 19234 44 307 26 do pekoe 1300 ~~ 55 6 24 2 do dust 16427 45 309 22 do e sou 1100 BB 10 Sutton 329 ido 46 311 8 do ‘ans 560 41 2hf-ch pe sou 153 ALL CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Messrs. A. H. THompson & Co. Lot. Box Pks. Name. ‘Lot Box Pkgs. Name lb. c. 168 Fred’s Ruhe aa 1 ch eKoe_ 12 Comar 20 5 do pesou 250 38 1 Boe 0 hs 13 oF 6) do. ro sou 300 9-34 110. IS 4c 246 1 do broorpe 14 22 1 do dust 50 27 Wes VD COE : 15 D 23 4 ch = sou 38031 __ mark pon lhi-ch pekoe 17 23 1 do redleaf 8520 15 eg Ol 0044 aise 22 A 31 4hf-ch dust 320 27 1S TE AS a tae : “95 35. 1 do congou 135 40 : estate mark 282 Lo gn bro mix S cor * 4 . ¢ 189 284 Lhf-ch dust 87 Hemingford 56 4 ch sou 300 41 Bin 46 Gonakelle 68 2hf-ch pesou 110 ~=—-550 bid a0 ene aab . dg red eat 4 x — >. SS Se 205 P 316 6hi-ch bro pe Messrs. Fornes& WALKER. 206 318 1 do pekoe Lot Box Pkgs. Name bsercies 215 HAT, in - 2 Moneragalla 916 1 do bro mix 45 24 estate mark 2) ch pe sou 3 918 2 do pek fan iW) = Syl & ES hi-ch dust 4 KHFE 920 2hf-ch bro pe 10042 ST 2 do bro or pe 5 922 1 do pekoe 50 42 4 do” pe sou 6 924 3 do pesou 150 38 Tdors, congou Gi 926 1 ch pedust 130 27 g 2 do ~ dust 8 000, inestate me 1 do bro tea mark 928 2 ch 228 Glencorse 12 box bro or pe Lhf-eh pekoe 2343 232 370 1 ch pefans 9 3 ch pek sou 300 41 233 Wewalakande 37 teen bro pe 16 helanaiya 944 3 do dust 3457 poe Ze OOmmmben oe 17 946 1 do red leaf 10024 235 & do pesou 22 Dunbar 956 1 do congou 90 40 236 eS OR IS 23 958 1 do dust 130-23 237 Dangkande 2 do dust _ 24 Carendon 960 2 ch brope 139 58 238 1 do bro mix 25 962 3 do or pe 293 51 243 Rambodda 2 > ao congou 26 964 3 do pekoe 2750 AT 244 394 2 do fans 27 966 3 do pesou 28844 245 396 1 do dust 31 Kackiriskande 974 ihf-ch red leaf 56025 246 - 398 4 do bro pe dust 32 976 2 do dust 136.28 250 J HS, in estate 33 978 1 do congou 56 33 __ mark 406 1 ch bro tea .37 Knavesmire 986 1 do pesou 50 42 255 Lyegrove 416 1 do dust 38 988 1 ch dust 1452 265 D, in estate 42 Clyde 996 2 do dust 280 27 _ inark 436 3 ch — pedust 43 AV 993 1 do brope 100 54 Dea Ella 444 6hf-ch pesou 44 1000 1 do pekoe 90° 49 x a 446 2 do dust 47 Nugagalla 6 Ghf-ch pe sou 300-48 Glenorvhy = 452, Z do pek sou 48 8 1 do dust 90 28 #54 1 do dust 32 Aaiialawa 16h 3 do, dust 255 28 ~5 Ig) 3° ich dust 390 27 54 H,in estate Mr. E. Joxn. mark 20 1 do e sou 88 45 ot 30x. Pkes. Nam 58 Wattagalla 28 2 ch ie dust 200 27 e NB 911 93° ch ao i .59 Battawattia 30. 3 do bro pefan 300 53 lear Agar’s Land 293 «=Shf-ch dust (0 32 2 do bro tea 200-33 10 Templestowe 229 2 ch — dust 61 34 1 do unas 80 46 27 Ottery and Stam- -62 Lovers’ Leap 36 2 ch ekoe 165 60 = -d Hi 2963 i << Pp ford Hill 263 1 do -sou 63 38 2hf-ch dust 150 28 23 265 1 do dust 64 40 1 do fans 65 41 32 Maria 273. 1 do dust 65 42 4 do sou 340-53 37 BT 283 2 do pekoe 70 St. Helier’s Sle Sach bro mix 300 28 41 Dartry 301 3 do bro tea, 71 54 1 do dust 95 28 42 ; 3(3. 2hf-ch dust 76S EM 64 1 do aust 133-26 50 Pati Rajah 319 1 ch fans wy Mifteatte 66 Lhf-ch dust 7 26 51 Ferndale 321 2 do brope a ia « /- neo Qo5 7 7 kelle 80 2 ch pe sou 200.0 44 pi. Narvlind so ; ae Brocel - 91 W 94 3 ch _ brotea 270 «= 22 Ha Se 329 2-do pekoe 94 Ascot 100 1 do congou 100-42 @ Farm 330 Shech dust ie - 104 1 do red leaf 10024 piss : 3s q yek No. 5 1 104 aon ; oh pek Nee ae 8 Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Co. 105 Clunes 122 Ghf-ch broor pe 390 44bid | Lot Box Pkgs. Name. 117- Augusta 140 3 ch sou 192 42 as) 192 3ht- bro tea 118 142 2 do dust 15022 2 193 3 do dust 121 Tedden 148 2 ch pe sou 180 = 46 3 A 19$ 1 do bro tea 126 T 158 2 do brope 200 «55 4 195 1 do dust 127 160 2 do pekoe 200 45 5 Hatton 196 1 de bro tea 128 Ingurugalla 162 2 ch bro pe 200 57 6 197 2 do dust 129 164 2 do pckoe 200 47 10 Gallawatte te Sedo pe sou 130 166 3 do pe sou 270 45 10A 1A 1 do pe sou A 132 LK 70a Leedo bro pek 100 55 11 2) 2 do bro mix 133 172 1 do pekoe 99 50 12 3 1 do bust 136 Dromoland 178 1 ch pe sou 120.41 16 Ukuwella 7 1 do sou 137 180 1 do bro tea 120-36 17 8 1 do bro tea 138 EH 182 1 ch pesou 96 45 18 9 1 do dust 142 'Torwood 190 4 ch pesou 38045 21A Allakolla 12A4 ch pesouNo2 150 Liskelleen 206 «2 do dust 280 28 22 13 3 ht-ch dust 154 New Anga- 27 Warakamure 18 8 ch fans mann 214. «#1 ch dust 67 39 34. Narangoda 2 4 do ye sou 155 Jambugaha 216 3hf-ch bro ve 165 48 35 Wewelmedpe 26 2 do dust 158 222 2 do dust 130-26 40 Narangalla 31 1 ch dust 189 Kosgahahena 224 1 do bro pe 60 63 44 Benveula 350 2 «do bro mix 2 do bro tea 100 by 45 3600«21: do dust 160 226 1 do pekoe 55 45 49 Roseneath 40 1 do bromix 161 228 7 do pesou $85 41 1 hi-ch 162 230 1 do pe dust Gap 28 50 Cumbawella 41 4 hit-ca bro pe 163 232 1 do sou 65 40 51 42 3 do pekoe 164 234 1 do congou 500 37 52 43 464 pek son SEERGEELSSES & is = —] & & rd 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot Box Pkgs. Name LD) 59 Polgahakande 50 1 ch dust 140 26 60 51 1 do sou 105 39 65 Alpitiakande 56 8 hf-ch pokoe 384 49 bid OT 58 1 ch dust 106 26 7a Penrith 62 1 do dust 150 28 74 Deniyaya 65 4hfich pesou 380 48 bid 75 66 1 ch sou 90 42 76 67 2 do dust 260 28 77 Alutielle 68 2 boxes golden tips 10 Ri bid 7S 7 69 6 hf-ch bro pe 360 54 80 7 ioe 10) pe sou 800 3 bee [PAM vale) red leaf 165 25 Bz 73 1 do bro pe dust 76 26 37 St. Columbkille78 2 ch souchong 180 44 STA 738A 3 do sou 270 43 97 Marymount 88 7 hf-ch pekoe 350 40 98 89 1 do sou 44 36 99 90 1 do dust 60 27 163 Hatdowa 94 1 ch bro mix 115 30 104 Co MI ce dust 145 27 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent). Mincine Lane. Feb. 11th 1895. Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE soldin Mineing Bane up to 25th Jan. :— ix “Goorkha’ —Middleton, Dimbula, 1b 119s; Ge 117s 6d; 2e It 107s6d; 1t 98s; 1c 1b 134s;1¢ 91s. (DC). 2c 2b 108s; 3¢ 1b W03s; lc 945; 1t 115s; 1t 88s. x ‘‘Lancashire’”—Mausagalla, 2c 113s; 3¢ 107s; 1t 98s; 1t 123s; 1b 89s; 1 bag 100s. Ex ‘“‘Peshawur’—Thotulagalla, 1e 1b 106s; 5¢ 102s 6d; 1t 97s; It 117s; 1c 84s; 1 bag 97s. ¥ix “‘“Ganges’—Shawlands 1t 112s; 1 1b 109s; 3c 1b 106s 6d; A bag 100s. S,1t97s. PB,1t127s. (SLT) 1b 89s. Wx “Peshawur’—Lunugalla, 1c 112s; 3¢ 1b 104s 6d; 2c 1b 97s; 1c 123s; le 1b 88s 6d; 1 bag 103s. CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (From our Commercial Correspondent). Mrycinc Lane, February 18th 1895, Ex ‘“‘Goorkha’—Palli, 60 bags 63s 6d; 20 bags 63s; 60 bags: 638 6d; 16 bags 638; 1 bag 50s. Ex “‘Lancashire’—Broken cocoa, 4 bags 44s, CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES N LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent). Mrncine Lane, January 13th, 1895. (CC), le 1s 6d. Ex **Kendal’—Delpotonoysa, 2 287d; 4 284d; 3 1s 11d; 3 1s 10d; 2 1s 6G; 1 1s 3d; 3 139d; 1 1s 4d. AL Malabar, 6 1s 7d; 37 1s 8d; 10 Is 9d. Ex “Kintuck’—Mysore, 2 2s. Ex “Ameer”—Vicarton estate, 1 2s. kx “Shropshire”—Hentimalie Pile, Mysore, 4 2s 6d. he OBSERVER GAS ENGINE PRESS. THA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. CotompBo, Frervary 26th, 1895. { Price :—123 cents each; 3 copies. NO. 8.] ) 30 cents ; 6 copies } rupee. COLOMBU SALES OF TEA. Lot Box Pkes: Name linsfiile: eT iby of 74 174 20 peek pekoe 1000 49 “\ mc 75 175 19 do pe sou 950 46 LARGE LOPS. 81 Galphele- 181 11 do bro pe 660 58 bid aE 82 182 14 ae pekoe 700 51 bid Mr. A. M. Gepp. 83 183, 12, do, pe sou 600 47 bid put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- a Tp in ze feck reso 1900 se zoom on the 20th Feb., the undermentioned lots of. 89 Alpitiakande. 189° 42co™ broat ee 810. : Bebid tea (3,371 lb.), which sold as under :— 91 Friedland 191 34 boxes bro or pe 680 91 bid Lot Box Pkes. Name WDiotine: a 92 af i 193 A 188 bro pe Aan 77 bia eee f-ch bro pek 700 53 bic 95 arangalla 195. 13, ch pe sou 040 44 hic ‘ Pade 3 OI Fad pakee 1050 53 | a Monrovia eh Ai Rech PED pe 800 58 5 5 dust 1170 26 = 19 c pekoe 000 47 Oe Mes ToS” z 99 199 10 hf-ch pesou 500. 42 100 200. 5, ch fans 500 37 Messrs. Bennam & BREMNER ‘ 102. Lyndhurst 2.20 do bro pe 2000 56 put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- | 103 » 3, 87 do. pekoe 3330 51 yoom on the 20th Feb., the undermentioned lots of | 104 4.15 do pesou 1275. 45 tea (9,935 1b.), which sold as under :— 106 So tky Cory dpst OD ee tea (9,935 lb.), wh eaITN ; Ib 107 Ingeriya 7 12hf-ch bro pe 660 61 Lot. Box. pkgs Name BUSS 108 8 12 do pekpe 600 = 45 bid 7 Hiragalla 23 16 do ee eta, | 109 9.13 da pe sou 624 41 bid Lhf-ch pek sou 575 43 bid) 49 Gomillah 12 25 hf-ch brpe(hooped) 1250. 53 bid 8 30 49 ch 4 113 TB erie an pekoe 700 45 bid 1hf-ch bro pek 5200. 46 bid | 414 14 6 do. pekoesou ~ 600, 41 bia _— 115 ING in estate Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Co. _mark Theor ch red leat 500 29 put for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- 16 Tinest. mark 16 8 a8 Reet 508 i 1 ~, 7 = bs oO “te HOO OL the 20th Feb; one mudermentioned NOS ee 124 Weyweltalawa 24 9 hf-ch red leaf 495 30 tea (152,255lb.), which sold as under :— 195 951 19 do” dust 960. 36 Wore Box Pkgs. Name Ds Stee 127 Sirisanda 27°17 do” bo pe 1020 59 bid lL Has i101 Shf-ch bro pe 400 61 128 28° 22, do pekoe 1100 50 2 102 11 do pekoe 550 52 129 29° 29 do pe sow 1450 45 bit 3 103, 16. do pe sou 800 45 130 30 12 do nnas 630 49 6 Naseby 106 8 do bro pe 400 84 | 188 Labugama 38° 17, do bro pe 935 63 7 107 12. do pekoe 600 60 139 89/213. ch. pekoe 1170 4¢ 8 Gallawatte 108 12 do bro pe” 600 53 149 40°12 do pe sou 1080 44 bid 9 109 10 do pekoe 500 47 141 Gampolawatte 41 8 do bro pe 800 53 bid 11 Glenalla 111 16 ch bro or pe 1600 55 bid | 142 42 8 do pekoe 800 48 12 112. 15. do or pe 1350 56 bid | 143. Kudaganga 43% 5 do bro pe 550 AT 13 113. 26 do pekoe 2340 48 bid | 145 45,5. 6) do pe sou 600 45 14 : 114 34 do pe sou 3060 43 bid | 147 Earslston 47. G6 h--ch~ dust 480 30 17. ~Avrdross 117. 15 do bro pe 1500 52 bid an eh al 18 ee Gogh, UePS Tenor, fe Messrs. Fores .& Wanker 19 ¢ 7 do ye SOU 53! 5 a ‘ 1 - —- 23 Neuchatel 123 39 do Be pe 4290 55 bia | PUt up for eal at the aes of Commerce. Sale- 24 Ceylon 124 42 do. pekoe 4200 46 bid | Y0om on the 20th Feb., the undermentioned lots of 25 125 16 do pesou 1520 44 bid | tea (225,836 lb.), which sold as under :— 26 'lyspany 126 39 do brope 3900 62 Lot. Box, Pkgs. | Name. Lora: 27 127 66 do pekoe 5940 53 10 Easdale 482 11 ch © bro pe 1100 G6 28 128.9 do pesou 810, 46 11 484 19 do pekoe 1909, 69 29 Rayigam 129 10 do bro pe 1100, 65 14 Barkindale 490 10hf-ch bro pe 560-69 30 130 16 do or pe 1600 58 bid | 15 492.13 ch. pekoe 1235 58 31 131, 6 do pekoe 600 49bid | 19 Caskieben 500 38 do flowerype 3800 60)hid a2 132 7 do. pe sou 708. 45 bid | 20, 502 29. do. pekoe 2900,, 53 35 Maligatenne 135 10 hf-ch pesou 500-42 22. Hurstpierpoint 506 12hf-ch bro pe 600 45 bid 38 Rondura 33 ct bro pe 168055 bid | 23 508. 8 do pekoe 400. 43 39 pekoo 1500 47 bid | 25° Gonawella 512. 9 ch _ bro pe 900-55 bid 40 pe sou 855 44 bid | 31 Langdale 524.22. do bro pe 2640 87 41 Bilandhu bro pe 1440-53 bid. | 32 526 26 do pekoe 2600 64 42 pekoe 1600 45 bid | 38 Daphne 538 60 box bro pe 1080-52 44. Depedene bro or pe 1820 52 bid | 39 540 92 do pekoe 1656-48 45 bro pe 1500 47 bid | 40. DA 542, 8, ch... bro tea 815-36 46 pekoe 1600 45 44 CP UH, Galle, in 47 pe sou 1250 43 estate mark 550 13hf-ch bro pe 650, 49 bid 50. Cirtrus 150 8 ch. bro pe 855 51 bid | 45 552 14 do pekoe 700, 47 1 hf-ch 46 554 11 do. pesou 550 43 51 151 10 ch pekoe 100045 | 56 Queensland 574.21. ch fiowery pe 2100 v2 52 ey AY ake fannings 500 43 57 576 17. do pekoe 1700 56 S$ lrex 156 22 do bro pe 2200-68 58 578; 04 Go unas 509 46 57 Benveula liz 16 do bro pe 1600, 57 bid | 60 Harrington 582 22hf-ch flowery pe 990 64 bid 58 Harangalla 158 28 do bro pe 2300 63 61 584 14. ch bro or. pe 1540 69 59 Penrith 159 26 do-— bropes= 2730 62 bid | 62 586 10 do pekoe 900, 55 bid 60 St. Columbkille 160 $ hf-ch bro pe 400 46 bid | 63 588 5 do pe sou 450 50 61 Lonach 161 25 do bro pe 1500 64 66 Nugahena 594 6 do 62 162 47 do pekoe 4465. 53 bid Lhf-ch, brops, 638" 87 63 163 22 do ye SOU 1980 47 67 596 6 ch yekoe 531 49 Gh 164 11 do vO MIX 1045 37 70 Ellekande 602 43 hf-ch bra pe 2107° | «58 65 165 8 hf-ch dust 68027 ) 71 604 31 do. pekoe 189546 bid 66 Nawatakelle 166 8 ch pe dust 1200.26 72 606 18 ch pe sou 1260 4d 63 Ovoea AT 168 18 do broorpe 1080 74 bid | 73 608 7 do unas 630° 46 69 169 12 do or pe 660 74 75 612. Ohf-ch sou 6 40 70 170 12 do pekoe 114059 76 614. 7 do. pe fans 455 98 7 171 13 do pesou 1300) 53 79 Choughleigh 620 27 ch bre pe 2700. 56 72 172 10 do pe fans 700 46 So 622.21 do pekoe 1848 47 bid 73 Kelani 173 70 hf-ch brope 4200-55 bid | 81 624 5 do pesou 409 2 hid ik Lot 3 Lowlands 328 84 530 37. Theberton 63G 88 638 91° ~Walahanduwa 656 98 658 99 660 105 Vilpita, 672 106 674 112 Thedden 686 113 688 114 Golconda 690 Lets Gr 696 118 4H, in estate mark 698 119 700 120 Becherton 702 121 704 122 706 126 St. Helier’s 714 127 Hderapolla 716 1229 CRD 720 130 722 131 W’bedde 724 BOE end 726 123. Pedro 723° 134 730 ~ 135 732 136 734 37. Koorooloo- galla 736 138 738 141 744 142 Gleneagles 746 143 748 145 Sandringham 752 146 oe ad 147 756 148 SSS 738 149 760 150 MC 762 151 Essex 764 152 766 1538 768 154 Scrubs 770 155 772 156 iA 157 776 158 778 159 Torwood 780 169 782 163’ Beausejour 783 164 = 790 165 Yoxford 792 166 : 794 167 Condeégalla 796 169 Labookelle 9800 170 Lin estate mark _ 802 171 Kivrimettia 804 172 806 178 F&H 318 179 - 820 182. Polatagama 826 183° 828 184 ; 830 191 Bandara Hliya 844 192 846 193 848 194 850 196 3 854 197 DBW- 356 198 Farnham 858 199 860 200 "862 2)1 864 202 Sana 866 203 868 294 . “870 205 CL in estate mark 872 206 RRR 7A XT ae 87 217 ~Ivies 896 218 898 219 900 222 Clunes 906 23 908 224 910 225 912 229 MF 920 230 922 CEYLON” PRODUCE \|SALES LIsr. Box Pkgs. 6 ch 6 do 41 hf-ch 39 do Name Ib. bro pe 600 pekoe 540 bro pe 2050 pekoe 1950 bro pe 800 pekoe 2000 pe sou 1520 pekoe 400 pe sou 475 bro pe 1650 ekoe 1900 bro pe 735 dust 435 bro pe 880 pekoe 420 bro pe 1600 pekoe 1620 pe sow 500 bro or pe 990 pe sou By) dust 800 red leaf 600 bro pe 630 pekoe 1110 bro or pek 1870 pekoe 1440 pe son 975 dust 450 bro pe 945 pekoe 630 dust 480 bro pe 3520 pekoe 3040 bro pe 3795 pekoe 2700 bro pe fans 1300 bro pe 1904 pekoe 2100 bro tea 2850 bro pe 1840 or pekoe 2200 pekoe 630 bro or pe 770 bro pe 1430 pekoe 2090 e sou By) dust * 600 bro pe 2300 " pekoe 2700 bro pe 1800 pekoe 1260 bro pe; 500 pekoe_ 630 pe sow 672 pe sou 504 bro £65 400 bro mix 800 unassorted 700 bro pe 990 ‘pekoe 855 bro pe’ 2640 pekoe 2145 pe sow 1800 bro or pe 1440 bro pe 1800 pekoe 1450 pe sow 1900 pe fans 640 pe sou” 866 bro pe 1334 or pe 924 pekoe. 1710 pekoe sou 950 bro pe 900 pekoe 850 pek sou 900 sou ~ 1200 * bro pek 400° ‘pekoe. 600 br pek 800 pekoe 2755 pe sou 800 brope 2100 . pekoe 5610 ' pekscu 600 ' br mx 570 ' bro pe 420 pekoe 900 Cc. 51 46 58 54 62 47 bid 45 48 44 65 54 55 bid 26 62 bid 63 bid 53 bid 54 bid 73 bid 60 bid 65 bid 57 bid 64 bid 48 bid 46. bid Lot Box Pkgs. Name Ib. c. 231, Meemoraoya 924 17 hf-ch br or pek 765 5 é s or pe’ 0 232 926 10 do pekoe 450 43 234 GP Min es- tate mark 930 9 do bro or pe 540 86 bid 235 932 7 do or 420 87 236 934 9 do pekhe 504 is 237 936 11. do e No, 2 616 65 245 Munamal 952 10 ch bro pe 1040 47 246 = Mek 954 4 do pekoe 445 41 250 Kirindi 962 12 do es pe 1200 65 bid 251 964 15 do pekoe 1125 55 252 966 15 do pe sou 1125 47 255 RWA 972 8 hf-ch bre pe 480 71 256 974 11 do pekoe 605 60 258 Lillawatte 978 8 ch congou 800 42 260 Wolley Field 982 5 do pekoe 500 42 bid 262 986 5 ch sou 435 38 272 Maha Uva 6 49 hf-ch bro pe 2695 70 bid 273 8 14 ch pekoe 1400 58 bid 24 10 5 do pe sou 500 54 275 Sinestate mark 12 7 do dust 1155 26 276 CL in estate mark 14 4 do red leaf 1430 38 277 D 165 do brmix 515 25 bid Messrs. A. H. Tuompson & Co. put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- room on the 20th Feb., the undermentioned lots of tea (63,561 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Pkgs. Name 1b. 1 St. Leonards on Sea sot 1 2 8 Ferndale, 3 ch bro pek 1300 52 2 do pekoe 570 46 eo Rangalla .. 5 11 do bro pek 1100 60 bid 4 [ 7 16 do pekoe 1440 51 5 Kennington 9 6 do sou 570 37 8 Hemingford 12 23 do broorpek 1380 60 bid 9 Saidawatte 14°°25" do bro ike 2750 = 2. bid 10 16 20 do pekoe 1900 48 il ds 4 do fans 488 31 13 TCE 20 18 do or pek 1980 53 bid 4 Glenalyah 22 5 do bro pek 525 40 bid 15 24 11 do pekoe 1100 46 16 26 10 do px sou 1000 41 bid tf 2B et lo: ro mix 500 5 19 Sapitiyagodde 30 16 do orpek 1600. 61 20 32) 32 do bro pek 3520 57 bid 21 34 10 do pekoe 1000 «= 553 bid 22. 36 3 do dust 400 27 23 Sapitiyagoda 37 27 box orpek(n'tbk) 540 36 bid 94 39 26 ch or pek 1600 58 bid 25 : 41 32 do bro pek 3520 57 bid 26 3 12° do pekoe 1200 53 bid 28 GG 46 5 do sou 475 40 32 B&D 50 “5: do dust 750 28 33 Bogahagoda- watta 52 11hf-ch bro pek 660 53 34 54 16 do pekoe 88047 40 Vogan 61 33 ch bro pek 3300 63 bid 41 63° 33 do pekoe 2970 51 bid 42 65 19 do peksou 1710 47 43 Comt Lodge 7 11 do bro or pek 770 81 bid 44 69 39 do Tro pek 2652 76 bid 45 71 24 do pekoe 1320-62 bid 46 ioe ch: pek sou 595 54 49 Portswood TP? 1 ch sou 880 56 bid 50 79 5S5hf-ch dust 400 35 bid 51 Rakwana 80 23 do bro or pek 1380 46 bid 52 : 82° 52) ch bro pek 5700 42 bid 53 84 37 do pekoe 3720 40 bid 54 86 12 do pek sou 1294 38 bid 55 88 10hf-ch fans 800 27 56 ; 90 14 ch t lhf-ch sou 1295 40 bid 59 Manickwatte 94 7 ch bro pek 770 54 bid Mr. BE. Joun. put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- room on the 20th Feb., the undermentioned lots ef t2a (128,0031b.), which sold as under :— - Lot: Box, Pkgs. Name Ib. c. 2 Hila 345 34 ch bro pek 3400... 58 gi! 347 18 do pekve 1620 46 bid. 4 349: 15. do pe sou 1350 44 bid 5r a 10.4 do dust 520 7 6 KDFA 12, 6 do bro pek 540 50 8 16. 5 do pek sou 450 40 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIS’. oe Lot Pox. Pkgs' Name. 11 Gonavy 22. 9 ch pekoe i 24 17 do pek sou 15 Indian Walk 30 21hf-ch bro pek 16 327 15; chi pekoe V7 34.4, ch pek sou 18 36 Ghf-ch bro tea 19 Callander 38 732) ch bro or pek 20 40 14 hf-ch pekoe © PA 42 14 do pek sou 24 Whyddon 48 12 ch bro pek 25 50 12 do pekoe 26 Cleveland 52 12 do bro pek 27 54 15 do pekoe 28 56 6 do pek sou 30 Allington 60. 12 hf-ch , bro or pek 31 62 15 do bro pek 32 64 16 do pekoe 3 66 12 do pek sou 39 Talagalla 78 19 do . bro pe 40 80 17 do or pe 41 82 14 do pekoe 42 Chicago 84° 26 hf-ch bro pe 3 86 61 do pekoe 44 88 12 do pe son 46 St. Catherine 102 21 do bro pe 47 104 14 do pekoe 50 Peru 110 10 do bro pe 51 112'*'8) do pekoe 54 New Tunis- “ galla . 118413 ch bro pe 55 120 7 do pekoe 57 Keenagaha Ella . 12414 do bro or pe 64 Agra Ouvah 138 47 hi-ch bro or pe 65 149 50 do or pe 66 142 39 do pekoe 67 144 18 do pe sow 69 N 148:'5 ch pe sou 70 KR, in estate mark 150 12 do bro pe 71 152-17 do pekoe 72 154 9 do pe son 730 art 156 5 do pe sou 74 158 =9hf-ch dust 75 Logan 160 29 ch bro pe 76 162 26 ch pekoe 77 164.122 ch pe sou 79 Glasgow 168 27 ch bro pe 80 170 32 do pekoe 81 DN Dinest.} mark Lila 4do. pe fans 2 174-12: hf-ch dust 3 176 15 ch bro tea 84 Ardlaw and 178 28 hf-ch or pe 85 Wishford 180 12 ch broor pe 86 182 26 do pekoe 87 A inest. mark 184 19 do unas 83 T&T Co, in est. mark 186 37 do bro pe 89 1s8 47 do pekoe 90 190 15 do ye sou 92 ‘Talagalla 194. 12 do ro pe 93 Lameliere 196 30 do — bro pe 94 Madooltenne 198 15 do bro pe 95 200 22 do pe sou 96 Anchor in est. - mark 202 13 do bro or pe 97 204 13 ao or pe 98 206 14. do pekoe 99 208 12 do pe sou 100 210 5 do pe fans 101 Agav’s Land 212. 11 hf-ch bro pe No 2 105 Ayr 220 25 hf-ch bro. pek 106 222 24 ch pekoe 107 224 13 do ye SOU 109 Blackburn 228 14 do ro pe wl 230 19 do pekoe SMALL LOTS. A. M GEpPp. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. 3 Burnside 5 dShf-ch pe sou 4 A, in estate mark Pore (fe Beale bro pek 5 9 1 do pekoe 6 i) itdo pek sou 7 13 1 do unas 1350 1260 3600 1500 2200 1495 1170 1330 1200 600 550 1150 1800 1040 1540 2090 lb. 250 53 55 53 40 45 26 bid 69 bid 61 64 id 58 bid 53 54 50 46 bid 43 59 bid 50 bid 46 bid 54 bid 46 bid 55 bid 45 56 bid 69 56 bid 45 52 bid §2 50 bid 59 bid 50 bid 45 56 47 Messrs. Bennam & BREMNER. Lot Box Pkes. Name 1 Pannapitiya 16° 2hf-ch dust aa 18°16 ch pekre 3 20 4 do bro pe Mussry: A. H. THompson & Co. Lot Box Pkgs. Name 6 Kennington 103,63 (ch bro tea 7 Ty, ,,;5- do dust 2 Saidawatte 19) ).42 do red leaf 18 Glenayah PAN YIN dust 27 Sapitiyagodde ,45 2 do pek sou 29 GG 47 1. do dust 30 RW T 48 . 1.,do dust 31 RWI 49 2 do fans 35 Bogahagoda- ; watta 56. 2hf-ch pek sou 36 Svar (a0) sou 37 58\,.3) do bro mix 38 59.) do} dust 39 CW 60) 1 ch 3 hf-ch — dust 47 CouwtLodge 75 3hi-ch pek fans 48 RWT Oem Oech bro tea 57 D 92). 1 hf-ch — unas 58 D 938'01 do dust 60 Manikwatte .95..'2 ch pekoe . Mr. E. Jonn. Lot. Box, ,, Pkgs. . Name. 1 ¢H 843) 4:3 ch pekoe No, 1 7 KDFA 14. 4 do pekoe 9 Wpa2 de red leaf 10 20, Lhf-eh dust 13 Gonavy 26) acl ch pek fans 14 4) 28) 4c do: dust 22 [>C LN 44. 2hf-ch bro pek 23 46.2 do pekoe 29 Cleveland 6815.13. (ch sow 34 Allington 68 Lhf-ch dust 35 10zik “do red leaf 45 Chicago 90.1 do sou 52 Peru 1l4. 2 do pe sou 53 i 1146 4d do red leaf 56 New. 'Lanis- galla. 122-43 ch pe sou 58 Keenagaha Ella 126, 92 do sou 59 128), 2 do, dust 60 13040 do unas 61 Hiralouvah 130 2 do pe sou 62 134),;1, do fans 63 1386 1 do bro pe dust 68 Agra Ovuah 146, 4 hf-ch., pe fans 91 T&L Co. in est. mark 192).,1 ch dust 108 226 .1 hf-ch dust lll BB 232;2 ch pe son 112 234. \1 do bro tea 113 236 1 do dust Messks., SOMERVILLE & Co. Lot Box Pkgs. Name. 4 HJS 104 3 hf-ch red leaf 5 nt anaes ae (0) dust WW Gallawatte 110 1 do pe sou 15 Glenalla LS ele ch congou 16 116 1 do pe fans 20 Ardross 120° °1 do dust 21 121s, 1 do bro mix 22 LB K 122 3. do red leat 33 Maligatenne 133 5 hf-ch brope 34 1344 do pekoe 36 136. 2 do bro sou 37 Teel da dust 43 Bilandhu 145 a1) ch bro tea 48 Depedene 148 3 hf-ch dust 49 149 1 do red leaf 53 Citrus 158/32 ch pe dust 54 Cumbawela 154 3 hf-ch pekoe 55 155 4 do pe sou 67 MG 167 ; 2 ch pekoe 76 Kelani I76 4 hf-ch dust 84 RX st 1 ch souchong 85 185 1 do dust withd’n 50 bid At lO bow bo po IE or 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST Lot Box Pies" Name Ib: +c, | Lot. Box Pks. Name. ib. G 88 ean ea 188 4 es oe mix 232 3 “a | 139 Koorooloo- 90 itiakande 190 8 do pekoe 384 47 bi is B ; aa 3 93 Piincheeia 193, 3 ch os pe 300 55 bid galla M03 ch pek sou 2704 oe 194...2 dp poke 160 48 bid | 140 742 Vhf-ch red leaf 56 34 f 196 2 do dust 300 27 wr Bl 4 “ oR F 101 Monrovia 1 2 do ~pedust 260 27 ci lente cand bs, bs chy, + Apne ml * 105 Lyndhurst 5 2 do souchong.., 180 35 161 | Forwood 784 3 do pek sou 285 43 110 Ingeriya 10 3 hf-ch unas 150 45 162 7386 8 do dust 240 4 111 11’ 4 do bro yvhix 208 37 Leia / 118 Tinest, mark 18 2 ch bro tea 240 43 168 C in estate ot 19" 2 do? ‘dust 260! 27 mark 798° 3 do bro tea 300 32 Dy . - ent 98 Pars) pile = nots ae see LR 173 Kirrimettia $08 2 do bropedust 203 27 122 29h dé pekoe 100 4) 174 810 1 do pek dust 118 27 123 23 i ee pe sou 35036 175 812, 1 do fannings 113°—C BO ; -€ 126 Sirisanda 26° 20 boxes or pe 226 gs hid | 176 AG 814-2 do. bro tea 78 «48 iB oe 4 bf-ch re ag wie 4 177 F&H 816 2 do bro or pe 220 65 bid 2 32 ch dus 5 27 ey A & Z 144 Kudaganga 44. 1 ch pekoe 105 47 ia 822. 3, do pek sou 285 $7 Wid 146 46° 1 ch bro tea 120. 8 181 824.1 do. dust. 150 «28 148 Earlston 48° G6 hf-ch fannings 360 5 185 Polatagama 832, 6 hf-ch Fannings 300 | 48 149 - 49° 1 ch congou 100 3 195 Bandara Eliya 852 2 do unassorted 100 47 } ‘ 208 RR, BRB 808 2 ch bek sou 200 40 214 Stafford 890. 2 ch line sole 229. ; 71 r 202 2 c f Messrs. Forres & WALKER. ae See 1 oe * Ps y ol Lot Box Pkgs. | Name lb. «€, 220 Ivies 902.1 do dust 400087 1°58 464. 3 ch red leaf 300 28 221 904 3 do br tea 360 37 2 ANK 466 1 do bro pe 109 62 226 ~Clunes 914 2 do dnst 300 26 3 468 1 do pek No.1 100 44 233 Meemoraoya 928 1 hf-ch sou 40 40 4 470 3 do pekoe 276 38 238 G PM in es- 5 472 Lhf-ch pesou 50:87 tate mark 938 5 do sou : 280 54 6 474 4 ch sou 858 35 239 910 4 do red leaf 200 36 7 476 1-do red leaf 90 26 240 942; 1 do pefanning 95 31 12 Easdale 486 1 do pe sou 119-48 241 Frome 9442 ch unassorted 178 48 13 ty 488 4hf-ch dust 240 41 242 ITKV 946 1 do bro mix 112 35 16 Barkindale 494. 1 ch sou 100 45 243 Rosendhal 948- 3 hf-ch bro pek 150 49 17 496 1 do bro mix 85 30 244 950 4 do pekoe 200 40 18 Brunswick 498 3 do pe fans 390 32 247 Munamal 956 2 ch pek sou 214 35 21 Caskieben 504 2 do pe fans 240 30 248 958 1 do dust 137 7 24 Hurstpierpoint 510 1hf-ch congou 45 37 253 Kirindi 968 38 do sou 192 38 26 Gonawella 514 4 ch pekoe 360 47 254 970° 2 do dust 132 28 27 516 3 do peksou 270 | 39 57 RWA 976 1 hf-ch pe sou 55 49 28 518° 2 do sou 120 37 259 Wolley Field 980 2 ch bro pek 200 53 29 520 2 do fans 160 34 1 do 30 522.2 do dust 240 11 27 261 984 Lhf-ch pek sou 1500037 33 Langdale 528 4 do pesou 360) 54 1 ch 34 530 1 do pe fans 135 44 263 988 1 hf-ch bro mix 145 30 35 532.1 do dust 165 31 264 999 1 do dust 60 29 36 Dambagastalawa584 2 do pe sou 200 54 37 6386 6hf-ch dust 360 50 re DH 544 52 ee pe eee 56 27 4 546° 1 ¢ e dust 128 27 43-D Sage doi Sekoe 94 40 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. 47 CP GA, Galle, in estate mark 556 Jhf-ch dust 75 27 48 558 1 do congou 54 35 49 N iC ° 560 1 do ‘bro pe 50-56 4 50 ; 562 1 do pekoe 50 44 {From Our Commercial Correspondent ). 61 Q ‘aml Fee 1 ne pee son | 50 438 59 Queensland 80° 2 ¢ pe fans 260 28° NCIN cE. 64 Harrington 590 1 do ‘sou: - 90°. 44 NE eee 65 Us 592, °2 do dust 30028 i phe: 68 Nugahena 5983 do jpesou 273-42, Marks and prees of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing 69 600 l1hf-ch fans 61 28 : a 74 Ellekande 610 3 ch bro tea 270 28 Lapsp tenis’ Kehagias, : 77 Osborne 616 3 ht-ch’” dust 934 29 Ex “‘Peshawur’—Palli, 1b 100s; 1¢ 1t 93s; 1b 89s; 1b 106s; ie ah sega 618° 3 aie 5 Dem tea, sa aa j le 85s. P, 1b 84. Deyanella, 1b 108s; 2c 1b 104s; le 96s; oughleig 626 2 do pe fans 2 am 85 Lowlands 632. 4 do | pesou 320 43 1b 90s. DET, 1b 88s. 86 , 634. 1 do fans 120 32 Ex ‘‘Goleonda”—Cabragalla, 2e 114s; 3c 107s; le 1b 97s; 89 Theberton 640 5 bi-ch bro mix 250 35 _. | 1¢ 127s; 1b 88s 6d. Tillicoultry, 1c 117s; 2c 115s; 3¢ 107s; 1b 90. 642 5 do dust 250 27 q 7s: TC, le 1.928: 1b S48: 1b 98s. (TCT 9 PDM 6443 do ~ pe dust 290 34 96s; 1b 117s. TC, le 10,92s;, 8; s. (ICT), le 1t 90s. 92 oe 646 1 do sou 90 45 Mahakande, 1c 112s;-3c‘ 1b 110s 6d 2t 98s; 1t 129s; 1 bag 104s. 100, Walahanduwat6é2 2 do dust, 260 27 ; 101 6601 do “redieat gh. tide 2 | GUST), it Bs. 102 666 2 do -congou 180 36 103 668 2 ae jae 190 36 © Gets so ar Sa TE ae ee 104. Vilpita 670 3 do ro pe 290 54 : a Fu i? : 107 676 1 do congou 95 36 CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. 108 678 1 do fans 95 =. 30 : j 109 SPA 680 i do | bro pe 65° 54 ee dy - z 110 682 1 do pekoe 100 4.45 | ; e : 111 684 1 do pe sou 95° 40 © Rone pee 115 Goleanda 692, 2 do pekoe 200 49 -. a Oe ee Tn 694. 2 do sou 190 40°" (From our fommercial Correspondent), 123. Becherton 708 2 do. dust, 280° -28 : Gl . : 1244. BIN 710 1 ch bor pek 100 52 * ; Mrxcixe lians, February Ist 1:95. 125 - 5 712 1 do , pekoe 90 42 OK RSG Lao f 128 Ederapolla 7s BA ia) sou 350 35 | Ex ‘“‘Golconda”—RSNTH, 20°bags 60s; 26 to 30 bags 60s © OBSERVER GAS ENGINE PRE&S. THA, COFFEHK, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO. 9.] CotomBo, Marcu 4th, 1895. { Price :—123 cents each ; 3 copies. 30 cents ; 6 copies $ rupee. d COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. LARGE LOTS. Messrs. Brnaam & BREMNER put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- room on the 27th Ieb., the undermentioned lots of | tea (6,140 1b.), which sold as under :— Lot. Box. pkgs Name Ne 23 Battalgalla.. 22 18 ch pek sou 1,800 51 4 lLynford 24 5 do dust 450 27 5 26 6 do sou 600 48 bid 6 HY .. 28 18hf-ch bro pek 1080 42 bid 7 Elston, inest. mark po el OOn pe sou No. 2. 810 45 8 UA 32 15hf-ch pekoe 3840 44 Messrs. A. H. THOMPSON & Co. put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- Yoom on the 27th Feb., the undermentioned lots of tea (18,882 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Pkgs. Name Mp Smec: 1 Dehiowita .. 1 9 ch pekoe 310 41 2 3 6 do bro mix 540 27 8 XXX 10 4 do unas 480 24 9 HSGT 12 23 do bro or pek — 1380 61 10 14 23 do bro pek 2530 56 11 16 20 do or pek 2200 50 bid 12 18 10 do pek sou 1000 42 13 Court Lodge 20 1lhf-ch broorpek 770 70 bid 14 22 39 do bro pek 2652 67 bid 15 24 24 do pekoe 1320 60 bid 20 Charlie Hill.. 31 14hf-ch peksou 700 41 21 33 8 «do pekoe 400 43 Messrs. Forses & WALKER put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- room on the 27th Feb., the undermentioned lots of tea (190,039 lb.), which sold as under :-— Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibuaac: 1 0 . 22 Sht-ch dust 424 27 3 Weligode 26 7 ch dust 1046 27 4 28 6 do pe fans 843 30 5 Ambalawa .. 30 41hf-ch broor pe 2255 54 bid 6 B2meLL) ach! pekoe 935 49 bid 9 WMV 38 Shf-ch_ bro pek 480 52 15 AN K so AD Gan e fan 600 28 18 Great Valley 56 20 do bro pek 2200 67 19 58 20 do pekoe 2000 58 20 60 12 do pesou 1140 49 21 St. Helen 60 20hf-ch bro pek 1200 BES 22 62 18 do ekoe 876 50 30 Thedden sO 11 ch ro pek 1210 59 31 86 13 do ekoe 1300 51 33 $2.38 do dust 440 27 34 88 10 do sou 900 40 40 Kosgalla 100 21 do bro pe 1176 52 41 102 13 do pekoe 6385 45 42 104 10 do pe sou 531 41 Dunkeld 106. 20 ch bro pe 2200 61 bid 108 22hf-ch or pek 1100 66 110 15 «ch ekoe 1500 53 bid 4 Weoya 112 48 do ovo pek 2640 67 4 114 50 do pekoe 2500 54 48 116 18 do ye SoU S10 50 49 lg 13 do bro pe fans 700 50 £0 120 11 do pek dust 715 27 51 Erlsmere 122,.,5 ch dust 475 37 53 Ederapolla .. 126 18 hf-ch bro or pe 990 56 54 128 54 do bro pek 2700 55 65 130 38) ch pekoe 3040 46 56 132 30 do pe sou 2250 43 57 ~Deaculla 1384 7Thf-ch bro pe 420 71 58 136 19 ch pekoe 1425 ab 62 Malvern 144 20 hf-ch ro pek 1200 73 63 146 30 ch pekoe 2250 56 76 St. Helie’s.. 172 15hf-ch bro orpe $825 61 77 174 12 ch pekoe 1100 53 7s 176 9 do pek son 900 47 | Lot Pkgs. Name Ib. €. 79 Patiagama .. 15 ch br orpek 1650 57 80 8 do bro pe 300 56 81 12 do pekoe 1200 52 84 BDV 21 -ch fans 1995 42 35 7 do dust 280 28 93 VO i0 ch or pek 1000 63 94 22 do pekoe 2090 50 95 11 do bro tea 1210 31 9 SSS 20 ch bro pek 2239 85 98 25 do pekoe 2450 53 bic 99 13 do bro pe fan 1859 43 100 7 do dust 1239 27 103 Carlabeck .. Whf-ch dust 600 54 106 Eltindale 20 do fans 1000 30 107 Knavesmire 16 ch Lhf-ch bro pek 1660 57 108 236 26 ch Lhf-ch pekoe 2395 50 409 238 16 ch pe sou 1440 45 111 Harrington 242 10 do pekoe 900 58 112 Castlereagh 244 15 do bro or pek 1650 64 bid 113 246 23 do or pek 2090 61 bid 114 248 20 do pekoe 2000 5b 115 Dammeria.. 250 59hf-ch broorpe 3540 69 116 CE) Gp} an pekoe 5293 57 117 254 9 do pesou 900 51 123. Bismark 266 5 ch dust 740 36 124 268 5 do pek fans 525 45 125 Kalupahana 270 Shf-ch pekoe 400 45 127 Scrubs 274 13 ch bro pe 1430 65 bid 128 276 22 do pekoe 2099 58 bid 12299 FA 278 9. do bro pek 990 G5 bie 130 280 9 do pekoe 855 58 bid 131 Brunswick.. 282 37 hf-ch hyson 2220 60 bid 132 284 34 do young hys 2040 58 133 286 32 do hyson No. 2 1760 50 135 Queensland 290 19 ch flowery pe 1900 62 136 292 17 do pekoe 1700 53 137 M .. 294 15 do bro pe 1650 73 bid 138 Amblangeda 296 11 do bro pe 1160 67 139 298 10 do pekoe 1050 55 142 Middleton.. 304 14hf-ch bro pe 840 72 143 306 14 do bro pe 910 42 144 308 36 do or pek 1980 77 145 310 13 ch pekoe No. 1 1300 68 146 312 13 do pekoe ,, 21300 58 147 Gonawella.. 314 9 do bro pe 900 59 148 Iddagodda.. 316 22 do bro pe 2200 62 149 818 .28 do pekoe 2520 53 bid 150 320 14 do pe sou 1190 46 155 PDA 330 5 ch bro pe 500 51 156 Essex 332 6" ‘ch bro mix 630 35 158 336 11 do bro tea 935 26 159 MC 338 12 do broorpek 1200 59 160 340 12 do pekoe 1092 49 163 BG .. 346 12 do pe sou 1200 40 171 Pemberton 362 14hf-ch bro pe 770 57 172 364 1C do pekoe 900 49 173 366 8 do pek sou 720 45 174 Polwatte 368 + do bro pek 400 54 175 370 5 do pekoe 450 ot 185 Chines—(Errachat Division.) 390 45 hf-ch brope 2250 59 biel 186 392 74 do pekoe 6290 52 187 Sorana 394 6 ch lhf-ch bro pe 620 e461 188 396 © eh Lhf-ch pekoe 680 51 191 ANK 402 13° ch sou 1155 30 199 Castleton 418 21 do bro pe 2100 54 bid 200 420 26 do pekoe 2460 50 201 422 Shf-ch pe fans 550 35 202 424 13 ch dust 1690 27 Messrs. Somervitte & Co. put for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- room on the 27th Ieb., the undermentioned lots of tea (67,813 ]b.), which sold as under :— Lot Box Pkgs. Name eres 1 Ukuwela 50 49 ch bro pe 4900 57 biel 2 51 35 do pekoe 3500 49 3 52 19 ado pe sou 1805 45 6 Gallawatte 55 Itht-ch bro pe 700 5D 7 Sb 9 do pekoe 450 46 ey CEYLON” PRODUCE SALES LIST. : Si = > = - Lot Box Pkgs. Name lip oc: Lot Box Pkes. Name ih: ¢. 14 Hy inestate mark 63 30 ch bro mix 3000 23 Witt | 52 350 23 hf-ch pekoe 1156 48 15 H G 64 10 do bro pe 1000 54 53 ll 27 do pek sou 1350 45 16 Rondura 65+ 6° do fans 550 45 53 Mocha -.. 16.33. ch bro pek 3630 71 5,in estate mark68 3 do | 56 17 27 de pekoe 2700 62 7hi-ch fans 680 47 57 19 16 do pek sou 1440 55 22 AP, Godalle 71, 26 do unas 1293 44 58 Templestowe... 21 32 do or pek 3200 64 28 Penr ith, ii, 29; ch bro pe 3045 61 bid | 59 23 35 do pekoe 3150 5b 29 73.30. do pekoe 2400 855 60 25 24’ do — pek sou 204047 30 79.19 do pe sou 1710 49 64 DE -- 33 16_do souchong 960 48 33 Rayigam 82, 10, do bro pe 1100 65 65 Meeriatenne 35 7hf-ch bro pek 420 53 34 §8.,-16 do on pe 1600 58, | 66 87 Shf-ch ekoe 448 48 35 84. 6 do pekoe 600 49 65 Kadella avy A 19. ch ae 1900 5 36 85 7 do pesou 700 «45 bid | 69 43 17 do pekoe 1530-48 37 Beverley 86 11 hf-ch pe dust 715 38 70 45 12 do pek sou 960 45 38. M’ bande 87 15 do pe sou 765 44 bid | 71 Lenawatte 47 12hf-ch bro pek 720 55 39 ‘ts Y 88 14 do bro pefans 1176 33 bid | 72 49 9 do pekoe 495 48 40 Harangalla 89 18 ch bro pe 18th) 63 75 Glanrhios 55 “19° *ch ro pek 1900 62 44 90 23 de pekoe 1840 55 76 57 31 do pekoe 2685 55 42 91 13 do pesou 104047 eee 59 12 do pek fen 1380: 52 44. Allakolla 93 386hf-ch bro pe 1980 66 | oe We 63 4 do ~ bro tea 500 20 45 $4.17 ch pekoe 1615 By) | SO Glentilt 65 28 do bro pek 2940 68 46 95 7 do pe sou 630 45 81 G7 24 do pek sou 2400 49 49 Alpitiakande 98 l4hf-ch broor pe 8s40 BY 82 Restate mark 70 12 do bro pek 132 53 bid 50 Friedland 99 38 box bro or pe 760 73 bid | 83 Chicago 72 26hf-ch bro pek 1430 52 bid 51 100, 30 do bro pe 600 70 84 Agar’s Land 74 11 do bropekNo2 550 53 bid 52 101 33 do or pe 660 66 bid | 58, 102 2ihf-ch pekoe 10506 65 | ayery = 54 103 21 do pe sou 1050 48 bid 55 Galphele i04 il do brope 660 = 65 | SMALL LOTS. 56 i 105 i4 do Bere 700 55 bid 60° Knutsforc 109 16 do pekoe 961 46 - a 7 64 Hagalla 113,26 do hes pe 1560 a3 Messrs. Bennau & Breyer. BB 114 18 do, pekoe 900" #9 Lot Box Pkes. Name i 2c: es PAB nog 2, Jit Pe SBM C00 aka Oe 1 Battalgalla.. 184 ch ‘fans |. 360° 82 67 »Vincit 16 ,,.8 ch bro pe 800 56 9 Be.” peituacdy aban, tea 200 37 68 117, 7 do, pekoe 700 «47 a me = 69... 118.6 do pe sou 600 44 i "7 aia 72; Sirisanda 121 10 neo pekoe 500 49 Mussrs. A. HB. Tromrson & Co. 73 122 19 do € sou 950 46 are = - 79 Deniyaya 128 10 ch fro pe 1100 *9 | Lot Box” Pkgs. Name Ib. ¢. 80 129 l4hf-ch pekce 700 Slbid | ac AGC 6, doch pe sou No. 2. 90 29. 82 Bollagalla 138i 43 do bro pe 2365 57 bid | 5 7 2. do pek fans 280 28 83 1325 12) ch pekoe 1080 49 ls i¢ Sen ciee do dust 150 26 4 1383 12 do pe sou 1080 45 | 7 9 2 do bro tea 180;;. 30. 18 Charlie Bill.. 29 2 ao »pekfans 120 a 19 30 6 do sou 300 4: . 22 34 6 do bro pek 300-54 bid Mr. E. Joun. 23 35/) 6), dov.,bo onpekjy 300 51 put up for sale at tt ee eee of es ae Bale room on the 27th Feb., the undermentioned lots o : : ea (111,679 1b.), which sold as under :— a a eet mee nega 1b ; ot. Ox. oS. -ame, “sate GF Lot. if Box Pkgs. Name IDSepene 7 Avoca gehen = Linge pe sou 116057 atharine 238 21 hf-ch bro pek 1260 54 aS 36 4 do dust 240 54 5 Sp eee 249 14 do pees 700 49 100 WMV -- 40 5hf-ch pekoe 250° 48 5 Hila 246 37 «ch bro pek 3700 56 1 42° 2 do pe sou 90 44 6 : 248 23° ch pekoe 2070 47 pk ; 44 1 do pekians 70 26. 7 250 18 ch pek sou 1620 44 13 MM 46 1 ch bro pek 101 34 8 Eordyce 252 P ch dust 1440 * 29 | Hebe 48 '2 do “*brotmix . 198) ' 2 9 BK 254 ch 16 W ; 52 1 do bro pe 75 49 1 hf-ch sou No 2 653° 35 ob Ke; 54 2hich pekoe 100 41 a gama 256; 39 ch bro pek 3900 5d 23 in estate : ae ee 358 33 do pekee 2970 46 mark 66 2 ch bro pek 200 54 12 ; 260 10 do pekoesou 900 44 24 ‘ 68 3 do pekoe - 240 45 13 : 262-3 do, dust 420° 97 25 : 705 do pesou 390 . 40 19 Stinsford 274 19 hf-ch bro pek 1045 67 26 ie 1 hi-ch sow” 64 35 20 276 38 do pekoe 1900 56 27 m2 do fannings 170 44 Bile 978 25 do peksou 1250 50 28 76° 1 do dust 50 26 24 28£ 10 do congou 25 43 29 78 1 «do red leaf 60 26 26 Madooltenne 288 15 ch bro pek 1500 57 — 32 Thedden 84 2 ch’ pek'sou 180») 43. 27 Wewesse 290 27 it-ch bropek 1485 62 bid | 52 Hrlsmere i241 ch’ ‘congou 90 «44 4 25 : 302 30hfch pekoe 1650 58 59 Deacuila 138 2 do pe sou 1566 47 2 304 26 do” peksoun 1430 49 60 140" ihf-ch br mx 60 27 30 Hunngalla 306 10 ch ‘bro pe< 1000 «655 | | «OL 142 1 do dust (ae cor, Sie : 308 16 do pekoe 1090 = 49 6£ Malvern 148 5 ch pek sou 37547 32 : 310 10 do peksou 1000 44 | 65 “150 2hi-ch ‘dust 150 aT 39 Glasgow, ~.: » 36) 32 ‘ch * bro wek 2560 63 bid | 66 SSS. 152 1 ch’ ‘bropek 08 52: 36 318 20 hf-ch © or pek 1200 73 67 4 oofot {1 dev... bro. pek 115 52. 37 320. 35..ch. pekoe . 3500 57 68 : 156 1 do bro pez 11053 38 Indian Walk 322 Ghf-ch bro pek 540 25 69 Ranasinbage “158 1 do bro pex 104 53.4 29 Tart 324 1.9 ch & bro pek 945 50 70 a 160° 1 do orpek 991) 53 40 326 30 do. . pekoe BOO0) 450 eels siege 1621 do fans- 104 26. 4) .Oyerton .. 328 25 do™~ bropek 2500 § 67-45 | 72 MSH 164 3 do bro pe - 303 46 42 “330 20 do pekoe - 2000 — 57% we © 166 1 do’ pekoe No. 1 23 40 44 Agar’s Land (334 /28hf-ch pekoe (| (1260 °154,..;) | 74 168 ~ihfch pekoe 38 458k, (836/34 doa‘ peksou 1580 45,,; | 75 _ 70" 1 “eh! “fans 1003 4 ry 2 stan t : 82 Patiagama 184 1 do peksou 100 «45 47 Otteryand Stan-; : = 2 & ford Hill.. 340 23 ch, bro pek 2300 71 83 186 1 do dust 150 28 48 342 19 do or pek 1615 81 86 Doomba 1923 do bro tea 378 : 32 5@ Claremont .. 346 31hf-ch bro pek 1550 58 87 ee 194 1 do red leaf 1001) 26. 1 #48, 14 do pekNol 700 49 88 MW Dy 196 3 do pesou 270% 33- CEYLON PRODUCE) SAVES: LIST. 3 Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. 80 198 (ik {chi dust, 99 DL 200° 1 ~ doo ~~ “unas* 91 202 1 hf-ch unas 92 CH 204. 1 \ ich unas 98 VO ChlyAn mastnca ke) dust OLED wecka stk 222 2hf-ch, bro pek 102. Carlaheck ~ 224 ,2 ch. pek sou 10¢ Udahena 298. 2 do, vedleaf 105 Lunugalla 230° 20 do ,,.tedleat 110 Knavesmire 240 2hf-ch dist lis MM 256 2 do. pek sou 119 ANK 258 3 ch. .bro pek 120 260 2 do pekoe f21 262. 141 do bro tea No 1 122 264. 2 do bro mix — 126 Kalupahana 272. Lhf-ch sou 134 Brunswick 288 4 do twankay 140. Amblangoda 300° 3 ch pek sou 141 -'"302' 3° do dust 151 Iddagodde 322.3, do bro pe sou 152 324. 2 do dust 163 Ragalla 326 1bf-ch fans 154 398. 2. 'do dust / 157 Wssex $34 2° ch dust 161 K 342,, 2, do pe son 162 344" 1 ‘do dust i64 BG 348 2hf-ch~ dust 165 350° 7 do red leaf 166 DK 342.2 chy bro pe 167 894 2 do pekoe 168 356 2 do pek sou 169 358 2hf-ch dust 170 360 1 do fans 176 ~Polwatte 372 1 do pek sou 1i7 374 Lht-ch dust 189 Sovana 393 4 do pe sou 190 400 Lhtch dust Messrs. Somervitte & Ce Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Tkuwela EBy ale bro tea : u 54 Lhf-ch dust § Gallawatte 5 us) (do pek sou Su 57a 1 do pek sou 9 By al ae bro tea ¥ 59. 4 ch sou a8 cit 60 1 do red leaf 12 61 73) Fido fans 13 62 3hf-ch dust 17 Rondura 69 3 ch bro tea 18 67 3hf-ch dust 20 S,inestate mark 69 3 ch bro tea 21 70 4hf-ch dust _ 23 AP, Godalle 72 eido red leaf 24 ips Py) dust 3 IS 74. soateh pek sou 26 75 4 do sou h 27 76 2 do ved leat 3L Penrith SOL) elndo fans 32 Si ldo dust 43 Harangalla py A) ak) dust 47 Allakolla 965 al do 3ht-ch unas 48 Pantiya Ove s2ancn cust 58 Knutsford 107. 2hf-ch orpe 59 2 103. 3 «do bro pe 61 110 1 do pe sow 62 De Lao, pe was 63 112 1 do fans 70 Vincit Oech ved leaf 71 1205, 1 do dust 74 Sivisanda 123 2htch unis TD 124 Te ich Lhf-ch congou 76 125) I ch Lhfen tro mix 77 126 1 do pe dust vi 17) ech Lhf-ch dust 81 Deniyaya 130 «4 ch i sou S$2a Bollagalla 13la 2hf-ch bro pe Mr. BB. Jon. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. % StCathorine 242 Ghf-ch pek sou 214 2 do pex fan 72, 2 do vo or pes 7 4 Stinsford BS : do pek fan 22 280 1. 1 Cc. Lot. (Ol Box.c -Pkgs; (Name: pyle: 23 282 hf-ch dust 300 25 286 1 do red leaf 85 23 33. Hunugalla BAS ab Gu dust 160 27 34 8145) Tedo: mixed 110 27 43 PTE 332° Ir -do dust 120 27 46 Agar’s Land: 388 7hf-ch»souchong 315 41 49 Ottery and Stan- ford Hill 344 1 do dust, 166 28 54 Claremont’ 13 ~ 2hf-ch dust 120 27 61 K . 27 2 do |. fannings 80. 25,, 62 K° B® estate A ; mark 29 6 do pek sou 240 29 3 31534 = (do bro tea 120 24 67 Meeriatenne 39 1 do bro pek dust 60 Die 73 Lenawatte 51 Shf-ch » pék sou 300 43° 74 Lenawatte 53.1, do,, , dust 86. 27 78 Clanrhos 61 4 ch pek sou 340 44 85 Fernlands 76. -1..\ ich... (red ; leaf 110 34 86 78 1 hf-ch congou 50 34 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON (From Our Commercial Correspondent). Mincrino Lane. Feb. 8th 1895 Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE soldin Mincing Lane up to 8th Feb. :-— Ex “Dictator’ —Leangawella, 3c 103s 6d; le 1b 98s; 1b 110s Haputale, 2c 1b 110s; 4c 1t 106s; 16 97s; 1c M18s. Ex “‘Staffordshire’—Roechampton, 1c 112s; 5c 106s; le 1t 106s; 1c1b 96s 6d. Meeriabedde, 1b 102s; 1c 111s; 1¢ 98; le 126s. Wannarajah, 3c 113s; 9c 106s; 2¢ 98s; 1c 121s; 1¢ 1t 89s. -Ceslanda, 1b 111s; lc 1b 109s; 3¢ 103s; 1b 97s; 1b 117s; 1b 89s. Kelburne, 3c 1b 110s: 2c 1t 99s; 1b 116s: Ic 1b 88s 6d. Ex “Golconda’”—Tillicoultry, 1 bag 102s. Sheen, 1t 122s: 3c 1b 120s; 3c 1b 111s Gd; 1101s; 1t 132s; 1 bag 110s. SHN 1b 89s. At Wilson’s Wharf. Caledonia, Dimboola, le 119s; 2c 1b 117s; 4¢ 107s 6d; 1t 98s 6d; Tc 133s; 1 bag 103s. At Metropolitan Wharf. Mausagalla, 2c 111s; 3c 108s; le 98s; 1t 128s; 1b 90s. Ix ‘‘Staffordshire’—(CD), le 89. CD, 1b £3s; le 90s; 1b 80s; 1b 101s. Milnathorp, 7c 1UGs, 2c 1b 100s; 1b 95s; 1e 114s; le 88s;"2 bags 100s. Klbedde, 1b 121s; 3c 113s; 5¢ 106s; 3c 106s 6d; 1b 98s Gd; 1¢ 1b 133s; 1c 1b 97s; 2 bags 107s. Ex “Glengyle”’—Chatsworth, 1b 106s; 5¢€ 103s Gd; 4¢ 1b Istid; 2c 1t 98s; 1c 115s; 1b 88s 6c. Ex ‘“Hampstead’—Stoke Rochford, 1 bag 77s SD; 12 bags 66s. Ex “Oroya’— Middleton, Dimbula, le 117s; le 98s 6d; 2c 120s; le 91s. Ex “Staffordshire’—Kelburne, 2 bags 101s 6d. Gona- motava, 1b 107s; 4¢ 103s 6d; 3¢ 1t 97s 6d; 1b 115s: 1t 115s; 2c 1t1b 93s; 3 bags 98s; 1 bug SOs. 10 Johere, Singapore Dambatenne, 1t 112s; 1c 1 109s; 7c 1b 108s; le 1b 97s; le 1b 117s; 1c 1b 88s. Mousa Ella, Je 119s; Je 118s; 2c 1b 109s; 1b 118s; 1b 98s. Gel- conda, 1¢ 110s; 1b 95s; le 90s: 1 bag 97s. Gowerakellie, 1t 115s; 2c 118s 6d; Ge LO7s; le 1b 98s 6A; le 131s. (GKET). le 91s 6d. 101s. Wiharagalla, 1b 113s, 1b le 110s 6d; Sc 94s Gp; le Lb N7s;le 124s; 2 bags 100s. Ex “'Goorkha”— Middleton, Dimbula, 1 sweepings 87s. Ex “City of Cambridge’—PDM, 1b 115s; 6c 1b 110s 6d: 1b 3e LOdsGd; 1¢ 102s; Le 129s; 1b 91s, Ex “Golconda,’—Gowerakellie, 3¢ 112s; Te 1b lds 6d: 2e 19 99s; 2 bags (GKET), le 1b 92s 6d. Niabedda 3e 1b 104s;4ce 1b 98s Gd; 2bags 100s. (NBT). le 1b 91s. Gowerakellie, 1 bag 4 CEYLON PRODUCES ALES LIST ee en ee einnan en nnnnEIENnennnmnsanemennenmmmneent CEYLON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent). ig Mixcinc Laxe, February 8th, 1895. (From our Commercial Correspondent), Ex ‘ Glenavon”—Vedehette, 3c 3s 7d; 3c 2s 4d; 8c 2s 5d; 3c 1s 11d; 4c 1s 9d; 5c 1s 8d. Gallantenne, 2c 38 2d: 8c 2s 2d- : S 7c 2s; We 1s 9d : 3c 38 10d; 1c 2s 1d; le 1s 5d Dambula. Mincixa Lanz, February 8th 1895. gala, 7c 2s; 3c 28 1d; 4c 1s 10d; 2¢ 1s 4. DMs aves Kobo. n; . De Iysore, 6c 2s 5d; le Is 7d; le ls 10d; 2c Ys 6d; 3c Is BA Ex “Dictator’—Wattarantenne, 41 bags 658; 2 bags 30s; 3 AL Malabar, 6c 1s 9d; 14¢ 1s 8d; 1¢c 1s 7d ; 83¢ 1s ‘ed a a5} bags 28s. 2d. AL Mysore, 3c 1s 4d; 1c 1s 11d. Seeds, 4¢ 28; s 4d; P A © and G, 5c 28 4d; 2c 18 7d; le 1s 5d; 5e 2s Bd; Sc 186d ws , ” . 1 bag 1s 10d. Ex," Peshawur’—Palh, 84.bage 628, Ex Staffordshire”—Delpotonoy: ya 2. 38 ; 2c 3s 6 a td 4c 2s 2-do 43. Handro Kan- de 637es2nich 46 66 1 do Lot 30x Pkys. EP AGNG IK 812. 3hf-ch 2 814. 4 do 4 Weligoda $18 2 ch ie ekKs 824 2 do 8 826 1 do 10 830 1 do IL 832 1 ch 12, 834 1 do 15 Elfindale S40) 8 hf-ch 20 Evalgolla 850 4 ch 24 Augusta 858 5 do 25 , 860 2hf-ch 26 862 1 ch 34 WA 878 2 ch 40) Franklands s90 1 do 45 Farnham $00 1 do 53 Melrose 916 3 hf-ch 54 918° 2.2) ch 60 Pansalatenne 930 2 do 61 932 2 hi-ch 62 Aigburth 934. 3 ch 68 Moneragalla 945 2 ch 73 Geragama 956 3 ch 74 958 Lhf-ch 7s DKD 956 2 ch SU ‘ 970 3 do 96 Ellekande 2 4 do 98 62s do, 99 8 3hf-ch 103 MM 16 1 do 104 18 1 do 105 20: 1h do 106 22 1 do 116 Harrington 42 Lhf-ch 117 44 2 ch 119 Wattawella, 48 2 do 123 Radella 56. 2 do 124 S 53 1 ch 125 60 3 do 126 62 4 do 132 Avoca fA 2 ch 133 76 Lhf-ch 136 Kelaneiya 208: ch 137 84 2 do 140 Kirrimettia 99 2 do 141 92 1 do 142 Ingurugalla 94. 2 ch 143 96 2 do 4606 =«T 102 1 do 147 104; 2 do 150 SSS 110 8 do 154 J HS, in estate mark Ws 1 ch 161 Liskilleen 132. 2 do 168 Clyde M6 2 do isl K 172..3 ch 193) Matale 196°" 3 «ch 194 WS hf-ch 196 SEM 202 4 ch 197 204 2 do 215 Venture 340 63 «do Y Stisted 276 «63 «(do Walahan- duwa 284 2 ch 238 236 2 do 239 288 1 do Bei) 200 1 ao Name bro mix dust Tans dust dust bro sou dust sou dust dust bro pek pekoe bro pek bro tea Name bro pek pekoe bro pek bro pek pekoe sou bro mixed No.1 bro mixed No. 2 pekoe pe sou sou dust red leaf bro mix dust dust bro pe fan sou congou dust congou pe fans sou dust pe sow red leaf unas dust red leaf bro or pe or pek pekoe pe sou sou dust bro mix dust bro pek pe sau mixed pe sou dust sou dust fans bro pe dust bro pek pekoe bro pek pekoe red leaf bro tea dust dust bro pek sou dust bro sow dust dust dust congou fans red leaf cust lb. 180 50 4 - @EYLON. PRODUCE SALES LIST — er ”erv—v| Lot. Pox. Pkgs, Name. lb. c. Lot Box Pkgs. Name. Ib ec. oh SPA om i Hs bro\pek 200" BY 14 Kis eranza 332 1hf-ch dust a 2 1hf-ch pekoe 350 344 21 T & Co an + 243 296 3 ch peksou 25) 41 36 5 lage mark 246 2 ch dust 2300 «BB 244 298 1 do congou 66-39 37 I li 264 1 do red leaf Sy a 2 245 Vilpita 800 38 do bro pek 270 ~=—s«4 of semeclers arbots do pe fans 34030 248 306 1 do congon 95 38 88 Bowhilles, — 280i do, wi Bom 24 (88 249 308 1 do red leaf 90 20 af Ottery Batam: 250 310 1 do fans 10031 _ ee ae eee 100-40 264 Horagasielle 338 5hf-ch bro pe 204. «53 48 Mariz 290 1 do dust 13308 265 340 6 do pekoe 32845 4; Mana 303 2 do dust 200 «27 267 Bid aad congou 56 33 48 Yahalakelle 310 3 do bro tea 235 33 268 346 1 do bro mix 60 27 apY 312, 8 do dust 465 = 27 272 Goraka 354. 2 ch bro pe 200 = «60 61 Diyagama 336 1 do sou 80 35 273 356 2 do pekoe 200 46 62 338 1 do dust 150 «(27 274 358 2% do pesou 200 43 67 N 348 2 do pesou 200 37 277 RWR 364 3hf-ch pesou 165 45 69K 11 6 hf-ch peksou 20 006-8 280 Andradeniya 370 2 ch pesou 200 44 Stan ee 13, 1 do fans 400 2 284 Choughleigh 378 2 do pe fans 268 26 71K BT in est. markls 2 do bro tea 80 (6 288 Brunswick 386 2hf-ch twanky 150 24 74 Tientsin 21 8 ch = pek sou 360 «49 299 Annfield 408 1 ch brope 120 56 i) %3 1 do sou 121 41 303 Blackstone 416 3hf-ch bro pe > 64bid | 76 _ 25 4 hf-ch dust 320-84 304 418 5 do orpe 209 60bid | 78 Farm 29 3 ch = dust 20 862 305 42) 5 do pekoe 200 60 308 Queensland 426 3 ch unas 300) 42 : 308a 1 do unas 100 34 309 428 2 do pe fans 260-27 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN L 312 NWD 434 1 do sou 115 40 ES IN LONDON, 314 438 1 do bro tea 90 27 319 Nugahena 448 Lhf-ch dust 64 27 (From Our Commercial Correspondent ). MESSRS. SOMERVILLE & Co. Mincrxe Lane. Feb. 22nd, 1895, Lot Box Pkgs. Name Vasc: ores Wewelmedde 8 8 chest dust 395 27 Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing i 1 hf-ch b 4 Lane up to 22nd February :— , Ks 2 9 1hf-ch redleaf , 45 oA. Ex *Logician’—Lulicoultry, le Lb 119s; 7¢ Lt 114s; 5¢ LO8es FR UU OD eo EID pe ges 385 61 bid | 3e 1098; ac ves 2e 1378 6d. (TLT), 2c 938. Dunsinane, le 4 11 4 ch pekoe 320 55 1b 120s; 4c 1b 114s Gd; Ge 1053; 1¢ 993; le 1848. (DN'D), le ; ape Aes a ba on oe c s 6d; Ge 1053; le 99s; le 1348. (DN), le 7 14 a do dust 72 27 12 Trex 19 1 do pek sou 80 23 16 Malvern 23. 1hf-ch sou 55 35 17 PE a ( fans 385 39 710 a x 35 21 Citrus 28 1 eh .cidast 220 27 CEYLON COCOA S\LES IN LONDON. f-¢ 22 HA 99. 2. ch fans 210 36 22A 294 1 do bro tea 88 31 4 23 PDA 30 1 do unis 98 41 (From our Commercial C orrespondent), 27 D . } ye 34 1 do pekoe 91 50 31 Galkadua, 33 1 hf-ch sou 50 8935 Mincrx we Webraary. 22n' 30 G 39:08 ch bro pe 982 BI incING Lane, February 22n1, 1895. 33 40 2 do pekoe 200 46 Ex “Staffordshire”—Old Holoya A, 18 bags 56s. rell: 34 41 2 do pesou 200 40 17 bags 498; 10 hags 30s; 4 406d. s Tyrells, 35 A 42 1hf-ch bro tea 50 (8 Ex “Lancashire’—SMR, 12 bags 50s: 2 bags 26s 64. 36 43. 1 do dust 8027 Tyrells, 32 bags 47s 6d. PT’, 21 bags 45s. 31° 6S 44. 1 do bro tea 50 25 Ex ‘‘Oolong’—Periawatte, 12 bags 24s. ee i ae 2 ae aes 18 2 Ex eectcomae Bollagalla, 24 bags 54s 6d. atton 5 2 do dus 20 Ex ‘‘Cheshire’—Tyrells, 26 bags 52s. Periaw: 40 47 1 do ure tea ae a bags 43s. : . oe al a 47 Kananka 54 1 ch ust 31 2 Ex “Shropshire’—Tyrells, 40 bags 45s. PT, 21 bags 47s 51 Warakamure 5 3 ch bro mix 357 33 a Tar dGltabne cena cae Nd é 2 38 ad ae ane “s gi Lowlands, 7 bags 50s 6d. Periawatte, 46 bags 45s. 55 Mousagalla 62 1 do. pe sou 91 38 £6 63 2 do dust 205 27 64 Hopes 71 2 do pe dust eo a 67 BL 74 hf-ch ngou ‘ 7 e eee Salas CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES 69 _ 76 3 do dust ae Be 71 Gallawatte 78 6 do bro pe 300 T 72 79 12hf-ch pe bulked 600 47 IN LONDON. 73 80 7 do pekoe 35047 74 81 3 do pesou 150 42 eee 8 do peksou 150 42 x f ’ 75 82 5 do brotea 250 32 (From Our Commercial Correspondent). 83 T inest. mark 90 2 hf-ch ee é 10 24 92 Beverly 99 6 hf-ch pe dus' 2 2s Mincrne Lanz, Februa; 9 7 113° Lyndhurst 120 2 ch souchong 170 38 ; u ry 2 nd, 1895. 114 121 3 do pe aut oA Ex ‘‘Himwlaya”—(MCY), 3c 1s 3d. nis Allakolla 125 1hf-ch dust 95 st hoa een : 119 S$ fog: chi prowpe 364 Ex : Morse —Leanapalla, 1 1s 6d. 4 hf-ch w 47 Ex “‘Glengyle’—(G), 2 1s 7d. AL, Malabar, 20 1s 10d; 6 12 Hatdowa 130 1 a Bro ee = Is 9d; 3 Is 11d;18 Is Sd; 15 2s 7d; 4 2s: 1 2s 11d. Tona- Me _. eon ae combe, 34 2s 6d; 11 2s. wr AE | ae y Mr. EF. Joun. . = tee gla ; water . see Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. =e. i = pesou 2000 42 bid | 2)3 Golconda 868 10 do brope 1000.51 63 578 7 i -ch fans 420 43 2)9 870 4 do pekoe 400 47 64 Bloomfield 580 37 ca flowery pe 37v0 58 bid |} 2:0 Scrubs 872 9 do or pe 945 Yi 65 582 33 do pekoe 3300 50 bid | 2t1 874 22 do bro pe 2420 65 68 534 4 do uns 400 45 212 876 23 do pekoe 2669 56 68 Caskieben d53° 31 do flowery pe 3100 58 bid | 2:3 GM P, in ns) 590 27 do pekoe 2709 49 bid estate mark 878 8hf-ch bro or pe 480 $5 77 Maha Uva 606 67 hf-ch bro pe 3635 59 bid | 214 880 8 do or pe 480 32 78 608 21 ch pekoe 2100 51 bid | 215 832 13 do peko: 728 71 79 610 10 do pek sou 160047 216 884 15 do peko2 No. 2 840 56 82 Ederapolla 616 28 hf-c bro pek 1400 50 bid | 217 886 9 do sou 495 53 83 618 10 do pekoe 750 43 bid | 2i3 Manangoda 833 4 ch Lro pe 430 51 Sd 620 14 do pe son 1950 = 3) bid | 219 : 8)0 4 do je nae room on the 20th March, the undermentioned lots | 5° - <4 “aan Lage of tea (130,968lb.), which sold as under :— 29 Narangoda 160 9 do bro pek Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. [baste 30 161 11 do pekoe E 31 162 4 do k sou 6 Oakfield 51 21 ch bropek 2100 «67 34 Depedene 165 38 hf-ch bro or pek 7 53 15 do pekoe 1500-50 35 166 48 do bro pe 8 55 10 do pe sou 1000 46 36 167. 53 do pekoe 11 Gonavy 61 45 do bro pek 5400 64 37 168 40 do pek sou 12 63 23 do pekoe 2530 60 | 49 AP, in estate i 13 65 17 do peson 1632 52 mark 171 6 ch red leaf 15 Agra Ouvah 69 85 hf-ch broorpek 5100 66bid | 47 Galphele 178 15 hf-ch bro pek 16 71 43 do or pek 4300 74 48 179 17 do pekoe 17 3 29 do pekoe 2900 54 49 180 17 do pek sou 18 75 9 do pesou 900 49 54 Yellebende 185 6 ch — orpek 20 Kirkoswald 79 38 ch do 3648 46 bid | 55 186 5 do Leo pek 21 Allington 81 15 hf-ch_ bro or pe 825 out 56 187 16 do pekoe 99 83 18 do bro pek 900 44 bid | 57 188 7 do pek sou 23 85 22 do pekoe 1100 43 58 LN G, inestate 24 87 16 do pe sou Bu0. 41 mark 189 16 do bro pek 30 Logan 109 30 do bro pek 3090 G4 59 199 10 do koe B} 111 33 do pekoe 2970 50 60 191 11 do pe sou 32 113 22 do pe sou 1870 43 61 192 7 do dust 34 A in estate ‘ 62 Peria Kande- mark 17 17 do wnassorted 1836 43 bid kettiy 193 22 do bro pek 35 PatiRajah 119 6 do __ bro pek 635 54 63 194 10 do pekoe 36 11> 6) do pekoe 600 47 64 195 14 do pek sou 40 Hiralouvah 129 5 do bro mix 522-38 70 Friedland 1 36 box bro or pek 42 New ‘Tunis- re 2 32 do or pek galla 133 19 do bro pek 1995 66 72 3 20 hf-ch pekoe © 43 135 10 do ekoe 900 49 73 4 22 do nek sou 45 Claremont 139 10 hf-ch bro pe GOO = 58 74 Glenalla 5 18 ch bro or pek 46 141 11 do do 660 5S 75 6 14 do or pek 47 143 16 do pek No. 1 890 51 "6 7. %74do0 pekoe 48 145 23 do pekoe 1275 49 "7 8 28 do pek sou 49 147 38 do pesau 1900 43 79 Morningside 10 16 do bro pek 53 Peru 154 9 do bro pe 540 64 so 11 12 do pekoe 54 LSU ae LO pekoe 420 51 81 12 9 do pek sou 56 Vart 160 5 ch pek sou 525 49 84 TT 15 15 do bro pek 57 162 10 hf-ch dust 850 = 30 85 16 17 do pekoe 64 Glentilt 176 28 do bro pek 2940 56 bid | g6 17. 23 do pek sou 65 178 22 do pe sou 2200 46 bid | gg 19 3 do dust 66 Anchor in es- 4 90 FA, in estate tate mark 180 22 do bro or pe 2530 59 bid mark 21 4 do dust 67 Kanangama 182 36 do bro pele 3600 50 91 Gampolawatte 22 4 do bro pek 68 184 24 do pekoe 2160 4 92 23 8 do pekoe 69 186 14 do pe sou 1260 42 93 . 24 6 do dust 71 Cleveland 190 13 do bro pek 1300 G5 95 St..Columbkille 26 20 hf-ch bro pek 72 192 15 do pekoe 1350 54 96) ce 27.12 ch pekoe 75 Templestowe 198 24 do or pek 2400 58 bid | 97 28 10 do pek sou 76 200 31 do pekoe 2790 51 99 30 5 do sou 17 202 24 do pesou 2010 46 100 MP, in estate 79 Glasgow 206 40 do bro peo 3200 64 bid mark Ceylon 31. 9 hf-ch bro pek 80 208 22 hf-ch or pek - 132 76 101 32 8 do pekoe 81 210 32 do pekoe 3200 55 102 33 15 do peksou 82 212 14 do pesou 1400 49 105 XX 36 5 ch pek fans 83 Talagalla 214 23 ch bropek 2415 57 bid | 106 Penrith 37 18 do pekoe 84 Alnoor 1 box Golden tips 5 R1S0bid | 107 38 18 do pekoe $5 216 24 hf-ch brope 1320 62 108 39 11 do pek sou 86 218 18 do pekoe 900 49 e 87 220 20 do pe sou 1000 46 $8 222, 6 do fannings 420 35 Messrs. A. H. THompson & Co. 89 Meeriatenne 224 13 do bro pek 780 55 3 90 226 14 do pekoe 784. 48 put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- 100 Blackburn 246 15 do brope 1650 47 bid | room on the 20th March, the undermentioned lots of 101 248 21 do pekoe 2310 41 bid | tea (84,392 lb.), which sold as under ;— Lot Box Pkgs. Name MEssrs. SOMERVILLE & Co. 1 Portswood 1 10 ch sou _ 2 3 d5hf-ch dust put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale 5 Sh Tara TEL Jaa bro pek zoom on the 20th March, the undermentioned lots of 4 6 5 do pekoe tea (96,906 lb.), which sold as under :— Tae 7 4 do pek fans Lot Box Pkes. Name Ib. ec. : Ben BS - hehe cat 135 132.8 ch sou 760 9 45 9 Bogahagoda- By OM pay Te AN 134 9 ch dust. 1350 =. 28 bid watta 12 8 do _ bro pek 4 Gallawatte 135 13 hf-ch bro pek 650 54 11 14 11 do pekoe 5 136. 8 do pekoe; 400 47 21 Woodead j 30 24 do bro or pek 8 Hilandhu "39 12 ch bropek - 960 GU 22 32 13 do brope 9 140 15 do Penge 1300 44 23 34 22 do pekoe 11 Inchstelly 142 10 do ro pek 983 47 bid | 24 36 26 do pekoe it CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST, 3 Lot. ) Boxs, Bkes. Name, 7 ib: c | Messrs. Forses & Waker, 25 38 2)\hf-ch pek sou 1800 43 | x wee r 27 41 12 do bro tea 1020 30bia | Lot Box Pkgs. Name Ib. ce. 29° Agro Oya 43 29 do bro pek 3045-58 1 BBB 454 1hfch dust 95 * 7/26 30 45 41 do pekoe 4100 49 2 456 1 do bro mix 55 24 31 47 21 do pek sou 2100 44 6 P CH Galle 32 49 4 do bro mix 400 23 inest. mark 464 1 ch congou 9 34 34 Hemingford 51 26 do bro or pek 1560 59 bid “DiGi 466 3 do bro pek 300 52 35 3 50 do bro pek 2500 15 bid 9 470 1 hf-ch pe sou 60 50 36 DoOZA Ch: pekoe 3900 45 10 472 ‘1 do dust 65 35 37 57 29 do pe sou 2175 43 11 Dambagas- 38 ; 59 7 do sou 525 37 talawa, 474 3 ch pe sou 300 55 39 60 13 hf-ch dust 975 3 12 476 5 hf-ch dust 300 48 41 X, inestate 15 Udagoda 482 4 ch e sou 380 32 bid mark 63) 75> ch congou 575 29 16 484 1 do ro tea, 105 31 43 FM 65 6 do ek sou 480 40 29 New Anga- 44 Manickwatte 66 5 do ro pek 500 50 mana 492. Lhf-ch dust 80 28 47 P 70 37 do pek sou 8515. 46 23 Sinnapittia 498 1 do dust 110 30 “48 72 5 do fans 610 32bid | 29 H.A.T. in 50 Relugas 74 5 do dust 675 26 est. mark 510 2 do pe sou 160-43 52 Pambagama 76 8 do dust 520 27 30 512. 2hfch dust 148 27 Gay ist 79 45hf-ch dust 450 26 bid | 31 F&H 514. 3 ch or pe 315 71 56 Supitiyagode 80 29 ch bro pek 3190 G7 34 520 3 do pesou 285° «55. 57 82 23 do or pek 2300 58 41 Nugagalla 584. 3 hf-ch dust 240 31 58 84 32:10 pekoe 3140 48 bid | 45 Waitalawa 542 4 do dust 360 29 65 Belgravia 97 11 do pek sou 990 54 46 HNK 54 4 hf-ch_ bro pe 230 «44 67 Band D 101 5 do dust soo 27 47 546 4 do pekoe 25 36 68 Sapitivagode 102 22 boxes or pek 440 66 43 543 4 «do sou 200 34 69 103 42 ch bro pek 4620 68 49 550 4 do dust 340 23 70 105 32 do pekoe 3200 56 58 Hinest. mark 563 1 ch pekoe 87 40 ii 107 13 do pekoe 1300 48 bid | 59 570 1 hf-ch dust 82 26 74 Cowt Lodge 111 6 hf-ch_ bro or pek 414 75 bid | 67 Bloomfield 586 2 'c pe fans 260 30 75 112 13 do or pek 585 67 70 Caskieben 492 2 do unas 200 44 76 114 30 do bro pek 1950 62 71 574 2 do pe fans 260 33 qT 116 17 do pekoe 935 52 72 FO inestate vi 118 7 ch pek sou 595 52 mark 596 1 do dust 96 26 79 Hand DH, in 73 598 1 do bro mix 105-29 estate mark 74 600 1 do pe No. 2 109 34 ~ Kandapolla 120 24 do 75 602 2 hf-ch pe No.1 126 40 : 1hf-ch bro orpek 2028 87 76 604 1 ch _ bro pe 100-47 30 S 122 6 ch ~ fans 600 29 8) Maha Uva 612 2 hf-ch dust 1SO}s (31 S81 Lauderdale 123 5 ch fans 550 29 8L RAH 614 3 ch dust 352 26 82 124 4 do dust 520 7 85 Ederapolla 622 2hf-ch dust 150 27 83 Hlalloowella 125 5 do bro pe 500 59 86 624 1 ch fans 100 33 84 127 4 do pekoe 400 50 90 Ascot 632 2° do congou 20) 33 85 129 4 do pesou 400 47 95 Deaculla 642 3 hf-ch dust 240 «02S 88 Vogam 133 20 do bro pe 2000 67 102. Theberton 656 4 hf-ch pek fans 200 31 39 135 20 do pekoe 2000 59 103 658 3 do pe dust 150 26 90 . 1387 28 do pe sou 2520 45 107 Leyegrove 666 1 ch dust 150 26 91 139 10 do dust 1300 28 110 Barkindale 672 1 do sou 110 42 111 674 2 do bro mix 160 28 126 704 2 ch bro tea 252 30 127 edatteney 706 «1 niek red leat 50 35 q ‘ 128 Lunugalla 708 1hf-ch red leaf 50 33 SMALL LOTS. 133 Kirrimettia 718 4 do fans 220 37 ag 134 720. 2 ch dust 250 28 137 3 726 «4 Ho sou 340 33 rc 140 132 2 +do bro pe 226 35 pee J = i 141 734 2 do pekoe 174-387 - sos. N ' rs 2 736 2 do red leat 192 20 Lot. . Box gs GLUNe eat © 144 740 Lhf-ch fans 55 22 ib Ae : 41 1 hf-ch fannings 40 21 145 742 1 ch dust 175 35 Oo Tis, BAU Bs = 4665S 744 2 do bro pe 180 35 tate mark 43 2 do bro tea 80 25 147 746 2 do fans 166 23 3 Weymouth 45 4 do bro pek 200 SL bid | 148 743 2 do red leaf 130 93 4 47 5 do pekoe 35044 11 BG 754 2hfé-ch aust 140-96 5 49 3 do pek sou 210 42 152 BIN 756 6 do brope 360 48 9 Oakfield 57 1 ch unassorted 100 46 153 758 8 do BarSE 150 # 10 59 1 do _ pe dust. 150 32 bid | 454 760 1 do sou 2 33 14 Gonavy 67 1 do pefannings 146 34 155 762 1 do dust 417 19 Agra Ouvah 77 3 ht-ch do 2400 33 156 Ramboedde 764 4 do congou 180 46 25 Allington 89 2 do dust 1600 27 157 766 1 do bro pe dust 70 43 33 Logan 115 4 hf-ch dust 28000 20 158 768 1 do fans es meres 37 Maryland 123 2 ch bro pek 219 47 160 Midlands 772 +3 hf-ch pe dust 225 30 38 125 2 do ~ pekoe 210 41 162 RGL 776 1 ch dust 12097 39 Hiralouvah 127 2 do funnings 239 41 165 Loversleap 782 1 do brope 81 «63 a ee MS 131 3 do dust 22t 8 166 784 1 hf-ch or pe bv o56 New S- 167 786 1 do De Ss 56 57 galla 137 4 do pesou 36042 168 Pee cade wenpesOn eet leg 5), Claremont 1449 «=1Lhi-ch fannings 60 39 169 1909 2 do fans 150 OF 51 ~ T5 1S Be Bip tea 100 25 1 box i 2 eh 5D 153. 3) «do dust 180 28 7 799 oj : ‘ on 55 Pert 158 2 ao gs sou 100 47 Me io ‘ ne we San oo 58 TK 164 2 ch pro mix 200-80 Bagdad S06 ‘h Py 9 70 Ikanangama 188 3 do do 420 27 Patiagama Sid 1 a ne sees a a 73 Cleveland es 8 te pe sou 00 49 § Slee cide pe 8 100 ea L 98 2 do sou 8 36 Sprinek 826 2hf-c “CuDire 4 4 73 Templestowe 204 3 do dust — 420 31 | pungkel! aon pbecn promised aa aa 91 Meeriatenne 223 1hf-ch bromix 62 28 Manangody 892 2 ch ms 92 230 1 do dust 80 27 MV 896 5hf-ch oS 1022 BB 250 1 do pesou 1103 | s ene eaaiida Sie 2 108 252 1 oo Bea tea 100 25 { Langdale 904 4 ch pe sou 38 ) 53 104 254 1 do ust 159 ~) 906 Lhf-ch fans so 36 4 CEYLON “PRODUCE SALES’ LIST Lot Box Pkgs. Name Ib; “ec. Lot. Box. pkgs Name Ib, ce. 228 98 1 ch dust 165 28 82 Morningside 13 1 ch red leaf 95 6 934 M C, in estate 83 14 2 do fans 220 30 mark 920 2hi-ch bro pe 112 52 Ae oie i ie 2 do sou 224 34 lid 935 922 4 do pekoe 220 42 89 FA, in estate 237 926 1 do dust 75 26 mar 1 do bro pek 115 28 248 948 14 boxes bro or pe 280 «51 bid | 98 St. Columbkille 29 3 do bro mix 36036 252 956 1 ch sou 110 30 103 M P, in estate 260 Knaveshire 972 2hf-ch sou 100 25 mark Ceylon 34 2 hf-ch sou 90. 35 262 K 976 2 do orpe 8 2 104 35 2 do bro pek fams 133 28 264 Stafford 93) 3 ch bro pek 330 71 109 40 1 do dust 156 265 982 4 do pekoe 360 3=— 52 110 Penrith 41 1 do bro pe No.2 61 Bs | 266 984 2% do e sou 180 49 lil 42 1 do pek No.2 50 aT] 267 986 1 do ust 90 97 112 43 #1 do pe souNo.2 60 46 268 Bittacy 988 4 do e sou 240 50 266 990 3 do ust Q 255 81 ita ee ae ee 270 992 2 do bro mix 100-2 Messrs. A. H. Toompson & Co. ope . wea “a Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name Ib. ©. MESSRS. SOMERVILLE & Co. 7 Kennington 10 4 hf-ch bro tea 200 39 10 Bogahagoda- Lot. Box Pks. Name. py Ge watte 13 6 do pekoe 36048 Dai 4 ; 133 3 hf-ch dust 4 2 be 7 4 “i maid 5ou 4 = 6 Gallawatte 137 2hf-ch pek sou 10038 j f : 2 7 138, #2). do bre mix 100 28 14 i 2 “4 bro mix 150. 26 10 Hilandhu 141 1 ch bro tea 75 36 aa a0, CS dust 65 36 14 Inchstelly 145 «ds. ch 26 Woodend 40 2 ch congon 190 30 1 hf-ch sou 143 33 a " Lr eyido dust 300 26 15 TAG warndo (ams 385 out . 33 Agra Oya 5 4 hf-ch dust 320 6 19 Deniyaya 150 4 ch pek sou 380 45 40. F, in —s aan! ‘ ‘ 20 151 3 do dust 340,27 ° EM poke) eee SD iw 3h 32 Narangoda 163. 1 do sou 100 35 ao LD a ‘kW — ap dust 500 27 24 Benevula 155 3 do bromix 300.35 45 Manickwatte 68 “1 ae pekoe 10) 48 33 164 2hf-ch dust 160 27 iene Ringe dust — 100 2 38 Depedene 169 3 do dust 240 27 49 4 ari red leaf 211 2 39 TOD dO ed Went 110 «90 ) 51 Relugas 75 1 ch red leaf 7 24 41 Debatgama 172 1 do red leaf 90 25 53 Ferndale Ran- Soy 42 173, 1 do fans 120 97 Be sce oe ae nek eae 190, 945 43 Kelvin 174 ~Lhf-ch congou 40 24 ee poy Bro eae ves. 2D 50 Galphele 181 2 .do on 100 38 59 Sapitiyagodde 86 2 do dust 30 WZ Al 182 9 do nach 180 39 56 Belgravia 9 +1 do dust 90 31 52 BX 183. 1 ch aii 100 36 72 Retni 109 2 do bro pek 200 52 53 } 18t 2 do dust 300 39 A Halloowella a : “A = a Pe 78 Glenalla 9 3 do fans 300 39 87 132 1 do dust 150 4; : — GESERVER GAS ENGINE PRESS. ta me THA, COFFE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO. 13] Conouno, Marcu 30th, 1895. § Price :—12) cents each ; 3 copies. d 30 cents ; 6 copies $ rupee. | | COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. | Lot Box Pkgs. Namie. Nbst, 1c | 6 Ganapalla 8 75ht-ch bro pek 4500 51 Scan CMALALT V2 10 55 do pekoe 4950 43 LARGE LOTS. ; 8 12 41 ch pek sou 3690 40 | 9 2 14 5 do dust 450 20 a | 10 Ivies 16, .5\'do bro pek 500 53 D> koa 995 Ags Messrs. Bennam & BREMNER , 12 Doli cae am aou EUs 2 cs By 2 put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- BES Aol 22 4 do bro mix 468 30 yoom on the 27th March, the undermentioned lots of 5° St. Helen a doy bro pek CES) tea (15,877 lb.), which sold as under :-— 28 PU Ryoee = wbekee anon BB 52 18 do pek sou 796 41 iba Rox pkgs Name lb. @. Bs Nahaveena 54 110 ae bro pek 5500 56 5 p ‘ 56 54 deo pekoe 275 3 bi ji Hornsey 24°16 ch pek sow 1600 ol 3 58 35 do veo 2 3750 is pe .4 Acrawatte 30 13 do pe sou 1300 47 32 60 50 do pek sou 2500 i3 Ab : 32) Die do pekoe 1890 50 bid , 33 62. 5° ch dust “450 27 \ 6 84-12 do bro pek 1320 oe 35 ANK 66 6 do pekoe 556 40 i7 36 12 do or pek 1080 GObid | 39 K 74 5 do Dro pek - 500 27 19 Battalgalla 40 18 do pesou 1800 50 ; 40 Hasdale 75 13 do bropek 1300 82 15 F 50 19hf-ch pek sou 950, 42 | 41 78 24 do pekoe 2400 5G bid 15. Elston 52° 7 ch congou 700 38 | 45 Anningkande SG 18 ch bro pek 1980 52 17 56 17 do pe sou No. 2 1530 42 46 88 15 do pekoe 1500 46 20 Battalgalla 62 15: do pe sou 1500 4ui | 47 90 12 do pek sou 200) 43 91/4 Elston Diwitio ie do 1890 41 | 483 Melrose 92 9 ch bro pek 972 32 | a a 8 ae pekoe_ 800 44 ; | 50 $6 S$ do yek sou 8 42 Messrs. A. H. THomrson & Co. |) D8) AL 12 6 ch bro pe Guo G7 DS 5 aK akoe . a put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- 2 Park Ser A aa ae . Neer x : 32 Par 120 1Lhf-ch bro pek 660 33 room on the 27th Maxch, the undermentioned lots of | 63 122 13 ch pek No.1 1300 51 tea (78,106 lb.), which sold as under ;— G4 124 6 do pek 0. 2 600 re “ : 66 Castlereagh 128 17 do bro pe 70° 66 Lot Box. Pkes Nanie lb c. ; = Dole Pradiateds . Xe cs. Be . Is te 67 130 23 do or bek 2070 50 1 Wemidalé, Ran- | 68 132 14 do pekoe 1260. 46 ealla ‘lective chi bro pek 1700 58 69 134 12 do pek sou 1020 41 bid 2 3 237 do pekoe 2430) 51 Oe 136 5 do dust 750 28 5 Nahaveena 7 22hf-ch bro pe 1100-56 m1 Sinnagola 138 13 ch bro pek 365 aU) 6 9 11 do pekoe 550. 48bid | & 140 18 hf-ch ° pekoe 90 44 7 11 8 do do No.2 400 44 ree Wee BY Oo. GY ND ees 8 12 10 do pe sou BOO; sida 3 |e yeu c ie Pek austie! —¢l500s7228 10 Kalkande 15 20 do sou 1c00. 40 75 CL, estate ca 17 20 do peksou 1000 = 42 mark 14633) ch bro or pek 3630 58. 12 19 20 do pekoe 1000 «45 bia | 19 148 17 do or pek liv) 36 13 21 20 do — bro pek 1000 54 bid | 20 150 37 do pekoe 333) 51 14 23 15 do broorpek 750 6obid | 78 Pyar Ane eK Sou ToD get TRerOshorne iy a. pie tee 420 20 | 79 Dunbar 154 18hf-ch broor pe 90) 58 16 Woodend 26 24 do bro peNo.12400 sabia | 80 156 20 do bro pek 100057 7 2.13 de do No.21105 40bid | 82 pai act tea PekOe 2070S fk 18 30 22 do pekoe 2200 44bid | 82 4 160) ,20))\do"—_-pelkjsou 1s00," 46 19 39. 35, do ato 2600 44biad | 88 Great Valley 162 25 do bro pek 2750 ~=58 B0/ ay 341: do brotea 1029 30 ee rod 22,00 PEGS 22u0: 49 21 Ossington 36. 15 ch - bro pek 176C. 58 85 166 12 do pek sou 1140 44 22 Sanaa pekoe 2700 47 86 Chesterford 168 20 ch bro pe 20.0 63 23 40 13 do pek sou 1300 41 87 HAYS US so pekoe 1600 ae 26 Woodend 44 10 do bro pe 950 54bia | 88 = 172 15 do pe sou 150 40 27 46 12 do pekoe 1140 45pid | 89 WNC 17 4 do bro tea 440-28 98 Ma pek sou 810 49 90 Udagoda 176 21 do ekoe 2100 38 30 Glengariffe 51 5 do sou 500 40 Botti @ 186 17 ch bro orpek L008 nae 32 Rosemount 54 d53hf-ch bro pe 2015. sz bid | 20 LES Leos spekoe 1274, 40'bict 33 56 32 do or pek 1920 51 bid | 9% _. TOs 2 dey dust 345027 34 Myraganga 58 54 ch broorpe 6210 50 bid | 99, Essex Lod lL cab conpek 1210 56 ye a 60 44 do bro pek 4840 48 100 196 8 do pekoe 840 50 37 Sapitiyagodde 64 25 box orpek No.1 500 70 101 192 13 do kro mix 1495 43 8 66.36 ch — bro pek 3960 53 bid-| 102 200° 3 do dust 474. 29 39 63 52 do or pek S200 mNSPAbIde hz Cou aeons ca) tbr O tea: 1190 25 41_ Rakwana 72.23 do bro pek 2300 45 bia | 10? Sandring- 42 74 46 do orpek 5060 44 bid ham 214 26 do — bropek 2860 63 43 76-76 do pek sou 1258 “33. | L210) 216 44 do pe oe 296) 55 44 78 13 do oat 1430 39 111 Wattagalla 218 22 do bro pek 2420 56 bid Soa J 80 12hf-ch dust 840 27 | ee 220 24 do pekoe 2640 48 bid 46 Vogan 82 99° ch pekoe 2000 49 bid 113 i 222 9 do pe sou 900 43 47 St.Leonards 84 5 do pekoe 475 B 115 Gampaha 226 36hf-ch bro pe 2160 63 bid BO mPSoox OX: 90, 4 do unas 480 24 site zee a ae pekoe 2100 54 ae Se | 119 Bloomfield @4 88 do pekoe 330) 48 bid ISSRS y mc, Wy ; Re) ) 120 Caskieben 236 27 do koe 2700 ic Messrs. ForBES & WALKER _ 121° Middleton 238 15 hf-ch fo) ek “05 by a put up for sale at the Chamberof Commerce Sale, mete 240 3S do or pe 2090 G4 room on the 27th March, the undermentioned lots of oH 242 12'ch pek No. 1 120054 tea (234,222 1b.), which sold as under :— 35 Smee ee aN Na a 125 x 2446 13 do yek sou 1235 46 Lot Box Pkes. Name ty oa me Bete aeice ne a pie AS . EG 25 5 R a ; 56 bi 2 Bickley 1000 36 ch bro pek 3960 60 ; 123 232 7 aa Anas 1580 36 a 4 Mae! 1400 Mamesleistiewarltina oc6_ dean fee ek ae 4 3 08 ; 44 31 rewardena 25S 4 ch br ak 5 5 6 3 do dust 450 30 | 132 260 7 do ee cok a ~“ 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIs?T. Lot Box Pkgs. Name No Ge ' Lot Box Pkes. Name Ib ey 1hf-ch pekoe 750 40 | ae eo P “4 137 Maha Uva 27) 21 do pekoe 2100 51 bid | laa 58 4 = veh ay $00 2 abyss (65.10) PEP NA 1h pe sou 1140 41 70 Kadela 64 20 do bro. pe 2000 51 140 276 Shf-ch dust 400 28 7 66 28 do pekoe 070 «46 141 St. Helier’s 278 24 do bro or pe 1320 55 72 68 14 do g.c0u 112042 dz 280 19 ch — pekoe 1900, 49 | 74 Talagalla 72 12 do bro pe 1260 56 bid 143 282 2) do pe sou 2000 45 7s P 74 1 do or pe 1520 60 bid 147 GOM 290 51 do pekoe 510048 | 76 76 3&\do - pelos ae = 1 is 292 29 do pe son 2900 43 | 78 Ettapolla 80 14 hf-ch bro pek 7840 k ‘ll 14 204 4 do sou 400 41 79 82 22 do pekoc 1332 46 bid 15) 296 6 do bro mix 600 36 thy “eae ati ee cist ‘ 158 Meemoraoyas3l2 21hi-ch bro or pe 1080 50 | Stamford BAls4 95 ch bro vek 2500 61 159 314 14 do pekoe 630 41 bid | gy © 86 38 hf-ch or pek 1710 = G5 bid 163 Liilywatte 322 12 ch congou (Aeme 82 88 53 ch pekoe 4770 52 chests) 1200-33 | 85 Tientsin 104 22 hf-ch bro pe 1320 66 bid 165 West Hapu- | 33 106 14 ch or pe 140057 tale 328 10hf-ch dust 80031 | $9 Mocha 112 37 do. bro pe 4070 57 bid 167 Katooloya 230 4 ch bro tea 400 20 bid | g5 114 32 do pekoe oe i 163 Iddagodde 332 8 do bro pek 800 AB OL 116 19 do pei sou 1710 re bid 169 334 11 do pekoe 990 50 | 92 Glenthos 18 11 do brope 100 4 174 Kagalla 344 Shfi-ch = fams 40027 | 93 120 21 do — pekoe 1785 48 176 BDWP 348 31 do bro pek 1550 55 | of 122 6 -do pe fans 720 39 bid is2 BDWA 360 9 do mixed 630 AT | 95 124 5 do 2 BOM 40042. ist Barnham 364 22 do bro pek 138462 | 98 Ayr 126 81 hf-ch nih pe 1550 62 185 366 21 do pesou 945 44 97 123 27 vh — pekos 25 48 186 Ascot 368 27 ch bro pek 2700 = S4 bid | gg 130 15 do pe si fi 1200. 42 bid 187 Sana 370 27 hi-ch sou 1215 40 100 DE 134 13 hif-ch . pekoe 910 45 bid 193 Sankerland 382 7 ch or pek 805 4 11 136.12 do sou 7200 «44 ; be 354 17 Be wens 1700 47 v2 Tarf 138 12 ch bro pe 1260 49) 1195 386 9 do yek sou 720 44 3 2 ako 9, 9 Vi 196 Glenorchy 338 38 hi-ch pe pek 2090 = 80 a 260. P8 09 | spekne SR 50'Ut 197 390 92 do pekoe 4600 50 bid | 204 Munamal 404 9 ch bro pek 938 44 | 211 Sorana 418 8 do bro pek 760 58 Messrs. Somervitte & Co. 212 20 8 ic s 420) ; a seid "66 4G | put for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- 214 Hurstpier- | room on the 27th March, the undermentioned lots of point: 424 11 do bro pek 550048 tea (127,242 Ib.), which sold as under :— Zoe 426 coe 590 45 © ape) ORG Ata est Mae tee ke 5 Pa ees Box Pkgs. Name ib « mark 446 28 ch bro pe 2800 56 |} 1 HIS 44 10hf-ch bro pe 500-58 226 448 29 do pekoe 2360-46 . 45 15 do pekoe 750 48 227 450 19 do pesou 1520 44 3 46.15 do pe sou 750 41 228 452 3 do dust 430 28 4 Gallawatte 47 19 do bro pe 950 5zbid 247 Weyekellie 490 8 ch pesou suo 44 3 : 48 13 do ekoe 65044 8 Rayigam 51 68 ch bro pe 880 62 — 9 52 13 do or pe 1300 50 bid Mr. EH. Joun 19 a 4 oe ea o~4 . bid 4 T role = 29 » put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- ri pou = a eo eB = es bia yoom on the 27th March, the undermentioned lots | 15 58 14 do né BOW. 1330 41 of tea (121,9691b.), which sold as under :— a6 Koorooleogala 59 20 ae ro pe 2585 +57 bid 1 60 14 do ekoe 1400 bi Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. oe 29 Lonach 72 23 hf-ch bee pe 1380 & B 4 St. Catherine 262 25 hfi-ch bro pek 1425 48 bid | 30 73 47 ch pekoe 4465 50 5 264 16 do pekoe 752-42 bid | 31 74 27 do pesou 2430 845 8 Callender 270 23 do bro or pek 1472 56 bid | 32 Moragalla “75 6 do bro pe 600 56 9 272 13 do pekoe 702 48 bid | 33 . 76 6 do ekoe 600 43 10 274 13 do pesou 650 47 bid | 35 Monrovia 78 i0hf-ch bro pe 500 §=56 11 Ardlaw and 36 79 9 ch ekoe 900 44 Wishford 276 23 ch bro or pe 2645 58 bid | 40 Ketadola 83 8 do ro pe 880 55 12 278 17 do pekoe 1530 50bid | 41 84 11 do pekoe 104543 13 Ain estate 42 ; 85 13 do pe sou 1105 40 mark 280 12 do umassorted 1260 43 46 RT, in estate 14 CN 282 8 do brotea 800 31 mark 89 7 do dust 908 26 15 Kila 286 20 do pekoe 2000 42 bid | 49 Inchstelly 92 10 do bro pe 983 50 bid 16 288 17 do pe sou 1530 41 50 93 14 do pekoe 1364 41 bid 17 290 5 do fannings 650 33 52 T 95 11 do brope 1210 58 18 302 5 do dust 650 28 53 96 18 do pekoe 1620 44 bid 19 Coslanda 304 32 do bro pek 3200 63 54 97 12 do pe sou 1080 41 bid 20 306 25 do pekoe 2500 48 bid | 55 Roseneath 98 36hf-ch bro pe 1980 54 21 308 19 do pe sou 1900 43 bid | 56 99 12) ch pekoe 1080 45 o4 314 4 do e dust 600 31 57 100 15 do pe sou 1350 41 25 Uvakelle 316 27 do ro pe 2709 60 bid | 58 ALG 101 10 do orpe 1000 = 56 bid 26 31S 22, do pekoe 1980 50 bid | 59 102 12 do pekoe 1320 45 27 320 23 do pek sou 2070 46 60 103 11 do 29 Madooltenne 324 16 do bro pek i600 51 i lhi-ch pesou 1040 41 bid 30 326 13 do pekoe 1300 839 44 61 Forest Hill 104 23 ch bro pe 2530 «554. bid 31 328 16 do pe sou 1600 39 62 105 17 do pekoe 1785 46 bid 32 BAB 330 3 do dust 450 26 63 106 22 do pekoe 2310 ~~ 46 bid 41 Maddagedera 348 31 do bro pek 3410 Sl bid | 64 107 15 do pesou 1575 48 42 350 25 do pekoe 2375 45 65 108 Shf-ch dust 450 30 43 lf a2) do pe sow 1080 43 70 Morningside 113 12 ch pekoe 1209 40 bid 48 Agra Ouvah 21 52 hf-ch bro or pe 3120) 975 71 114 9 do pesou 855 = 41 bid 49 23 51 do or pek 2805 63bid | 72 Glenalla 115 13 do broorpe 1300 53bid 50 : 25 20 .ch pekoe 2000-51 73 116 14 do or pe 1260 48 bid 54 RL 33 14 hf-ch bro pe 910 53 74 117 27 do — pekoe 2430 8=6 43 bid 55 35 8 do ekoe 400 48 75 Ovyoca, AI il8 15 do broorpe 1725 60 57 Richland 39 10 do ro pel 650 76 76 119 13 do orpe 1235” 1B 58 41 8 do pekoe 496 7 77 120 15 do pekoe 1500 51 69 438 6 do pesou 660 50 73 121 12 do pesou 1200 «46 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Pkgs. ch NWHHEN WANE ROE oe epee pe WWE Cle Ww UW RHE LOR po ew 4 1 hf-ch PWR RR HEH 2 1 1 1 3 hf-ch Name. dust fans unas congou pek sou dust dust pe dust dust bro mix pek sow sou bro tea, dust pek ian TALus dust bro mix bro pek pekoe pek sou congou bro pek dust dust red leaf dust sou pe dust congou red leaf pek sou bro pe sou dust red leaf dust bro pek fan dust dust bro or pek dust pekoe dust bro mix do unas pek sou pekoe pe sou dust bro pek pekoe bro tea pek sou pek sou cust congou bro pek pekoe pek sou sou bro pek pekoe ek sou bro pe sou dust Mr. E. Joun Lot Box. PFgs. Name. tity © Lot. Box. $2. 0 125, 6 ch bro pe 720 50 bid 92. Doomo 180 83 126 17 do pekoe 1275 45 bid 93 182 84 AIT lapelicala) pe sou 575 36 94 184 $5 Harangalla 128 28 do bro pe 2800 56 bid | 98 MC 192 86 129: 28 do pekoe 2520 46 bid 104 MW 24 87 130° ~9° ‘do pe sou 720 43 105 205 Ss Naseby Sie 72 cdo bro pe 455 69 bid 105 203 i) 132°°27° do pekoe 1620 60 11+} Wattagalla 2A 90 LB K, in estate 118 Gampaha 232 mark 1383 25 do pe sou 2500 44 130 IK V 256 91 134 14 do sou 1400 40 133 Vrewardena 262 92 135 4 do dust 600 27 13t 264 97 Ingeriya 140 16hf-ch bro pe g80:° 5S 135 266 93 141 17 do pekoe 850 48 | 136 263 99 142 19 do pe sow 912 40 139 GO 274 103 Vincit 146 8 ch bre pe 800 50 ltt TB 284 104 147 8 do pekoe S00 4 115 286 105 143 7 do pe sou 700 29 145 238 112 Kosgahawella 155 7hf-ch bro pe 420 49 151 Rambodde 298 115 Sirisanda 158 14 do bio pe 840 55 152 300 116 159" 167 ‘do pekoe 800 46 153 592 117 160 18 do pe sou 900, 42 154 34 119 Penrith 16221 ch brope PB) ee 4 Hi do 306 120 163 20 do pekoe 1710 49 156 308 121 164 12 do pe sou 19380 45 157 310 125 Boilagalla 163 26 hf-ch 160 Meemoraoya 316 me ane ih ge DEO pe 53 161 318 2 39 10 do pekoe 45 162 D, in estate 127 170 12 do pe sor 41 mark 320 130 Kelani 173 26hf-ch bro pe 58 bid | 164 West Hapu- 131 174 39 do pekoe 56 tale 324 121 175 56 do pe sou 42 165 326 186 Allakolla 179 40 do bro pe 55 170 .iddagodda 336 137 180 24 ch pekoe 45 171 B 138 181 17 do pe sou 40 172 139 Hfarangalla 182 21 do pekoe 48 173 Ragalla : 175 177 BDWP Sein e 178 SMALL LOTS. i799 BDWG SS 130 BDWA Messrs. Bennan & Breuner, 131 =, 135 Aiton Lot Box Pkegs. Name Ibs .c: 189 1 Hornsey 24 16 ch pek sou 1600 27 a =; BBweenarres 28) 1. do! dust 75, 28 199 KHL 376 8 Battalgalla 388 4 do fans 360-28 191 378 15 Elston tees oech bro mix 300 37 192 380 18 Battalgalla 58 2 do fans 180 27 198 Glenochy 392 9 60. 2 do bro tea 200 33 205 Munamal 406 206 403 ee 207 410 Messrs. A. H. THompson & Co. 208 Rosendhal vr 2 414 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. bess ec: 310 416 3 Ferndale, Ran- 213° Sorana 422 galla 5. 4 ch sou 360 941 : 4 6 2 do dust 200 27 216 Hurstpier- J 9 Nahaveena 14 lLhf-ch dust 90 28 _ point 428 24 Ossington 42 1 ch bromix 9) 22 217 430 25 432 do dust 303-27 218 x 432 29 Woodend 50 1 do fans 110-33 219 Wolleyfiele 434 31 Glengariffe 53 2 do dust 300 627 220 436 48 AGC 86 2 do pesouNo.2 180 35 221 438 49 87 3 do brotea 300 35 222 440 50 88 2 do dust 300 27 - 51 89 1 do pefans 150p ees 243 B, inestate mark 482 =a ics 244 484 Messrs. Fornrs & WALKER. oe 48 Lot. Box Pks. Name. ys 63 248 Wevekelle 492 1 Bellwood 998 1. ch bro mixed 70 36 14 Ivies 24. 3hf-ch dust 225 26 25 KHL 46) 22arch bro mix 180 25 34 ANK 64 2 ; nae 1 hf-e or pek 267 40 36 68 4 ch Bote. 320 33 Lot Box 37 70 1 do Var 256 1 ne ok pek fans 192 22 Nanenet ore 38 726 sech. ‘ 260 Lhf-ch dust 21f 7 6 St. Catherine 266 42 Hasdale 80 3 ch pek sou 300 51 7 268 43 82 shf-ch dust 130 0 AT 22 Coslanda 310 51 Melrose 98 2 do sou 180 39 23 312 52 100) Lhf-ch dust 80 26 28 Uvakelle 322 53 102 4 do fans 264 48 32 AB 830 60 A 116064 «ch pek sou 36) 48 33 332 6L 1s 1 do unas 56 43 34 334 65 Park 126 1 do dust 80 29 44 Hanegama 13 61 Udagoda 17s = 4. «do pek sou 380 withd’n. | 45 15 6 weno ro _ 3 Pkes. hf-ch Name bro or pe pekoe pesou pe sou pe fans bro mix wits bro mix dust red leaf bro or pe bro mix dust He IP OOO DO ALO Or Coy & Hee 35 58zbid 28 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST > ia ‘ Lot. Box. Pkos. Name. lb; Sc: aM MINCING LANE, 8th Mareh. 46 MR 17 2 ch dust 240 = ©29 Ex “‘Logician”—Morar, 1b 120s; 2 1178 6d: Se 119: 1b 102s- Aree 19 2 do bro mix 200% 1 bag 116." PB, 1c 142. (MRT), 1c 95s. : - a 52 Keenagaha Ex “Yorkshire”—Lawrence, 1b and le 105s 6d: Tb 95s: 1t Ma 29 1 do sou 100-36 1088; 1 bag 102s. (LRT), 1b 90s. Portree, 1b 118: le 106s: 1b 5B ate. 31 2 do. fans 240 © 33 1008. PB, 1b 111s. (PIT), 1b 93s. PT, '1t 99s, , 56 RL 37 4 hi-ch pesou 180 8 Ex “Ganges”—Shawlands, 1 sweepings 89s 60 Richlands 45 1 do congou 110 = 38 Ex “‘Glenartney”—Cranley, 4¢ 117s; 5e 1b 109s 6d; 1b ms 7 pi 4 ie Sue 340 30 ei ge 1088 6d. PB, le 140s; 1t 1318; 10 958; 2b 116s 6d: y 6 hf-ch pek sou 240 33 » 92s 6d. Upper Cranley 1¢ 115s: le 1 "Gd: e., et 51 1 do fans 40 2 1 bag 108 : me Ne 16 AR A, i> OL, 64 Tin estate x “*Wanderer”—De] Rey, 1b 117s 6d; 5e , mark D2) Biedo bro tea 80 22 6d; 2¢ 1t 106s Gd; 1b 102s; 2 ba gs 1058 6d. Te Be ieaeane 65 t 54 2 ch brope 226 Bi 94s. St. Andrews, 2c 2t 1073; 2c 941s 6d; 2b 115s; 2b. 29s 68 Ovange Field 60 2 do e sou 200 =-38 6d; 1 bag 103s. Ferham, 5c 2b 110s; 3c 1t 104s: 4¢ 2b 1008: 69 62 1 do bre tea 80 2B 3b 96s; 1c 1t 1b 125s; 1t 2b 928; bag 108s > . 73 Ythanside 70 4 do red leaf 360-27 Ex * Yorkshire”—Dessford, 4¢ 1b 116s; be Ib 110s 6d; 2¢ il apes. : 78 2 do dust 320 29 ag 1¢ 1b 133s Gd;le 93s; 3 bags 108s, ; 4 83 Ottery and x “ City of Khios”—Middleton, Di - shinee Stamprord Hi199 1 ch pesou 97 4. 37 70 tar = 903. nm, Dimbula, 1t 110s ; 1e 94s; 84 102° 1 hi-ch dust 8 =. 30 ix ‘* Yorkshire’ —Walton, 1c and Gb 103s: de 87 Tientsin 108° 1. ch pek sou 128 8044 | 6d; 1e 95s; le 115s; 2t 883 Gd. Caledonia Dikeeaee ae 88 110) «8 hf-ch dust 246 31 3¢ and 1b 111s; 4¢ and It 1(6s; 1t 96s; ic and Ib 130s 6d: 99 Ayr 132" 8 do dust 225 20 bag 1038, 1¢ 948. CDT, Mousagalla, le 113s; le and 1 b 106s: 104 Yarf 142 2 ch pe sou 190 3 ty Oe Be 89s. ‘ , x ** Rewa”—Mahouvah; 1b 1078; Ge 102s: oe “iG hate ka, Olin aa Ws ome Lene He age 2 and 1b 109s; 2e 8és 6d; pa —_ Lb Oia Mresre Soweny mR Of x ity of Khios”—Ampitiakande, 1c 106s: : MESeRe SOMERIILLE & Co. It 948; 1b 1113;1 bag 100s, I’ A K, 1b S38 oe ie 1008 6a Lot. Box Pkes: Name lb. cc. Re ae Pos} 1b 91s; Jb 11s; 16 S68; 1b 83s 6d; 2'bags 1018 6 WIS 79, is WECHe, aeRO 15038 a Hk Den ee 114s; 2c and 1b 109s 6d; 5c 1038 6d; 1b 95s: rf 50, 2 do bro tea 100 35 Ex «Wy a. 6d; Ie and 1t 92s; 1 bag 105s, 12 Rayigam 55. 3 ch — sou 200 37 1268 1 Ib on oe, Size 1, le 111s 6d; oe 1b 102s; 1t 938; le 18 Koorooloogala 6i 8 do pesou 285. 41 size O PDO. Thotula, le 90s. Thotula Gala, 1t 838. Galla, 19 (ee do fans 250 38 6d. tose: % Te and lb 120s; 4c end 1b 117s 6d; 4c 1068 84 Moragslla 77 Shf-ch’ . fans 360 3 kx“ ¥, hak 141s; 1b 92s 6d. 37 Monrovia 80 4 do’ pesou 200-38 93s: Ib “rh nt aire’ —Large size, 1b 104s 6d; 8c 99s 6d; 4e 38 sl 2 ch fans 200 30 7 a E mr 43 127 746 119 ch pekoe 10115 44 86 M’Kande 68 36 us Aa pe 3960° * "58 Nad 128 748 9 do pesou 810 38 87 485 69. 28 ee pe oe 7 f i 129 Tonacombe 75) 39 do bro pek 2340 3 88 Labugama, 70; 18 hf-c ro pe $ 0 130 752 46 do pekoe 4140 50 Be Lisa. do _ pekoe 1260 47 131 754 14 do .pek No.2 1470 49 au Bene 72 13 do pesou 1170 42 | a £86 fo ag pel sou 1009 gs a ghd "ae 74 46 ch bro pe 5060 54 bid ; ae / Ebay 2. G8; PERO 60 ie 93 7556 do. pekoe 4950 43 bid 135. Lowlands 762 6 ch bropek 600 945 arte ter pee eee 136 764 5 do pekoe 450 40 94 6% do rages aoe : 140 Morankande 772 44hf-ch bro pe 2420 «50 95 1 77 14 do pekoe 1364 2 141 774. 27 «do pekoe 2700 44 142 , 776 39 do pek sou 3900 41 143 778 7hf-ch fans 525 34 SMALL LOTS. 14t 780 4 ch red leaf 480 24 145 Ganapalla 782 57 hf-ch bro pek 3420 49 =——— re OE ie Be ch pele se 4 Messrs. Bannam & BREMNER. 14 andringham 786 23 do TO pe: 25: Te if an 148 i 788.15 do | broor pe isis 49 =| _deot Box Pkgs.. Name lb. c. 149 790 31 do pekoe 2790 54 1 Hopewell 2B 4hf-ch pe sow 301 36- 150 792 9 do pe sou 810 53 2 28) ago. pepoe 2) 42) 51 -- 794 6 do dust 1020 31 3 30 3 do - bro pe_ 215 59- 152 Bloomfield 796 33 ch pekoe 330047 4 62 1 do,; do No. 2 59) Vem 153 Caskieben 798 27 oh peree - ge a6 A 158 Hssex 808 28. ch ro pe 22 Q : ry 159 gl. 12 do orpek 1390 ‘50 bid Messers A. H. THompson & Co. — - 360 812,11 de Pepe ae a Lot. Box. Pkgs. . Name. ib: “e. 4 161 814. 4 do bro Mx ; S . fe Ee 2 Cee St cee ee Pan Lee ae vat ee eee ar 165° 818 3 do lus p Been =o ihm a Ass a : 2 sah 166 Denmark Hill 824 9 do or pek 783. 3 41 Hemiagford 7 PD 1 do sou 15. 33. CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. 1b eancs Lot. Box Pkgs. Name 42 73 2hf-ch dust 150-330 164 Glendevan 820 1 ch _ pek sou 47 R,in estate 165 JD, in estate mark 82 1 ge nnag Be ar tnark 822 L1hf-ch pesou 4 83 1 do ust 4 2 171 VA, in estate 51 O-—T 88 1.ch _ bro pek 63-36 \ mark 834 1 ch bro pek 52 s9 1 do sou GL 30 172 836 1 do pek sou 112 53 90 1 do dust $5 Qi 184 Manangoda 860 3 do pek sou 330 185 962 2 do ans 220 186 864 2 do bro mix 200 Mr. E. Joun Ha Jambugaha oe t Been oe Hk Lot Box Pkgs. Name ips are: 189 870 4 do peksou 220 1 Nahavill 16 2 hf-ct tie B s 190 872 6 do sou 300 il Nahavilla 4 2hfch dust 180-29 1 193 Kerimettia 878 1 do bropedust 5 22. Wewessa 186 4 do dust 360 29 { 194 880 6 do fans 26 Hunugalla 194 1 ch dust 140 29 195 ‘ 882 3 do dust 180 27 1967) 1 do. bro mix 110 25 ya Bm ._ v a) 199 Bandara Eli 30 Esperanza 202 Lhf-ch dust 85 RY va, 390 4 do dust 200 36 K 214 #1 do fans 40 922 . 37 K, BT, in estate mark 216 1 do bro tea 40 27 49 Patulpana 239 5 do bro pek 250 8952 ; d 51 241 7 de pekoe 350 46 Messrs. SOMERVILLE & CO. 5% 245 2 do sou 90 35 53 247 1 do fans 45 32 - ors N 2 } (1 PTE 263 2 ch dust 240 30 Lot. BOs pepe eame. ©. lb. 1 W Tenne 183 6hf-ch bro pe 4 186 3 do congou 148 5 187 1d fans 75 Messrs. Forspes & WALKER. 8 iss 1 a5 ae Anse Lot. Box Pks. Name. We es 9 C = a estate hi tae hee eae ee mark bro mix 2 3 Dunbar 498 3 ch dust 390 30 10 192 2 do red leat 108 5 502 2 do congou 180 36 12 N 194 2 ch bro mix 170 9 Thedden 510 4 do pe sou 360 39 15 Knudaganga 197 1 do congou ay a2 E a6 dust LS e 16 an 198 1 do bro tea 120 o) sou 360 30 17 Gw 199 3 do sou 2 1s Langdale 528s) do pek sou 300 47 18 200 3 do fans 300 19 530 2 do dust 280 34 19 bE Eas red leaf 25 Carendon 542 2 do : 20 2 3hf-ch dust 240 En u peck congou 2 2 23 Gallawatte 5° 3 oe pe sou 150 26 Zac, dus 250 30 23 5a 2 do pe sou a 100 39 Weligode 570 2 ch _ bro tea 200 28 24 6 1 do brotea 5 49 Talgaswela 5909 4 do congou 360 35 28 Ardross 10 2 ch bromix 160 G4 Koladeniya 620 3 do bro tea 378 29 29 11 1 do dust 130 68 VO 628 3 do dust 360 28 33. Rondura to 2) do fans t 70 AG 632 2 do bro tea 170 35 34 16 4 hf-ch ey 75 Laxapana- , 40 Bathford 22 4 ~ch dust galla 642 2 ae cout 300 3: 44 Monrovia 2 5 neck pe sou 76 644 2 do dus 70 28 45 Zi a ech ans 77 Carlaback 646 3 ch ~~ pesou 300 56 4G 28 1 do pe dust 7g 648 6hf-ch bro peksou 390 50 47 Knutsford 29 3hf-ch or pe 195 86 Amblakanda 664 2 ch sou 220 37 48 30hesondo. bro pe 184 90 CL, in estate 50 32)'"2 ‘do e€ sou 1s mark 672 2 ch_ red leaf 180 28 31 paved dot (tans 92 W 676 2 oer bro) pek 100 41 | 56 Silver Valley 38 4 ae BEG pe 200 93 678 4 do pekoe 200 35 57 39 2 do pekoe 100 97 G 686 1 ch sou 95 36 58 40 3 do pe sou 150 98 688 1 do dust 145 29 59 41 1 do red leaf 5 102. Shanon 696 1 do dust 80 28 | 60 42 1 do congou 103 698 lLhf-ch_ brotea 50 26 | 61 43 1 do dust __ 52 111 K WD, inest. | 68 Kosgahawella 45 3 ch bro pe No.1 360 mark 714 4 ds dust 320 27 | 64 RV,K 46 1 do bro pe 10¢ 122 ZLG) Ec | 65 47 2 do e sou 188 ae ae 1 oe bro tea aes va ' 66 JHWM a 2 ea are) pe i 12: 738 2 ch ye SOU 7 36 67 ‘ 3 do pekoe 3 124 740 4 do eae 280, 38 6s 5 bOP ech ; 125 742 2 do dust 170 29 lhf-ch bro pe 133 Tonacombe 758 4 do dust 340 31 80 Alpitikande 62 3 do pe sou 137. Lowlands 766 4 ch pek sou 320 41 84 Kuruwitty 66 $8 do sou 13S 768 1 do dust 1400 (2) 91 Labugama 73 2 do pe dust 170 139 770 1 do fans 120 33 96 Beverley 7S 5 do pe dust OFSERVER GAS ENGINE PRE55. _ nm AL; eer z hy ah > : rf op i Pe - oad! a ‘ rs 4 : ee pe ion ~ AOD 2 { % ; ia rs ‘Db 2B at Raho sn ole 4 3 4 7 ii } re ty ey on) ‘ * ty ia ile oe al id “i-. * ” ~ “x i} gp hans © 9d q ; 7 bit ‘ b+ be : * Yo ay ‘as 6 LO eae ¥ enter cule pp Tay vid , - went nim tum Ged ‘wie f ee ej . SiaOhy ieee ~ r ' ne” .- aol ty = i . r a ’ ai JY) De HT at NO a ee I ae (e - ' ae sodog tk an a t F ‘ ? bh, i : 4 of - oh eet mare | 171 2 ti ; oui 2 ' - r , > ; es. ae : on a} Kt cael fo 8 Zeal. - mooi 64 : : ™ ' i * eT pontoon, wh, mi b ae ee a : 4 42 < ss ant Remy On" ETE se Pers ’ ( ‘ -”* we ‘G | apps nny Me wish <1) ‘ . 2 ; a: _ “s . ] rf , 4 i m | ‘ T » et > . a. J 5 s (ret ct cvart oh -€ FOi age : - Phos, I 7 ‘ = bs “Ty « 1.) ” rs ’ < : A a py , ft ’ Ls a nu ae 7 e -sent rh. tou TRI K ulti or " , ih ro " OC # oat io dyly is wep Ti} He 7 et oh ar.j = ka _ ra ro P i iyot Bb Oh J i et t : ‘ verry yh Tal ‘ | ee, 1 j wallet) : io t Or WY gy wa sort J % t + OF ; ( - n ; - . ae - In 4 ig i “4 f - hy ret \ = ‘ Pp 1 yr | 9 a TH rat ‘ i yoist ws)? od . ‘ oe + $ hi bf oi re f ms ! a uN : d NY CHGME bd iy i e i z i 7 4 + -. ve bed if ia. by yi oy jay “Wer wr) eid ie t po e road ty {% x + ¢ 4) fr hy *y 7 - . é = Te Air b> TS s } a ( wal” rire } ry GH Tt se (ee 4 Hatt a uw Ni my om he i Teeth tee ~ Z Sot % eyes a a * 1 ' aa 4 ( ’ Par 4 i aa Ds pe ni : ; ny oe j are 5 - \ wor ; rR ; Na ) : Pi iw ty arnt: - . Pee oF Ee fom ait oh i snr out Li} we mat as rt AS” a . i joy a - it . ae at ay and 73 wl ~ > Sige 9 ( Ai : Bee trae ce 4s I J ‘ ° > 4 = #5. NGI TART: egy Ie tale: i ad Fe. WE =; Rat ae par By. , yn THA, COFFE a) NO 15] Cotompo, APRIL 13th, 1395 i HO cents . an ~ 30x PFos ut COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot Box. PFgs. Name. Ib. lho ae aS 47 MA 990 4 ch bro tea, 400 ie ry 1 48 992.8 do dust 1200 LARGE LOTS. 49 Scrubs 994.49 ch or pek 945 == » 50 996 27 «do bro pek 2970 Messrs. BENHAM & BREMNER j 2 998 32 do pekoe 3040 52 1000 33 do pe sou 1235 put up for gale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale” | 53 Beuusijour 2 16 ch bro pek 1600 toom on the 9th April, the undermentioned lots of | °4 4 4 14 do pekoe 1260 rea (9,1431b.), which sold asunder :— 55” Ban 614. do" tans 1330 BEES Neha seh I eM 56 8 14 do dust 560 = OM eae, 10 15 do bro or pe 1500 Lot. Box. pkgs Name Ib. Cc. | 58 12 14 do pekoe ; 1274 5d 14 14 do pekoe 1274 4 Sutton 34.4 ch fans 532 31 60 “Dromoland 16-5 ch peksou 600 5 Wornsey 36 14 do pe sou 1400) 50 GL Is S do broorfan 960 11 ‘Vavalamtenne 48 5 do pekoe 500 48 bid |G: Mmourugalla 2 5 ch pe sou 450 12 50 7 do bro pelk 770 52 U5 : ; 265) 1d.) bro tea 690 13 Elston 52. 6 ch congou 600 35 67 OB 30 5 do pekoe 500 14 54 4 do bromix 400 30 | | 69 Custlereagh 34 13 do bropek 1430 15 56 40 do sou 3600 39 hid | 7 ce 36 33. do pekoe 297() 1Gexe Xs 58 39 do sou 3315 22 bid | 7 338 8 do pesou 630 | 72 40)h a a0 dasb 450 ea Tass! 74 Ederapolla 44°25 hf-ch Bro pek 1375 Paral | y TSO ATI Cel hp 46 15 do rvelkcoe 1125 Messrs. A. H. THomrson & Co. a pointe ae a fae 78 put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- | 77 Atherfield 50 48 do sou 2400 room on the 9th April, the undermentioned lots of | ¢ a 12 i Ge a tea (22,48 lb.), which sold as under ;— WG Bit oes aaSE aso Lot. Box. pkgs. Name. Ib. ce. $1 Verulupitiya 58 35 ch bro pek — 3500 3 Ahamud 4 10hf-ch bro pe 500. 45 8 60 26 do pekoe 2340 8 Comar 10 23 do broorpe 1368 45 bid | 33 62 19 do pesou 1710 9 1z 29 do or pek 1450 9 43 bid | x8) 'Theberton 72 80 hf-ch bro pek 1500 10 14 21 do pekoe 1050 40 89 74 32 do pekoe 1600 1 16 16 do pe sou 800 35 9) Aieburth 76 19 ch bro mix 1900 15 Nahalma 21 7 ch congou 805 386 91 73°15 do pek sou 16 Ossington 22° 27 do pekoe 2700 43 bid No. 2 1500 ile \Y 24 25 do bro pe 2500 50 bid | 92 Ascot 80 12 do bro pek 1200 18 26 14 do pekoe 1260 40 bid | 93 82 13 do pekoe 1300 19 RT 23 8 do bro pek 800 44 97 Pansalatenne 90 17 do bro pek 1735 2) 30 5 do pekoe 500-40 93 92 16 do pekoe 1600 21 Bye ae Co) pek sou 1100 38 99 94 7 do pek sou 665 25 Charlie Hill 38 16hf-ch pek sou 800 38 bid | 100 W’bedde 96 5 do bro pe 660 26 40 11 do pekoe 550 47 101 Middleton 98 1Lhi-ch bro pek 715 7 41 QR An hro nek 400 AG ta 15 In al Ors 29 Portswood 43 22 ch sou 176050 102 100 39 do. or pek 950 30 45 shf-ch dust 640 39 103 102,12 ch pek No.1 1080 104 104 8 do do No.2 840 106 R CW, in estate ; ear nel Re Ne =i mark 108 6 ch bro or pe 600 Mussrs. FORBES & WALKER w7 BDW 110 20hfch bropek “1100 put up for sule at the Chamber of Commerce Sale, | ate PCRS oy a au Bre Bek en room on the 9th April, the undermentioned lots of lid 124 G a6 eReoe tim tea (264,558 1lb.), which sold as under :— 116 Kackiriskan- : T > Lot Box Pkgs. Name Ibe” “e: da 128 13hf-ch bro pekoe 780 A re SI 902 5 ch pek sou 480 32 7 130 i7 do pekoe 941 6 g08 7 do dust 26 118 132 10 do peksou 529 7 Kirindi 91) 30 do brope 60 121 Polatagama 188 50 ch bio pek 5050 8 912 7 do — pekoe 45 122 140 42 do pekoe 4200 9 914 10 do peksou 41 123 142 49 do pekoe 2900 13 Augusta 922, 13 ch bro pek 60 124 144 16 do pek sou 1600 14 924 9 do pekoe 44 125 1446S do fans 800 15 926 11 do pek sou 41 126 1448) «7 hf-ch dust 595 19 -Glencorse 924 27 do bro pek 52 127 Pedvo 150 17 ch bro or pek = 1870 20 936 18 do pekoe 45 128 152 16 do pekoe 1440 21 938 9 do peksou 43 129 154 14 do pel sou 1050 24 RWA 944 19 hi-ch bro pek 57 130 Stisted 156 40 hf-ch — bro pek 2400 25 946 25 do pekoe 48 131 158 34 do pekoe 2040 26 J43 10 do pe sou 45 132 160 26 do pek sou Lasu 28 Hethersett 954% 14 ch or pek 81 133 CL, in estate 29 954 10 do bro or pe 1190 64 bid mark 162 387 ch bro or pek 4670 30 956 10 do bro pek 1120 59 bid | 134 164 1s do orpek 1800 31 958 14 do pekoe 1330 57 35 166 4L) do pekoe 3690 32 960 8 do pe sou 672 49 136 1s lu do pek sou 900 33 Knavesmire 962 18 ch bro pek 180046 10 ‘Thedden 176-15) (ch bro pek 1650 34 964 28 do pekoe 2520 45 143 St. Helier’s 182 Shf-ch bro or pek 900 35 906 15 do pe sou *350 39 lat 184 13 ch pekoe 1300 37 Maha Uva 970 54 ht-ch bro pek 2970 54 Did | 145 186 12 «do pe sou 1200 38 972 22) ch _ ~_—s pekoe 2200-49 148 Blackstone 192 16 do bro pek 1520 39 974 12 do pe sou 1200 4: 149 19t 12 do pekoe 1080 41 Drayton 978 3s hf-ch bro pek 2470 67 150 196 12 do pe sou 1088 42, 980 25 ch pekoe 2250 50 } 151 Ellckande 19S F4hi-ch bro pek 370 43 952 1ht-ch dust 1 238 162 200 28 do pekoe 12838 44 Weoya. 984 40 do bro pek 2200 55 ibe 202 49 ch pe sou S724 45 936 46 do pekoe 2300 43 157) Clydesdale 210 28 ch vo or pek 3220 46 988 22 do bro pek fan 1320 43 158 212 29 de or pek 2900 48 H, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. ) Price :—123 cents each; 3 copies copies } rupee. 49 bid 42 bok a6 29 dv ey uel ‘ em 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIS?. Lot. Box shies, mame a ce Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name Ib. ¢. 1h9 214 ch ekoe 1900 45 W 8 lyfe we * 160 Sandringham 216 18 do ro pek 1890 68 14 Gallawatte 7 HE trene =~ = 161 218 27 do orpek 2430 6% 15 93 lv do pekve 50043 162 220 16 do — pekoe 144050 18 Wewelmedde 96 4 ch dust 400s 163 222 17 do fans 2125 = 49 19 Mousagalla 97 31 do brope aan 5 199 Radella 294 54 ch bropek 5400 Ga i) 9 19 do pekoe 1900 43 Z 9906 9 r x - 997 = 9 stg Al oe 4 oe es id os | 23 Malvern 101 23hf-ch~ bro pe 12465 48 bid 293) 16s s 7! 24 ea? ; 4 : 203 Langdale 302 27 do 22) pek B40 G2 27 Carney a ee ae eee rood Seki 14. 304 9 do pekoe S00 49 28 o> Par 211 Talagaswela 518 28 ch bro pek 2800 58 39 ine q2 = pekos 1. 4 217 320 22 do pekoe 1960 45 30 108 12 do bro mixed 600 23 Did TES 22 7 do ye SOU G30 4 31 IS 109 7 ch ‘sou 630 214 Dunbar 324 19hf-ch broor pe 950 8 34 Nagur 112. 5 do i a OLS 326 22 do bro pek 1100 57 j - sie hf-ch pe sou 500 25 216 328 18 ch — pekoe 1620-48 43 California 121 8 ch brope ST ee) 217 330 15 do pek sou 1350 9-44 44 122. 9 do _pekoe 90 8640 #13 Glencorse 332 10 do bro pe 1000-5 45 33 °'S do "bebo 50 “> aa 227 Denmark Hill 370 9 do or pe 747 BI 53 Penrith 131 26 ch brome 730 Be 238 37246 do bro or pe 714 69 54 132 °1 do teks Tre ic 239 ; 374. 8 do bro pe 896 62 55 32 14 do pe sm 1360) 44 240 876 8 do pekoe 100 ST 59 Galphele 137 Ohf-ch bro pe 54957 MAL 378 6 do pesou 420 49 | 66 138 16 do pekoe 80047 232% Deaculla 380 25 ch pe oe 1875 = 48 bid | gy 139 16 do pe asi 800 iu a eee do dust 425 ya 37 Elgin .. 67 5 do pesou 450 41 bid | 99 Horagaskelle Shf-ch pek sou 458 36 39 P .. 60.5: do pe fan 750 31 bid | 102 Kelaneiya .. 19 ch bro pe 1615 51 bid 41 Myraganga, 103 : 22 do pekoe 2200 42 bull PY -. 63 4 ch — bro pek 460 48 107 Caskieben .. 44 do tlowpek 4400 47 bid 43 Vogan .. 65 23 do bropek 2300 «60 108 35 do pekoe 3500 41 bid 44 67 24 do pekoe 2400 48 109 4 do unas 400 out 45 69 16 do e sou 1520 41 111 AD 29 ch bro sou 2165-30 bid 46 71 9 do dust 1170397 Ion 3 15 do rekoe S40 - 88 bid 47 Charlie Hill.. 73 16hf.ch pe sou 800 37 ; Us Barkindale 12hf-ch bro pek 67265 48 Ferndale, Ran- 119 20 ch — pekoe 1900 46 galla .. 75 23 ch bro pek 2300 52 bid | 122 Queensland 23 do flowpek 2300 £0 bid 49 7 44 do pekoe 3960 45 123 17 do pekoe 1700 = 41 bid 50 79 13 do — sou 1170 «36 124 6 do unas 600-837 52 Charlie Hill 5hi-ch dust 450 27 126 Amblakande 14 ch bro pek 1460 51 bid SS 127 19 do pekoe 1710 42 Messrs. FORBES & WALKER 128 11 do ek son 1100-40 put up for sale at the Chamberof Commerce Sale | 129 Chalmers a do bro pek G25 idl room on the 19th April, the undermentioned lots of be 66 do pekoo 561044 tea (324,470 lb.), which sold as under :— 132 os ae per as Le 40 ~ : 20) Lot Box Pkgs. Name lb. ee. 133 3 do dust 450 96 1 Evalgolla .. 382 15 ¢ pekoe 1350 46 137 Udabage 30 hf-ch pek sou 1650 34 bia 2 384 11 do pekson 990 38 bid | 138 8 do dust 560 8 3 Daphne = 386 46 box ro pek 828 47 bid | 140 SMK 4 ch bro pek 460-36 bid 4 888 17 hf-ch bro pek 935 48 142 4 do pesou 44098 Nahaveena Hethersett. . Stisted 50 BIN Castlereagh Wattagalla Ganapalla .. Battawatte Maha Uva.. Sorana Dunkeld Brunswick.. New Anga- mana oe Blackstone Patiagama. . Essex Torwood J HS, in est. mark Serubs Shannon BDW ie Opalgalla .. Farnham Erlsmere .. Lyegrove .. Malvern Deaculla ‘Clunes Ivies Drayton Glencorse Denmark Hill Box Pkgs. 666 668 14 do 1 hf-ch 51 do 12 54 hf-ch 80 do 31 ch 15 do 9 do 10 do 1 hf-ch Name bro pe pekoe pek sou or pek bro or pek bro pek pekee e sou ro pek pekoe pe sou bro pe ekoe bro pek pekoe pek sou dust bro pek pekoe pe sou bro pek pekoe pe sou dust bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek do ekoe Bek sou bro pek pekoe bro pek or pek pekoe unas pek fans pe sou bro pek do No, 2 bro tea bro or pe bro pek ekoe ro pe or pek pekoe bro mix or pek pekoe pe sou or pe pekoe pe sou do dust pekoe pe sou bro pek red leaf bro pek pe sou bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek pekoe pe sou bro pe pekoe pe sou pekoe bro pek pekoe bro mix pe dust bro pek pekoe pe son bro pek pekoe bro pek pekoe | pe sou or pek 56 bid c, 56 47 40 bid 79 bid 61 bid 58 bid 56 45 bid 46 40 bid 53 43 bid 37 bid 27 51 bid 41 bid 37 bid 46 bid 40 bid 50 bid | 42 bid | 40 bid 49 bid 49 bid 44 39 bid 50 bide | 50 bid 60 42 40 | 29 { | } 43 | | ) 36 | 54 45 32 bid 49 bid 50 44 5i bid 43 bid 48 46 bid 38 bid 37 bid 78 bia | CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 277 984 7 ch broor pe 278 936 7 do brope 279 938 8 do pekoe 250) 940 5 do | pesou 251 942 4 do pe fans 255 Lillysvatte 950 4 do congou 239 W 958 85hf-ch bro pek 290 960 27 do — pekoe 291 962,12 do pek sou Mr. E. Jonn 41 bid 8s bid put up for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale- room on the 19th April, the undermentioned lots of tea (141,459 lb.), which sold as under :— Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. i Peru 78 13 hf-ch bro pe 2 80 11 do koe 4 Hunugalla 84 11 ch bro pe 5 8 14 do pekvoe 6 88 15 do sou 10 Ottery and 106 19 do bre pe ll Stamford Hill 108 16 do or pe 12 110 39 do pekoe 14 Suriakande 114 4 do dust 21 Callander 128 26 hf-ch bro or pe a2 130 12 do pekoe 23 132.12 do pe SOU 25 Mocha 136 35 ch ise pe | 26 138 29 do pekoe 27 140 20 do pe sou 28 142 8 do fans 29 L 144 21 do 2 sou 30 146 11 hf-ch Bust 31 Allington 148 23 do or pe 32 150 31 do bro pe ” 152 32 do pekoe 34 154 24 do pe sou 37 Madooltenne 160 15 ch brd pe 38 162 17 do pe SOU 39 BK 164 5 do bea tea | 40 166 6hi-ch dust 4: Tientsin 168 28 do bro pe 2 170-22 ch or pe 45 Templestowe 176 85 do orpe 46 178 39 do pekoe 47 180 25 do De SO 52 Coslanda 190 30 do pro pe 53 192 34 do pekoe 54 194 22 do pe sou 85 196 3 do dust av 6 Glentilt 200 29 do bro pe 5S 202 20 do e€ son 59 Gonavy 204 8 do bro pe 2 hi-ch 60 206 4 ch pekoe 1 hf-ch 64 Talagalla 214 21 ch brope 66 Alnoor 218 22 hf-ch bro pekoe 67 218 14 do pekoe 68 220 50 do pe sou 69 224.15 do fans 71 Maria 228 10 ch bro pe 72 230.13 do pekoe 73 232 5 do pe sou 74 Wevwesse 234 54 hf-ch bro pe ia 236 59 do pekoe 76 238 21° do pe sou 79 Hiralouvah 244 5 hf-ch bre mixed is Lameliere 248 31. ch pekoe 28 Kanagama 250 F3 do bro pe 83 Overton 252 24 do pekoe st Meeriatenne 254 12 hf-5h bro pe 85 256 14 do pekoe ss DE 262.31. ch pekoe 39 264 20 do sou 9 GT 266 Shf-ch dust 91 268 15 ch congou 92: Tarf 270 5 ado pe sou 93 272. 11 hf-ch = dust 94 ON 274 23 ch pe sou 95 iS in estate | mark ~— 276 15 do bro pe 96 278 5 do pekoe 97 ' 280 6 do pe sou 93, sf F 282 22 do souchong 99 284 58 gs red leaf 100 286 2hf.ch dust. 102 DB 290 13 do ~ pekoe 103 Agra ‘Ouvah 302 14 ch e sou 105 Chicago 306 39 hf-ch bro pe 106 : 308 74 do pekoe - 107. & 310 2 do pe sou tb. 7BU 55 bid 42 bid 40 bid 30 49 bid 38 bid a) 49 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name lb. ¢. Messers A. H. Tuompson & Co. 109 St.Catherine 314 27 hf-ch bro pe 1539 49 | Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ¢ 110 316 20 do pekoe 940 40 1 SY, in Estate 114 Weymouth 324° 6 ch — pekoe 450 41 _ mark 1 1 ch unas SHELL ee Be 5 326-5 do pe sou 400 32 7 Kennington 12. 3hi-ch bro tea 150 30 8 13:2, do dust 150 28 Messrs. SompryitLe & Co. =D B ae 3 ch seu as ou put for sale at the Chamber of Commerce Sale-| 9; Manickwatte 41 2 do pekoe 200 40 room on the 19th April, the undermentioned lots of | 29 xX XX 46 3 do wunas 300 35 tea (106,415 lb.), which sold as under :— 34 Gonakelle, Matu- . Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Jb. . ae ptatta, 531, do dust 1000 27 2 HIS ll Sshi-ch pekoe 400 44 po ee lena poe coe ous BS j5 31 bid 3 12 16 do pesou 800-39 28° Wgin BOs oe dO 7; dust 28031 4 13°10 do sou 500 37 i ae Peasy 62; F-Ly do red leaf 96 25 en tere ; ‘ 2 Myraganga, g Trex i 3 oe pene Be as ¢ Peo 64. 3 ch pekoe 360 40 8 Mahatenne 17.10 do bro pe 1000-52 51 F erndalale, Ran- 8 a a . 9 18 13 do pekoe TR0OKINED bid! |v, wean apie 185 do. pekoe 760 50 | 45 175 2% do pekoe 2491 40 bid 493 Chalmers... 214 62 ch bro pek 6200 50bia | 46 176 12 do pesou 1200 39 , 124 Yoxford .. 216 7 do pesou 630.45 48 Kinest. mark 178 8 hf-ch mixed 528 35 125 218 8 do dust 1040-30 55 Lyndhurst 185 28 ch bro pe 2500 45 bid 196 Castlereagh 220 22 ch bro pek 2420-55 | 56 186 39 do pekoe 3705 40 ; 427 222, 34 do pekoe 3060 47 57 Depedene 187 51 hf-ch_ bro or pe 2805 40 bid 128 224 9 do peksou 765 38 58 1s8 70 do brope 3500 88 bid 130 Udabage .. 228 30hf-ch pek sou 1650 36 60 Harangalla 190 20 ch bro pe 2000 «55 , 134 Maha Uva... 236 54 do ro pek 2979 dlbid | % 191 20 do pekoe 1710), 1385 238 80 do bro pek 4400 51 bid 1 do do mr 45 136 240 15 ch pek sou 1500 43 62 192 12 do pe sou 960 «41 137 Middleton.. 242 18bf-ch bropek 1080 62 | 66 Naseby 196 35 hf-ch pekoe 1850 54 bid 138 244 39 do or pek 1950 61 | 67 Glenalla 197 16 ch ro or pe 1600 50 bid 130 246 13 ch pek No.1 1235 50 | 68 198 27 do sou 2430240 , 140 248 #§ do do No.2 840 43 69 Roseneath 199 41 hf-ch ro pek "9955 47 144, Glencorse .. 256 13 ch bropek 1300 41 | #0 200 14 ch _ pekoe 1260 41 145 258 8 do pekoe 680 42 | 71 1 14 do ek sou 1260 40 146 260 7 do peksou 560 37 | 73 Ovoca AT 3 19 do ro or pe 2185 68 448 Dunkeld .. 264 24 do bropek 2640 53 ia 4 22 do or pe 2200 «62 bid 149 Manangoda 266 11hf-ch bro pek 600 «48 ie) 5 15 do pekoe 150) »§= 46 bid 150 268 6 ch 76 6 22 do e fans 1540 340 : thf-ch pekoe 655 39 fern iiia 7 13 do ust 1935 97 454 Danwela .. 276 19 ch pekoe 1900 80 neal a ae east dust 630 -O7 155 ¥ .. 278 15 hf-ch pekoe $40 ri) } bid a1 1 a bro pe 1680 50 156 Liskillen .. a 27 ge bro pe 2700 «59 32 101i a ag + 1100 43 282 3 j 4, ts A ch pee dl Sica ee Ee he 164 Kelaneiya .. 296 28 do or pek 2380 52 bid | s8 M’Kande 18 = do pekoe 475339 165 298 22 do pekoe Fee eecnuide| (one, Calnmpenliedo es ais eee 3939 45 bid 166 Evalgolla .. 300 11 do pesou 990 40 90. 20 15 ae bro pe 2500. «53 167 Clydesdale 302 6 do pesou 660 43 4 in Pelco J rel 169 306 4 do dust 672-28 93 EAS inest. € fe J 170 308 8 do bro pek 840 61 mark 93°17 d 171 310 11 do pekoe 935. 47 94 oA EA Pogmmaehes 1820 53 bid 179 312 5 do fans 675 36 95 ee ee oe cy 176 SMK_.. 320 “4 do bro pek 460 35 96 26 10 a orpefans 1185 40 bid 178 Brunswick.. 324 27hf-ch yonghyson 162) 6! bid | 97 7 47 e pe tars 1200 34bid 179 326 24 do hyson 1440 = out 98 Allakolla 38 37 hfeh ek dust 1360 29 180 328 22 do do No. 21210 41 bid | 99 all aed 2035 49 f 29 23 ch pekoe 2185 42 482 Denmark 100" 86. 30.17 do pesou 1530.41 Bill _, 332 8 ch or pek 680 72 101° Vincit 31 15 do bro pe 1500 46 183 334 4 do. broorpek 472 66 102 3213 do pekoe 1300 40 184 336. 6 do bro pe 665) 59 13 33 11 do unas 1160-39 185 338 6 do pekoe 5584 107 H 37° 9 do bro pe 995 46 186 340 5 do pe sou 400 47 187 L, a estate ft Z = maw .. 84 5 ¢ pek fans 608 28 bid 188 344 7 do fans "65. 36 SMALL LOTS. 189 346 10 do dust e008 ——— : 190 P, in estate ee ae oe. j Le Messrs. BENHAM & BREMNER. mar ces 26 .¢ or pe 9600 <= 46 bid : 196 porood fe a 32 o pekoe 3136 44 bid Lot | Box Pkgs. Name 5 Sealtet 1 wssex .» 736 4 do pekoe 1428 42 3. Batt 198 Lyegrove .. 364 52 do bro pek 5720 45 4 pe eae 38 3 hich a Eh 3 emt 199 366 8 do’ pesou 300 38 5 40 3 do koe ee nag 390 Hethersett.. 368 8 ch broorpe 944 65 6 ae ten veadoale beset eras 01°: a . oe ay 944 65 7 B, inestate ; Leer Ae ~ 202 372 o . pek sou 588 46 mar! -¢ . a ee i 374 6 do Bek sou 480 46 10 Hope wall 30 ain aa 108 am , im estate : mE 3 : tl 52° 2 do pekoe 148 vik... 376 20 do’ pekoe 2000. 45 12 54 9% do. bropek per = CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Messrs. A. H. THompson & Co. Lot. Box. pkgs Name 9 Dikmukalana 17 4hf-ch congou 10 18 3 do dust 11 19 1 do redleaf 14 Belgravia 22-1 ch dust 18 FHM, inest. mark 28-3 ch dust 19 P 29) 3° do bro pek 36 Sapitiagodde 60 2 do dust 41 R, in estate mark 69 5hf-ch fans 43 Mandara Newera TP ALG dust Mr. E. JOHN. Lot Box Pkgs. Name 7 BL 328 Shf-ch pek sou 15 Cleveland 344 3 ch bro mix 16 346. Lhf-ch dust 20 GEW 135°.2' uch; pe sou 21 15 5hf-ch fans 38 Ottery and Stamford Hill 49 1 ch sou 39 51 1hf-ch dust 40 RS Be dado or pek 48 MR ile, each bro mix 49 13) 6,2 CO) dust A) Wag 75 1hf-ch_ red leaf 52 Chapelton 19% G3) \do, dust 54 PHK S3g. om chi Lhi-ch unas 65 Tallagalla WS lca dust 68 New Tunis- galla 121 Sch: pe sou 69 TRB BS el) dust Via) 153183 135aele ch pe sou 76 B71 do dust Messrs. Forspes & WALKER. Lot. Box Pks. Name. 8 AMB 974 3 ch bro tea 8 Carandon 984 2 do fans 9 986 1 do congow 10 988 lLhf-ch dust 15 Magastota 998 2 ch bro pek 16 1000 3) «do pekoe 7 2 Ae) pe SOUL 27 Kosgalla 22 3hf-ch cust 31 Walahanduwa 30 3 ch congou 32 Soe do red leaf 33 Sie, do fans 34 +6 2 do dust 35 38> 1 do bro mix 36 Walesmulle 40 2 do bro pek 37 42 2 do pekoe 38 44 3 do e sou 39 46 1 do ‘ans 43 Vilpita 54 3 ch congou 44 bGue le do fans 46 Glendon 60 1 do pe dust 52 Ascot 72 1 do congou 53 74 1 do dust 64 WMV 96 2hi-ch pe dust 70 Lowlands 108 4 ch pekoe 71 1l0 3 «do pe sou 72 KB 112 2 do sou 73 1l4 3 do dust 94 Munamal 156 1. ch pekoe 1022 RWA 172 «= 7hf-ch_ pe sou 103 ae ech: dust 104 NN 176 1 do Drowix 105 178) 33 odo sou 106 D, in estate mark 180 2 do pe dust 108 H M Y, in estate mark 184 1 ch sou 109 186 3hf-ch dust 118 Goraka 204 2 ch bro pek 119 206 2 do pekoe 120 Goraka 208 2 do e sou 121 210 1 do vo tea 129 Castlereagh 226 2 do dust 131 RAH, inestate mark 230 2 ch dnst 132 RAH, inestate mark A 232 2 do dust 133 RW Pi 234 «1 box pek 1b. c. 27 20 27 bid 27 bid ar Lot. Box. Name Pkgs. lbp es 147 Glencorse 262. 2 ch pe fan 250 81 151 Manangoda 270 6hf-ch pe sou 360 35 152 272. -2--do fans 100 31 153 274 1 do dust 80 27 159 Liskilleen 286 2 ch dust 200 27 168 Clydesdale 304 1 do pe fans 120 28 173 314. 1 do pe sou 90 40 174 316 1 do dust 170 27 175 AD 318 lhf-ch bro tea 70 24 177. Bloomfield 822.0. 2)2eh twankey 160 25 181 Brunswick, in est. mark 330 3hi-ch twankey 240 25 Messrs. SoMERVILLE & Co. Lot Box Pkgs. Name lb. ec. 1 Kelvin LS) lech dust 180 26 1 hf-ch 5 Hilandhu 135) eal, ch: bro tea 75 30 9 Penrith 139 do dust 164 26 13° Ukuwella 143. 1 do dust 80 26 16 Gallawatte 146 4 hf-ch pe sou 200 36 17 147 1 do bro tea 50 22 21 Sirisanda 151 4 do unas 201 39 22, 152.5 2- “ch dust 325 27 23 LDS lO fans 110 32 24 154 1 do congow 117 30 29 GW 159 . 2: do sou 160 36 30 160 1 do red leaf 60 26 32 162. 5 hf-ch dust 390 27 34 Kuruwitty 164 8 do pekoe 384 48 41 CV 171 19 boxes pek sou 323 36 42, T in estate mark 172) “L ch pe sou 90 35 43 173-3: hf-ch_ dust 246 27 47 Ratotta id, “did, fans 325 28 bid 49 Kuruwitty 179 2 do unas 116 37 50 180 ch congou 60 30 51 181 1 do dust 92 27 52 WG 182. 2hf-ch pesou 109 35 1 do do 50 30 53 1838 2 ch congou 320 29 id 54 184 1 do red leaf 90 23 bid 59 Beverley 189 5 hf-ch pek dust 325 27 61 Harangall 191 20 ch pekoe 1800 fo 1 do do Oo sty 63 SA 193 1 do unas 79 7 72 Roseneath 2) ale dO bro tea 90 22, 78 Ovoca AT 8 3 ht-ch Lropek 180 28 85 CPD Ghetnole 15 7 do bro pe 385 47 bid 86 16 - 2-ch pekoe 20 40 85 li 3% do pek sou 100 35 90 St. Columbkille 20 15 do pe sou 1805) 94 904 4 do do 380 J 91 21 2 do sou 170 3: 1 do do 85 out 92 22 3 do br mix 360 24 104 Vincit 34 1 do dust 100 27 105 355 52 o red leaf 200 20 106 36 1 do dust 100 34 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent ). Mincirnc Lane. April 5tb, 1895, Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up te 5th April :— Ex ‘* Cheshire’—O CL, V G, O Sutton, 3c and 1t 113s ; 5¢ 107s 6d; 3c 107s; 1t 100s6d; 1b 91s Gd; 3 bags 102s 6d. OCL VGO Belgravia, 2c and 1t 103s ; 1t and 1 bag 89s 6d; 4 bags 99s 6d. Ex ‘* Avoca’—-Bogawantalawa, 8¢ 109s; 5e 104s 6d; 2e 105s; 1c 95s; le 127s; 1b 119s; 16 89s; Lb ag 96s. Ex “ Keemun”’—Berat, 2c 104s 6d; 4c and Lb 99s; le 903 ; Lé 17s; le 873; L bag gus. Ex *‘ Barrister’—Morar, 5c 105s. Fordyce, 5c 100s 6d. Kx ‘ Ningchow’--Sarnia, 2c 105s 6d; 4c 99s; le and 1t and 1b 95s;1b 103s; le 86s; 1 bag 90s. ST and LCs, 2b 853; 2 bags 90s bd. ST and LCs, 5 bags 8is. ST and LCS, 9 bags 83s 6d. Ex “ Simla’—Morar, 1b 110s ; de and lt 105s; le 102s: 2t 120s: 1 bag 100s. MRT, 1 bag 92s. Maria, lb and lt 105s 6d; 2c and Lb 100s; lb 102s; 1t 120s; 1 bag lois. MAT, Fordyce, 1b 89s; le 893; lb 97s; Ib 89S; Lt LlSs; le 109s: Je 87s;1lbag 100s. 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST ee eee a Ex “ Ningchow”—Agra, 4c and 1b 98s 6d; le and 1b 97s €d;1b111s; 1t and 1b 109s; le 848; 1 bag 100s; 5 Bae 86s 6d. 2 bags 8s; SD. 2 bags 94s 6d. SD,1 bag 92s; SD; Ex ‘‘ Keemun.”—Kalupahani, le 107s: 2c and 1b 102s: 1b 119s; 1 bag 100s. KPT, 1¢8&s;1 bag 80s. Ex ‘ Simla” —Niabedda, 1b 105s; 3c 95s; 1t 115s. NB, 1b Sis. NBP,1b 90s. Gowerkellie, 1b 110s ; 1¢ 106s; 4c and 1b 100s; 1t 116s; 1 bag 84s. GKE, 1t 93s; 1 bag 92s. Ex ‘ Cheshire”—P D M, 2c 103s:1¢ and 1b 99s; 1b 94s ; 1b 114s; 1b 84s. PD, 1t 83s; 1b 91s; Ie 77s; 1b 85s. Ex “Senutor’—Rangbodde, 1b 105s. WHG, 1b 108s; 2c 94s; Ib 90s. (WIIG), 1t and 1b 75s 6d; 1t 89s. (WHG), Ic and ib 75s;1¢ and 1b 98s 6d. CEYILON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. Crom our Commercial Gorrespond nt), Mincine Lane, April 5th, 1895. Ex “Arabia” —Horanakande, 1 bag 36s; 1 46s; 20 50s; 2 36s; 2 46s. (HK), 23 bags 49s; 2 308 @d; 14 50s 6d; 2 36s. Pittakande, 13 bags 52s @d; 1 37s; 2 46s. Ex “Cheshire’—HYL 8, 6 bags 38s 6d. 40s. SD; 4 bags 38s 6d; 5 29s. Ex ‘“Bullmouth’—Elmhurst, 18 bags £08; 1 36s; 6 20s. Victoria, 25 bags 59s; 1 39s; 2 29s. Hunasgeria, 11 bags 53s €d; 1 39s. Glenalpin, 53bags 50s; 4 40s Gd: 9 29. Bx “Algeria” —Armagh, 2 bags 33s; 1 45s;6 31s. Dynevor, 22 bags 37s. Hylton, 2 bags ' Ex “Clan McDonald”—MAC, 2 bags 32s. Ex ‘“‘Orotava”—MAC London, 2 bags 34s SD. Ex “Senator’—Yattawatte, 41 bags 59s 6d; 1 20s; 1 49s: 1 39s 6d SD. Ex “‘Keemun”—Dynevor, 45 bags 5bs; 6 358 6d; 1 48s; 2 21s 6d. Ex ‘Orotava”’—Mynetrees, 32 bags 53s 6d. Tyrells, 9 bags 44s. Ex ‘‘City of Oxford”—Warriapolla, 2 bags 39s 64 SD. Ex “Barrister’—Maismore, 37 bags 55s. CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent), Mincine Lan~, Ap-il 5th, 1895. Ex “Cheshire” at Colombo—Kuru, Malabar, 3 cases 1s 7d? l case 2s 4d. Ex “Bullmouth” at Colombo—Knuckles, 1 case 3s 2d; 1 case 2s 9d; 1 284d; 5 25 1d; 3 1s 10d: 3 1s 9d; 5 1s 8d; 1 1s5d; 11s5d. St. Midy, 3 cases ls 6d. Ex “Cheshire at Colombo—Duckwari, 1 case 2s 10d; 4 cases 2s;5 1s 8d. kx “City of Oxford” at Colombo—Quarton, 1 case 2s 8d; 8 cases 1s 11d; 2 1s 6d. Ex “Cheshire”—Collagangee (GDE) 1 case 1s 6d; 3 1s 5d; 1 1s4d; 1 1sl1ld. Naranghe, ¥ cases 1s 6d; 2 Is5d. Pita- kKande, 7 cases 1s 10d; 2 1s 8d; 2 Is 7d; 1 Is 8d: 1 1s 4d. Ex “‘Ningchow”--Elkadua, 1 case 1s 5d; 1 1s 3d; 1 2s; 1 1s 6d. enemas 1 case 38; 6 2s; 3 1s 8d; 2 1s 7d; 2 1s 6d; 5 1s 5d. @BSERVER GAS ENGINE PRESS. ~~ eA, COPPER, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SAL&S. NO, 12.] Cotomso, May 6th, 1895. {Ee —125 cents each; 3 copies 30 cents ; ; 6 copies $ rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. Lot. Box... Pkes. Name. Ib. ce. ———— | 132 Weyo 633 49 hf-ch pekoe 21509 33 bid LARGE LOTS. 133) Dammeria GLO 40 do bro or pek 4400 59 | 134 642 70 do pekoe 7000 = 4 oes | 135 644 12 do pek sou 1200 45 (Messrs. Forses & WALKER. —279,812 lb. ] | 137 618 5 do dust 5000 29 : 133° DM 650 7 hf-ch bro orpek 420 oub Lot Box Pkgs. Name Np Ne: | 139 3 652 6 ch pekoe G00 32 1 Poonagalla 378 15 ch bro pek 1650 bObid | 140 Great Valley 654 29 do bro pek 3190 50 bid 2 380 10 do pekoe 1000-44 } 14L 656 2L do pekoe 2100 4L bid 3 382° 11 do pek sou 1045 40 bid | 142 Bagdad 653 27 do or pek 2565 49 4 Scrubs 334 13 do or pek 1300 = G7 bid | 43 660 25 do pekoe 2250 43 bid 5 336 26 do bro pek 2369 60 145 Bloomfield 6$t 73 do flow pek 7300 53 6 385 3£ do pekoe 3230-51 1 126 635° 62 do pekoe 6200-42 7 390 11 do | peksou 1045 43 bid |. 147 Weoya 663 42 hf-ch bro pek 231u 45 bid 8 Laxapan. 392 44 hf-ch bro pek 2200 47bid | 148 670 63 do . pekoe 3250 = 38 bid 9 394 25 do pekoe 1250 =44bid | 149 672 45 do ypekoe 2300 = 38 bid 10 396 14 do pek sou 700 40 15) 674 25 do peksou 1170 35 bid 17 Ni 410 8 ch bro tex 1010-29 | 151 675° 8 do pekdust 560-28 18 412 ae do unas 1530-36 152 673 29 do bropefans 1200 - 32 19 D 414 do pek fan 720 29 | 153 Polatagama 630 33 ca pekxog 3300 33 bid 20 Drayton 410 69 hf-ch bro pek 3105 ~—s- GO | 15 GPM inest. ie 418 24 ch pekoe 2160 52 |} ___ . mark 682 21 hf&ch bro or pek 1250 6Lhbid 22° Wevagoda 420 12 do bro pek 909 49 159 63t 24 do or pek 1440 67 23 422 25 do pekoe 2509 36 156 635 41 do pekoe 2460 © 55 24 424. § do p2k fans 6002S | 157 688 40 do pex No.2 2320 49 26 Golconda 428 14 do bro pek 140044 | 158 630 44 dy sou 2394 45 27. . 430 4 do pekoe 400-36 | 169 694 9 ch p2 fans 909-38 29 Iveby 434 16 do or pek 1609 56 , 172 Tankerland 718 21 hf-ch bro or pe 1950 A5 30 436 16 do bro pek 1760 54 ; 173 720° 25 ch pekoe 2250 43 bid Sit 43313 do pekoe 1300 4tbid | la 722 17 do. peksou 1275 39 32 440 12 do pesou 1200 37 1733 BDWG 730 5hf-ch dust 450 28 36 BG 4148 22 do pek sou 2200 -' 32 7) EH 732 12 ch dust 1980-30 41 Langdale 458 17 do bro pek 2010 70 18) Clunes 734 29 do bropek 2755 55 42, 460 22 do pekoe 2200 50 18L (Krracht 736 60 do pekoe 51604] 49 ANK 474 4 do dust 575 27 182 Division) 738 6 do pek sou 540 35 53 Queensland 482 22 do fiowerype 2200 49 bid | 183 740 6 do fans ‘ 600 32 54 484 16 do ekoe 1609 40 bid | 184 Clunes 742. 20 hf-ch bro pek 1000 457 55 Macaldenia 486 20 hf-ch bro p2k 1000-53 185 744. 27 ch pekoe 2430 =with'n 56 433 9 do pekoe 450 45 186 746° 9 do pe sou 855 36 57 490 6 do pek No.2 600 -41 1s7 Doranakande 748 34 do bro pe 3400 £2 59 HA T in est. 18S 750 15 ado pekoe 1350 38 mark 494 6 ch bro pek 639» 42 bia | "89 75213 do pekoesou 1105 35 bid 62 Dunkeld 500 25 do bro pek 2750 52 bid | 192 Glendon 758 42 do bropek 4200 45 bid 63 502 36 hf-ch or pek 1620 51 bid | 193 769 32 do pekoe 3040 40 bid 64 504. 22 ch pekoe 2200 44 194 762 7 do pek sou 665 36 65 506 10 do unas 1050° 38 198 Castleton 770 14 do bropek 1540 40 did 6S 512 9 do fans 1350 23 199 772 16 do pekoe 1360 36 bid 69 Ambalawa 514 39 hf-ch bro orpe 2145 45 200 774 18 do pesou 1409 34 bid 70 516 10 ch — pekoe 909 39 | 21 776 5 do sou 480 32 71 518 8 do peksou 640-36 | 202 778 10 do fans 68038 74 Anningkande 524 25 ch bro pel 2750 46 bid | 203 - 730 14 do brotea 1336 27 bid ViBD 526.19 do pekoe 1990 41 | 204 Cabrawatte 782 17.do or pek 182) 53 bid 76 528 14 do pe sou 140) 38 205 734 10 do pekfans. 1200 33 bid 77 530 4 do congou 400 33 206 786 10 do fans 1200 32 bid 78 Custlereagh 532 16 do bro pek 1760 53 | 207 DL A in estate 79 534 27 do pekoe 2430 © 43 bid miurk 738° '5 do fans 69S 80 80 536 7 do pek sou 59536 203 H EF in estate $3 Lddagoldda 542 14 do bro pek 1400 bd mark 790 14 do fans 1470 35 bid S4 544 17 do pekve 1530 3 bid | 209 .E Linestate f 8b 54610 do pesou 850 38 bid mark 792,10 do pefans 1200 31bid 89 Rigalla 554 11 hf-ch fans 830 38 | 210 794. 9 do pedust 113 28 bid 90 hob 7) Ch dust 630 27 | 92 Glenorchy 560 82 do bro pek 4510 GL 93 56299 do pekoe 4509 48 [Messrs. SOMBRVILEE & Co. 101,98£ Ib.] OL 9) do pekoe 4509 4S lot aoe xh = 93 Galpitakande 570 13 ch bro pe! 1365 GL HOE Box Pkgs. Name Ib. c. 99 572 21 do pekoe 210043 | 1 Maligatenne 33 0 S-hf&ch bro pek 424 46 109 574 G do peksou 600 37 | 2 q 39 9.1lo pekoe. 45) 38 102 Tonacombe 578 72 do bro pek — - 4320 62 | hg 49 9.<8o pek go 432 35 103 530 67 do — pekoe 670045 | @oN H3 Deeb miixed 765.3) 105 584.13 do pedust 1010 = 47 } 1 JS 47 0-16 dsdu 5r.. 40 107 573 5 do dist 400 23 | 1L Gallawatte 43 23 hf-ch bro pe(bwed) 1150 46 LOS) Lyegrove 59) 25 do bro pok 2750 2 | 12 59 20) do pek (bu’ed) 940 38 10) 492 10° do pesoe 1000, 35 | kb Muhatenne 52 13 .ch bro pek 130046 111 Ascot 595° 21 do ekoe 2100 41 bid | 16 53 -l4: do pek 1400 29 16 RWA 605 20 hf-ch bro pek 1200 17 -Lonach =... 54 22 hf-ch bro pek 1320. Ba 117) Dunbar GIS 25 do bio or pek 1250 18 65 43 ch pek 4500. 43 bid 118 610 26 do bro pekve 1300 i) 56 29 hich pek soa 2310 40 119 612 22 ch pekoe 1930 ! 9) Neuchatel a z 120 614 19 do pek sou 1710 2 | Ceylon ’ 57 29 eh bro pek 21005! 121 Chesterford 616 25 do — bro pek 2500 51 | 2] 58 2) do pek 19) «42 122 GIS 25 do pekoe 230) 4 2 59 sila 177. 17. do pekoe 1870 48 49 M ¢ 85 11 nae * k 1382 ap ia | 179 16 do k sou 1600 41 3 1 hf-ch bro pe pies ar 23 Hunugalla 183 11 do bro pe 1100-46 Al) 86 4 ch ek 4c0, 37 | 24 185 13 do pekoe 130042 54 M’Kelle 90 15 hf-ch bro pek $25 49 25 187 13. do earn 1300 37 Ba : 91 18 do pek jf00 48 % Razeen 191 7 hf-ch bro bek 427.52 56 Monrovia 92 25 ch ro pek 2500 48 2s 193 14 do pekoe 868 47 BT 93 28 do pek 7300 «40 29 19 9 do k sou 47741 5S 24 7 do pek sou a4 hae 31 Alnoor 199 37 do bro pek 20385 «48 bid one 95 8 do fans =8 2 32 201 23 do pekoe 1150 43 61 Ukuwela 97 25 ch bro pek 2500 48 35 203 26 do pek sou 1300-39 65 Ratotta 101 24 ch pek 2400 42 bid | 34 Sis Biiglo «dans 360 35 67 Penrith 103 28 ch bro pek 294058 36 Yahalekelle 209 4 ch dust 620 8 GS 104 22 do pek Le tee 37 Mocha 211 20 do k sou 180045 (oN ee 105 19 do pek sou 1 ae fi 3s Tallagalla 213 12 do oro pek 1260-53 bid 74 Ingeriya 110 18 hf-ch bro pek ae Hed 39 Agra Ouvah 215 51 hf-ch bro or pe 3060-64 bid. 75 111 15 do pek EIS Dies 40 217 64 do or pek 3520 «BY 76 ‘ 112 19 do pek sou 912 38 41 219 38 ch okoe 2000 45 S0 Polgaha- 42 Glasgow 221 20 do ro pek 22, ut kande 116 38 ch bro pel 300, 48 | 43 Alliady) = 323 4 dobro pek 0 44 a = 44 325 7 do pekoe 805 37 a2 118 14 do pek sou 1260 40 47 Ayr 331 26 hf-ch bro pek 130) 53 bid 83 119 «3 do dust 4200 2 48 333 22 ch pekoe 1650 43 bid $7 Pelawatte 123 11 ch bro pek 1210 46 bid | go 335 14 do pessou 1120 40 bid 85 124 11 do pek 11550 3 bid | 5) Troup 3 5 do k sou 500 43 39 125 8 do pek sou 30536 53 Logan 343 13 do oro pek 1365 48 bid 54 345 29 do pekoe 2610 = 37 bid : r 55 : 347 25 do pek sou 2125 36 bid (Messrs. BenHAM & BREMNER 10,145 Ib.] 56 Glentilt 349 34 do — bro pek 3570 = 61 bid 57 10 24 do pek sou 2400-40 Lot. Box. pkes Name ib; ve: BB Madooltenne 12 a oe oro pek 1200 46 a 4s F, e a : 5s 14 12 do ek sou 120035 bi 1 F&R 34 15 hf-ch pek sou 75036 60 Stinsford 16 20hf-ch br pek 10004 3 Carfax 38 12 ch ro or pek 1320 out 61 18 42 do bro pek 2520 47 bid 4 49 22 do or pek 2200 44 bid 62 20 60 do pekoe 3000 38 bid Dost 42 20 do — pek 2000 37 bid | ¢3 22 63 do pek sou 315037 6 Cinest.mark 44 21 ch sou 2075 33 bid | 65 St. Catherine 2% 31 do bro pek 1767 42, bid. 7 Hornsey 46 5 ch fans 450 29 66 28 22 do pekoe 1034 39 $ 48 12 do peksou 1200 «38 bid | ¢; 30 11 do pek son 462-36 69 Agar’s Land 34 68 do ek sou 3060 = 37 bid 7 Tart 38 10 ch ro pek 1050 35 bid [Mussrs. A.H. THompson & Co.—51,052.] Bt Bor eeklo wPeEpe es POs es OO 74 Meddagedera 44 31 do ro pek 3410 47 bid Lot. Box. Pkes. Name. Tb. ec. 15 fe 46. 27 do Fas 2565 40 bid ! 4 Dehiowita 4 6 ch congou 540-25 76 48 13 do peksou 1170-36 bid. | 5 5 5 do _ bro tea 47522 . 6 6 4 do dust 600 27 S Aand FL 8 5hf-ch pek fans 400 32 9 Hemingford 9 42 do bgt! pek 2520 54 oe 10 : 1t 68 do or “3400 44 bi x 11 14 48 do pekoe 2160 40 SMALL LOTS. 2 15 17 ch pe son 1275 37 13 Woodend 17 63 do bro pek 6300-5) bid ae 14 19 33 do pekoe 3200 40 bid 45 21 51 do ypekoe 5100 40 bid - Messrs. A.H. THompson & Co. 16 ee 23) 22 Se e@ Sol 2090 «37 “AF 2) Glenalva 29 40 hf-c ro pek 220' 48 bi es e ip Beds een OAS 750) 11. 36 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibs We: 27 Court Lodge 37 11 hf-ch bro or pek 748 «65 1 Retui, in es 23 } 39 18 do erpek $28 67 . tatemark 1 4 hf-ch bro pek 2087 "S24 48) 41 33 do bro pek 2046 «S59 bid | 2 2 7 do pekoe 350 46 31) 43 10 ch pekoe 900 8653 3 3 1 do dust 60 27 23. St. Leonards 7 Dikmukalana 7 6 do congou 300 32 on mea 47 15 ch bro pek 1425 46 17 Woodend 2 2 ch congou 180 2B % 49 ll do ekoe 935 37b 18 26 1 do bro mix 85 32 35 51 4 ado ‘ans 400 30 19 27 3 do dust 450 26 215 52 4 do -bro mix 400 25 20 28 1 do redileaf BE: (22 37 Vogan 5$ 30 do bro pek 3000 58 2% D 33 1 ch red leaf 7 8 23 ia 55 29 do pekoe 2900 46 23 D 36 3 do sou 300 24 3 67 18 do peksou 1100 4 31 Court Lodge 45 4 do pek sou 3400 46 bid Ais 59 12 do sou 1686 639 32 46 3 pek fans Zi0 32 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Mr. E. JOHN. Lot. Box Pks. Name. Woy ee " i as NT. 1 161 . Wollyfield 696 1 ch bro pek 95 49 Lot Box Pkgs. Name Ib. ¢. 162 Gos adele ek ve 170 37 yon) tea 25 26 163 700 1 do pe sou 5 33 3 Conary 143. «4 hf-ch pek fans 205 «2S 164 702 3 do_ sou 255 28 7 Oaktield 151 1 ch — dust 150) . 38 165 704 1hf-ch red leaf 45 23 Sewhyddon isi 1 do dust 130 2S | 175 BDWA 724 1hf-ch_ bro or pe 65 50 2% Hunnuegalla 189 2 do mixed 20 32 176 726 5 do mixed 350 41 38 Razeen 197 2hf-ch fans 14 24 1i7 728 2 do dust 160 3 35 Yahalekelle 207 2 ch brotea 149 33 190 DK 754 4 do fans 260-28 45 Alliady 327 1 do sou 106° ~_ 33 191 556 2 do dust 130 eid 4G - 329 1 do dust joe ey 195 Glendon 764 2 do pe dust 230 29 50 Ay 337 2 hf-ch dust 150 2s 196 G 766 1 do sou 95 34 52 Troup 341 1 ch bromix 100 24 197 ; 768 2 do dust 290-28 64 Stinsford 24 4 hf-ch pek fans 280 2 211 OOOO in est. 67 St. Catherine 32. 2 do _ pek fans 140 2S mark 786 2 hf-ch pekoe 120. 34 TO sed Vi 36 7 do unas 379 49 212 798 3 ch pe sou 290 30 77 Henegama 50 1 ch bro mix 130 34 213. Rahanwatte 800 1 hf-ch unas 29 44 7s ; ban Ido dust 15U 257 & sees 79 K, BT, ines. PR a . ( - fate mark 54 2 hfch bro tea SC 23 Messrs. SomeRVILLE & Co. ges .56 1 do fans A 23 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibe - ec: al 58 7 do pek sou 236 25 4 Maligatenne 41 2 hf-ch bro sou 100 33 te Ht 2 1-do dust 69 27 — == g N 441 fn ; org mixed 85 24 < 7 45 4 hf-ch dust 340 28 Messrs. Forves & WALKER. 99.8) 3p, 265 sieht pelkisou 380 40 3 Gallawatte 50 2 hf-c ek sou 100 BA Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Noy @> ; 14 Sil dows eaten 50.28, : | 24 Neuchatel, F li Laxapanagalla 398 1 hf-ch sou 50 30 \ Ceylon 61 1hi-ch bro tea 75 23 12 400 3 do dust 255 25 | 37) Kananka 73 1 ch — dust 12 Dees 3 Ginest.mark 402 1 ch _ bro pek 124 144 W S02 ch 3 14 404 1 do pekoe 1b Lhf-ch bro or pek 30) 36 1 406 3 do bro fans 375 29 51 M C Siu iaich pek sou 100 7 16 408 2 do redleaf 22) 24 | 52 88 1 do sou 85. - 2 20) Drayton 416 70 hf-ch bro pek BLS 27 53 89 2 do dust 300 27 21 418 24 ch pekoe Z 26 ' 60 Monrovia 96> 2) ch pek dust 230) ot 2 Weyagoda 426 2 do pe dust - 62 RV,K 93 2-ch bro pek 18s 44 Golconda 432 1) do dust 13 99 1 do pek 100 38 43 Langdale 462 3 ch pe sou | 64 10) 4 do pek sou 30 3 44 464 1 do dust ! 66 GCPTHatton 102 2 ch pek 200 «43 45 466 Lhf-ch fans i 70 Penrith 106 2 ch ~~ dust ByS 0 y 46 AN K 468 2 ch bro pe Tl EMNK 107 +1 hf-ch bro pek 42 4G 47 470 3 do pekoe + 72 108 1 do — pek 41 39 43 472 3 do sou 1 73 109 1 do bro tea 3 22 50 KK 476 1 @o bro pek 5 ‘77 Ingertya 113. «4 hf-ch bro mixed 240 31 51 478 1hf-ch_ bro pek 54 27 %8 114 4 do bro tea 296 7 52 480 1 ch sou Si 24 | 79 115 3 do dust B52 27 53) Macaldenia 492 1ht-ch fans 6a 35 St WH H 120 1 hf-ch bro pek 53 41 60 WAT in est. | 85 121 6 do pek 300 40) mark 496 4 ch pe sou 360 35 86 192%) deech pek sou S7 33 498 3 peck dust 222, 2 66. Dunkeld HUSH aoac pe sou 203 33 67 .510 2 do rea leaf 190. 35 Messrs. BENHAM & BREMNER. 31 Castlereagh 538 2 do dust * 500 2 ane < B j J = ar 32 Marlborough 640 1 ch _ bro tea 119 «9-85 2 Oe Ne Some mich cust ee 36 Iddagodda 548 3 do bro pesou 255 34 37 550 2 aie r goss 260 £9 ae > 88) Ragalla 552 1 hf-ch_ red leaf (le 2 y\r + +. = + 1 RGL 558 2 ch dust 24 | CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. 95 Glenorchy 564 7 hf-ch pek sou 35H) 16 566 2 do red leaf ~ 100 ae 97 568 2 do dust 190 (From Onur Commercial Correspondent ). W1 Galpitakanda 576 2 ch dust 180 ; i ; i 104 Lonacombe 582 3 do sou 8A) Mincrne Lane. April 12t , 1895, 106 586 3 do bro mix bss Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing 710 ~Lyegrove 594 1 do dust loo 25 Lane wp to 12th April :— 145 Adams Peak 64 1 do pekoe LK) Cs Ex “‘Simla”—Cranley, 4¢ 106s; 8¢ 1t 99s; le 96s; Bc It 106s 124. Chesterford 622 3 do bro tea 330 O33 6d; Ge 99s Ga: 2b 96s 6d. PB, 2e 117s; 1t 3b 117s; Ie 111s. 127) Rambodda 628 4 hf-ch congou 180 37 Fordyce, 1¢ 1b 106s 6d; 2c 1b 98s. Venture, 1b Ll04s; 4e 108s 125 - 630 1 do dust 85 oF Gd; Ge 1b 98s; 1b 95s: le 100s. Derry Clare, Ye 1t 10Ss Gd; 129 632 1 do bro pe duss = 75 45. 4c 98s; 3c 98s 6d. = 130 634 1 do fans 70 23 ix ‘‘Algeria”—Melton, 3c 1t 100s 6d. 136 Dainneria 646 2 ch sou 200 35 { Wx “Shropshire’—St. George, 3b 91s 6d. 144 Bagdad 662 2hf-ch dust 160 27 v ix “Simla”’—Keenakelle, 1b le 953; le 1t 91s; Ib 104s: wo GPRM 602 3 do bre pe fans 231 44 1t 84s; ORSPRVER GAS ENGINE PRESS, Anoiy aviged jon ont i eat teed ct a | peeve: | bees 3 net ere - avdy 7 b>) ob 2k ka e y YR A oll, Fal Re esis wee APR Wietinaawws) THA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO, 19.] Cotomspo, May llth, 1895. { Prick :—12} cents each; 3 copies 30 cents; 6 copies 4 rupee. COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. LARGE LOTS. [Messrs. BENHAM & BREMNER 7,895 Ib.] Lot. Box. pkgs Name Ib... ¢. | 1 Elston we 1oOeeLoNTCh pe sou No. 2 1440 36 | 4 42 4 do congou 400 20 | 5 Tavalamtenne 44 10 do bro pek 1100 51 6 46 7 do pekoe 709 42 7 48 5 do pek sou 500 36 13 Ulapane 60 4 do brope No.2 420 42 14 Carfax 62 22 do or pek 2200 4942 | | [Mrssrs. A. H. Toompson & Co.—58,915 Ib.] | Lot., Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ee. l ‘a Oya 14 21 do Tie OF 41 hf-ch bro pek 4460 49 bid 12 16 30 ch pekoe 3000 41 bid 13 18 il go pe pon ma oa a Sapitiyagodde 27 31 do or pe 31 i be ee 22 63 do bro pek 6930-46 bid 16 24 24 do pekoe 2400 37 18 Gonakelle 27 «~9Ohf-ch- pe sou 495 37 | 22 Bogahagode- | watta 31 10. do bro pek 600 44 { 23 33 32 do pekoe 1760 35 | 32 AGC 45 9 do dust . 350) 34 MF 48 3 do dust 450 26 35 49 8 do pek sou 640 44 Myraganga, pr 62 27 ch lhf-ch broorpek 3040 45bid 45 64 13 ch 1hf-ch bro tea 1230 23 bid 46 66 3 ch lLhf-ch bro tea 410 19 bid 47 Glengaviff 67 8 ch son 640 30 48 Ahamud 69 12hf-ch bro pek 600 45 bid 49 , 71 -8 do pekoe 400 35 50 73 10 de pe sou 500 30 51 75) ve2do tans 100 22 52 (Gen Lado: congou 50 21 | 53 77 ‘¥do dust 7a 25 (Messrs. ForBES & WALKER.—258,683 Ib.] Lot Box Pkgs. Name Wy. 20. 1 RRR -- 802 6 ch bro pek 690 25 2 804 7 do pekoe 700 34 4 Knavesmire.. 808 27 ch bro pek 2700 47 bid 5s : 810 38 do pekoe 3420 49 bid | 6 812 23 do pek sou 2070 44 bid | 9 Rockside .. S18 4 do pekoe 400 44 10 ; 820 6 do pek No.2 600 42 12 824 4 do bro mix 4u0 27 18 Chesterford.. 836 16 do bro pek 1600 48 19 838 24 do pekoe 2400 38 | 2 BIN -. 852 26hf-ch bro pek 1612 40 | 27 854 13 do ekoe 715 33 | 30 Talgaswela .. 860 31 ch ro pek 3100 60 j 31 862 25 do pekoe 2250 45 | 32 864 12 do pee sou 1080 41 | 33 Ederapolla .. 865 66 hf-ch ro pek 308041 } 34 863 32 ch pekoe 2560 34 bid | 35 870. 4.do fans 400 37 | 37 874 5 do dust 4253 | 88 Aigburth .. 876 29 do pesouNo. 22900 36 bid | 39 878 25 do dust 2670 31 40 Theberton .. 880 4ihf-ch bro pek 2050 46 41 8382 33 do Heke 1650 3S bid 44 Shannon .. S83 15 ch ro pek 1500 39 | 45 890 20 ch pekoe 1900 34 bid | 46 : 892. 5 do pe sou 450 30 47 CRD S94 4 «do dust 400 7 48 896 5, do red leaf 500 22 49 Melrose 898 11 do bro pek 1188 46 | 50 900° 5 do pekoe 500 47 | 51 902. 6 do ek sou 600 36 52 904 5 do ropefan 465 37 54 Erlsmere 908 16 do bro pek 1500 = 9 Lot Box 55 910 56 912 58 Maha Uva 916 59 918 60 920 62 Meemora Oya 924 63 926 66 AG 932 67 934 75 Beausijour 950 76 952 77 Kirrimettia 954 78 956 83 Hethersett 966 &4 968 87 Udabage 974 88 976 89 978 93 Walpita 986 96 Poonagalla 992 97 Queensland 994 98 Chesterford 996 99 Great Valley 998 100 Dunkeld 1000 101 2 102 4 103 Castlereagh 6 104 8 105 10 106 2, 107 Sandringham 14 110 Pedre 20 111 22, 112 24 113 AMB 26 114 28 115 Weoya 30 116 - 32 117 34 118 36 119 38 120 Dunbar 40 121 42 122 44 123 46 134 Clyde 68 135 70 136 72 141 RWA 82 142 84 144 Essex 88 145 90 146 92 147 Blairgowrie 94 148 96 149 98 150 GPM in estate mark 100 151 KDM 102 152 104 156 Kirindi 112 157 114 158 116 159 118 162 Augusta 124 163 126 164 628 165 130 169 GEC 138 170 140 171 142 172 Torwood 144 173° Pansalatenne 146 174 148 175 1a) 176 152 We P 154 178 Farnham 16 17) 158 180 li 18L Middleton 162 132 164 183 106 14 168 186 Polatagama 172 187 74 188 lis Pkgs. 13 12 11 hf-ch 11 65 36 ch do ch do do do ch do do ch do do do ch do do do ch do 42 hf-ch do hf-ch do do do ch do do do do Name 1b... pekoe 1105 pek sou 1140 bro pek 3080 pekoe 2100 e sou 1045 ro pek 1170 pekoe 720 bro pek 525 pekoe 574 bro pek 2000 pekoe 1080 fans 586 bro pe dust 644 or pek 1512 bro pek 990 bro pek 1575 pekoe 3000 pek sou 570 pek sou 550 pek sou 1045 pekoe 1600 pek sou 2500 bro pek 3190 bro pek 2530 bro pek 2750 ekoe 1500 ro pek 1980 pekoe 2790 pesou 850 dust 450 pe sou 720 bro orpek 1870 pekoe 1620 pe sou 1050 bro pesou 2160 fans 1224 bro pe 2310 pekoe 3250 do 2300 do 2450 pe sou 11,0 bro or pek 900 bro pek 1000 pekoe 1530 pe sou 1440 bro pek 1800 pekoe 1089 pe soa 900 bro pek 1105 pekoe 1375 or pek 4410 pekoe 2000 bro mix 1530 bro pek 2450 pekoe 2912 pek sou 46 bro or pek 1260 bro pet 700 pekoe 550 bro pek 1100 doNo2 420 pekoe 1500 pe sou 1500 bro pek 1800 do No. 2 735 pekoe 2175 pe sou 2175 bro pe 1320 pekoe 1000 pekoe sou 630 Ponce 3136 dro pek 5040 pekoe 2900 pe sou 1045 dust 525 pekoe 2430 bro or pek G40 or pek 1S8¢0 perce 2464 oro pe 1140 or pek 1750 pek No.1 1440 pek No.2 1200 Lro pek 630 pekoe 5500 pe sou 3300 23 44 bid 36 bid 36 bid 36 bid 38 bia 65 bid aD 44 43 bid 34 33 bid ee ee me 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIS’. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name Ib. ¢. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. «, 139 178 20 ch fans 2000 34 174 k 43 11 ch pak sou 990 © 37 3 190 180 6 do dust 730 26 146 Comillah 70 17 do pro pek 170044 191 Munamal 182 15 do bropek 1488 38 147 7i 9 do pekoe 900-36 194 Glencorse 188° 30 ch bropek 3000 55 148 72 6 do pek sou 609 195 190 17 do pekoe 1530 43 156 Bollagalla 80 49 hf-ch bro pek 2695 = 41 bid 196 192 15 do pesou 1240 38 157 81 16 ch pekoe 1350 35 200 Scrubs 200 14 do orpek 1470 «= 67 bid | 158 82 16 do peksou 1440-54 bid 201 202 22 do bro pek 2420 58 202 204 25 do pekoe 2375 50 203 _ 206 10 do e sou 950 47 (Mr. E. JoHN.—117,387 lb.] 204 Demark hill 208 7 ch roor pek 826 64 bid ] 205 BA! dol Wome 793 sabid | Lot. _ Box Pkgs. Name Ib. & 206 212 15. do or pek 1260 5 Esperanza 68 18hf-ch bro or pe 936 48 bid 207 214 8 do broorpe 960 64 6 70 40 do ekoe 1840-39 bid 208 216 7 do bro pek 770 +54bid | 8 Wewesse 74 30 do ro pe 1650 49 209 218 8 do ekoe 744 51 bid | 9 76 30 do pekoe| 1650 40 bid 210 Sorana 220 12 do bro pek 1140 51 bid | 10 78 34 do pe sou 1700 37 211 222 13 do pekoe 1170 36 11 80 9 do fans 685 37 213 226 6 do pe sou 510 34 11 Claremont 82 44 do bro pe 2420 49 bid 214 Deaculla 228 20 ch bropek 1200 62 12 84 17 do pekoe 935. 40 bid 215, 230 25 do pekoe 1875 44 13 86 22 do e 500 1100° 37 14 Overton 192 20 ch ro pe 2000 61 bid te he Monit a a 17 104 16 do koe 1600 41 bid ’ [Mrssrs. SOMERVILLE & Co. 134,714 Ib.] 18 AgraOuvah 110 37hf-ch bro or pe 2220 66 ; 21 112 43 do orpe 2365 62 Lot Box Pkgs. Name LU ni 22 Madooltenne 122 12 ch bro pe 1200 45 bid 1) Naseby: 428. 8 hf-ch « bro pe 400 69 27 Stinsford 124 42h-ch bro pe 2520 44 bid 2 y 127.19 do eee 1090 56 a J 126 60 do ekoe 3600 36 bid 3 Sirisanda 123 15 do bro pek 900 50 29 Kanangama 128 45 ch bro pe 4500 42 4 129 30 do pekoe 1500 39 30 130 31 do. pekoe 2790 35 bid 5 130 18 do pek sou 900.36 ee 132 14 do — pe sou 1200-82 8 Tinest. mark 133 12 ch pek sou 1080 37 82 3 134 a do dust 420 27 5 9 134.5 do bromixed 550 29 33 Queensberry 136 13 do pe sou 1170s 42 bid 12 Kelani 137 37 hf-ch bro pek 2220 44bia | 24 Dimbula 138 16 do pe sou 1230 48 13 138 42. do pek 2100 36 bid | 2° Vientsin 140 26hf-ch bre pe 1560 59 bid 14 ~ 139 23 do. pek sou 1035... 34 36 142 22 ch or pe 2200 «54 15 140 14 do fans 770 34 37 Templestowe 150 29 do or pe 2900 51 bid 17 Kananka 142 42 ch. pek 4200 37 bid | 42 152 32 do — pekoe 2880 42 18 yy) 42 do | do 4200 ,, 42 154 19 do | . pe sou 1615 39 19 Gallawatte 143 15 hf-ch brope(bul’d) 750 44bid | 2? . : 166 3 do = dust 42000 2r 20 144., 13. do ek do 630 36bia | 44. St. Catherine 162 31hf-ch bro pe 1707 44 _ 23° Pelawatte 147,11 do. bro pek 1210 45bia | 4¢ Ayr” 164 22 ch — pekoe 1650 42 bid 4 148 11 do pek 1155 39 48 Glasgow 166 28 do bro pe 2240 «G0 2 GLA 152.15 do bro sou 1125 27bid | 49 Hadella 168;/ 28«/ do.’-\ bro pe 2300 43 bid x 152 12 do pek sou 1110 28 bid | 29 ; 170 25 do pekoe 2250 37 bid 30 Polgahakande 153 38 ch bro pek 3800. 48 bid 2s 172 12 do sou 960-36 31 155 23 do pek 2185 41 52 Glanrhos 174 28 do bro pe 2800 . 58- 32 Ukuwela 156 30 do bropek 3000 46bid | 22 ; 176 53 do — pekoe 4505 48 33 157 18 do pek 1800 37 bid | 4 : 178 15 do pe sou 12753) 34 168 14 do peksou 1830 35 55 ;, 18014, do «!-pe fans 1680 39 35 Lonach 159 48 do pek 4560 47 bid | 28 ie _,._.182 3 do dust 420 27 36 Benveula 160. 14 do bro pek 1400 42 bid | 57 Ottery and Stam- rs E i 37 4 161 18 do pek 1800 37 bid ford Hill 186 25 do bro pe 2500 52 bid 38 162 6 do peksou 600 36 60 288 20 do or pe 1700 66 41 Galkadua 165.17 do bro pek 1700. 46bia | SL _ 190 49 do pekoe 4410 46 49, 166 15 do pek 1500 36 bid es WE) be bare 196.12 do sou_ 1200 46 43 167 13 do ek sou 13:0 35 bid 3 ? 4 Pa '@ Roseneath 74) 48ihi-eh!, bro pek 2640 43 bid tate mark 198 23 do bro orpek 2530 51 bid 51 175 15 ch. pekoe 1350 35bid | 86 - 200 16 do " or pe 144052 52 176 16 do eksou 1440 34 67 202 13 do pekoe 1235" 49 53 Deniyaya 177 29 do ro pek 3190 4» 63 : Piss do e sou 1045 41 57 Warakamure 181 8 do bro pek 800 40bid | 69 Glentilt 206 21 doi» bro pe 2205. 51 62 Warakamure 186 2? do bropek 2200 43bid | 203 18 do pe sou 1300 38 63 . 187. 15 do pek 1495 34bia | ZL Talagalla 210 28 do ro pe 2940 48 bid 64 . 188 19 do. peksou 810 24 bid ee 212 16 do or pe 1520 41 bid 67 California 191 7 do bro pek 700 48 13 214 15 do- pekoe! 142500 41 68 192 7 do pek 700 36 74 216 12 do brope 1200 «46 bid 69 193. 6 do peksou 600 33 bid : : 72 Friedland 196 18 ech bro or pek 990 55 bid. s = 73 197 18 do. or pek 900 53 bid Q ; oe 74 : 198.18 do pek 900 47 SMALL LOTS. 75 199.18 do pek sou 900 ab ; ; ey Be Inchstelly $ é do Lees a0 a big - Messrs. BENHAM & BREMNER. 84 8 7 do pe: sou 525 36 : ze eae ser 3 107 Sinest. mark 31 6 ch dust 480 52 Lot. « Box Pks. Name. Ib. ¢ 108 ° ; 39 14 hf-ch fans 340 38 8 Tavalamtenn 50 1 do: dust. - 150: 109 Labugama 33.20 do bropek 1100 52 11 Ulapana - 0 eee CH aes Sa ody Ed 110 34 14 ch. pek 1260 38 a 58 2 do dust 148 32 111 a 35 14 do pek sou 1260 36 : ee 112, Forest Hill 36 17 do bro pek 1870 46 bid : : : ‘ 113 37. 28 we pee ea a bid Messrs. A. H. THompson & Co. 114 38 7 hf-ch dus 63! : é 115 Mousakanda 39 12 ch. bropek 1320 44bid | Lot. — ~ Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. | 2: 116 40 24 do. pek 2400 36 1M «1 Shf-ch pesou ~ 305 30 “118 BG Einest. , 2 2.5 do = sou d 246 29 mark 42 l1hf-ch pek 670 §©34 bid 3 3 2 do dust 160 24 6 ch © 4 4. 2 ch _-redleaf™ 190 i” 121 M «¢ 45 11 do bro pek 1362 48 5 By tg 5 2 do do No.2 200 17 . lhf-ch - 17 Sapitiyagodde 26 2 ch dust 300 25 122 Penrith 46.34 ch ropek 3570 40 bid | 19 Elgin 28 3 do pek fans 270 40 23 47 22 do pek 1804 87 20 29° 1 do dust 140 28 > hye ry CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot Box Pkgs. Name illo, x: oe Box Pkgs. Name Ibs (¢: Esperanza 72 Lhf-ch dust 85 26 ig - 4 Bopabizgode Sruesint chien sou 165 97 ie Claremont 88 2 do bro tea 100 22 WH 36 2 do fans 1404 16 By ORS Oe! 70 7 98 Mandara- 19 Overton 166 «3: «Gch pe sou 312 26 newera, AL do bro pe 60 48 20 PTE. 108 2 do dust 240 27 29 Ao do ekoe 392 40 38 Tientsin 144 1 do pe sou 120 36 30 AZ) odo a GER 75 28 39 146 4hf-ch dust 330 Sea 31 44 1 do dust 9 26 aoa us ee ah Be bid f fe 5S Glanrhos 2 do bro tea 1s 2 33 XX XK 47 1 ch unas 100 34 62 Ottery and Stam- ford Hill 192, . 1 -do sou 84 31 Messrs. Forpes & WALKER. oS 194 1 do dust 15¢ 26 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. bseese: 3 RRR 806 2 ‘ en Re ce 200 45 Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Co. 7 Knavesmire 814 2htf-c us 160 26 a ie + 11 Rockside 822 3 ch pesou 30087 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibe e- 14 Rosendhal 828 2hf-ch bro pek 100 46 6 Sirisanda 131) 2 .ch dust 295 25 15 830 3 do pekoe 150 32 7 Tinest.mark 132 3 do unas 300 33 16 832 1 do dust 50 25 10 I Sj. 2 hte h dust 130 27 21 Chesterford 842 1 ch congou 100 3 16 Kelani 141. 2 do dust 150 26 22 Goraka 844 2 do bro pek 200 45 22 Gallawatta 146 1 do bro tea 50 20 23 846 3 do pekoe 300 36 bid | 25 Marymount 149 7 do bro pe 350 35 24 848 3 do pe sou 300 33 26 150 7 do pekoe 350 30 95 $50 1 do congou 100 28 27 1517s ado dust 74 25 98 BIN 856 Lhf-ch sou 59 31 39 Benveula 163 3 do bro mixed 300 20 29 858 1 do dust 92 26 40 164 1 do dust 100 25 36 Ederapolla 872 4 ch sou 360 30 44 G 168 1hf-ch pekoe 50-333 42 Theberton 884 4ht-ch fans 200 28 45 169) 0) ch pek sou 90 30 43 886 5 do dust 250 26 46 170 1 do sou 78 31 53 Melrose 906 4 ch sou 380 30 47 Nagur 171 1 do bro pek 99 41 57 DM 914 2hf-ch congou 90 30 48 172 1 do pekoe 145 23 61 Maha Uva 922 2 do dust 160 26 49 173) ~ Bich pek sou 252 22 64 Meemora Oya 928 2 do sou 90 32 58 Warakamure 182 4 do pekoe 380 34 bid 65 930 2 do dust 140 27 59 183 4 do pek sou 360 21 bid 68 AG 936 1 ch dust 135 27 60 184 3 do bro mix 339 24 69 938 1 do bro tea BY =, 3! 65 189 2 do bro mix 246 24 70 PD 940 5hf-ch bro pek 250 846 66 190 2 do dus 284 26 val 942 2 de pekoe 100 37 70 California 194 1 do br ; ek dust 135 25 72 944 2 do peksou 100-34 71 194 1 hf-ch bro tea 50 25 72, 946 3 ch bro tea 378 26 76 S 200 3 do dust 240 30 53 948 1 do red leaf 100 20 85 Inchstelly 9 1hf-ch sou G64 30 79 Kirrimettia 958 2 do pe dust 259 25 86 10 1 do dust 75 21 90 Udabage ~ 980 1 do_ brotea TO SENN 25) 87 IL 21 do ‘ redleaf 58s 40 91 Walpita 982 3hf-ch brope 18 48 89 Woodthorpe 13 3 do brope 300 48 bid 92 3 984 3 do pekde 165 34 92 16s do sou 64 27 94 988 2 do sou 100 30 93 17 1 do dust 7 26 95 990 3 do fans 180 32 94 18 1 do br pe No 2 105 40 108 Deanstone 16 3 do pe sou 165 35 119 BGEinest. mark 43 3 do pek sou 285 31 109 18 2 do dust 160 25 120 44 1hf-ch dust 75 26 124 Dunbar 48 2 ch congow 180 30 125 Penrith 49 1 ch pek fans 117 26 125 50’ 2) do dust 260 27 126 50 1 do dust 165 25 126 52. 2) do fans 240 27 127 Silver Valley 51 2hf-ch or pek 100 49 127 54 1 do bro mix 100 = 22 128 52 5 do _ pekoe 250 35 132 KHL 64 1 do _ pekoe 94 20 129 2 538 6 do pek sou 300 34 133 66 2 do 137 Winest. mark 61 1 hf-ch_ bro pe 44 42 i hf-ch bro mix Ci OR 138 62 1 do pekoe 66 = 36 137 Clyde We al ai dust 140 26 139 63 1 ch pek sou 100 7 143 RAW 86 2hf-ch pe sou 110-38 140 64 1hf-ch fans 33 26 154 KDM 108 1 do sou 50 30 141 D 65 2 ch bro or pek 300 30 bid 155 110 +1 do dust 65 27 1 hf-ch , 160 Wirindi 120 4 ch sou 256-30 142 A 66 1hf-ch bropek 46032 161 122 2 do dust 130 26 143 67 1 do pekoe 71 32 166 Augusta 132 6 do sou 384.381 144 68 1 do dust 4400 25 167 134 1 do red leaf 82 23 149 Comlllah ie ach dust | 100 25 168 136 3 do dust 225 26 159 Bollagalla 83 2 do bro mix 180 22 197 Glencorse 194 2 ch dust 300 26 198 196 2 do pe fans 245 27 1997 198 1 do ON Se is 24 = ay Se 22, k No. 2 ‘ 35 + — = 212 Sorana cece = Pek: No » % | CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON Mr. E. JOHN. (From Our Commercial Correspondent). Lot Box Pkgs. Name lb: - @ Minerva Lane. April 19th, 1895, 1 Keenagaha Ella 60. 1 ch — sou 10034 Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing 2 62 1 do dust 17026 Lane up to 19th April :— j 3 64 1 do fans 130 27 Ex “Simla’ ’—Mausagi lla, 1c 102s; 16 90s; 1b 109s, 4 66 1 do unas 110 ~—s 30 Ex ‘“Manora”—ME&Co., Ab i f= ° OBSERVER GAS ENGINE PRESS. Wey, di BL aia Be bet), ‘gabon re Ln are OME estth (OF fae OE ys nd ¥ eck Workls me ee ID f mony) ob Ti. nA ee faced as me ' inf oth), oR he! F Seas Fr ey THA, COFFEK, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. . OL . j NO 20.] Cotompo, May 16th, 1895. § Price :—125 cents each; 3 copies . 1 30 cents ; 6 copies 4 rupee. | COLOMBO: SALES OF TEA. Lot. Box. pkgs. Name. Ib. e. _ 8 Bickley 286 53 ch Bro pek 2915 50 bid 1 x 2 288 19 do pekoe 1330 44 LARGE LOTS. 30 290 13. do ek sou 780 38 = a Kelaneiya 296 27 me ro pek 2295 53 ral E r SR Ene Bs or 4 298 25 do pekoe 2500 38 [Messrs. BENHAM & BREMNER 7,517 1b.] 3f Thedden 304 19 ch bro pek 2090 46 bid : ate, r A j 38 306 27 do pekoe 2700 = 37 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Ib. ¢. | 42 St. Helier’s 314 19hf-ch bro orpe 1045 52 1 Battalgalla 38 15 ch peksou 1500339 | 43 316 13 ch pekoe 1300 = 40 2 40 4 do bro tea 400 32 | 44 318 14 do peksou 140035 6 Elston 48 10 do pe sou No.2 900 31 bid | 45 Great Valley 3220 35 do bro pek 3850 46 bid 10 Lauderdale 56 10 ch fans 110 34 | 46 322 25 do pekoe 2500 40 11 58 7 do dust 91> 26 47 324 16 do pek sou 1520.37 13 Hornsey 62 13 do pesou 1306-40 | 48 326. 6 do sou 570 31 45 Shannon 328 13 do bro pek 1300 38 a 50 330 21 do pekoe 1995 34 [Messrs. A. H. THompson & Co.—66,211 Ib.J] | 51 332. 6 do pek sou 540-30 52 Choughleigh 334 34 do bro pek 3400 40 bid ws ra Nr | 53 336 22 do pekoe 1936 34 bid Lot. Box. pkgs Name He 54 338 10 do oe sou 800 30 bid 1 Kennington 1 8 ch sou 760 = 32 56 Amblakande 342 14 ch bro pek 140045 3 4 7hf-ch dust 560 28 57 344 16 do pekoe 1440 36 4 A 5 12 do bro pek 600 40 58 346 13 do peksou 1170 34 5 B 7 lo do bro pek GOO 44 | 59 BDV 348 22 do fans 2050 29 8 A 11 33 ch — fans 3283 out =| 60 350 7 do dust 930 27 9 13. 5 do dust 400 26 | 61 Ingurugalla 352 4 do bro pek 400 42 12 Agra Oya 16 21 ch : 63 Torwood 356 30 ch bro pek 3150 = 63 41 hf-ch bro pek 4460 45 bid gt 358 48 do pekoe 4560 43 13 18 30 ch pekoe 3000 = 88 bid | 65 360 19 do pek sou 950 36 14MFEF 20iaS) ch dust 450 25 bid 66 362 6 do dust 480 23 1A 21. 8 do peksou 610 35 bid | 67 MO 364 6 ch bro pek 600 47 did 18 Comar 25 21hf-ch broorpek 1050 46bid | ¢g 366 8 do orpek 800. 41. bid 19 27 22 do orpek 00 = 40 bid | 69 368 20 do pekoe 1800-39 2C 29 13 do pekoe 650 35 bid | 70 370 10 do bro pek sou 9u0 30 bid 21 31 20 slo pe sou 800 30 bid | 72 J HS, in estate 32 Manickwatte 48 9 ch bro pek 900 42 bid mark 374 8 ch or pek 810 53 34 D 5t 9 do pesou Siz 30 | 73 376 10 do pekoe 1000 41 37 Belgravia 55 8 do pe sou 640 43 74 378 15 do pe sou 1275 33 39 Kaikande 58 20hf-ch bro pe 1000 42 bid | 76 Becherton 382 22 do bro pek 2200 =—-60 49 60 37 do pekoe 1850 40 bid | 77 384 25 do pekoe 2250 43 41 62 20 do e sow 1000 30 bid | 7; 386 5 do pek sou 500 33 53 Hemingford $82 27hf-ch bro orpek 1620 50 bid 80 Castlereagh 390 21 ch bro pek 2310 49 54 84 42 do or pek 2100 4i bid | gi 392 36 do pekoe 3240 40 bid 55 86 39 ch pekoe 2730 38 bid | 82 394 15 do pe sou 1200 34 56 88 21 do pesou 1575 34 bid | 83 396 3 do dust 450 27 57 909 $8 do sou 600 27 bid | 84 Waitalawa 398 S2hf-ch bro pek 4100 55 58 92 15hf-ch dust 725 28 | 85 400 122 do pekoe 6100 40 59 Portswood No.5 - 86 402 42 do peksou 2:00 34 Break 94 11 ch — sou 880. 48 | 87 494 9 do dust 765 29 61 Portswood No. 6 | 92 M’Kelle 414 13 ch bro pek 1550 940 Break 97 14 ch — sou 112049 | 94 Ascot 418 32 do bro pek 3200 44 62 99 dShf-ch dust 400-39 | 95 420 33 do pekoe 3300 =. 34 63 Portswood No.7 | 97 Ederapolla 424 43 )if-ch bro pek 2365 41 Break 100 10 ch = sou soo 49 98 426 32 do pekoe 2560 withd'n. 68 Charlie Hill 106 10hf-ch iro pek 5n0 44 | 99 428 15 do pekoe 1250 33 69 108 12 do pekoe 600 33 | 100 430 31 do pesou ; 31 70 110 17 do — sou 690-33 | 103. Aigburth 436 29 ch pe sou 37 71 112 13 do pe sou 300 27 ' 10f Theberton 433 33hf-ch pekoe withd’n. 75 Vogan 28 ch bro pek 2300 50 bid | j05 Lyegrove 440 33 ch bro pek 3610 = 42 76 29 do — pekoe 2755 40 bid | 106 442 11 do pekoe 1100 = 32 77 20 do pek sou 1800 36 bid | 108 Verulupittiya 446 31 do bro pek 3100.54 = | : 78 8 do dust 1040-25 | 1u9 448 21 do pekoe 2160 39 | 110 450 21 do pesou 1890 36 3 nae | 111 Atherfield 452 66 hf-ch sou 3300-33 TeeDa < 2 UY mp 2k | 112 454 11 do ye dust 660 29 (Messrs. Forses & WALKER.—306,091 Ib.] | 975 Reese dak. Ba aae oy 37 sy e r . | 114 Pedro 458 18 ch bro or pek 1980 Sl Lot Box Pkgs. Name Ib. te | 115 460 5 do bro nan 600 51 1 Freds Ruhe 232 18 ch bro pek 1980 = 50 116 462 18 do pekoe 162061 2 234 15 do pekoe 150042 117 464.15 do pe sou 1125 50 3 236 6 do pek sou 600 34 118 466-3) «do cust 450 36 6 Langdale 242 22 do bro pek 2640 62 | 126 Lillywatte 482 18 do congou 130» Ti 7 244 19 do yekoe 1900 56 P I2Se A NUS 486 4 ch 10 Daphane 250 20hf-ch bro pek 100 47 »hf-ch bro pek 436 40 11 252 24 do pekoe 200 35 136 Daphne 502 18 do pekoe 900 33 12 DH 254. 5 ch ro tea 525, 25 | 137 DH 504 5 ch bro tea 5005 14 Poonagalla 258 13 do bro pek 14300 46 139 Evalgolla 50S 15 do pekoe 1350 36 15 260 7 do pekoe 700 37 140 510 18 do pe sou 1620 33 16 262 7 do pesou 665 35 | 143 MAF 516 18 ch ~~ pesou 1183) 42 20 NP 270 17 ch pefans 1190 27 | 144 45IS 7 do congou 70082 21 Andradeniya 272 12 do bro pek 1320 44 | 145 520 10 do cust 15031 22, 274 14 do pekoe 1400 BG 153 Chesterford 536 25 do pe sou 2500 3 bid 24. Weoya 278 80hf-ch bro pek 1650 44 | 154 Ireby 538 14 ch or pek 1100 a9 25 2830 38 do pekoe 10035 155 540 9 odo bro pe 900 52 26 282. 19 do ek sou 855 32 | 156 S42 17 do pekoe 1700 43 270 284 17 «do vo pe fan = 1020 30 157 du 12 do pe sou 1200 37 Lot Box Pkgs. Name lb. 158 St. Helen 546 50hf-ch bro pek 2350 159 548 46 do pekoe 2162 160 550 23 do pe sou 161 552. 15+ do pe fans 3125 162 Serubs 554 22 ch bro pek 2420 164 F& H 558 8 do or pek 800 165 560 10 do bro pe 1100 166 562 14 do pekvoe 1230 169 ankerland 568 16 do or pek 960 170 570. 25 =o pekoe 2250 171 572 15 do pe sou 1275 180 Stisted 590 56 do bro pek 3640 181 592 40 do pekoe 2200 182 594 23 do pe sou 1265 183 Queensland 596 27 ch ow pe 2700 184 598 22 do pekoe 2200 185 600 5 do unas 500 87 Serubs 604 5 do dust 750 188 Blackstone 606 87 do bro pek 3515 189 608 27 do pekoe 2295 190 610 15 do doNo2 1275 191 612 14 do e sou 1190 192 614 11 do ro tea 1045 196 Brunswick 622 10 ch pe fans 1300 201 Bagdad 632 25 do pekoe 2250 208 Caskieben 636 50 ch tiow pe 5000 204 638 42 do pekoe 4200 205 640 9 do unas 900 210 Dunkeld 650 23 do bro pek 2530 210 652 25 do de 2750 212 Clunes 654 30hf-ch bro pek 1500 213 656 26 do ekoe 2340 215 Nugahena 660 15 ch bro pe 1530 216 662 14 do \hf-ch pekoe 1282 217 664 7 ch lhi-ch pek sou 755 233 Carendon 696 8 ch ro pe 804 234 698 6 do broorpek = 480 235 700 8 do pekoe 737 236 702 7 do pe sou 667 237 704 5 do fans 513 238 706 5 do congou 410 240 O GA, in est. a mark 710 16 ch bro pe 1600 241 712 16 do pekoe 1440 212 714 14 do pe sou 1120 243, 716 3 do dust 450 247 Muammal 724 4 ch unas 410 263 Beausijour 756 20 ch bro pek 2090 264 758 12 do pekoe 1080 268 M W 766 6 ch pe sou 570 272 Ellekande 774 101 hf-ch bro pek 5050 273 776 33 do pekoe 1518 274 78 52 ch e Sou 3952 276 Chesterford 782 16 do ro pek 1600 El 784 16 do pesou 1600 278 Great Valley 786 29 ch bro pek 3190 [Mr. E. JoHN.—120,982 1b.] Lot. Box Pkes. Name Ib. 5 Pati Rajah 22Gpaeo) Chi bro pe 970 ii 230 11 do pekoe 110 38 232 9 do pek sou 900 9 234 6 do fans 660 11 Hsperanza 23g 13 hfi-ch bro or pe 676 12 240 32 do pekoe 1472 14 Maryland 244.04 ch bro pe 440 15 246 4 do pekoe 420 16 Lameliere 248 32 do bro pe 3094 17 250 29 do pekoe 290) 18 252 30 do pek sou 2940 19 254 6hf-ch pe fans 510 20 Kila 256 58 ch bro pe 5220 Zl 258 26 do pesou 2340 22 Madooltenne 260 14 do bro pe 1400 23, 262 16 do pekoe 1600 28 Glasgow 272 33 do bro pe 2475 29 274 20hf-ch or pe 1200 30 276 27 ch pekoe 2430 31 278 12 do pe sou 1200 32 'T & T Co., in estate mark 280 49 do bro pe 2695 33. 282 38 do pekoe 3420 34 284 13 do pe sou 1170 36 GB 288 17 do sou 1530 87 290 Qhf-ch fans 810 42 Tientain 310 18 do brope 1080 3 312 17 do orpe 1700 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIs'. 34 47 bid 36 30 bid 37 47 bid 34 bid 33 31 30 26 42 bid 46 bid 35 bid 30 50 bid 50 bid 50 bid 36 bid 44 33 bid 48 bid Cc 46 34 bid 33 bid Lot Box Pkes, Name Ib. ec. 43 Eadella 322 13 ch bro pe 1300 42 49 324 34 do pekoe 3060 37 50 326 7 do sou 560 32 bid 51 325 11 do ans 1320 33 52 330 5 do dust 700 26 54 Agra Ouvah 334 6Lhf-ch broorpe 3965 65 65 336 66 do or pe 3960 61 56 338 37 ch pekoe 3700 47 57 340 21 do sou 2160 45 58 342 =O hf-ch e fans 540 31 59 Glasgow 344 38 ch wo pe 2850 62 60 346 32hf-ch or pe 1920-59 61 348 35 ch pekoe 315045 62 3560 14 do dust 1400 37 67 Glentilt 19 18 do bro pe 1890 49 638 21 12 do pe SOU 1200 37 69 Alnoor 23. 38hf-ch bro pe 2080 47 bid 70 25 25 do pekoe 125039 71 27 31 do sou 1550 36 72 20 7 do ans 490 29 73 Murraythwaite 31 12 do bro pe 600 = 45 bid 74 3 33 12 ch pekoe 1020 36 bid 7) Stinsford 43 42hf-ch bro pe 2520 = 43 bid 80 Ayr 45 32 do bro pe 1600 53 bid 81 47 30 ch pekoe 2250 =. 39 bid 82 49 18 «do pe sou 1440 36 83 Peru 51 lit-ch bro pe 540 48 bid S4 : 63°" do pekoe 480 =. 38 bid 87 Indian Walk 59 39 do Eno pe 2145 348 bid 88 61 32 ch pekoe 2880 8 8§©35 bid 89 63 7 do pe sou 700 33 (MEssrs. SOMERVILLE & Co. 145,048 Ib.] Lot Box Pkgs. Name | CSM 3 Sinest.mark 89 G¢ hf-ch dust 480 27 4 90 14 hf-ch fans 840 30 11 Deniyaya 97 29 ch bro pek 3190 = 39 bid 2 98 16 do pek 1600 33, bid 13 99 S$ do peksou ri 32 bid 15 Lonach 101 28 hf-ch bro pek 1680 51 16 102 60 ch pekoe 5700-87 bid 17 103 39 do pek sou 3510 36 28 de 104 14 hf-ch dust 1190 6 19 105 12 ch bro mixed 1140 21 bid 20 Carney 106 20 hf-ch bro pek 1000 41 bid 21 107 10 do pekoe 500 81 bid 22 108 19 do pe sou 950 31 25 Ukuwela lll 42 ch bro pek 4200 46 26 112 33 do pekoe 3300 = 33 bid 27 113 22 do pe sou 2090 32 bid 29 Mahatenne 115 16 do bro pek 1600 46 30 116 20 do ekoe 2000 38 31 Irex 117 14 do ro pek 1400 46 32 118 17 do pekoe 1700 38 33 Mousagalla 119 53 do bro pek 3410048. 34 . 120 21 do ekoe 2 35 bi 37 Wevemadde 123 4 do Hist aed = ug 39 Gallawatte 125 22 hf-ch brope re 1100 45 40 126 21 do pek 1005 34 bid 44 Chetnole 130 6 do dust 450 45 Morningside 131 18 ch bro pek 1800 46 bid 46 132 12 do pek 1200 §=39 bid 47 133. 8 do do sou 800 32 bid 48° 134 15 do pe souNo.¥ 1425 33 bid fale SST A 137 30 do unas 2700 23 55 Peria Kande- 141 30 do bro pek 3750 44 56 kettia 142 10 do pekoe 1150 36 bid 57 : 113 18 do pek sou 2160 «34 bid 62 Penrith 148 26 do bro pek 2860 52 63 149 34 do an 3570 = 48 bid 64 150 23 do pekoe 1955 42 65 151 14 do pek sou 1260 36 €6 Galkadua 152 17 do bro pek 1700 49 67 153 15 do pekoe 1500-36 68 Lonach 154 48 do pekoe 4560 43 72 Udakanda 158 22 hf-ch bro pek 1210 44 bid 73 ; 159 8 do peksou 440 32 74 Kelani 160 42 do pekoe 2100 36 so Citrus 166 8 ch bro pek 800 46 81 167 9 do pek 900 = 34 bid 82 168 4 do fans 400 86 Warakamure 172 S do bro pek £00 40 bid 90 Knutsford 176 23 hf-ch pekoe 1340 91 Hatdowa 177 24 ch bro pek 2400) 42 bid 92 178 36 do pek 3060 35 93 79 57 do peksou 4560 32 102 Benveula 188 14 ch bro ses 140044 103 189 18 do pek 1800 39 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. 3 Lot Box Pkgs. Name Ib. e. Lot Box Pkgs. Name bts) ce 104 Roseneath 190 44 hf-ch bro pek 2420 42 73 Charlie Hill 115 2 ch unas 10034 105 191 13 ch pekoe 1170 =. 35 hid _| 74 RK, in estate 106 192 14 do pek sou 1260 32 mark 116 4 do ; i 107 Warakamure 193 15 do pek 1425 35 bid Lhf-ch fans 320 bid 108 No. 2 194 9 do pek sou 810 30 bid 113 Forest Hill 199 12 ch pek sou 1200 34 bid ll4 GLA 200 15 do bro sou 1125 18 bid Messrs MERV So ae 115) OX 1 12 do pek sou 1110-25 bid | SEREAIIO. 02) ius opts AOS 116 Yellebende 2 a ae or pek 689 63 | Lot. Box. Pkgys. Name. Ibn ec: nf-c ae : 7 3 8 ch bro pek 880 49 bia 1 Rondura 87 4 ch dust 320 26 1s & 17 do pek 1530 42 2h 88 6 do fans 390 32 119 5 9 do pek sou 90) 35 bid | *s 2 a 3 pe dust ‘ ces Zu 123. ING in est. ise Boe ie aS ; ees mark 9 25 do bro pek 2500 42 bid (A 93 Z do dust Aa et 124 10 11 do — pek 1045 36 aap Pe alee, 0075, RTO Yea Bee 125 U 1 do pek sou 90) yn 33 bide] eo eeatton SSamatee 10/4; . aust ae tee 126 CA 12 $1 hf-ch bro pek 4374 ont 10 oS, 96 2 do bro tea 1000 22 17 13119 do pekoe 6950), 30bid ||| 1 eenyayas Mra a Chia dusti cy oes rs = 2 23 Carney 109 3 hf-ch bro mix 15) 1 1S Allakolla 14 58 do bro pek 3190 45 y : CO LOU. 2 S 5 Ste rs 355 az hid | 24 110 4 «do dust 200 25 129 15° 34 ch pek 3230 37 bid 28 Ukuw : 2 A Bae BS) 28 uwela 114-1 ch dust 80 27 130 16 16 do pek sou 1440 32 1 35 SMT OUSHoAlL: Bois : Onn ae 134 Hf 50) 4 do dust 600 29 35 oi) ousagalla We 2 do souchong 200 28 135 J 21.4 do bropek . 430 41bid | 26 |, eas, Conk Cust Sno gee 5 es 5 i Y iC ‘ c | 38 Wevelmadde 124 1 do red leaf 63 16 138 Salawe 24°13 do bro pek 1300 49 Galan x : Aig ae 139 55. 1 do pek 1140 39 rn callawatte a2 Bch pe Son blk a 0 Be oR Oo a Qn i 27 ado ao 5 32 tau BU 2S Te THE Ios SRDS a2 yy fh 128 1 do bro-tea 50. 17 - 43 Chetnole 120 6 do congou 300 28 ue a rae 49 Morningside 135 1 ch congou 90 24 ‘ 50 136 2 do fans 220 24 SMALL LOTS. 527 NLT 188. 2 do fans 240 32 53 139 2 do dust 200 25 ——— 54 140 2 do red leaf 160 15 83 Citrus 169 2 ‘ch pek dust 147 26 Mr. E. JOHN. St PDA 17 1 do unas W083 85 2H A 171i 1 ‘do fans 95 26 Lot Box Pkes. Name lb. e. 87 Warakamure 173 4 do peksou 360 29bid oie 2 e 88 Knutsford 1745 hf-ch_ or pek B21 52 6 Pati Rajah 228-— 2'-ch pek No.1 = 200 36 i) Ivo et 0 bro pek 378 39 1 236 1 do dust 100 25 94 Hatdowa 180 2 ch dust 300 25 13 Esperanza — 242) Lhf-ch dust 85. 26 95 181 1 do bro mix 5 =. 8 35 T en Coat Seon chi Tee an 4 120 Yellebende 6 1 ch sou 15€ = 30 estate mark 4 c dus 280 25 1 hf-ch 44 Tientsin 314 1 do sou 120 42 121 7 2 ch__ pek dust 2162 25 45 316 Lhf-ch dust 80 33 122 S 2hf-ch red leaf 167 20 46 S18en 2 ac real leat 184 22, 131 Allakolla 17 2 ch red leaf 170-16 47 320 1 hf-c red lea 46 20 132 18 2hf-ch dust 160 25 53 Badella 332 4 do red leaf 320 19 133 D 19 2 ch bro or pek 300 out 66 L, inestatemark17 3 do unas 150 34 1 hf-ch 75 Patulpana 35 4 do pesou 200°. 31 136 J 22 1 do pekoe 80-30 bid 76 37. 2 do _ pekoe 100 33 137 230" 2) do unas 224 29 bid 77 39 2 do bro pe 100 41 1 hf-ch 78 7 41 a as) sou aan ar 41 RVI 27 #1 ch bro pek 91 37 $5) 6=Peru 55 «62 hf-ch ~=pe sou 0 3 86 57 2hf-ch pe dust 200 26 i Messrs. Forspes & WALKER. Messrs. BENHAM & BREMNER. | Lot. Box. Pkes. Name. Ibs ve: 4 WA 238 each bro mix 105 33 Lot. Box Pks. Name. Ibaeae: 5 240 5hf-ch unas 310-36 ‘ nttalen ll: mine Fie on oR | § Langdale 26 2 ch s 200 45 3 Lattalgalla 47 3 ch fans 270 28 - St Sienna Petes Ss = 4 Sutton 44 1 do pe sou 102 38 5 Bay a f > 5 46 3 do tans 309 26 13 DU 256 1 do Pe dust 140 25 7 Hopewe 5) 2hf-ch pesou 126 30 7 Poonagalla 264 2 do dust 280 26 > 2 9 a = 2 18 Moneragalla 266 2 do pe fans 40 27 8 52 2 do pekoe 150 35 149 NP 968 - 1. -do beateiie 45 o1 9 54 2 do bro pek 160 44 Mites, S Oo ii eae aay ae 12 Lauderdale) 1 ch, congou = oo | SE raven ee Saeen Bea’ -Eb & “ch =pe sou 2u 2, . ’ naib ¢ : a os 32 294 2 do dust 130 26 35 Kelaneiya 300 2 ch dust 230 5) Aa | 36 302 2 do sou 200 24 Messrs. A. H. THompson & Co. | 39 Thedden 308 3 do peksou 270 32 = 40 310 2 do dust 300 26 Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. Wigs oe | 41 312. 3 do sou 270 20 | 45 Choughleigh 3840 5 hf-ch dust 350 26 2 Kennington 3 2hf-ch brotea 110 22 | 62 Ineurugalla 854 4 ch pekoe 360 34 22 Comar ets Be choy bro sou Hone “1 MO 372 3 do fans 378 36 23 ‘ 2 do dus ue 75 J HS in estate 33 Manickwatte 12 3 ch pekoe 300 36 bia | ‘ Fark: ; 380 1 do bro tea 100 35 2 Ni. 53 g uo So 00 We 79 Becherton 3888 do dust 30027 35 Belgravia a do dus e ci 93 M’kelle 416 3 ch ek sou 225 34 52 EONS 81 3 box golden tips 15 R150 bid 96 Ascot 422 2 do Aust 300 25 GO ‘ortswood No. 5 102 MAH 434 2 do congou 200 28 Break " 96 4 hf-ch dust 320 39 107 Lyegrove 444 2 do dust 200 25 64 PortswoodN. 6 19 WK 468 4 hf-ch bro pek 240 39 es 102 2 do dust 240 8639 120 470 4 do pekoe 2340 30 65 Mandara 121 472 5 do ek sou 250 Q2 Newera XG ‘ peek bro Pe ue 2 122 ‘Turin 474 2 ch bes pek 250 42 66 ao DE SOU mn Ce 128 476 3 do pekoe 300 33 67 Charlie 105 3 do Ning orpek 150 42 bid 124 478 3 do pek sou 300 27 72 1l4. 5 do fans 800 BL 125 480 1 hf-ch dust 60 4 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST Lot Box Pkgs. Name 1b. e¢ Lot Box Pkgs. Name Ib. “¢ 127 Goraka 484 2 ch bro pek 200 45 245 720 1 ch _ pekoe 105. 85 129 ANK 488 ge pekoe 204 B4 246 722 1 do pesou 100 2% 130 490 3 ¢ sou 270 30 248 724 2 do congou 182 23 131 492 2hf-hh fans 104 29 249 es 1 hf-ch ved leaf a 0-22. 132 494 1 ch congou 85 22 250 730 1 ch dust 133 % 133 496 1 do bro mix 100 a 267 MW 764 1 ch pekoe 100 20 134 498 3 do red leaf 240 19 269 748 1 do dust 140 23 135 AN 500 2 “ate bro pek 250 36 270 770) «2hf-ch dust 160 23 1 hf-e¢ 271 Pedro 772-2 “ch dust 300 5 138 DH 506 1 ch dust 120% 975 Kllekande 780 2 do: redleaf 196. 31 141 MAF 512 2 do bro pek 19648 142 514 2 ae el 18? 40 ooo OCreree—ee ee —- 146 522°" 2) do ved leaf 200 22 147 Kosgahahena 524 2 do bro pek 140 944 hy 7> chil ropek 2970-30 bid 27 46 18 do pekoe 1710 30 bid 28 Relugas 48 4 do cust 480 26 30 Woodend 50 28 do bro pe 23800 50 bid 31 52 46 do pekoe 4600 39 bid 32 54 8 do pe sou 720 35 bid 36 AGC 59 12 ch pesouNo.2 1200 28 37 61 12 do dust 1560 30 38 MF 62 3 do dust 450 26 39 63 4 do pe sou 640 35 40 Comar 64 21hf-ch bro or pek 1050 42 bid 41 66 22 do or pek 1100 39 bid 42 68 13 do pekoe 650 34 bid Lees 70 20 do pe sou 800 30 44 Agra Oya 72 24 ch bro pe 2520 48 bid 45 74 24 do pekoe 2400 37 bid 46 76 13 do pe son 1300 32 bid | 47 78 5 do cust 400 27 48 79 5 do bro mix 500 20 | 49 Manickwatte 80 9 ch Dro pek 900 40 bid 61 Nabalma 88 5 do congou 575 28 62 Hurdenhuish 84 42 do pe sou 2940 33 bid 33 86 5 do dust 450 26 54 87 24 do pe fans 2256 27 bid 55 Pambagama 89 6hf-ch dust 540-26 56 90 4 ch fans 440 26 58 Hemingford 92 27hf-ch broor pek 1620 62 59 94 42 do or pek 2100 42 60 96 39) ch pekoe 2730 36 bid | G1 98 21 do pe sou 1575 32 bid | 64 Sapitiyagoddel0l 6 ch bro tex 560 25 66 A KAC, in estate mark Ceylon 101 20hf-ch bro pek 1090 82 68 Gonakelle 106 15 do -pek sou $25 40 bid | 7™O Be D loo 68 odo dust 960 26 ! Lot Box Pkegs. L Wey 788° 7 -ch 2 nv 19) 10 ch 32D: GUE 792 11 do 4 794 13 do 5 Easdale 796 27 ch Cpe 798 31 do 7 800 4 do 9 Kirimettia 804 11 hf-ch 10 806 23 do 14 814 10 do 15 New Anga- mana 816 17 do 16 818 24 do 17 820 15 ‘do 21 Nugagalla 828 26 hf-ch 22 830 72 do 23 $32 13 do 25 Barkindale 836 12 hf-ch 26 838 19 ch 1 hf-ch 29 Clunes.—(Erra- cht Division) 844 34 do 30 846 40 ch 31 Rockside 848 15 do | 32 850 13 do 33 852 8 do 854 7 do 35 Great Valley 856 28 ch 36 858 15 do 37 860 21 do 38 862 45 do 39 Radella 864 47 ch 40 866 14 do 41 868 12 do 43 Hethersett 872 22 ch 44 874 11 do 45 876 12 do 46 878 8 de 47 880 4 do 48 HAB 882. 9 do 49 ss4 16 do 50 886 8S de 51 Gingranoya 888 14 ch 62 890 4 do 54 Langdale 394.13 do fid 896 16 do oF) EN, 900 4 do 58 902 9hf-ch 62 Patiagama 910 41 ch 63 912 17 do 64 914 21 do 65 916 31 do 66 918 4 do 67 920 3 do 6S Walahanduwa 922 11 ch 69 924 14 do 70 926 9 do 79 Vilpita 944. 7 ch £0 96 7 do 84 Kakiriskande 954 12 hf-ch 85 956 14 do SO 958 9 do 88 Knavesmire 962 24 ch 89 964 41 do 90 996 22 do 9 Dunkeld 974 23 ch 95 976 20 do 6 978 17 do 7 DKD 980 18 ch 98 982 5 do Name Ib dust 1190 dust 700 bro pek 1100 pekoe 1300 bro pek 2700 pekoe 3100 pek sou 400 bro pe 550 pekoe 1035 red leaf 500 bro pek 935 pekoe 1320 pek sou 750 bro pek 1309 pekoe 3600 pe sou 650 bro pe 672 pekoe 1852 bro pek 1700 pekoe 3400 bro pek 1800 pekoe 1300 bro mix 300 dust 1650 bro pek 3080 pekoe 1500 pek sou 1995 dust 425 bro pek 4700 pekoe 1260 peksou 1080 or pek 1892 bro pek 1210 pekoe 1164 pe sou 680 pek fans 680 bro pek 900 pekoe 1600 pe sou 760 pe sou 1330 fans 500 bro pek 1560 pekoe 1600 bro pek sou 400 dust 720 bro or pek 4510 do do 1870 bro pek 2100 pekoe 3100 pe sou 400 dust 430 bro pek 1100 pekoe 1400 pek sou 810 bro pek 700 pekoe 622 bro pek 710 pekoe 7st pek sou 450 bro pek 2400 pekoe 369) pe sou 19s0 bro pek 280 or pek 2700 pekoe 1700 bro pek 1980 pe fans 51 ot 45 bid 54 38 45 a4 35 2h 44 38 54 26 75 5a 43 $6 6L bid 58 47 33 46 36 32 bid 30 27 Hid ral) a3 26 48 bid 45 bid 45 40 bid me ear. a D CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIs‘. Lot. Box. Pkgs, Name. hip ree 259 286 10 eh pekoe 850 «40 © ats 99 Nhe 7 = 2 ; | 251 : 238 6 do pe sou 46> 33 te Deaculla Ae ni he id P A ik 1 rf | 261 Caskieben 308 42 do pekoe 4200 BG 101 988 9 do pek son 675 30 | 264 Denmark Hill 314 14 ch or pek 1204 86 102 990 7 do dust 595. 87S | 288 316 6 do broor gas 74465 bid 103 Hderapolla 992 26 ch peksou 1950 30 | Bee a4 Aa bro BS 990 @ bid 107 1000 91 do peksou i575 3 jee? a) Buds | spekos i 108 2 27hf-ch pekoe 2160 34 eS ee 22 10 do | peson ip 09 is } Z ¢ DOn7 | 269 Ganapalla 324 47hf-ch bro pe 2820 44 109 4 43 do bro pek 2365 40 | a7 326 52 ct bia ilo CO HE 6°26 ch bropek 2860 42 | 3i0 elt pera Bs SS ut 8 19 do pekoe 1805 38 te ai kth 9960 32 bid 112 10.9 do peksou 720 31 oye “Polslithona dae Bo ae eee o_o 14 Farnham 14 82 box pro orpe 640 61 O74 OD SEAE OPDA Siar ie) ‘lo ‘4 pe 6100 “ 15 16 35hf-ch bro pek 2100 = G3B aie 334 38 a ee oe 8500 37 bia 116, 18 345 do pek sou 1750 36 | on6 a4 15 ad i <@, 4 4 bi : 1 117 Melrose 20 “e hf-ch bro pefan 660 2 1 ets Pars: in (Pere Oats any 800 82 bid 10 D : 99 : A Nee By , OR | 278 Pannapitiya. 2842 12hf-ch pekoe 600 32 118 PDM 22 ch bro pekfan 490 36 279 «Gl chy 71 d f eax “4 120 Essex 26 36 do brotea 2676 0 A ee eens eens eee ER eS 127 ~Castlereigh 49 16 do bro pek 1760 50 bid | Bat - mo es Ps i iy bid 128 42 40 do pekoe 3600 39 28 ao 0 8850. 4 bic 129 44 8 do pe sou 680 34 i =~ 131 St. Helier’s 48 23 ap broor pek 1265 59 | 132 50 19 ch pekoe 1900 4) { eSSPS : Rv 7 & C "4 qi ake eae a a pek sou ne [MEssrs. SOMERVILLE & Co. 179,039 Ib.] 138 Midlands 62 Shf-ch e dust 450 29 5 oh ‘eee , 129 Ragalla 64 12 do Maite 960 31ibia | Lot Box Pkgs, Name Ib. c. 140 66 6 do dust 540 oF JS 28 11 ch sou 990 35 141 St. Mary 68 5 ch dust 570 oF HJS 30«(8 hf-ch bro pek 400 42 12 KHAL 70 22 do bro pek 2420 ont | 31 16 «lo pek 8COo 34 143 72 24 do pekoe 2160 30 bid | 32 20 do pek sou 1000 33 144° Kelaneiya 74 21 do bro pek 1785 60 Sirisanda 34 15 do oro pek 1080 54 145 76 20 do pekoe 2000 = 43 35 25 do pekoe 1250 36 146 Dunbar 78 20hf-ch broorpek 1000 52 36 22 do ek sou 1100 & 147 80 26 do bro pek 1300 = 48 Galkadua 39° 10 ch 5 pek 10005 148 82; 23 ch pekoe 2070 42 40 9 do pekoe 900 «37 149 84 19 do Be sou 1710 37 41 9 do pe sou 900 32 150 Brechin * 86 18 ch bro pe 1980 = GU Rayigam 48 12 do ro pek 13206 151 88 12 do pekoe 1200 44 49 16 do or pek 1609 44 156 Clunes 98 380hf-ch bro pe 150) 5b 50 9 do pekoe 90041 157 100 26 ch pekoe 9340 38 51 9 do peksou 900 =. 86 hid 160 Dovanakande 106 19 do pekoe 1675 37 f 52 4 do souchong 400s 31 161 108 18 do pe sou 1330 = 3: 26 St. Colmnbkille 53 22 hf-ch bro pek 1100 4G 165 Wattagalla . 116 29 do ro pek 3190 50) 7 54 15 ch pekoe 150043 166 118 32 do pekoe 3520 39 bid 54a 5 do pek sou 450-35 167 120 12 do e fans 1200-85 bid 3 Koorooloogalla 60 13 do broorpek 1300 46 168 Morankande 122 45 ch bro pek 4725 40 bid | = 61 12 do bro pek 1260 «53 169 124 32 do pekoe 35 5 2 20 do pexte 2000 «38 170 126 24 do e sou 33 Alpitikande 69 44 do Aa pek 2640 = 43 hid 171 Wirklees 128 42hf-ch bro pe 60 70 37 do 2072, BG hid 172 130 25 do pekoe 47 Deniyaya 73 14 do 6 pek 1540 43 173 132 295 do pe sou 40 * a 9? ad ekoe 900-36 177 -—~ Bagdad 140 25 ch pekoe 2 45 Malvern 75 46 do ro pek 2530048 178 Gampaha 142 42hf-ch bro pek 2520 = 60 76 63 do ekoe 3465 934 179 144 25 ch pekoe 2500 45 79 9 do ‘ans 495 30 180 146 25 do pe sou 2500 40 Ukuwella 80 17 ch bro pek 170045 is2 Polwatte 160!5 ‘chi bro pek 500 = 51 81 14 do pek 140036 183 152 5 do ekoe 450 36 82 12 do ek sou 1140-32 186 Talgaswella 158 15 do ro pek 1500 GU Benyeula 83 18 do oro pek 180) 40 bid 187 160 45 do pekoe 1350 42 84 20 do pek 2000 85 18s 162 10 do pe sou 900 36 85 6 do pek sou 600 31 iso) BEB 164 22hf-ch dust 1s70 26 Kelani 93 86 do bro pek 473040 191 168 5 ch unas 480 28 94 52 do pekoe 2600 33 193 EHC 172 12 do 95 44 do ek sou 1980 30 Lhf-ch congou 985 27 Bollagalla 100 21 hf-ch bro pek 1155 40bid 194 W455 ch red leaf 450 22 101 9 ch pek 810 35 195 GPF 176 12ht-ch bropefans 877 35 . 102 15 do pek 1350 31 196 Bagdad 178 20 ch pekoe 1500 41 bid Maligatenne 103 8h f-ch bro pek 440 43 197 Hoolooganga 180 14 do bro pe 1540 41 bid 10£ 8 do pek 400-33 198 182 S do pekoe 840 35 | 79 ‘06 9 do pe: sou 450 29 199 : 184 7 do pesou 760 31bid | $5 MountPleasanti12 8 do bro pek 400 40 2066 RWA 198 22 do bro pek 1320 | 36 113. 9 do pekoe 423-33 207 200 25 do pekoe 1375 ;withd’n | 95 Alutkele 122 8hf-ch bro pek 480 41 208 202 19 do pe sou 1045 J 96 123 11 do pekoe 550-35 210 HM Y, in est. 97 124. 9 do pek sou 450 30 mark 206 9 do pesou 810 31 99 Narangoda 126 9 ch bro pek 1080 = 42 214 MW 214. 9 ch pekoe 837 ZA 100 127 14 do pekoe 150537 216 Essex 218 41 do or pek 4592 57 102 Lyndhurst 129 27 do bro pek 2700 43 ' Ch 220 22 do pekoe 2376). 141 103 130 17 do pekoe 1530 3a 218 222 26 do bromix 2340 «18 104 13: 27 do peksou 2295-31 219 Lowlands 224 11 do bro pe 1100 43 105 132 6 do sou 510 226 11 do pekoe 990 35 106 OG 133 15 do pekoe 1425 228 6 do pe sou 480 32 107 Hagalla 134 42 hf-ch bro pek 2520 Middleton 236 40° do bro pek 2400 62 bid | 108 IbEp SBN als) pek 1650 238 35 box scented or 109 1386 9 ch _ pek sou 900 pekoe 700 66 110 Goonambil 137 19 hf-ch bro pek 1149 DET 240 19 ch pek No.1 1710 51 111 : 138 22 do pekoe 1210 228 242 14 do doNo2 1400 46 114 INGin est. 229 Shanon 244.12 do brope 1200 440 | mark 141 17 ch bro pek 1700 230 246 26 do pekoe 2470 33 115 142 12 do pek ~ 1140 239 Manangoda 264 13 do bro pek 1300 951 116 143 18 do ek sou 1620 240 266 14 do pekoe 1400 35 1 117 154 4 do ust 1000 9AL 268 8 do pek sou 880 31 8 hf-ch 248 Sorana 282 8 do brope 760 50 } us 145 4 ch redleaf 400 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST. Lot 119 Naseby 146 120 147 122 R Tin est. mark 149 123 Galphele 150 124 151 125 152 130 157 133 Monrovia 160 13) 16L 135 162 136 163 145 GLA 172 146 Glenalla 173 147 174 148 175 149 176 150 1i7 153) Lonach 180 154 Carmey 181 155 182 156 Morningside 183 157 184 158 185 159 Hapugasmulle 186 161 188 162 189 166 Fouruwitty 193 167 194 168 195 169 J 196 9 Gurdon 26 Telligallakanda Lot. Box 4 Weymouth 71 14 Talagalia 101 14 Agar's Land 103 16 105 WW Gonavy 107 18 109 19 Ardlaw and Wishford 111 20 113 a1 115 22 117 24 Talagalla 421 95 123 26 125 27 Wunugalla 127 28 129) 29 131 81 T&T Co., in estate mark 135 35 Mocha 139 Ba 141 30 143 36 145 37 Allington 147 38 149 3 15L 40 153 43 Kanangama 159 44 161 45 163 46 165 47 Whyddon 167 48 “69 49 Ivies V1 50 173 51 175 54 Cleveland 181 58 . 183 56 185 59 Ottery & Stam- ford Hill 191 60 193 61 195 6f Blackbwn — 201 65 203 66 DE 205 67 207 68 N 209 69 Logan 211 70 213 7 215 72 Maddagedera217 ic 219 74 221 Box Pkes. 10 hf-ch 27 do 5 do 19 hf-ch 22 do 27. do 6 do 17 do 21 do 10 hf-ch 4 ch 32 hf-ch 26 ch 22 do 41 do 44 do 3 do 60 do 20 hf-ch lo do 18 ch 12 do 8 do 11 do 14 do 5 do 6 do 5 do 14 do 4 do hf-ch do Name Tb. bro pek 600 pekoe 1620 dust 700 bro pek li40 pekoe 1100 pek sou 1350 dust 462 bro pek 1700 pekoe 2100 pek sou 500 fans 400 or pek 1600 bro or pek 2600 or pek 1980 pekoe 3590 pek sou 3960 dust 450 pekoe 5700 bro pek 1000 pekoe 509 bro pek 1809 pekoe 120 pe sou No. 1 800 bro pek 1100 pek sou 1260 mas 500 bro pek 624 pekoe 480 pek sou 1344 bro pek 430, Pekoe 450 mas 1560 [Mr -E. HS in estate JOHN.—174,886 1b. ] Pp 5 17 90 kes. Name lb. ch pek sou 400 do bro pek 1785 hf-ch pek sou “4050 hf-ch dust 720 ch pex 4510 ch pek sou 3456 hf-ch or pe'c 2200 ch bro or pek — 6555 do pek 2880 do was 1900 do bro pek 2835 do or pek 1800 do pex 1800 do bro pek 1300 do pek 1400 do pek sou 1200 ch pek 3420 ch bro pek 3960 ch pek 2980 ch pek sou 1890 ch fans 980 hf-ch bro or pek 1045 hf-ch_ bro pek hf-ch pek hf-ch pek sou ch bro pek do pek do pek sou do dust ch bro pek do pek ch bro pek do pek do pek sou 1440 ch bro pek 1500 do pek 1800 do pek sou 450 ch bro pek 2200 do or pek 1615 do pek 3150 ch bro pek 2090 do pek 2310 ch pek 1170 do sou 560 ch pek sou 1700 ch bro pek 2800 do pek 4050 do pek son 1700 ch bro pek 2630 do pek 2375 do pek sou 1800 55 45 bid 32 bid 45 bid 38 45 33 bid withd’n 50 39 50 bid 45 29 39 bid Pkes. Lot Box Name Ib. c. mark 227.18 ch bro pek 1800 = 46 78 229 16 do pek 1600 36 79 231 6 do pek sou 540 33 80 233 12 do sou 960 32 82 HS in estate mark 2 13 hf-ch dust 1170 26 33 4 ch fans 480 32 85 Richlands i0 hf-ch pek sou 600 52 88 Templestowe 2 26. ch or pek 2600 52 89 31 do pekoe 2790 40 90 17 do pek sou 1445 36 91 Dimbula 13. do pek sou 1040 41 92. Bowhill 4do 3 hf-ch souchong 608 30 94 SG 261 10 ch unas 1060 31 bid 97 Tarf 267 6 do pek sou 582 36 98 269 Shf-ch dust 680 28 99 Chapelton Oey hc CL bro mixed 700 24 bid 101 RL 275 34 hf-ch bro pek 2074 37 103 279 14 do pek sou 630 34 110 Lenawatte 303 17 hf-ch bro pek 935 46 111 305 15 do pekoe 675 34 112 307. 9 do pek sou 465 31 bid lls ETK 309 10 hf-ch pek fans 700 33 bid 114 STip ais! Ich bro mix 420 32 bid V5 313 13 hf-ch dust 1105 26 116 315 10 ch ed leaf 1000 24 117) Stinsfovd 317 21 hf-ch or pek 1950 2 118 319 34 do bro pek 1870 42 119 320 42 do bro pek 2520 42 120 321 46 do pekoe 2300 34 121 323. 30 do pek sou 1500 32 123 327) 8 - do. dust 560 26 124 Glentilt 329 18. ch bro pek 1890 49 125 381 14 do pek sou 1400 35 bid 126 L 333. 13 do pek sou 1170 37 bid 127 335 15 hf-ch dust 1425 26 1382 Logan 345 13 ch bro pek 1365 3 bid 133 347 29 do pekoe 2610 34 bid 134 349 25 do pek .ou 2125 32 SMALL LOTS. The following is the result of the sale of smaller lots of tea at yesterday’s auction which we were unable to give in our last evening’s issue :— Mr A. M. GrEpp. Lot Box Pkgs. Name Ib. Cc: 4 Burnside 7 2hf-ch dust 120 26 Messrs. BENHAM & BREMNER. Lot Box Pkgs. Name bee acs 3 LIston 44 5 hf-ch dust 350 25 Messrs. A. H. Toompson & Co. Lot. sox. pkgs. Name. oye 56 Mahagode 9 2 ch fans 220 20 6 9 10 1 do dust 65 25 7 ibkewry ke) rel leaf 105 19 25 Myraganga Sea dan red leaf 93 18 29 Relugas 49 1 do red leaf 57 19 33 Woodend bb 2) do congou 140 25 34 57 «263 «do bro tea 240) 20 Bd 58 2 do dust 24 25 50 Manickwatte 82 38 do pekoe 300-84 bid 57 Hamingford 91 3 box golden tips 15 withd'n. 62 PB - 99 4 ch dust 360 25 63 100 2 do fans 180-25 bid 65 R 102. Shf-ch fans 320 26 bid 67 AK AC, in est. mark 105 «4 do dust 320 26 69 Gonakelle 108 2 ch dust 200 25 bid 74 Klgin 115 $ ch pe sou 270 : 75 116 2 do dust 280 26 76 Charlie Hill 117 S8hf-ch bro or pe 150 42 SO Adoss 121 1 ch dust 140 25 sl 122 2 do bro mix 160 2 CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST } 4 \f T ua ‘<) a oa Mr. E, JOHN. CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. bye. wl 1 CN 65 2 ch _ bro tea 300 24 vin , : ‘ 2 Weymouth 67 6 hf-ch bro pek 300 = 57 (From Our Commercial Correspondent ). 3 69 5 ch ek 375 37 eins . = 23 O 119 1 ch. ant 150 26 oe _ Maverro Lane. May 8nd; 199, 30 Hunugalla 133. 1 ch dust 160 25 ieee Pg: Sige of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing i 55062 «=Chf-ch dust j 25 ae ord May :— a Aline EpD we 2 sts 43 bro tea ie Ss { Ex ‘Port Chalmers”—Middleton, Dimbula, 1c 92s; le 112s; 53 179 2 hf-ch dust 180 25 le 81s. Dimbula MD, lc 1t 1b 92s 6d; 1t 1b 85s; 1b 74s; le 57 Clevelanl 187. 4 ch bro mix 360 2% 110s; 1t 77s, MD, le 81s; 1b 86s. Blink Bonny, 4¢ 107s; lOc 58 1839 1 do dust 100 2% 99s 6d; 3c 1h 99s 6d; 1c 1t 99s 6d; 1c 1b 1188 6d; le Ib 113s le 62 Ottery & Stam- S45; 2D 10M Ameen ford Hill 197. 1 hf-ch sou 53.30 Ex “Lancashire’—Kew, 3c 1078; 5¢ 99s 6d; 2c 1008; Lb 115s; 63 199 1 ch dust 139 4% +4 nai 2b 101s. T, 1c 1b 88s 6d. PB, Ic 1l4s; 1b 98s (K), 7 gama Pap | ch bro mix 125 24 y1s. ie Beg see Bae 3 Teoh dust 160 6 Ex ‘‘Port Chalmers”—Galloola, 1b 1t 94s; 1b LOLs; 1b 81s. 81 HH Sin trade Melton, 1691s; 1t 100s; 1t Sls; 1c 1t 98s; 2e 94s. eaannie 235 8 bags red leaf 210 416 Ex ‘‘Lancashire”’—FSA, lc 1b 83s 6d. PB, 1b 85s; 1b Gs. 84 Farm 24. 3hf-ch dust 210 5 Gonamotava, 16 1b 101s; 4c 1t 96s 6d; 2c lb 98s 6d. PB, 1b 86 Richlands 245 3 do congou 180 32 117s. Gonamotava, 1t 112s; 2c 1b 86s. Gonamotava P, 87 247 4 do dust 340-27 3b 978. 4 q ; 93 Bowhill 259 1 ch pek dus 100 9-95 Ex “‘Cuzco”—Mousa Ella, 4c 1t 111s; 5¢ 105s; 3¢ 1b 104s 6d; 95 SG 263 2 do souchong 200 ~=—30 le 1t 96s Gd; 1e It 88s. 4 2 96 265 1hf-ch dust 65 2% onc hipaa —Dickoya, 5c 978; le 1b 978; le 1b 928; 1c She on 273 2 do dust 180 25 s.- K 102 ie 277 +6 do pekoe 300 = 35 Ex “City of Cambridge”’—Darrawella (OBEC), 1c 106s; Jc 104 MR 981 3 ch dust 360 26 102s; 5c 1t 99s; le 928; 1c 117s; 2b 73s. D (OBEC) N PB, 1b 122 Stinsford 325 3hf-ch pek fanns 210 28bid | 79s; 1b 93s. Darrawella (OBEC), 1b 95s. Craggie Lea 8 K 337. 1 do fanns 40 26 (OBEC) 1c 105s; lc 102s; 4¢ 968; le 908; 1c 115s; le Sls; 1 bag 129 KBT ines- 93s. COL(OBEC), 1b 95s; 1b 87s; 1b 79s; 1b 97s. Narang- tate mark 339 2 do bro tea 80 20 See (CBRE). 2b 103s 6d; 1c 1b 97s 6d: 1b 878; Lb 107s; 1b 78s: rhil 41 do _ bro pek 5646 2 bags 79s. Ay BOWE er box pertan 88 82 Ex ‘‘Port Chalmers”—Kallebokka, le 958; 1 bsgs 868; 1c 135 Esperanza 10 Jhf-ch dust 85 withd’n | 93s; 1b 975;1b 84s. Size PB, lb 98s. Messrs. SOMERVILLE & Co. Ta is ae ae ZA ES) 29 3hf-ch dust 270 26 YY i i S: ; N Ll u D N. 6 HIS 33 6 do red leaf 240 8620 CEYLON COCOA SALES I ONDO 10 Sirisanda 37. 1 ch ~ congou 110 89-27 * 11 38 2 do dust 314 27 b ‘ 28 St.Columbkille55 4 do peksou 370 31 (From our Commercial Correspondent). 29 56 4 do sou 340 ©6228 Mincine Lane, May 3rd, 1895. 36 KG 63 3 do Lro tea 330 22, Ex ‘Musician’—Yattawatte, 84b 60s 6d; 2b 31s; 3b 53s. 37 64 1 do pek dust 160 26 Maismore, 2b 30s 6d; 22b 55s. MA DMA&Co. K, 63b 45s. 44 Alpitikande 71 4 do peksou 224. «26 bid | Delgolla, 62b 59s; 2b 38s. 45 Pantiya 2 ouch dust 390 = 26 Ex “Scindia”—Maousava, 13b 53s 6d; 10b 54s 6d; Ib 44s; 50 Malvern 77 +7 hf-ch souchong 385 29 1b 31s; 3b 27s. 51 Malvern 78 2hf-ch souchong 110027 Ex “Ningchow”—Longford, 3b 56s; 6b 38s; 2b 27s. 59 Beneula 86 3 ch bro mix 300-27 Ex “Shropshire’—KPG No. 11 B, 7b 38s. 69 Kelani 96 8 do bro mix 3200-25 Ex “‘Barrister”—Periawate, 6b 52s 6d. 70 97 5 do dust 075 26 Ex “Oruba”—Periawate, Sb 39s 6d. 78 Maligatenne 105 2 do pek No. 1 96 28 Ex ‘‘Goorkha”—Ross, 24b 60s; 2b 28s. 80 107 +4 do pek sou No. 1 176 27 Ex ‘‘Jelunga”—Kondesalle (OBEC), 2b 538; 30b 59s 3b 81 108 3 do bro sou © 135 28 30s 6d. $2 109 1 do bro mix 57 25 83 110 #1 aig Beg mite No.1 55 fe = a 84 111 1 do dus 67 25 E 87 MountPleasant1l4 7 ae sou 322 30 CEYLON CARDAMOM SALES 88 115 1 do congou 44 27 : 89 TGY ag a leaf 92 22 ; IN LONDON. 90 117 «3 «do ‘ans 138 25 mae 91 1g 2 do dust 4 124 (96 (From Our Commercial Correspondent). 98 Alutkele 125 1 do bro pek dust 90 26 3 Mad e 5 re 101 Narangoda 128 3 ch pek sou 290 32 Mixcixe Lays, May 3rd, 1895. 112 Goonambil 139 6 hf-ch pek sou 320 20 Ex ‘‘Musician”--Malabar, lic 1s 10d. AL, 2c 1s gd; 3e¢ sl 113 140 5 do dust 296 26 5d; 1¢ 2s 11d; 1c 2s 1d. 21 RT in estate Ex “Teucer’—N, 7c 1s 11d; 6c 1s 9d; 3¢ 1s 8d; 3¢ 1s 5d. mark 148 4 ch pek sou 360 29 Ex “‘City of Oxford”—Duckwari, 1c 1s 6d; le 1s 4d; ic is 126 Galphele 153 1hf-ch souchong 50-30 bd; 3c 2s 2d; 5c 1s 10d; 2c 1s 5d; 1¢ 1s 4d; 2c1s 5d. Knuckles 127 154 2 do dust 160 27 Group, 2c 2s 3d; 4c 1s 10d; 3c 1s 6d; 5c1s 5d; le 2s 11d; 128 DBG 155 4 do dust 340 25 Ie 2s 4d; 1c 1s 1d; le 1s 6d; le 1s 4d; Ie Is Sd; 129 BF 156 5 do pek fans 295 29 2¢ Is. 130 157 +6 hf-ch dust 462 29 Ex ‘‘Musician”—XM(F)C, le 1s 2d; 3¢ 1s 6d; 3e 1s 8d. 131 RX 158 2 do souchong 100 29 Tonacombe, 2c 2s 6d; 4c 2s 5d; le 2s 4d; 1c 2s 5d; 7e 2s 4d; 132 159 3 do dust 240 26 5c 1s 10d; 3c 1s 9d; le ls4d; 3e 1s5d. Deanstone, Mysore, 137 Monrovia 164 2 ch pekdust 280 25 4c 1s 10d; 2c 1s11d; 1c 1s 5d; 3c 1s 4d. 151 Glenalla 178 3 do fans 270 28 Ex “Shropshire”—Gahala, 2c 3s 2d: 2c 2s 9d; 2¢ 1s 10d 2c 152 179 2 do bro mix 160 23 1s 8d; 4c 1s 5d; le 2s. 160 Hapugasmulle187 4 do pekoe 372 39 Ex ‘‘Scinda”—Vedehette, 2c 3s 3d; 2c 1s 10d; le 1s 7d; 2c 163 199 2 do souchong 188 29 1s5d. Kitoolmoola, le 3s 1d; 2c 2s 3d; 2c 1s 10d; 2¢ 1s 9d; 164 191 2 do fans 200 28 le 1s 5d. 165 192 2 do dust 290 26 Ex “Jelunga”—Dazakande, 2c 1s 4d; 1c 1s 6d; 1¢ 1s lid; 170 J 197 1 do pekoe 80 28 1b 2s 1d. 171 i198 2 do unas 224 26 Ex ‘‘aLncashire”—Pilakande, 4c 1s 8d. 172 1 hf-ch Ex “Simla”’—Gaumpha, 2c 1s 8d;1¢1s 5d- le 1s 3d; 1b 173Gordon 199 5 hf-ch bro pek 250 43 1s; 1c 2s. GCF Mysore, 2c 1s 8d; 6c 1s 9d; 2c Is 11d; 2¢ Is 174 200 9 do pekoe 450 7d; 2c 1s 5d; 2c 1s4d; le 1s 2d; le 1s 3d; 1b 1s lid; 3c1s 5d; 175 201 7 do ek sou 350 le 1s 3d; 2c1s2d. PMA Malabar, 2c 1s 5d; 8e 1s 7d; 3¢ 1s 176 202 1 ch ust 65 29 4d; 1b 1s 4d. i Telligallakande 203 26 do bro mix 1660 24 Ex ‘‘Oruba”—Alulmawatte, 2c 1s 10d; 4¢ 1s 9d; 2c 1s 10d; t V7 204 2 do fans 100 23 6c Is 9d; 4c 1s 10d; 6c 1s 9d; 3c 1s 5d; 1c Is4d; 1c is lid. ; OBSERVER GAS ENGINE PRESS. ‘THA, COFFEE, CINCHONA, COCOA, AND CARDAMOM SALES. NO, 22.] COLOMBO SALES OF TEA. SMALL LOTS. Concluded from List No 21, Messrs. Forpes & WALKER. ‘Lot. Box. Pkgs. Name. 1b. 8 Easdale 802 5hf-ch bro pefans 325 11 Kirimettia 808 7 do fans 350 12 810 4 do dust 240 13 812 3 do bro mix 150 18 New Anga- mana 822,12 do fans 125 19 Bismark 824 2 ch dust 296 20 826 3 do e fans 315 -24 Nugagalla 834 4 hf-ch dust 320 27 Barkindale 840 3 do pe sou 162 28 842 1 do bro mix 83 42 Radella 870 1 ch dust 130 -538 Gingranoya 892 3hf-ch dust 255 56 Langdale 898 2 ch pesou 200 59 MS 904 1 do bro pe No. 1113 60 #6 3 do pekoe No. 1 276 61 908 2 do pe son 211 71 SPA 928 3 do sou 231 72 930 1 do pe fans 110 73 932 1 do dust 162 74 934 2 do bro mix 220 75 Wallesmulle 936 2 ch bro pe 150 76 938 2 do pekoe 200 77 940 2 do pe sou 140 -4E 942 1 do bro mix 62 $1 Vilpita 948 4 ch ~ pek sou 321 82 950 2 do sou 149 83 952 1 do dust 100 87 Kakiriskande 960 2hf-ch dust 163 -91 Knavesmire 968 1 do sou 60 92 970 2 do dust 160 93 SME 972 1box 5hf-ch pekoe 267 104 Ederapolla 994 2 ch sou 150 165 996 4 do fans 360 106 998 4 do dust 320 13 COHH 12 1 do dust 100 ly PDM We 1h Lhf-ch bro mix 225 121 Essex 280 5 ‘ch dust 760 130 Castlereagh 46 2 ch dust 300 134 Iddagodda 54 2 do bropesou 255 135 56 2 do dust 260 136 KB 58" Itch sou 95 137 60 2 do dust 260 152 Brechin 90 4 do pe sou 360 153 92 Lhf-ch cust 70 154 Pitakande 94 1 ch bro pek 100 155 96 1 do pekoe 100 158 Chines 102 4 do pe sou 380 169 Doranakande 104 2 do bro or pe 200 126 DK 110 2 ch bro pek 200 163 112) Lhf-ch fans 60 164 114. 2 do dust 150 174 Kirklees 134 2hf-ch = dust 190 175 S 136 2 ch red leaf 220 1 do do 110 176 138 1 do congou 93 181 Gampaha 148 2hf-ch dust 190 184 Polwatte 54 2 ch ~~ peKsou 146 Is4 156 1 do dust a) 1W) BEB 166 «4hf-ch fans 276 192 170 +2 ch red leat 146 200 Hoolooganga 186 1 do dust 124 203) Bandara Bliya, 192 6hf-ch or pek 204 19 5 do pek No. 1 225 205 196 6 do pekoe 255 211 H MY, in estat inark 208% 2 ‘ch sou 160 212 210 «1 = hf-ch dust I) 213 MW 212? 1 ‘ch Lhf-ch bro pe 157 215 216 + ch pe sou 300 222) Lowlands 230 2 do fans 240 238 232 Lido dust 140 24 33 Lhf-ch red leaf 80 Cotomes, May 31st, 1895. Prick :—12} cents each; 3 copies 30 cents ; 6 copies 4 rupee. ce. 39 34 Duk 40 Dk 40 Did 30 bik 32 32 44 42 33 au 34 51 bid 46 35 withd’». 42 46 bid 35 bid | Lot Box. Pkgs. Name. lb. 231 Shanon 248° 2 ch ek sou Is 232 Rosendhal 250 3 hf-ch Rico pek 150 233 252 4 do pekoe 200 234 ‘i 254 1 do congon 40 235 IK V 256 1 ch bro mix 112 242 Manangoda 270 2 ch fans 178 243 272 1-~do dust 103 249 Sorana 284 lhf-ch brokeNo.2 42 252 290; “1 _ ch Dro mix 63 253 292. lhi-ch dust 71 254 Munamal 294 4 ch bro pek 387 255 296 3 do pekoe 267 256 298. 2 do pesou 169 257 300 1 do congou 90 258 302 1 do dust 140 259 304 1 do unas 60 260 oy 306 1 do red leaf 53 277 ~Panapitiya 340 Ghf-ch bro pe 300 282 Glenorchy 348 5 do pek sou 250 283 350 2 do red leat 100 884 352-2 do dust 160 LARGE LOTS. 2 | [Mgssrs. BENHAM & BREMNER.—8,155 Ib} Lot Box Pkgs. Name Ib. 1 FER 42 Sht-ch peson 400 3 Tawalamtenne 46 9 ch pekoe 900 4 45 11 do bro pe 1155 [Messrs. A. H. THompson & Co.—92,259 Ib. } Lot Box Pkgs. Name Ib. 1 Glengavifi 1 14 ch sou 1120 3 Kalkande 4 25 hf-ch bro pek 1250 4 6 29 do pekoe 1450 5 8 33 do pe sou 1500 « 10 10 do dust 1050 7 12 40 do sou 2000 9 15. 8 do bro mix 400 19 16 10 do red leat 500 13 GBoloowatte 2015» (ch 4ht-ch bro pe 1540 14 23 6 ch lhf-ch pekoe 4389 ; 14 SL 25 18 ch pekoe 1440 | 16 Mahagoda 27 18 do pekoe 1250 17. Ardross 29 15 do bro pek 1500 18 Manickwatte 3L 9 do bro pek 900 } 20 Hardenhuish 34 42 ch pesou 2940 | 21 Hemingford 36 39 do pekoe 2736 | 22 38 21 do pe sou 1575 | 24 Myraganga 41 25 de broor pek 2740 | 25 . 40 38 do bro pe 3000 | 26 45 46 do pe sou 4140 | 27 AGE 47 12 ch dust 1560 28 Comar 49 21ht-ch broor pek 1050 | 29 51 22 do or pek 1100 | 30 53 13 du pekoe 650 bid | 3 Sapitiyagodde 55 25 ch or pek 508 | 32 57 27 ak do 2700 | 33 59 66 do bro pek 7260 ; 39 A 70 il ch pe fan 1049 {41 D 73° 5 do sou 450 | 42 Nahaveena 74 36 hf-ch bro pe lso0 43 76 16 du pekoe S00 44 78 20 do pe sen 1000 46 N $1 31 ch bro pk 3100 47 Court Lodge 83 22hfech bro orpek 1540 } 48 85 20 do bro nek 1320 | 49 S7 26 ck or pek 1300 | 50 839 20 dk pekoe 1140 51 91 33 do pe sou Is42 52 93 AS dk bro or pe Sst 53 Gonakelle 95 15 dv pe sou 825 60 AGC lWS 6 de dust 900 6h. KX EX joo 4a unas 140 62 Munda Newe- | ra HO 9Mhtech bro pek 540 i 63 2 (9 de pekoe 40 (Messrs. ForsEs & WALKER.—332,461 Ib. } Lot Box 2S EM 356 4 Springkell 360 5 362 7 KS 366 16 A, in estate mark 384 2{ St. Helen 394 22 396 28 Macaldenia 398 BA 400 20 402 26 HAT, in est. mark 404 28 408 35 MV "422 3G 424 37 426 33 Thedden 428 39 430 43 Nahaveena 438 44 440 5 442 46 444 7 Ambalawa 446 45 448 Ad 450 HYA 456 53 Weoya 458 4 460 A 462 56 464 57 466 62 Golconda 476 63 478 67 Digdola 486 68 488 69 490 78 G PM, estate mark 492 71 494 2 496 ie 498 7T4 500 76 N 504 dit: 506 76 ANK 508 §6 Harrington 524 87 526 38 528 89 Pedro 530 90 532 91 534 92 Shannon 536 ie 538 94 540 95 Theberton 542 98 Klamana 548 99 550 161 654 102 Anningkande 556 103 558 104 560 105 562 106 CRD . 564 110 LLyegrove 572 ALL 574 113 Castlereagh 578 114 580 ibs 582 116 584 121 Dromoland 594 322 596 122 Koladenia 598 125 Labookelle 602 126 L, in estate mark 604 136 NWD 612 131 CB 614 182 4 616 133 Laxapanagalla 618 134 620 135 622 138 Beausijour 628 139 630 141 Liskilleen 634 142 636 143 638 144 640 Pkgs. 5 ch 1 hf-ch 37 do 126 hf-ch 56 do 70 do 8 do ap hf-ch bop Name pek sou dust pe fans pe sou @ SOU ro pek pekoe bro pe pekoe do No, 2 bro pe dust fans dust bro mix bro pe pekoe bro pek pekoe pe sou dust bro or pek pekoe pek sou ust bro pe pekoe pe sou bro pe fans pe dust bro pek pekoe bro pe pekoe pe sou bro or pek or pek pekoe do No.2 sou bro tea unas bro pe or pek pekoe e sou ro orpek pekoe pe sou bro pek pekoe bro or fan bro tea pe sou bro tea dust bro pe pekoe bro pek pekoe pek sow bro pek pekoe bro pe pekoe " pesou dust lb. 632 1890 35 bid Lot Box 145 VO 642 146 644 147 Patiagama 646 148 648 149° Dammeria 650 150 652 151 654 162 Battawatte 656 153 658 lo4 660 157 Bloomtield 666 158 668 159 Polatagama 670 166 MAF 6384 167 686 169 690 171 AMB U4 172 696 173) ~Chilmers 698 174 700 175 702 18) Cabrawatte 712 i181 Dunkeld 714 182 76 183 718 186 Barkindale 724 188 Dea Ella 728 189 Ganapalla 730 190 732 191 Bagdad 734 200 BL, in estate mark 752 205 Glencorse 762 206 764 207 766 218 Glencorse 788 219 790 220 792 222 H&H 7 223 © H, inestate mark 798 24 WHR 800 225 80z 227 806 228 Seruhs 808 229 810 230 812 231 8i4 232 816 233 818 234 W'kelle 820 239 BDWA 830 240 832 241 $34 242 836 244 840 246 BDWP 844 247 3846 248 848 250 Clyde 852 251 854 252 836 254 KHL $60 255 862 256 Clunes.—(Erra- cht Division) 864 257 866 258 868 259 870 268 D 878 1s 27 19 1 6 do hf-ch Name dust Lead tea ro or pe do bro or pe pekoe pe sou tlowery pek pekoe bro pek bro pek fan dust bro pek pekoe ek sou ro pek pekoe bro pek ekoe ro mix dust pe sou [Messrs. SOMERVILLE Lot 13S + 0B 3 Wattagalla 7 4 8 5 : 9 9 Ketadola ‘ 13 10 14 11 15 14 Kudaganga 18 16 20 20 «rslena 24 21 25 22 26 23 Rondura yi 24 28 25 29 Box Pkgs. Name sou bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek pekoe pek sou bro pek es aon ro pe pekoe pek sou bro pek pekoe pek sou lb 1200 1300 4510 1870 71” lb. & Co. 173,024 Ib.] Cc. 35 bid 43 See CEYLON PRODUCE SALES LIST.- 3 Lot Box Pkgs. Name 1b. e. Lot.” Box. Pkgs. Name. Ibs se 26 Harangalla 39 16 ch — bro pek 1600-51 11 Dromore 30. 7 ch bro pek 700 56 bid 27 31 18 do pekoe 1620 42 12 32. 9 do pekoe 900 42 28 32 10 do peksou 800 3h 13 34 7 do peksou 700 37 29 Mahatenne 33° 21 do bro pek 210045 15 Nartnel 38 20 hf-ch pekoe 1,000 33 bid 30 34 31 do pekoe 31 0 36 18 Callander 44 26 do bro or pek 1,612 63 31 Ukuwela 35 31 do bro pek 3100 45 19 46 14 do pek 700 955 32 36 24 do pekoe 2400 36 bid 20 48 13 do pek sou 611 42 bid 33. 3a cele do pek sou 1995 a4 27 Ferndale 50 30 ch bro pek 3,000 62 bid 41 Depedene 45 45hf-ch broorpek 2475 39 lid 28 62 33 do pek 2,970 4% bid 42 46 60 do bro pek 3000-39 29 64 13 do pek sou 117038 43 47 70 do pekoe 300 36 31 Wevwesse 68 62 hf-ch bro pek 3410 47 bid 44 48 50 do pek sou 2500 32 32 70 74 do pek 4070 39 45 i9 § do dust 606 6 33 72 68 do peksou 3400 40 47 Gallawatte 51 15 do bro pek 750 44 34 74-14 do fans 910 37 48 52 12 do pekoe 540 35 35 Uunugalla 76 11 ch bro pek 1100 42 41 Galla watte 55 12 do bro pek 600 43 36 78 11 do pek 1100 34 52 56 12 do pekoe 540 35 37 80 18 do pek sou 1800 32 52 5ArC 58 17 do pekoe 850 36 38 St. Catherine 82 27 hf-ch bro pek 1539 42 Ey) 59 95 do peksou 465583. 39 84 19 do pek 893-34 56 GW 60 6 ch sou 58031 40 86 10 do pekson 420 32 58 62 5 do — fans 5385 (29 42 Dartry 90 6 ch — bro pek GOO 41 62 Nagur 66 6hf-ch pe. sou 538 24 44 104.5 do pek 500 34 bid 66 Polgahakande 7) 22 ch bro pek 2200 47 46 108 5 do bro tea 550 28 67 7i 14 do pekoe 1330 36 bid 47 Tientsin 110 19 hf-ch bro pek 1140-80 68 72 7 do ~ peksou 630-38 48 112 21 ch or pek 2100 49 bid 70 Narangoda 74° 9 do bro pek 900 = 42 51 Madultenna 118 13 do bro pek 1300 44 71 75 16 «lo pekoe 1520 35 52 120. 16 do pek 1600 36 73 Allakolla 77 41hi-ch bro pek 2255 46 53 121 16 do pek sou 1600 32 74 78 26° ch pekoe 2470 37 bid 54. Hila 122 65 do pek 6500 35 75 79 18 «lo peksou 1629 = 34 55 124 60 do peksou 5400-32 77 S151) do sou 450 26 bid 56 anchor in es- 73 Kilandhu 82-16 do — bro pek 1280 46 tatemark 126 21 do broorpek 2310 52 79 83 21 do pekoe 1630 3a 57 128 #9 do or pe» $55 47 31 Friedland 85 18hf-ch bro orpek 990 58 130 21 do pek 1890 ~~ 44 3? ; 86 18 do — or pek 900 59 132 16 do peksou 1440-39 83 87 18 do pekoe 900 - withd’n 60 134. 7 do pek fanns 840-38 S4 88 18 do pek sou 990 62 Allington 138 12 hf-ch pek 600 32 bid $5 89 18 do sou 1080 65 Templestowe 144 17 ch pek sou 1445 38 36 LPG 90°19) ch sou 190031 66 Alliady 146 4 do bro pek 440 9-37 87 Y¥spa 91 11 do dust 165) 27 bid 67 148 6 do pek 660 34 92 Penrith 95 37 do bro pek 3885 50 70 Meeriatanne 144 14 hf-ch bro pek 840 56 93 96 32 do pekoe 2336 4) 71 156 16 do pek 883 38 94 97 25 do pek sou 2000-36 72. Tart 158 9 ch _ bro pek 1035 34 bid 95 98 5. -do dust 820 26 73 160 16 do pek 1680 33 bid 96 Ingeriya 99 17 hf-ch bro pek 935 52 74 162 6 do pek sou 582 33 bid 97 100 14 do pekoe 700 39 75 Verelapatna 164 8 hf-ch dust 640-27 98 101 23 do pek sou 1104 35 76 Wadella 168 23 ch bro pek 2300 46 102 105 40 ch pek sou 3200 3B 17 170 19 do pek 1710 38 103 Vinalt 106 17 do bro pek 1700 46 78 172 16 do pek sou 1280 34 164 107 13 do pekoe 1300 4 79 Ayr 174 1S hf-ch bro pek 900 57 106 108 15 do pek sou 1500 33 80 176 14 ch pes 1050 38 1S Oyaca, AT 111 31hf-ch broor pek 2615 59 bid 81 178 10 do pek son 800 33 109 112 40 do or pek 2200 63 83 Ayr 182. 6G hf-ch dust 450 26 110 113° 20 ch pekoe 2000 48 84. Glasgow 184 38 ch bro pek 2850 62 111 114 6 do unas 660 36 85 186 37 hf-ch ov pek 2220 60 112 115 10 do pek fans 1200 34 86 188 38 ch pe. 3420 47 113 'T, in estate 87 Agra Ouvah 190 40 hf-ch broorpek 3250 72 mark 116 8 do pek sou 720 38 ss 192 45 do or pek 3300 62 114 17 13 do sou 70-26 89 194 25 ch pek 2500 48 bid 115 118 5 do bro mix 600 30 90 Alnoor 196 36 hf-ch bro pek 1980 47 bid 118 Hagalia 121 32hf-ch bro pek 1920 45 91 198. 27 do pekoe 1350 38 T19) 122 24 do pekoe 1200 30 92 200 36 do pek sou 1800 34 120 Benveula 123 18 do bro pek 1800 42 93 202 10 do fans 700 30 121 Mousakanda 124 12 do bro pek 1200 46 94 Coslanda 203 40 ch bro pek 4000 = 64 122 125 20 do pekoe 1900 30 95 206 35 do pek 3500 43 123 126 13 ch pek sou M70 33 96 208 19 do pek sou 1900 = 36 124 127 «5hf-ch dust 450 2% 98 212 3 do pek dus 450 28 125 Forest Hill 128 20 ch bro pek 200 45 99 Stinsford 214 28 do bro pek 1541 42 bid 126 129 33 do ekoe 3135 37 bid 100 216 32 do pek 1600 37 127 Glenalla 130 26 do roorpek 2600 46 101 Mocha 218 88 ch bro pek 4180 66 128 131 22, do or pek 1980 44 bid 102 220 33 do pek 3300 57 129 OG 132 29 do pekoe 2755 42bid | 103 222 20 do peksou 1s00.— 51 130 Silver Valley 183 10 hf-ch unas 480 3B 04s 104 Faithlie 224 7 do souchong 665 32 133 Alpitiakande 136 12 do _ bro pek 720. 42bid | 107 230 7 hf-ch dust 490 2 134 137 18 do perce 1008 35 bid 108 Ettepolla 232 24 do bro pek 1334 40 bid 136 Hanagama 139 22 ch ro pek 2508 50 109 234 38 do do 2128 35 bid 137 140 40 do pekoe 4000 35 bid | 110 V 236 10. ch 138 140 39 do pekoe 3900 35 1 hf-ch bro sou 995 23 139 141 41 do pek sou 3690-33 ~- -- 140 142 6 do sou 540.31 E 141 143 10 do pek fans 1200-30 bid SMALL LOTS. 142 144 6 do Lro tea 600 33 — SL ee a x 7 2e " Pron = pp “Pp (Mr. E. JOHN.—146,685 Ib. ] Messrs. BENHAM & BREMNER. 2 Lot. Box. pkgs. Name. ib: +c Lot. Box. Pkgs: Names. Ib. S FG&R ae as aN : ad P 2 F&R 44 5 hf-ch dust 250 26 1 Caledonia 1yeet) an me pek a 3 OD 2 12 10 do ekoe f P aes : 8 14 6 do Tae sou 540-30 Messrs. A. H. THOMPSON & Co. j 20 27 hf-c bro pek 1,340 38 Oakfield a 31 Rech bok pels 1,050 is Lot. Box Pks. Nane. lb. e. 8 24 18 do pek sou 900 38 2 Glengaviff S. 2. eb dust 300 26 & ie 2 iad . = ee cs ae 0 Lot. Box. Pkgs.. Name. lb. 8 Kalkande 14 Shf-ch fans 250 19 Manickwatte 33 38 ch pekoe 300 23 PB 49 2 -ch fans 130 40 A 72 5 do dust 350 45 Nahaveena 80 Zhf-ch dust 160 54 Gonakelle 97° 6-2 Och dust 200 64 Manda Newe- ra 114 6hf-ch pesou 360 65 KB, in_ estate : » Inark 6 1 do ro pek 65 66 117, «1 «do peksou 30 29 ng 1 do dust 38 Messrs. Forbes & WALKER. Lot Box Pkgs. Name Ib. 1 SE BM 354 2 ch bro pek 216 3 Renee 358 4hf-ch bromix 200 6 KS 364 3 ch ekoe 290 8 368 3 do bro mix 330 9 370 1 do fams 105 lo BBB Bie 2 ch dust 130 11 374 1ht-ch bro mix 40 12 A, in estate mark 376 2 ch bro pek 200 13 378 8box bro pek 40 14 380 2 ch pekoe 190 15 382 11 box do 95 a 386 1 ch sou 70 18 388 2 do fans 70 19 390 Lhf-ch red leaf 55 20 D, in estate mark 392 3 ch pe dust 300 27 HAT, in estate mark 406 1 do e sou 100 2; D 416 1 do ro pek 70 33 418 1 do peke 73 34 420 1 do peksou 104 40 Thedden 432 4 do peksou 360 41 434 2 do dust 300 42 436 1 do sou bal) 50 Ambalawa 452 3 do sou 255 5) ie 454 ILhf-ch bro tea 55 64 Golconda 480 1 do dust 100 75 G PN, in estate mark 501 3hf-ch bro pek fans 231 89 ANA 510 1 do bro pek 53 70 a 512° 2 ch pekoe 190 31 514 2 do pe sou 190 82 516 2 do sou 200 83 518 2 do sou No, 2 )z0 S4 520 1 do fans 130 35 522, 3 do congou 3u0 96 Theberton 544. 3hf-ch bromix 150 97 546 2 do pe dust 100 100 Elamana 552 °° 3 ch sou 300 17 CRD 566 4 do red leaf 360 112 Lyegrove 576 1 ch cust 100 117 Castlereagh 586 2 do dust 300 118 588 1 do bro mix 100 119 Dromoland 590 1 ch or pek 106 120 Dromoland 592 1 ch pe oe 90 124 AG 600 38 do ro tea 258 126a L, in estate mark 604 3 ch bro tea 378 127 Labookellie 606 4 ch brope fans 336 128 MC 608 2 do congou 156 129 NWD 610 2 do sou 180 136 Laxpanagalla 624 Lhf-ch dust 85 137 626 2 do bro tea 86 140 Wevekellie 632 3 ch dust 270 165 Battawatte 662 3 de dust 300 156 664. 3hf-ch bropefan 300 165 MAW 682 2 do bropek 196 168 688 3 do bropefan 360 170 SMK 692. 6hf-ch bro 300 18% DK D 720 3 ch red leaf 270 185 722 2 do pesou 166 187 Dea Ella 726 6hbf-ch tans 369 201 Wewalkande 754 4 do bro pek 200 202 766 4 do pekve 192 203 758 7 ‘lo pesou 320 204 760 1 do congou 45 208 Wollytield 768 i do bro pek 100 209 770 3 do koe 220 210 772, 2 do ek sou 120 211 774 3 do ro mix 210 212 Munamal 776 1 ch brope 98 213 778 1hfch pekoe 42 214 780 «i do sou No. 2 44 215 782 2 ch sd 1 kf-ch unas 205 iNERSESESE te s 33 Ce Lot. Box. pkgs Name Ib. a 216 784 1 do bro mix co 2» 217 786 1 do dust oO £ 221 Glencorse 794 #8 ch pek fans 360 226 WHR w04 2 do » SOU 0B 235 NP 822 1 do pek 8 @ 236 824 1 do pek sou 33 237 82 1 do sou 3% 2 “4s BDWA 388) 1 ch dust 9 826 ig ee or 5 49 BDWG 350 4 do dust Ka 360 F 4 253 Clyde 858 2 ch sou oo s ., Mr. E. Joun. Lot, Box. Pkgs. Name. — lb, 5 4 Caledonia 6 1 ch pek dust 115 s 5 18 1 do red so Ww 9 Oakfield 2 Bhf-ch dust 240-30 bid lw 28 1 ch unassorted 100 33 14 Dromore 36 do dust 10 «2% 16 Nartnel 40 «7 hf-ch sou 336—is 17 42 2 do ans 104 6 25 Claremont 56 3 do bro tea 10 30 ©Ferndale 66 2 do dust 200 30 41 St. Catherine 88 1 do 7 6 4% Darry 102 #1 “4 a mix 45 26 45 16 06¢«SSC sou z 49 Tientsin 114 1 do a sou 4 M4 50 116 1 hf-ch dust 30 27 61 Allington 136 6 do bro pek 20 0637 63 140. 6 do sou 300030 64 5 142 1 do red leaf 5 8 . Alliady 150 1 “ unasserted 100=Ci 8 6 152 1 do souchong 100 ZW 82 Ayr 180 Lhf-ch bro pe fan 0O.. 2 97 Coslande 210. 2 ch bro mix 00 a2 105 Faithlie 2 5 hf-ch fans 250 «8 106 228 2 do ans 110 2% 111 Patulpana 238 4 do bro pek 23 45 112 240065 6do pekoe 250 4 113 242 6 do pesou a. 1l4 244 0—=«2 so do ws 28 115 2 2 do No.1 pekoe (asnorted) 100 33 CEYLON COFFEE SALES IN LONDON. (From Our Commercial Correspondent ). Mincine Lane. May 10th, 1895, Marks and prices of CEYLON COFFEE sold in Mincing Lane up to 10th May :— Ex ‘Port Chalmers”—Bogawanne, 1b 110s; le 1b 103s 6d; 4c 1008; 1t 98s; 1t 121s;1 bag 99s. (BWT), 1b 84s. BW, 1b 82s. Eton, 2c 1b 111s 6d; 2c 10 104s Gd; 7¢ 100s 6d; le 96s $d. ie “a 1168 6d; lc Ib 698; 4b bags 99s 6d. ET, zb it 7%; 1 78, Ex “Austral”—Cranley, 3¢ 1068; 5¢ Ib 998; It 988; le 111s; 1t }00s; le 88s; 3 bags 99s. Ex “Lancashire”—Bridwell, 1b 110s; 2¢ Ib 19s; 4c 102s 6d; 1b 988; lc 1228; 1b 88s; lb 110s; 1t 88s; 2 bags 100s. Kirkoswald, Jc 1b 105s 6d; 2c 1t 100s; 1b 98s; Ic 1I8s: Ib 88s; Jb 1088; 1b 88s; 1 97s. Ex ‘“‘Teucer”—Logie, 2c 1b 111s 6d; 2c 1068 6d; 6¢ 1b 101s: le 1b 1215 6d; Sbags 101s. Kast Fassifern, le 103s: le 100s: Ze 98s; 1b 92s; lt 117s; 1t Sus; 2b 83s; 1b 101s; 1 bag 96s. EF O, 11 95s. Ky “Simla”—Denford, lc 1068; 2c 102s 6d; le Lb 99s; 1b 119s; 1b 84s; 1 bag 97s. Ex “Capella”—Dambatenne, 1c Lb 105s; 2c 102s 6d; be Ss; 1t 94s; le 122s; lc 88s 6d; 1 bag 96s; 1 bag 97s SD. CKYILON COCOA SALES IN LONDON. (from our Commercial Correspondent). , . _Mincinc Lane, May 10.h, 1895. Ex “‘Lancashire”—KPG, 22b 50s; 10b 25s 6d. Coodagalla, Cl, 15b 57s; 2b 36s 6d; 1b 35s. CL, 5b 35s; 16b 24s. Keena- Kelle, 5@b. 57s; 7b 398. KK A, 21b 26s 6d. Pandappa, ub 4783 6d; 1b 49s; 2b 27s. Armagh, Ish 54s 6d; 2b 30s 6d. Yattawatte, 49b. 60s; 2b 32s 6d, Broken, 2b 50s. Dynevor, 28b 60s; 4b 32s 6d; 1b 228. Nibs, 1b 50s. Ex ‘“‘Musician”—The Bandarapola, Ceylon Co., Ltd., sb 528 6d; lb 84s; 1b 34, Ex “Shropshire’—KPG No. 11, 19b 82s 6d. Hx ‘Port Chalmers’—Elmhurst, 33b S78 6d; 3b sd, C1, 88s; 1 ditto C3, 38s; 2b 343; 4b Ys Gd; Ibsd, Cl, 243 6d; 3b 15s. oe “Ningchow”—Warriapolla, 10b 58s, 39b 62s; 7b 36s 6d; 28s. - Ex ‘‘Cheshire’—Udapolla, 2b sd. C3, 38s 64; 4b 35s 6d 4b 26s; 3b 25s; 18b sd, C3, 25s; 1b 31s. OBSERVER GAS ENGINE PRESS. Supplement to “CEYLON OBSERVER.” THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW MARKETS FOR INDIAN AND CEYLON TRA, . Dear Sirs, The growing of Tea in British Dependencies is gradually revolutionizing the Tea trade of the world. The change of taste in favour of Indian and Ceylon Teas, which commenced in Great Britain, has been gradually but steadily extending to other countries. This development of the trade in markets outside Great Britain has now become sufficiently extensive to afford considerable relief to the London market, and to exercise a most important effect upon prices. We are so impressed with the absolute necessity which exists for continuing to encourage foreign demand, that we again bring the matter forward without apology. We are, Dear Sirs, Yours faithfully, GOW, WILSON & STANTON, Tea Brokers. 13, Rood Lane, London, E.C., Fune, 1895. EN DIANE AND CEYECON —bEAG TAKEN BY COUNTRIBSHOUTSIDE THE UNITED KINGDOM DURING EACH OF THE PAST FIVE YEARS. GOW, WILSON & STANTON, 1893. tas onde pikeee _ STEER ers |S mis) | =55R2 13, Rood Lane, London, E.C. SSaeeaaae oo aoOVe be Waa , ties kL. nnn i... | PEaa TOTAL IN LBS 13, 400. 000 19,100, 000 19.300.000 27000,000 8& 400 000 EACH BLOCK REPRESENTS 100.000 LBS. TRa. INDIAN IS SHOWN IN REO[] CEYLON IN YELLOW _ hae | : ) 2 The diagram on the front page shows the progress made in the principal external markets during the past five years, giving also, as nearly as can be ascertained, the total quantities of both Indian and Ceylon Tea used outside the United Kingdom. The progress made is remarkable, and indications point toa still more rapid and important development in some of the chief markets, in the near future. With the coming crop from India estimated at about 140,000,000 lbs., and that from Ceylon at about 91,000,000 lbs., the importance of using every available means for increasing the consumption of British Grown Tea becomes so great that no efforts should be neglected by which new fields may be opened up. The prosperity of the Tea trade depends mainly upon the creation of sufficient demand to cope with the ever increasing production; and unless constant attention is bestowed upon the discovery cf new outlets and the extension of existing markets, the danger of over production which has been the ruin of so many flourishing industries, might prove equally disastrous to the Tea producer. Looking at the diagram, it is clear that many markets which five years ago were comparatively insignificant, have since attained sufficient importance to exercise considerable influence upon the course of prices. Approximate quantities of British Grown Tea used outside the United Kingdom. 18go. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Australasia 7,500,000 7,700,000 9,000,000 13,200,000 12,300,000 [Ochs eee ee 1,300,000 1,400,000 1,600,000 2,500,000 3,300,000 Turkey and Persia 1,100,000 5,200,000 2,200,000 4,200,000 4,300,000 Canada 800,000 1,100,000 ~—_—_ 1,500,000 1,600,000 1,900,000 Russia and Germany 600,000 800,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 All other places 2,100,000 2,900,000 3,500,000 3,500,000 4,100,000 13,400,000 19,100,000 19,300,000 27,000,000 28,400,000 Indian and Ceylon Tea shown separately. INDIAN. CEYLON. 1890 189I. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1890. ~< 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. Australasia ... bs. 5,000,000 4,500,000 3,900,000 6,200,000 4,900,000 Australasia Ibs. 2,500,000 3,200,000 5,100,000 7,000,000 7,400,000 ie 5A; 4 800,000 800j000 800,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 Ope S eA aes 500,000 600,000 8c0,000 1,000,000 1,309,000 Turkey & Persia ,, 1,000,009 4,600j000 1,700,090 3,200,009 3,400,000 Turkey & Persia »» . 100,000 600,000 500,000 1,000,000 900,000 Canada... , « 600,000 600,000 800,000 800,000 800,000 Canada ... 200,000 500,000 700,000 800,000 ‘1,100,000 Russia & Germany ,, 100,000 ____ 200,000 _ 300,000 300,000 400,000. Russia & Germany ,, 500,000 600,000 1,200,000 1,700,000 2,100,000 All other places »» 1,400,000 1,800,000 2,100,000 1,800,000 2,100,000 All other places 55 700,000 1,100,000 1,400,000 1,700,000 2,c00,000 8,900,000 12,500,000 9,600,000 =a SOR cance 4,500,000 6,600,000 Feeonee 13,200,0c0 Pires SS Ol ——S ee OES Taking the most important market of all, namely :— [HE Avusrratian CoLoNnrEs. taste population some oO} the tot Considering the similari seems little #5 Pet cent., while at the tal consumption. —_— One is surprised at ae ‘ : and the quantity taken per head each year reaches about 7°06 lbs. Five years ago India and Ceylon contri present moment they supply about 45 per © t: ty of race to ourselves, and the progress already 1 reason to doubt tha country in using ; ant ces Ms ey the rapidity with which the — tas altered in favour of Indian and Ceylon Tea. In these Colonies the annual _ cons m ee Msumption of Tea amounts to about 30,000,000 lbs., ade, there it these Colonies will follow the example of the mother umost entirely the Teas of our own dependencies, _ 3 NortH America. The next market in point of size is that of North America, comprising the United States and Canada, in the former of which large amounts of money have been spent in endeavouring to foster a taste for both Indian and Ceylon Teas. The progress made has been slow, but after several years of anxious work and costly expenditure, an appreciable change has at length taken place in the public taste, and—as will be seen by the diagram—the quantity of both Indian and Ceylon Tea recently used has shown a remarkable increase. So many different agencies are now at work for developing this extremely important market that it seems quite beyond doubt that the corner has at last been turned, and that an increasing outlet will in the near future be found in this locality. Russia. The expansion which has taken place in Russia in the use of Ceylon Tea during recent years is most encouraging, and affords almost a positive proof of its establishment in this large market, where some 70,000,000 lbs. of Tea are annually consumed. There is also a moderate sale for the more delicate liquoring kinds of Indian Tea. Bearing in mind the strong demand which exists for fine China Teas and also for flavory Ceylons—the time seems to have arrived for Indian Tea proprietors to turn their attention to the conquest of this market. Ceylon has for years had a representative in Russia and has derived unquestionable benefit from his labours. So much Tea reaches Russia through Germany, that exact figures cannot be obtained ; the two countries are in consequence shown together in the diagram. PersIA AND TuRKEY continue to use a large quantity of Indian Tea, and this market has also become a very useful outlet. In addition tothe above markets, there are various others which, in the aggregate, show important and encouraging results. Tue Inpian Tea Levy. The necessity for impressing upon Indian Tea pro- prietors the urgent need of continued subscriptions towards the fund for opening new markets cannot be too strongly insisted upon. Unless a liberal response is forthcoming to the appeal which has been made, there is danger lest the encouraging progress recently made in foreign markets should meet with an unfortunate check; an eventuality which, at the present juncture, would be essentially undesirable. CoarsE Piuckine. A word of warning may be addressed to planters against the temptation to send home Tea of inferior quality, owing to the high prices ruling for the lower grades during the past season. Such a policy would probably lead to results most damaging to the general industry. Prospects or Tra Cuttivation. The cultivation of the Tea plant in India and Ceylon has been successfully carried on for a number of years, and has proved a source of considerable revenue to the proprietors. In both countries the industry has existed so long, and has proved so free from serious depredations, that it may be looked upon as fully suited tosthose lands, and asa thoroughly established agricultural product, 4 In India it has already a history of over 50 years, and has never been attacked by any serious blight or enemy of any sort; but its production has continued steadily to increase as the demand for it extended, until at present about 380,000 acres are under Tea culture, anda capitay of some £15,000,000 is embarked in the enterprise. ) In Geyetns although the industry only dates back some 15 years, its progress has been one of uninterrupted success, and the climatic and geological conditions of the Island have proved most favourable to its profitable cultivation. About 280,000 acres are at present under Tea, representing a capital of some £11,000,000. The fall in the value of Silver, the introduction of machinery, and improved means of communication have considerably assisted the Tea planter, and enabled him to gradually reduce the cost of production, and consequently to maintain, and in some cases even increase his profits, while the price obtained for his produce was declining. At the present time the industry has every appearance of being thoroughly established upon a firm basis, and likely to continue a steady source of revenue, although like all agricultural products subject to good and bad seasons; still the Indian and Ceylon Tea industries have never yet been confronted with the evil of over production, and do not appear in serious danger of such a calamity, with the markets of the world before them and no. other countries besides China and Japan and Java producing any appreciable quantity of alien. If only Tea proprietors will make up their minds as to the absolute necessity of strenuous exertions in the direction of fostering these outside demands, there seems little danger to the i future of the industry. Now that So. ‘much attention is being bestowed by the public upon Tea investments it 1s more necessary than ever that no precaution should be left untaken which will conduce towards the prosperity of an enterprise gradually becoming more and more popular among investors, and one which has already done so much towards employment for many of our fellow at 1 as dependencies of the British Empire. providing lucrative natives of the Eastel r anal men oner se TaN WILSON & STANTON, thas : Tea Brokers. 13, Rood Lane, London, DOR z J. W. Parkins, Colour Printer, Bury Street, St. Mary Axe, London, oe Gee eek ete * = Se. ee ee rr —_—_ ws ——— -~-e SS an ins al 7) a bi the At ee Se il EEE SF iieieiibenames ees vo. ~ aration Seinen cadet a a - od oaptetst tee cortnrannamemndeyeeleriag eth sa tree ins ial mien ceiatiattiath Rca bake N RAs . a ree en am ~gemgnenen en ene eeeenmeeneshenersememnanenenionsamy axpmnnannapmsanacinanns tie penahowsineshinapgindassnnnantndnsh een saiigeteietieesie bain dadd tear iMAOA SMO, 1 Ce